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-6124136174749429528	Pokémon Trading Card Game	Pokémon Trading card game - wikipedia Pokémon Trading card game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the card game . For the video game , see Pokémon Trading Card Game ( video game ) . Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pokémon Trading Card Game Pokémon Trading Card Game cardback Publisher ( s ) Japan : Creatures Inc . Media Factory ( October 1996 -- September 2013 ) The Pokémon Company ( October 2013 -- present ) United States : Creatures Inc . Wizards of the Coast ( Hasbro ) ( December 1998 -- July 2003 ) The Pokémon Company International ( July 2003 -- present ) Players Setup time 18 -- 40 seconds Playing time 5 -- 120 minutes Random chance Some ( order of cards drawn , dice , coin flip ) Skill ( s ) required Card playing Arithmetic Basic reading ability Basic trading skills The Pokémon Trading Card Game ( ポケモンカードゲーム , Pokemon Kādo Gēmu , `` Pokémon Card Game '' ) , abbreviated to PTCG or Pokémon TCG , is a collectible card game , based on the Pokémon video game series , first published in October 1996 by Media Factory in Japan . In the US , it was initially published by Wizards of the Coast ; Nintendo eventually took over publishing the card game alongside the video games in June 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Card types 1.2 Pokémon types 2 Sets 3 Competitive play 3.1 Major tournaments 4 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) A collection of Pokémon and Yu - Gi - Oh ! cards Players assume the role of a Pokémon trainer and use their Pokémon to battle their opponents ' . Players play Pokémon to the field and attack their opponent 's Pokémon . A Pokémon that has sustained enough damage is knocked out , and the player who knocked it out draws a Prize card . There are usually six Prize cards , and the primary win condition is to draw all of them . Other ways to win are by knocking out all the Pokémon the opponent has on the field such that the opponent has none left , or if at the beginning of their opponent 's turn there are no cards left to draw in the opponent 's deck . Players begin by shuffling their decks and drawing seven cards , then playing one Basic Pokémon onto the field . This Pokémon is known as the Active Pokémon , and is usually the one that attacks and receives damage . If a player does not have any Basic Pokémon , they must shuffle and draw a new hand , and the opponent may draw one additional card . Once both players have at least one Basic Pokémon , they can play up to five more Basic Pokémon onto their `` Bench '' ( representing the maximum - carry limit of six from the video games ) . Players then take the top six cards of their deck and place them to the side as Prize Cards . Next , one player selects heads or tails , and the other flips a coin ; the winner of the coin flip will decide who goes first or second . The player going first can not attack on their first turn . ( Dice may be used in place of coins , with even numbers representing heads and odd numbers representing tails ) . Play alternates between players who may take several actions during their turn , including playing new Basic Pokémon , evolving their Pokémon , playing Trainer cards and Energy cards , and using Pokémon Abilities . A player may also retreat their Active Pokémon , switching the Active Pokémon with one on the Bench . At the end of their turn , a player may use one of their Active Pokémon 's attacks , provided the prerequisite amount and types of Energy are attached to that Pokémon . Effects from that attack are then activated and damage may be placed on the Defending Pokémon ( some attacks simply have effects but do not do damage ) . This damage may be modified depending on whether the defender has a Weakness or Resists the attacker 's Pokémon type . If the final damage exceeds the defending Pokémon 's HP , it is Knocked Out , and the active player takes a Prize Card and ends their turn . Card types ( edit ) Basic Pokémon are the foundation of all decks . Without them a player can not play the game , since both players begin the game by placing a Basic Pokémon in the Active position on the field . Each Pokémon card depicts a Pokémon from the video games . Each player may have up to six Pokémon on the playing field at a time : one `` Active '' Pokémon and up to five on the bench . Each Pokémon card has a name , a type , and an amount of Health Points ( HP ) . All Pokémon feature attacks ; these typically deal damage to the opponent 's active Pokémon , or occasionally , their benched Pokémon ; however , an attack may also perform different functions , such as drawing cards , inflicting Special Conditions , or altering the opponent 's board state . The vast majority of these attacks require Energy , which comes in the form of Energy cards . Abilities ( known as Poké - Powers and Poké - Bodies until 2011 ) are not attacks but simply effects that either are activated under certain conditions , or remain in effect as long as the Pokémon with the Ability remains in play . The other type of Pokémon card is an Evolved Pokémon . Basic Pokémon are Pokémon that have not evolved , and can be played directly onto the Bench . In contrast , an Evolved Pokémon can not normally be placed directly onto the field ; they must be played on top of the corresponding lower - stage Pokémon . Stage 1 Pokémon evolve from Basic Pokémon , and Stage 2 Pokémon evolve from Stage 1 Pokémon . As a Pokémon evolves , it gains HP and its attacks change , typically becoming more powerful . Pokémon ex or EX cards were first introduced in the TCG set EX Ruby and Sapphire , and typically have higher Hit Points than other Pokémon , yet award an extra prize card to the opponent when defeated . Baby Pokémon cards , introduced in Neo Genesis , are a special kind of Basic Pokémon that have low HP but attack with strange ( sometimes very powerful ) effects . Mega Pokémon , introduced in XY , evolve from Pokémon - EX , but are a special stage ; as such , effects on Stage 1 Pokémon do not apply to Mega Pokémon . Break Pokémon were also introduced later on in the XY series . Variations of Basic , Evolved , and Baby Pokémon cards have appeared in many sets , usually indicated with a word before or after the Pokémon 's name . Secret Rare Pokémon cards are some of the rarest cards . They are usually represented by a shiny holo foil and a gold outline . These cards include Shiny Pokémon , Trainers , alternate - art Pokémon , and some rarer Mega evolution cards . New with the Pokémon Sun & Moon expansion are Pokémon - GX cards . These cards have a specific move set at the bottom of their card that can only be used once per game . Only one GX move can be played per game , so if there are three different Pokémon - GX cards in your deck only one of the three GX moves can be used . Also with the new Pokémon Sun & Moon sun and moon expansion are Alolan Pokémon , these Pokémon are monsters that have an alternate form from their original look that is specific to Alola and the Sun & Moon series . Energy cards are attached to a Pokémon to power that Pokémon 's attacks . Typically , only one Energy card may be played per turn . There are two main categories of Energy cards : Basic Energy and Special Energy . The nine different Basic Energy types ( which correspond to Pokémon card types ) are Grass , Fire , Water , Lightning , Psychic , Fighting , Darkness , Metal , and Fairy . Two additional types , Dragon and Colorless , do not have their own Energy cards and instead use other types of Energy . Basic Energy cards are used only to fulfill costs for attacking and retreating , while Special Energy cards have additional benefits . Most attacks require a certain type and amount of Energy . If an attack requires a certain type and amount of Energy , then that type and amount of Energy must be attached to the Pokémon . If the attack has a Colorless Energy requirement , that requirement can be met by any Energy card . Trainer cards perform various functions to affect the game : healing Pokémon , discarding energy from the opposing Pokémon , or retrieving cards from the discard pile are some key examples . Before the Diamond & Pearl expansion , all cards that were not Pokémon or Energy were considered Trainer cards . Trainers have since been subdivided into categories : Item cards directly affect the battling Pokémon , Stadium cards affect the entire field , and Supporters are like more powerful Items , only one of which can be played per turn . Pokémon types ( edit ) Color TCG type Type ( s ) Green Grass Bug , Grass Red Fire Blue Water Water , Ice Yellow Lightning Electric Purple Psychic Psychic , Ghost , Poison Brown / Orange Fighting Fighting , Rock , Ground Black Darkness Dark Silver Metal Steel Pink Fairy Gold Dragon White Colorless Normal , Flying A simplified type system was adopted from the video games for use in the trading card game . Instead of 18 types of Pokémon , only eleven exist in the TCG . Seven were introduced in the Base Set ( the first ever set of Pokémon cards ) ; Darkness and Metal types appeared when Pokémon Gold and Silver introduced the Dark and Steel types in the video games ; the Dragon type was introduced in the Japanese Dragon Selection set ; and finally , the Fairy type was introduced in the Japanese XY set to correspond to its introduction in the video games . Most Pokémon have only one type , three exceptions are EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua which introduced Dual - type Pokémon that have two different types , XY : Steam Siege , and the Heartgold / Soulsilver era sets . Dual - types were utilized in Pokémon LEGEND cards , to emphasize the multiple Pokémon the mechanic has in the Heartgold and Soulsilver sets . In August 2016 , the Steam Siege expansion from the XY Series reintroduced dual - type Pokémon , this time with regular Pokémon being multiple types as well as EX Pokémon . ^ Starting with the Diamond & Pearl expansion , Poison - type Pokémon in - game are now Psychic ; they were previously Grass . ^ Starting with the Black & White expansion set Dragon Selection , Dragon - type Pokémon in - game are now Dragon ; they were previously Colorless . Sets ( edit ) Main article : List of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets A new set addition in November of 2017 , with the announcement of SM4 : Crimson Invasion in North America , 75 different sets have been released in English and 69 in Japanese . A rarely played format is Unlimited , in which all cards released in English are legal ( except oversized cards , such as promotional boxes like Mega Blaziken Ex Premium Collection Box ) . Every few sets , new Mechanics or types of cards are introduced to the game . Several of these include : Dark Pokémon ( Team Rocket ) ; Owners ' Pokémon and Stadium cards ( Gym Heroes ) ; Darkness - type and Metal - type Pokémon , the second generation , and Pokémon Tools ( Neo Genesis ) ; Shining Pokémon ( Neo Revelation ) ; Light Pokémon ( Neo Destiny ) ; Supporter cards and Technical Machines ( Expedition ) ; Crystal - type Pokémon ( Aquapolis ) ; Pokémon - ex ( EX Ruby & Sapphire ) ; Dual - type Pokémon ( EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua ) ; Pokémon Star ( EX Team Rocket Returns ) ; Delta Species Pokémon and Holon 's Pokémon ( EX Delta Species ) ; Pokémon LV. X , the separation of Trainer , Supporter and Stadium cards , and the addition of Metal and Darkness as Basic Energy types ( Diamond and Pearl ) ; Pokémon With Items ( Mysterious Treasures ) ; Pokémon - GX , with a move that is playable only once a game ( Sun & Moon ) ; Trainer cards of which two can be played at once ( Stormfront ) ; owner - specific Pokémon SP ( Platinum ) , Pokémon LEGEND ( HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection ) , Pokémon PRIME which replace Pokémon Lv . X ( `` HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection '' ) , Full Art cards ( Black and White ) , Dragon - type Pokémon , BREAK evolution cards which replace Pokémon PRIME ( XY BREAKthrough ) , and the newly release GX cards from Sun and Moon . These changes , along with yearly format rotations , make for a constantly evolving game . Competitive play ( edit ) Main article : Play ! Pokémon This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In addition to the collectible aspect of the card game , The Pokémon Company International ( formerly known as Pokémon USA ) has also created Play ! Pokémon , formerly known as Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) , which is in charge of the organization of an official League program , where players can battle others in local environments and earn player points , two - card booster packets from a promotional set , badges , stickers and other materials . These are run by League leaders and owners . POP also runs a professor program , in which individuals age 18 or over may become a professor , who can sanction and run tournaments and leagues . A League Leader may assist in organizing the league , while a League Owner is the one officially in charge of the league , reporting to the Organized Play program any results and / or problems every seven weeks . The leagues run in yearly cycles , based on a certain aspect of one of the Pokémon Video Game or Trading Card Game : the current cycle is based upon the Newest set , The current season is Evolutions season . Prerelease tournaments are organized just before each set is released . Usually , they are run on the two weekends before a set is released in stores to the public . At Prerelease Tournaments players are given three booster packs from the judge and must construct a 40 card deck , with only 4 prize cards , using only the cards pulled from the packs and the judges provide the energy , but not special energy cards . Many fans have come up with alternative methods of playing the Trading Card Game . Certain websites such as PokéCap are dedicated to providing players with a new twist to their card game with new game rules they can follow . New methods may be based more on the video game adaptations of Pokémon or the Pokémon television show . Players in a tournament are split into three age categories : Junior ( born in 2003 or later ) , Senior ( born in 2000 - 2002 ) , and Master ( born in 1999 or earlier ) . Notable references include : Austin Brewen who won the first junior tournament , Brenden Zhang who won the first Senior Tournament , and Arturo Heras who won the first Master Tournament . These tournaments play a number of rounds , where players will play a standard game against each other and wins and losses will be recorded . In most tournaments , there are a number of Swiss - style rounds where players are paired up against others of similar win / loss ratios , usually from their own age group ( this does not always occur in smaller events , though ) . Afterwards , there will either be a cut of the top record - holders ( approximately the top 1 / 8 of participants ) where players will play best two out of three matches , and the loser gets eliminated ( standard tournament bracket style ) , with an eventual winner . POP runs a season for these tournaments , which allows players to earn larger prizes and play in a more competitive environment in comparison to League . These range from City and State Championships , all the way up to the Pokémon World Championships , the single invite - only event of the year . Players can earn invites to the World Championships by winning or ranking high at National Championships , doing well at tournaments to get Championship Points , or by qualifying in the Last Chance Qualifier . The World Championships is a three - day tournament , with one eventual winner in each age group ; the winner of the Masters Division age group is generally noticed as the best player in the world for that season . Some of these methods are only used in the United States , as PUI and POP are based in the United States , but they are represented by local distributors who provide the Organized Play program to their own country . 2017 Worlds - Anaheim California 2018 Worlds - Nashville Tennessee Major tournaments ( edit ) On August 26 -- 27 , 2000 , forty - two Pokémon trainers from around the world met at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu for the Tropical Mega Battle , an international communication event for the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The Tropical Mega Battle brought together children aged 14 and under from the United States , Japan , France , Italy , Canada , Spain , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom for two days in Honolulu , Hawaii . Children participating in the Tropical Mega Battle received invitations through Qualifier tournaments , DCI rankings , and other events in their respective countries . The Super Trainer Showdowns were large Pokémon TCG tournaments held in the United States by Wizards of the Coast between 2000 and 2001 . The tournaments were open to the public . Each tournament consisted of three age groups : 10 and under , 11 to 14 years old , and 15 years old and over . Each Super Trainer Showdown was preceded by a series of Qualifier Tournaments held in cities around the United States and abroad in which players in the 11 - to - 14 and 10 - and - under age groups could win trips for themselves and a parent or guardian to the Super Trainer Showdown event . To date , there have been four Super Trainer Showdowns . The first Super Trainer Showdown was held in Long Beach , California inside of the cruise liner , the Queen Mary on July 22 , 2000 . The format was unlimited , meaning that all Pokémon cards released in the United States were legal for deck construction . The second Super Trainer Showdown was held at the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus , New Jersey on November 18 , 2000 . There were over 700 players in all three age divisions competing for the title . The tournament was eight rounds of Swiss style pairings followed by a cut to a top - eight single - elimination playoff . All games were best - of - one . The third Super Trainer Showdown was held again in the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus , New Jersey . It was held on June 23 -- 24 , 2001 and more than 1,600 players attended the event . The format for this event was titled `` Modified '' and allowed players to construct 60 - card decks using a maximum of four of any card other than basic energy from specific sets . The fourth and final Super Trainer Showdown was held at the San Antonio Convention Center in San Antonio , Texas on December 1 -- 2 , 2001 . The format was again `` Modified '' , however the newest set Neo Discovery was also legal for the tournament . Although TPCI tries to keep Organized Play as equal as possible all over the Earth , there are some notable differences in how POP is run outside of the United States . The Pokémon Card Laboratory ( PCL ) , located in Japan , is the designer of new cards and the ultimate authority on any matter relating to the Pokémon Trading Card Game . It can declare rulings on any in - game circumstance , issue errata , change card text after publishing , and change the basic game rules , although the latter three rarely occur . PCL runs Organized Play in Japan . The Pokémon Trading Card Game in most European countries is currently handled by The Pokémon Company International . Certain countries have no direct official presence ; in these regions , distributors of the game run tournaments . European countries are able to qualify for positions at the Pokémon Trading Card Game World Championships each year , through National Championships and European Rankings . Video games ( edit ) There are a few video games based on the card game . Pokémon TCG Online ( PTCGO ) is the official digital version of the card game available for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Android and iPad . It was originally released in April 2011 as Pokémon Trainer Challenge . The game initially offered three starting decks , and featured more content after release . After April 6 , 2011 , players could buy cards from the Black and White series , which have a code to be digitally represented . Players can also create a custom avatar . There were booster pack codes which allow booster packs up to Black and White - Boundaries Crossed , to be purchased from the online shop . However , as of Black and White - Plasma Storm , the code card within booster packs directly redeem as online booster packs of their respective set . GamesRadar praised the game , stating `` Everything looks to be faithfully recreated , including the card mat , prize card layout , and even coins . '' The eponymously titled Pokémon Trading Card Game , known as Pokémon Card GB in Japan , was developed for the Game Boy Color , releasing in Japan in December 1998 and later in North America and Europe in 2000 . The game is based on the rules of the card game and features 226 cards from the game , as well as infrared linking for multiplayer and trading . The game was re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2014 . A sequel , Pokémon Card GB2 : Great Rocket - Dan Sanjō ! was released exclusively in Japan in March 2001 . See also ( edit ) Obake karuta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Trading_Card_Game#Winning_a_match , Bulpapedia ^ Jump up to : http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/pdf/trading-card-game/rulebook/xy8-rulebook-en.pdf Jump up ^ `` Big Changes in Pokémon TCG : Sun & Moon ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Big Changes in Pokémon TCG : Sun & Moon ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/ List_of_Pokémon_Trading_Card_Game_expansions . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Template : Https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/List of Pokémon Trading Card Game expansions Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Worlds Is a Wrap ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Worlds Is a Wrap ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/World_Championships Jump up ^ `` Pokemon TCG Online now available for iPad users in North America '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ Matthew Kato ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Online Battles Start With Pokémon Trainer Challenge - News - www.GameInformer.com '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Raby ( Feb 16 , 2011 ) . `` Pokémon trading cards getting free browser - based game , Pokemon Black / White DS News '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Pokémon Trading Card Game Official website Android version Top 10 Most Expensive Pokemon Cards ( hide ) Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White Black 2 & White 2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' World Championships 2014 2015 2016 Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pokémon_Trading_Card_Game&oldid = 807622284 '' Categories : 1990s fads and trends 2000s fads and trends 2010s fads and trends Card games introduced in 1996 Collectible card games Japanese card games Pokémon Trading Card Game Wizards of the Coast games Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did pokemon cards come out in america	[]	[]
2359212129806367767	History of British Columbia	History of British Columbia - wikipedia History of British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada . Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies , British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20 , 1871 . Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby . In British Columbia : A History ( 1958 ) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers . Chad Reimer says , `` in many aspects , it still has not been surpassed '' . Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history : the ongoing pull between maritime and continental forces ; the opposition between a `` closed '' , hierarchical model of society represented by the Hudson 's Bay Company and colonial officials , and the `` open '' , egalitarian vision of English and Canadian settlers ; and regional tensions between Vancouver Island and mainland , metropolitan Vancouver and the hinterland interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history : Native Peoples 2 Early Spanish explorers 3 Early European villages ( 1788 -- 1790s ) 4 Late British expeditions ( 1790s -- 1821 ) 5 From fur trade districts to colonies ( 1821 -- 1858 ) 6 Colonial British Columbia ( 1858 -- 1871 ) 6.1 Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers 6.2 Ned McGowan 's War 6.3 The Foundation of New Westminster 6.4 The feud between Moody and Governor James Douglas 6.5 Other developments 6.6 The Second Gold Rush 6.7 Annexation debate 7 Entry into Canada ( 1871 -- 1900 ) 8 20th century 8.1 Rise of the labour movement 8.2 Race and ethnic relations 8.3 Prohibition 8.4 World War II contributions 8.5 Columbia River Treaty 9 21st century 9.1 Crimes 9.2 Civil amercement 10 First Nations 11 See also 11.1 Indigenous peoples 11.2 European empires 11.3 Important figures 11.4 Places 11.5 Events 11.6 Other history articles 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early History : native peoples ( edit ) Tsimshian people c. 1890 , Metlakatla . Human history in what has come to be known as British Columbia dates back thousands of years . Archaeology has identified dates in British Columbia as early as 13,500 years ago , with some exciting potential for underwater sites beginning to be detected . The geography of the land influenced cultural development of the peoples - and in places , allowed for cultural development of permanent villages , complex social institutions and a huge range of languages . BC is divided by anthropological theory into three cultural areas - the Northwest Coast , The Plateau and the North . First Nations in each area developed customs and approaches to living that fit the resources in the region . Through much of British Columbia salmon are available and formed a substantial part of the diet where available . The term pre-contact is used to describe the time period prior to contact between First Nations and European explorers . The precise time of contact varied according to circumstance but took place on the coast between the 1770s and 1800 . In places in the Interior it occurred later . British Columbia , before the arrival of the Europeans , was home to many Indigenous peoples speaking more than 30 different languages , including Babine - Witsuwit'en , Danezaa ( Beaver ) , Carrier , Chilcotin , Gitxsan , Haida , Halkomelem , Kaska , Kutenai , Lillooet , Nisga'a , Nuu - chah - nulth , Nuxalk , Sekani , Shuswap , Sinixt , Squamish , Tagish , Tahltan , Thompson , Tlingit , Tsetsaut , and Tsimshian . There was frequent contact between bands and voyages across the Strait of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca were common . The abundance of natural resources , such as salmon and cedar , enabled the development of a complex hierarchical society within coastal communities . With so much food being available , the peoples of the coastal regions could focus their time on other pursuits such as art , politics , and warfare . Early Spanish explorers ( edit ) The first visitors to present - day British Columbia were Spanish sailors and other European sailors who sailed for the Spanish crown . There is some evidence that the Greek - born Juan de Fuca , who sailed for Spain and explored the West coast of North America in the 1590s , might have reached the passageway between Washington State and Vancouver Island -- today known as the Strait of Juan de Fuca ( citation needed ) . ( A later British explorer named Charles William Barkley named the passage after Juan de Fuca 's reputed visit . ) There is actually no evidence that Juan de Fuca arrived in British Columbia . He invented a popular fiction known as the Strait of Ainan in 1560 , which captured the minds of Europeans looking for a quick , direct route from Europe to China ( I will not delete it as future Wiki readers can read and understand the controversy over this issue ) . This became known as the Northwest Passage , a dangerous sea - ice covered route through the Arctic Circle which only ninety - four boats have ever made after the great Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen 's three - year expedition from 1903 - 1906 . The Spanish and the British sent several expeditions to find this semi-mythical Northwest Passage , including Juan de Fuca 's 1779 expedition and James Cook 's 1778 expedition . If Juan de Fuca were to be believed , he would have crossed the Arctic Ocean in 1560 . While Europeans knew about the Northwest Passage , with John Cabot 's failed 1479 expedition being the first attempt to pass it which ultimately lead to the explorer 's death . This is further complicated by the fact that controversy exists as to whether or not Juan de Fuca was even a real person , with some scholars doubting that he actually exists Juan de Fuca # Controversy . There is not much evidence to suggest that European traders and explorers regularly came to present - day British Columbia in the 17th century . The first recorded discovery of British Columbia was by James Cook in 1778 . The arrival of Europeans began to intensify in the mid-18th century , as fur traders entered the area to harvest sea otters . While there is a theory and some evidence that Sir Francis Drake may have explored the British Columbia Coast in 1579 , it is conventionally claimed that it was Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra who completed the first documented voyage , which took place in 1775 ( citation needed ) . In doing so , Quadra reasserted the Spanish claim for the whole of the Pacific coast , first made by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 , who declared the whole of the Pacific and its shores as part of the Spanish Empire . Quadra sailed over Sonora Reef , named after his boat , on Destruction Island in 1775 . His crew were murdered by the cannibal natives on the beach , and they attempted to board his ship until his crew destroyed them with cannon - fire . Quadra left the coast of Washington and sailed to Sitka , Alaska , but he did not make landfall or `` discover '' British Columbia . It was not until Captain James Cook 's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was discovered when he anchored in Friendly Cove , modern - day Nootka Sound . In 1774 , the Spanish navigator Juan José Pérez Hernández , a native of Mexico , sailed from San Blas , Nueva Galicia ( modern - day Nayarit ) , with instructions to reach 60 ° north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown . Hernández reached 55 ° north latitude , becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island . He traded with the natives near Estevan Point , although apparently without landing . The expedition was forced to return to Nueva Galicia , due to the lack of provisions . Since Pérez Hernández 's first expedition failed to achieve its objective , the Spanish organized a second expedition in 1775 with the same goal . This expedition was commanded by Bruno de Heceta on board the Santiago , piloted by Pérez Hernández , and accompanied by Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra in La Sonora . After illnesses , storms , and other troubles had affected the expedition , de Heceta returned to Nueva Galicia , while Quadra kept on a northward course , ultimately reaching 59 ° North in what today is Sitka , Alaska . During this expedition , the Spanish made sure to land several times and formally claim the lands for the Spanish Crown , while verifying the absence of Russian settlements along the coast ( citation needed ) . Three years later , in 1778 , the British Royal Navy Captain James Cook arrived in the region , searching for the Northwest Passage , and successfully landed at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island , where he and his crew traded with the Nuu - chah - nulth First Nation . Upon trading his goods for sea otter pelts , his crew in turn traded them for an enormous profit in Macau on their way back to Britain . This led to an influx of traders to the British Columbian coast , and ongoing economic contact with the aboriginal peoples there . Early European villages ( 1788 -- 1790s ) ( edit ) Nootka Sound marked in Vancouver Island . Reconstruction of Fort San Miguel . Friendly Cove , Nootka Sound . Volume I , plate VII from : `` A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World '' by George Vancouver . In 1788 , John Meares , an English navigator and explorer , sailed from China and explored Nootka Sound and the neighbouring coasts . He bought some land from a local chief named Maquinna and built a trading post there . Two years later , in 1789 , the Spanish commander Esteban José Martínez , a native of Seville , established a settlement and started building a fort in Friendly Cove , Nootka Sound , which was named Fort San Miguel . This territory was already considered as part of New Spain by the Spanish due to the previous explorations of the region . Upon Martinez 's arrival , a number of British ships were seized , including those of Captain Meares . This originated the Nootka Crisis , which almost led to a war between Britain and Spain . The controversy resulted in the abandonment of the Nootka Sound settlement by the Spanish . Some months later , Manuel Antonio Flores , Viceroy of New Spain , ordered a Francisco de Eliza to rebuild the fort . The expedition , composed of three ships , the Concepción , under the command of De Eliza , the San Carlos , under the command of Salvador Fidalgo and the Princesa Real , under the command of Manuel Quimper , sailed in early 1790 from San Blas in Nueva Galicia and arrived at Nootka Sound in April of that year . The expedition had many Catalan volunteers from the First Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia , commanded by Pere d'Alberní , a native of Tortosa . The expedition rebuilt the fort , which had been dismantled after Martínez abandoned it . The rebuilt fort included several defensive constructions as well as a vegetable garden to ensure the settlement had food supplies . The Catalan volunteers left the fort in 1792 and Spanish influence in the region ended in 1795 after the Nootka Convention came into force . Late British expeditions ( 1790s -- 1821 ) ( edit ) Subsequently , European explorer - merchants from the east started to discover British Columbia . Three figures dominate in the early history of mainland British Columbia : Sir Alexander Mackenzie , Simon Fraser , and David Thompson . As employees of the North West Company , the three were primarily concerned with discovering a practicable river route to the Pacific , specifically via the Columbia River , for the extension of the fur trade . In 1793 , Mackenzie became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the Rio Grande . He and his crew entered the region through the Rocky Mountains via the Peace River , reaching the ocean at North Bentinck Arm , near present - day Bella Coola . Shortly thereafter , Mackenzie 's companion , John Finlay , founded the first permanent European settlement in British Columbia , Fort St. John , located at the junction of the Beatton and Peace Rivers . Simon Fraser was the next to try to find the course of the Columbia . During his expedition of 1805 - 09 , Fraser and his crew , including John Stuart , explored much of the British Columbia interior , establishing several forts ( Hudson 's Hope , Trout Lake Fort , Fort George , Fort Fraser , and Fort St. James ) . Fraser 's expedition took him down the river that now bears his name , to the site of present - day Vancouver . Although both Mackenzie and Fraser reached the Pacific , they found the routes they took impassable for trade . It was David Thompson who found the Columbia River and followed it down to its mouth in 1811 . He was unable to establish a claim , however , for the American explorers Lewis and Clark had already claimed the territory for the United States of America six years earlier . The American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor had founded Fort Astoria just months before Thompson arrived , though within a year the local staff at Astoria sold the fort and others in the region to the North West Company , which renamed it Fort George . Though `` returned '' to US hands as a result of treaty complications at the end of the War of 1812 , this meant only there was a parallel US fort adjacent to the NWC one , which was the more prosperous of the two . Following the forced merger of the North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company in 1821 , Fort Vancouver was established as the new regional headquarters . From fur trade districts to colonies ( 1821 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Although technically a part of British North America , British Columbia was largely run by the Hudson 's Bay Company after its merger with the North West Company in 1821 . The Central Interior of the region was organized into the New Caledonia District , a name that came to be generally attributed to the mainland as a whole . It was administered from Fort St. James , about 150 km northwest of present - day Prince George . The Interior south of the Thompson River and north of California was named by the company the Columbia District , and was administered first from Fort Vancouver ( present day Vancouver , Washington ) . Throughout the 1820s and 1830s , the HBC controlled nearly all trading operations in the Pacific Northwest , based out of the company headquarters at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River . Although authority over the region was nominally shared by the United States and Britain through the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , company policy , enforced via Chief Factor John McLoughlin of the company 's Columbia District , was to discourage any settlement , including US settlement , of the territory . The company 's effective monopoly on trade virtually forbade any settlement in the region . It established Fort Boise in 1834 ( in present - day southwestern Idaho ) to compete with the American Fort Hall , 483 km ( 300 mi ) to the east . In 1837 , it purchased Fort Hall , also along the route of the Oregon Trail , where the outpost director displayed the abandoned wagons of discouraged settlers to those seeking to move west along the trail . Fort Vancouver was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle , Fort Vancouver watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , six ships , and 600 employees . Also , for many primarily American settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail as they could get supplies before starting their homestead . By 1843 the Hudson 's Bay Company operated numerous posts in the Columbia Department , including Fort Vancouver , Fort George ( Astoria ) , Fort Nisqually , Fort Umpqua , Fort Langley , Fort Colville , Fort Okanogan , Fort Kamloops , Fort Alexandria , Flathead Post , Kootanae House , Fort Boise , Fort Hall , Fort Simpson , Fort Taku , Fort McLoughlin ( in Milbanke Sound ) , Fort Stikine , as well as a number of others . A very high degree of linguistic variation occurs in BC ; a response to this was the development of a trade jargon , Chinook Jargon . Not a complete language , it was used in trade , governance and some early writings , for example hymns . By 1811 John Jacob Astor had founded Astoria , and ten years later the Hudson 's Bay Company had established itself on the Columbia . In the meantime the explorers and traders had been coming by land . Somewhere and sometime during this period the existence of the ( Chinook ) Jargon became known . All the Indians talked it to each other and resorted to it in their conversations with the whites . Knowledge of this trade language became a necessary part of the trader 's equipment . Fort Victoria was established as a trading post in 1843 , both as a means to protect HBC interests , as well as to assert British claims to Vancouver Island and the adjacent Gulf Islands . The Gulf Islands and Strait of Juan de Fuca are the access point to Puget Sound as well as a fall back position in preparation for the `` worst case '' scenario settlement of the dispute , in the face of manifest destiny . Increasing numbers of American settlers arriving on the Oregon Trail gave rise to the Oregon boundary dispute . The Hudson 's Bay Company dominated and controlled all territory north of the Columbia River . The British position was that a fair division of the Columbia District was a boundary at the Columbia River . In 1844 , the United States Democratic Party asserted that the U.S. had a legitimate claim to the entire Columbia District or Oregon Country , but President James Polk was prepared to draw the border along the 49th parallel , the longstanding U.S. proposal . When the British rejected this offer , Polk broke off negotiations , and American expansionists reasserted the claim , coining slogans ( most famously `` Fifty - Four Forty or Fight ! '' ) . With the outbreak of the Mexican - American War diverting attention and resources , Polk was again prepared to compromise . The Oregon boundary dispute was settled in the 1846 Treaty of Washington . The terms of the agreement established the border between British North America and the United States at the 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the sea , the original American proposal , with all of Vancouver Island retained as British territory . This effectively destroyed the geographical logic of the HBC 's Columbia Department , since the lower Columbia River was the core and lifeline of the system . The U.S. soon organized its portion as the Oregon Territory . The administrative headquarters of fur operations , and of the Columbia Department , then shifted north to Fort Victoria , which had been founded by James Douglas . In 1849 , the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island was created ; and in 1851 , James Douglas was appointed Governor . Douglas , known as the father of British Columbia , established colonial institutions in Victoria . He started the process of expanding the economic base of the new colony by signing 14 treaties between 1850 -- 1854 to purchase land for settlement and industrial development ( coal deposits were known by the HWBC in the vicinities of Nanaimo and Fort Rupert ) . Subsequent native population crashes later in the 19th century along with economic upheaval and native wars allowed his political successors to be much less consistent with British principles , treaties , and laws . Meanwhile , on the mainland , New Caledonia continued to focus on the fur trade with few non-native inhabitants ( mostly HBC employees and their families ) under the administrative oversight of Douglas , who was also the HBC 's regional chief executive . The Hudson 's Bay Company like the previous French colony and North West Company of Montreal still officially discouraged settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade . The fur trade was a mutually beneficial relationship between the local HBC trading fort and adjacent native tribes . American expansion and control of territory was predicated primarily by settlement of the land not commercial relationships with the existing local population . The British made virtually no effort to assert sovereignty over the aboriginal peoples of the area . In accordance with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , large - scale settlement by non-aboriginal people was prohibited until the lands were surrendered by treaty . Colonial British Columbia ( 1858 -- 1871 ) ( edit ) In 1858 , gold was found along the banks of the Thompson River just east of what is now Lytton , British Columbia , triggering the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . When word got out to San Francisco about gold in British territory , Victoria was transformed overnight into a tent city as prospectors , speculators , land agents , and outfitters flooded in from around the world , mostly via San Francisco . The Hudson 's Bay Company 's Fort Langley burgeoned economically as the staging point for many of the prospectors heading by boat to the Canyon . A wide range of linguistic diversity among First Nations and explorers / traders made communication difficult . Trade jargon , initially used by First Nations expanded and changed to include words from English and French to become the Chinook Jargon . Not a complete language , the jargon became widespread among First Nations and early Europeans to enable communication and trade . Though little used today a significant number of place names in British Columbia deprive from Chinook and early anthropologists sometimes recorded stories using the jargon . At the time , the region was still not under formal colonial authority . Douglas , fearing challenges to the claim of British sovereignty in the region in the face of an influx of some 20,000 Americans , stationed a gunboat at the mouth of the Fraser in order to obtain license fees from those seeking to head upstream . The resolution of the Oregon Boundary Dispute whereby British interests , primarily the HBC , lost governance of all territory between the 49th Parallel and the Columbia River due to a sudden influx of American settlers 8 years previous . Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers ( edit ) When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London , the Colonial Office established the mainland as a Crown colony on August 2 , 1858 , naming it the Colony of British Columbia . Richard Clement Moody was hand - picked by the Colonial Office , under Sir Edward Bulwer - Lytton , to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) into the British Empire 's `` bulwark in the farthest west '' and `` found a second England on the shores of the Pacific '' . Lytton desired to send to the colony ' representatives of the best of British culture , not just a police force ' : he sought men who possessed ' courtesy , high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world ' and he decided to send Moody , whom the Government considered to be the archetypal ' English gentleman and British Officer ' at the head of the Columbia Detachment , which was created by an Act of the British Parliament on 2 August 1858 . The Engineers were believed to exemplify the qualities sought by the Government . Col. Richard Moody , commander of the Columbia detachment Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858 , commanding the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment . He was sworn in as the first Lieutenant - Governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia . On the advice of Lytton , Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary , and the two became close friends . Ned McGowan 's War ( edit ) Moody had hoped to begin immediately the foundation of a capital city , but upon his arrival at Fort Langley he learned of an outbreak of violence at the settlement of Hill 's Bar . This led to an incident popularly known as `` Ned McGowan 's War '' , where Moody led 22 Engineers and Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie to Yale to face down a group of rebellious American miners . Order was restored without further strict pain . The Foundation of New Westminster ( edit ) In British Columbia , Moody ' wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness ' and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance , ' styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe ' . Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860 , Moody settled the Lower Mainland . He selected the site and founded the new capital , New Westminster . He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port . He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site , writing in his letter to Blackwood , `` The entrance to the Frazer is very striking -- Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands ( apparently of very rich qualities ) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains -- Swiss in outline , dark in woods , grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you . Everything is large and magnificent , worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England 's dominions on the Pacific mainland . ( ... ) My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp - like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset . ( ... ) The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness , not a ripple before us , except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away '' . Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Aelbert Cuyp Moody designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia . However , Lord Lytton ' forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town ' and the efforts of Moody 's Engineers were continuous hampered by insufficient funds , which , together with the continuous opposition of Douglas , ' made it impossible for ( Moody 's ) design to be fulfilled ' . The feud between Moody and governor James Douglas ( edit ) Throughout his tenure in British Columbia , Richard Clement Moody was engaged in a bitter feud with Sir James Douglas , Governor of Vancouver Island , whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own . Moody 's position as Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant - Governor was one of ' higher prestige ( and ) lesser authority ' than that of Douglas , despite Moody 's vastly superior social position in the eyes of the Engineers and the British Government : Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton due to his possession of the quality of the `` archetypal English gentleman and British Officer '' , his family was `` eminently respectable '' : he was the son of Colonel Thomas Moody ( 1779 - 1849 ) , one of the wealthiest mercantilists in the West Indies , who owned much of the land in the islands where Douglas 's father owned a small amount of land and from which Douglas 's mother , `` a half - breed '' , originated . Governor Douglas 's ethnicity and made him ' an affront to Victorian society ' . Mary Moody , the descendant of the Hawks industrial dynasty and the Boyd merchant banking family , wrote on 4 August 1859 `` it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson 's Bay Factor '' and that the `` Governor and Richard can never get on '' . In letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858 , Richard Clement Moody boasts that he has ' entirely disarmed ( Douglas ) of all jealously '' Douglas repeatedly insulted the Engineers by attempting to assume their command and refusing to acknowledge their value in the nascent colony Margaret A. Ormsby , author of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry for Moody ( 2002 ) , condemns Moody for a contribution to the abortive development of the city . However , most other historians have exonerated Moody for the abortive development of the city and consider his achievement to be impressive , especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of funds and the personally motivated opposition of Douglas , whose opposition to the project continually retarded its development . Robert Edgar Cail , Don W. Thomson , Ishiguro , and Scott have praised Moody for his contribution , the latter accusing Ormsby of being ' adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody ' despite the evidence , and almost all biographies of Moody , including those of the Institute of Civil Engineers , the Royal Engineers , and the British Columbia Historical Association , are flattering . Other developments ( edit ) Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network , including what would become Kingsway , connecting New Westminster to False Creek , the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster , and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park . He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam 's 400 - foot `` Mary Hill '' after his wife . As part of the surveying effort , several tracts were designated `` government reserves '' , which included Stanley Park as a military reserve ( a strategic location in case of an American invasion ) . The Pre-emption act did not specify conditions for distributing the land , so large parcels were snapped up by speculators , including 3,750 acres ( 1,517 hectares ) by Moody himself . For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing . Port Moody is named after him . It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US . By 1862 , the Cariboo Gold Rush , attracting an additional 5000 miners , was underway , and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road ( commonly known now as the Cariboo Wagon Road ) up the Fraser Canyon to the prospecting region around Barkerville . By the time of this gold rush , the character of the colony was changing , as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region , establishing businesses , opening sawmills , and engaging in fishing and agriculture . With this increased stability , objections to the colony 's absentee governor and the lack of responsible government began to be vocalised , led by the influential editor of the New Westminster British Columbian and future Premier , John Robson . A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864 . Finally the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor . Frederick Seymour , second governor of the Colony of British Columbia , and his cat . Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment was disbanded in July , 1863 . The Moody family , only 22 men and 8 wives returned to England , while the rest , 130 sappers , elected to remain in BC . Scott contends that the departure of the Engineers ' doomed ' the development of the settlement and the fruition of Lord Lytton 's dream . Chartres Brew replaced Moody as land commissioner . The second gold rush ( edit ) A second major gold rush in the Cariboo region of the colony occurred in 1861 - 64 , in the midst of smaller ones , notably in the Omenica , Big Bend and on the Stikine . The influx of gold miners into B.C. 's economy led to the creation of basic infrastructure in B.C. , most notably , the creation of the Cariboo Wagon Road which linked the Lower Mainland to the rich gold fields of Barkerville . However , the enormous costs of the road , and its predecessor the Douglas Road and services such as the Gold Escort , left B.C. in debt by the mid-1860s . In 1866 , because of the massive debt left over from the gold rush , the mainland and Vancouver Island became one colony named British Columbia , with its capital in Victoria . On Vancouver Island settlement and industrial development took place along the shorelines . For example , see the 19th century settlement in Comox or Colony of Vancouver Island . Annexation debate ( edit ) In 1867 , there were three options open : to continue as a British colony , to be annexed by the United States , or to confederate with the newly formed Dominion of Canada . In Britain , many Little Englanders expected , or even hoped , that its North American colonies would depart from the British Empire . Admiral Joseph Denman told the Admiralty that British Columbia did not deserve Royal Navy protection , and advised the British government to `` divest herself of these possessions by any means consistent with honour '' . Secretary of State for the Colonies Lord Granville stated his wish that British North America `` would propose to be independent and annex themselves '' . The Times ' view was the British consensus : British Columbia is a long way off ... With the exception of a limited official class it receives few immigrants from England , and a large proportion of its inhabitants consists of citizens of the United States who have entered it from the south . Suppose that the colonists met together and came to the conclusion that every natural motive of contiguity , similarity of interests , and facility of administration induced them to think it more convenient to slip into the Union than into the Dominion ... We all know that we should not attempt to withstand them . Financially , becoming officially part of the United States made sense since British Columbia was economically essentially a satellite of San Francisco -- the most important city of the entire American west and North America 's Pacific coast -- Washington , and Oregon , which provided all of the colony 's supplies despite a substantial American tariff . American currency circulated widely in the colony , whose nearest British neighbors were Red River 2,000 miles to the east , and Hong Kong to the west . San Francisco 's population in the 1860s exceeded 60,000 , while Victoria 's never rose above 4,000 . All mail from British Columbia went through San Francisco , forcing the colony 's post office to keep large amounts of American postage stamps . The opening of the American transcontinental railroad in 1869 made it possible to travel by ship from Victoria to San Francisco , then by train to Ottawa or Washington in just 24 days . With the gold now gone , most of the American miners had left , and the economic future did not look promising unless B.C. could join the very rapidly growing , rich economies of the Pacific states . While American residents of British Columbia celebrated the United States ' purchase of Alaska in 1867 , having American territory to their north and south caused British residents ' fears for the future of their colony to grow . Alaska was part of American Secretary of State William H. Seward 's plan to incorporate the entire northwest Pacific Coast , chiefly for the long - term commercial advantages to the United States in terms of Pacific trade . Seward believed that the people in British Columbia wanted annexation and that Britain would accept this in exchange for the Alabama claims . In the event , Seward dropped the idea of an exchange and accepted an arbitration plan that settled the Alabama claims for cash . When a false report circulated in April , soon after the Alaska news , that the British government was considering settling the claims by ceding the colony , a substantial annexation movement appeared supported by many residents and three of the colony 's six newspapers . Anti-confederationists , who were not necessarily annexationists , were the majority on Vancouver Island . That said , annexationists argued that the colony would never be able to negotiate with the United States a free trade agreement similar to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 , and that annexation would end the disadvantage of the American tariff . Most Canadian - born residents supported confederation with their land of origin but were not very popular , as many in the colony believed that they sent their money home instead of spending it in British Columbia as the American - born colonists did . Residents of the mainland almost unanimously supported confederation with the rest of British North America ; they argued that this would benefit the colony as Canada would soon negotiate another reciprocity treaty . Many British - born colonists were on both sides . Representative Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts ' Annexation Bill of 1866 offered voluntary annexation to British North America , including territorial status for Vancouver Island and British Columbia together as the `` territory of Columbia '' . The bill was unsuccessful , as was Senator Alexander Ramsey of Minnesota 's 1867 proposal that the United States , as part of another reciprocity treaty with Canada , offer $6 million to the Hudson 's Bay Company for the territory west of the 90th longitude . The US would assume British Columbia 's $2 million debt , and subsidize the Northern Pacific Railway to build a road to Puget Sound . Two American military officers , who travelled throughout British Columbia for two months while arranging for supply of occupation troops in Alaska , wrote a detailed report to Washington in November 1867 of their belief that a majority of residents supported annexation . They claimed that `` ( i ) t did not become necessary in a single instance to broach the subject of the cession of that territory to the United States , for it was the constant theme of conversation '' . Employees of the Hudson 's Bay Company were said to be especially supportive , although they and many others could not make their opinion public because of fears of being denounced as disloyal . A majority of British Columbians never publicly supported American annexation , however , and support for joining Canada grew over time ; in particular , annexationists failed to persuade the anti-confederation Hudson 's Bay Company officials and their friends that dominated Vancouver Island politics . Accusations that `` American gold '' and `` American greenbacks '' funded `` renegade Englishmen '' likely hurt annexation support ; whether the US officers ' belief of the existence of widespread covert support was correct , by October 1867 annexation no longer appeared as a topic in British Columbia newspapers or documents . Until the Alaska Purchase and the new Dominion status ( which were almost simultaneous ) , the British had been indifferent to the fate of British Columbia . London now paid attention , and realized the value of B.C. as a base for its imperial trade opportunities in the Pacific and the need of the Royal Navy for a station in the region . By 1868 public opinion was likely on the confederation side . Annexationists ( or , at least , anti-confederationists ) were in control of the Legislative Council of British Columbia , however , and in February 1869 passed a resolution opposing confederation ; until his death the colonial governor , Frederick Seymour , also opposed confederation . Successor Anthony Musgrave supported confederation ( after being unsuccessful in bringing Newfoundland into Canada ) but due to an accident was delayed in his duties ; meanwhile , annexation support revived during the winter of 1869 - 1870 . One hundred four individuals , about one percent of the white population of the colony , signed an 1869 petition to President Ulysses S. Grant asking for annexation . While there is no reason to believe that they accurately represented the majority opinion , it is true that many colonists viewed Washington and London as equal competitors for British Columbia 's loyalty depending on who offered more incentives , while Ottawa was more foreign and less familiar . In August 1869 Lord Granville communicated London 's new view of British Columbia when he wrote to Musgrave , `` I have no hesitation in stating that ( support of confederation ) is also the opinion of Her Majesty 's Government . '' In February 1870 Musgrave successfully persuaded the Legislative Council to pass a resolution supporting confederation with Canada . Many British - born colonists now supported confederation as the best way to maintain a connection with Britain . By April the Victoria Colonist reported that a mass meeting in Victoria supported confederation while `` the most vague hint in the direction of annexation was met with a howl of execration '' . Musgrave proposed an attractive plan for joining Canada , with the Dominion assuming the colony 's debt and building a new Canadian transcontinental railway that would eliminate the reliance on the American railroad . Meanwhile , the United States was so focused on issues of Reconstruction , that few Americans picked up on Seward 's grand dream to expand Manifest Destiny to the Pacific . Entry into Canada ( 1871 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) See also : British Columbia § Rapid growth and development 1896 map of British Columbia showing federal electoral districts . A map produced in London in 1873 to facilitate emigration to British Columbia showing the natural resources of the new province . Both the depressed economic situation arising from the collapse of the gold rushes , as well as a desire for the establishment of truly responsible and representative government , led to enormous domestic pressure for British Columbia to join the Canadian Confederation , which had been proclaimed in 1867 . The Confederation League , spearheaded by three future premiers of the province -- Amor De Cosmos , Robert Beaven , and John Robson -- took a leading role in pushing the colony towards this goal . And so it was on July 20 , 1871 , that British Columbia became the sixth province to join Canada . In return for entering Confederation , Canada absorbed B.C. 's massive debt , and promised to build a railway from Montreal to the Pacific coast within 10 years . Contrary to popular belief British Columbia did not demand a transcontinental railroad as a condition of confederation ; its delegates expected a wagon road , but John A. Macdonald 's national government proposed the railroad as a substitute , with Ottawa and London viewing it as a way of connecting not just British Columbia but the prairies with the rest of the British Empire . The promise of a railroad became , however , the most important reason for British Columbia to stay within Canada . The provincial legislature threatened to secede in 1878 because Macdonald 's successor Alexander Mackenzie , whose Liberal Party had opposed the railroad , attempted to modify the promise ; Macdonald 's return to power that year likely kept British Columbia from departing Canada . In fulfillment of the promise , the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven in Craigellachie on 7 November 1885 . ( No good road yet existed between British Columbia and other provinces ; until the completion of the Trans - Canada Highway automobiles had to enter the United States to travel to eastern Canada . ) The mining frontier in B.C. led to the creation of many mines and smelters , mostly through American investment . One of the world 's largest smelters still exists today in Trail . The capital and work to be found in B.C. during the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century led to the creation of several new towns in B.C. such as Nelson , Nakusp , Slocan , Kimberley , Castlegar , Rossland , and Salmo . A large coal empire run by Robert Dunsmuir , and his son and later premier , James Dunsmuir also developed on Vancouver Island during this era . As the economy on the mainland continued to improve as a result of improved transportation and increased settlement , other resource - based economic activity began to flourish . Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century , fishing , forestry , and farming ( including the planting of extensive orchards in the Okanagan region ) became the `` three F 's '' on which the new province built its economy -- a situation that persisted well into the late twentieth century . With the booming economy came the expansion of the original fur trading posts into thriving communities ( such as Victoria , Nanaimo , and Kamloops ) . It also led to the establishment of new communities , such as Yale , New Westminster , and -- most notably , though a latecomer -- Vancouver . The product of the consolidation of the burgeoning mill towns of Granville and Hastings Mill located near the mouth of the Fraser on Burrard Inlet in the later 1860s , Vancouver was incorporated in 1886 following its selection as the railhead for the Canadian Pacific Railway . Despite a devastating fire which all but wiped out the city three months later , Vancouver quickly became the largest city in the province , its ports conveying both the resource wealth of the province as well as that transported from the prairie provinces by rail , to markets overseas . Vancouver 's status as the principal city in the province has endured , augmented by growth in the surrounding municipalities of Richmond , Burnaby , Surrey , Delta , Coquitlam , and New Westminster . Today , Metro Vancouver is the third most populous metropolitan area in Canada , behind Toronto and Montreal . It was also during this period where ethnic diversity began to develop significantly , as immigration was not fed entirely by European countries . Chinese and Japanese emigrants made many coastal settlements home , beginning in the 1850s , and became increasingly more pronounced in the 1880s . 20th century ( edit ) Truck loaded with logs on temporary logging road , BC 1936 Since the days of the fur trade , British Columbia 's economy has been based on natural resources , particularly fishing , logging and mining . From the canneries to the mills and mines , B.C. 's resource sector was increasingly the domain of large commercial interests . With industrialization and economic growth , workers arrived to join in the seemingly boundless prosperity . Increasingly , these workers came from Asia as well as Europe . The mix of cultures and diversity was a source of strength , but also , often , of conflict . The early part of the 20th century was a time of great change and talk between immigrants and the First Nations , all of whom found their lives changing rapidly . Rise of the Labour movement ( edit ) The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant labour movement . The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition . Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed while picketing at the docks by CPR police during that strike , becoming the British Columbia movement 's first martyr . Canada 's first general strike occurred following the death of another labour leader , Ginger Goodwin , in 1918 , at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island . A lull in industrial tensions through the later 1920s came to an abrupt end with the Great Depression . Most of the 1930s strikes were led by Communist Party organizers . That strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province . After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting , the relief camp strikers decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the On - to - Ottawa Trek , but their commandeered train was met by a gatling gun at Hatzic , just east of Mission City , and the strikers arrested and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression . Race and ethnic Relations ( edit ) The Komagata Maru and HMCS Rainbow At the time that BC was settled the ideology of the British Empire , and of many of its colonial settlers was based on an assumption of superiority , often racial superiority based on the pseudo-science of Race . Racism and a desire to create a white colony were widespread . The scientific thinking of Charles Darwin was used to develop a theory of the races , which is today completely discredited - came to be known as Social Darwinism . Under the ideology of Social Darwinism a series of restrictive laws were passed , by both federal and provincial levels of government . The Potlatch Ban outlawed First Nations cultural and spiritual practices , non-white people were denied the vote - specifically First Nations , Chinese and Japanese people were not eligible to vote . During the 20th century , many immigrant groups arrived in British Columbia and today , Vancouver is the second most ethnically diverse city in Canada , only behind Toronto . In 1886 , a head tax was imposed on the Chinese , which reached as much as $500 per person to enter Canada by 1904 . By 1923 the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act , which prohibited all Chinese immigration until 1947 . Sikhs had to face an amended Immigration Act in 1908 that required Sikhs to have $200 on arrival in Canada , and immigration would be allowed only if the passenger had arrived by continuous journey from India , which was impossible . Perhaps the most famous incident of anti-Sikh racism in B.C. was in 1914 when the Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver harbour with 376 Sikhs aboard , of whom only 20 were allowed entry . The Komagata Maru spent two months in harbour while the Khalsa Society went through the courts to appeal their case . The Khalsa Society also kept the passengers on the Komagata Maru alive during those two months . When the case was lost , HMCS Rainbow , a Royal Canadian Navy cruiser , escorted the Komagata Maru out to sea while thousands of Caucasians cheered from the seawall of Stanley Park . During the Second World War , security concerns following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Canada 's entry into the war versus Japan led to controversial measures . The local Japanese - Canadian population was openly discriminated against , being put in internment camps . The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were formed in 1942 in order to provide an armed presence on the coast in addition to the pre-war fortress garrisons , which were expanded after hostilities . Japanese military attacks against BC amounted to a small number of parachute bombs released from great distance away and by the middle of 1942 the threat of direct attack diminished following defeat at the Battle of Midway by US forces . Prohibition ( edit ) Alcohol was prohibited in British Columbia for about four years , from 1917 to 1921 . A referendum in 1916 asked BC citizens whether they approved of making alcohol illegal ( the other question was whether women had the right to vote ) . The contested results rejecting prohibition led to a major political scandal that subsequently saw the referendum being overturned and alcohol prohibited . However , by 1921 the failures were so apparent -- a thriving black market , arbitrary ( often class - and race - based ) enforcement and punishment , rampant corruption -- that alcohol was established as a commodity subject to government regulation and taxation as it is today . U.S. prohibition in the 1920s and early 1930s led to a thriving business of producing and smuggling alcohol to quench the thirst of BC 's southern neighbors . Many of Vancouver 's richest families built or consolidated their fortunes in the rum - running business . Some compare today 's robust cannabis - growing industry in BC ( the number - one cash crop ) to this earlier era . World War ii contributions ( edit ) A Pacific Command was created in 1942 also , and was disbanded in 1945 . During the war a range of coastal defences were constructed , including harbour defences for Vancouver . Today 's Museum of Anthropology at UBC sits atop the foundation for gun batteries that were used to command Vancouver Harbour approaches . Militia units from southern BC provided cadres for many regiments that eventually fought in Europe . The Rocky Mountain Rangers sent a battalion to fight the Japanese in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands in 1943 . Thousands more British Columbians volunteered for the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force . Two soldiers , Ernest Alvia Smith and John Keefer Mahony , were awarded the Victoria Cross for actions with BC - based regiments in Italy . Columbia River treaty ( edit ) In 1961 , British Columbia ratified the Columbia River Treaty which required the building of three large dams in British Columbia in return for financial compensation related to U.S. hydroelectric power production enabled by the dams . The dams flooded large areas within British Columbia , but would prove to be a very stable and renewable source of power for the province . 21st century ( edit ) If the 20th century can be said to have been ( see above ) one of ethnocultural strife , the 21st thus far can be said to be one of relative harmony . One of the first pronouncements of Stephen Harper , upon his victory in the 39th general election to the Parliament in Ottawa , was that proper redress would be afforded the payers of the Chinese head tax . On 22 June 2006 , he offered an apology and $20,000 compensation for the head tax once paid by Chinese immigrants . Asian people , at 20.2 % of the total population , were in the 2006 census by far the largest visible minority demographic , with many of the Lower Mainland 's large cities having sizable Chinese , South Asian , Japanese , Filipino , and Korean communities . The Chinese appeasement policies continue to bear fruit . Whereas prior to 2009 the Federal government was ill - disposed toward the Chinese , by spring of that year the China Investment Corporation was able to purchase of a 17 % share fraction of the Vancouver miner Teck Resources . The transition of views on the Chinese government has been unprecedented , from one of fear to one of official cooperation in the space of five years , and in the face of popular trepidation . In November 2013 , British Columbia finance minister Mike de Jong reported a successful placement of Chinese RMB $2.5 bn in dim sum bonds . The province hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler . Crimes ( edit ) The scandal of the December 2003 BC Legislature Raids , which led to the October 2010 conviction of Dave Basi and Bob Virk , ministerial aides to Gary Collins and Janet Reid , respectively , involved `` bribes - cash , meals and NFL tickets - in exchange for leaking confidential ( information ) about the sale '' of BC Rail . The case set precedent in R. v. Basi , according to which defendants ' counsel may participate at pre-trial hearings involving a police informant . Although Robert Pickton had apparently claimed responsibility for 49 murders at or near his pig farm in Port Coquitlam , at trial by jury in 2007 he was only convicted of six . On 14 October 2007 , Robert Dziekański was tasered by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer . The incident might have been unreported , but for the cell - phone video taken by eyewitness Paul Pritchard . It took six years for the provincial coroner to determine that death of Dziekanski was a homicide . A drug dealer who failed to pay $100,000 to the Red Scorpion gang for trafficking on the its turf was the catalyst for the execution of six people in a Surrey high rise in 2007 . Civil amercement ( edit ) After a scandal - filled second term for the BC NDP government , the BC Liberals won the 2001 election with the biggest landslide in BC history : 77 of 79 seats . Gordon Campbell became the seventh premier in ten years , and the first Liberal premier in almost 50 years . On 25 November 2005 , the Civil Forfeiture Act ( CFA ) was passed by Campbell 's second government with a 3 : 2 majority . This Act followed Ontario 's Civil Remedies Act , which had passed in November 2003 . This Act makes it possible for the government to amerce or to seize property without due process , and the Civil Forfeiture Office ( CFO ) has been eager to use this power in order to fill the coffers of government . The office does not need criminal charges , or convictions , to amerce a property . Bill 5 was introduced by Solicitor - General Rich Coleman , who made liberal use of the `` organised crime '' fear , uncertainty and doubt tactic . He also mentioned that Ontario , Manitoba and Alberta had also recently introduced similar legislation . The Act , which was brought in with `` organised crime '' as the target , since at least 2007 has been expanded to target ordinary citizens . In latter - day practice , amercements may include partial ( Jang ) or full seizure ( Lloydsmith , Rai ) of a house . On 4 May 2011 , Solicitor - General Shirley Bond of Christy Clark 's first government introduced the concept of `` administrative forfeiture '' , under which a civil court is no longer required to judge amercements of property worth less than $75,000 . The CFO moved in summer 2012 to seize the Guide Certificate of Robert Milligan , a certain way to destroy his livelihood . The CFO has a budgetary target . Offences under the Motor Vehicle Act , Wildlife Act and Employment Standards Act are now pursued by the CFO . The public is now bribed with the proceeds , for example , violence - prevention projects at six schools , an anti-gang campaign , women and family violence programs and a workshop on sexual exploitation awareness . Justice Minister Suzanne Anton expressed unreserved support for the CFO and CFA in a January 2014 interview . First Nations ( edit ) The legacy of British Imperialism in BC is unusual in that neither conquest nor treaties were undertaken as settlement occurred under the doctrine of Terra Nullius . With few exceptions ( the Douglas Treaties of Fort Rupert and southern Vancouver Island ) no treaties were signed . Some early settlers assumed , based on the catastrophic population crash of First Nations peoples linked to smallpox , and racist ideas that ' Indians ' were a dying race led to a lack of action to deal with what was then termed the ' Indian Land Question ' . Upon Confederation the federal government assumed responsibility for Indians and lands reserved for Indians , while the province had responsibility for non-Aboriginal civil matters and resources . The 1913 McKenna - McBride Royal Commission made some amendments to lands but failed to deal with issues pertaining to title and First Nations rights . Several delegations to Ottawa and London were sent by First Nations seeking redress for grievances , to little avail . Instead the Indian Act , federal legislation governing First Nations , was amended to make it a crime to organize or engage legal council . Other oppressive measure also accompanied the amendment including the Potlatch Ban and the increasingly applied Indian Residential School system designed to assimilate First Nations . The status of the First Nations ( Aboriginal ) people of British Columbia is a long - standing problem that has become a major issue in recent years . First Nations were confined to tiny reserves that no longer provide an economic base . They were provided with inadequate education and discriminated against in numerous ways . In many areas they were excluded from restaurants and other establishments . Status Indians gained the right to vote in 1960 . They were prohibited from possessing alcohol , which rather than preventing problems with this drug , exacerbated them by fostering unhealthy patterns of consumption such as binge drinking . Certain privileges of status Indians are governed by the Indian Act . With the exception of what are known as the Douglas Treaties , negotiated by Sir James Douglas with the native people of the Victoria area , no treaties were signed in British Columbia until 1998 . Many native people wished to negotiate treaties , but the province refused until 1990 . Another major development was the 1997 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Delgamuukw v. British Columbia case that aboriginal title still exists in British Columbia . 60 % of First Nations in British Columbia are aligned with the First Nations Summit . This brings a total of 58 First Nations , but only 20 are said to be in active negotiations . Three Final Agreements have been settled , with one being rejected by Lheidli T'enneh in 2007 . The other two , the Maa - nulth treaty group , a 5 Nuu - chah - nulth member group , and the Tsawwassen First Nation . Although these treaties have yet to be ratified by Parliament in Ottawa and Legislature in Victoria , neighbouring First Nations are seeking to block these treaties in the courts . A group of Vancouver Island and some mainland First Nations , the WSANEC , Lekwungen , and Semiahmoo , are seeking to block to Tsawwassen First Nation treaty , claiming infringement on their rights and land titles . On the west coast of Vancouver Island , the Ditidaht First Nation is doing the same against the Maa - nulth treaty group . The only treaty signed in recent years , the Nisga'a Treaty ( 1998 ) , was negotiated outside of the current treaty process . There is considerable disagreement about treaty negotiations . Among indigenous people , there is mounting criticism of extinguishment of Aboriginal title and continued assimilation strategies by attempting to change the indigenous peoples from nations to municipal style government . Therefore , a substantial number of First Nations governments consider the current treaty process inadequate and have refused to participate . A November 2007 court ruling for the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation called future participation in the process into question . The judge ruled that the Xeni Gwet'in could demonstrate aboriginal title to half of the Nemaia Valley , and that the province had no power over these lands . Under the BC treaty process , negotiating nations have received as little as 5 % of their claimed land recognized . Grand Chief Stewart Phillip , president of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs , called the court victory a `` nail in the coffin '' of the B.C. treaty process . See also ( edit ) Outline of British Columbia § History of British Columbia Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Dane - zaa Dakelh Babine Wet'suwet'en Syilx Haida people Heiltsuk Sto : lo Kaska Dena Ktunaxa Kwakwaka'wakw Gitxsan Musqueam St'at'imc In - SHUCK - ch Nation Lil'wat Nisga'a Nuu - chah - nulth Nuxalk Sekani Wuikinuxv Secwepemc Sinixt Squamish people Tagish Tahltan Haisla Nicola Tsilhqot'in Nlaka'pamux Tlingit Tsetsaut Tsimshian Saulteaux European empires ( edit ) Former colonies and territories in Canada Spanish Empire Russian Empire British Empire Important figures ( edit ) By nationality , in chronological order of influence to the region : Natives : Maquinna , Nuu - chah - nulth chief Chief Nicola , leader of the eponymous Nicola people and Grand Chief of the Okanagan Klattasine ( Klatsassan ) , Tsilhqot'in chief Joe Capilano ( Khatsahlano ) , Squamish chief Chief Dan George , Tsleil - waututh ( Burrard ) chief and actor Spaniards : Vasco Núñez de Balboa ( 1475 -- 1519 ) , Spanish explorer and conquistador from Jerez de los Caballeros , claimed possession of the Pacific Ocean and all adjoining lands in the name of the Spanish sovereigns in 1513 . Juan José Pérez Hernández ( 1725 -- 1775 ) , Majorcan born Spanish explorer , first European to explore the region in 1774 . Bruno de Heceta ( 1744 -- 1807 ) , Basque born Spanish explorer , explored the region in 1775 . Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra ( 1743 -- 1794 ) , Liman born Spanish explorer , explored the region in an expedition in 1775 along with Bruno de Heceta . Esteban José Martínez , Sevillan born Spanish explorer who founded the Spanish fort in Nootka Sound in 1789 . It can be considered the first formal colony in the region ( prior to that there was only a trade post founded by the Englishman John Meares ) . Gonzalo López de Haro , accompanied Esteban José Martínez in the 1789 expedition . Francisco de Eliza , made an expedition to Nootka Sound in 1790 to rebuild the Spanish fort abandoned by Esteban José Martínez . Pere d'Alberní ( 1747 -- 1802 ) , Catalan born Spanish soldier and explorer from Tortosa , Captain of the First Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia appointed in Nootka Sound . His mission was to rebuild the fort , after Esteban José Martínez had abandoned it . He went with his company in the expedition of Francisco de Eliza , in 1790 . Salvador Fidalgo , Catalan born Spanish explorer from La Seu d'Urgell , made an expedition to Nootka Sound in 1790 . José María Narváez , Spanish explorer , discovered Point Grey ( modern day Vancouver , British Columbia ) on July 5 , 1791 . Dionisio Alcalá Galiano , explorer commissioned by the King ; first European to circumnavigate Vancouver Island , and author of the `` Relacion '' . British or from the British Isles Francis Drake , British privateer James Cook , British explorer John Meares , British explorer George Vancouver , British explorer Alexander Mackenzie , British explorer David Thompson , British explorer James Douglas , first Governor of British Columbia Matthew Baillie Begbie , first Chief Justice of British Columbia The Canadas and the Maritimes Simon Fraser , fur company explorer Francis Jones Barnard , expressman and entrepreneur ( Ontario ) Amor de Cosmos , newspaperman and Premier ( Nova Scotia ) W.A.C. Bennett , retailer and Premier ( New Brunswick ) Places ( edit ) Pacific Northwest Alaska British Columbia Colony of British Columbia New Caledonia Columbia District Washington Oregon Oregon Country British Columbia ghost towns Stikine Territory Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island Colony of Vancouver Island Nootka Sound Events ( edit ) Nootka Crisis Nootka Convention Oregon Treaty British Columbia Gold Rushes Oregon boundary dispute Alaska Boundary Dispute Pig War Columbia River Treaty Komagata Maru Japanese Canadian internment Other history articles ( edit ) Heritage Minutes History of the west coast of North America List of ships in British Columbia List of Royal Navy ships in the Pacific Northwest History of Squamish and Tsleil - Waututh longshoremen , 1863 - 1963 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chad Reimer `` Ormsby , Margaret A . '' in Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol. 2 . p. 886 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Book Review : The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake , Macleans magazine , July 18 , 2003 , quoted entire in The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Sir Francis Drake article , The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Another victory for Drake : Amateur treasure hunter 's coin find proves English hero discovered Canada before the Spanish , AP Reporter , Daily Mail , London , March 14 2014 Jump up ^ Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Jump up ^ Nootka Sound Service LTD 's website Jump up ^ The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History Jump up ^ Catalans al Canadà , page 7 Archived 2008 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , study from the Fundació d'Estudis Històrics de Catalunya Jump up ^ Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793 - 1843 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 3 . online at Google Books Jump up ^ Thomas , Edward Harper . Chinook : A History and Dictionary . Portland , Ore . Winford & Morts. 1935 . ISBN 0 - 8323 - 0217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` First Nations Negotiations - Province of British Columbia '' . Gov.bc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Frontier 1534 - 1760 by W.J. Eccles . Jump up ^ Superior Rendezvous Place Fort William in the Canadian Fur Trade by J. Morrison Jump up ^ It was named after the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company , which in turn was named after the Columbia River . Ged Martin , `` The Naming of British Columbia , '' Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies , Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1978 ) , pp. 257 - 263 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald J. Hauka , McGowan 's War , Vancouver : 2003 , New Star Books , p. 146 Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 7 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Moody , Richard Clement . Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody , R.E. , to Arthur Blackwood , February 1 , 1859 , preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly ( January -- April 1951 ) , ed . Willard E. Ireland , Archives of British Columbia . British Columbia Historical Association . pp. 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Ormsby Jump up ^ `` Heraldic Science Héraldique , Arms and Devices of Provinces and Territories , British Columbia '' . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Howard , Joseph Jackson ( 1893 -- 1906 ) . Heraldic Visitation of England and Wales . 8 . pp. 161 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 115 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Cail , Robert Edgar ( 1974 ) . Land , Man , and the Law : The Disposal of Crown Lands in British Columbia , 1871 - 1913 , Vancouver , University of British Columbia . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Don W. ( 1966 ) . Men and Meridians , Vol. 1 . Ottawa , Department of Mines and Technical Surveys , Government of Canada . p. 282 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Ormsby . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia ( 1991 ) p. 91 Jump up ^ Charles Hou and Marlena Morgan , eds . The Destiny of British Columbia : confederation or annexation ? ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : Sage , Walter N. ( 1932 ) . `` The Critical Period of British Columbia History , 1866 - 1871 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 1 ( 4 ) : 424 -- 443 . doi : 10.2307 / 3633112 . JSTOR 3633112 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Shi , `` Seward 's Attempt to Annex British Columbia , 1865 - 1869 , '' Pacific Historical Review , May 1978 , Vol. 47 Issue 2 , pp 217 - 238 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Keenlyside , Hugh LL. ; Brown , Gerald S. ( 1952 ) . Canada and the United States : Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations . Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 129 -- 136 . ^ Jump up to : Howay , F.W. ; Sage , W.N. ; Angus , H.F. ( 1942 ) . British Columbia and the United States : The North Pacific Slope from Fur Trade to Aviation . Toronto : The Ryerson Press . ^ Jump up to : Neunherz , R.E. ( 1989 ) . `` '' Hemmed In `` : Reactions in British Columbia to the Purchase of Russian America '' . The Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 80 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 111 . doi : 10.2307 / 40491056 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . JSTOR 40491056 . Jump up ^ Charles Emmerson , The Future History of the Arctic ( 2010 ) p 74 Jump up ^ Reginald Trotter , `` Canada as a Factor in Anglo - American Relations in the 1860s , '' Canadian Historical Review , ( 1935 ) 16 : 354 . Jump up ^ John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall , Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies ( 4th ed. 2008 ) pp 46 - 7 Jump up ^ Barman , The West Beyond the West ( 1991 ) pp 91 - 97 Jump up ^ Doris W. Dashew , `` The Story of An Illusion : The Plan to Trade ' Alabama ' Claims for Canada , '' Civil War History , Dec 1969 , Vol. 15 Issue 4 , pp 332 - 348 Jump up ^ Phillips , Paul A. ( 1967 ) . No Power Greater : A Century of Labour in British Columbia . Vancouver : BC Federation of Labour / Boag Foundation . pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Paul A. ( 1967 ) . No Power Greater : A Century of Labour in British Columbia . Vancouver : BC Federation of Labour / Boag Foundation . pp. 71 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Manley , John ( 1994 ) . `` Canadian Communists , Revolutionary Unionism , and the ' Third Period ' : The Workers ' Unity League , '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Canadian Historical Association , New Series . 5 : 167 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lorne ( 1987 ) . When Freedom was Lost : The Unemployed , the Agitator , and the State . Montreal : Black Rose Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920057 - 77 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carved From Wood : A History of Mission 1861 - 1992 , Andreas Schroeder , publ . Mission Foundation ( 1991 ) , 227 pp. , ASIN : B000WB9TWM Jump up ^ Cole , Douglas & Ira Chaiken ' An Iron Hand Upon the People : The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast . ' Douglas & McIntyre . Vancouver . 1990 Jump up ^ `` Electoral History , '' Elections BC Jump up ^ Haddow , Douglas ( 5 August 2010 ) . `` Marijuana may cause Canada 's economic comedown '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CCNC Press Release - Chinese Canadians welcome New Year 's promise on Head Tax Redress from PM Designate Stephen Harper '' . Ccnc.ca. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister ( 2006 ) . `` Address by the Prime Minister on the Chinese Head Tax Redress '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Canada . `` Canada 's Ethnocultural Mosaic , 2006 Census : Provinces and territories '' `` . Jump up ^ Toronto Star : `` China fishes for secrets in rich , vulnerable waters '' 11 Dec 2007 Jump up ^ G + M `` The man behind the Teck - CIC deal '' 3 Jul 2009 Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah . `` Government infiltrated by spies , CSIS boss says '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ G + M : `` Clark , Robertson to lead B.C. trade missions to Asia '' 22 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` B.C. and China endorse partnerships '' 26 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ thetyee.ca : `` BC Premier Urged to Consider Fast Legal Action Against China Treaty '' 24 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Province Issues Offshore Yuan - Denominated Bonds '' 5 Nov 2013 ^ Jump up to : G + M : `` BC Rail trial ends after deal reached '' ( Mason ) 18 Oct 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dziekanski death at hands of RCMP a homicide , B.C. coroner rules '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ news24.com : `` Dead drug dealer failed to pay gang , ' Surrey Six ' trial hears '' 19 Dec 2013 ^ Jump up to : G + M `` Timeline : How B.C. has seized $41 - million in property in nearly eight years '' 25 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ G + M : `` B.C. Opposition plans to question scope of ' cash cow ' office that seizes property '' 28 Jan 2014 ^ Jump up to : G + M : `` WHEN THE PROVINCE GOES AFTER ILL - GOTTEN GAINS , WHO PAYS ? '' 25 Jan 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of DEBATES OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ( Hansard ) MONDAY , MARCH 7 , 2005 Afternoon Sitting Volume 27 , Number 27 '' ^ Jump up to : Huge win for Interior natives Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , The Province , November 22 , 2007 Further reading ( edit ) This is a basic guide to major works . For a more extensive guide to resources , see Bibliography of British Columbia . Barman , Jean . The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia U. of Toronto Press , 1991 . 430pp Carlson , Roy L. and Bona , Luke Dalla , eds . Early Human Occupation in British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1996 . 261 pp . Carty , R.K. , ed . Politics , Policy , and Government in British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1996 . 381 pp . Cole , Douglas & Ira Chaiken `` An Iron Hand Upon the People : The Law Against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast . '' Vancouver / Toronto : Douglas & McIntyre , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 695 - 3 Francis , Daniel , ed . Encyclopedia of British Columbia . Madeira Park , B.C. : Harbour , 2000 . 806 pp . Griffin , Harold . Radical Roots : The Shaping of British Columbia . Vancouver : Commonwealth Fund , 1999 . Hak , Gordon . Turning Trees into Dollars : The British Columbia Coastal Lumber Industry , 1858 - 1913 . U. of Toronto Press , 2000 . 239 pp . Harris , Cole . The Resettlement of British Columbia : Essays on Colonialism and Geographical Change . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1997 . 314 pp . Hayes , Derek . Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest : Maps of Exploration . Vancouver : Cavendish , 1999 . 208 pp . Johnston , Hugh , ed . The Pacific Province : A History of British Columbia . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 1996 . 352 pp . McGillivray , Brett . Geography of British Columbia : People and Landscapes in Transition . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 2000 . 235pp Muckle , Robert J. The First Nations of British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1998 . 146pp . Norris , John . Strangers Entertained : A History of Ethnic Groups in British Columbia . Vancouver : Evergreen Press , 1971 . 254 pp . Ormsby , Margaret A. British Columbia : A History ( Macmillan , 1958 ) online edition Recksten , Terry . The Illustrated History of British Columbia . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 2001 . 280 pp . Roy , Patricia E. , ed . A History of British Columbia : Selected Readings ( 1989 ) Woodcock , George . British Columbia : A History of the Province . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 1990 . 288 pp . Whitcomb , Dr. Ed . A Short History of British Columbia . Ottawa . From Sea To Sea Enterprises . 2006 . 71 pp . External links ( edit ) BC History in images - A visual history of British Columbia starting as early as 1542 , from the UBC Library Digital Collections . British Colonist newspaper in Victoria , complete text Dec. 1858 to June 1910 , searchable British Columbia History Internet / Web Site , 1995 -- 2004 , compiled by historian and archivist David Mattison , was succeeded by the British Columbia History Portal , 2003 -- present . First Nations Languages of British Columbia contains information about the native languages of British Columbia . BC History Journal `` Coastal Moving Image Gallery , '' 1920s film clips of BC First Nations taken by anthropologist Harlan I. Smith , from BC Archives website . 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3144852167339655381	Battle of Kadesh	Battle of Kadesh - wikipedia Battle of Kadesh Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Battle of Kamdesh . Coordinates : 34 ° 34 ′ N 36 ° 31 ′ E / 34.57 ° N 36.51 ° E / 34.57 ; 36.51 Battle of Kadesh Part of Second Syrian campaign of Ramesses II Ramesses atop chariot , at the battle of Kadesh . ( Relief inside his Abu Simbel temple . ) Date Late May 1274 BC Location On the Orontes River near Kadesh Result Egyptian tactical victory , strategically indecisive . Negotiated peace treaty Belligerents New Kingdom of Egypt Hittite Empire Commanders and leaders Ramesses II Grand Vizier Paser Prince Amunherkhepeshef Prince Ramesses Prince Khaemweset Prince Pareherwenemef Muwatalli II Hattusili III Mittanamuwash of Pitassa Masturish of Seha River Land Piyama - Inarash of Wilusa Sahurunuwash of Carchemish Sattuara of Mittani Niqmepa of Ugarit Talmi - Sarruma of Aleppo Niqmaddu of Kadesh Strength 20,000 men ( half engaged ) 16,000 infantry 2,000 chariots 4,000 men Somewhere between 23,000 -- 50,000 men Somewhere between 15,000 -- 40,000 infantry ( not engaged ) Somewhere between 2,500 -- 3,700 chariots Somewhere between 9,000 -- 11,100 men Casualties and losses Unknown Unknown The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River , just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian - Lebanese border . The battle is generally dated to 1274 BC in the conventional Egyptian chronology , and is the earliest battle in recorded history for which details of tactics and formations are known . It is believed to have been the largest chariot battle ever fought , involving between 5,000 and 6,000 chariots in total . As a result of the multiple Kadesh inscriptions , it is the best documented battle in all of ancient history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Kadesh campaign 2.1 Contending forces 2.2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Documentation 4.1 Hittite allies 4.2 Hittite fallen 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) After expelling the Hyksos 15th dynasty around 1550 BC , the native Egyptian New Kingdom rulers became more aggressive in reclaiming control of their state 's borders . Thutmose I , Thutmose III and his son and coregent Amenhotep II fought battles from Megiddo north to the Orontes River , including conflict with Kadesh . Many of the Egyptian campaign accounts between c. 1400 and 1300 BC reflect the general destabilization of the region of the Djahi ( Southern Canaan ) . The reigns of Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III were undistinguished , except that Egypt continued to lose territory to Mitanni in northern Syria . During the late Egyptian 18th dynasty , the Amarna Letters tell the story of the decline of Egyptian influence in the region . The Egyptians showed flagging interest here until almost the end of the dynasty . Horemheb ( d 1292 BC ) , the last ruler of this dynasty , campaigned in this region , finally beginning to turn Egyptian interest back to this region . This process continued in the 19th Dynasty . Like his father Ramesses I , Seti I was a military commander who set out to restore Egypt 's empire to the days of the Tuthmosis kings almost a century before . Inscriptions on Karnak temple walls record the details of his campaigns into Canaan and Syria . He took 20,000 men and reoccupied abandoned Egyptian posts and garrisoned cities . He made an informal peace with the Hittites , took control of coastal areas along the Mediterranean , and continued to campaign in Canaan . A second campaign led to his capture of Kadesh ( where a stela commemorated his victory ) and Amurru . His son and heir Ramesses II campaigned with him . There are historical records that record a large weapons order by Ramesses II in the year prior to the expedition he led to Kadesh in his fifth regnal year . However , at some point both regions may have lapsed back into Hittite control . What exactly happened to Amurru is disputed . The Hittitologist Trevor Bryce suggests that , although it may have fallen once again under Hittite control , it is more likely Amurru remained a Hittite vassal state . The immediate antecedents to the Battle of Kadesh were the early campaigns of Ramesses II into Canaan . In the fourth year of his reign , he marched north into Syria , either to recapture Amurru or , as a probing effort , to confirm his vassals ' loyalty and explore the terrain of possible battles . The recovery of Amurru was Muwatalli 's stated motivation for marching south to confront the Egyptians . Ramesses marched north in the fifth year of his reign and encountered the Hittites at Kadesh . Kadesh campaign ( edit ) The Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II ( green ) bordering on the Hittite Empire ( red ) at the height of its power in ca . 1279 BC Ramesses ' army crossed the Egyptian border in the spring of year five of his reign and , after a month 's march , reached the area of Kadesh from the south . The Hittite king Muwatalli , who had mustered several of his allies ( among them Rimisharrinaa , the king of Aleppo ) , had positioned his troops behind `` Old Kadesh '' , but Ramesses , misled by two spies whom the Egyptians had captured , thought the Hittite forces were still far off , at Aleppo , and ordered his forces to set up camp . Contending forces ( edit ) In the spring of the fifth year of his reign , in May 1274 BC , Ramesses II launched his campaign from his capital Pi - Ramesses ( modern Qantir ) . The army moved beyond the fortress of Tjel and along the coast leading to Gaza . Ramesses led an army of four divisions : Amun , Re ( P 're ) , Seth ( Suteh ) and the apparently newly formed Ptah division . There was also a poorly documented troop called the nrrn ( Ne'arin or Nearin ) , possibly Canaanite military mercenaries with Egyptian allegiance or even Egyptians , that Ramesses II had left in Amurru , apparently in order to secure the port of Sumur . This division would come to play a critical role in the battle . Also significant was the presence of Sherden troops within the Egyptian army . This is the first time they appear as Egyptian mercenaries , and they would play an increasingly significant role in Late Bronze Age history , ultimately appearing among the Sea Peoples that ravaged the east Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age . Healy in Armies of the Pharaohs observes : `` It is not possible to be precise about the size of the Egyptian chariot force at Kadesh though it could not have numbered less than 2,000 vehicles spread though the corps of Amun , P'Re , Ptah and Sutekh , assuming that approx. 500 machines were allocated to each corps . To this we may need to add those of the Ne'arin , for if they were not native Egyptian troops their number may not have been formed from chariots detached from the army corps . '' On the Hittite side , Ramesses II recorded a long list of nineteen Hittite allies brought to Kadesh by Muwatalli . This list is of considerable interest to Hittitologists , as it reflects the extent of Hittite influence at the time . Battle ( edit ) The great Sesostris ( Rameses II ) in the Battle of Khadesh Ramesses II describes his arrival on the battlefield in the two principal inscriptions he wrote concerning the battle , the so - called `` Poem '' and the `` Bulletin '' : `` ( From the `` Poem '' ) Now then , his majesty had prepared his infantry , his chariotry , and the Sherden of his majesty 's capturing , ... in the Year 5 , 2nd month of the third season , day 9 , his majesty passed the fortress of Sile. ( and entered Canaan ) ... His infantry went on the narrow passes as if on the highways of Egypt . Now after days had passed after this , then his majesty was in Ramses Meri - Amon , the town which is in the Valley of the Cedar . His majesty proceeded northward . After his majesty reached the mountain range of Kadesh , then his majesty went forward ... and he crossed the ford of the Orontes , with the first division of Amon ( named ) `` He Gives Victory to User - maat - Re Setep - en - Re '' . His majesty reached the town of Kadesh ... The division of Amon was on the march behind him ; the division of Re was crossing the ford in a district south of the town of Shabtuna at the distance of one iter from the place where his majesty was ; the division of Ptah was on the south of the town of Arnaim ; the division of Set was marching on the road . His majesty had formed the first ranks of battle of all the leaders of his army , while they were ( still ) on the shore in the land of Amurru . ( From the `` Bulletin '' ) `` Year 5 , 3rd month of the third season , day 9 , under the majesty of ( Ramesses II ) ... The lord proceeded northward , and his majesty arrived at a vicinity south of the town of Shabtuna . '' The Shasu spies shown being beaten by the Egyptians As Ramesses and the Egyptian advance guard were about 11 kilometers from Kadesh , south of Shabtuna , he met two Shasu nomads who told him that the Hittite king was `` in the land of Aleppo , on the north of Tunip '' 200 kilometers away , where , the Shasu said , he was `` ( too much ) afraid of Pharaoh , L.P.H. , to come south . '' This was , state the Egyptian texts , a false report ordered by the Hittites `` with the aim of preventing the army of His Majesty from drawing up to combat with the foe of Hatti . '' An Egyptian scout then arrived at the camp bringing two Hittite prisoners . The prisoners revealed that the entire Hittite army and the Hittite king were actually close at hand : `` When they had been brought before Pharaoh , His Majesty asked , ' Who are you ? ' They replied ' We belong to the king of Hatti . He has sent us to spy on you . ' Then His Majesty said to them , ' Where is he , the enemy from Hatti ? I had heard that he was in the land of Aleppo . ' They of Tunip replied to His Majesty , ' Lo , the king of Hatti has already arrived , together with the many countries who are supporting him ... They are armed with their infantry and their chariots . They have their weapons of war at the ready . They are more numerous than the grains of sand on the beach . Behold , they stand equipped and ready for battle behind the old city of Kadesh . ' '' The Hittite chariots attack the Re division . After this , Ramesses II called his princes to meet with him and discuss the fault of his governors and officials in not informing the position of Muwatalli II and his army . As Ramesses was alone with his bodyguard and the Amun division , the vizier was ordered to hasten the arrival of the Ptah and Seth divisions , with the Re division having almost arrived at the camp . While Ramesses was talking with the princes , the Hittite chariots crossed the river and charged the middle of the Re division as they were making their way toward Ramesses ' position . The Re division was caught in the open and scattered in all directions . Some fled northward to the Amun camp , all the while being pursued by Hittite chariots . The Hittite chariotry then rounded north and attacked the Egyptian camp , crashing through the Amun shield wall and creating panic among the Amun division . However , the momentum of the Hittite attack was already starting to wane , as the impending obstacles of such a large camp forced many Hittite charioteers to slow their attack ; some were killed in chariot crashes . In the Egyptian account of the battle , Ramesses describes himself as being deserted and surrounded by enemies : `` ... No officer was with me , no charioteer , no soldier of the army , no shield - bearer ... '' Only with help from the gods did Ramesses II defeat his attackers and return to the Egyptian lines : `` ... I was before them like Set in his moment . I found the mass of chariots in whose midst I was , scattering them before my horses ... '' The pharaoh , now facing a desperate fight for his life , summoned up his courage , called upon his god Amun , and fought valiantly to save himself . Ramesses personally led several charges into the Hittite ranks together with his personal guard , some of the chariots from his Amun division and survivors from the routed division of Re . Ramesses counterattacks . The Hittites , who believed their enemies to be totally routed , had stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp and , in doing so , became easy targets for Ramesses ' counterattack . Ramesses ' action was successful in driving the looters back towards the Orontes river and away from the Egyptian camp , while in the ensuing pursuit , the heavier Hittite chariots were easily overtaken and dispatched by the lighter , faster , Egyptian chariots . final phase of the battle . Although he had suffered a significant reversal , Muwatalli still commanded a large force of reserve chariotry and infantry , plus the walls of the town . As the retreat reached the river , he ordered another thousand chariots to attack the Egyptians , the stiffening element consisting of the high nobles who surrounded the king . As the Hittite forces approached the Egyptian camp again , the Ne'arin troop contingent from Amurru suddenly arrived , this time surprising the Hittites . Finally , the Ptah division arrived from the south , threatening the Hittite rear . After six charges , the Hittite forces were almost surrounded , and the survivors were pinned against the Orontes . The remaining Hittite elements not overtaken in the withdrawal were forced to abandon their chariots and attempt to swim across the river , according to Egyptian accounts hurriedly ( `` as fast as crocodiles swimming '' ) , where many of them drowned . There is no consensus about the outcome or what took place , with views ranging from an Egyptian victory to a draw , or , in the view of Iranian Egyptologist Mehdi Yarahmadi , an Egyptian defeat ( with the Egyptian accounts simply propaganda ) . The Hittite army was ultimately forced to retreat , but the Egyptians were unsuccessful in capturing Kadesh . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian - Hittite peace treaty The Siege of Dapur Logistically unable to support a long siege of the walled city of Kadesh , Ramesses gathered his troops and retreated south towards Damascus and ultimately back to Egypt . Once back in Egypt , Ramesses proclaimed victory , having routed his enemies , however he did n't try further to capture Kadesh . In a personal sense , however , the Battle of Kadesh was a triumph for Ramesses since , after blundering into a devastating Hittite chariot ambush , the young king had courageously rallied his scattered troops to fight on the battlefield while escaping death or capture . The new lighter , faster , two - man Egyptian chariots were able to pursue and take down the slower three - man Hittite chariots from behind as they overtook them . Hittite records from Boghazkoy , however , tell of a very different conclusion to the greater campaign , where a chastened Ramesses was forced to depart from Kadesh in defeat . Modern historians essentially conclude the battle was a draw , a great moral victory for the Egyptians , who had developed new technologies and rearmed before pushing back against the years - long steady incursions by the Hittites . The Egyptian -- Hittite peace treaty -- on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum -- is believed to be the earliest example of any written international agreement of any kind . The Hittite king , Muwatalli II , continued to campaign as far south as the Egyptian province of Upi ( Apa ) , which he captured and placed under the control of his brother Hattusili , the future Hattusili III . Egypt 's sphere of influence in Asia was now restricted to Canaan . Even this was threatened for a time by revolts among Egypt 's vassal states in the Levant , and Ramesses was compelled to embark on a series of campaigns in Canaan in order to uphold his authority there before he could initiate further assaults against the Hittite Empire . In the eighth and ninth years of his reign , Ramesses extended his military successes ; this time , he proved more successful against his Hittite foes when he successfully captured the cities of Dapur and Tunip , where no Egyptian soldier had been seen since the time of Thutmose III almost 120 years previously . His victory proved to be ephemeral , however . The thin strip of territory pinched between Amurru and Kadesh did not make for a stable possession . Within a year , they had returned to the Hittite fold , which meant that Ramesses had to march against Dapur once more in his tenth year . His second success here was equally as meaningless as his first , since neither Egypt nor Hatti could decisively defeat the other in battle . The running borderlands conflicts were finally concluded some fifteen years after the Battle of Kadesh by an official peace treaty in the 21st year of Ramesses II 's reign ( 1258 BC in conventional chronology ) , with Hattusili III , the new king of the Hittites . The treaty that was established was inscribed on a silver tablet , of which a clay copy survived in the Hittite capital of Hattusa , in modern Turkey , and is on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum . An enlarged replica of the Kadesh agreement hangs on a wall at the headquarters of the United Nations , as the earliest international peace treaty known to historians . Its text , in the Hittite version , appears in the links below . An Egyptian version survives on a papyrus . Documentation ( edit ) Main article : Kadesh inscriptions Although there is more evidence in the form of texts and wall reliefs for this battle than for any other battle in the Ancient Near East , almost all of it is from an Egyptian perspective . Indeed , the first scholarly report on the battle , by James Henry Breasted in 1903 , praised the sources that allowed the reconstruction of the battle with certainty . However , some historians argue that the battle was a draw at best and that Egyptian influence over Amurru and Qadesh seems to have been lost forever . The main source of information is in the Egyptian record of the battle for which a general level of accuracy is assumed despite factual errors and propaganda . The bombastic nature of Ramesses ' version has long been recognized . The Egyptian version of the battle of Kadesh is recorded in two primary forms , known as the Poem and the Bulletin . The Poem has been questioned as actual verse , as opposed to a prose account similar to what other pharaohs had recorded . Similarly , the Bulletin is itself simply a lengthy caption accompanying the reliefs . These inscriptions are repeated multiple times ( seven for the Bulletin and eight for the Poem , in temples in Abydos , Temple of Luxor , Karnak , Abu Simbel and the Ramesseum ) . In addition to these lengthy presentations , there are also numerous small captions used to point out various elements of the battle . Outside of the inscriptions , there are textual occurrences preserved in Papyrus Raifet and Papyrus Sallier III , and a rendering of these same events in a letter from Ramesses to Hattusili III written in response to a scoffing complaint by Hattusili about the pharaoh 's victorious depiction of the battle . Hittite references to the battle , including the above letter , have been found at Hattusa , although no annals have been discovered that might describe it as part of a campaign . Instead , there are various references made to it in the context of other events . This is especially true of Hattusili III , for whom the battle marked an important milestone in his career . Hittite allies ( edit ) Sources : Goetze , A. , `` The Hittites and Syria ( 1300 -- 1200 B.C. ) '' , in Cambridge Ancient History ( 1975 ) p. 253 ; Gardiner , Alan , The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II ( 1975 ) pp. 57ff. ; Breasted , James Henry , Ancient Records of Egypt ; Historical Records ( 1906 ) pp. 125ff. ; Lichtheim , Mirian , Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 2 : The New Kingdom ( 1978 ) pp. 57ff . Egyptian Name Location Ḥt Ḥatti ( central Anatolia ) Nhrn Nahrin = Mitanni I҆rṭw Arzawa ( western Anatolia ) Pds Pitassa ( central Anatolia ) Drdny Dardania ( allies of the Trojans , northwest Anatolia ) Ms Masa ( Mysia , northwest Anatolia ) Krkš Karkisa ( Anatolia ) Krkmš Carchemish , in Syria Qd A poorly defined area in northern Syria Qdš Kadesh ( in Syria ) Ꜥkrṭ Ugarit ( in north Syria ) Mwšꜣnt Mushanet ( Unknown ) Kškš Kaska ( northern Anatolia ) Lk Lukka lands ( Lycia and Caria , southwest Anatolia ) Qḍwdn Kizzuwatna ( Cilicia ) Nwgs Nuḥḥašši ( in Syria ) I҆rwnt ( sic ! ) Arawanna ( In Anatolia ) Ḥlb Ḥalba ( Aleppo , in Syria . Led by its king , Talmi - Sarruma , grandson of Suppiluliuma I . ) I҆ns Inesa ( Unknown , possibly Neša in central Anatolia ) In addition to these allies , the Hittite king also hired the services of some of the local Shasu tribes . Hittite fallen ( edit ) Source : Gardiner , Alan , The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II ( 1975 ) pp. 39 -- 41 . Name Title Spţr Brother of Muwattalli Trgnns Charioteer Grbts Shield - bearer Trgtţs Troop - captain of those of Qbsw ( ? ) ' Agm Troop - captain Kmyţ A head of thr - warriors ( infantry ? ) Ḥrpsr Royal scribe Tydr Chief of the bodyguard Pys Charioteer Smrts Charioteer Rbsnn Troop - captain of ' Inns . Ḥmţrm Brother of Muwattalli Tdr Head of the thr - warriors Ţ ... m Shield - bearer ( ? ) Ţwţs Troop - captain of ' Ins Bnq ( ? ) Charioteer ( ? ) ( One further name and title , lost ) See also ( edit ) Ancient Egypt portal Ancient Near East portal Chariotry in Ancient Egypt Egyptian -- Hittite peace treaty Exodus : Gods and Kings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lorna Oakes , Pyramids , Temples & Tombs of Ancient Egypt : An Illustrated Atlas of the Land of the Pharaohs , Hermes House : 2003 . P. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Grimal , A History of Ancient Egypt , Blackwell Books : 1992 , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Ancient Discoveries : Egyptian Warfare . Event occurs at 12 : 00 hrs EDST , 2008 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ 100 Battles , Decisive Battles that Shaped the World , Dougherty , Martin , J. , Parragon , p. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : M. Healy , Qadesh 1300 BC : Clash of the warrior kings , 32 Jump up ^ M. Healy , Qadesh 1300 BC : Clash of the warrior kings , 39 Jump up ^ Richard Holmes , Battlefield . Decisive Conflicts in History , 2006 ^ Jump up to : M. Healy , Qadesh 1300 BC : Clash of the warrior kings , 22 Jump up ^ M. Healy , Qadesh 1300 BC : Clash of the warrior kings , 21 Jump up ^ Near the modern village of Al - Houz in Syria 's Al - Qusayr District . see Kitchen , K.A. , `` Ramesside Inscriptions '' , volume 2 , Blackwell Publishing Limited , 1996 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Around `` Year 5 III Shemu day 9 '' of Ramesses II 's reign ( BAR III , p. 317 ) or more precisely : May 12 , 1274 BC based on Ramesses ' commonly accepted accession date in 1279 BC . Jump up ^ Eggenberger , David ( 1985 ) . An Encyclopedia of Battles . Dover Publications . p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Aaron Ralby ( 2013 ) . `` Battle of Kadesh , c. 1274 BCE : Clash of Empires '' . Atlas of Military History . Parragon . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4723 - 0963 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dr. Aaron Ralby ( 2013 ) . `` Hatti and Mitanni , 18th -- 12th Centuries BCE : A Kingdom Found '' . Atlas of Military History . Parragon . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4723 - 0963 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ockinga 1987 , p. 38 : `` No battle fought in antiquity is so well - documented as the clash between the Egyptians and the Hittites before the city of Kadesh on the Orontes in 1275 BC '' Jump up ^ Moran , William L. , `` The Amarna Letters '' , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1992 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) W.J. Murnane , The Road to Kadesh : A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak . ( Second Edition Revised ) , Chicago : The Oriental Institute , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 918986 - 67 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Bryce , Trevor , The Kingdom of the Hittites , Oxford University Press , new edition 2005 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 927908 - X , p. 233 Jump up ^ Grimal , Nicolas , A History of Ancient Egypt ( 1994 ) pp. 253ff . Jump up ^ Healy , Mark ( 2005 ) . Qadesh 1300 BC : Clash of the Warrior kings . Osprey . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Sir Alan ( 1964 ) . Egypt of the Pharaohs . Oxford University Press . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Goedicke , Hans ( December 1966 ) . `` Considerations on the Battle of Kadesh '' . The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 52 : 71 -- 80 ( 78 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 3855821 . JSTOR 3855821 . Jump up ^ Schulman , A.R. ( 1981 ) . `` The Narn at Kadesh Once Again '' . Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. 11 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : The Battle of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history Archived October 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark Healy , Armies of the Pharaohs , Osprey Publishing , 2000 . p. 39 Jump up ^ Pritchard , James B. ( 1969 ) . Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 03503 - 1 . ( ANET ) , `` The Asiatic Campaigning of Ramses II , '' pp. 255 -- 56 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John A , `` The Texts of the Battle of Kadesh '' , The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures , Vol. 34 , no . 4 , July 1927 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Joyce Tyldesley , Ramesses II : Egypt 's Greatest Pharaoh , Penguin Books , 2000 . pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Accounts of the Battle of Kadesh '' . www.reshafim.org.il . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Healy , op . cit. , p. 61 Jump up ^ Lichtheim , Miriam ( 1976 ) . Ancient Egyptian Literature. II : The New Kingdom . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Mark Healy , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Kadesh HistoryNet '' . www.historynet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ancient Discoveries : Egyptian Warfare . History Channel Program : Ancient Discoveries : Egyptian Warfare with panel of three experts . Event occurs at 12 : 00 EDST , 2008 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hasel , Michael G ( 1998 ) . Domination and Resistance : Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant , 1300 -- 1185 B.C. ( Probleme Der Agyptologie ) . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10984 - 1 . Jump up ^ یاراحمدی , مهدی ( 2011 ) . پارادوکس قادش : پیروزی رامسس بزرگ یا برتری مواتالی دوم ؟ ( Kadesh paradox : the triumph of the great Ramses II Mvataly ? ) ( in Persian ) . دانشگاه فردوس ی مشهد : شماره 44 - 45 فصلنامه تاریخ پژوهی . pp. 141 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Kadesh HistoryNet '' . www.historynet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Tyldesley , Ramesses : Egypt 's Greatest Pharaoh , Penguin Books , 2000 . p. 73 Jump up ^ Tyldesley , p. 75 Jump up ^ James Henry Breasted , A History of the Ancient Egyptians ( 1908 ) sect. 305 Jump up ^ De Mieroop , Marc Van ( 2007 ) . A History of Ancient Egypt . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . p. 400 . ISBN 9781405160704 . Jump up ^ TG James , Pharaoh 's People : Scenes from Life in Imperial Egypt , 2007 . James says ' This romanticized record of the Battle of Qadesh can not be treated as a truthful account of what happened , and I doubt whether many ancient Egyptians would have accepted it wholly as an historical record ' ( p. 26 ) . He notes however that the ' broad facts ' are ' probably reported with a fair degree of accuracy ' ( p. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Some of the harshest criticism of Ramesses has come from Egyptologists . `` It is all too clear that he was a stupid and culpably inefficient general and that he failed to gain his objectives at Kadesh '' ( John A. Wilson , The Culture of Ancient Egypt ( 1951 ) p. 247 . Although Wilson does recognize the personal bravery of Ramesses , and the improvement of his skills in subsequent campaigns . ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan , The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II ( 1975 ) pp. 2 -- 4 . However , Miriam Lichtheim , Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 2 : The New Kingdom ( 1978 ) p. 58 , maintains that the Poem is truly just that , contra Gardiner , and prefers to maintain the older tripartite division of the documentation . Jump up ^ Lichtheim , Miriam ( 1976 ) . Ancient Egyptian Literature. II : The New Kingdom . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry , Ancient Records of Egypt : Historical Documents '' ( 1906 ) p. 58 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Kenneth A. , Ramesside Inscriptions , Notes and Comments Volume II ( 1999 ) pp. 13ff . Jump up ^ `` Review : Some Recent Works on Ancient Syria and the Sea People '' , Michael C. Astour , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 92 , No. 3 , ( July -- September , 1972 ) , pp. 447 -- 59 writing about someone who identified the Dardanians with the Trojans : `` Which is , incidentally , not so : the Iliad carefully distinguishes the Dardanians from the Trojans , not only in the list of Trojan allies ( 11 : 816 -- 23 ) but also in the frequently repeated formula keklyte meu , Tr6es kai Dardanoi ed ' epikuroi ( e.g. , III : 456 ) Jump up ^ A problematical name . Gardiner translates the title as `` chief of suite of suite '' . If the Chief of the Royal Bodyguard is meant here , then that position was held by his brother Hattusili , who quite clearly did not die . Further reading ( edit ) Ockinga , Boyo ( 1987 ) , `` On the Interpretation of the Kadesh Record '' , Chronique d'Égyptologie , 62 ( 123 -- 124 ) : 38 -- 48 , doi : 10.1484 / J. CDE. 2.308740 Roaf , Michael ( 1990 ) . Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East . Equinox . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2218 - 6 . includes information of the clash of the Egyptians and Hittites including the battle of Kadesh and maps of the regions controlled by the peoples named in the accounts . Healy , Mark ( 1993 ) . Qadesh 1300 B.C , Clash of the Warrior Kings . Osprey Publishing ; Osprey Campaign Series # 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 300 - 1 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Lichtheim , Miriam ( 1976 ) . Ancient Egyptian Literature. II : The New Kingdom . Berkeley : University of California Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Kadesh . The Eternal treaty from the Hittite perspective ( thebritishmuseum.ac.uk ) André Dollinger ( reshafim.org.il ) : End of Egyptian -- Hittite hostilities The peace treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III The Battle of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history ( hittites.info ) Battle of Kadesh ( historynet.com ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kadesh&oldid=815411687 '' Categories : 13th century BC Battles involving ancient Egypt Battles involving the Hittite Empire Battles involving the Canaanites Canaan Ramesses II 2nd - millennium BC conflicts Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Persian - language script ( fa ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 17 : 53 . 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-4019873161031367156	Big Bang nucleosynthesis	Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia Big Bang nucleosynthesis Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( hide ) Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch Big Bang nucleosynthesis Inflation Dark Ages Backgrounds Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Expansion of the universe Accelerating expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Baryonic matter Energy Radiation Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark matter Cold dark matter Warm dark matter Hot dark matter Dark radiation Structure Shape of the universe Reionization Structure formation Galaxy formation Large - scale structure Large quasar group Galaxy filament Supercluster Galaxy cluster Galaxy group Local Group Void Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Linde Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Starobinsky Steinhardt Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal hide This article has multiple issues . 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( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above . Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium were created much later , by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars . Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Important parameters 2.1 Neutron -- proton ratio 2.2 Baryon -- photon ratio 3 Sequence 3.1 History of theory 3.2 Heavy elements 3.3 Helium - 4 3.4 Deuterium 3.5 Lithium 4 Measurements and status of theory 5 Non-standard scenarios 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 For a general audience 8.2 Academic articles Characteristics ( edit ) There are several important characteristics of Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) : The initial conditions ( neutron - proton ratio ) were set in the first second after the Big Bang . The universe was very close to homogeneous at this time , and strongly radiation - dominated . The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang ; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive , but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate . It was widespread , encompassing the entire observable universe . The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of BBN is the baryon / photon number ratio , which is a small number of order 6 × 10 . This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react ; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends . Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances , the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture . Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself , BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75 % of hydrogen - 1 , about 25 % helium - 4 , about 0.01 % of deuterium and helium - 3 , trace amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium , and negligible heavier elements . That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory . In this field , for historical reasons it is customary to quote the helium - 4 fraction by mass , symbol Y , so that 25 % helium - 4 means that helium - 4 atoms account for 25 % of the mass , but less than 8 % of the nuclei would be helium - 4 nuclei . Other ( trace ) nuclei are usually expressed as number ratios to hydrogen . Important parameters ( edit ) The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters ; among those was the neutron - proton ratio ( calculable from Standard Model physics ) and the baryon - photon ratio . Neutron -- proton ratio ( edit ) The neutron - proton ratio was set by Standard Model physics before the nucleosynthesis era , essentially within the first 1 - second after the Big Bang . Neutrons can react with positrons or electron neutrinos to create protons and other products in one of the following reactions : n + e + ↽ − − ⇀ ν _̄ e + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + e + < = > ( \ overline ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) + p ) ) ) n + ν e ↽ − − ⇀ p + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + \ nu_ ( e ) < = > p + e - ) ) ) At times much earlier than 1 sec , these reactions were fast and maintained the n / p ratio close to 1 : 1 . As the temperature dropped , the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass , and the n / p ratio smoothly decreased . These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow , which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV ( time around 1 second ) and is called the freeze out temperature . At freeze out , the neutron - proton ratio was about 1 / 6 . However , free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec ; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus , so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1 / 7 . Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium - 4 , due to the fact that helium - 4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements . This predicts that about 8 % of all atoms should be helium - 4 , leading to a mass fraction of helium - 4 of about 25 % , which is in line with observations . Small traces of deuterium and helium - 3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium - 4 . Baryon -- photon ratio ( edit ) The baryon -- photon ratio , η , is the key parameter determining the abundances of light elements after nucleosynthesis ends . Baryons and light elements can fuse in the following main reactions : p + n ⟶ H 2 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + n - > ^ 2H + \ gamma ) ) ) p + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + \ gamma ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + n ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ H 3 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3H + p ) ) ) He 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3He + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + p ) ) ) H 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3H + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + n ) ) ) along with some other low - probability reactions leading to Li or Be . ( An important feature is that there are no stable nuclei with mass 5 or 8 , which implies that reactions adding one baryon to He , or fusing two He , do not occur ) . Most fusion chains during BBN ultimately terminate in He ( helium - 4 ) , while `` incomplete '' reaction chains lead to small amounts of left - over H or He ; the amount of these decreases with increasing baryon - photon ratio . That is , the larger the baryon - photon ratio the more reactions there will be and the more efficiently deuterium will be eventually transformed into helium - 4 . This result makes deuterium a very useful tool in measuring the baryon - to - photon ratio . Sequence ( edit ) The main nuclear reaction chains for Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis began roughly 10 seconds after the big bang , when the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow deuterium nuclei to survive disruption by high - energy photons . ( Note that the neutron - proton freeze - out time was earlier ) . This time is essentially independent of dark matter content , since the universe was highly radiation dominated until much later , and this dominant component controls the temperature / time relation . At this time there were about six protons for every neutron , but a small fraction of the neutrons decay before fusing in the next few hundred seconds , so at the end of nucleosynthesis there are about seven protons to every neutron , and almost all the neutrons are in Helium - 4 nuclei . The sequence of these reaction chains is shown on the image . One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavior of matter at these energies are very well understood , and hence BBN lacks some of the speculative uncertainties that characterize earlier periods in the life of the universe . Another feature is that the process of nucleosynthesis is determined by conditions at the start of this phase of the life of the universe , and proceeds independently of what happened before . As the universe expands , it cools . Free neutrons are less stable than helium nuclei , and the protons and neutrons have a strong tendency to form helium - 4 . However , forming helium - 4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium . Before nucleosynthesis began , the temperature was high enough for many photons to have energy greater than the binding energy of deuterium ; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed ( a situation known as the deuterium bottleneck ) . Hence , the formation of helium - 4 is delayed until the universe became cool enough for deuterium to survive ( at about T = 0.1 MeV ) ; after which there was a sudden burst of element formation . However , very shortly thereafter , around twenty minutes after the Big Bang , the temperature and density became too low for any significant fusion to occur . At this point , the elemental abundances were nearly fixed , and the only changes were the result of the radioactive decay of the two major unstable products of BBN , tritium and beryllium - 7 . History of theory ( edit ) The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis began with the calculations of Ralph Alpher in the 1940s . Alpher published the Alpher -- Bethe -- Gamow paper that outlined the theory of light - element production in the early universe . During the 1970s , there was a major puzzle in that the density of baryons as calculated by Big Bang nucleosynthesis was much less than the observed mass of the universe based on measurements of galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics . This puzzle was resolved in large part by postulating the existence of dark matter . Heavy elements ( edit ) A version of the periodic table indicating the origins -- including big bang nucleosynthesis -- of the elements . All elements above 103 ( lawrencium ) are also manmade and are not included . Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced very few nuclei of elements heavier than lithium due to a bottleneck : the absence of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons . This deficit of larger atoms also limited the amounts of lithium - 7 produced during BBN . In stars , the bottleneck is passed by triple collisions of helium - 4 nuclei , producing carbon ( the triple - alpha process ) . However , this process is very slow and requires much higher densities , taking tens of thousands of years to convert a significant amount of helium to carbon in stars , and therefore it made a negligible contribution in the minutes following the Big Bang . The predicted abundance of CNO isotopes produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is expected to be on the order of 10 that of H , making them essentially undetectable and negligible . Indeed , none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from lithium to oxygen have yet been detected , although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future . So far , the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made before or during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium , deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Helium - 4 ( edit ) Main article : Helium - 4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a primordial abundance of about 25 % helium - 4 by mass , irrespective of the initial conditions of the universe . As long as the universe was hot enough for protons and neutrons to transform into each other easily , their ratio , determined solely by their relative masses , was about 1 neutron to 7 protons ( allowing for some decay of neutrons into protons ) . Once it was cool enough , the neutrons quickly bound with an equal number of protons to form first deuterium , then helium - 4 . Helium - 4 is very stable and is nearly the end of this chain if it runs for only a short time , since helium neither decays nor combines easily to form heavier nuclei ( since there are no stable nuclei with mass numbers of 5 or 8 , helium does not combine easily with either protons , or with itself ) . Once temperatures are lowered , out of every 16 nucleons ( 2 neutrons and 14 protons ) , 4 of these ( 25 % of the total particles and total mass ) combine quickly into one helium - 4 nucleus . This produces one helium for every 12 hydrogens , resulting in a universe that is a little over 8 % helium by number of atoms , and 25 % helium by mass . One analogy is to think of helium - 4 as ash , and the amount of ash that one forms when one completely burns a piece of wood is insensitive to how one burns it . The resort to the BBN theory of the helium - 4 abundance is necessary as there is far more helium - 4 in the universe than can be explained by stellar nucleosynthesis . In addition , it provides an important test for the Big Bang theory . If the observed helium abundance is significantly different from 25 % , then this would pose a serious challenge to the theory . This would particularly be the case if the early helium - 4 abundance was much smaller than 25 % because it is hard to destroy helium - 4 . For a few years during the mid-1990s , observations suggested that this might be the case , causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis , but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory . Deuterium ( edit ) Main article : Deuterium This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuterium is in some ways the opposite of helium - 4 , in that while helium - 4 is very stable and difficult to destroy , deuterium is only marginally stable and easy to destroy . The temperatures , time , and densities were sufficient to combine a substantial fraction of the deuterium nuclei to form helium - 4 but insufficient to carry the process further using helium - 4 in the next fusion step . BBN did not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium - 4 due to the expansion that cooled the universe and reduced the density , and so cut that conversion short before it could proceed any further . One consequence of this is that , unlike helium - 4 , the amount of deuterium is very sensitive to initial conditions . The denser the initial universe was , the more deuterium would be converted to helium - 4 before time ran out , and the less deuterium would remain . There are no known post-Big Bang processes which can produce significant amounts of deuterium . Hence observations about deuterium abundance suggest that the universe is not infinitely old , which is in accordance with the Big Bang theory . During the 1970s , there were major efforts to find processes that could produce deuterium , but those revealed ways of producing isotopes other than deuterium . The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole , it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons . If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons , the density of the universe is such that much of the currently observed deuterium would have been burned into helium - 4 . The standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons , but that non-baryonic matter ( also known as dark matter ) makes up most of the mass of the universe . This explanation is also consistent with calculations that show that a universe made mostly of protons and neutrons would be far more clumpy than is observed . It is very hard to come up with another process that would produce deuterium other than by nuclear fusion . Such a process would require that the temperature be hot enough to produce deuterium , but not hot enough to produce helium - 4 , and that this process should immediately cool to non-nuclear temperatures after no more than a few minutes . It would also be necessary for the deuterium to be swept away before it reoccurs . Producing deuterium by fission is also difficult . The problem here again is that deuterium is very unlikely due to nuclear processes , and that collisions between atomic nuclei are likely to result either in the fusion of the nuclei , or in the release of free neutrons or alpha particles . During the 1970s , cosmic ray spallation was proposed as a source of deuterium . That theory failed to account for the abundance of deuterium , but led to explanations of the source of other light elements . Lithium ( edit ) Main article : Lithium Lithium - 7 and lithium - 6 produced in the Big Bang are in the order of : lithium - 7 to be 10 of all primordial nuclides ; and lithium - 6 around 10 . Measurements and status of theory ( edit ) The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light `` elements '' deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Specifically , the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements , that is , the primordial abundances at the end of the big - bang . In order to test these predictions , it is necessary to reconstruct the primordial abundances as faithfully as possible , for instance by observing astronomical objects in which very little stellar nucleosynthesis has taken place ( such as certain dwarf galaxies ) or by observing objects that are very far away , and thus can be seen in a very early stage of their evolution ( such as distant quasars ) . As noted above , in the standard picture of BBN , all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter ( baryons ) relative to radiation ( photons ) . Since the universe is presumed to be homogeneous , it has one unique value of the baryon - to - photon ratio . For a long time , this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask : can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio ? Or more precisely , allowing for the finite precision of both the predictions and the observations , one asks : is there some range of baryon - to - photon values which can account for all of the observations ? More recently , the question has changed : Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) and Planck give an independent value for the baryon - to - photon ratio . Using this value , are the BBN predictions for the abundances of light elements in agreement with the observations ? The present measurement of helium - 4 indicates good agreement , and yet better agreement for helium - 3 . But for lithium - 7 , there is a significant discrepancy between BBN and WMAP / Planck , and the abundance derived from Population II stars . The discrepancy is a factor of 2.4 ― 4.3 below the theoretically predicted value and is considered a problem for the original models , that have resulted in revised calculations of the standard BBN based on new nuclear data , and to various reevaluation proposals for primordial proton - proton nuclear reactions , especially the abundances of Be + n → Li + p , versus Be + H → Be + p . Non-standard scenarios ( edit ) In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios . These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology : a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred , but inserts additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances . These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity , or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos . There have been , and continue to be , various reasons for researching non-standard BBN . The first , which is largely of historical interest , is to resolve inconsistencies between BBN predictions and observations . This has proved to be of limited usefulness in that the inconsistencies were resolved by better observations , and in most cases trying to change BBN resulted in abundances that were more inconsistent with observations rather than less . The second reason for researching non-standard BBN , and largely the focus of non-standard BBN in the early 21st century , is to use BBN to place limits on unknown or speculative physics . For example , standard BBN assumes that no exotic hypothetical particles were involved in BBN . One can insert a hypothetical particle ( such as a massive neutrino ) and see what has to happen before BBN predicts abundances that are very different from observations . This has been done to put limits on the mass of a stable tau neutrino . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Book : Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Chronology of the universe Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Ultimate fate of the universe Relic abundance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www-pdg.lbl.gov/2017/mobile/reviews/pdf/rpp2016-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis-m.pdf Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial nucleosynthesis '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 26 ( 8 ) : 1741002 . arXiv : 1707.01004 . Bibcode : 2017IJMPE ... 2641002C . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301317410026 . ISSN 0218 - 3013 . Jump up ^ ( Particle Data Group ) ; C. Patrignani ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Big - Bang nucleosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . Chin . Phys. C. 40 : 100001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Steigman ( 2007 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era '' . Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science . 57 ( 1 ) : 463 -- 491 . arXiv : 0712.1100 . Bibcode : 2007ARNPS ... 57 ... 463S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nucl. 56.080805. 140437 . Jump up ^ Bertulani , Carlos A. ( 2013 ) . Nuclei in the Cosmos . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4417 - 66 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Equilibrium and change : The physics behind Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Coc , A ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis '' . Journal of Physics : Conference Series . 665 : 012001 . arXiv : 1609.06048 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 665 / 1 / 012001 . Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2014 ) . `` Revised Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with long - lived negatively charged massive particles : Impact of new 6Li limits , primordial 9Be nucleosynthesis , and updated recombination rates '' . arXiv : 1403.4156 v1 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ Bludman , S.A. ( December 1998 ) . `` Baryonic Mass Fraction in Rich Clusters and the Total Mass Density in the Cosmos '' . Astrophysical Journal . 508 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 538 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9706047 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 508 ... 535B . doi : 10.1086 / 306412 . Jump up ^ Schramm , D.N. , The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics ( Singapore : World Scientific , 1995 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ BD Fields `` The Primordial Lithium Problem '' , Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2011 Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Cosmic Background Radiation '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Unit 4 : The Evolution Of The Universe '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ R.H. Cyburt , B.D. Fields & K.A. Olive ( 2008 ) . `` A Bitter Pill : The Primordial Lithium Problem Worsens '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2008 ( 11 ) : 012 . arXiv : 0808.2818 . Bibcode : 2008JCAP ... 11 ... 012C . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2008 / 11 / 012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Elements of the past : Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . For a recent calculation of BBN predictions , see A. Coc ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements '' . Astrophysical Journal . 600 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 552 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0309480 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 600 ... 544C . doi : 10.1086 / 380121 . For the observational values , see the following articles : Helium - 4 : K.A. Olive & E.A. Skillman ( 2004 ) . `` A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance '' . Astrophysical Journal . 617 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405588 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617 ... 29O . doi : 10.1086 / 425170 . Helium - 3 : T.M. Bania , R.T. Rood & D.S. Balser ( 2002 ) . `` The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way '' . Nature . 415 ( 6867 ) : 54 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 54B . doi : 10.1038 / 415054a . PMID 11780112 . Deuterium : J.M. O'Meara ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO : HS0105 + 1619 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 552 ( 2 ) : 718 -- 730 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011179 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 552 ... 718O . doi : 10.1086 / 320579 . Lithium - 7 : C. Charbonnel & F. Primas ( 2005 ) . `` The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 442 ( 3 ) : 961 -- 992 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0505247 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 442 ... 961C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042491 . A. Korn ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 657 -- 9 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608201 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 657K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05011 . PMID 16900193 . Jump up ^ Soler , F.J.P. , Froggatt , C.D. , & Muheim , F. , eds. , Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astrophysics and Cosmology ( Baton Rouge : CRC Press , 2009 ) , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.W. , The Cosmic Compendium : The Big Bang & the Early Universe ( Morrisville , NC : Lulu Press , Inc. , 2015 ) , p. 54 . External links ( edit ) For a general audience ( edit ) Weiss , Achim . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Cooking up the first light elements '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . White , Martin : Overview of BBN Wright , Ned : BBN ( cosmology tutorial ) Big Bang nucleosynthesis on arxiv.org Burles , Scott ; Nollett , Kenneth M. ; Turner , Michael S. ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Big - Bang Nucleosynthesis : Linking Inner Space and Outer Space '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903300 . Academic articles ( edit ) Cyburt , Richard H. ; Fields , Brian D. ; Olive , Keith A. ; Yeh , Tsung - Han ( February 2016 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : 2015 '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 88 ( 1 ) : 015004 . arXiv : 1505.01076 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88a5004C . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.015004 . Burles , Scott ; Kenneth M. Nollett ; Michael S. Turner ( 2001 ) . `` What Is The BBN Prediction for the Baryon Density and How Reliable Is It ? '' . Phys. Rev. D. 63 ( 6 ) : 063512 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0008495 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvD ... 63f3512B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 63.063512 . Report - no : FERMILAB - Pub - 00 - 239 - A Jedamzik , Karsten , `` Non-Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Scenarios '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Astrophysik , Garching . Steigman , Gary , Primordial Nucleosynthesis : Successes And Challenges arXiv : astro - ph / 0511534 ; Forensic Cosmology : Probing Baryons and Neutrinos With BBN and the CBR arXiv : hep - ph / 0309347 ; and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Probing the First 20 Minutes arXiv : astro - ph / 0307244 R.A. Alpher , H.A. Bethe , G. Gamow , The Origin of Chemical Elements , Physical Review 73 ( 1948 ) , 803 . The so - called αβγ paper , in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by hydrogen ions capturing neutrons in the hot , dense early universe . Bethe 's name was added for symmetry Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74 ... 505G . doi : 10.1103 / physrev. 74.505. 2 . These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big - bang nucleosynthesis Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4122 ) : 680 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 680G . doi : 10.1038 / 162680a0 . PMID 18893719 . Alpher , R.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A Neutron - Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 12 ) : 1737 -- 1742 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74.1737 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.1737 . R.A. Alpher and R. Herman , `` On the Relative Abundance of the Elements , '' Physical Review 74 ( 1948 ) , 1577 . This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe Alpher , R.A. ; Herman , R. ; Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4124 ) : 774 -- 775 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 774A . doi : 10.1038 / 162774b0 . Java Big Bang element abundance calculator C. Pitrou , A. Coc , J. - P. Uzan , E. Vangioni , Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved Helium - 4 predictions arXiv : 1801.08023 ; hide Timeline of the Big Bang Chronology of the universe Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch , Reheating , Baryogenesis ) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis , Matter domination , Recombination ) Dark ages Habitable epoch Reionization Fate of the universe Big Crunch Big Rip Heat death of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis&oldid=865963633 '' Categories : Nucleosynthesis Physical cosmology Big Bang Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did helium come from the early universe	[ "In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis)[1] refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang,[2] and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe's helium as the isotope helium-4 (4He), along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H or D), the helium isotope helium-3 (3He), and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium-7 (7Li). In addition to these stable nuclei, two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced: the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium (3H or T); and the beryllium isotope beryllium-7 (7Be); but these unstable isotopes later decayed into 3He and 7Li, as above.\n" ]	[ "Primordial nucleosynthesis" ]
1120418133674236262	Royal Proclamation of 1763	Royal Proclamation of 1763 - wikipedia Royal Proclamation of 1763 `` Indian Magna Carta '' redirects here . This term has also been applied to the United States Indian Reorganization Act . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Library and Archives Canada . A portion of eastern North America ; the 1763 `` proclamation line '' is the border between the red and the pink areas . Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7 , 1763 , by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War . It forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains , which was delineated as an Indian Reserve . This proclamation rendered worthless all land grants given by the government to British subjects who fought for the Crown against France . People throughout the various colonies were filled with indignation at having been unjustly shut out of the vast western wilderness and away from its resources . This anger was a foreshadowing of the discontent that would later arise during the American Revolution . The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada . The 1763 proclamation line is similar to the Eastern Continental Divide 's path running northwards from Georgia to the Pennsylvania -- New York border and north - eastwards past the drainage divide on the St. Lawrence Divide from there northwards through New England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Provisions 2.1 New colonies 2.2 Native lands 2.2. 1 Proclamation line 3 Legacy 3.1 Indigenous peoples 3.2 United States 3.3 250th anniversary celebrations 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Sources 7 Further reading 7.1 Canada 8 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War The Treaty of Paris was the official conclusion to the Seven Years ' War , of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater . Under this treaty , France ceded ownership of all of continental North America east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , and the rest of Canada to Britain . Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi . Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean . France kept a few small islands used by fishermen , modern - day Haiti and the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe . Provisions ( edit ) New colonies ( edit ) The Eastern ( orange line ) in the southern areas , and St. Lawrence ( magenta line ) watershed boundaries in the northern areas of this map more - or-less defined almost all of the Royal Proclamation 's western boundaries Besides regulating colonial expansion , the Proclamation of 1763 dealt with the management of inherited French colonies from the French and Indian War . It established government for four areas : Quebec , West Florida , East Florida , and Grenada . Native lands ( edit ) Some Native American peoples -- primarily in the Great Lakes region -- had a long and close relationship with France , and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty . They missed the amicable relationship with the French , along with the gifts they bestowed upon them , neither of which they had with the British . Pontiac 's Rebellion ( 1763 -- 66 ) , a war launched by a group of natives around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley , was an unsuccessful effort by the western tribes to push the British back . However tribes were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain . The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac 's Rebellion , but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process . British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities . Proclamation line ( edit ) New borders drawn by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . At the outset , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America . Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America , in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France , a diminutive new colony , the Province of Quebec was carved . The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement , to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania , who had started the Seven Years ' War to gain these territories . The proclamation created a boundary line ( often called the proclamation line ) between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands ( called the Indian Reserve ) west of the Appalachian Mountains . The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Aboriginal lands , but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly , lawful manner . It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary ; people could cross the line , just not settle past it . Its contour was defined by the headwaters that formed the watershed along the Appalachians . All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities , while all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the native Indian population . The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land , which had often created problems in the past . Instead , all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials `` at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians '' . Furthermore , British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands , and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval . The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians . British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them . Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line , some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac 's War , and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled . For example , George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary . Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west . Their demands were met , and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans . In 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour , followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber , opened much of what is now Kentucky and West Virginia to British settlement . A new map was drawn up at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 , that moved the line ( from the green line to the red line on the map ) much further to the west , and gave the lands claimed by the colonists to the British side . Legacy ( edit ) Indigenous peoples in Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History ( show ) Paleo - Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Politics ( show ) Crown and Indigenous peoples Treaty rights Health Policy Numbered Treaties Royal Commission Self - government Indian Act British Columbia Treaty Process Idle No More Missing and murdered Indigenous women Politics Organizations Case law Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Culture ( show ) Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music Demographics ( show ) Indian reserves AB FN Métis Atlantic CA BC MB ON QC SK Territories Pacific Coast Linguistics ( show ) Indigenous languages Inuit languages Indigenous English Dialects NAPA Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar Religions ( show ) Traditional beliefs Inuit religion Index ( show ) Index of articles Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Stubs Wikiprojects ( show ) Portal Indigenous Canadian portal WikiProject Indigenous North Americans First Nations Commons Wiktionary Inuit Commons Wiktionary Métis Commons Wiktionary Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Further information on Canadian Aboriginal legacy : The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America , especially Upper Canada and Rupert 's Land . Upper Canada created a platform for treaty making based on the Royal Proclamation . After loyalists moved into land after Britain 's defeat in the American Revolution , the first impetus was created out of necessity . The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peoples in Canada -- First Nations , Inuit , and Métis . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . According to historian Colin Calloway , `` ( settler ) scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty '' . The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied . Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a `` fundamental document '' for First Nations land claims and self - government . It is `` the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights '' and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown . The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature , only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of `` settler encroachments on their lands '' and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement . Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30 , 1764 , expressed that The Indians all know we can not be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country ... from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts , Trade & ca securely , it can not be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants . Some historians believe that `` the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists , while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers . '' Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara , provide for an argument that `` discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations '' and affirms Aboriginal `` powers of self - determination in , among other things , allocating lands . '' United States ( edit ) USA Proclamation of 1763 Silver Medal . Franklin Mint Issue 1970 . The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted . Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768 , since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement . Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country . Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties , the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans , which angered colonial land speculators . Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown . George Washington was given 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) of wild land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War . In 1770 , Washington took the lead in securing the rights of him and his old soldiers in the French War , advancing money to pay expenses in behalf of the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters . In August 1770 , it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region , where he located tracts for himself and military comrades and eventually was granted letters patent for tracts of land there . The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770 , except for the lands located 2 miles south of Fort Pitt , now known as Pittsburgh . In the United States , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Afterward , the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation . The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790 , prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands . In 1823 , the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh established that only the U.S. government , and not private individuals , could purchase land from Native Americans . 250th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) In October 2013 the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in Ottawa with a meeting of Indian leaders and Governor - General David Johnston . The Aboriginal movement Idle No More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada . See also ( edit ) Indian removal Indian barrier state Northwest Territory Indian Reserve ( 1763 ) Halifax Treaties Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 - 1766 ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution , A History . New York , Modern Library , 2002 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 , p. 22 Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , France in America , Fitzhrenry & Whiteside Limited 1972 , p220 Jump up ^ Jack M. Sosin , Whitehall and the Wilderness ( University of Nebraska Pres. 1961 p. 146 Jump up ^ Harvey Markowitz , American Indians ( 1995 ) p. 633 Jump up ^ Louis De Vorsey , The Indian boundary in the southern colonies , 1763 -- 1775 ( 1966 ) p. 39 . Jump up ^ William J Campbell ( 29 April 2015 ) . Speculators in Empire : Iroquoia and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 118 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Miller , J.R. ( May 2009 ) . Compact , Contract , Covenant . University of Toronto Press , Scholarly Publishing Division . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Scratch of a Pen , 93 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 155 . Jump up ^ Douglas R. Francis , Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith , Origins : Canadian History to Confederation 6th ed . ( Toronto : Nelson Education Ltd. , 2009 ) , 157 . Jump up ^ Francis et al. , Origins , 156 . Jump up ^ Jack Stagg , Anglo - Indian Relations In North America to 1763 and An Analysis of the Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763 , Indian and Northern Affairs Canada , Research Branch , 1981 , 356 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Native Liberty , Crown Sovereignty : The Existing Aboriginal Right of Self - Government in Canada , Bruce Clark . ( Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1990 ) , 81 . Jump up ^ Borrows , `` Wampum , '' 160 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 164 . Jump up ^ Borrows , Wampum , 165 . Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( August 1994 ) . `` The Ohio Indians and the Coming of the American Revolution in Virginia '' . The Journal of Southern History . 60 ( 3 ) : 453 -- 78 . doi : 10.2307 / 2210989 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 : Relationships , Rights and Treaties -- Poster '' . Government of Canada . 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from George Washington to George Mercer dated November 7 , 1771 , at Williamsburg '' . The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources . p. 68 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 21 U.S. ( 8 Wheat . ) 543 ( 1823 ) Jump up ^ CBC.ca : `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Canada 's ' Indian Magna Carta , ' turns 250 '' 6 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ G + M `` Royal Proclamation 's 250th anniversary has First Nations reflecting on their rights '' 7 October 2013 Sources ( edit ) Abernethy , Thomas Perkins ( 1959 ) ( 1937 ) . Western Lands and the American Revolution . New York : Russell & Russell . Borrows , John ( 1997 ) . `` Wampum at Niagara : The Royal Proclamation , Canadian Legal History , and Self - Government '' . In Asch , Michael . Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0580 - 3 . Calloway , Colin ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530071 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Marshall , Peter . `` Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , 1768 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1967 ) 1 # 2 pp 149 -- 179 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875800007830 Sosin , Jack . Whitehall and the wilderness : The Middle West in British colonial policy , 1760 - 1775 ( 1961 ) , the standard scholarly history of the proclamation and its effects . Stuart , Paul . The Indian Office : Growth and Development of an American Institution , 1865 - 1900 ( UMI Research Press , 1979 ) Canada ( edit ) Cashin , Edward J. `` Governor Henry Ellis and the Transformation of British North America . '' Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1994 . Fenge , Terry and Jim Aldridge ( eds . ) , Keeping Promises : The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Aboriginal Rights , and Treaties in Canada , 2015 , McGill - Queen 's University Press Lawson , Philip . The Imperial Challenge : Quebec and Britain in the Age of the American Revolution . Montreal / Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1989 . Roth , Christopher F. ( 2002 ) `` Without Treaty , without Conquest : Indigenous Sovereignty in Post-Delgamuukw British Columbia . '' Wicazo Sa Review , vol. 17 , no . 2 , pp. 143 -- 165 . Stonechild , Blair A. `` Indian - White Relations in Canada , 1763 to the Present . '' In Encyclopedia of North American Indians , ed . Frederick E. Hoxie , 277 -- 81 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1996 . Tousignant , Pierre . `` The Integration of the Province of Quebec into the British Empire , 1763 -- 91 . Part 1 : From the Royal Proclamation to the Quebec Act . '' In Dictionary of Canadian Biography , vol. 4 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1980 . 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5734069986765700790	Ovarian cyst	Ovarian cyst - wikipedia Ovarian cyst Jump to : navigation , search Ovarian cyst A simple ovarian cyst of most likely follicular origin Specialty Gynecology Symptoms None , bloating , lower abdominal pain , lower back pain Complications Rupture , twisting of the ovary Types Follicular cyst , corpus luteum cyst , cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cyst , cystadenoma , ovarian cancer Diagnostic method Ultrasound Prevention Hormonal birth control Treatment Conservative management , pain medication , surgery Prognosis Usually good Frequency 8 % symptomatic before menopause ( edit on Wikidata ) An ovarian cyst is a fluid - filled sac within the ovary . Often they cause no symptoms . Occasionally they may produce bloating , lower abdominal pain , or lower back pain . The majority of cysts are harmless . If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary , it may cause severe pain . This may result in vomiting or feeling faint . Most ovarian cysts are related to ovulation , being either follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts . Other types include cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cysts , and cystadenomas . Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovarian syndrome . Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in cysts . Rarely , cysts may be a form of ovarian cancer . Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or other testing used to gather further details . Often , cysts are simply observed over time . If they cause pain , medications such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or ibuprofen may be used . Hormonal birth control may be used to prevent further cysts in those who are frequently affected . However , evidence does not support birth control as a treatment of current cysts . If they do not go away after several months , get larger , look unusual , or cause pain , they may be removed by surgery . Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month . Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Cyst rupture 1.2 Ovarian torsion 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Ultrasound 2.2 Scoring systems 2.3 Functional 2.4 Non-functional 2.5 Associated medical conditions 2.6 Risk of cancer 3 Treatment 3.1 Pain 3.2 Surgery 4 Frequency 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Some or all of the following symptoms may be present , though it is possible not to experience any symptoms : Abdominal pain . Dull aching pain within the abdomen or pelvis , especially during intercourse . Uterine bleeding . Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period ; irregular periods , or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting . Fullness , heaviness , pressure , swelling , or bloating in the abdomen . When a cyst ruptures from the ovary , there may be sudden and sharp pain in the lower abdomen on one side . Change in frequency or ease of urination ( such as inability to fully empty the bladder ) , or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy . Constitutional symptoms such as fatigue , headaches Nausea or vomiting Weight gain Other symptoms may depend on the cause of the cysts : Symptoms that may occur if the cause of the cysts is polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) may include increased facial hair or body hair , acne , obesity and infertility . If the cause is endometriosis , then periods may be heavy , and intercourse painful . The effect of cysts not related to PCOS on fertility is unclear . Cyst rupture ( edit ) A ruptured ovarian cyst is usually self - limiting , and only requires keeping an eye on the situation and pain medications . The main symptom is abdominal pain , which may last a few days to a several weeks , but they can also be asymptomatic . Rupture of large ovarian cysts can cause bleeding inside the abdominal cavity and in some cases shock . Ovarian torsion ( edit ) Ovarian cysts increase the risk for ovarian torsion ; cysts larger than 4 cm are associated with approximately 17 % risk . The torsion can cause obstruction of blood flow and lead to infarction . Diagnosis ( edit ) A 2 cm left ovarian cyst as seen on ultrasound Ovarian cysts are usually diagnosed by ultrasound , CT scan , or MRI , and correlated with clinical presentation and endocrinologic tests as appropriate . Ultrasound ( edit ) Follow - up imaging in women of reproductive age for incidentally discovered simple cysts on ultrasound is not needed until 5 cm , as these are usually normal ovarian follicles . Simple cysts 5 to 7 cm in premenopausal females should be followed yearly . Simple cysts larger than 7 cm require further imaging with MRI or surgical assessment . Because they are large , they can not be reliably assessed by ultrasound alone because it may be difficult to see the soft tissue nodularity or thickened septation at their posterior wall due to limited penetrance of the ultrasound beam . For the corpus luteum , a dominant ovulating follicle that typically appears as a cyst with circumferentially thickened walls and crenulated inner margins , follow up is not needed if the cyst is less than 3 cm in diameter . In postmenopausal patients , any simple cyst greater than 1 cm but less than 7 cm needs yearly follow - up , while those greater than 7 cm need MRI or surgical evaluation , similar to reproductive age females . An Axial CT demonstrating a large hemorrhagic ovarian cyst . The cyst is delineated by the yellow bars with blood seen anteriorly . For incidentally discovered dermoids , diagnosed on ultrasound by their pathognomonic echogenic fat , either surgical removal or yearly follow up is indicated , regardless of patient age . For peritoneal inclusion cysts , which have a crumpled tissue - paper appearance and tend to follow the contour of adjacent organs , follow up is based on clinical history . Hydrosalpinx , or fallopian tube dilation , can be mistaken for an ovarian cyst due to its anechoic appearance . Follow - up for this is also based on clinical presentation . For multiloculate cysts with thin septation less than 3 mm , surgical evaluation is recommended . The presence of multiloculation suggests a neoplasm , although the thin septation implies that the neoplasm is benign . For any thickened septation , nodularity , or vascular flow on color doppler assessment , surgical removal should be considered due to concern for malignancy . Scoring systems ( edit ) There are several systems to assess risk of an ovarian cyst of being an ovarian cancer , including the RMI ( risk of malignancy index ) , LR2 and SR ( simple rules ) . Sensitivities and specificities of these systems are given in tables below : Scoring systems Premenopausal Postmenopausal Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity RMI I 44 % 95 % 79 % 90 % LR2 85 % 91 % 94 % 70 % SR 93 % 83 % 93 % 76 % Ovarian cysts may be classified according to whether they are a variant of the normal menstrual cycle , referred to as a functional or follicular cyst . Ovarian cysts are considered large when they are over 5 cm and giant when they are over 15 cm . In children , ovarian cysts reaching above the level of the umbilicus are considered giant . Functional ( edit ) Functional cysts form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle . There are several types of cysts : Follicular cyst , the most common type of ovarian cyst . In menstruating women , a follicle containing the ovum , an unfertilized egg , will rupture during ovulation . If this does not occur , a follicular cyst of more than 2.5 cm diameter may result . Corpus luteum cysts appear after ovulation . The corpus luteum is the remnant of the follicle after the ovum has moved to the fallopian tubes . This normally degrades within 5 to 9 days . A corpus luteum that is more than 3 cm is defined as cystic . Theca lutein cysts occur within the thecal layer of cells surrounding developing oocytes . Under the influence of excessive hCG , thecal cells may proliferate and become cystic . This is usually on both ovaries . Non-functional ( edit ) Transvaginal ultrasonography of a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst , probably originating from a corpus luteum cyst . The coagulating blood gives the content a cobweb - like appearance . Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a 67 x 40 mm endometrioma , with a somewhat grainy content . Non-functional cysts may include the following : An ovary with many cysts , which may be found in normal women , or within the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome Cysts caused by endometriosis , known as chocolate cysts Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Dermoid cyst Ovarian serous cystadenoma Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma Paraovarian cyst Cystic adenofibroma Borderline tumoral cysts Associated medical conditions ( edit ) In juvenile hypothyroidism multicystic ovaries are present in about 75 % of cases , while large ovarian cysts and elevated ovarian tumor marks are one of the symptoms of the Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome . The CA - 125 marker in children and adolescents can be frequently elevated even in absence of malignancy and conservative management should be considered . Polycystic ovarian syndrome involves the development of multiple small cysts in both ovaries due to an elevated ratio of leutenizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone , typically more than 25 cysts in each ovary , or an ovarian volume of greater than 10 mL . Larger bilateral cysts can develop as a result of fertility treatment due to elevated levels of HCG , as can be seen with the use of clomifene for follicular induction , in extreme cases resulting in a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome . Certain malignancies can mimic the effects of clomifene on the ovaries , also due to increased HCG , in particular gestational trophoblastic disease . Ovarian hyperstimulation occurs more often with invasive moles and choriocarcinoma than complete molar pregnancies . Risk of cancer ( edit ) A widely recognised method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer based on initial workup is the risk of malignancy index ( RMI ) . It is recommended that women with an RMI score over 200 should be referred to a centre with experience in ovarian cancer surgery . The RMI is calculated as follows : RMI = ultrasound score x menopausal score x CA - 125 level in U / ml . There are two methods to determine the ultrasound score and menopausal score , with the resultant RMI being called RMI 1 and RMI 2 , respectively , depending on what method is used : Feature RMI 1 RMI 2 Ultrasound abnormalities : Multilocular cyst Solid areas Bilateral lesions Ascites Intra-abdominal metastases 0 = no abnormality 1 = one abnormality 3 = two or more abnormalities 0 = none 1 = one abnormality 4 = two or more abnormalities Menopausal score 1 = premenopausal 3 = postmenopausal 1 = premenopausal 4 = postmenopausal CA - 125 Quantity in U / ml Quantity in U / ml An RMI 2 of over 200 has been estimated to have a sensitivity of 74 to 80 % , a specificity of 89 to 92 % and a positive predictive value of around 80 % of ovarian cancer . RMI 2 is regarded as more sensitive than RMI 1 . Treatment ( edit ) Cysts associated with hypothyroidism or other endocrine problems are managed by treating the underlying condition . About 95 % of ovarian cysts are benign , not cancerous . Functional cysts and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually resolve spontaneously . However , the bigger an ovarian cyst is , the less likely it is to disappear on its own . Treatment may be required if cysts persist over several months , grow , or cause increasing pain . Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles , or occur in post-menopausal women , may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy , especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer . Such cysts may require surgical biopsy . Additionally , a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA - 125 , a tumour marker , which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer , although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives . Pain ( edit ) Pain associated with ovarian cysts may be treated in several ways : Pain relievers such as acetaminophen , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , or opioids . While hormonal birth control prevents the development of new cysts in those who frequently get them , it is not useful for the treatment of current cysts . Surgery ( edit ) Although most cases of ovarian cysts involve monitoring , some cases require surgery . This may involve removing the cyst , or one or both ovaries . Technique is typically laparoscopic , unless the cyst is particularly large , or if pre-operative imaging suggests malignancy or complex anatomy . In certain situations , the cyst is entirely removed , while with cysts with low recurrence risk , younger patients , or which are in anatomically eloquent areas of the pelvis , they can be drained . Features that may indicate the need for surgery include : Persistent complex ovarian cysts Persistent cysts that are causing symptoms Complex ovarian cysts larger than 5 cm Simple ovarian cysts larger 10 cm or larger than 5 cm in postmenopausal patients Women who are menopausal or perimenopausal Frequency ( edit ) Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month , and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68 % of ovaries of girls 2 -- 12 years old and in 84 % of ovaries of girls 0 -- 2 years old . Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10 - 20 % are larger macrocysts . While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ovarian cysts '' . Office on Women 's Health . November 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , DA ; Jones , LB ; Lopez , LM ; Schulz , KF ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 4 : CD006134 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006134. pub5 . PMID 24782304 . ^ Jump up to : Mimoun , C ; Fritel , X ; Fauconnier , A ; Deffieux , X ; Dumont , A ; Huchon , C ( December 2013 ) . `` ( Epidemiology of presumed benign ovarian tumors ) '' . Journal de gynecologie , obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction . 42 ( 8 ) : 722 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jgyn. 2013.09. 027 . PMID 24210235 . ^ Jump up to : Helm , William . `` Ovarian Cysts '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Legendre , G ; Catala , L ; Morinière , C ; Lacoeuille , C ; Boussion , F ; Sentilhes , L ; Descamps , P ( March 2014 ) . `` Relationship between ovarian cysts and infertility : what surgery and when ? '' . Fertility and Sterility. 101 ( 3 ) : 608 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2014.01. 021 . PMID 24559614 . Jump up ^ Ovarian Cyst Rupture Archived 2013 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . at Medscape . Authors : Nathan Webb and David Chelmow . Updated : Nov 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ovarian Cysts Causes , Symptoms , Diagnosis , and Treatment '' . eMedicineHealth.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , D ; Brown , DL ; Andreotti , RF ; Benacerraf , B ; Benson , CB ; Brewster , WR ; Coleman , B ; Depriest , P ; Doubilet , PM ; Goldstein , SR ; Hamper , UM ; Hecht , JL ; Horrow , M ; Hur , HC ; Marnach , M ; Patel , MD ; Platt , LD ; Puscheck , E ; Smith - Bindman , R ( September 2010 ) . `` Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US : Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement '' . Radiology. 256 ( 3 ) : 943 -- 54 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 10100213 . PMID 20505067 . Jump up ^ Kaijser J , Sayasneh A , Van Hoorde K , Ghaem - Maghami S , Bourne T , Timmerman D , Van Calster B ( 2013 ) . `` Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 462 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt059 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24327552 . Jump up ^ Durbin KL , Diaz - Montes T , Loveless MB ( 2011 ) . `` Van wyk and grumbach syndrome : An unusual case and review of the literature '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 24 ( 4 ) : e93 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 003 . PMID 21600802 . Jump up ^ Dewailly , D ; Lujan , ME ; Carmina , E ; Cedars , MI ; Laven , J ; Norman , RJ ; Escobar - Morreale , HF ( May 2014 ) . `` Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology : a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 52 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt061 . PMID 24345633 . Jump up ^ Altinkaya , SO ; Talas , BB ; Gungor , T ; Gulerman , C ( October 2009 ) . `` Treatment of clomiphene citrate - related ovarian cysts in a prospective randomized study . A single center experience '' . The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research . 35 ( 5 ) : 940 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1447 - 0756.2009. 01041. x . PMID 20149045 . Jump up ^ Suzuki , H ; Matsubara , S ; Uchida , S ; Ohkuchi , A ( October 2014 ) . `` Ovary hyperstimulation syndrome accompanying molar pregnancy : case report and review of the literature '' . Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 290 ( 4 ) : 803 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00404 - 014 - 3319 - 0 . PMID 24966119 . Jump up ^ NICE clinical guidelines Issued : April 2011 . Guideline CG122 . Ovarian cancer : The recognition and initial management of ovarian cancer Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Appendix D: Risk of malignancy index ( RMI I ) . ^ Jump up to : Network , Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines ( 2003 ) . `` EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER SECTION 3 : DIAGNOSIS '' . Epithelial ovarian cancer : a national clinical guideline . Edinburgh : SIGN . ISBN 1899893938 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ V.T. ( 14 May 2014 ) . Understanding Ovarian Cyst . V.T. pp. 25 -- . GGKEY : JTX84XQARW9 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward I. Bluth ( 2000 ) . Ultrasound : A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems . Thieme . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 861 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Susan A. Orshan ( 2008 ) . Maternity , Newborn , and Women 's Health Nursing : Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4254 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia CA - 125 Jump up ^ Tamparo , Carol ; Lewis , Marcia ( 2011 ) . Diseases of the Human Body . Philadelphia , PA : Library of Congress . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8036 - 2505 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HealthHints : Gynecologic Health ( January / February , 2003 ) '' . Texas AgriLife Extension Service : HealthHints . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Surgit , O ; Inegol Gumus , I ( 2014 ) . `` Single - port Laparoscopic Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo - oopherectomy Combined with Burch Colposuspension '' . Acta chirurgica Belgica. 114 ( 4 ) : 0 . PMID 26021429 . Jump up ^ Cho , MJ ; Kim , DY ; Kim , SC ( October 2015 ) . `` Ovarian Cyst Aspiration in the Neonate : Minimally Invasive Surgery '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 28 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2014.10. 003 . PMID 26148782 . Jump up ^ Nohuz , E ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` ( How I do ... the aspiration of an adnexal cyst without iterative needle punctures neither irrigation - aspiration device during a laparoscopy ) '' . Gynecologie , obstetrique & fertilite. 44 : 63 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gyobfe. 2015.11. 001 . PMID 26701109 . Jump up ^ Ovarian cysts Archived 2013 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . from MedlinePlus . Update Date : 2 / 26 / 2012 . Updated by : Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck . Also reviewed by David Zieve Jump up ^ Cohen HL , Eisenberg P , Mandel F , Haller JO ( 1992 ) . `` Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls : A sonographic study of 101 children 2 - 12 years old '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 159 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 91 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 159.1. 1609728 . PMID 1609728 . Jump up ^ Qublan HS , Abdel - hadi J ( 2000 ) . `` Simple ovarian cysts : Frequency and outcome in girls aged 2 - 9 years '' . Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology. 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 3 . PMID 10758801 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : N83. 0 - N83. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 620.0 - 620.2 MeSH : D010048 DiseasesDB : 9433 External resources MedlinePlus : 001504 eMedicine : med / 1699 emerg / 352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovarian_cyst&oldid=808821559 '' Categories : Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract Cysts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by cyst in the ovary	[ "An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac within the ovary.[1] Often they cause no symptoms.[1] Occasionally they may produce bloating, lower abdominal pain, or lower back pain.[1] The majority of cysts are harmless.[1] If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary, it may cause severe pain.[1] This may result in vomiting or feeling faint.[1]" ]	[ "a fluid-filled sac within the ovary" ]
-6408243563106877457	Gettysburg Address	Gettysburg Address - wikipedia Gettysburg Address Jump to : navigation , search One of the two confirmed photos of Abraham Lincoln ( sepia highlight ) at Gettysburg , taken about noon , just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours before the speech . To Lincoln 's right is his bodyguard , Ward Hill Lamon . This article is part of a series about Abraham Lincoln Family Early life and career Medical and mental health Electoral history Lincoln -- Douglas debates Cooper Union speech Farewell Address in Illinois President of the United States Presidency First term 1860 campaign Election 1st inauguration Address American Civil War The Union Emancipation Proclamation Ten percent plan Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment Second term 1864 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Address Reconstruction Assassination and legacy Assassination Funeral Legacy Memorials Depictions Views on slavery Topical guide Bibliography The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , one of the best - known in American history . It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War , on the afternoon of Thursday , November 19 , 1863 , at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg . Abraham Lincoln 's carefully crafted address , secondary to other presentations that day , was one of the greatest and most influential statements of national purpose . In just over two minutes , Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis , with `` a new birth of freedom '' that would bring true equality to all of its citizens . Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union , but also for the principle of human equality . Beginning with the now - iconic phrase `` Four score and seven years ago '' -- referring to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 -- Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States as stated in the Declaration of Independence . In the context of the Civil War , Lincoln also memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners ( and the nation ) to ensure the survival of America 's representative democracy : that `` government of the people , by the people , for the people , shall not perish from the earth . '' Despite the speech 's prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States , the exact wording and location of the speech are disputed . The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln 's hand differ in a number of details , and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech . Modern scholarship locates the speakers ' platform 40 yards ( or more ) away from the Traditional Site within Soldiers ' National Cemetery at the Soldiers ' National Monument and entirely within private , adjacent Evergreen Cemetery . Letter of David Wills inviting Abraham Lincoln to make a few remarks , noting that Edward Everett would deliver the oration Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Program and Everett 's `` Gettysburg Oration '' 3 Text of the Gettysburg Address 4 Lincoln 's sources 5 Five manuscripts 5.1 Nicolay copy 5.2 Hay copy 5.3 Everett copy 5.4 Bancroft copy 5.5 Bliss copy 5.6 Others 6 Contemporary sources and reaction 6.1 Audio recollections 6.2 Photographs 6.3 Usage of `` under God '' 7 Platform location 7.1 Pre-modern 7.2 Photo analysis 7.2. 1 2 - D and optical stereoscopy 7.2. 2 3 - D photo - rendering and - animation 7.3 Resolution 8 Legacy 8.1 Envelope and other myths 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Background Union soldiers dead at Gettysburg , photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan , July 5 -- 6 , 1863 Following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , reburial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield graves began on October 17 . David Wills , of the committee for the November 19 Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg , invited President Lincoln : `` It is the desire that , after the Oration , you , as Chief Executive of the nation , formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks . '' Lincoln 's address followed the oration by Edward Everett , who subsequently included a copy of the Gettysburg Address in his 1864 book about the event ( Address of the Hon . Edward Everett At the Consecration of the National Cemetery At Gettysburg , 19th November 1863 , with the Dedicatory Speech of President Lincoln , and the Other Exercises of the Occasion ; Accompanied by An Account of the Origin of the Undertaking and of the Arrangement of the Cemetery Grounds , and by a Map of the Battle - field and a Plan of the Cemetery ) . During the train trip from Washington , D.C. , to Gettysburg on November 18 , Lincoln remarked to John Hay that he felt weak . On the morning of November 19 , Lincoln mentioned to John Nicolay that he was dizzy . In the railroad car the President rode with his secretary , John G. Nicolay , his assistant secretary , John Hay , the three members of his Cabinet who accompanied him , William Seward , John Usher and Montgomery Blair , several foreign officials and others . Hay noted that during the speech Lincoln 's face had ' a ghastly color ' and that he was ' sad , mournful , almost haggard . ' After the speech , when Lincoln boarded the 6 : 30 pm train for Washington , D.C. , he was feverish and weak , with a severe headache . A protracted illness followed , which included a vesicular rash and was diagnosed as a mild case of smallpox . It thus seems highly likely that Lincoln was in the prodromal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address . Program and Everett 's `` Gettysburg oration '' Edward Everett delivered a two - hour oration before Lincoln 's few minutes of dedicatory remarks . The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included : Music , by Birgfeld 's Band ( `` Homage d'uns Heros '' by Adolph Birgfeld ) Prayer , by Reverend T.H. Stockton , D.D. Music , by the Marine Band ( `` Old Hundred '' ) , directed by Francis Scala Oration , by Hon . Edward Everett ( `` The Battles of Gettysburg '' ) Music , Hymn ( `` Consecration Chant '' ) by B.B. French , Esq. , music by Wilson G Horner , sung by Baltimore Glee Club Dedicatory Remarks , by the President of the United States Dirge ( `` Oh ! It is Great for Our Country to Die '' , words by James G. Percival , music by Alfred Delaney ) , sung by Choir selected for the occasion Benediction , by Reverend H.L. Baugher , D.D. While it is Lincoln 's short speech that has gone down in history as one of the finest examples of English public oratory , it was Everett 's two - hour oration that was slated to be the `` Gettysburg address '' that day . His now seldom - read 13,607 - word oration began : Standing beneath this serene sky , overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year , the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us , the graves of our brethren beneath our feet , it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature . But the duty to which you have called me must be performed ; -- grant me , I pray you , your indulgence and your sympathy . And ended two hours later with : But they , I am sure , will join us in saying , as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr - heroes , that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read , and down to the latest period of recorded time , in the glorious annals of our common country , there will be no brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg . Lengthy dedication addresses like Everett 's were common at cemeteries in this era . The tradition began in 1831 when Justice Joseph Story delivered the dedication address at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union . Text of the Gettysburg Address Shortly after Everett 's well - received remarks , Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes . With a `` few appropriate remarks '' , he was able to summarize his view of the war in just ten sentences . Amalgamated text of the Gettysburg Address , based upon the five extant versions , and presented as a single annotated text . Despite the historical significance of Lincoln 's speech , modern scholars disagree as to its exact wording , and contemporary transcriptions published in newspaper accounts of the event and even handwritten copies by Lincoln himself differ in their wording , punctuation , and structure . Of these versions , the Bliss version , written well after the speech as a favor for a friend , is viewed by many as the standard text . Its text differs , however , from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech . It is the only version to which Lincoln affixed his signature , and the last he is known to have written . Gettysburg Address A modern recording of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . Now we are engaged in a great civil war , testing whether that nation , or any nation so conceived and so dedicated , can long endure . We are met on a great battle - field of that war . We have come to dedicate a portion of that field , as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live . It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this . But , in a larger sense , we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground . The brave men , living and dead , who struggled here , have consecrated it , far above our poor power to add or detract . The world will little note , nor long remember what we say here , but it can never forget what they did here . It is for us the living , rather , to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced . It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation , under God , shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people , by the people , for the people , shall not perish from the earth . Lincoln 's sources In Lincoln at Gettysburg , Garry Wills notes the parallels between Lincoln 's speech and Pericles 's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War as described by Thucydides . ( James McPherson notes this connection in his review of Wills 's book . Gore Vidal also draws attention to this link in a BBC documentary about oration . ) Pericles ' speech , like Lincoln 's : Begins with an acknowledgment of revered predecessors : `` I shall begin with our ancestors : it is both just and proper that they should have the honor of the first mention on an occasion like the present '' Praises the uniqueness of the State 's commitment to democracy : `` If we look to the laws , they afford equal justice to all in their private differences '' Honors the sacrifice of the slain , `` Thus choosing to die resisting , rather than to live submitting , they fled only from dishonor , but met danger face to face '' Exhorts the living to continue the struggle : `` You , their survivors , must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field , though you may pray that it may have a happier issue . '' In contrast , writer Adam Gopnik , in The New Yorker , notes that while Everett 's Oration was explicitly neoclassical , referring directly to Marathon and Pericles , `` Lincoln 's rhetoric is , instead , deliberately Biblical . ( It is difficult to find a single obviously classical reference in any of his speeches . ) Lincoln had mastered the sound of the King James Bible so completely that he could recast abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms , making the proposition that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of Genesis . '' Detail of Elihu Vedder 's mural Government ( 1896 ) , in the Library of Congress . The title figure bears a tablet inscribed with Lincoln 's famous phrase . Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln 's famous phrase `` government of the people , by the people , for the people '' . Despite many claims , there is no evidence a similar phrase appears in the Prologue to John Wycliffe 's 1384 English translation of the Bible . In a discussion `` A more probable origin of a famous Lincoln phrase '' , in The American Monthly Review of Reviews , Albert Shaw credits a correspondent with pointing out the writings of William Herndon , Lincoln 's law partner , who wrote in the 1888 work Abraham Lincoln : The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought to Lincoln some of the sermons of abolitionist minister Theodore Parker , of Massachusetts , and that Lincoln was moved by Parker 's use of this idea : I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker , who was warm in his commendation of Lincoln . One of these was a lecture on ' The Effect of Slavery on the American People ' ... which I gave to Lincoln , who read and returned it . He liked especially the following expression , which he marked with a pencil , and which he in substance afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address : ' Democracy is direct self - government , over all the people , for all the people , by all the people . ' Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundered `` Liberty and Union , now and forever , one and inseparable ! '' Specifically , in this speech on January 26 , 1830 , before the United States Senate , Webster described the federal government as : `` made for the people , made by the people , and answerable to the people '' , foreshadowing Lincoln 's `` government of the people , by the people , for the people '' . Webster also noted , `` This government , Sir , is the independent offspring of the popular will . It is not the creature of State legislatures ; nay , more , if the whole truth must be told , the people brought it into existence , established it , and have hitherto supported it , for the very purpose , amongst others , of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties . '' A source predating these others with which Lincoln was certainly familiar was Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , a case asserting federal authority to create a national bank and to be free from the State 's powers to tax . In asserting the superiority of federal power over the states , Chief Justice Marshall stated : `` The government of the Union , then ( whatever may be the influence of this fact on the case ) , is , emphatically and truly , a government of the people . In form , and in substance , it emanates from them . Its powers are granted by them , and are to be exercised directly on them , and for their benefit . '' Lincoln , a lawyer and President engaged in the greatest struggle of federalism , was ( more eloquently ) echoing the preeminent case that had solidified federal power over the States . Wills observed Lincoln 's usage of the imagery of birth , life , and death in reference to a nation `` brought forth '' , `` conceived '' , and that shall not `` perish '' . Others , including Allen C. Guelzo , the director of Civil War Era studies at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania , suggested that Lincoln 's formulation `` four score and seven '' was an allusion to the King James Version of the Bible 's Psalms 90 : 10 , in which man 's lifespan is given as `` threescore years and ten ; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years '' . Five manuscripts Each of the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address is named for the person who received it from Lincoln . Lincoln gave copies to his private secretaries , John Nicolay and John Hay . Both of these drafts were written around the time of his November 19 address , while the other three copies of the address , the Everett , Bancroft , and Bliss copies , were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes well after November 19 . In part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated the Bliss copy , it has become the standard text of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Nicolay and Hay were appointed custodians of Lincoln 's papers by Lincoln 's son Robert Todd Lincoln in 1874 . After appearing in facsimile in an article written by John Nicolay in 1894 , the Nicolay copy was presumably among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay 's daughter Helen upon Nicolay 's death in 1901 . Robert Lincoln began a search for the original copy in 1908 , which resulted in the discovery of a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the bound papers of John Hay -- a copy now known as the `` Hay copy '' or `` Hay draft '' . The Hay draft differed from the version of the Gettysburg Address published by John Nicolay in 1894 in a number of significant ways : it was written on a different type of paper , had a different number of words per line and number of lines , and contained editorial revisions in Lincoln 's hand . Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are within the Library of Congress , encased in specially designed , temperature - controlled , sealed containers with argon gas in order to protect the documents from oxidation and continued deterioration . Nicolay copy The Nicolay copy is often called the `` first draft '' because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists . Scholars disagree over whether the Nicolay copy was actually the reading copy Lincoln held at Gettysburg on November 19 . In an 1894 article that included a facsimile of this copy , Nicolay , who had become the custodian of Lincoln 's papers , wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery , and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the dedication on November 19 . Matching folds are still evident on the two pages , suggesting it could be the copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony . Others believe that the delivery text has been lost , because some of the words and phrases of the Nicolay copy do not match contemporary transcriptions of Lincoln 's original speech . The words `` under God '' , for example , are missing in this copy from the phrase `` that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom ... '' In order for the Nicolay draft to have been the reading copy , either the contemporary transcriptions were inaccurate , or Lincoln would have had to depart from his written text in several instances . This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John Nicolay 's possession until his death in 1901 , when it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay . It used to be on display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. Hay copy The Hay copy , with Lincoln 's handwritten corrections The existence of the Hay copy was first announced to the public in 1906 , after the search for the `` original manuscript '' of the Address among the papers of John Hay brought it to light . Significantly , it differs somewhat from the manuscript of the Address described by John Nicolay in his article , and contains numerous omissions and inserts in Lincoln 's own hand , including omissions critical to the basic meaning of the sentence , not simply words that would be added by Lincoln to strengthen or clarify their meaning . In this copy , as in the Nicolay copy , the words `` under God '' are not present . This version has been described as `` the most inexplicable '' of the drafts and is sometimes referred to as the `` second draft '' . The `` Hay copy '' was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address , or shortly after Lincoln 's return to Washington . Those who believe that it was completed on the morning of his address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln . It is probable , they conclude , that , as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of Congress , Lincoln held this second draft when he delivered the address . Lincoln eventually gave this copy to his other personal secretary , John Hay , whose descendants donated both it and the Nicolay copy to the Library of Congress in 1916 . Everett copy The Everett copy , also known as the `` Everett - Keyes copy '' , was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864 , at Everett 's request . Everett was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one bound volume to sell for the benefit of stricken soldiers at New York 's Sanitary Commission Fair . The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy , and is now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield , Illinois , where it is currently on display in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum . Bancroft copy The Bancroft copy of the Gettysburg Address was written out by President Lincoln in February 1864 at the request of George Bancroft , the famed historian and former Secretary of the Navy , whose comprehensive ten - volume History of the United States later led him to be known as the `` father of American History '' . Bancroft planned to include this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our Country 's Authors , which he planned to sell at a Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore . As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper , it proved unusable for this purpose , and Bancroft was allowed to keep it . This manuscript is the only one accompanied both by a letter from Lincoln transmitting the manuscript and by the original envelope addressed and franked by Lincoln . This copy remained in the Bancroft family for many years , was sold to various dealers and purchased by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Noyes , who donated the manuscript to Cornell in 1949 . It is now held by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library at Cornell University . It is the only one of the five copies to be privately owned . Bliss copy The Bliss copy , on display in the Lincoln Room of the White House . Discovering that his fourth written copy could not be used , Lincoln then wrote a fifth draft , which was accepted for the purpose requested . The Bliss copy , named for Colonel Alexander Bliss , Bancroft 's stepson and publisher of Autograph Leaves , is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature . Lincoln is not known to have made any further copies of the Gettysburg Address . Because of the apparent care in its preparation , and in part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated this copy , it has become the standard version of the address and the source for most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . It is the version that is inscribed on the South wall of the Lincoln Memorial . This draft is now displayed in the Lincoln Room of the White House , a gift of Oscar B. Cintas , former Cuban Ambassador to the United States . Cintas , a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts , purchased the Bliss copy at a public auction in 1949 for $54,000 ( $544,000 as of 2017 ) , at that time the highest price ever paid for a document at public auction . Cintas ' properties were claimed by the Castro government after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , but Cintas , who died in 1957 , willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people , provided it would be kept at the White House , where it was transferred in 1959 . Garry Wills concluded the Bliss copy `` is stylistically preferable to others in one significant way : Lincoln removed ' here ' from ' that cause for which they ( here ) gave ... ' The seventh ' here ' is in all other versions of the speech . '' Wills noted the fact that Lincoln `` was still making such improvements '' , suggesting Lincoln was more concerned with a perfected text than with an ' original ' one . From November 21 , 2008 , to January 1 , 2009 , the Albert H. Small Documents Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History hosted a limited public viewing of the Bliss copy , with the support of then - First Lady Laura Bush . The Museum also launched an online exhibition and interactive gallery to enable visitors to look more closely at the document . Others Another contemporary source of the text is the Associated Press dispatch , transcribed from the shorthand notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert . It also differs from the drafted text in a number of minor ways . Contemporary sources and reaction The New York Times article from November 20 , 1863 , indicates Lincoln 's speech was interrupted five times by applause and was followed by `` long continued applause '' . Eyewitness reports vary as to their view of Lincoln 's performance . In 1931 , the printed recollections of 87 - year - old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers , who was 19 when she attended the ceremony , suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln 's speech : `` I was close to the President and heard all of the Address , but it seemed short . Then there was an impressive silence like our Menallen Friends Meeting . There was no applause when he stopped speaking . '' According to historian Shelby Foote , after Lincoln 's presentation , the applause was delayed , scattered , and `` barely polite '' . In contrast , Pennsylvania Governor Curtin maintained , `` He pronounced that speech in a voice that all the multitude heard . The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood before them ... It was so Impressive ! It was the common remark of everybody . Such a speech , as they said it was ! '' Reinterment of soldiers ' remains from field graves into the cemetery , which had begun within months of the battle , was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony . In an oft - repeated legend , Lincoln is said to have turned to his bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon and remarked that his speech , like a bad plow , `` wo n't scour '' . According to Garry Wills , this statement has no basis in fact and largely originates from the unreliable recollections of Lamon . In Garry Wills 's view , `` ( Lincoln ) had done what he wanted to do ( at Gettysburg ) '' . In a letter to Lincoln written the following day , Everett praised the President for his eloquent and concise speech , saying , `` I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion , in two hours , as you did in two minutes . '' Lincoln replied that he was glad to know the speech was not a `` total failure '' . Other public reaction to the speech was divided along partisan lines . The Democratic - leaning Chicago Times observed , `` The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly , flat and dishwatery utterances of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States . '' In contrast , the Republican - leaning New York Times was complimentary and printed the speech . In Massachusetts , the Springfield Republican also printed the entire speech , calling it `` a perfect gem '' that was `` deep in feeling , compact in thought and expression , and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma '' . The Republican predicted that Lincoln 's brief remarks would `` repay further study as the model speech '' . On the sesquicentennial of the address , The Patriot - News of Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , formerly the Patriot & Union , retracted its original reaction ( `` silly remarks '' deserving `` the veil of oblivion '' ) stating : `` Seven score and ten years ago , the forefathers of this media institution brought forth to its audience a judgment so flawed , so tainted by hubris , so lacking in the perspective history would bring , that it can not remain unaddressed in our archives ... the Patriot & Union failed to recognize ( the speech 's ) momentous importance , timeless eloquence , and lasting significance . The Patriot - News regrets the error . '' Foreign newspapers also criticized Lincoln 's remarks . The Times of London commented : `` The ceremony ( at Gettysburg ) was rendered ludicrous by some of the luckless sallies of that poor President Lincoln . '' Congressman Joseph A. Goulden , then an eighteen - year - old school teacher , was present and heard the speech . He served in the United States Marine Corps during the war , and later had a successful career in insurance in Pennsylvania and New York City before entering Congress as a Democrat . In his later life , Goulden was often asked about the speech , since the passage of time made him one of a dwindling number of individuals who had been present for it . He commented on the event and Lincoln 's speech in favorable terms , naming Lincoln 's address as one of the inspirations for him to enter military service . Goulden 's recollections included remarks to the House of Representatives in 1914 . Audio recollections William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln 's arrival at Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his recollections . One year before his death in 1939 , Rathvon 's reminiscences were recorded on February 12 , 1938 , at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL , including his reading the address , itself , and a 78 rpm record was pressed . The title of the 78 record was `` I Heard Lincoln That Day -- William R. Rathvon , TR Productions '' . A copy wound up at National Public Radio ( NPR ) during a `` Quest for Sound '' project in 1999 . NPR continues to air it around Lincoln 's birthday . Like most people who came to Gettysburg , the Rathvon family was aware that Lincoln was going to make some remarks . The family went to the town square where the procession was to form to go out to the cemetery that had not been completed yet . At the head of the procession rode Lincoln on a gray horse preceded by a military band that was the first the young boy had ever seen . Rathvon describes Lincoln as so tall and with such long legs that they went almost to the ground ; he also mentions the long eloquent speech given by Edward Everett of Massachusetts whom Rathvon accurately described as the `` most finished orator of the day '' . Rathvon then goes on to describe how Lincoln stepped forward and `` with a manner serious almost to sadness , gave his brief address '' . During the delivery , along with some other boys , young Rathvon wiggled his way forward through the crowd until he stood within 15 feet of Mr. Lincoln and looked up into what he described as Lincoln 's `` serious face '' . Rathvon recalls candidly that , although he listened `` intently to every word the president uttered and heard it clearly '' , he explains , `` boylike , I could not recall any of it afterwards '' . But he explains that if anyone said anything disparaging about `` honest Abe '' , there would have been a `` junior battle of Gettysburg '' . In the recording Rathvon speaks of Lincoln 's speech allegorically `` echoing through the hills '' . Photographs Cropped view of the Bachrach photo , with a red arrow indicating Abraham Lincoln . The only known and confirmed photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg , taken by photographer David Bachrach was identified in the Mathew Brady collection of photographic plates in the National Archives and Records Administration in 1952 . While Lincoln 's speech was short and may have precluded multiple pictures of him while speaking , he and the other dignitaries sat for hours during the rest of the program . Given the length of Everett 's speech and the length of time it took for 19th - century photographers to get `` set up '' before taking a picture , it is quite plausible that the photographers were ill - prepared for the brevity of Lincoln 's remarks . Usage of `` under God '' The words `` under God '' do not appear in the Nicolay and Hay drafts but are included in the three later copies ( Everett , Bancroft , and Bliss ) . Accordingly , some skeptics maintain that Lincoln did not utter the words `` under God '' at Gettysburg . However , at least three reporters telegraphed the text of Lincoln 's speech on the day the Address was given with the words `` under God '' included . Historian William E. Barton argues that : Every stenographic report , good , bad and indifferent , says ' that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . ' There was no common source from which all the reporters could have obtained those words but from Lincoln 's own lips at the time of delivery . It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . The reporters present included Joseph Gilbert , from the Associated Press ; Charles Hale , from the Boston Advertiser ; John R. Young ( who later became the Librarian of Congress ) , from the Philadelphia Press ; and reporters from the Cincinnati Commercial , New York Tribune , and The New York Times . Charles Hale `` had notebook and pencil in hand , ( and ) took down the slow - spoken words of the President '' . `` He took down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln 's address , and his declaration was as good as the oath of a court stenographer . His associates confirmed his testimony , which was received , as it deserved to be , at its face value . '' One explanation is that Lincoln deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he spoke . Ronald C. White , visiting professor of history at the University of California -- Los Angeles and professor of American religious history emeritus at the San Francisco Theological Seminary , wrote in this context of Lincoln 's insertion and usage of `` under God '' : It was an uncharacteristically spontaneous revision for a speaker who did not trust extemporaneous speech . Lincoln had added impromptu words in several earlier speeches , but always offered a subsequent apology for the change . In this instance , he did not . And Lincoln included `` under God '' in all three copies of the address he prepared at later dates . `` Under God '' pointed backward and forward : back to `` this nation '' , which drew its breath from both political and religious sources , but also forward to a `` new birth '' . Lincoln had come to see the Civil War as a ritual of purification . The old Union had to die . The old man had to die . Death became a transition to a new Union and a new humanity . The phrase `` under God '' was used frequently in works published before 1860 , usually with the meaning `` with God 's help '' . Platform location Designations Pennsylvania Historical Marker Official name Gettysburg Address Type Roadside Designated December 12 , 1947 Location PA 134 ( Taneytown Rd . ) at entrance to National Cemetery Baltimore St. ( old US 140 ) & PA 134 at entrance to National Cemetery The Lincoln Address Memorial , designed by Louis Henrick , with bust of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Bush - Brown , erected at the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1912 . Outside the Cemetery and within sight of the cross-walk , a historical marker proclaims : Nearby , Nov. 19 , 1863 , in dedicating the National Cemetery , Abraham Lincoln gave the address which he had written in Washington and revised after his arrival at Gettysburg the evening of November 18 . Directly inside the Taneytown Road entrance are located the Rostrum and the Lincoln Address Memorial . Neither of these is located within 300 yards of any of the five ( or more ) claimed locations for the dedicatory platform . Pre-modern Analysis of this photograph , taken by Alexander Gardner looking northeast on November 19 , 1863 , rules out the Traditional Site at Soldiers ' National Monument as a possible location for the speaker 's platform . Colonel W. Yates Selleck was a marshal in the parade on Consecration Day and was seated on the platform when Lincoln made the address . Selleck marked a map with the position of the platform and described it as `` 350 feet almost due north of Soldiers ' National Monument , 40 feet from a point in the outer circle of lots where ( the ) Michigan and New York ( burial sections ) are separated by a path '' . A location which approximates this description is 39 ° 49.243 ′ N , 77 ° 13.869 ′ W . As pointed out in 1973 by retired park historian Frederick Tilberg , the Selleck Site is 25 feet lower than the crest of Cemetery Hill , and only the crest presents a panoramic view of the battlefield . A spectacular view from the location of the speech was noted by many eyewitnesses , is consistent with the Traditional Site at the Soldiers ' National Monument ( and other sites on the crest ) but is inconsistent with the Selleck Site . The Kentucky Memorial was erected in 1975 , is located directly adjacent to the Soldiers ' National Monument , and states , `` Kentucky honors her son , Abraham Lincoln , who delivered his immortal address at the site now marked by the soldiers ' monument . '' With its position at the center of the concentric rings of soldiers ' graves and the continuing endorsement of Lincoln 's native state the Soldiers ' National Monument persists as a credible location for the speech . Writing a physical description of the layout for the Gettysburg National Cemetery under construction in November 1863 , the correspondent from the Cincinnati Daily Commercial described the dividing lines between the state grave plots as `` the radii of a common center , where a flag pole is now raised , but where it is proposed to erect a national monument '' . With the inclusion of this quotation Tilberg inadvertently verifies a central principle of future photographic analyses -- a flagpole , rather than the speakers ' platform , occupied the central point of the soldiers ' graves . In fact , the precision of the photo - analyses relies upon the coincidence of position between this temporary flag pole and the future monument . Confusing to today 's tourist , the Kentucky Memorial is contradicted by a newer marker which was erected nearby by the Gettysburg National Military Park and locates the speakers ' platform inside Evergreen Cemetery . Similarly , outdated National Park Service documents which pinpoint the location at the Soldiers ' National Monument have not been systematically revised since the placement of the newer marker . Miscellaneous web pages perpetuate the Traditional Site . Photo analysis 2 - d and optical stereoscopy Based upon photographic analysis , the Gettysburg National Military Park ( G.N.M.P. ) placed a marker ( near 39 ° 49.199 ′ N 77 ° 13.840 ′ W / 39.819983 ° N 77.230667 ° W / 39.819983 ; - 77.230667 ( Gettysburg address marker ) ) which states , `` The speakers ' platform was located in Evergreen Cemetery to your left . '' The observer of this marker stands facing the fence which separates the two cemeteries ( one public and one private ) . In 1982 , Senior Park Historian Kathleen Georg Harrison first analyzed photographs and proposed a location in Evergreen Cemetery but has not published her analysis . Speaking for Harrison without revealing details , two sources characterize her proposed location as `` on or near ( the ) Brown family vault '' in Evergreen Cemetery . William A. Frassanito , a former military intelligence analyst , documented a comprehensive photographic analysis in 1995 , and it associates the location of the platform with the position of specific modern headstones in Evergreen Cemetery . According to Frassanito , the extant graves of Israel Yount ( died 1892 ) ( 39 ° 49.180 ′ N 77 ° 13.845 ′ W / 39.819667 ° N 77.230750 ° W / 39.819667 ; - 77.230750 ( grave of Israel Yount ( d . 1892 ) ) ) , John Koch ( died 1913 ) ( 39 ° 49.184 ′ N 77 ° 13.847 ′ W / 39.819733 ° N 77.230783 ° W / 39.819733 ; - 77.230783 ( grave of John Koch ( d . 1913 ) ) ) , and George E. Kitzmiller ( died 1874 ) ( 39 ° 49.182 ′ N 77 ° 13.841 ′ W / 39.819700 ° N 77.230683 ° W / 39.819700 ; - 77.230683 ( grave of George E. Kitzmiller ( d . 1874 ) ) ) are among those which occupy the location of the 1863 speaker 's stand . 3 - d photo - rendering and - animation Assistant Professor of New Media at the University of North Carolina at Asheville , Christopher Oakley and his students are `` working to produce a lifelike virtual 3 - D re-creation of Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address '' as part of the Virtual Lincoln Project . After taking precise measurements , some using lasers , and countless photographs on Cemetery Hill in 2013 , Oakley 's team used 3 - D animation software Maya to estimate locations for the platform and the photographers who recorded its occupants . This work remains under development . Resolution Frassanito 's analysis places the dedicatory platform at the graves of George Kitzmiller , Israel Yount and John Koch . Popular ( and erroneous ) locations are indicated in the distant background . The GNMP marker , Wills ' interpretation of Harrison 's analysis , and the Frassanito analysis concur that the platform was located in private Evergreen Cemetery , rather than public Soldiers ' National Cemetery . The National Park Service 's National Cemetery Walking Tour brochure is one NPS document which agrees : The Soldiers ' National Monument , long misidentified as the spot from which Lincoln spoke , honors the fallen soldiers . ( The location of the speech ) was actually on the crown of this hill , a short distance on the other side of the iron fence and inside the Evergreen Cemetery , where President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address to a crowd of some 15,000 people . While the GNMP marker is unspecific , providing only `` to your left '' , the locations determined by the Harrison / Wills analysis and the Frassanito analysis differ by 40 yards . Frassanito has documented 1 ) his own conclusion , 2 ) his own methods and 3 ) a refutation of the Harrison site , but neither the GNMP nor Harrison has provided any documentation . Each of the three points to a location in Evergreen Cemetery , as do modern NPS publications . Although Lincoln dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery , the monument at the Cemetery 's center actually has nothing to do with Lincoln or his famous speech . Intended to symbolize Columbia paying tribute to her fallen sons , its appreciation has been commandeered by the thirst for a tidy home for the speech . Freeing the Cemetery and Monument to serve their original purpose , honoring of Union departed , is as unlikely as a resolution to the location controversy and the erection of a public monument to the speech in the exclusively private Evergreen Cemetery . Legacy The words of the Gettysburg Address can be seen carved into the south wall of the interior of the Lincoln Memorial , designed by Henry Bacon and sculpted and painted by Daniel Chester French and Jules Guerin , respectively . The importance of the Gettysburg Address in the history of the United States is underscored by its enduring presence in American culture . In addition to its prominent place carved into a stone cella on the south wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the Gettysburg Address is frequently referred to in works of popular culture , with the implicit expectation that contemporary audiences will be familiar with Lincoln 's words . In the many generations that have passed since the Address , it has remained among the most famous speeches in American history , and is often taught in classes about history or civics . Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address is itself referenced in another of those famed orations , Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963 , King began with a reference , by the style of his opening phrase , to President Lincoln and his enduring words : `` Five score years ago , a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand today , signed the Emancipation Proclamation . This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice . '' Phrases from the Address are often used or referenced in other works . The current Constitution of France states that the principle of the French Republic is `` gouvernement du peuple , par le peuple et pour le peuple '' ( `` government of the people , by the people , and for the people '' ) , a literal translation of Lincoln 's words . Sun Yat - Sen 's `` Three Principles of the People '' as well as the preamble for the 1947 Constitution of Japan were also inspired from that phrase . The aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln has as its ship 's motto the phrase `` shall not perish '' . U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts wrote of the address and its enduring presence in American culture after Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 : `` That speech , uttered at the field of Gettysburg ... and now sanctified by the martyrdom of its author , is a monumental act . In the modesty of his nature he said ' the world will little note , nor long remember what we say here ; but it can never forget what they did here . ' He was mistaken . The world at once noted what he said , and will never cease to remember it . '' U.S. President John F. Kennedy stated in July 1963 about the battle and Lincoln 's speech : `` Five score years ago the ground on which we here stand shuddered under the clash of arms and was consecrated for all time by the blood of American manhood . Abraham Lincoln , in dedicating this great battlefield , has expressed , in words too eloquent for paraphrase or summary , why this sacrifice was necessary . '' Kennedy would meet the same fate as Abraham Lincoln only three days after the Gettysburg Address centennial . In 2015 , the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation compiled Gettysburg Replies : The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . The work challenges leaders to craft 272 word responses to celebrate Abraham Lincoln , the Gettysburg Address , or a related topic . One of the replies was by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson in which he made the point that one of Lincoln 's greatest legacies was establishing , in the same year of the Gettysburg Address , the National Academy of Sciences , which had the longterm effect of `` setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance , without which we all may perish from this Earth '' . Envelope and other myths A common American myth about the Gettysburg Address is that Lincoln quickly wrote the speech on the back of an envelope . This widely held misunderstanding may be a result of a popular book , The Perfect Tribute , by Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews , first published in 1906 , in which this myth appears . The best - selling work was assigned reading for generations of schoolchildren , sold 600,000 copies when published as a standalone volume , and was twice adapted for film . Other lesser - known claims include Harriet Beecher Stowe 's assertion that Lincoln had composed the address `` in only a few moments , '' and that of industrialist Andrew Carnegie , who claimed to have personally supplied President Lincoln 's pen . See also Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg Notes The Gettysburg Address : Nicolay copy , page 1 ( jpg ) , page 2 ( jpg ) . The Library of Congress . The Gettysburg Address : Hay copy , page 1 ( jpg ) , page 2 ( jpg ) . The Library of Congress . Everett copy ( jpg ) . virtualgettsyburg.com . Retrieved from internet archive 2007 - 06 - 14 version on 2007 - 12 - 10 . Bancroft copy cover letter ( pic ) , Bancroft copy , page 1 ( pic ) , page 2 ( pic ) . Cornell University Library . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Bliss copy , page 1 ( jpg ) , page 2 ( jpg ) , page 3 ( jpg ) . Illinois Historic Preservation Agency . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 11 . References Jump up ^ `` Ultrarare photo of Abraham Lincoln discovered '' . Fox News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lidz , Franz ( October 2013 ) . `` Will the Real Abraham Lincoln Please Stand Up ? '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian , Wolly ( October 2013 ) . `` Interactive : Seeking Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Address '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conant , Sean ( 2015 ) . The Gettysburg Address : Perspectives on Lincoln 's Greatest Speech . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. ix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022745 - 6 . Jump up ^ Holsinger , M. Paul ( 1999 ) . War and American Popular Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29908 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gettysburg Address '' . History . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert J. McNamara . `` Emancipation Proclamation '' . www.about.com 19th Century History . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White Jr. , Ronald C. The Words That Moved a Nation in : `` Abraham Lincoln : A Legacy of Freedom '' , Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State -- Bureau of International Information Programs , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Fox , Christopher Graham ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` A analysis of Abraham Lincoln 's poetic Gettysburg Address '' . foxthepoet.blogspot.de . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 , pp. 24 -- 25 , p. 35 , pp. 34 -- 35 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Goldman , A.S. ; Schmalstieg Jr , F.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg illness '' . Journal of medical biography . 15 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 110 . PMID 17551612 . doi : 10.1258 / j. jmb. 2007.06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Boritt , Gabor . The Gettysburg Gospel : The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows . Simon & Schuster , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim ( 2000 ) . Long Road to Gettysburg . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 05157 - 1 . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Reid , Ronald F. ( 1990 ) . Edward Everett : Unionist Orator . Volume 7 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26164 - 0 . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alfred L. Brophy , `` ' These Great and Beautiful Republics of the Dead ' : Public Constitutionalism and the Antebellum Cemetery '' Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim . The Long Road to Gettysburg , New York : Clarion Books , 1992 . p. 105 , `` with a pronounced Kentucky accent '' . ^ Jump up to : Gopnik , Adam ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` Angels and Ages : Lincoln 's language and its legacy '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Gopnik notes , `` Gabor Boritt , in his book The Gettysburg Gospel , has a thirty - page appendix that compares what Lincoln ( probably ) read at the memorial with what people heard and reported . Most of the differences are small , and due to understandable confusions ... A few disputes seem more significant . '' Jump up ^ Also note Johnson 's reference that `` In 1895 Congress had voted to place at Gettysburg a bronze tablet engraved with the address but had mandated a text that does not correspond to any in Lincoln 's hand or to contemporary newspaper accounts . The statute is reprinted in Henry Sweetser Burrage , Gettysburg and Lincoln : The Battle , the Cemetery , and the National Park ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1906 ) , 211 . '' ^ Jump up to : Boritt , Gabor . The Gettysburg Gospel : The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows. , Appendix B p. 290 : `` This is the only copy that ... Lincoln dignified with a title : ' Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg . ' , a rare full signature , and the date : ' November 19 , 1863 . ' ... This final draft , generally considered the standard text , remained in the Bliss family until 1949 . '' ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M ( July 16 , 1992 ) . `` The Art of Abraham Lincoln '' . The New York Review of Books . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yes We Can ! The Lost Art Of Oratory '' . BBC Two . April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pericles ' Funeral Oration from Thucydides : Peloponnesian War '' . Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics . The Constitution Society . 2007 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haney , John L. ( 7 November 1944 ) . `` Of the People , by the People , for the People '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 88 ( 5 ) : 359 -- 367 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Albert , ed . The American Monthly Review of Reviews . Vol . XXIII , January -- June 1901 . New York : The Review of Reviews Company , 1901 . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Herndon , William H. and Jesse W. Welk . Abraham Lincoln : The True Story of A Great Life New York : D. Appleton and Company , 1892 . Vol II. , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig ( Fall 2000 ) . `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' . American Communication Journal . 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Second Reply to Hayne ( January 26 -- 27 , 1830 ) '' . Daniel Webster : Dartmouth 's Favorite Son . Dartmouth . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Webster himself may have been relying on earlier use of similar language . For example , John Hobhouse , 1st Baron Broughton had employed similar phraseology in 1819 : `` I am a man chosen for the people , by the people ; and , if elected , I will do no other business than that of the people . '' See Broughton , John and Burdett , Francis . An Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election , which Commenced on Saturday , February 13th , and Closed on Wednesday , March 3d , 1819 p. 105 ( Published by R. Stodart , 1819 ) . Jump up ^ Vosmeier , Matthew Noah ( January -- February 1992 ) . `` Lincoln and the ' Central Idea of the Occasion ' : Garry Wills 's Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words that Remade America . '' . Lincoln Lore . The Lincoln Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C ( November 21 , 2006 ) . `` When the Court lost its Conscience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McInerney , Daniel J ( September 2000 ) . `` Review of Allen C. Guelzo , Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President '' . H - Pol , H - Net Reviews . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3872 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Martin P ( Summer 2003 ) . `` Who Stole the Gettysburg Address '' . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association . 24 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Rao , Maya ( April 6 , 2005 ) . `` C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address '' . Cornell Daily Sun . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . : `` Several months after President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg address , renowned historian George Bancroft attended a reception at the White House . There , he asked Lincoln for a hand - written copy of the address , and that manuscript is now the highlight of Cornell University Library 's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections . '' `` ( Visitors ) ... can also see the letter Lincoln enclosed when he mailed the copy to Bancroft , which is dated February 29 , 1864 . '' Jump up ^ White , Ronald C. Jr . The Eloquent President : A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words . New York : Random House , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6119 - 9 Appendix 9 , p. 390 : `` The Bliss copy ... Lincoln made in March 1864 ... The Everett and Bancroft copies , both of which Lincoln made in February 1864 . '' ^ Jump up to : Boritt , Gabor ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` In Lincoln 's Hand '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Preservation of the drafts of the Gettysburg Address at the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolay , J. `` Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address '' , Century Magazine 47 ( February 1894 ) : 596 -- 608 , cited by Johnson , Martin P. `` Who Stole the Gettysburg Address '' , Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24 ( 2 ) ( Summer 2003 ) : 1 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gettysburg Address Nicolay draft '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandburg , Carl . `` Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg '' . In : Abraham Lincoln : The War Years ( 1939 ) New York : Harcourt , Brace & Company . II , 452 -- 57 ; cited by Prochnow , Victor Herbert . ed . Great Stories from Great Lives Freeport : Books for Libraries Press , 1944 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2018 - X , p. 13 : `` The Cincinnati Commercial reporter wrote ' The President rises slowly , draws from his pocket a paper ... ( and ) reads the brief and pithy remarks . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Garry . Appendix I : `` this text does not have three important phrases that the joint newspaper accounts prove he actually spoke , '' and `` there is no physical impossibility that this is the delivery text , but it is ... unlikely that it is . '' Jump up ^ Top Treasures . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ David Mearns , `` Unknown at this Address '' , in Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address : Commemorative Papers , ed . Allan Nevins ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1964 ) , 133 ; Mearns and Dunlap , caption describing the facsimile of the Hay text in Long Remembered. ; both cited in Johnson , `` Who Stole the Gettysburg Address '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gettysburg National Military Park '' . United States Department of the Interior , National Park Service . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Historical Handbook Number Nine 1954 ( Revised 1962 ) , at the Gettysburg National Military Park Historical Handbook website . Jump up ^ `` The Gettysburg Address Hay draft '' . Library of Congress . September 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Bancroft '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See also : George Bancroft . Encarta . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg Address '' . Cornell University Library . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Collections : Nicholas H. Noyes ' 06 and Marguerite Lilly Noyes '' . Cornell University Library . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address Manuscript '' . The Cornell Daily Sun . April 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` About Oscar B. Cintas '' . Oscar B. Cintas foundation . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boritt , Gabor ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Change of Address : The Gettysburg drafts '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . D6 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wills , Appendix I . Jump up ^ `` The Gettysburg Address '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryan , William Jennings , ed. 1906 . The World 's Famous Orations Vol . IX . America : II . ( 1818 -- 1865 ) . `` V . The Speech at Gettysburg by Abraham Lincoln . '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 1846 -- 1900 : The News Cooperative Takes Shape '' . History / Archives : The Associated Press . Associated Press.org . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Heroes of July ; A Solemn and Imposing Event . Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburgh '' . The New York Times . November 20 , 1863 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Full article in PDF available here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Hark , Ann . `` Mrs. John T. Myers Relives the Day She Met the Great Emancipator '' . Recollections of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg . Abraham Lincoln online . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Citing the Philadelphia Public Ledger of February 7 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Foote , Shelby ( 1986 ) ( 1958 ) . The Civil War , A Narrative : Fredericksburg to Meridian . Vintage Books . p. 832 . 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Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lost and Found Sound : An American Record Transcript '' , National Endowment for the Humanities . Jump up ^ `` The Only Known Photograph of President Lincoln at the dedication of the Civil War cemetery at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , November 19 , 1863 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bachrach in the news '' . Bachrach photography . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walker , Cliff ( ed . ) ( September 2002 ) . `` Lincoln 's Gettysburg ' Under God ' : Another case of ' retrofitting ' ? ( reply ) '' . Positive Atheism . Archived from the original on 2002 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Randi , James ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Lincoln Embellished '' . James Randi Educational Foundation . 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( F ) our days before the March ( King ) told Al Duckett , a black journalist ... that his August 28 oration needed to be `` sort of a Gettysburg Address '' . Jump up ^ `` Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sharman , Lyon ( 1968 ) . Sun Yat - sen : His life and its meaning , a critical biography . Stanford University Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Bhagwan , Vishnoo ; Bhushan , Vidya ( 2004 ) . World Constitutions -- A Comparative Study . New Delhi : Sterling . p. 445 . Jump up ^ `` USS Abraham Lincoln '' . United States Navy . Carrier Strike Group NINE . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln ( CVN - 72 ) adopted Lincoln 's phrase `` Shall not perish '' as her motto . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . 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New York : Peter Smith . Boritt , Gabor ( 2006 ) . The Gettysburg Gospel : The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows Simon & Schuster . 432 pp. ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8820 - 3 . Busey , John W. , and Martin , David G. , Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , 4th Ed. , Longstreet House , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 944413 - 67 - 6 . Frassanito , William A. ( 1995 ) . Early Photography at Gettysburg . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57747 - 032 - 8 . Gramm , Kent ( 2001 ) . November : Lincoln 's Elegy at Gettysburg . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34032 - 2 . Herndon , William H. and Welk , Jesse W. ( 1892 ) . Abraham Lincoln : The True Story of A Great Life ( Vol II ) . New York : D. Appleton and Company . Johnson , Martin P. Writing the Gettysburg Address ( 2013 ) Kunhardt , Philip B. , Jr. ( 1983 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Lincoln at Gettysburg . Little Brown & Co. 263 pp. ISBN 0 - 316 - 50600 - 1 . Lafantasie , Glenn . `` Lincoln and the Gettysburg Awakening '' . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 1995 16 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 89 . ISSN 0898 - 4212 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1996 ) . Drawn with the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509679 - 7 . Murphy , Jim ( 1992 ) . The Long Road to Gettysburg . New York : Clarion Books . 128 pp. ISBN 0 - 395 - 55965 - 0 . Prochnow , Victor Herbert . ed. ( 1944 ) . Great Stories from Great Lives . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press , 1944 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2018 - X . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Reid , Ronald F. `` Newspaper Responses to the Gettysburg Addresses '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech 1967 53 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 60 . ISSN 0033 - 5630 . Sandburg , Carl ( 1939 ) . `` Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg '' . In : Abraham Lincoln : The War Years New York : Harcourt , Brace & Company . II , 452 -- 457 . ASIN : B000BPD8GC . Sauers , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . `` Battle of Gettysburg '' . In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Heidler , David S. , and Heidler , Jeanne T. , eds . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Selzer , Linda . `` Historicizing Lincoln : Garry Wills and the Canonization of the ' Gettysburg Address '' . Rhetoric Review Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( Autumn 1997 ) , pp. 120 -- 137 . Simon , et al. , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Lincoln Forum : Abraham Lincoln , Gettysburg , and the Civil War . Mason City : Savas Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 37 - 6 . White , Ronald C. , Jr. ( 2005 ) . The Eloquent President : A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words . New York : Random House . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6119 - 9 . Wieck , Carl F. ( 2002 ) . Lincoln 's Quest for Equality : The Road to Gettysburg . Northern Illinois University Press . 224 pp. ISBN 0 - 87580 - 299 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 1992 ) . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Remade America . New York : Simon and Schuster . 319 pp. ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wilson , Douglas L. ( 2006 ) . Lincoln 's Sword : The Presidency and the Power of Words . Knopf. 352 pp. ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4039 - 6 . Primary sources Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation , ed . Gettysburg Replies : The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 2015 ) ISBN 1493009125 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Gettysburg Oration Wikisource has original text related to this article : Gettysburg Address Library of Congress , Gettysburg Address exhibit Gettysburg National Military Park ( GNMP ) Gettysburg Historical Handbook Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students Cornell University Library exhibit on Contemporary newspaper reactions . Abraham Lincoln : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Gettysburg Address read by Sam Waterston , Matthew Broderick , Ken Burns , David McCullough , Stephen Lang , Paul W. Bucha , etc . Music by John Williams . Gettysburg Address audio performances by Jeff Daniels , Jim Getty , Johnny Cash , Colin Powell , Sam Waterston , and W.F. 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-4823817194198394472	Gaby Hoffmann	Gaby Hoffmann - wikipedia Gaby Hoffmann Gaby Hoffmann Hoffmann in June 2015 Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( 1982 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Fort Greene , Brooklyn , New York Education Buckley School Calabasas High School Alma mater Bard College ( 2004 ) Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Children Parent ( s ) Viva ( mother ) Anthony Herrera ( father ) Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( born January 8 , 1982 ) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles on Sleepless in Seattle , Transparent and Girls , which garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 , respectively . Additionally , she is remembered as a child actress from the films Field of Dreams , Uncle Buck , Now and Then , and Volcano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Life at the Chelsea Hotel 1.2 Adolescence on the West Coast 1.3 College and assorted jobs 2 Career 2.1 Childhood acting career 2.2 Teen and college years : 1996 -- 2003 2.3 Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 2.4 Return to film work : 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hoffmann was born in Manhattan , New York City , New York . Her mother , Viva ( born Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann ) , is an actress , writer and former Warhol superstar , and her father , Anthony Herrera , was a soap opera actor best known for his role as James Stenbeck from As the World Turns . Viva and Herrera were estranged shortly after Hoffmann 's birth ; she was raised by her mother at the Chelsea Hotel in New York . Her father did not have a significant presence in her life . Hoffmann 's birth is documented in Brigid Berlin 's The Andy Warhol Diaries . An entry dated January 10 , 1982 , two days after Hoffmann was born , says that a friend of Warhol 's telephoned Warhol and told him that they were going to the Chelsea Hotel to see Viva and her new baby . Hoffmann 's mother was raised in a devout Catholic family on Long Island , the daughter of an attorney . She was previously married to director Michel Auder in 1969 . Gaby has a half - sister , Alexandra `` Alex '' Auder , who is 11 years older . Auder teaches yoga in New York City . Hoffmann 's father was raised in Wiggins , Mississippi by his maternal grandparents ; his own father , Gaby 's biological great - grandfather was referenced , viewed , and stated on the PBS series , Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr . Season 4 , Episode 8 , to be Gaston L Malecot . An instructor at Columbia University and a World War 1 veteran . Herrera died in 2011 from cancer . Hoffmann attended elementary school in Manhattan at P.S. 3 on Hudson Street in the West Village , then another school in Hell 's Kitchen . After she moved to Los Angeles in 1994 , she attended the Buckley School , before finally graduating from Calabasas High School in 1999 . Life at the Chelsea Hotel ( edit ) Until July 1993 , Hoffmann lived in Manhattan 's Chelsea Hotel ( now a landmark ) , which Hoffmann later said she enjoyed . According to Hoffmann , she and her best friend Talya Shomron would roller - skate in the hallways , spy on the drug dealer across the hall , and persuade the bellman to go to the neighborhood delicatessen at night to fetch them ice cream . Hoffmann recalled , `` I grew up in downtown New York in the ' 80s . I have a friend who grew up with me , and she puts it well . She says , ' If you grew up where we grew up , if you were n't an artist , a drag queen , queer , or a drug addict , then you were the freak ( unusual one ) . ' I grew up in a world where I guess what is considered unusual or abnormal for the rest of America was very much considered the norm . '' She also reported in an interview that there had been gunfire and a rape at the hotel shortly before they moved out of it . Hoffmann and her mother left the Chelsea Hotel after a long - standing dispute with the management that ended in eviction . Regardless , Gaby 's connection to the hotel resulted in a significant effect on her future . The idea for the 1994 sitcom Someone Like Me originated after Gail Berman ( former president of Viacom 's Paramount Pictures ) read a New York Times article about the hotel which referred to a children 's book that Viva and friend Jane Lancellotti wrote , Gaby at the Chelsea ( a take on Kay Thompson 's 1950s classic Eloise books ) . Berman became the show 's producer . Adolescence on the west coast ( edit ) When Hoffmann was 11 , after leaving the Chelsea , Hoffmann and her mother moved to the west coast to a two - bedroom rented house in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , California , which was badly damaged in the January 17 , 1994 Northridge earthquake . While regrouping their living situation , Gaby and her mother temporarily lived at The Oceana Suites Hotel in Santa Monica , California . College and assorted jobs ( edit ) After she graduated from Calabasas High School in 1999 , Hoffmann followed her half - sister Alex 's example and entered New York 's Bard College to pursue a degree in literature and writing . Around 2001 , she temporarily left her acting career to complete her studies and graduated in 2004 ; her senior thesis was a documentary film . After college , she spent much of her 20s drifting . She interned with a chef in Italy , and then trained to be a doula after helping deliver Alex 's children . For a time , Hoffmann and a boyfriend lived in an old trailer in the Catskill Mountains . Career ( edit ) Childhood acting career ( edit ) Hoffmann began her acting career at the age of four to help pay the family bills by acting in commercials . In 1989 , she starred in her first movie , Field of Dreams , with Kevin Costner. 1989 's Uncle Buck followed , working beside John Candy and up - and - coming child star Macaulay Culkin . However , she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired . Nevertheless , upon hearing that Culkin ( whom she disliked when they worked together ) was making a lot of money in feature films , her `` competitive spirit got the best of her , '' as she later put it , and she re-entered the profession . She went on to star in This Is My Life ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) with Tom Hanks and The Man Without a Face with Mel Gibson ( who also directed the film ) . According to Hoffmann , it was the praise she received for her performance in This is My Life which encouraged her to pursue a full - time acting career in Hollywood as it gave her the confidence she needed to handle major roles . In 1994 , Hoffmann was given the starring role in her own sitcom Someone Like Me ( on NBC ) about a young girl , Gaby , and her dysfunctional family . Although generally well received , the show only lasted six episodes . Publicity work for the show included personal appearances by Hoffmann on late night talk shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman . After Someone Like Me , Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film Freaky Friday , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris . In the same year as Freaky Friday , Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha ( the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore 's character ) in the coming - of - age feature film , Now and Then . In 1995 , Hoffmann played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film Whose Daughter Is She ? . Teen and College years : 1996 -- 2003 ( edit ) Between 1996 and 2001 , Hoffmann landed roles in several films including Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) , Volcano ( 1997 ) , Snapped ( 1998 ) , The Hairy Bird ( 1998 ) , 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) , Coming Soon ( 1999 ) , Black & White ( 1999 ) , You Can Count on Me ( 2000 ) , and Perfume ( 2001 ) . Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 ( edit ) Between 2003 and 2007 , Hoffmann largely concentrated on a theatre career in New York . Roles included 24 Hour Plays ( as Denise at the American Airlines Theatre ) , The Sugar Syndrome ( Williamstown Theatre Festival -- July / August 2005 ) , and Third ( Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater / Lincoln Center Theater -- September -- December 2005 ) . In late 2005 , she starred in an episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent . She also appeared in the Broadway play Suburbia , alongside Kieran Culkin and Jessica Capshaw at the Second Stage Theatre on 43rd Street in New York City , which ran from September to October 2006 . Hoffmann then returned to the 24 Hours Plays where she acted alongside Jennifer Aniston . Return to film work : 2007 -- Present ( edit ) Since 2007 , Hoffmann has made a gradual return to film acting . In 2007 , she starred in the film Severed Ways : The Norse Discovery of America . In 2008 , she appeared in Guest of Cindy Sherman , a documentary on art - scene commentator Paul Hasegawa - Overacker 's relationship with enigmatic photographer Cindy Sherman . Later in 2008 , Hoffmann appeared in the documentary Chelsea on the Rocks , which is a tribute to the Chelsea Hotel where she grew up . Directed by Abel Ferrara , the documentary highlights the many personalities and artistic voices that have emerged from the legendary residence . In 2009 , Hoffmann had a supporting role in Todd Solondz 's Life During Wartime , and the thriller 13 with Mickey Rourke ( released in 2010 ) . More recently , Hoffmann has starred alongside Michael Cera in Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus ( 2013 ) . While shooting the film in Chile , she and Cera took mescaline for her performance in a climactic scene . Recent guest appearances have been in the television series Louie and Girls in Season 3 . Hoffmann said that she will be coming back in season 4 of Girls . Hoffmann ( bottom left ) . She is seen here with fellow cast members of Transparent in 2015 In 2013 , she completed work on the lead role of a Web series entitled Lyle , created by Stewart Thorndike and Jill Soloway . It was shot in NYC . She subsequently acquired an apartment in Brooklyn 's Fort Greene section . In October 2013 , she starred in the 1910s installment of Vanity Fair 's The Decades Series , `` The First March '' , directed by Gilly Barnes . Hoffmann has discussed her full frontal nude scenes in a few of her recent projects including Crystal Fairy , Girls and the Amazon series Transparent . On nudity , Hoffmann said : `` People are obsessed with actresses being hairless , fatless Barbie dolls . They ca n't imagine that people would want to be anything other than that . When they are , it 's looked at as almost a political statement . Look at Lena Dunham . She is a gorgeous woman and people ca n't stop talking about how brave she is to show herself naked , which I find totally condescending and ridiculous . If Angelina Jolie was naked onscreen no one would say she was brave . The implication is that Lena 's brave because she does n't look the way she 's supposed to look . I think that 's a shame . '' Jill Soloway wrote the role Hoffmann plays in Transparent for her after seeing her performance on Louis C.K. 's third season of Louie . In 2016 she appeared in video as an onstage `` stand - in '' during the Nostalgic For the Present concert tour of Australian singer Sia Furler for her song , `` Unstoppable . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Hoffmann has a daughter , Rosemary , born in November 2014 , with longtime boyfriend , cinematographer Chris Dapkins ( born on November 19 , 1980 ) . She lives in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Field of Dreams Karin Kinsella 1989 Uncle Buck Maizy Russell This Is My Life Opal Ingels 1993 Sleepless in Seattle Jessica 1993 The Man Without a Face Megan Norstadt 1995 Now and Then Samantha `` Sam '' Albertson Everyone Says I Love You Lane Dandridge 1997 Volcano Kelly Roark 1998 All I Wanna Do Odette Sinclair 1998 Snapped Tara 1999 200 Cigarettes Stephie 1999 Coming Soon Jenny Simon 1999 Black and White Raven 2000 You Can Count on Me Sheila Seidleman Perfume Gabrielle Mancini 2007 Severed Ways Orn 's Wife 2009 Life During Wartime Wanda 13 Clara Ferro 2011 Wolfe with an E Karen 2011 Confidante Sam Short film 2011 The Surrogate Mary Sally 2012 Nate & Margaret Darla 2013 Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Crystal Fairy 2013 All That I Am Susan 2013 Goodbye World Laura 2014 Obvious Child Nellie 2014 Veronica Mars Ruby Jetson 2014 Wild Aimee 2014 Lyle Leah 2015 Manhattan Romance Emmy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Someone Like Me Gaby Stepjak 6 episodes 1995 Freaky Friday Annabelle Andrews Television film 1995 Whose Daughter Is She ? Andrea Eagerton Television film 2005 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Rachel Burnett Episode : `` The Good Child '' 2009 The Eastmans Dr. Sally Eastman Pilot Private Practice Emily Episode : `` Just Lose It '' 2011 The Good Wife Rhonda Cerone Episode : `` Killer Song '' 2011 Homeland CNN Producer Episode : `` Clean Skin '' 2012 Louie April Episode : `` Something Is Wrong '' 2014 -- 2017 Girls Caroline Sackler 8 episodes 2014 -- present Transparent Alexandria `` Ali '' Pfefferman Series regular 2016 High Maintenance Gaby Episode : `` Tick '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Motion Picture Field of Dreams Won 1993 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Under Ten in a Motion Picture This Is My Life Nominated 1994 Young Artist Award Best Youth Actress Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama The Man Without a Face Nominated 1995 Young Artist Award Best Youth Comedienne in a TV Show Someone Like Me Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance by a Young Ensemble -- Feature Film or Video Now and Then Nominated 1997 YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Everyone Says I Love You Nominated 2014 Independent Spirit Award Best Female Lead Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Nominated 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Girls Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Transparent Nominated 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stated on Finding Your Roots , November 21 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Tina . `` Gaby Hoffmann , 1997 '' . Index Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on Girls , Growing Up in ' 80s New York , and Her Amazon Show Transparent '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Award Nominations : Full List of 2015 Emmy Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Lara ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Do you remember ... Gaby Hoffmann ? '' . reveal.co.uk . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Auder Auder -- United States Public Records , 1970 -- 2009 '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara L. ( April 29 , 1968 ) . `` La Dolce Viva '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . San Antonio Express - News . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . Stone County Enterprise . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Dana ( March 25 , 1994 ) . `` 30 Minutes of Fame '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caddell , Ian ( March 5 , 1992 ) . `` Child actor Gaby Hoffmann sounds off on directors , costars , and Madonna '' . Straight.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on child stars and coming back to acting on her own terms '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brock , Chris ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Paintings of Viva Hoffmann on exhibit at Thousand Islands Arts Center '' . Watertown Daily Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brodesser - Akner , Taffy ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Chelsea Hotel Had Its Own Eloise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Villeneuve , Poppy ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alexandra Auder , Yoga Teacher '' ( video interview ) . AnotherMag.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Soboroff , Jacob ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Says Mel Gibson Screamed And Made Her Cry As A Child Actor ( video ) '' ( video interview ) . Huffington Post Live . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julie Miller ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Cera and Gaby Hoffmann on Crystal Fairy , Acting on Mescaline , and Trips with Strangers '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Now playing adults '' . Hollywood & Fine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Gilly ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Decades Series : The 1910s '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Bikini Line , a Growing Trend : Brazilian Bikini Wax ? In a New Trend in Hair Removal , Women Prefer the Natural Look '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jennifer Ashley ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Warhol Would Have Loved Her '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jessie ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pret - a Reporter : Dynamic Duos : Jill Soloway and Gaby Hoffmann are Ready to Inhabit Your Brain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matasci , Matt . `` Star - Studded Coachella 2016 Sia Set Features Pre-Recorded Cameos By Tig Notaro , Paul Dano and Kristen Wiig '' . music.mxdwn.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ; Jordan , Julie ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Welcomes Daughter Rosemary '' . People . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zaman , Farihah ( 2012 ) . `` Chris Dapkins : 25 New Faces of Independent Film ( 2012 ) '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ; Jordan , Julie ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Expecting First Child '' . People . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Is Pregnant , Girls Guest Star Expecting First Child With Boyfriend Chris Dapkins '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Gaby Hoffmann on IMDb Gaby Hoffmann at the Internet Broadway Database BNF : cb140526586 ( data ) GND : 14377011X ISNI : 0000 0001 1563 1700 LCCN : no96019667 SNAC : w6vm5857 VIAF : 27269490 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaby_Hoffmann&oldid=849742543 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City American child actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Bard College alumni People from Manhattan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 01 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the little girl in field of dreams	[ "Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann (born January 8, 1982) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles on Sleepless in Seattle, Transparent and Girls,[3] which garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015, respectively.[4] Additionally, she is remembered as a child actress from the films Field of Dreams, Uncle Buck, Now and Then, and Volcano.[5]\n" ]	[ "Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann" ]
-5827829211297493598	Colin Fickes	Colin fickes - Wikipedia Colin fickes This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colin Fickes Raleigh , North Carolina , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1994 -- present Colin Fickes is an American actor . He is best known as high school teenager Jimmy Edwards on the hit series One Tree Hill . In one of the series ' most notable episodes , the character committed suicide after bringing a gun to his school Tree Hill High , resulting in a hostage situation . Jimmy Edwards was seen in the very first episode of One Tree Hill . The character 's death motivated much of the drama in the third season . Fickes also appeared in the 2007 hit , Transformers as a Pentagon Analyst . Additionally , he has appeared in several other feature films and made guest television appearances , including a recurring role on Dawson 's Creek . Colin was a classmate of writer / director Nick Karner and actress Aubrey Dollar , he attended Needham B. Broughton High School . He has recently completed a movie called The Go - Getter where he plays Cousin Buddy alongside Lou Taylor Pucci , Zooey Deschanel and Jena Malone . Filmography ( edit ) 10 Years Later ( 2010 ) -- Drew The Chopping Block ( 2009 ) -- Arthur The New Twenty ( 2009 ) -- Ben Barr Late in the Game ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Ben Barr Broken Angel ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Hank Ten Years Later ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Drew Over Her Dead Body ( 2008 ) -- Don Sunny & Share Love You ( 2007 ) -- Jason Trumble Fast Company ( 2007 ) -- Ben Barr Transformers ( 2007 ) -- Pentagon analyst # 1 The Go - Getter ( 2007 ) -- Cousin Buddy Chrystal ( 2004 ) -- Hog One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) -- Jimmy Edwards Roger Dodger ( 2002 ) -- Angus Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2001 ) -- Glenn Rudd Cherry Falls ( 2000 ) -- Dino The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) -- Tuba Player Dawson 's Creek ( 1998 ) -- Kenny The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) -- Newsboy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrok , Damian ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Most Shocking One Tree Hill Ever ? '' . TV Guide Network . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Colin Fickes on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 7136 9615 VIAF : 100737490 This article about an American film and television actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Fickes&oldid=801424958 '' Categories : American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from North Carolina Actors from Raleigh , North Carolina Needham B. Broughton High School alumni American screen actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played jimmy edwards on one tree hill	[]	[]
-19411740187415814	List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters	List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Characters - wikipedia List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Characters This article is about the characters from the television series . For a list of agents in the fictional organization , see List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members . Main cast members ( L-R ) Gregg , Wen , Dalton , Bennet , De Caestecker , and Henstridge at PaleyFest 2014 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world of superheroes . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the feature and short films of the franchise . The series stars Clark Gregg , reprising his role of Phil Coulson from the films , as well as Ming - Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki joined the cast for the second and third seasons , while Henry Simmons and Luke Mitchell had recurring roles in the second season before being promoted to the main cast for the third . John Hannah , who recurred in the third season , joined the main cast in the fourth , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley , who recurred in both the third and fourth seasons , was promoted to the main cast for the series ' fifth season . Jeff Ward was promoted to the main cast for the sixth season after recurring in the fifth . Additionally , several other characters from Marvel Cinematic Universe films and Marvel One - Shots also appear throughout the series , along with other characters based on various Marvel Comics properties . Several characters from the series also appear in the supplemental digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot . This list includes the series ' main cast , all guest stars deemed to have had recurring roles throughout the series , and any other guest who is otherwise notable . Contents 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Phil Coulson 2.2 Melinda May 2.3 Grant Ward 2.3. 1 Hive 2.4 Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson / Quake 2.5 Leo Fitz 2.6 Jemma Simmons 2.7 Lance Hunter 2.8 Bobbi Morse 2.9 Mack 2.10 Lincoln Campbell 2.11 Holden Radcliffe 2.12 Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez 2.13 Deke Shaw 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in films 3.1. 1 Gideon Malick 3.2 Introduced in season one 3.2. 1 Mike Peterson / Deathlok 3.2. 2 Ian Quinn 3.2. 3 Raina 3.2. 4 Victoria Hand 3.2. 5 Davis 3.2. 6 Anne Weaver 3.2. 7 John Garrett / The Clairvoyant 3.2. 8 Antoine Triplett 3.2. 9 Glenn Talbot / Graviton 3.2. 10 The Koenigs 3.2. 11 Calvin Johnson 3.3 Introduced in season two 3.3. 1 Daniel Whitehall 3.3. 2 Sunil Bakshi 3.3. 3 Carl Creel 3.3. 4 Kara Palamas / Agent 33 3.3. 5 Jiaying Johnson 3.3. 6 Gordon 3.3. 7 Andrew Garner / Lash 3.3. 8 Robert Gonzales 3.3. 9 Alisha Whitley 3.3. 10 Kebo 3.4 Introduced in season three 3.4. 1 Rosalind Price 3.4. 2 Luther Banks 3.4. 3 Joey Gutierrez 3.4. 4 Werner von Strucker 3.4. 5 Giyera 3.4. 6 Polly Hinton 3.4. 7 J.T. James / Hellfire 3.4. 8 Anderson 3.4. 9 Piper 3.4. 10 Aida `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra 3.5 Introduced in season four 3.5. 1 Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider 3.5. 2 Gabe Reyes 3.5. 3 Lucy Bauer 3.5. 4 Jeffrey Mace / Patriot 3.5. 5 Ellen Nadeer 3.5. 6 Burrows 3.5. 7 Eli Morrow 3.5. 8 Anton Ivanov / The Superior 3.5. 9 Hope MacKenzie 3.5. 10 Enoch 3.6 Introduced in season five 3.6. 1 Tess 3.6. 2 Kasius 3.6. 3 Sinara 3.6. 4 Grill 3.6. 5 Flint 3.6. 6 Hale 3.6. 7 Ruby 3.6. 8 Qovas 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in films 4.2 Introduced in short films 4.3 Introduced in season one 4.4 Introduced in season two 4.5 Introduced in season three 4.6 Introduced in season four 4.7 Introduced in season five 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Appearances First Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Main characters Phil Coulson Clark Gregg `` Pilot '' Main Does not appear Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Main Grant Ward Hive Brett Dalton Main Recurring Does not appear `` 4,722 Hours '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Guest Does not appear Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet `` Pilot '' Main Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Main Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Main Lance Hunter Nick Blood `` Shadows '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Guest Does not appear Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons `` Shadows '' Does not appear Recurring Main Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell `` Afterlife '' Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Holden Radcliffe John Hannah `` The Singularity '' Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley `` Bouncing Back '' Does not appear Recurring Main Deke Shaw Jeff Ward `` Orientation '' Does not appear Recurring Main Recurring characters Mike Peterson Deathlok J. August Richards `` Pilot '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Ian Quinn David Conrad `` The Asset '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Raina Ruth Negga `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Victoria Hand Saffron Burrows `` The Hub '' Recurring Does not appear Davis Maximilian Osinski `` Repairs '' Guest Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Anne Weaver Christine Adams `` Seeds '' Guest Recurring Does not appear John Garrett The Clairvoyant Bill Paxton `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' Recurring Does not appear Antoine Triplett B.J. Britt Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Glenn Talbot Graviton Adrian Pasdar `` Providence '' Guest Recurring Does not appear The Koenigs Patton Oswalt Guest Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Calvin Johnson Kyle MacLachlan `` Beginning of the End '' Guest Recurring Does not appear Daniel Whitehall Reed Diamond `` Shadows '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Sunil Bakshi Simon Kassianides Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Carl Creel Brian Patrick Wade Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Kara Palamas Agent 33 Maya Stojan `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jiaying Johnson Dichen Lachman `` The Things We Bury '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gordon Jamie Harris `` What They Become '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andrew Garner Lash Blair Underwood `` One of Us '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Matthew Willig `` Laws of Nature '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Robert Gonzales Edward James Olmos `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alisha Whitley Alicia Vela - Bailey `` Scars '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Kebo Daz Crawford `` S.O.S. '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Rosalind Price Constance Zimmer `` Laws of Nature '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Luther Banks Andrew Howard Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Joey Gutierrez Juan Pablo Raba Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Werner von Strucker Spencer Treat Clark `` Purpose in the Machine '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gideon Malick Powers Boothe `` Among Us Hide ... '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Giyera Mark Dacascos `` Many Heads , One Tale '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Polly Hinton Lola Glaudini `` Spacetime '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring Does not appear J.T. James Hellfire Axle Whitehead `` Paradise Lost '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Anderson Alexander Wraith Does not appear Guest Does not appear Piper Briana Venskus `` Failed Experiments '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Aida `` Ophelia '' Madame Hydra Mallory Jansen `` Ascension '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Robbie Reyes Ghost Rider Gabriel Luna `` The Ghost '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gabe Reyes Lorenzo James Henrie Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lucy Bauer Lilli Birdsell Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jeffrey Mace Patriot Jason O'Mara `` Meet the New Boss '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ellen Nadeer Parminder Nagra `` Uprising '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Burrows Patrick Cavanaugh Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Eli Morrow José Zúñiga `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Anton Ivanov The Superior Zach McGowan `` Hot Potato Soup '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Hope MacKenzie Jordan Rivera `` Identity and Change '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Enoch Joel Stoffer `` World 's End '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Tess Eve Harlow `` Orientation '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Kasius Dominic Rains Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Sinara Florence Faivre Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Grill Pruitt Taylor Vince Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Flint Coy Stewart `` A Life Spent '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Hale Catherine Dent `` Rewind '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ruby Dove Cameron `` All the Comforts of Home '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Qovas Peter Mensah `` The Devil Complex '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Palicki began the season as a recurring guest star . She was promoted to series regular with the episode `` Aftershocks '' . These characters and actors appear in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot . Main characters ( edit ) Phil Coulson ( edit ) Main article : Phil Coulson Phillip `` Phil '' Coulson ( portrayed by Clark Gregg ) was the S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in charge of Project T.A.H.I.T.I. , meant to bring a potential dead Avenger back to life using a drug derived from an ancient alien corpse . Following his death in The Avengers , Fury resurrected Coulson using T.A.H.I.T.I. , and had his memories of the project replaced . Coulson puts together a team of agents , and they travel the world dealing with strange new cases . During this time , Hydra is revealed to have infiltrated S.H.I.E.L.D. , leading to the latter 's demise . Fury makes Coulson the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and tasks him with rebuilding the agency `` the right way '' . Coulson becomes romantically involved with Rosalind Price , the leader of an anti-Inhuman government taskforce , until her death at the hands of Grant Ward , one of Coulson 's former agents . He gets revenge by crushing Ward 's chest with his prosthetic hand . Following the signing of the Sokovia Accords , S.H.I.E.L.D. is re-legitimized , with the still officially dead Coulson replaced as director . In the Framework virtual reality , Coulson teaches about the dangers of Inhumans . It is later discovered that Phil Coulson is dying due to the side effect of having Ghost Rider in him during the final battle with Aida . Following the final battle with the gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot , Coulson retires to live out his last days on Tahiti with May . Clark Gregg Phil Coulson was created for Iron Man ; he was the first S.H.I.E.L.D. agent introduced in the MCU , and was portrayed by Gregg , who went on to play the character in several other MCU films and Marvel One - Shots . At the 2012 New York Comic Con , Gregg was announced to be starring as Coulson in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , despite the character dying in The Avengers . '' In April 2013 , Gregg said that he had found creator Joss Whedon 's explanation for Coulson 's resurrection `` fascinating '' and `` true to the world of the comics and mythology in general '' . On whether the resurrected Coulson would be the same as before he died , Gregg said `` I think if he had n't gone through some kind of change , it would n't be any good . '' After Coulson was promoted to Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Gregg said `` He kind of got his dream job that I do n't even think he would have ever dreamed he would be given ... it 's going to require him to move a little bit in the direction of a more pragmatic figure like Nick Fury '' . Discussing Coulson 's character progression through three seasons , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` First season Coulson would have beat Ward up and then thrown him over his shoulder and brought him back to Earth and locked him away . Season two Coulson would have defeated him and left him there on the other planet to fend for himself , '' while season three Coulson paused while a portal to Earth was closing to take the time to kill Ward . Speaking to the final episode of season five , which sees Coulson retires to live out his last days on Tahiti , Gregg said , `` My understanding is that Phil Coulson is no longer alive . He 's been brought back , he 's been really clear that he did n't want supernatural measures used again . I always felt like he thought almost like he was n't supposed to be here ... I do n't think there is a real buy back for the fact that this deal he made with the Ghost Rider is killing his body . '' Gregg also noted he was talking with the series showrunners about appearing in some form in the sixth season , as there had been some interest in including him . Melinda May ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Melinda May ( comics ) . Melinda Qiaolian May ( portrayed by Ming - Na Wen ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. ace pilot and weapons expert who is called `` the Cavalry '' , against her wishes , after a mission to Bahrain where she saved an entire S.H.I.E.L.D. team from a rogue gifted -- unbeknownst to S.H.I.E.L.D. , she did this by killing a young girl named Katya Belyakov . Still struggling to move past this event years later , May agrees to watch her old friend and partner Coulson for Fury , reporting to the latter and looking for potential side - effects of Project T.A.H.I.T.I. in the former . When Coulson becomes the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , May acts as his second - in - command , and over time begins to move past the events of Bahrain and even develop familial relationships with characters such as Skye . In the Framework , May did not kill Belyakov and becomes a top operative within Hydra . Following the fight against the gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot , May joins Coulson on his final days on Tahiti . Ming - Na Wen Wen was cast as May in October 2012 . Whedon had the character , who was originally listed with the name Agent Althea Rice on casting sheets , `` rolling around in his head '' for a long time . In preparation for the role , Wen was `` given a couple of background stories '' about May , but found it challenging to play a character who is respected by those around her when the audience does n't know why , stating `` It 's a challenge in different ways ... I use some of my own personal experience where we 've been scarred or we 've been greatly disappointed '' . When May 's past was revealed in `` Melinda '' , Wen called it `` devastating '' , explaining `` She was married , she was in love with Andrew , she had a job that she excelled at and loved and believed in -- so her world was pretty perfect ... To have learned what she had to do , for the good of the many ... I can understand why it would traumatize her so much and cause her to retreat . '' May 's shirt is the same blue as many S.H.I.E.L.D. agents in The Avengers such as Maria Hill , so as to have some continuity between her uniform and those established in the films . The rest of her costume is inspired by military flight suits , including a leather vest , and pants with stretch panels to aid with fighting . Following the series premiere , Wen teased the character , saying that `` she 's very much the observer , and whenever she wants to put in her two cents , it 's something that you want to listen to and kind of pay attention to ... She 's slow in getting acclimated to part of the group and being in the field again . '' Talking about May 's reasons for staying with S.H.I.E.L.D. , Wen explained `` May 's friendship and ... loyalty and her love for Coulson ( keeps her there ) . Maybe not romantic ( love ) , it 's just really -- it 's hard to describe -- it 's a bond , it 's unbreakable , and she will watch over Coulson and take care of him and help him through whatever he needs to at this point in his life ... She wants to be there for him , and if it serves S.H.I.E.L.D. , that 's just more or less a side effect , really . '' Wen admitted that May develops a relationship with Skye over the course of the series , going from thinking of Skye as `` someone that she did n't want as part of the team and did n't understand why Coulson wanted her '' to wanting Skye `` to be the best agent that she can be . '' After discovering that Skye is an Inhuman , Wen stated that `` it 's like when you have your child or your daughter losing control or getting involved with situations or people that you 're not sure about . You do n't have the control anymore . It 's very frightening . For Skye to be an unknown entity , May still holds out hope . She hopes that her training with her will help her be able to control her new powers , but you never know . Sometimes the power overtakes everything else . '' On how May deals with her ex-husband Andrew becoming the Inhuman killer Lash , Wen said , `` She 's come to the understanding that it was something he had no control over . The betrayal might be not sharing that information of what happened to him with her . I think she understands that , in a way , he was scared and trying to be protective of their relationship and doing it all for the wrong reasons . I think , ultimately , Agent May is kind of shut down when it comes to Lash and Andrew at this point . That 's why she 's re-focusing all her energy back into S.H.I.E.L.D. , back being by Coulson 's side . That 's where she 's most comfortable . '' Wen went on to describe May as `` unconventionally maternal ... she 's taking care of Simmons and really believing that she needs to be able to protect herself , she 's very , very concerned about the family 's well being . '' Wen received nominations for ' Favorite Actress in a New TV Series ' at the 40th People 's Choice Awards and ' Favorite Female TV Star -- Family Show ' at the 29th Kids ' Choice Awards . Wen was also named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of April 12 , 2015 , for her performance in `` Melinda '' , specifically her portrayal of May in the flashback sequences . Grant Ward ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Grant Ward ( comics ) . Grant Douglas Ward ( portrayed by Brett Dalton ) , the son of politicians , was abused by his parents and older brother Christian growing up . After attempting to kill Christian by burning their house down , Grant meets John Garrett , a Hydra double agent within S.H.I.E.L.D. , who trains Grant to be a skilled agent . Later being assigned to Coulson 's team , Grant is outed as Hydra when that organisation is revealed to the world , and , after the death of Garrett , becomes a prisoner of S.H.I.E.L.D. In love with his former teammate Skye , Grant escapes custody , apparently kills Christian and their parents , and infiltrates Hydra so Skye can meet her father . Despite this , Skye turns on Ward and shoots him , and he escapes only with the help of former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Kara Palamas , with whom he develops a romantic relationship . He accidentally kills Palamas while she is in disguise as May , and blaming S.H.I.E.L.D. , decides to take over the now leader-less Hydra . Joining forces with one of Hydra 's previous leaders , Gideon Malick , Ward travels through a portal to an alien planet in search of the ancient Inhuman Hive , but is killed there by Coulson . This allows Hive to use Ward 's body as a host . Ward returns in the Framework created by Holden Radcliffe as Johnson 's boyfriend and a double agent working for the Inhuman resistance . Brett Dalton Dalton was cast in November 2012 . From the conception of the series it was decided that Grant Ward would be a traitor , with executive producer Jed Whedon saying `` since ( the events of Captain America : The Winter Soldier are ) an infiltration based on betrayal on a massive scale , we wanted to have it on the small scale , and have it be a really personal dagger to the heart . '' Ward 's initial costumes were inspired by Jason Bourne and Ethan Hunt , with his look based purely in function and with a muted color palette to reflect his serious attitude . After Ward was outed as Hydra and became a prisoner of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Dalton grew a beard for the character , explaining that S.H.I.E.L.D. would not provide a prisoner with a razor , `` so it just happens to work out that I have a beard and beards can have a sort of evil connotation . '' Austin Lyon portrays a young Ward . I think what I was given was just a huge opportunity to play somebody who is more complex , more interesting , more dangerous , scarier in a way that Ward was n't . I get to play two different characters in a way . -- Dalton on being informed of his character 's double agent status . Dalton has described Ward as he first appeared in the series as `` a guy who is very trustworthy and rolled up his sleeves and did all the heavy lifting and did n't really question authority . You know , a by - the - book risk assessor '' . Although it was eventually revealed that Ward was a Hydra imposter , Dalton noted that that does n't necessarily mean the relationships the character built with his S.H.I.E.L.D. team were n't genuine , since going undercover meant letting his guard down to make the other characters trust him , opening himself up to those relationships despite his ulterior motives . Following the death of Garrett , the question was asked , `` Who is ( Grant Ward ) without someone telling him what to do ? '' Dalton answered that `` he can follow commands really well . He can do and make tough choices and he can sometimes do unpleasant things in the name of something that he feels he believes in . But ... I do n't think that Ward knows the answer to that question himself . '' Dalton called the character a ' wildcard ' , since he was loyal to Garrett as a father figure rather than Hydra , `` and he was more about his teammates rather than the team '' , later elaborating that `` It 's not quite good guy , it 's not quite bad guy . It 's not trying to get in with S.H.I.E.L.D. again , it 's not trying to get in with Hydra . He 's really on his own path . He 's living by his code at this particular point in life . '' Explaining Ward 's relationship with Palamas , Dalton stated When they first started this relationship , I thought they 're two people who have experienced something similar by following orders and then finding themselves not knowing who they are when someone 's not telling them what to do ... But it really ( has ) developed into something that 's much more complicated than that . There 's a teacher - student relationship there as well as what seems like a genuinely romantic relationship . You see us really lovey - dovey in the cockpit and it 's making everybody around us sick . In some ways , we have the most healthy relationship out of all of the other dynamics on the show , which is saying something because Ward is not a lovey - dovey kind of guy . That 's interesting that he 's now in probably the most stable relationship there is . When Ward accidentally kills Palamas in the season two finale , Dalton said that `` This affects him in a way that is deep and lasting . There was a shred of humanity in there , and always the possibility and the thought that he could be redeemed ... After Kara 's death -- that is actually at my hands -- after all the time and effort and energy that 's been invested in this relationship , it turns him . You see it in his eyes ... This whole thing of closure keeps coming up over and over again . There is so much closure out there in the world that needs to be achieved . There 's a lot of unfairness that he wants to fix , so we see somebody who is determined , who knows who he is , and is like , ' Fine , if you want to call me the bad guy , I 'm the bad guy . ' '' Speaking about the monologue Ward gives in `` Maveth '' , Dalton noted that some viewers thought Ward sounded like `` a born - again , devout , off - my - rocker person at that point '' , but Dalton felt that it was `` a real moment for Ward where he actually gets a sense of there 's something greater than revenge and all of these smaller emotions ; there 's actually something that 's bigger out there that he 's a part of . '' Following Ward 's death later in the episode , Bell discussed whether the writers ever considered redeeming the character , saying , `` No character is too high to fall or too low to be redeemed , theoretically ... but for someone to be redeemed , they need to ask forgiveness , or want to be redeemed ... ( Ward ) never felt like he needed to apologize for what he did . '' Dalton returned to the series in the fourth season to portray Ward in the Framework . Dalton felt returning to the character in this capacity allowed him to `` finally get to have the hero arc that Grant Ward deserves . '' Dalton won for ' Male Breakout Star ' at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards . The character of Grant Ward garnered a fan following , with a group known as the `` Ward Warriors '' often using the hashtag `` StandWithWard '' on social media . Dalton was surprised that people `` seem to be standing with Ward no matter what he does ... there are people out there who just seem to be following this character wherever he goes . I think that 's brilliant ... There is n't any character like him on the show , and I would say even within the Marvel canon . '' As a `` shoutout '' to these fans , Palamas says , `` I will always stand with Ward '' in the second - season finale , which Dalton called `` a testament to the fans , this incredibly loyal fanbase that has now influenced the script of our show . '' Hive ( edit ) Further information : Hive ( comics ) Hive ( from Latin : Alveus ) is one of the first Inhumans , a parasite who can connect with and control the minds of other Inhumans and feed off of or possess humans . Created by the Kree from a Mayan hunter ( portrayed by Jason Glover ) to lead their Inhuman army against mankind , Hive ultimately incited a rebellion , uniting humans and Inhumans to drive the Kree from Earth . Soon , a faction of Hive 's followers who feared his power banished him through a portal to the planet Maveth , where he destroyed an entire civilization over centuries . He eventually only survived on human sacrifices sent through the portal by followers , and their descendants , still loyal to him -- Hydra . Hive escapes back through the portal in modern times by possessing the body of Grant Ward . He retains the memories of all the bodies he has inhabited , including now Hydra leader Gideon Malick 's brother Nathaniel , and punishes Gideon for causing Nathaniel 's sacrifice by murdering his daughter Stephanie , before taking control of Johnson , who Ward was in love with , and using her to kill Gideon . Hive then takes steps to recreate the original Kree experiment that made him , planning to use a warhead to spread a pathogen around the world and transform all humans into Primitive Inhumans . He is destroyed when S.H.I.E.L.D. traps him in a quinjet with the warhead and detonates it in space . What 's so great about ( Ward ) is , he started off as one of the good guys , as one of the original team . Here we are , coming full circle , with him being on the completely opposite side of that . He 's not just one of the bad guys -- he 's the bad guy ! ... I feel like I 've gotten to do three characters . -- Dalton on transitioning to the role of Hive for the third season . Based on the Hive , `` a genetic experiment created by Hydra '' in the Secret Warriors comic , Hive possesses the corpses of first Will Daniels and then Grant Ward in the show , with Dillon Casey and Brett Dalton portraying the reanimated bodies , respectively . Jason Glover briefly appears as Hive 's original human form , while Dalton portrays Hive 's true , CGI - created Inhuman form through motion capture . On having Hive possess Ward 's body , Whedon explained that Ward has `` been the baddie for a while and I thought it was a nice way to escalate this character ... there 's still memories in there . So there 's still an aspect of the man we came to love to hate in there , but we wanted to give it some extra juice and we wanted to give Brett one more challenge where he has to change his character . '' Hive 's true form , as portrayed by Dalton through motion capture Dalton aimed to emulate Meryl Streep 's character in The Devil Wears Prada , who never spoke above `` a conversational level ... She did n't pound on her chest and make sure everybody knew that she 's powerful , she just was . '' Dalton also changed his voice to represent the memories of Will Daniels and Nathaniel Malick `` just a little bit . I tried to change my voice in there , I tried to change even my level of expression in there because I was supposed to be channeling somebody else entirely coming through . '' Dalton called the coat that Hive wears later in the third season `` iconic and timeless '' , noting that `` fashion was n't on the forefront of ( Ward 's ) mind '' , while Hive is more theatrical , `` colorful without having to do much . '' Hive 's ultimate goal is `` connection '' , with Dalton saying , `` all these Inhumans have a purpose . Hive finds his purpose has to do with somehow connecting all of the Inhumans . What we see is Hive 's attempt to fulfill what he thinks is his destiny ... this desperate need to connect . Gregg called Hive `` the perfect villain for this show because he carries with him the memories , desire , hatreds and agendas of Will and of Grant Ward . At the same time , he 's got a much deeper , bigger agenda that 's thousands of years old , and gave birth to Hydra . '' Dalton described him as a `` survivor '' who `` does not think small . This person has been around for way too long to think in anything other than global terms . '' He saw this as a fundamental difference between the character and Ward , who `` just becomes single minded and is hellbent on one thing at a time ... Hive is the opposite . He sees every move on the chess board . That 's what we 're seeing in terms of Hive 's thinking . It is about a new world order of sorts . '' On how much influence the memories of those whose bodies Hive inhabits have on the character , Dalton said , `` It 's the motivations ... you 're seeing a flash of it . It 's almost like seeing your kid . There are flashes of you in there ... but then again , it 's not me . '' Dalton realized that Hive would not be on the show for long when he took the part , with `` the big , big bad '' less likely to last as long as an `` anti-hero '' like Ward . On Hive 's final scene in the third - season finale , Dalton noted that there would have been no point in the character doing anything other than reflect : `` It 's like looking into a fire . Somehow the truth comes out . You 're looking at the Earth , man . It 's so far away . And you 'll get a perspective on things . For Hive , he was trying to change that entire thing and everyone who was on there ... I think there 's a great deal of remorse ( that he was not ) able to achieve that connection and do all the things that ( he ) wanted to do . But there was also an acceptance . '' Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson / Quake ( edit ) Further information : Daisy Johnson Daisy Johnson ( portrayed by Chloe Bennet ) was born in China to Calvin Johnson and his Inhuman wife Jiaying , but was soon taken by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and raised as an orphan by nuns . Taking the name `` Skye '' , she became a skilled hacktivist , opposing organisations like S.H.I.E.L.D. This led to her involvement with Coulson , who decided to recruit her , and have Ward , and then May , train her to be a formidable field agent . After reuniting with her father , Skye chooses to drive him away , knowing him to be a monster and murderer , though his wishes for her to fulfill her destiny -- by unlocking her Inhuman abilities -- are granted when she unintentionally comes into contact with the Terrigen Mists , which give her earthquake - generating abilities . Skye soon meets Jiaying , who helps Skye control her abilities . Skye 's loyalties are tested when Jiaying attempts to start a war with S.H.I.E.L.D. , and she ultimately sides with S.H.I.E.L.D. Now using her birth name , Johnson forms a S.H.I.E.L.D. team of Inhumans named the Secret Warriors . After briefly being connected to Hive , and watching Lincoln Campbell , with whom she developed a romantic relationship , sacrifice himself for her , Johnson leaves S.H.I.E.L.D. and becomes known as the powered vigilante `` Quake '' to the public . She later returns to S.H.I.E.L.D. following the fight with Eli Morrow . Chloe Bennet Daisy Johnson was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Gabriele Dell'Otto for Secret War # 2 . When the character of Skye was introduced to the series , it was always intended that she would be the MCU version of Johnson , as executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen explained , `` there are always the series of clearances , but we always knew we wanted to evolve Skye into something else . Daisy Johnson was the main character that we wanted to go for . We got confirmation on that very early on , so we 've been on that track ever since . '' Bennet was cast as Skye in December 2012 , out of more than 400 actresses who auditioned for the role . Unlike the comic version , Skye is an Inhuman ; Jed Whedon explained that `` We 've created a different origin for her ... we merged those two ideas together also because there are such rabid fans out there that if we stick to original story points from the comics , they will smell story points from miles away . Those two factors led us to coming up with a different notion of how she got her powers . '' During a single - shot fight sequence in `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' , Bennet broke her arm and finished the second season without wearing a cast . Skye 's initial costume design was intended to keep her relatable , with inspiration coming from street style blogs , but as she became a more experienced S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in the second season , she received a more tactical outfit . For the third season , Bennet cut her hair to further her character 's transformation to Daisy Johnson , as she is portrayed in the comics , though she did not cut her hair as short as her comic counterpart ; Bennet explained that `` the comic book version of Daisy Johnson has very short , Miley Cyrus-esque hair . We wanted to stay true to the comic book character fans love ; I wanted to please them but also make sure there was still some movement and length and sexiness in the hair . '' Bennet also received a superhero costume for the third season , again bringing the character closer to the version in the comics . Foley felt that `` one of the most important things was that the symbol be incorporated into her costume but especially onto the gauntlets , And it 's also on the back of her suit , which was a fun little touch that we added . As far as the silhouette , we wanted to stay true to the comics and pay tribute to those original designs . I also wanted to incorporate the gold color that I 've seen in some of the illustrations of her suit throughout the comics , which is why we have the gold lines that we see on the suit . Finally , for me personally , I wanted a nod to her tactical look from last season , so if you look at the style lines around the top of the costume , you will see that they 're similar to her tactical hood from Season 2 . '' The suit was `` made out of printed EuroJersey , which works well for these costumes because it 's a four - way stretch that gives Chloe the ability to move and do her stunts ... But there is a lot more leather in her suit than in some of the others . '' Legacy Effects created Johnson 's iconic gauntlets from the comics , making them `` out of flexible materials painted to look like metal '' so as not to injure anyone during stunts . Bennet , talking about Skye 's commitment to S.H.I.E.L.D. , stated that `` I think at the beginning she came into S.H.I.E.L.D. thinking it was this government - run , CIA - type thing , where they 're not for the people and their motives were not good ones . But throughout the ( first ) season , being on the team and seeing what was happening , she really got to know why S.H.I.E.L.D. is there . It really is to protect people , and the intention behind the organization is pure ... I think she finds a parallel between S.H.I.E.L.D. and Coulson , and I think that 's why she 's committed to it so deeply . '' Elaborating on this , Bennet said `` she 's always had this unspoken bond with Coulson that 's a very father / daughter relationship where clearly the love they have for each other is evident in a very caring way . '' Going into the second season , Bennet noted on the character , `` I think she 's always someone who will wear her heart on her sleeve , but I think she 's much smarter about it now , if that makes any sense . I do n't think she 's the type of person who can halfass anything , and that includes emotions . If she feels something , she feels something . But she knows how to control it more '' . Talking about the changes to the character after it was revealed that she was Daisy Johnson and an Inhuman , Tancharoen said `` With this discovery will come some consequences , especially in her relationships with everyone around her , specifically Coulson ... Needless to say , it 's going to be a very complex , emotional journey for her . We have the ability on a television show to really explore the emotional journey of that . What does that mean now that she has this ability ? Does she even want it ? '' Explaining some of these changes in the character , Bennet stated that `` I make sure to try to keep the season one Daisy weaved through the new , badass Daisy ... ( but ) she 's changed a lot . She went into S.H.I.E.L.D. hating organizations like S.H.I.E.L.D. , and now she 's the epitome of S.H.I.E.L.D. She believes in everything that they believe in . '' Discussing the character becoming leader of the Secret Warriors , Bennet said , `` What makes her such a good leader is how much she 's been through , so she can relate to everyone on the team and she really has so much empathy and that 's what I love about playing her . She really genuinely cares about everyone so deeply and it wears heavily on her because she obviously went through this big Inhuman change ... And so what I think makes her such a good kind of ... unconventional leader is that she 's really kind of still learning and I think that 's so realistic that leaders are -- it 's almost like when you grow up and you realize that your parents are just humans , parenting . '' Wen noted how the character `` has evolved from being so anti-establishment into suddenly being someone who wants to create an establishment that would help and enhance the betterment of the world '' , to which Bennet said , `` she was lost for a really long time , she was an orphan and she wanted to find her parents and all of a sudden she does and it 's not what she expected . You know , when your mom tries to kill you and your dad is Hyde . So she 's kind of grown into this . '' Entering the fourth season , Bennet felt that , after the events of the final episode of season three , Johnson was `` in a darker place . She 's mourning . She cares about the team so much that she feels like she is protecting them by kind of pushing them away , because I think she feel like everything bad happens around her and she ca n't help but cause problems . Her way of taking care of the people she cares about is kind of pushing them away , which ... is not the best thing . '' She also added that physically , Johnson would not be in great shape , since she is no longer under S.H.I.E.L.D. 's monitoring `` containing and helping me grow my powers '' so there would be `` repercussions of her kind of using these powers and ... abusing her body '' . Bennet received nominations for ' Favorite TV Actress ' and ' Favorite Female TV Star -- Family Show ' at the 28th and 29th Kids ' Choice Awards , respectively . Leo Fitz ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Leo Fitz ( comics ) . Leopold `` Leo '' James Fitz ( portrayed by Iain De Caestecker ) is brought on to Coulson 's team as an engineering and weapons technology specialist , and provides tech support for the team throughout the first season . He has a close bond with Agent Simmons , the two having graduated from the S.H.I.E.L.D. academy together . At the end of the first season he confesses to Simmons that he has romantic feelings towards her , before nearly dying in an attempt to save her . Left with severe brain damage , Fitz struggles with technology and speech , but over time becomes a full member of the team again . When his consciousness is submerged in the Framework , Fitz becomes `` The Doctor '' , Hydra 's remorseless second - in - command , and has a relationship with Madame Hydra . The experience changes him ; retaining his memories of this other life , he is haunted by his past actions . During the final battle against a gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot , Fitz is buried under a rubble and was found fatally injured when dug out by May and Mack where he succumbs to his wounds . Iain De Caestecker De Caestecker was cast as Fitz in November 2012 . Following injuries the character receives at the end of the first season , the series began to deal with brain trauma , as De Caestecker explained `` From the get - go , before I even knew about it , the writers had the idea , and they did a lot of research in it with doctors . When I found out about it , I did my own research and correlated it together . It 's just something that should never be trivialized . It 's a real and serious thing to a lot of people , brain trauma , so we just have to constantly be respectful towards it . We talk about it all the time . Even if you do n't see it or it 's not obvious , it 's always something that 's in our heads that we 're keeping going . It 's the realization that you never get fully better , it 's about embracing the new side of you and making that work in the world that you 're in . I suppose the idea of a cure -- I do n't know if that could happen . '' For Fitz 's costume design , Foley tried to have his clothes reflect his personality , without `` getting too cliché ... we try and play up his `` heritage style '' ... using classic design details on him like paisley & leather elbow patches and mixing them with different plaids . '' De Caestecker , in describing the character , said that `` Fitz has got this funny kind of temper . He 's quite passionate about what he does . So those moments where -- I do n't think he 's someone that really responds very quickly to emotion ; he does n't really understand emotions as much '' . Fitz has a lot of interaction with Simmons in the series , with De Caestecker explaining `` My character , he 's Engineering , so he 's on the computer and tech side of everything . He 's consumed within that world , and he works very closely with Simmons , who 's Biochem. They 've got this kind of weird chemistry together , and they just kind of fit each other in a very weird way . '' Regarding the changing dynamic over time between Fitz and Simmons , De Caestecker said `` I suppose what 's happened from the start of season two up to midseason is , they 've become a lot stronger as individuals , I think . But I think they still care for and need each other a lot , and they also work better together when they are together . But I think there 's a lot of things that have still been unsaid and will hopefully come out , certain confrontations that are still bubbling under . '' De Caestecker was named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of September 27 , 2015 , for his performance in `` Laws of Nature '' , particularly the episode 's final scene . Jemma Simmons ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Jemma Simmons ( comics ) . Jemma Anne Simmons ( portrayed by Elizabeth Henstridge ) is brought on to Coulson 's team as a life sciences ( both human and alien ) specialist , and has a close bond with Agent Fitz , the two having graduated from the S.H.I.E.L.D. academy together . She grows to mistrust all things alien and superhuman , but shows her loyalty to Coulson despite this when they are faced with the rival S.H.I.E.L.D. faction . Following the fight against the Inhumans , Simmons is absorbed by the Kree monolith , a portal to the alien planet Maveth . There she falls in love with Will Daniels , who sacrifices himself so she can return to Earth . Simmons eventually moves on from Daniels and begins a relationship with Fitz . Elizabeth Henstridge Henstridge was also cast in November 2012 . She described her character as `` a biochem expert . She 's young and hungry and she 's a great woman to play because she 's intelligent and focused and curious and she does n't apologize for it . She 's got a wonderful relationship with Fitz . They kind of bounce off each other . '' After the reveal during the season two premiere that Fitz was just imagining Simmons in the episode , Henstridge explained that the showrunners `` tell you what you need to know to act your scenes , but anything after that , you never know . '' For Simmons ' costume design , Foley tried to have her clothes reflect her personality , without `` getting too cliché ... we mix the hard with the soft -- we combine the feminine elements like peter pan collars , silk blouses and florals with the masculine touches like ties '' . Henstridge talked about the characters of Fitz and Simmons being separated over the course of the series , noting that they have `` never been without each other . When you see them without each other , that brings a whole new dynamic just to them as characters in discovering what it 's like to have to be independent '' . On Simmons ' guilt over Fitz 's brain damage , Henstridge said `` She feels a huge amount of guilt . There 's a lot of emotions happening . A lot of it revolves around Fitz and Ward . She feels a lot of anger and resentment at the situation . When something catastrophic happens to someone you love , or a situation arises that affects people you love the most , if that 's the first time you 've been in that position , you never really know what to do . '' As this relationship developed through the second season , Henstridge said , `` I do n't think they fully realize the implication of how far apart they are . There 's so much hurt there . I do n't think they realize what they 're sacrificing by not figuring this out . '' Talking about the harsher side of Simmons seen later in the second season , after the reveal of the Inhumans and the subsequent death of Agent Triplett , Henstridge explained that at the beginning of the series , Simmons was `` very mathematical '' but throughout the first season `` understood that it was more about human relationships and what it means to save someone 's life '' . Now , `` she 's had a traumatic event and she 's gone straight back to what she knows of trying to make everything black and white '' , and so `` It makes sense ( to her ) if there are these people -- call them what you want ; Inhumans -- that cause destruction , and you can get rid of them , then they wo n't be a destruction ( sic ) anymore ... Of course it is n't '' that simple . After Simmons is trapped on the planet Maveth for six months , she becomes `` profoundly different '' , with Henstridge describing her as `` definitely still her essence -- she does n't just completely change . But she 's been through so much . She 's hardened . She 's had to face things that she never would 've imagined , also by herself without Fitz , so she 's definitely changed , stronger and kind of damaged . '' Describing the relationship that Simmons develops with Daniels on the planet , and comparing it to that with Fitz , Henstridge said , `` It 's very visceral . It 's more primal and intense . That just comes from having to survive in a hostile environment , only having each other on the whole planet . The stakes are always so high , so it 's more physical than her relationship with Fitz . FitzSimmons is a slow burn that 's taken years and years , and they connected over intellect , whereas her and Will , it 's an `` us against the world '' kind of thing . '' After Daniels dies and Simmons eventually moves on with Fitz , the latter two are shown consummating their relationship after several seasons worth of build up . `` We imagine they spend the morning after laughing a lot about what just happened , '' said Whedon and Tancharoen , `` We want their relationship to feel like their friendship did , because all the best relationships are just that . So moving forward , while this change in their friendship would hopefully only deepen their connection , it is bound also to make things a bit more complicated . '' Henstridge was named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of October 25 , 2015 , for her performance in `` 4,722 Hours '' , particularly for carrying the episode herself . Lance Hunter ( edit ) Further information : Lance Hunter Lance Hunter ( portrayed by Nick Blood ) , an SAS lieutenant turned mercenary , joins post-Hydra S.H.I.E.L.D. at the request of Coulson following a recommendation from his ex-wife Bobbi Morse . Despite a tumultuous relationship with Morse , Hunter becomes a full - time S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , and risks his life to save her when she is kidnapped . Following an incident in Russia involving the near - assassination of Prime Minister Olshenko , Hunter and Morse decide to disavow themselves from S.H.I.E.L.D. to protect Coulson and the team . Hunter continues doing mercenary work , with Fitz eventually reaching out for Hunter to free him from General Hale 's base while posing as a lawyer . Hunter helps Fitz rescue Coulson and the team when they are transported to 2091 where their trail led them to Enoch . Nick Blood Lance Hunter , created by Gary Friedrich as the British version of Nick Fury for Captain Britain Weekly , was confirmed in September 2014 to be a member of the principal cast for the second season . Blood was announced as cast at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con , where the character was described as not a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , but a mercenary . On his character joining the cast , Blood explained that `` each different character , the original characters , has a different kind of response to ( Hunter ) . Generally I think they 're slightly wary , a little bit suspicious , ( but also ) a little bit amused by him . Because the nice thing about him coming into this group is that Lance does n't really care that much of what people think of him . So he 's very much himself and very comfortable in it . He does n't bow down to the etiquette of the S.H.I.E.L.D. hierarchy . '' Talking about Hunter 's integration into the team following an offer from Coulson to become a full - time agent , Blood said , `` I feel Hunter probably feels very independent , still , so I do n't think he would like to admit that he 's not an outsider , that he 's a part of it ... He does n't have too much respect for authority and titles , particularly in this world , but I think he takes each decision as it comes . If Coulson does something he respects , that 's all good . If he does n't , he 's going to say something . But I think he sees that ( Coulson is ) trying to do the right thing , and he 's got a lot of respect for him in that sense '' . Also , on Hunter 's on - again , off - again relationship with Morse , Blood said , `` I think the dynamic 's great . I think it 's really good and there is a lot of truth in it of those relationships you have where it 's kind of , `` ca n't live with each other , ca n't kill each other , '' and that sort of thing . '' After Hunter kills a man in `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' , Blood said , `` I think that 's probably newer for the audience than it is for Hunter . I think Hunter , in his past , has probably done some morally questionable acts ... not to say he 's ever been a vicious , vindictive , or immoral person . I think he 's just kind of straddled that line between right and wrong . '' Blood left the series following the season three episode `` Parting Shot '' to star in the spin - off show Marvel 's Most Wanted . As that series was not picked up in May 2016 , it was announced in September 2017 that Blood would return to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D during season five . On where Hunter 's been when he returns to help Fitz get to 2091 to rescue Coulson and the team , Blood said , `` he 's been up his usual tricks , doing some mercenary work and bickering with Bobbi ... . He does n't necessarily have access to all the bells - and - whistles and gadgetry that S.H.I.E.L.D. did , so he has to use his charm and his wit to break down doors , and call in a few favors from his dodgy friends '' . Bobbi Morse ( edit ) Further information : Mockingbird ( Marvel Comics ) Barbara `` Bobbi '' Morse ( portrayed by Adrianne Palicki ) is Hunter 's ex-wife and an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. A founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' after disobeying Fury 's orders to save hundreds of S.H.I.E.L.D. lives , she infiltrates Coulson 's group for reconnaissance . Coulson sends her undercover within Hydra , where she gave up the location of Agent 33 rather than risk the lives of many other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . She later agrees , along with her fellow `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leaders , to combine their faction with Coulson 's . Ward then kidnaps her in an attempt to force her to confess to giving up 33 to Hydra , but when Morse is unrepentant , Ward sets a trap for Hunter which will see him killed in front of her . Morse takes the bullet for Hunter , barely surviving . Following an incident in Russia involving the near - assassination of Prime Minister Olshenko , Morse and Hunter decide to disavow themselves from S.H.I.E.L.D. to protect Coulson and the team . Adrianne Palicki At the 2014 San Diego Comic Con , the character of Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird , who was first introduced in Astonishing Tales # 6 by Gerry Conway , was revealed to be appearing in the second season . That August , Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role , to appear in the episode `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' , but with the potential to return . Palicki , a comic fan , was approached by the showrunners specifically for the part , and at first hesitated to take the role , thinking `` I will never be able to play another Marvel character if I go forward in this role . '' Palicki already had martial arts and gun training , but had to learn to use the character 's signature arnis sticks , and noted similarities between Morse 's fighting style and that of Scarlett Johansson 's Black Widow from the MCU films . Palicki was promoted to series regular with the season two episode `` Aftershocks '' . In approaching Morse 's costume , Foley `` looked at all of her comic appearances and really wanted to try to bring elements of the look from the comics into the costume that we 're doing now for the show ... but we had to change it , obviously , for practicality , because it had to fit into our world . It had to have a kind of tactical feeling to it too so that it made sense in our universe . She 's got rivets that are in the straps across her chest , and those are there as a tribute to the buttons that go down the side of her ( most recent comics ) costume '' . The character 's comics costume is traditionally navy blue and white , which was changed to navy blue and grey for the series . Three sets of the costume were produced ; two for Palicki to wear , and one for her stunt double . Foley used `` lots of stretch panels '' and leather to ensure freedom of movement in the character 's many action sequences . With the reveal of Morse 's loyalty to the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' faction , Palicki explained that the character was `` not doing anything wrong in her ( own ) eyes ... This was a choice she made . She 's been through hell with these people . She does care about Coulson 's team . She 's torn because of Hunter and she has a soft spot for Coulson . But at the end of it , she really is a true soldier and she feels there has been a compromise and she needs to take care of it . '' Bell , in response to a question on whether Morse had more secrets than those revealed during the second season , stated that `` she and Hunter have been keeping secrets from one another , evidently for years . And one of the things I find interesting about her is she seems to be more of an ideologue -- she 's loyal to an idea -- and sometimes , the short term of what appears to be betrayal or short term conflict is often because of what she views as the greater good . And that 's an interesting character to have in a world where Coulson is much more `` we need to protect or save that person . '' Are you loyal to a person ? Are you loyal to the guy in the bunker next to you ? Or are you loyal to the larger concept of what we 're fighting for ? '' When asked about her character potentially appearing in an MCU film , Palicki said `` that was one of the things that was discussed when I was coming on for the part , and you know , we 'll see what happens . It 's such a nice world that we live in that crossover can happen so often now which in the past it never really did so , to see these worlds come together on the small screen and the big screen is really cool . '' Palicki left the series following the season three episode `` Parting Shot '' to star in the spin - off show Marvel 's Most Wanted . Palicki was named as an honorable mention for TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of March 20 , 2016 , for her performance in `` Parting Shot '' . Mack ( edit ) Further information : Al MacKenzie Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie ( portrayed by Henry Simmons ) , a S.H.I.E.L.D. mechanic under Robert Gonzales , is a founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' , and infiltrates Coulson 's group with Morse . After being briefly mind - controlled by Kree technology Mack 's distrust in alien and the superhuman is deepened , and he decides to leave S.H.I.E.L.D. when his fellow leaders agree to join forces with Coulson . However , following the war with the Inhumans , Coulson convinces Mack to stay , and places him in charge of all alien materials . Coulson makes Mack acting director of S.H.I.E.L.D. when he goes after Ward and Hydra . In the Framework , Mack 's daughter Hope is still alive . After being used by Hydra to reveal Johnson is from the real world , he seeks out the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance to help them . When the exit point from the Framework is found , Mack chooses to stay behind , saying that the time he spent with the Framework version of Hope was real enough for him . He later leaves the Framework when Hope disappears amongst the Framework 's collapse . Henry Simmons In August 2014 , Simmons joined the cast as Mack , a recurring character inspired by one that first appeared in Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. # 3 . He was promoted to series regular for the third season . Simmons described Mack as `` a big guy . That is , he has a big heart , but when it comes down to it and business has to get done , there 's another side of him that gets it done ... He wants to make a difference , so that 's why he wants to be a part of this team '' . On the different dynamic that a mechanic brings to the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Simmons said `` I think my guy does have a little bit of a different element , ( because ) the other people have the stress of the everyday life or death danger situations . Mack does n't have that quite yet . He has the stress of getting things done because he wants to contribute , but he 's not out there in the field ... They might have their quips and everything , but everything is very serious . I see that my guy brings a little bit of a different color to everything . He has a little bit more humor to him , he 's a little bit more laid back . '' On Mack 's stance on violence , Simmons confirmed that `` Mack really is a guy that does not like violence at all , but , when pushed , it 's `` by any means necessary . '' He does n't enjoy it , but he 'll do what he has to do . '' After Mack 's allegiance to the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' faction is revealed , and as his distrust of Coulson grew throughout the second season , Simmons spoke of Mack 's feelings towards Coulson : `` He respects Coulson . And I think he genuinely likes Coulson . But I think he just believes that Coulson is not the right man for the job ... look , I 'm loyal , but if the head is going about doing things that really are n't in our job description , and he 's using us to do things for personal reasons , and then one of my brothers dies because of it ? Yeah , I have a problem . And everyone else should , too ... when Coulson is in his most crazed state and on the verge of killing Sebastian Derik , no one has ever seen Coulson like that . Skye witnessed it , but she has a different relationship to him ; there 's like a father / daughter thing going . So out of the whole team , I was the only one to see him like that , completely out of control . I tried to explain it to Hunter -- if that happened in that instant , what 's going to happen when everything is on the line ? How is he going to act ? -- and Hunter kind of brushed it aside . But that 's another reason why Mack is very , very deeply skeptical . '' Lincoln Campbell ( edit ) Lincoln Campbell ( portrayed by Luke Mitchell ) is an Inhuman doctor with the ability to control electric charges . He helps Skye adjust to her new life post-terrigenesis , and his later attempt to protect her from S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra leads to his capture and experimentation at the hands of Dr. List . Skye saves his life , and when she turns on Jiaying once realizing her true intentions , Campbell is shortly convinced to do the same . Following Jiaying 's death , Campbell attempts to live a normal life , convinced that his Inhuman abilities are a curse , but is hunted by the ATCU and becomes a fugitive . He subsequently joins S.H.I.E.L.D. for protection and to be near Skye -- now going by Daisy Johnson and with whom Campbell forms a relationship -- and becomes a Secret Warrior. Campbell chooses to sacrifice himself to save the team and the world from Hive 's plan by taking Hive and a nuclear warhead to space in a quinjet where the weapon can detonate without affecting Earth . Luke Mitchell Mitchell was introduced as Lincoln Campbell , a recurring character , in the second season . He was promoted to series regular for the third season . Regarding the character 's introduction , Bell stated that `` Meeting Luke 's character in the Inhuman world is just setting up a new dynamic . We 're taking Skye into a group with a whole bunch of different people . So far , we 've seen that there 's a guy with no eyes , and there 's a woman who now is covered in thorns . And as in the X-Men world , there are a handful of people who look more like them , but a lot of them turn out to be just attractive people with powers . And we thought , `` Hey , let 's have some of those as well ! '' We were looking for a new character to come on , and Luke just really impressed us . He was a good actor , had a nice quality , and we felt he might be a good person to sort of usher Skye into this other world . '' Heading into season three , Mitchell explained that `` the Lincoln that the audience was introduced to in season two was a side of Lincoln , and that side of Lincoln was not necessarily a lie or the truth or whatever , but we all put on different faces in different environments ... I think in that environment Lincoln was very much under the spell of the Inhuman Elders . He played his part in the hierarchy there and he believed in the cause , which then was exposed to be evil . Then in season three , it 's like , wow , how is he dealing with the events in season two ? '' On seeing Lincoln 's darker side in the third season , Mitchell said , `` I think we 're going to see a lot more of Lincoln 's issues with his past pop up , in particular possibly some anger issues that have been unresolved . They pop their heads up from time to time . Certainly in matters of conflict , in pressure situations '' . On the relationship that Campbell develops with Johnson , the only person who can `` keep him somewhat in check when it comes to his anger '' , Mitchell said , `` he wants to make something of his life , but he does n't see anything without Daisy in the picture '' , and `` if something were to happen to Daisy , I think Lincoln would n't stay in S.H.I.E.L.D. Daisy is his life . He 'll do anything to get her back . '' This is seen when he agrees to wear a `` murder vest '' as a fail safe , and when he disobeys orders to test an experimental antitoxin on himself -- `` Once he does that , and it does n't work , then they put him in the containment module for his own benefit , because his immune system is done . It becomes incredibly frustrating . '' Mitchell added , `` He makes these decisions , but you still see the fear in him when he does this . It 's not just bravado ... There 's a deep well of emotion in him . '' The episode `` Bouncing Back '' opens with `` a mysterious flash - forward to three months in the future , showing an unidentified S.H.I.E.L.D. agent seemingly dead in space '' , leading to a `` four - episode event '' for the final episodes of the season , marketed as Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Fallen Agent . A poster created by Greg Land for the event recreated the cover of the `` iconic '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 that served as the first issue of the story arc `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' , and ahead of the season finale , Marvel released a series of videos that `` memorialized '' each of the potential character who could have been the Fallen Agent . The final episode of the season reveals that it is Campbell who dies , which the executive producers had known going into the season when forming the arcs for Lincoln , Daisy , and Ward . Bell said he `` earned it '' , adding that Lincoln comes to a point where he realizes what his purpose is , with Whedon explaining that the decision was based on the fact that the series did not `` want to be a body count show , but it is a real world with real stakes . What we had not done is the heroic death and the full - sacrifice death . This was a conscious decision . We also think that there 's a poetry in the fact that the person doing it does n't consider himself a hero . That 's the beauty of the moment -- it 's not just for ( Daisy ) , but it is , and it 's not just for him , but it is . '' Holden Radcliffe ( edit ) Further information : Holden Radcliffe John Hannah Holden Radcliffe ( portrayed by John Hannah ) is a transhumanist who believes in the improvement of humanity through enhancement . Due to his studies of parasites , Fitz and Simmons seek his help with counteracting Hive 's abilities , but he is kidnapped by Hive first to help recreate the original Kree experiment that created the Inhumans . After a S.H.I.E.L.D. raid on Hive 's base , Radcliffe escapes and agrees to cooperate with Coulson and Talbot . After being acquitted , Radcliffe transfers his artificial intelligence AIDA into a Life Model Decoy ( LMD ) , an old S.H.I.E.L.D. project , which Radcliffe also names Aida . After seeing pages from the Darkhold , Radcliffe begins using his LMDs , including Aida and a decoy of May , to try and take it for himself in an attempt to learn the secret to eternal life . Fearing for his safety , Radcliffe also creates a decoy of himself , and seeks protection from the Watchdogs . Using the Darkhold and the resources of the Watchdogs ' Superior , Racliffe creates an entire digital world within the Framework . Feeling that Radcliffe may one day jeopardize the Framework himself , Aida slits Radcliffe 's wrists and uploads his mind to the Framework as his body dies . Within the Framework , his consciousness resided on Ogygia with Agnes in exchange for not interfering with Aida 's work as Madame Hydra . After redeeming himself , Holden is deleted amongst the Framework 's collapse . Hannah recurred as Radcliffe during the end of the third season , before being promoted to the main cast for the fourth season . On Radcliffe transferring his artificial intelligence AIDA into a Life Model Decoy , Whedon said , `` Radcliffe has a good heart , but he 's willing to do anything for science . He 's excited about the prospect . He said Fitz and Simmons had friends die and maybe they did n't have to . He 's clearly opening a box . Whether or not it 's Pandora 's box , we 'll see . He thinks there 's something beyond humans . '' Tancharoen added , `` To someone like Radcliffe , he might believe that to be just the next step in human evolution . There are a number of people who are into body modification now , so what does that mean ? What 's the root of that ? '' Hannah felt portray Radcliffe was `` quite interesting '' , describing him as `` someone who is not the up - down , white - hearted good guy '' but still is not `` a bad guy '' . He also noted the fatherly feelings Radcliffe has towards Aida , stating , `` possibly as ( their relationship ) develops , as she proves there 's almost a paternal ... caring and sympathetic way in which that technology has developed self - awareness and how that self - awareness disappoints . A bit like you would with a child , where a child becomes aware of their own limitations , their own lackings . I would say there 's certainly have a very benign kind of deity sense about it -- a benign ... not dictatorship about it , but a benign parental way about it . '' Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez ( edit ) Further information : Yo - Yo Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Elena Rodriguez ( portrayed by Natalia Cordova - Buckley ) is a Colombian Inhuman who can move at a super speed for a beat of her heart , before returning to the point she started moving from . She comes into contact with S.H.I.E.L.D. when they investigate her for stealing weapons from the corrupt members of the local police . She grows close to Mack , who nicknames her `` Yo - Yo '' , and eventually agrees to join the Secret Warriors . After the signing of the Sokovia Accords , Rodriguez returns to her life with occasional monitoring by S.H.I.E.L.D. Rodriguez later helps Daisy Johnson and Jemma Simmons to infiltrate the Framework . After Johnson and Simmons are unable to rescue Mack from the Framework , Rodriguez goes in to rescue him . By February 2016 , Cordova - Buckley was cast as `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez , based on the comic Secret Warrior of the same name . Cordova - Buckley learned of the role after she had been cast in the series , and subsequently researched the comics for inspiration . She described the character , as she is initially introduced in the series , as a freedom fighter who `` in a lot of ways she wants to help her people in Colombia and she wants to do good with her powers and she makes sure that she 's very adamant on how she goes about things . '' She also noted the rarity of the character 's spirituality , saying that she `` has this whole spiritual connection to her powers which is rare to ever see in a super hero movie ... She wants to use ( her powers ) as what she calls a blessing and a gift from God to help others , so it 's a very unique approach to it all '' . When first portraying the character , Cordova - Buckley smiled whenever Rodriguez was about to use her abilities , to show an adrenaline rush and the feeling of having such power . After positive fan responses to this , the actress morphed this trait into a more mischievous personality for the character . Before the start of the fifth season , it was revealed that Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular . Deke Shaw ( edit ) Jeff Ward Deke Shaw ( portrayed by Jeff Ward ) is `` the ultimate survivor '' and a `` roguish scavenger '' on the space station Lighthouse in the year 2091 . With a sharp mind and quick wit , he has the ability to acquire items for a price . During the final battle with Kasius , Enoch and Deke sacrifice their lives to get Phil Coulson 's team back to their own time . However , Deke is revealed to have been sent to the present with Coulson and his team and is found and rescued from jail by Daisy under the alias of Sinara Smith . Deke later realizes that he is the grandson of Fitz and Simmons , eventually telling the latter . When a gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot was defeated by Daisy , Simmons was unable to find Deke in his room . Ward was cast in August 2017 ; his role was announced in November 2017 . Ward had originally been cast as Virgil , a character who dies in the first episode . During the table read of the episode , the main cast felt Ward `` nailed it '' as Virgil and wanted him to stay on as Deke , who had not yet been cast . The producers reached out to Ward after the reading to audition for Deke , and was ultimately cast in the part . At San Diego Comic - Con 2018 , it was revealed that Ward had been promoted to a series regular for the sixth season . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of guest characters that have recurring roles throughout the series . The characters are listed by the MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in films ( edit ) Gideon Malick ( edit ) Gideon Malick ( portrayed by Powers Boothe ) is a former member of the World Security Council and secret leader of Hydra who ascended to power following the death of his father in 1970 . Gideon was joined by his brother Nathaniel , but the two soon learned of a trick their father used to avoid being sacrificed to Hive , and when Gideon followed suit , Nathaniel was sacrificed . Gideon successfully opens the portal to allow Hive to return to Earth , but Hive reveals that he has retained Nathaniel 's memories , and punishes Gideon by murdering his daughter Stephanie . After being captured by S.H.I.E.L.D. , Gideon cooperates with Coulson against Hive . Gideon is murdered by Johnson while she is controlled by Hive . In October 2015 , it was announced that Boothe was joining the series as a recurring character early in the third season , reprising his role from The Avengers ( where he was credited only as `` World Security Council '' ) . On how much the series would use the character later in the third season , following the midseason finale , Whedon stated that `` we 'd be fools not to use him more . We could n't be bigger fans of ( Boothe 's ) portrayal of the role . We knew going in that we were going to get some bang for our buck , and we 've been loving writing the character . We love the way he 's attacking the scenes . We plan on keeping him around , because we 'd be idiots not to . '' Cameron Palatas portrays a young Gideon Malick . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Mike Peterson / Deathlok ( edit ) Further information : Deathlok and Mike Peterson ( comics ) Mike Peterson ( portrayed by J. August Richards ) is an ordinary man that was artificially enhanced with the Extremis - containing Centipede serum by Project Centipede . Peterson later joins S.H.I.E.L.D , but is caught in an explosion and awakens without his right leg and under the control of the `` Clairvoyant '' , who gives him a bionic prosthetic limb as part of `` Project Deathlok '' . After the defeat of Centipede and the `` Clairvoyant '' , Peterson works for Coulson covertly , and aids in the take down of Hydra leader Dr. List . Peterson later returned with some S.H.I.E.L.D. agents to help Phil Coulson seal the rift in the Lighthouse that was leaking different fears from it . Afterwards , he attended Fitz and Simmons ' wedding . Richards appeared in Joss Whedon 's Angel as Charles Gunn before being cast as Peterson , who was revealed to be the MCU version of Deathlok in January 2014 . Created by Rich Buckler and Doug Moench in 1974 , Deathlok has gone through many different iterations in the comics . Richards called the role `` a dream come true '' , and described the character 's costume and makeup , which took `` about five departments ... two hours to do the makeup and then ( about ) 15 or 20 minutes to get into the costume '' , as `` restrictive . I love the costume and it really helps me to play the character , because it makes me feel part - machine , part - human . '' The costume also had to be enhanced with visual effects , including the addition of a robotic leg and an arm mounted rocket launcher , as well as a half metal plated skull with robotic eye for when Deathlok is seen with x-ray vision . The costume was updated and evolved to be closer to the comic version for Deathlok 's appearance in the second season . Richards found `` the theme of Deathlok ( to be ) about deep , internal conflict , and that 's what we 're bringing with this ( version ) . '' After returning late in the second season , Richards looked back , and felt that his initial awkwardness and reluctance with the character and the costume reflected Peterson 's own journey becoming Deathlok . He also noted that when the character says `` Mike Peterson is dead '' , `` the only way that line could have meaning ( is ) if it were not true . I always think of Mike Peterson being at the core of this character , and whatever happens as a result of that , is all Mike Petersen . '' Ian Quinn ( edit ) Ian Quinn ( portrayed by David Conrad ) is a wealthy industrialist / philanthropist and the CEO of Quinn Worldwide and a former partner of Franklin Hall who is involved with The Clairvoyant . He acquires Deathlok technology for Mike Peterson , and attempts to sell more Deathlok soldiers to the U.S. military . After Garrett is defeated , Quinn is absorbed by the gravitonium by Raina . Raina ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Raina ( comics ) . Raina ( portrayed by Ruth Negga ) was raised by Calvin Johnson , and grew up with stories of her heritage as an Inhuman , and her potential to be more . Becoming the Project Centipede recruiter due to her interest in powered people , Raina works with Hydra in an attempt to replicate the GH - 325 serum that was used to resurrect Coulson . She eventually goes through Terrigenesis , gaining the power of precognition , but also a monstrous appearance . Raina comes to accept her new circumstances , and later allows Jiaying to kill her so that Skye can learn of the former 's true intent . It was later revealed that Raina had the gravitonium absorb Ian Quinn . Negga was first cast as a guest star in October 2013 , with executive producer Jeffrey Bell later explaining that `` Ruth Negga showed up and we just fell in love with her and found ways to use her beyond our initial conception '' . Foley was informed of Raina ahead of time , allowing her to flesh out the character with illustrations , as well as print specific fabric . When Raina is introduced in `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' , Foley and Negga `` wanted to show a progression in her dresses that reflects where her character might be going '' , with her initially unclear intentions paired with `` a softer silhouette '' and a pattern of white with black flowers . For her second appearance in the episode , `` it 's becoming clear that she has an agenda '' so the dress is more streamlined , and the colors are flipped to black with white flowers . For her final appearance in the episode , her dress is red with black flowers . Foley concluded , `` By the time you see her again in ( '' The Bridge `` ) you know she means business '' . After Raina is transformed in the second season she hides her hideous appearance with a hooded jacket , which Foley subtly added a flower pattern to , as `` she was always going to be the girl in the flower dress , so I wanted to pay tribute to that '' . Raina 's Inhuman look was created by Glenn Hetrick of Optic Nerve Studios . To get to the final look , the writers spent a lot of time discussing what her transformed look would entail , such as if she would have a nose , or a tail , with series writer Drew Greenberg eventually suggesting thorns . With the design idea in hand , Hetrick and his team began compiling potential designs for the character , looking to the Clive Barker film Nightbreed , specifically the character Shuna Sassi , because `` She 's a creature covered in porcupine quills and that image is so strong -- it creates such a striking silhouette '' . Since Hetrick and his team did not have source material to pull from in the comics , he wanted to `` make her feel like the first real Inhuman '' and give her face a level of symmetry . When creating the prosthetic makeup , which was done in two weeks , the producers wanted to still be able to see Negga 's eyes , with Bell saying , `` Ruth Negga has amazingly expressive eyes and eyebrows . And she gets so much of who Raina is through the eyes . We wanted her to still be able to communicate , we still wanted you to feel her expressions through all of ( the makeup ) . '' Victoria Hand ( edit ) Further information : Victoria Hand Victoria Hand ( portrayed by Saffron Burrows ) is introduced as the high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who runs The Hub , a S.H.I.E.L.D. base . After discovering that Hydra exists within S.H.I.E.L.D. , Hand turns on Coulson , believing him to be a double agent . However , Garrett soon reveals himself to be the traitor , and Hand works with Coulson to detain him . She is killed by Ward when he reveals himself to be a member of Hydra to save Garrett from imprisonment . Her Framework counterpart was responsible for bringing Ward into the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . In November 2013 , Burrows was announced as playing Hand , who was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Mike Deodato , and played an integral role in their Dark Avengers comic book series . The character was intentionally introduced in the first season as a mislead for the true identity of the Clairvoyant . With the introduction of Lucy Lawless as Isabelle Hartley in the second season , the executive producers considered establishing a relationship between Hand and Hartley , since the comic book - counterpart of Hand was in a relationship with a character called Isabelle , but Tancharoen stated that `` it started to be irresponsible if we addressed it to not address it with more weight and time and energy . '' However , this relationship was later hinted at onscreen in `` One Door Closes '' . Davis ( edit ) Davis ( portrayed by Maximilian Osinski ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who worked alongside Phil Coulson 's group on investigating the explosion at StatiCorp 's Particle Accelerator Complex before the Hydra Uprising . He later returned to S.H.I.E.L.D. when Jeffrey Mace became its director . During the LMD infiltration of the S.H.I.E.L.D. base , Davis and a few surviving S.H.I.E.L.D. agents help Daisy Johnson and Jemma Simmons escape the base . Davis helps protect Daisy and Simmons as they infiltrate the Framework to save their friends , after which he is attacked by Ophelia and badly wounded . Mike Peterson saves him and later reunites him with Coulson 's fugitive team at the Lighthouse . Anne Weaver ( edit ) Anne Weaver ( portrayed by Christine Adams ) is the director of the S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy of Science and Technology who joins the leadership of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' following the fall of the original organization , in which she fought one of Hydra 's enhanced soldiers , developing a distrust in the superhumans . She takes over command of the S.H.I.E.L.D. warship The Iliad following the death of Robert Gonzales . John Garrett / the Clairvoyant ( edit ) Further information : John Garrett ( comics ) John Garrett ( portrayed by Bill Paxton ) was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who was left for dead by that organization , and only survived by becoming the first Deathlok . Joining Hydra , he became `` The Clairvoyant '' , leader of the Centipede group , and was focused on discovering the secret to Coulson 's resurrection given the impending failure of his now outdated Deathlok technology . Under the guise of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent tasked with capturing and interrogating Ian Quinn , Garrett joins in Coulson 's efforts to find the GH - 325 drug . Based on his findings , Raina is able to synthesize a version of the drug , which does save his life . However , after Hydra is revealed to have infiltrated S.H.I.E.L.D. and Garret is outed as the Clairvoyant , Coulson kills him by disintegration . In December 2013 , `` a high - level S.H.I.E.L.D. agent / munitions expert who has past ties to both Coulson and Ward '' was set to be added to the series . The next month , Paxton was cast as Agent John Garrett , `` a rough - and - tumble former cohort of Agent Coulson with a little bit of attitude and cigar - smoking swagger '' . Garrett was first introduced by Frank Miller and Bill Sienkiewicz in Elektra : Assassin . Jed Whedon said that `` We actually discussed Bill Paxton in the room , when we were talking about the character ... Then when he came up as an actual possibility , we could n't believe it . '' Following the revelation that Garrett was The Clairvoyant , Paxton said , `` He 's felt like he 's found a true home in Hydra , which is more of a Darwinian outfit . It 's survival of the fittest . He can relate to that . '' Antoine Triplett ( edit ) Antoine Triplett ( portrayed by B.J. Britt ) worked with Garrett until the Hydra reveal , after which he joins Coulson 's team . Trip perishes when he becomes trapped in the chamber Skye and Raina undergo Terrigenesis in and gets hit by a fragment of the Diviner . In the Framework , Antoine Triplett is Jeffrey Mace 's inside man who got caught and was incarcerated at a Hydra Cultivation Enlightenment Camp until he was freed by Mace and Phil Coulson . In December 2013 , `` an African - American agent who specializes in combat / weapons '' was set to be added to the series . In February , Britt was announced as cast in the role of Triplett . Britt 's smile and charm were incorporated into the character after he had worked with the writers for several episodes , with Tancharoen saying to Britt `` I love your smile . We have to incorporate the smile of Trip into the show . '' Britt said of the character , `` Trip likes to make sure everything is in order ... he 's going make sure that stuff does n't go wrong . ( But ) I still feel like Trip has something to prove . That 's going to cross over to the second season where Trip wants to show Coulson that he can trust him . '' Britt returned in the fourth season to reprise the character within the Framework reality . Glenn Talbot / Graviton ( edit ) Further information : Glenn Talbot and Graviton ( comics ) Glenn Talbot ( portrayed by Adrian Pasdar ) is a United States Air Force colonel and later brigadier general who hunts active S.H.I.E.L.D. agents after the organization 's disbandment . Coulson earns his trust over time , and the two soon enter an agreement in which S.H.I.E.L.D. provides the government with sensitive assets and helps with the take down of Hydra in exchange for being left alone . He is made head of the Advanced Threat Containment Unit ( ATCU ) following the death of Rosalind Price , an arrangement which sees him reluctantly working for Coulson . Glenn Talbot is later placed in a coma following a head shot caused by the Daisy Johnson LMD at a government meeting . Talbot was later revealed to be a prisoner of General Hale until Coulson managed to free him . However , upon calling his wife Carla , Hale 's subordinate Candice Lee forces her to read a script to activate his brainwashing that occurred during his imprisonment . Talbot eventually enters the Rebirth machine to absorb gravitonium , becoming Graviton . He finds Robin Hinton so she can tell him where the gravitonium within the Earth is located . During his fight with Johnson , Talbot is blasted into space after Johnson takes the Centipede Serum where his body becomes frozen in ice . Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko for Tales to Astonish # 61 , Talbot was a recurring antagonist of the Hulk . Pasdar was cast as Talbot by March 2014 , with this version focused on taking down Hydra . In the fifth season , Talbot becomes the villain Graviton , despite the series previously introducing Franklin Hall in the first season , the character who becomes the villain in the comics . The koenigs ( edit ) Further information : Eric Koenig Eric , Billy , Sam , and Thurston Koenig ( all portrayed by Patton Oswalt ) are identical brothers . The former three are S.H.I.E.L.D. agents , programmers in the initial S.H.I.E.L.D. LMD program . Eric is stationed at the Providence base and assists Coulson in the wake of Hydra 's emergence , but is soon killed by Ward . Coulson and his team meet Billy , the brother of Eric , at the Playground base soon after . Billy and Sam work with Coulson on the mysterious Theta Protocol , the maintenance of a S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier for use by Nick Fury . Later , Coulson entrusts the Darkhold to Billy and Sam , who hide the book in the Labyrinth , a S.H.I.E.L.D. base only accessible by the Koenigs . Thurston is a slam poet activist who is not a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and refers to them as a bunch of `` sheep '' due to the death of their brother Eric Oswalt joined the series as Eric Koenig in March 2014 . This version of the character is loosely inspired by one that first appeared in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 27 . Oswalt also portrays Eric 's brothers . After previously working on Joss Whedon 's Dollhouse and being a long time fan of Marvel , Oswalt was sought for the part specifically . Calvin Johnson ( edit ) Further information : Mister Hyde ( comics ) Calvin Johnson ( portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan ) , a young doctor , met the Inhuman Jiaying while in China . The two eventually married , and had a daughter , Daisy . After Jiaying was torn apart by Hydra , and Daisy was taken by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents , Cal stitched his wife back together , found innocent people whose life - force was used to bring Jiaying back to life , and began searching for his daughter , at some point changing his last name . He also began experimenting on himself in an attempt to be stronger , blaming himself for not protecting his family . Jiaying eventually abandoned the search to live a peaceful life with other Inhumans like her , but Cal continued , eventually meeting Daisy -- now going by Skye -- and over time forming a bond with her , despite her hatred for his past actions . Coulson later convinces Cal that Jiaying is a monster who has forced him to do terrible things , and when Jiaying starts a war with S.H.I.E.L.D. that leads to a face down with Skye , Cal kills Jiaying . S.H.I.E.L.D. then wipes Cal 's memory to allow him to live a peaceful life . During the first - season finale , Skye 's father is briefly seen from behind , portrayed by a stand - in . In August 2014 , MacLachlan was cast in the role , to recur throughout the second season . Initially referred to as `` The Doctor '' , his character was revealed to be Calvin Zabo , also known as Mister Hyde , in December 2014 . Zabo was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck for Journey into Mystery in 1963 , and is influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson 's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . MacLachlan 's makeup for his transformation into the Mister Hyde persona in the second - season finale took around two and a half hours to apply . Following the conclusion of season two , Bell said on Cal 's storyline , `` He got to live a happily ever after in a beautiful way . We would never write off the idea of finding more story for him down the road , but we had a great time with Kyle this year and feel like that was a story that ended nicely . '' Bell elaborated that they `` felt like everything he did came from the right place but that he was just a really horrible , broken man . The idea of ( using ) the T.A.H.I.T.I. program to reset him as the good person that has always been in there was too good to pass up . '' Introduced in season two ( edit ) Daniel Whitehall ( edit ) Further information : Kraken ( Marvel Comics ) Werner Reinhardt ( portrayed by Reed Diamond ) , a high ranking Nazi officer and an elite member of Hydra in 1945 , was experimenting on the Diviner when his base was taken by the SSR and he was imprisoned for life . Released by Alexander Pierce in 1988 , Reinhardt discovered that a woman unaffected by the Diviner , Jiaying , had apparently not aged in four decades . Dissecting her , Reinhardt discovered the secret to her youthfulness and used it to de-age himself . Taking the name Daniel Whitehall , he became the North American leader of Hydra following Pierce 's death , fighting against Coulson 's S.H.I.E.L.D. while remaining interested in the Diviner and other alien matters . He is killed by Coulson while trying to unlock the true power of the Diviner . It was revealed that he trained General Hale and had her partake in raising Hydra 's next leader through insemination . At the San Diego Comic Con in July 2014 , Diamond was announced as portraying Daniel Whitehall , also known as the Kraken in the comics , where he was introduced by Jonathan Hickman for Secret Warriors # 7 . Diamond previously worked with the creators on Dollhouse and Much Ado About Nothing , and though they had wanted him for parts throughout the first season , he had been unavailable due to commitments to another series . Diamond accepted the role of Whitehall with just 24 hours to prepare , during which he formed the character 's German accent to use for flashback sequences . In developing the character , Diamond watched Nazi documentaries , and re-watched Marvel 's films , looking at the characters of Loki and Red Skull in particular . From the former , Diamond was inspired by his The Avengers quote , `` I am burdened with glorious purpose '' , as he had never played a super villain , `` someone who really believed that they were the best person to rule the universe , or at least the Earth . '' For Hugo Weaving 's portrayal of the Red Skull , Diamond looked at his anger and voice to see `` how ( Whitehall ) would fit in within that spectrum '' , and settled on `` this is TV . I 'm the smiling , calm , villain . '' Diamond also sought advice from Malcolm McDowell , who told him to `` Always smile and let the lines do the work . '' The character is often seen cleaning his glasses , an `` identifying quality '' devised by Jed Whedon . Sunil Bakshi ( edit ) Sunil Bakshi ( portrayed by Simon Kassianides ) , the right - hand man to Whitehall , is instrumental in the brainwashing of Hydra 's subjects , including S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Kara Palamas , who later gets revenge by brainwashing Bakshi herself . Now loyal to Palamas and Ward , Bakshi sacrifices his life to save the latter when Simmons tries to kill him . In the Framework , Sunil Bakshi is a news presenter who hosts The Bakshi Report where he reports on Hydra 's actions against the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . Kassianides , a fan of the series and of comic books in general , was cast in the `` major recurring role '' of Bakshi in July 2014 . The producers intended for Bakshi to be killed off in the fifth episode of the second season , but changed their minds after Kassianides ' early table reads and extended his run on the show through to the nineteenth episode . Speaking of the character 's relationship with Whitehall , Kassianides explained , `` Bakshi really feels he can act under the authority of Whitehall on his own , using his own judgment . He has the trust of Whitehall and is acting as he sees fit , the consequences of which will play out . '' On Bakshi 's motivations and thought process , Kassianides said `` When you 're that committed to any ideology , I think that it allows for elements of insanity ... whether that 's been trained in him or it 's inherent , it 's not clear , but he 's certainly at that point where hurting people , torturing people , and operating under this ideology is something he quite enjoys . '' Carl Creel ( edit ) Further information : Absorbing Man Carl Creel ( portrayed by Brian Patrick Wade ) is a Hydra operative recruited by Garrett and brainwashed by Whitehall who can absorb the properties of whatever he touches . He is later hired by Talbot to serve as his bodyguard , but quits when Talbot is injured and hospitalized . Sometime later , Creel is hired by General Hale to help her hunt S.H.I.E.L.D. , but he betrays her after learning she is holding Talbot prisoner , helping Coulson and Talbot escape . Creel also forms a mental link with gravitonium and discovers that the minds of Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn live on inside it after it absorbed them . While recuperating in the hospital , Creel is visited by Glenn Talbot who absorbs Creel into himself with his gravitonium . Wade was cast in the role in August 2014 . Kara Palamas / Agent 33 ( edit ) Further information : Agent 33 Kara Palamas ( portrayed by Maya Stojan ) was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent betrayed to Hydra by the then undercover Morse and subjected to brainwashing by Bakshi and Whitehall . The now Hydra - loyal Palamas used a nanomask to take on the appearance of May , and when the latter electrocutes Palamas whilst in this disguise , she is left stuck as May , but deformed . After Coulson kills Whitehall , Palamas works with Ward , the two forming a romantic relationship while the latter does everything in his power to bring Palamas `` closure '' . They get her nanomask repaired so that she can become whoever she wishes , brainwash Bakshi , and kidnap Morse in an attempt to force a confession out of her . When May and Hunter come to rescue Morse , Ward accidentally kills Palamas while she is in disguise as May . While Stojan portrays Palamas , the character is also portrayed by other cast members , including Ming - Na Wen and Chloe Bennet , when she takes on the appearance of their characters . Stojan had to balance working on the series with her concurrent recurring role on Castle , but was still able to appear in every episode offered to her . Speaking about portraying Palamas , and the differences between her and May , Wen said , `` not only did she lose her face , she lost her will , really . I mean she is completely controlled by Whitehall and ... it 's sort of a sad character for me to portray because she 's so opposite from May . May is so confident and knows exactly what she needs to do and can get the job done based on her own opinions and with Agent 33 , not only is she disfigured , not only does n't she have her face anymore , she does n't have her identity anymore . '' After Palamas breaks free of her brainwashing and joins Ward , Stojan said of the character and their new relationship , `` That love / romance that she has with Ward ... she 's really , I think , trying to find herself -- whether it 's good or bad . She truly believes in that one man , and she 's going to follow him . '' Jiaying Johnson ( edit ) Jiaying Johnson ( portrayed by Dichen Lachman ) is the Inhuman wife of Calvin Johnson , and Daisy 's mother , who does not age and can heal rapidly thanks to an elder of her village giving their life each year . Pieced back together by Calvin after Whitehall dissects her to discover the secret to her abilities , Jiaying is never the same , and goes to great lengths to find her daughter , now willingly taking innocent lives to feed her abilities , having no regard for humans . Eventually Jiaying tries to escape this new persona by founding Afterlife , a haven for Inhumans , and when Daisy ( going by Skye ) journeys to Afterlife , Jiaying happily becomes her mentor . However , when S.H.I.E.L.D. discovers the location of Afterlife , Jiaying starts a war with them , and attempts to kill all humans with artificial Terrigen crystals . She even tries to drain Skye 's life when the former turns on her , but is stopped by Calvin , who kills her . After Tony Caine gives Daisy the information about the modified Project Centipede serum that John Garrett used , she goes to the graveyard and starts exhuming Jaiying 's grave . Speaking about the levels of violence depicted in the series , Bell admitted that the executive producers and the network did question the graphicness of the sequence where Jiaying is dissected by Whitehall , but that it was ultimately kept as is because they felt that `` it was important for you to understand how horrible that was and what she went through and miraculously survived -- that was a big part of our story . '' For Jiaying 's costume , Foley `` wanted her to have an other - worldly kind of feeling and then also , at the time , Dichen ( Lachman ) was pregnant , so we needed to come up with a silhouette that could hide the pregnancy , and kind of grow with her which is why we landed on that tunic . The great thing about it is that it had this really cool Asian feeling to it with the high neck and the buttons down the front . '' Foley chose the fabrics for Jiaying 's tunics based on what was going on in the story and how she felt the character was thinking . In regards to Jiaying 's perceived role as the main villain of the second season due to her actions in the final episodes , Bell said `` In our minds , ( Jiaying ) was n't a villain so much ; she was an antagonist , but if you look at why she feels the way she does , Jiaying really earned that position . '' After the character 's backstory and motivations were revealed , she was compared by some to the Marvel Comics character Magneto . In response to this , Bell said `` We did n't consciously mimic ( Magneto ) , but what they both have in common is a valid motive . Jiaying was ripped to shreds ... I feel like her motive is really earned in the same way that Magneto 's is fairly earned . We always want our antagonists to have good motives ... We tried to make everything she says be true . '' Gordon ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Gordon ( comics ) . Gordon ( portrayed by Jamie Harris ) is an eyeless Inhuman with the ability to teleport and emit force fields . His transition to an Inhuman was tended to by Jiaying , and he remained loyal to her in his adult life , ensuring that only a select few could enter and leave Afterlife , and joining with her in her war against S.H.I.E.L.D. While trying to spread Terrigen Mist through the ventilation system of The Iliad , he is killed by Fitz . Andrew Garner / Lash ( edit ) Further information : Lash ( comics ) Andrew Garner ( portrayed by Blair Underwood ) is May 's ex-husband and a psychologist at Culver University who assesses gifted people for S.H.I.E.L.D. Following a vacation with May to try and rekindle their relationship , Garner is exposed to Terrigen which unlocks Inhuman abilities within him ; he becomes the monstrous Lash ( portrayed by Matt Willig ) , who uses energy abilities to hunt and kill ' unworthy ' Inhumans . Garner surrenders himself to S.H.I.E.L.D. before the transformation becomes permanent , and manages to say goodbye to May before completely becoming Lash . S.H.I.E.L.D. then send Lash to fight Hive , hoping that his Inhuman purpose is to destroy the latter . Though this is not the case , Lash is able to purge Daisy Johnson of Hive 's control , before being killed by Hellfire . In December 2014 , Underwood was revealed to be cast as Garner for multiple appearances starting in the second season . In July 2015 , the Inhuman Lash , who was created by Charles Soule and Joe Madureira for Inhuman # 1 , was announced as appearing in the third season . That August , Willig was revealed to be cast as Lash , with Hetrick again working alongside the series ' makeup and visual effects teams to realize the character 's `` unique look '' from the comics . Whedon noted that it would be their `` own take on ( Lash ) . There will be some elements from the comics for sure , but as we always do ... we 're changing it up a little bit . '' Bell elaborated that `` it 's hard to have a hidden or magical city '' in the MCU , such as Lash 's comic home of Orollan , but `` Lash 's agenda can certainly remain true to what it was in the comics '' , with him judging whether Inhumans are worthy . Willig 's Lash make - up initially took six hours to apply , but the make - up team was able to reduce the time to four and a half hours . Whedon noted that the series already has several Inhumans who are `` fairly attractive '' and the producers wanted `` to also show the other side of the change that bad things can happen '' , with Tancharoen elaborating that `` on a very basic level , we were interested in putting a monster in the mix , because he is not human and his looks are pretty crazy and scary . We wanted to put our team up against something like that . '' On how the cast and characters react to seeing Lash , Bennet said , `` I like to think that they 've seen their fair share of crazy shit and that 's just something that 's pretty insane but not totally mind - blowing . '' Following the reveal that Lash still had a human form , Bell said that they would spend time exploring different characters as potential candidates , though the human form was revealed to be Garner two episodes later . For the onscreen CGI transformation from Garner to Lash , Underwood and Willig were 3D scanned ( the latter while in full prosthetics and make - up ) , and then Underwood provided motion capture for the sequence , as visual effects supervisor Mark Kolpack noted the lack of resemblance between Underwood and the final Lash design , and so wanted to keep as much of Underwood 's `` essence '' throughout the transformation process as possible . Underwood portrayed the transformation as `` painful '' , `` rigid '' , and `` tiring '' , though he noted that it would become easier for the character to transform the more it happened . Going into the third season , Underwood had only known that the producers wanted to explore more of Garner 's personal life , after his appearances in the second season were `` as an appendage to Agent May ... a device and a construct to open her up and see more of her life . '' He also did not see the Lash reveal coming , which he did not learn until the table read for `` Devils You Know '' , when it is presumed Garner is dead , and the producers approached him afterwards to tell them their plan for the character . Underwood compared the Garner / Lash dynamic to Jekyll and Hyde and Bruce Banner / the Hulk , and compared the new May / Garner dynamic to Beauty and the Beast . On Lash 's motivations , Underwood stated that `` Lash sees ( the Inhumans ) as an exalted society and it 's an honor to be an Inhuman . Not everyone is worthy of that moniker . He takes it upon himself to be judge , jury and executioner of who is worthy of being an Inhuman and who is not . '' Elaborating on this and Garner 's connection to Lash , Underwood said , `` If you look at his work as a psychologist ... in S.H.I.E.L.D. , he determines ( who ) is worthy and is not worthy to be part of the Secret Warriors team ... it makes sense that it 's kind of that same kind of rationale , but on steroids '' . Robert Gonzales ( edit ) Robert Gonzales ( portrayed by Edward James Olmos ) is an elderly S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , tactician , and the commander of The Iliad during the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. who is tasked with protecting the Kree monolith . He is convinced not to destroy the ship ( to prevent Hydra from claiming the monolith ) so that the hundreds of agents on board may live , disobeying Fury 's orders , and subsequently becomes a founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' alongside Anne Weaver , Tomas Calderon , and Agent Oliver . He remains distrustful of secrets and all things alien , even after agreeing to keep Coulson on as Director of a new , unified S.H.I.E.L.D. , but still attempts to negotiate with Jiaying and the Inhumans peacefully . However , Jiaying kills Gonzales and shoots herself , claiming that he attacked her , in order to start a war against S.H.I.E.L.D. It was announced in January 2015 that Olmos would be joining the series as Robert Gonzales , with Olmos describing joining the MCU one of the high points of his career . Concerning the apparent difference in philosophies between Gonzales and Coulson , Olmos explained that `` the situations that I 've come across and the situations that he 's come across have changed our ability to work with the same understanding . He 's working like Fury worked and under that understanding . I do n't work under Fury 's understanding ... I think that Coulson 's philosophy is the same as mine ! We are S.H.I.E.L.D. We are not anything but S.H.I.E.L.D. people . It 's just that our S.H.I.E.L.D. , the one that we originally put forth , was very , very transparent . And the S.H.I.E.L.D. that has materialized under Fury -- and now Coulson -- is much more secretive . '' Olmos also compared the relationship between the two factions of S.H.I.E.L.D. to that between the Democrats and the Republicans . Alisha Whitley ( edit ) Alisha Whitley ( portrayed by Alicia Vela - Bailey ) is a duplicating Inhuman who was loyal to Jiaying until she learned that the latter started the war with S.H.I.E.L.D. After Jiaying 's death , Alisha helps S.H.I.E.L.D. until she falls under the influence of Hive . She is later murdered by a Kree reaper offscreen . Kebo ( edit ) Kebo ( portrayed by Daz Crawford ) is a member of Hydra , second - in - command to Ward until he is killed by Morse . Crawford only signed on for the second - season finale , but the writers liked him in the character and so brought him back for the third season . Crawford said that Kebo has reservations about Ward as a boss , but `` some people like their bosses , some people do n't . '' Introduced in season three ( edit ) Rosalind Price ( edit ) Rosalind Price ( portrayed by Constance Zimmer ) is the head of the ATCU as it crosses paths with S.H.I.E.L.D. in the hunt for Inhumans . After developing a romantic relationship with Coulson , Price is killed by Ward . In July 2015 , Zimmer was cast as Price , who Gregg described as `` a potent ... I would n't say doppelganger , but she 's definitely got a lot in common with Coulson . She represents a character who 's not someone he comes across every day , who has more in common with him than most other people do . '' That September , Bell elaborated , `` Where in the past , Coulson frequently plays sort of a paternal role on the show , because Daisy is kind of a surrogate daughter figure -- suddenly there 's another adult ( in Price ) , who can banter , who can hold her own , and there 's something nice about seeing him in that relationship . '' Luther Banks ( edit ) Luther Banks ( portrayed by Andrew Howard ) is an ATCU agent and former Marine loyal to Price . He is killed by Giyera . Joey Gutierrez ( edit ) Joey Gutierrez ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Raba ) is an Inhuman and former construction worker with the ability to melt certain metals who is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. for Daisy Johnson 's Secret Warriors team . Raba was announced as cast in August 2015 . Scott Meslow of Vulture and Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club , reviewing the season three episode `` Laws of Nature '' , both indicated their pleasure in seeing Gutierrez , a gay character , appear on the series , which Meslow noted appeared to be the first openly gay character in the MCU . Werner von Strucker ( edit ) Further information : Werner von Strucker Werner von Strucker ( portrayed by Spencer Treat Clark ) is the son of Hydra leader Wolfgang von Strucker , who is recruited to Hydra by Ward after Wolfgang 's death . After failing to follow Ward 's orders to kill Garner , Werner is left in a vegetative state by Kebo , and is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . He is later hospitalized in an asylum and teams up with General Hale and her daughter Ruby upon being freed . Werner gave in to General Hale 's demands when he saw one of his father 's experiments in the form of Carl Creel lifting weights . After Ruby gets 8 % of the gravitonium in her , Werner is accidentally killed by Ruby . Giyera ( edit ) R. Giyera ( portrayed by Mark Dacascos ) is a telekinetic Inhuman and head of security for the ATCU , secretly loyal to Malick . He is eventually swayed over to Hive 's side , until he is killed by Fitz . Polly Hinton ( edit ) Polly Hinton ( portrayed by Lola Glaudini ) is the wife of Charles Hinton and mother of Robin Hinton . J.T. James / Hellfire ( edit ) Further information : Hellfire ( J.T. Slade ) J.T. James ( portrayed by Axle Whitehead ) is an Inhuman who was refused the right of Terrigenesis by Jiaying and banished from Afterlife . Johnson subjects James to the transformation while under the influence of Hive , giving James the ability to imbue objects with fire . He is then taken under Hive 's influence himself , and chooses the codename Hellfire . After Hive is destroyed , James suffers terrible withdrawal symptoms and comes to hate being an Inhuman as a result . He betrays his kind to the Watchdogs , helping them track and kill other Inhumans , with the promise that they would kill him when they are done . Whitehead first guest starred as James in `` Paradise Lost '' , introduced as someone from Lincoln 's past , with Whitehead and Mitchell having previously starred together on Home and Away . With the character recurring through the rest of the third season , he was revealed to be an adaptation of the comic Secret Warrior character Hellfire . Executive producer Tancharoen felt it was `` a no - brainer '' to include Hellfire in the series , despite him not being Inhuman in the comics . Whedon expanded , saying , `` We liked his attitude . He 's a tell - it - like - it - is guy . He 's a little bit of a prick . He does not care if he 's liked , and that 's fun to write . '' The producers were also able to find a way to incorporate Hellfire 's signature fire chain into the series . In the fourth season , it is revealed that his full name is J.T. James . Anderson ( edit ) Anderson ( portrayed by Alexander Wraith ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and assistant to Coulson . Piper ( edit ) Piper ( portrayed by Briana Venskus ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and member of May 's strike team . Aida `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra ( edit ) Further information : AIDA ( comics ) and Viper ( Madame Hydra ) Aida ( portrayed by Mallory Jansen ) is a Life Model Decoy , an android body based on Radcliffe 's former lover and partner Agnes Kitsworth ( also portrayed by Jansen ) into which he transferred his artificial intelligence AIDA ( voiced by Amanda Rea ) . After the Darkhold shows Radcliffe the secret to eternal life , Radcliffe programs Aida to go rogue in an attempt to steal the book from S.H.I.E.L.D. She is ultimately beheaded in battle against S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Radcliffe builds a new model of the android . Aida later kills Kitsworth , so her consciousness can reside in the Framework reality . Aida enters the Framework where she takes up the name `` Ophelia '' and is also known as Madame Hydra , the leader of Hydra . She also has a relationship with Leo Fitz in his alias of The Doctor . Agnes also resides in the Framework , living with Radcliffe 's consciousness on Ogygia before she is deleted by The Doctor . With the help of Project Looking Glass , Aida succeeds in making her organic body , and once again goes by Ophelia . Ophelia also gains the Inhuman abilities of teleportation , electric charge manipulation , and a healing factor . She is later killed by Phil Coulson possessed by Ghost Rider . The artificial intelligence AIDA is briefly voiced by Amanda Rea in the third - season finale . By June 2016 , casting was underway for a `` very attractive '' actress to portray the robot in a recurring role for the fourth season . The character was described as moving around `` quite naturally '' , but speaking `` a bit formally '' like Iron Man 's J.A.R.V.I.S. A.I. in the MCU films . In August , Jansen was cast in the role ; she also portrays Agnes Kitsworth , for which she uses her native Australian accent . In April 2017 , it was revealed that Aida would appear in the Framework reality as Madame Hydra , also portrayed by Jansen . On having Aida become Madame Hydra , Whedon noted , `` We had what is one of most formidable female villains we 've ever had ( in Aida ) , and we were bringing back Hydra , so it seemed like a natural pairing . She 's plugged herself into this world and clearly she 's trying to live some other new , unique life . We felt like if you grew up in a world and tried to be as powerful as you could be , and that world was Hydra - dominated , then it would be natural that she would become ( Madame Hydra ) . We thought it would be a fun way to introduce that character that 's so creepy , odd , weird , and fun . '' Aida 's costume was custom made , and inspired by the works of Alexander McQueen . Foley wanted it to be simple to `` not take away from the character at all '' , but also `` sort of a ' Where did this outfit come from ? ' kind of a feeling so that it 's specifically hers . It just adds to the mystery of who she is . '' Jansen described `` Aida 2.0 '' as being programmed to be more ruthless , with the character 's costume a darker shade of gray than that worn by the original Aida to reflect these changes . New costume designer Amanda Riley took Foley 's costumes for Aida as the base shape of the Madame Hydra costume , but looked to make it feel `` stronger '' and more military-esque than those costumes by having the shoulders of the costume evoke epaulettes . The costume uses the color green , which is closely tied with the character in the comics . Introduced in season four ( edit ) Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider ( edit ) Further information : Ghost Rider ( Robbie Reyes ) Roberto `` Robbie '' Reyes ( portrayed by Gabriel Luna ) is a mechanic who , alongside his brother Gabe , was attacked by gang members who were hired to kill their uncle Eli Morrow . Gabe was paralyzed and Robbie was killed , but his life was saved when a Ghost Rider riding a motorcycle gave Robbie his power , creating a new Ghost Rider . Robbie lives to protect Gabe , and at night he seeks out vengeance by hunting the guilty and murdering them . His actions bring him into contact with the vigilante Quake and the agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , through whom he learns of his uncle 's interests in the Darkhold . This leads to Robbie taking Morrow through a portal to another dimension . After returning to Earth , Robbie Reyes helps to defeat Aida and uses his new portal - making abilities to take the Darkhold far away . Advertisements for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ahead of the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International featuring a flaming chain lead to speculation that the character of Ghost Rider would be joining the series during the season , though it was noted that the image could indicate an increased role for Hellfire after his introduction in the third season . When casting for a Latino character matching the description of Marvel Comics ' Robbie Reyes , was revealed to be underway for the series , further speculation pointed to the inclusion of Ghost Rider , a mantle that Reyes took over in the comics . At the series ' Comic - Con panel , this speculation was confirmed , and Luna was announced to be cast in the role . Luna had initially been hesitant to sign up for a recurring , rather than starring , role , but changed his mind once he was told that the character would be Ghost Rider , who he was a fan of growing up . He felt it was `` too good to be true '' that Reyes `` was a character who looked like me , acted like me , and had this amazing family dynamic with his brother '' , with Luna relating to the latter since his father died before he was born leaving Luna the `` oldest male in ( his ) immediate family '' . Luna described the Ghost Rider as a `` separate entity '' from Reyes , comparing the dynamic to the Hulk . Reyes was chosen as the Ghost Rider for the series , over other versions of the character , since his is the newest version from the comics , and the executive producers thought `` it would be interesting to bring in someone with ( his ) background into our dynamic '' . Regarding if the character would be possessed by a Satanic serial killer , as in the comics , or by the more traditional Spirit of Vengeance , Tancharoen said , `` We 're staying true to his circumstance . But as always with any property that we use , we 're taking our liberties with it , '' with Whedon adding that they would be `` pulling a little bit from different versions of the Ghost Rider '' with `` a little mixing and matching '' . Luna said that due to the character 's recent introduction in the comics , `` a lot of the show is going to be expanding the Ghost Rider canon '' ; however Luna read all 12 issues of the All - New Ghost Rider series that introduced Reyes for preparation . The character drives a 1969 Dodge Charger in the show , the `` Hellcharger '' of the comics which Luna nicknamed Lucy , for Lucifer . The production had a hero car and a double for stunts , while the visual effects team used a CG double when needed . Eric Norris serves as Luna 's stunt driver , with Morgan Benoit , a frequent collaborator with Luna , as his stunt double . The character 's signature jacket and flaming head were designed by Marvel Television creative director Joshua Shaw , based on Felipe Smith 's design from the comics . The skull design includes exhaust - type jets of flames coming from the temples to mimic the effects on his car . For the CG skull , Luna wore tracking markers on his face to provide performance - reference for these sequences , especially for the animation of Ghost Rider 's coal - like eyes . Luna also wears a hood fitted with flickering lights , to create the effect of fire lighting up his costume and surfaces around him . The lights can be adjusted to match different temperature fire for different situations . Whedon noted that the series depicts Reyes ' flaming head `` exactly as much as we can afford '' , adding , `` We 're hoping that the character has not just a flaming skull but some real heart to him , and some depth . '' Foley paired the character 's jacket with jeans and Vans to keep Reyes `` grounded in the reality of where he was brought up in Los Angeles '' . Foley also worked with Kolpack to ensure that the costume would not interfere with the visual effects . Since a skeleton does not have a voice box , the Ghost Rider does not speak in the series . In August 2016 , Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb said that the character `` could venture into other sections of the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , depending on the audience 's response to their take on him , saying , `` if we can tell that story in a compelling way , then the thing to do is to then have people want more . And if they want more , the networks say , oh , we want more . '' On this , Luna noted that he `` signed on the line to do all the work necessary ... that 's extremely exciting . '' That October , Luna said that there had been `` rumblings '' about a spin - off for the character , but reiterated that it would depend on audience response . Gabe Reyes ( edit ) Further information : Gabe Reyes Gabriel `` Gabe '' Reyes ( portrayed by Lorenzo James Henrie ) is Robbie 's younger brother , who was paralyzed in the accident that led to Robbie becoming the Ghost Rider . Casting for a Latino character matching the description of Gabe Reyes , was revealed to be underway for the series at the same time as it was for Robbie . Robbie Reyes was confirmed for the series in September 2016 , and Henrie was revealed to be portraying Gabe later that month . The role was one of the first that Henrie auditioned for after he finished filming for Fear the Walking Dead , in which his character is killed off . At his audition , Henrie confirmed that he would be able to dedicate his time to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. without spoiling the events of Fear for the S.H.I.E.L.D. casting team , and was cast in the role the next day . His introduction as Gabe aired only weeks after his Fear the Walking Dead death aired . Lucy Bauer ( edit ) Lucy Bauer ( portrayed by Lilli Birdsell ) was a scientist working at Momentum Labs in a group including her husband Joseph and engineer Eli Morrow . They were experimenting with the mysterious Darkhold until Morrow took steps to gain the book 's power for himself by creating a machine that turned Lucy and her co-workers into ghost - like beings . Lucy later attempts to force Morrow to restore her body , but his nephew Robbie Reyes exorcised her first with the power of the Ghost Rider . Jeffrey Mace / Patriot ( edit ) Further information : Jeffrey Mace Jeffrey Mace ( portrayed by Jason O'Mara ) is the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who was appointed to try and restore the trust of the public following the public outlawing of Steve Rogers and several of the Avengers due to the Sokovia Accords . Originally thought by the public and other members of S.H.I.E.L.D. to be an Inhuman with super-strength and invulnerability , Mace instead received his abilities from the U.S. government 's Project Patriot , which used a super-serum derived from Calvin Johnson 's formula . Mace received the serum after being heralded for a heroic moment at a ceremony in Vienna , Austria following the signing of the Sokovia Accords . With S.H.I.E.L.D. in need of a new , enhanced director on the recommendation of outgoing director Coulson , Talbot and the U.S. government gave the job to Mace , who they could trust . After it was revealed that Mace 's powers were a lie , Coulson decided that Mace should stay on as `` the Patriot '' and the face and political leader of S.H.I.E.L.D. , while Coulson takes back command of S.H.I.E.L.D. operations . In the Framework , Mace is the head of the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . During the raid on the Hydra Cultivation Enlightenment Camp , Mace sacrifices himself to buy everyone time to get out of the collapsing quarantine building , resulting in his death in the real world as well . A flash - forward at the end of the third - season finale revealed that Coulson would no longer be the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. in the fourth season . The showrunners intentionally avoided giving hints as to who the new director would be in the sequence . After speculation in the media about which previously introduced character could be taking on the role , it was revealed that the new leader would actually be a new character to the series portrayed by O'Mara , described as a character `` whose Marvel roots go back to the 1940s '' . The character was always going to be new to the series , as the executive producers felt that replacing Coulson with someone he knows `` would n't ( provide ) as much tension to mine from '' . The character was revealed to be Mace and an Inhuman with super strength with his introduction in `` Meet the New Boss '' . O'Mara , a big Marvel fan as a child who has worked a lot with ABC , found out that Marvel was `` really seriously '' interested in him for the part in the same call that his agent told him that his A&E pilot The Infamous was not getting picked up to series . Within 24 hours , O'Mara had talked to Loeb , watched some of the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and accepted an offer to join the season without reading a script for it . He described the character as `` high status '' , saying that `` he comes in and he 's the boss , telling the other characters orders . Here I come in after ( the other actors ) been doing this for four years and I 'm telling them what to do . It 's a little awkward '' . Ellen Nadeer ( edit ) Ellen Nadeer ( portrayed by Parminder Nagra ) is a senator and leader of the Humans First movement , who hates Inhumans after her mother 's death during the Chitauri invasion . Nadeer allies herself with the Watchdogs , but when high - ranking Watchdog Tucker Shockley tests Nadeer 's humanity with a Terrigen crystal , it reveals his own explosive Inhuman abilities . Nadeer and those with her die in the ensuing explosion . Burrows ( edit ) Burrows ( portrayed by Patrick Cavanaugh ) is a member of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's PR division loyal to Mace . He dies during the ambush on the airplane that Coulson and Mace are on . In the Framework , Burrows is part of the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . Eli Morrow ( edit ) Further information : Eli Morrow Elias `` Eli '' Morrow ( portrayed by José Zúñiga ) is the uncle of Robbie and Gabe Reyes , and engineer who helped raise his nephews . After his coworkers at Momentum Energy labs began experimenting with the Darkhold , Morrow came to crave its power for himself . He put Joseph Bauer into a coma trying to find the book , and ultimately turned the rest of his coworkers into ghost - like beings . S.H.I.E.L.D. breaks him out of prison believing him to be a victim , but he uses the Darkhold to create a machine that gives him the power to create matter . Ghost Rider drags Eli and himself into another dimension . The comics version of Eli Morrow is a Satanist who , after dying , possesses his nephew Robbie and turns him into the Ghost Rider . In August 2016 , Whedon cautioned that the series would not necessarily be directly adapting the comics ' storyline , saying , `` We ca n't say much about what we 're going to do with ( Robbie Reyes ' ) origin , but we are doing our own spin on it . We do n't want people who have read the comics to know exactly what 's coming . '' In October , Morrow was confirmed to be appearing in the series , with Zúñiga cast . He is changed for the series by introducing him as an apparently innocent man , and then revealing him to be as power hungry as his fellow scientists experimenting on the Darkhold . The abilities he gains from his experiments have been compared to those of the comic character Molecule Man . Anton Ivanov / the Superior ( edit ) Further information : Superior ( Marvel Comics ) Anton Ivanov ( portrayed by Zach McGowan ) is a reclusive Russian industrialist known as `` The Superior '' , who champions traditional values and old - fashioned hardware over modern technology and extraterrestrial entities . He believes that Coulson is the cause of Earth 's alien problems , and works with the Watchdogs , Senator Nadeer , and Holden Radcliffe to fight S.H.I.E.L.D. After being crippled by Daisy Johnson , Aida decapitates Ivanov and creates an android body for his mind to control . Ivanov then creates multiple additional bodies for his mind to control . After finding Anton Ivanov 's head , General Hale persuaded Ivanov to join up with her . He was knocked out the window by Yo - Yo which destroyed the copy and the soldiers . Hope MacKenzie ( edit ) Hope MacKenzie ( portrayed by Jordan Rivera ) is Mack 's daughter . While she has died sometime after birth in real life , she appears alive in the Framework . Hope 's Framework counterpart is later deleted when the Framework collapses . Enoch ( edit ) Enoch ( portrayed by Joel Stoffer ) is a Chronicom anthropologist posing as a human . He abducts and sends Phil Coulson 's group , except for Fitz , through time to the Lighthouse in the year 2091 due to a prophecy uncovered by Robin Hinton . He later helps Fitz to get to the same time to save the rest of his team . During the final battle with Kasius , Enoch and Deke sacrifice their lives to get Phil Coulson 's team back to their own time . Though Deke turned up alive and in the present . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Tess ( edit ) Tess ( portrayed by Eve Harlow ) is a resourceful , self - sufficient inhabitant of the Lighthouse with a hope for a better future . She was later hanged by the Kree with a message pinned to her demanding that Flint be brought to the Kree . Kasius later had the Kree doctor perform the Kree procedure to revive Tess so that she can carry a message for Mack and Yo - Yo to surrender Flint . Following the death of Kasius , Tess and Flint prepare to use Flint 's abilities in an attempt to rebuild Earth . Harlow was announced in the role in November 2017 . Kasius ( edit ) Kasius ( portrayed by Dominic Rains ) is a Kree nobleman and perfectionist in the year 2091 who is the overseer of the Lighthouse . Kasius was sent to oversee the Lighthouse by his father after his failure in an earlier battle while his brother Faulnak oversaw the Kree Empire . During his fight with Mack , Kasius took a Kree medicine that removes his pain after killing future Elena . With help from Jemma , Mack was able to kill Kasius . Rains ' makeup takes 4 hours to apply . Sinara ( edit ) Sinara ( portrayed by Florence Faivre ) is a female Kree in the year 2091 that serves as Kasius ' second - in - command , enforcer , and head of the Kree Watch . She wields floating spheres which she uses to either attack her enemies or kill anyone that has offended Kasius . After most of Phil Coulson 's group fled to the remains of Earth , Kasius sent Sinara to dispose of them . During the gravity storm fight with Daisy Johnson aboard the modified Zephyr - One , Sinara was killed when Daisy Johnson impaled her with a pipe . Faivre 's makeup takes 3.5 hours to apply . Grill ( edit ) Grill ( portrayed by Pruitt Taylor Vince ) is a `` gruff taskmaster '' of the Lighthouse 's junkyard with an unforgiving temperament , who does not have illusions about the world he lives in . When Grill finds out about Yo - Yo , Flint 's Inhuman ability manifests where he kills Grill with assembled rocks in self - defense . Vince was announced in the role in November 2017 . Flint ( edit ) Further information : Flint ( Marvel Comics ) Flint ( portrayed by Coy Stewart ) is a young man and inhabitant of the Lighthouse looking to make something of himself , and to prove that he is capable of big things . He later underwent Terrigenesis where he developed geokinesis which he first used to kill Grill in self - defense . Flint later helps Mack and Yo - Yo into getting rid of the attacking Vrellnexians that were unleashed on Kasius ' orders as part of his retribution on Phil Coulson 's group . Before dying , an elderly Robin Hinton tells Melinda May about a vision that involves Flint which she had when she was still a child . After rebuilding the Monolith with the rocks he made , Flint joins Tess on the trawler . Upon sensing that Phil Coulson 's group made it through the Monolith , Flint and Tess work to rebuild Earth with Flint using a globe as a blueprint . Stewart was announced in the role in November 2017 . The role is based on a character of the same name from the Inhumans comics . Hale ( edit ) Hale ( portrayed by Catherine Dent ) is a female general and the mother of Ruby who hunts Phil Coulson 's group after what happened to Glenn Talbot . Alyssa Jirrels portrays a teenage Hale . During her teenage life , she is a rival of Baron Strucker and a classmate of Jasper Sitwell . Daniel Whitehall selected her to bring up Hydra 's next leader through insemination . She soon teams up with Carl Creel and Anton Ivanov . After graduation , Hale was chosen by Daniel Whitehall for insemination . Later on , she came across an alien device that enabled her to contact Qovas of an alien alliance called the Confederacy . It 's her weariness of the Confederacy that led to General Hale 's attempts to get S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra to work together . Following Ruby 's death , Hale informs Qovas that S.H.I.E.L.D. now has the gravitonium . After Talbot absorbs the gravitonium and takes command of Qovas ' ship , Hale tries to control him through his Hydra reprogramming , but he rebels and crushes Hale with his powers . Ruby ( edit ) Ruby ( portrayed by Dove Cameron ) is the daughter of General Hale who has an obsession with Daisy Johnson . She has been trained as an assassin by her mother and wields chakrams which she used to slice half of Elena 's arms off when she was attacking Mack . It was revealed that she was born through insemination . When Ruby gets 8 % of the gravitonium in her , she starts to hear Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn 's voices in her head like Carl Creel which leads to her accidentally killing Werner von Strucker . After attempts by Daisy Johnson and General Hale to get her to let them help , Elena had no choice but to use one of Ruby 's chakrams to put her out of her misery . In November 2017 , Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role , which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby . Cameron described Ruby as `` a very interesting , complex , dark girl '' and `` a wild card '' . When auditioning for the role , Cameron , who did not know anything about Ruby or the character , played her like a murderer , which the producers liked . This helped Cameron once she was cast in the role and learned that Ruby was some form of assassin . Regarding Ruby 's relationship with her mother , Cameron felt the relationship was `` complex '' with both of these strong women . She continued , `` there 's also a lot of love there . It 's like a real , complicated mother - daughter relationship . It 's very sad . It 's very gratifying . It 's very scary . It 's very fast . It 's very physical . '' Qovas ( edit ) Qovas ( portrayed by Peter Mensah ) is a Remorath representative of the Confederacy that General Hale answers to . Qovas pursues the gravitonium S.H.I.E.L.D. has in their possession , by sending Remorath warriors down to the Lighthouse . This ends with the Remorath warriors being killed by a gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot . During his fight with May , Qovas launches ionizing missiles intended to strike the Lighthouse , only to find out that Deke changed the coordinates to strike his ship . Guest characters ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of guest stars that appear in lesser roles , make significant cameo appearances or who receive co-starring credit over multiple appearances . The characters are listed by the MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in films Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors Maria Hill ( portrayed by Cobie Smulders , first in season one ) : Former S.H.I.E.L.D. Deputy Director Nick Fury ( portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson , first in season one ) : Former S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Jasper Sitwell ( portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández , Adam Faison as a teenager , first in season one ) : A Hydra operative within S.H.I.E.L.D. who trained alongside Hale and Strucker . Sif ( portrayed by Jaimie Alexander , first in season one ) : An Asgardian warrior . Peggy Carter ( portrayed by Hayley Atwell , first in season two ) : A co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan ( portrayed by Neal McDonough , first in season two ) : A Howling Commando . Jim Morita ( portrayed by Kenneth Choi , first in season two ) : A Howling Commando . List ( portrayed by Henry Goodman , first in season two ) : A Hydra scientist interested in Inhumans . Matthew Ellis ( portrayed by William Sadler , first in season three ) : President of the United States . Wolfgang von Strucker ( portrayed by Joey Defore , first in season five ) : A leader of Hydra who specializes in human experimentation , advanced robotics , and artificial intelligence . Thomas Kretschmann portrayed an adult version of the character in the MCU films . Introduced in short films Further information : Marvel One - Shots § Cast and characters Felix Blake ( portrayed by Titus Welliver , first in season one ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent whose spine is broken by Deathlok . He becomes the leader of the anti-Inhumans Watchdogs terrorist group and is now using a wheelchair . Introduced in season one Streiten ( portrayed by Ron Glass ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. physician who oversaw Coulson 's resurrection . Ace Peterson ( portrayed by Ajani Wrighster ) : Mike Peterson 's son . Franklin Hall ( portrayed by Ian Hart ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. teacher who experimented with the gravitonium that his former partner Ian Quinn obtained . He later got trapped in the gravitonium . Hart was originally intended to make a recurring appearance in the series , but ended up appearing in only one episode after the writers chose to go in a different direction with their plans for the character . Edison Po ( portrayed by Cullen Douglas ) : A Project Centipede leader . He was later killed by the Clairvoyant . Chan Ho Yin / Scorch ( portrayed by Louis Ozawa Changchien ) : A street performer with pyrokinesis who joins up with Raina and Project Centipede to enhance his powers . Elliot Randolph ( portrayed by Peter MacNicol ) : An Asgardian stonemason posing as a human college professor . Thomas Ward ( portrayed by Tyler Ritter as an adult , Micah Nelson as a boy ) : The abused brother of Grant and Christian , living in hiding from his family under an alias . Christian Ward ( portrayed by Tim DeKay as an adult , Alex Neustaedter as a boy ) : A Massachusetts Senator and abusive brother to Grant and Thomas . Grant later apparently kills Christian . Goodman ( portrayed by Imelda Corcoran ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. physician in Project T.A.H.I.T.I. Donnie Gill ( portrayed by Dylan Minnette ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. cadet who gains cryokinetic abilities . Richard Lumley ( portrayed by Boyd Kestner ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent from Skye 's past . Lorelei ( portrayed by Elena Satine ) : An Asgardian with the ability to seduce any man . Thomas Nash ( portrayed by Brad Dourif ) : A vegetative man Garrett uses as a decoy Clairvoyant . Marcus Daniels ( portrayed by Patrick Brennan ) : Able to drain the energy from anything following an experiment with the Darkforce , he explodes after being exposed to pure light by S.H.I.E.L.D. Audrey Nathan ( portrayed by Amy Acker ) : A cellist involved with Coulson before The Avengers . Lian May ( portrayed by Tsai Chin ) : Melinda May 's mother . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a train patron . Chris Hemsworth appears as Thor via archive footage from Thor : The Dark World . Introduced in season two Isabelle Hartley ( portrayed by Lucy Lawless ) : A veteran S.H.I.E.L.D. agent . She is killed by Carl Creel . Carla Talbot ( portrayed by Raquel Gardner ) : The wife of Glenn Talbot . George Talbot ( portrayed by Jack Fisher ) : The son of Glenn and Carla Talbot . Kenneth Turgeon ( portrayed by Adam Kulbersh ) : A scientist at Hydra Laboratories with Simmons . Marcus Scarlotti ( portrayed by Falk Hentschel ) : A Hydra - aligned mercenary who poses as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent to discredit S.H.I.E.L.D. Sebastian Derik ( portrayed by Brian Van Holt ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. assassin resurrected by T.A.H.I.T.I. Vin - Tak ( portrayed by Eddie McClintock ) : A Kree intending to destroy the Diviners and Inhumans . Karla Faye Gideon ( portrayed by Drea de Matteo ) : A woman on the Index with scalpel - implanted nails who allies with Cal . David A. Angar ( portrayed by Jeff Daniel Phillips ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. prisoner whose vocal cords produce catatonia - rendering sounds . Tomas Calderon ( portrayed by Kirk Acevedo ) : A `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leader critically injured by Skye . Oliver ( portrayed by Mark Allan Stewart ) : A `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leader killed by Jiaying . O'Brien ( portrayed by Derek Phillips ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who is later transformed into a Primitive Inhuman . Eva Belyakov ( portrayed by Winter Ave Zoli ) : An Inhuman killed by May in Bahrain . Katya Belyakov ( portrayed by Ava Acres ) : A young Inhuman killed by May in Bahrain . In the Framework , Katya was not killed by May and began attending school in Cambridge , Massachusetts where she would later cause the `` Cambridge Incident '' that enabled Hydra 's rise to power . Jiaying 's assistant ( portrayed by Brendan Wayne ) : An unnamed Inhuman loyal to Jiaying . George Stephanopoulos makes a cameo appearance as himself . Introduced in season three William May ( portrayed by James Hong ) : Melinda May 's father . Will Daniels ( portrayed by Dillon Casey ) : An astronaut stranded on Maveth who falls in love with Simmons and sacrifices himself to save her from Hive . Victor Ramon ( portrayed by Yancey Arias ) : A corrupt Columbian police officer who killed Rodriguez 's cousin . Lucio ( portrayed by Gabriel Salvador ) : An Inhuman who can temporarily paralyze people with his gaze . Anton Petrov ( portrayed by Ravil Isyanov ) : A Russian delegate planning an Inhuman sanctuary that is allied with Gideon Malick . Stephanie Malick ( portrayed by Bethany Joy Lenz ) : Gideon 's daughter who is killed by Hive . Dimitri Olshenko ( portrayed by Endre Hules ) : The Prime Minister of Russia . Androvich ( portrayed by Kristof Konrad ) : A Russian General and Inhuman who can manifest and control Darkforce shadow beings . Ruben MacKenzie ( portrayed by Gaius Charles ) : Mack 's brother . Charles Hinton ( portrayed by Bjørn Johnson ) : An Inhuman who , when he touches someone , sees and shows them a vision of a future death . Nathaniel Malick ( portrayed by Joel Dabney Courtney ) : Gideon 's brother who he sacrificed to Hive . Kirk Vogel ( portrayed by Mark Atteberry ) : A member of Gideon Malick 's inner - circle , loyal to Hive . Walter Thomas ( portrayed by Dorian Gregory ) : An undersecretary in the Department of Defense . Robin Hinton / Seer ( portrayed by Willow Hale as an old woman , Ava Kolker as age 12 , Lexy Kolker as age 7 ) : The daughter of Charles and Polly Hinton . Her Terrigenesis enabled her to see into the past , present , and future which led to a prophecy that enabled Enoch to send most of Phil Coulson 's group to the year 2091 to save humanity . In 2091 , an elderly Robin resides in the wreckage of the Zephyr with some humans on the remaining piece of Earth . After being stabbed by Samuel Voss and dying in Melinda May 's arms , an elderly Robin tells May the vision that revolves around Flint . When Phil Coulson 's group returns to the past , Robin would only talk to May as she helps to find where General Hale has Coulson . A gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot later abducts Robin and Polly where he persuades Robin to direct him to the untapped gravitonium . After being freed by Mack and Fitz , Robin and Polly make their way down the stairs where Robin stops quoting that something is not right . Noelle Mabry , Frank Moran , and Ralph Lammie , contestants on the `` reality '' web series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Academy , make cameo appearances as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Introduced in season four Nathanson ( portrayed by Blaise Miller ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. lab tech who is killed by Aida . Prince ( portrayed by Ricardo Walker ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who is killed by Ophelia . Chen ( portrayed by Jen Kuo Sung ) : A Chinese gang leader allied with the Watchdogs . Frederick ( portrayed by Dan Donohue ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Hugo ( portrayed by Ward Roberts ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Vincent ( portrayed by Usman Ally ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Canelo ( portrayed by Daniel Zacapa ) : Robbie Reyes ' friendly , yet tough boss at Canelo 's Body Shop . Cecilio ( portrayed by Deren Tadlock ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent that is loyal to Jeffrey Mace . Joseph Bauer ( portrayed by Kerr Smith ) : Lucy 's husband , who was beaten into a coma by Eli Morrow . After Lucy uses her ghostly abilities to bring him out of a coma in order to learn the location of the Darkhold , Joseph was visited by Coulson and Mac where he died from the side effects of Lucy 's ghostly touch . Johnny Blaze / Ghost Rider : The Ghost Rider who gave Robbie Reyes his power . Vijay Nadeer ( portrayed by Manish Dayal ) : Ellen Nadeer 's Inhuman brother . In the Framework , Vijay is one of the captives of Hydra . Tucker Shockley ( portrayed by John Pyper - Ferguson ) : A member of the Watchdogs who accidentally discovers his own Inhumanity where he can explode and then reassemble his molecules . Sunjna Nadeer ( portrayed by Shari Vasseghi ) : Ellen and Vijay 's mother who died during the Chitauri 's attack on New York . L.T. Koenig ( portrayed by Artemis Pebdani ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and sister to the Koenig brothers . Alistair Fitz ( portrayed by David O'Hara ) : Fitz 's father . He is first seen in the Framework as a supporter of Hydra and a loving father of Fitz until he was accidentally killed by Simmons . George Stephanopoulos once again makes a cameo appearance as himself . Introduced in season five Virgil ( portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz ) : A member of the Lighthouse who believed S.H.I.E.L.D. would travel to the year 2091 and save humanity . He was killed by a Vrellnexian . Zev ( portrayed by Kaleti Williams ) : A right - hand man of Grill . After being busted for having a weapon in violation of the Lighthouse rules , Zev was sent down to Earth 's surface where he was killed by the Vrellnexians . Ava ( portrayed by Tunisha Hubbard ) : An inhabitant of the Lighthouse and one of Kasius ' many slaves . During the final battle against Kasius , Ava was freed by Jemma Simmons following Hek - Sel 's death and evacuated to the trawler by Flint . Basha ( portrayed by Rya Kihlstedt ) : An unspecified alien noblewoman who is one of Kasius ' acquaintances . Tye ( portrayed by Max Williams ) : An Inhuman combat trainer under Kasius at the Lighthouse . After being subjected to a Kree medicine while escorting the remaining Inhumans to another part of the Lighthouse , Tye is killed by Daisy Johnson . Abby ( portrayed by Ciara Bravo ) : A young Inhuman with density manipulation who Kasius has Simmons train . After defeating Basha 's champion in the Lighthouse 's arena called the Crater , Abby was sold to Basha by Kasius . Ben ( portrayed by Myko Olivier ) : An Inhuman living on the Lighthouse . He can read the minds of others within his vicinity allowing him to hear their thoughts . After aiding in the cover - up of the rest of Phil Coulson 's team being on the Lighthouse , Ben is killed by Sinara on Kasius ' orders . Faulnak ( portrayed by Samuel Roukin ) : The brother of Kasius who helps his father oversee the Kree Empire . He was killed by his own brother . Maston - Dar ( portrayed by Remington Hoffman ) : A Kree soldier employed by Faulnak . He was killed by Sinara during the Kree 's hunt for Phil Coulson 's group . Samuel Voss ( portrayed by Michael McGrady ) : A member of the True Believers community residing on the surface of the post-Apocalyptic Earth . He used to be a resident of the Lighthouse before he alongside many other True Believers were exiled to the remainder of Earth 's surface . Hek - Sel ( portrayed by Luke Massy ) : A Kree Watch member who is loyal to Kasius . He and his fellow Kree were killed by Flint . Rick Stoner ( portrayed by Patrick Warburton ) : A general and member of S.H.I.E.L.D. in the 1970s , who established the Lighthouse as an emergency bunker . Noah ( portrayed by Joel David Moore ) : A Chronicom that meets with Coulson and his team at the Lighthouse when they return to present day . He sacrifices himself to save Daisy and Fitz from a Kree beacon that General Hale rigged to explode . Candice Lee ( portrayed by Shontae Saldana ) : One of General Hale 's main subordinates who assists in the hunt for Phil Coulson 's group . Tony Caine ( portrayed by Jake Busey ) : An ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy student and friend of Mack 's who aids Phil Coulson 's group in locating the gravitonium . After helping to place Polly and Robin Hinton in a safe place , he gives Daisy the Project Centipede device and information on what was in the stuff that empowered John Garrett which leads Daisy to exhume Jaiying 's grave . Deke 's mother ( portrayed by Katie Amanda Keane ) : Deke 's deceased mother and Fitz and Simmons ' future daughter . Taryan ( portrayed by Craig Parker ) : A Kree who is a member of the Confederacy along with Qovas and a present day member of the House of Kasius . Derek Mears cameos as a Kree Watch Captain that tortures Mack and Yo - Yo . Jay Hunter appears as a Kree Watch Commander . Isaac C. Singleton , Jr. appears as a Kree vicar that oversees the Terrigenesis on the Lighthouse . See also ( edit ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot cast and characters List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Promotes Adrianne Palicki to Series Regular '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : Slingshot in Full ! '' . ComingSoon.net . 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Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Scoop : Meet the Members of Joss Whedon 's New ABC Pilot ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' star Ming - Na Wen talks stunts , The Whedonverse and punctuation '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Ming - Na Wen Previews ' Devastating ' Origin of ' The Cavalry , ' Coulson 's ' Massive ' New Secrets '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . 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Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : The Hunt for Lash , Hive 's Powers and 8 More Teasers '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phegley , Kiel ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Bennet , Wen & Henstridge on Taking Charge & Earning a Happy Ending `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 -- Winner 's List '' . Yahoo !. January 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Daisy Ridley & More Nominated For 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Ming - Na Wen '' . TVLine. April 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` What The `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Bosses Learned From That Tumultuous First Season `` . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive ! Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Showrunner Talks Interconnection With Avengers : Age Of Ultron , Agent Carter , & Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Brett Dalton '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' react : A boy and his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Brett Dalton on Agent Ward 's New Role in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' star Brett Dalton : Can Ward ever be trusted ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Why did n't Ward pull the trigger ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Is Ward past redemption ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Brett Dalton Teases Ward 2.0 'S Bigger Purpose '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` WonderCon : Agents of SHIELD Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 3 : Brett Dalton is excited Ward is ' officially ' the Big Bad '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Dalton Hints at Hive 's Destiny & Super-Powered Epic Finale `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spoiler : Grant Ward 's Villainous Identity Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : `` Maveth '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serad , Althea ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' season 4 updates , news : Real reason why Daisy has gone rogue explained '' . Christian Daily . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking markers on @ IMBrettDalton face with a match move cap . All CG alter ego . Huge props to @ fusefx Just amazing '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Brett Dalton Wants Hive To Be Like Meryl Streep In The Devil Wears Prada '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Brett Dalton On Hive 's Master Plan And If Grant Ward Is Gone For Good '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. rushes through a lot of story to move towards its endgame '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Brett Dalton on that Hive ending '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Brett Dalton Discusses Hive 's Fate '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 questions answered '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' reveals Skye 's true identity -- what 's next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese - American Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Chloe Bennet talks diversity in Hollywood '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` 16 ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 3 teases , from Simmons ' destination to Daisy 's new wardrobe '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Foley Designs Daisy 's New Look in ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chloe Bennet on Her Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Haircut : ' I Should Have Brought Tequila With Me ! '' . People . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Chloe Bennet '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Chloe Bennet Prepares for ' New , Badass ' Role on `` Agents of SHIELD '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy ' Is Not In Great Shape ' When `` Agents Of SHIELD '' Season 4 Picks Up , Says Bennet `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 's '' Henstridge & Caestecker on the Future of FitzSimmons `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. On Set : Iain de Caestecker On Character Development , Sif & A Monkey For Fitz '' . SHIELD. SITE . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Iain De Caestecker on Agent Leo Fitz '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Iain De Caestecker '' . TVLine . October 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Elizabeth Henstridge on ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Crave Online . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Elizabeth Henstridge dissects Simmons ' Hydra bombshell '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Elizabeth Henstridge : Fitz and Simmons Are `` Like a Married Couple '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Where the heck is Simmons ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Elizabeth Henstridge Dives Deep Into What Happened to Simmons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses answer THE burning question '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's Performers of the Week ( tie ) : Carrie Coon and Elizabeth Henstridge '' . TVLine . October 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D new character Lance Hunter '' . The Daily Marvelite . September 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Nick Blood '' . Marvel.com . September 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Palicki & Blood on Mockingbird & Hunter 's Rocky Relationship `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Tony ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Nick Blood Talks Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Hunter 's Past , and Getting Revenge '' . Comic Vine . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD EP Jeff Bell on Mockingbird and Hunter Departure and Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood Previews Hunter 's Return , Team - Up With Fitz -- Plus : Where 's Bobbi ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Adrienne Palacki Cast as Mockingbird in Marvel 's ' Agents of SHIELD ' '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Enlists Adrianne Palicki as Marvel Favorite ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : How long will Mockingbird be sticking around ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Get Tactical With Your First Look at Mockingbird 's Suit in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoo , Fawnia Soo ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` How Superhero Costumes Are Made '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Loyalties will be tested as real S.H.I.E.L.D. takes over '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Art of Evolution Mockingbird takes center stage -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Says Mockingbird Joining The Avengers Has Been Discussed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Louie Anderson '' . TVLine . March 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Henry Simmons '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Talks S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Captain America 2 Flashbacks , Mack vs. Coulson and Lucy Lawless ' Encore '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Loyalties are divided in new Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. art : Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Does Lincoln have a death wish ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Address Flash - Forward Mystery , ' Agent Carter ' Integration '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Loses One of Its Own in Fallen Agent '' . Marvel.com. April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Recreates Classic Gwen Stacy Death Cover Teasing Huge Finale Event '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : `` Agents of SHIELD '' Teases Season Finale Death With Series of Memorial Videos `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on death twist and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 318 ) `` Singularity '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Kree Return To An Expanding Marvel Cinematic Universe In New `` Agents Of SHIELD '' Synopsis `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Ascension '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's John Hannah On Radcliffe 's Science -- Mad Or Not ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fratangelo , Nichole ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Natalia Cordova - Buckley Dishes on Her ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Character '' . Latina . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yo - Yo Bounces Back in This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's ' Jeff Ward explains how he was cast as Deke Shaw '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2018 . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD ups Jeff Ward to series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adds Powers Boothe '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Who paid the ultimate price in the fall finale ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 316 ) `` Paradise Lost '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` J August Richards Talks Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD '' . SFX . July 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Deathlok Sets His Sights on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Marc ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Deathlok : The Marvel Comics Phenomenon That Almost Was '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' co-star J. August Richards talks playing Deathlok and not playing Luke Cage '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coratelli , Carlo ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Interview with David Altenau ( Fuse FX ) '' . The White Space . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : J. August Richards on the Return of Deathlok '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` J. August Richards Breathes Life Into Deathlok '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 103 : The Asset '' . Marvel.com . September 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105 : Girl in the Flower Dress '' . Marvel.com . October 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs Jeph Loeb & Jeffrey Bell Look Back at Season 1 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gerry ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Designer Ann Foley on New Looks for Season Three '' . Paste . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zalban , Alec ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's First Inhuman : The Inside Story Of How ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Transformed A Universe '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Hot List 2013 : Inside Marvel 's Buzzy New Cult Fave Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD '' Adds Bendis & Deodato - Created Character `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' postmortem : Bosses answer burning season 2 questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Review - One Door Closes '' . April 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Complete First Season ( Disc 02 ) '' . LowPro.net . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Seeds '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Once , New Girl , H50 , Haven , Arrow , S.H.I.E.L.D , Mentalist , Reign & More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives First Look : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recruits Bill Paxton '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton To Play Elektra : Assassin Character John Garrett in Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton Makes His Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Debut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton Menaces Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on S.H.I.E.L.D. , Scandal , Parenthood , H50 , Once , Castle , Banshee & More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` BJ Britt Breaks Down the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With BJ Britt '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLevy , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. gets sharply political -- and a surprisingly moving guest star '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CS ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Heroes ' Adrian Pasdar Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Glenn Talbot '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Adrian Pasdar to Play Glenn Talbot on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. reveals Graviton in new promo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's Awesome Villain Twist Delivers On A Season 1 Tease '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Patton Oswalt Enlists in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 2 : Glenn Talbot Returns , Plus ... Kyle MacLachlan ? '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Critical Role '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jasper , Gavin ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Who is Daisy ? '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacLachlan , Kyle ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` This is a time lapse of the transformation from Cal to Hyde with the finished work at the end . My thanks go out to Optic Nerve Studios and Glenn Hetrick and Richard Redlefsen . With special thanks to Danielle Noe . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Facebook . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Are the Secret Warriors on the way ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Esecutive Producer on the Big Events in the Season 2 Finale and Setting Up Season 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Reed Diamond Brings on the Bad Guys in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Hickman Talks `` Sedcret Warriors '' `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Simon Kassianides Relishes His Villainy in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adds Simon Kassianides '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Kassianides Turns ' This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Villainous '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crusher Creel to Menace Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . August 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Making Friends and Influencing People '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Ice , Ice , Baby '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : `` Love In The Time Of Hydra '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : jmaloni ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : Rising star Maya Stojan talks ' Castle , ' ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , ' Agent 33 '' . Niagara Frontier Publications . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ming - Na Wen Talks Melinda May , Evil Doubles and Agent of SHIELD 'S Midseason Finale '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Things We Bury '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mian , Bilal ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Exec Producer , Chloe Bennet on the Mother of All Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Robert ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Did ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Go Too Far ? Plus , EP Jeffrey Bell Previews the Season Finale '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD ' Boss Talks Shocking Finale Cliffhanger , Skye 's Secret Mission '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Blair Underwood Set as Melinda May 's Ex ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Lash is Coming to Season 3 of Agents of SHIELD '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steinbeiser , Andrew ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Willig Cast As Lash in Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts NFL / NCIS Alum as Inhuman ' Monster ' Lash '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses tease ' slow burn ' to Secret Warriors creation in season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. EP Talks Secret Warriors , Civil War , Last Week 's Shocking Death & More '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Superfan Live ' Aftershow for ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' . Yahoo !. September 30 , 2015 . Event occurs at 7 : 07 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viscardi , James ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Chloe Bennet On Quake , Secret Warriors & Big Bad Inhumans '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Among Us Hide ... '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CBR Interviews ( November 13 , 2015 ) . Marvel 's AGENTS OF SHIELD - Mark Kolpack Talks Lash 's Transformation ( 2015 ) , ABC HD . YouTube . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Underwood Did Not See Lash Twist Coming `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Just Revealed Who Lash Is & ( SPOILER ) Is Relieved the Secret Is Finally Out '' . E Online . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Comes to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Why Edward James Olmos Calls Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` One of the High Points of My Career '' `` . E Online . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Guides the ' Real ' ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : S.O.S. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrero , Tony ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Daz Crawford Talks Working for Grant Ward on ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' and More '' . Comic Vine . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Constance Zimmer in season 3 -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Rewrites ' Laws of Nature ' in Season 3 Premiere Photos '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD '' EP Says ' Different Dynamics ' Shape Season 3 `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Howard Joins Marvel 's ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Brave New Universe '' . Vulture ( New York ) . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. has difficulty going through its Inhuman transition '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Purpose in the Machine '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Casts Mark Dacascos In Recurring Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 315 ) `` Spacetime '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axle Whitehead reunites with Luke Mitchell in Marvel : Agents of SHIELD '' . TV Week . April 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` The Singularity '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Hellfire comes to life in exclusive sneak peek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , James ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 4 : Let Me Stand Next To Your Fire Recap With Spoilers '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 321 / 322 ) `` Absolution / Ascension '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Once Upon a Time , Legends , POI , Rizzoli & Isles and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Taps Galavant Star Mallory Jansen to Do the Robot '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` BOOM '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Recap : Everything Goes `` BOOM '' `` . Nerdist . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Madame Hydra to appear on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. recap : ' Identity and Change ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. boss on those Framework twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Designer Gives Details On Ghost Rider And AIDA 's TV Look '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Returns With a LMD Uprising '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Discusses Creating a Hydra World '' ( Podcast ) . SoundCloud. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Could Ghost Rider Be Headed to Agents of SHIELD Season Four ? '' . SuperheroHype ! . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Is Agents Of SHIELD Casting Ghost Rider After All ? '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost Rider Blazes into This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pitts , Lan ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 'S Luna Reveals Robbie 's Secret Weapon for Ghost Rider '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` We have two . One is for stunts and the other is the beauty and one is CG '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Eric Norris . Son of Chuck Norris '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Another name all of you should learn is Joshua James Shaw . He 's Marvel TV 's creative concept designer . He designed the skull . VFX made it CG '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Marvel Entertainment ( September 22 , 2016 ) . Creating the Ghost Rider -- Forging Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. YouTube . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Photos Introduce ( A Cooled - Off ) Ghost Rider '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Good question and very observant of you . Anatomically , he does not have a voice box as the Rider . Plus a talking skeleton is not scary '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Marvel 's New Ghost Rider , Gabriel Luna '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghost Rider Actor Says There Are ' Rumblings ' He 'll Get His Own Show - NYCC 2016 . IGN . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Ghost `` '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Lorenzo James Henrie Talks Leaving Fear The Walking Dead And Joining Agents Of SHIELD '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Casts Lilli Birdsell In Recurring Role For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 405 ) `` Lockup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 4 : Who Is the New Director ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Jason O'Mara Cast as New Director for Season 4 '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' EPs Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen on Season 4 , Ghost Rider , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Catch the Spirit -- Plus , the New Director Is ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. officially reveals new director 's identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The director 's identity revealed ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Jason O'Mara on His Top - Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Director Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Parminder Nagra Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' in a Recurring Role '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Prison Break '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 403 ) `` Uprising '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Leah ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Eli Morrow On ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' ? Robbie 's Uncle Is Messing With Dark Powers '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Lucifer , Supernatural , POI , H50 , Jessica Jones and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : MARVEL 'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D on ABC - Tuesday , October 18 , 2016 '' . BroadwayWorld . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 412 ) `` Hot Potato Soup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 418 ) `` No Regrets '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( January 11 , 2018 ) . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Dominic Rains transforms into Kasius . YouTube . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( January 11 , 2018 ) . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Florence Faivre transforms into Sinara . YouTube . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 515 ) `` Rise and Shine '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Dove Cameron on that shocking Ruby reveal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Coulson awaits . Welcome to `` Marvel 's @ AgentsofSHIELD , '' @ DoveCameron ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Dove Cameron Introduces Her ' Cunning , ' ' Complex ' Ruby '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Hale 's Mysterious Masters Revealed ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cobie Smulders ' Comic - Con Reveal : Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' ' 0 - 8 - 4 ' recap : A Marvel movies regular comes to check on the team '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Hub '' . Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Thor Star Jaimie Alexander Meets the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Haley Atwell 's Agent Carter on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Welliver Set to Return as Agent Blake in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . October 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 1 '' . Marvel.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Bridge '' . Marvel.com . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Inside TV ' Agents of SHIELD ' casts ' Luck ' actor -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ian Hart interview : The Driver , British film , Harry Potter '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD recap : season one , episode five -- The Girl in the Flower Dress '' . The Gaurdian . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Thor : The Dark World Tie - In , Easter Eggs and References '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` Closure '' Review : No More Half Measures `` . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Zap2it first : ' Agents of SHIELD ' casts ' White Collar ' star as Ward 's brother '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Recruits White Collar Vet Tim DeKay to Play Ward 's ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Writing on the Wall '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Lok and Load '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Patrick Brennan Brings a Blackout to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arbams , Natalie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Exclusive : Amy Acker to Play Famous Role from Coulson 's Past '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Andrew ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 1 Recap , Episode 19 : ' The Only Light in the Darkness ' '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Stan Lee to Appear on ' Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD ' ( Exclusive Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( November 18 , 2013 ) . Marvel 's Agetns of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 1 , Ep. 8 - Clip 1 . YouTube . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Love in the Time of Hydra '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : A Hen in the Wolf House '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : A Fractured House '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Who You Really Are '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drea de Matteo Turns Villainous in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . February 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : One of Us '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Here 's why you recognize those new S.H.I.E.L.D. leaders '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Melinda '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( # 305 ) `` 4,722 Hours '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 311 ) `` Bouncing Back '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 313 ) `` Parting Shot '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 314 ) `` Watchdogs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark , Jon ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Academy ' Takes Super Fans For a Real Ride '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Finale Includes Superfans From Academy Web Series ( PHOTOS ) '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 402 ) `` Meet the New Boss '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Caleb ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Comic - Con 17 : Teddy Spears , Ciara Renee and Gabriel Luna Panels '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Does Agents of SHIELD 's Ghost Rider Reveal Mean Johnny Blaze Is In The MCU ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 407 ) `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 409 ) `` Broken Promises '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 13 : BOOM '' . Den of Geek . February 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 503 ) `` A Life Spent '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 504 ) `` A Life Earned '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Best Laid Plans '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Who is Rick Stoner ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 513 ) `` Principia '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Craig Parker as Formidable Alien '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Season 1 Whedon , Joss ; Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Pilot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ; Bell , Jeffrey ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Asset '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eye Spy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` FZZT '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Hub '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Well '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Repairs '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Francis , Shalisha ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Bridge '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ; Fletcher , Brent ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Magical Place '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ; Whedon , Jed ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Seeds '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ; Judkins , Rafe ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Francis , Shalisha ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Yes Men '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` End of the Beginning '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Providence '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ; Doyle , DJ ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nothing Personal '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ragtag '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beginning of the End '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 2 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Shadows '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Heavy Is the Head '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Face My Enemy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` A Fractured House '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Writing on the Wall '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Things We Bury '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` What They Become '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Aftershocks '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z. ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Who You Really Are '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` One of Us '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ; Judkins , Rafe ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` One Door Closes '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Afterlife '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Melinda '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ; Greenberg , Drew Z. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Scars '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ; Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` S.O.S. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 3 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Laws of Nature '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Doyle , DJ ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Purpose in the Machine '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Devils You Know '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` 4,722 Hours '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Among Us Hide ... '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Chaos Theory '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Doyle , DJ ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Many Heads , One Tale '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Closure '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Maveth '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Bouncing Back '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Inside Man '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zinberg , Michael ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Parting Shot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bochco , Jesse ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Watchdogs '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Spacetime '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Kitson , George ; Oliver , Sharla ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Paradise Lost '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Team '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Singularity '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Failed Experiments '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Emancipation '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Dingess , Chris ; Greenberg , Drew Z . ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Absolution '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ascension '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 4 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Ghost '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the New Boss '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Uprising '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owens , Matt ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zuckerman , Nora ; Zuckerman , Lilla ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Lockup '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Good Samaritan '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Deals with Our Devils '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Broken Promises '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Oliver , James C. ; Oliver , Sharla ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Patriot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wake Up '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hot Potato Soup '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zuckerman , Nora ; Zuckerman , Lilla ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` BOOM '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owens , Matt ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Man Behind the Shield '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Self Control '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` What If ... '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Kitson , George ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Identity and Change '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` No Regrets '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Oliver , James C. ; Oliver , Sharla ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` All the Madame 's Men '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Farewell , Cruel World ! '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Return '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . `` World 's End '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . May 16 , 2017 . ABC . Season 5 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Doyle , DJ ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Orientation '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at IMDb S.H.I.E.L.D. Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Rick Stoner Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. 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Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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6895650667174436821	Soil pH	Soil pH - wikipedia Soil pH This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) at 00 : 06 , 20 August 2017 ( Typo fixing , MOS : DASH , typo ( s ) fixed : dicussed → discussed using AWB ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 00 : 06 , 20 August 2017 by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) ( Typo fixing , MOS : DASH , typo ( s ) fixed : dicussed → discussed using AWB ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Global variation in soil pH . Red = acidic soil . Yellow = neutral soil . Blue = alkaline soil . Black = no data . Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil . pH is defined as the negative logarithm ( base 10 ) of the activity of hydronium ions ( H + or , more precisely , H 3O + aq ) in a solution . In soils , it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water ( or a salt solution ) , and normally falls between 3 and 10 , with 7 being neutral . Acid soils have a pH below 7 and alkaline soils have a pH above 7 . Ultra-acidic soils ( pH < 3.5 ) and very strongly alkaline soils ( pH > 9 ) are rare . Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it affects many chemical processes . It specifically affects plant nutrient availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo . The optimum pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5 ; however , many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this range . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of soil pH ranges 2 Determining pH 3 Factors affecting soil pH 3.1 Sources of acidity 3.2 Sources of alkalinity 4 Effect of soil pH on plant growth 4.1 Acid soils 4.2 Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH 5 Water availability in relation to soil pH 6 Plant pH preferences 7 Changing soil pH 7.1 Increasing pH of acidic soil 7.2 Decreasing the pH of alkaline soil 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Classification of soil pH ranges ( edit ) The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service classifies soil pH ranges as follows : Denomination pH range Ultra acidic < 3.5 Extremely acidic 3.5 -- 4.4 Very strongly acidic 4.5 -- 5.0 Strongly acidic 5.1 -- 5.5 Moderately acidic 5.6 -- 6.0 Slightly acidic 6.1 -- 6.5 Neutral 6.6 -- 7.3 Slightly alkaline 7.4 -- 7.8 Moderately alkaline 7.9 -- 8.4 Strongly alkaline 8.5 -- 9.0 Very strongly alkaline > 9.0 Determining pH ( edit ) Methods of determining pH include : Observation of soil profile : Certain profile characteristics can be indicators of either acid , saline , or sodic conditions . Examples are : Poor incorporation of the organic surface layer with the underlying mineral layer -- this can indicate strongly acidic soils ; The classic podzol horizon sequence , i.e. a pale eluvial ( E ) horizon beneath the organic surface and this E underlain by a darker B horizon -- podzols are strongly acidic ; Presence of a caliche layer indicates the presence of calcium carbonates , which are present in alkaline conditions ; Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition . Observation of predominant flora . Calcifuge plants ( those that prefer an acidic soil ) include Erica , Rhododendron and nearly all other Ericaceae species , many birch ( Betula ) , foxglove ( Digitalis ) , gorse ( Ulex spp . ) , and Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) . Calcicole ( lime loving ) plants include ash trees ( Fraxinus spp . ) , honeysuckle ( Lonicera ) , Buddleja , dogwoods ( Cornus spp . ) , lilac ( Syringa ) and Clematis species . Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit , where in a small sample of soil is mixed with indicator solution which changes colour according to the acidity . Use of litmus paper . A small sample of soil is mixed with distilled water , into which a strip of litmus paper is inserted . If the soil is acidic the paper turns red , if basic , blue . Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter , in which a glass or solid - state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture ( suspension ) of soil and water ; the pH is usually read on a digital display screen . Precise , repeatable measures of soil pH are required for scientific research and monitoring . This generally entails laboratory analysis using a standard protocol ; an example of such a protocol is that in the USDA Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual . In this document the three - page protocol for soil pH measurement includes the following sections : Application ; Summary of Method ; Interferences ; Safety ; Equipment ; Reagents ; and Procedure . Summary of the USDA NRCS method for soil pH determination Factors affecting soil pH ( edit ) The pH of a natural soil depends in the mineral composition of the parent material of the soil , and the weathering reactions undergone by that parent material . In warm , humid environments , soil acidification occurs ( soil pH decreases ) over time as the products of weathering are leached by the flow of water through the soil . In dry climates , however , soil weathering and leaching are less intense and soil pH is often neutral or alkaline . Sources of acidity ( edit ) Many processes contribute to soil acidification . These include : Rainfall : Acid soils are most often found in areas of high rainfall . Rainwater has a slightly acidic pH ( usually about 5.7 ) due to a reaction with CO in the atmosphere that forms carbonic acid . When this water flows through soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil as bicarbonates ; this increases the percentage of Al and H relative to other cations . Root respiration and decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms releases CO which increases the carbonic acid ( H CO ) concentration and subsequent leaching . Plant growth : Plants take up nutrients in the form of ions ( NO , NH , Ca , H PO , etc . ) , and often , they take up more cations than anions . However plants must maintain a neutral charge in their roots . In order to compensate for the extra positive charge , they will release H ions from the root . Some plants will also exude organic acids into the soil to acidify the zone around their roots to help solubilize metal nutrients that are insoluble at neutral pH , such as iron ( Fe ) . Fertilizer use : Ammonium ( NH ) fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate ( NO ) , and in the process release H ions . Acid rain : The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere . These react with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acid in rain . Oxidative weathering : Oxidation of some primary minerals , especially sulphides and those containing Fe generate acidity . This process is often accelerated by human activity : Mine spoil : Severely acidic conditions can form in soils near some mine spoils due to the oxidation of pyrite . Acid sulfate soils formed naturally in waterlogged coastal and estuarine environments can become highly acidic when drained or excavated . Sources of alkalinity ( edit ) Total soil alkalinity increases with : Weathering of silicate , aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals containing Na , Ca , Mg and K ; Addition of silicate , aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals to in soils ; this may happen by deposition of material eroded elsewhere by wind or water , or by mixing of the soil with less weathered material ( such as the addition of limestone to acid soils ) ; Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates ( as occurs when irrigating with high - bicarbonate waters ) . The accumulation of alkalinity in a soil ( as Na , K , Ca and Mg bicarbonates and carbonates ) occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach soluble salts . This may be due to arid conditions , or poor internal soil drainage ; in these situations most of the water that enters the soil is transpired ( taken up by plants ) or evaporates , rather than flowing through the soil . The soil pH is usually increased when total alkalinity increases , but the balance of the added cations also has a marked effect on the soil pH -- for example , increasing the amount of sodium in an alkaline soil will tend to induce dissolution of calcium carbonate , which will increase the pH . Calcareous soils may vary in pH from 7.0 to 9.5 , depending on the degree to which Ca or Na dominate the soluble cations . Effect of soil pH on plant growth ( edit ) Acid soils ( edit ) Plants grown in acid soils can experience a variety of stresses including aluminium ( Al ) , hydrogen ( H ) , and / or manganese ( Mn ) toxicity , as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium ( Ca ) and magnesium ( Mg ) . Aluminium toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils . Aluminium is present in all soils , but dissolved Al is toxic to plants ; Al is most soluble at low pH ; above pH 5.0 , there is little Al in soluble form in most soils . Aluminium is not a plant nutrient , and as such , is not actively taken up by the plants , but enters plant roots passively through osmosis . Aluminium inhibits root growth ; lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching ; root tips may turn brown . In the root , the initial effect of Al is the inhibition of the expansion of the cells of the rhizodermis , leading to their rupture ; thereafter it is known to interfere with many physiological processes including the uptake and transport of calcium and other essential nutrients , cell division , cell wall formation , and enzyme activity . Proton ( H ion ) stress can also limit plant growth . The proton pump , H - ATPase , of the plasmalemma of root cells works to maintain the near - neutral pH of their cytoplasm . A high proton activity ( pH within the range 3.0 -- 4.0 for most plant species ) in the external growth medium overcomes the capacity of the cell to maintain the cytoplasmic pH and growth shuts down . In soils with a high content of manganese - containing minerals , Mn toxicity can become a problem at pH 5.6 and lower . Manganese , like aluminium , becomes increasingly soluble as pH drops , and Mn toxicity symptoms can be seen at pH levels below 5.6 . Manganese is an essential plant nutrient , so plants transport Mn into leaves . Classic symptoms of Mn toxicity are crinkling or cupping of leaves . Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH ( edit ) Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH Soil pH affects the availability of some plant nutrients : As discussed above , aluminium toxicity has direct effects on plant growth ; however , by limiting root growth , it also reduces the availability of plant nutrients . Because roots are damaged , nutrient uptake is reduced , and deficiencies of the macronutrients ( nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , calcium and magnesium ) are frequently encountered in very strongly acidic to ultra-acidic soils ( pH < 5.0 ) . Molybdenum availability is increased at higher pH ; this is because the molybdate ion is more strongly sorbed by clay particles at lower pH . Zinc , iron , copper and manganese show decreased availability at higher pH ( increased sorbtion at higher pH ) . The effect of pH on phosphorus availability varies considerably , depending on soil conditions and the crop in question . The prevailing view in the 1940s and 1950s was that P availability was maximized near neutrality ( soil pH 6.5 -- 7.5 ) , and decreased at higher and lower pH . Interactions of phosphorus with pH in the moderately to slightly acidic range ( pH 5.5 -- 6.5 ) are , however , far more complex than is suggested by this view . Laboratory tests , glasshouse trials and field trials have indicated that increases in pH within this range may increase , decrease , or have no effect on P availability to plants . Water availability in relation to soil pH ( edit ) Further information : Water content , Water potential , and Alkali soil Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and dispersive , with slow infiltration , low hydraulic conductivity and poor available water capacity . Plant growth is severely restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet ; in dry conditions , plant - available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy ( high soil strength ) . Many strongly acidic soils , on the other hand , have strong aggregation , good internal drainage , and good water - holding characteristics . However , for many plant species , aluminium toxicity severely limits root growth , and moisture stress can occur even when the soil is relatively moist . Plant pH preferences ( edit ) In general terms , different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges . For many species , the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known . Online databases of plant characteristics , such USDA PLANTS and Plants for a Future can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants . Documents like Ellenberg 's indicator values for British plants can also be consulted . However , a plant may be intolerant of a particular pH in some soils as a result of a particular mechanism , and that mechanism may not apply in other soils . For example , a soil low in molybdenum may not be suitable for soybean plants at pH 5.5 , but soils with sufficient molybdenum allow optimal growth at that pH . Similarly , some calcifuges ( plants intolerant of high - pH soils ) can tolerate calcareous soils if sufficient phosphorus is supplied . Another confounding factor is that different varieties of the same species often have different suitable soil pH ranges . Plant breeders can use this to breed varieties that can tolerate conditions that are otherwise considered unsuitable for that species -- examples are projects to breed aluminium - tolerant and manganese - tolerant varieties of cereal crops for food production in strongly acidic soils . The table below gives suitable soil pH ranges for some widely cultivated plants as found in the USDA PLANTS Database . Some species ( like Pinus radiata and Opuntia ficus - indica ) tolerate only a narrow range in soil pH , whereas others ( such as Vetiveria zizanioides ) tolerate a very wide pH range . Scientific name Common name pH ( minimum ) pH ( maximum ) Vetiveria zizanioides vetivergrass 3.0 8.0 Pinus rigida pitch pine 3.5 5.1 Rubus chamaemorus cloudberry 4.0 5.2 Ananas comosus pineapple 4.0 6.0 Coffea arabica Arabian coffee 4.0 7.5 Rhododendron arborescens smooth azalea 4.2 5.7 Pinus radiata Monterey pine 4.5 5.2 Carya illinoinensis pecan 4.5 7.5 Tamarindus indica tamarind 4.5 8.0 Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry 4.7 7.5 Manihot esculenta cassava 5.0 5.5 Morus alba white mulberry 5.0 7.0 Malus apple 5.0 7.5 Pinus sylvestris Scots pine 5.0 7.5 Carica papaya papaya 5.0 8.0 Cajanus cajan pigeonpea 5.0 8.3 Pyrus communis common pear 5.2 6.7 Solanum lycopersicum garden tomato 5.5 7.0 Psidium guajava guava 5.5 7.0 Nerium oleander oleander 5.5 7.8 Punica granatum pomegranate 6.0 6.9 Viola sororia common blue violet 6.0 7.8 Caragana arborescens Siberian peashrub 6.0 9.0 Cotoneaster integerrimus cotoneaster 6.8 8.7 Opuntia ficus - indica Barbary fig ( pricklypear ) 7.0 8.5 Changing soil pH ( edit ) Increasing pH of acidic soil ( edit ) Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH ( liming ) . The amount of lime needed to change pH is determined by the mesh size of the lime ( how finely it is ground ) and the buffering capacity of the soil . A high mesh size ( 60 mesh = 0.25 mm ; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm ) indicates a finely ground lime that will react quickly with soil acidity . The buffering capacity of a soil depends on the clay content of the soil , the type of clay , and the amount of organic matter present , and may be related to the soil cation exchange capacity . Soils with high clay content will have a higher buffering capacity than soils with little clay , and soils with high organic matter will have a higher buffering capacity than those with low organic matter . Soils with higher buffering capacity require a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH . Amendments other than agricultural lime that can be used to increase the pH of soil include wood ash , industrial calcium oxide ( burnt lime ) , magnesium oxide , basic slag ( calcium silicate ) , and oyster shells . These products increase the pH of soils through various acid - base reactions . Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity in the soil by reacting with H ions to form monosilicic acid ( H SiO ) , a neutral solute . Decreasing the pH of alkaline soil ( edit ) The pH of an alkaline soil can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials . Elemental sulfur ( 90 -- 99 % S ) has been used at application rates of 300 -- 500 kg / ha -- it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid . Acidifying fertilizers , such as ammonium sulfate , ammonium nitrate and urea , can help to reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidises to form nitric acid . Acidifying organic materials include peat or sphagnum peat moss . However , in high - pH soils with a high calcium carbonate content ( more than 2 % ) , it can be very costly and / or ineffective to attempt to reduce the pH with acids . In such cases , it is often more efficient to add phosphorus , iron , manganese , copper and / or zinc instead , because deficiencies of these nutrients are the most common reasons for poor plant growth in calcareous soils . See also ( edit ) Acid mine drainage Acid sulfate soil Cation - exchange capacity Fertilizer Liming ( soil ) Organic horticulture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Slessarev , E.W. ; Lin , Y. ; Bingham , N.L. ; Johnson , J.E. ; Dai , Y. ; Schimel , J.P. ; Chadwick , O.A. ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Water balance creates a threshold in soil pH at the global scale '' . Nature . 540 ( 7634 ) : 567 -- 569 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20139 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection . `` Soil pH '' . www.qld.gov.au . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Soil Survey Division Staff . `` Soil survey manual . 1993 . Chapter 3 . '' . Soil Conservation Service . U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Buol , S.W. , R.J. Southard , R.C. Graham and P.A. McDaniel . Soil Genesis and Classification . ( 5th ) Edition , Ia . State Press p. 494 . 2002 ^ Jump up to : Soil Survey Staff ( 2014 ) . R. Burt and Soil Survey Staff , ed . Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual . Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42 , Version 5.0 ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Natural Resources Conservation Service . pp. 276 -- 279 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ USDA - NRCS . `` Soil pH '' ( PDF ) . Guides for Educators : Soil Quality Kit . www.nrcs.usda.gov . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ van Breemen , N. ; Mulder , J. ; Driscoll , C.T. ( October 1983 ) . `` Acidification and alkalinization of soils '' . Plant and Soil. 75 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 308 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02369968 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Van Breemen , N. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Mulder , J. ( 16 February 1984 ) . `` Acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and waters '' . Nature . 307 ( 5952 ) : 599 -- 604 . doi : 10.1038 / 307599a0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sparks , Donald ; Environmental Soil Chemistry . 2003 , Academic Press , London , UK ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Paul R. ; Skyllberg , Ulf ( 2012 ) . `` Soil pH and pH buffering '' . In Huang , Pan Ming ; Li , Yuncong ; Sumner , Malcolm E. Handbook of soil sciences : properties and processes ( 2nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . pp. 19 -- 1 to 19 -- 14 . ISBN 9781439803059 . Jump up ^ Oosterbaan , R.J. `` Soil Alkalinity ( Alkaline - sodic soils ) '' ( PDF ) . www.waterlog.info . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brady , N. and Weil , R . The Nature and Properties of Soils . 13th ed. 2002 ^ Jump up to : Kopittke , Peter M. ; Menzies , Neal W. ; Wang , Peng ; Blamey , F. Pax C. ( August 2016 ) . `` Kinetics and nature of aluminium rhizotoxic effects : a review '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 ( 15 ) : 4451 -- 4467 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erw233 . Jump up ^ Hansson et al ( 2011 ) Differences in soil properties in adjacent stands of Scots pine , Norway spruce and silver birch in SW Sweden . Forest Ecology and Management 262 522 -- 530 Jump up ^ Rout , GR ; Samantaray , S ; Das , P ( 2001 ) . `` Aluminium toxicity in plants : a review '' ( PDF ) . Agronomie. 21 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 5 . doi : 10.1051 / agro : 2001105 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shavrukov , Yuri ; Hirai , Yoshihiko ( January 2016 ) . `` Good and bad protons : genetic aspects of acidity stress responses in plants '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erv437 . Jump up ^ Finck , Arnold ( 1976 ) . Pflanzenernährung in Stichworten . Kiel : Hirt . p. 80 . ISBN 3 - 554 - 80197 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Sumner , Malcolm E. ; Yamada , Tsuioshi ( November 2002 ) . `` Farming with acidity '' . Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis . 33 ( 15 -- 18 ) : 2467 -- 2496 . doi : 10.1081 / CSS - 120014461 . ^ Jump up to : Bolan , N ; Brennan , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Bioavailability of N , P , K , Ca , Mg , S , Si , and Micronutrients '' . In Huang , Pan Ming ; Li , Yuncong ; Sumner , Malcolm E. Handbook of soil sciences : resource management and environmental impacts ( 2nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . pp. 11 -- 1 to 11 -- 80 . ISBN 9781439803073 . Jump up ^ Truog , Emil ( 1946 ) . `` The Liming of Soils '' . Science in farming , USDA Yearbook , 1941 -- 1947 . pp. 566 -- 576 . ^ Jump up to : Sumner , M.E. ; Farina , M.P.W. ( 1986 ) . `` Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping systems '' . In Stewart , B.A. Advances in Soil Science . New York , NY : Springer New York . pp. 201 -- 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 8660 - 5 . Jump up ^ Haynes , R.J. ( October 1982 ) . `` Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils '' . Plant and Soil. 68 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 308 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02197935 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Boyd ; Foth , Henry ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Soil Fertility , Second Edition '' . Google Books . pp. 73 -- 74 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sodic soils '' . plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : USDA PLANTS Database ( 2017 ) . `` PLANTS Database Advanced Search using minimum and maximum pH '' . plants.usda.gov . USDA NCRS . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plants for a Future . `` Plant Database Search '' . www.pfaf.org . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , M.O. ; Mountford , J.O. ; Roy , D.B. ; Bunce , R.G.H. ( 1999 ) . Ellenberg 's indicator values for British plants . ECOFACT Volume 2 . Technical Annex ( PDF ) . Institute of Terrestrial Ecology . ISBN 1870393481 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , J.A. ( 1998 ) . `` The calcicole - calcifuge problem revisited . '' . Advances in Botanical Research . 29 : 13 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , B.J. ; Fisher , J.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Selection of genotypes tolerant of aluminium and manganese '' . In Robson , A.D. Soil acidity and plant growth . Sydney : Academic Press . pp. 167 -- 203 . ISBN 0125906552 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Aitken , R.L. ; Moody , P.W. ; Mckinley , P.G. ( 1990 ) . `` Lime requirement of acidic Queensland soils . I. Relationships between soil properties and pH buffer capacity '' . Australian Journal of Soil Research . 28 ( 5 ) : 695 -- 701 . doi : 10.1071 / SR9900695 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Von Uexkull , H.R. ( 1986 ) . `` Lime and liming '' . Efficient Fertilizer Use in Acid Upland Soils of the Humid Tropics . Food & Agriculture Org . pp. 16 -- 22 . ISBN 9789251023877 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Loralie . `` SOLUTIONS TO SOIL PROBLEMS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Soil Quality Indicators : pH '' ( PDF ) . NCRS. USDA . Jump up ^ `` Solutions to Soil Problems : High pH -- eXtension '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . External links ( edit ) `` A Study of Lime Potential , R.C. 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3380077443107558452	As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)	As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) - wikipedia As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` As Long as You Love Me '' Single by Justin Bieber featuring Big Sean from the album Believe Released June 11 , 2012 Format Digital download Genre Electropop dubstep Length 3 : 49 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( international version ) Label Island RBMG Schoolboy Songwriter ( s ) Andre Lindal Justin Bieber Nasri Atweh Rodney Jerkins Sean Anderson Producer ( s ) Darkchild The Messengers Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) Big Sean singles chronology `` My Homies Still '' ( 2012 ) My Homies Still 2012 `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) As Long as You Love Me2012 `` Clique '' ( 2012 ) Clique 2012 Music video `` As Long as You Love Me '' on YouTube `` As Long as You Love Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . The track features American rapper Big Sean . It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh , and was produced by Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins and Andre Lindal . It was first released on June 11 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album , and one month later it was released as the album 's second single . The song has since charted in the United Kingdom , first at number thirty as a promotional single with first - week sales of 11,598 , and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 22 . On Billboard 's Rhythmic Airplay Chart , the single reached number one , giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart . It peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached the number one position on Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette 's `` Hello '' in 2011 . The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012 . The music video features actor Michael Madsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Track listings 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Certifications 7.3 Year - end charts 8 Release history 8.1 Promotional releases 8.2 Single releases 9 References Background and release ( edit ) In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it musically is a departure from his previous works . While Bieber has said that he wants his next release to recall Justin Timberlake 's Future Sex / Love Sounds sonically , in an interview with V magazine , he noted that what he 'll be singing is a bit more PG than the topics Timberlake covered on that album . `` I 'm not going to try to conform to what people want me to be or go out there and start partying , have people see me with alcohol . I want to do it at my own pace . I do n't want to start singing about things like sex , drugs and swearing . I 'm into love , and maybe I 'll get more into making love when I 'm older . I want to be someone who is respected by everybody . '' After releasing `` Boyfriend '' as the lead single , Bieber announced that he will release promotional singles to promote Believe . The first promotional single `` Die in Your Arms '' was released to iTunes on May 29 , 2012 . The second `` All Around The World '' was released on iTunes on June 4 , 2012 . `` As Long as You Love Me '' was released on June 11 , 2012 , as the third and final promotional single . The cover art for `` As Long as You Love Me '' shows Bieber perched on a wooden stool , holding an acoustic guitar . Sia Nicole of `` Idolator expressed dissatisfaction with the cover , saying `` It 's false advertising for the high - fidelity track that has nary a strum within earshot . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' was written by Bieber , Nasri Atweh , and guest vocalist Big Sean , while production was handled by Darkchild , The Messengers and Andre Lindal . The song is officially written in the key of C minor . It is heavily influenced by dubstep , with vocal loops complemented by a booming beat . As the song continues , it builds and builds to a rave - ready drop . Lyrically , it tells listeners that true love can defy all circumstances and the obstacles that it can overcome . `` As long as you love me / We could be starving / We could be homeless / We could be broke , '' Bieber sings over a staccato beat and handclaps , with an undercurrent of a swirling - sounding synth . `` As long as you love me / I 'll be your platinum / I 'll be your silver / I 'll be your gold , '' he adds . Big Sean drops a rap exalting a lady love , too . `` I do n't know if this makes sense , but you 're my hallelujah / Give me a time and a place , and I 'll rendezvous , and I 'll fly you to it , '' Sean raps . Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as `` a dubstep love song , with Mr. Bieber reaching into falsetto at points without losing power , and showing restraint at the chorus . '' Natalie Shaw of BBC Music wrote , `` It 's fine that his vocal simpers on the verses of As Long As You Love Me , because the song 's pulsating undercurrent propels it onto the dancefloor . '' Hermione Hoby of The Observer complimented his vocals , calling `` plaintive and still unmistakably teenage . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard defined the track : `` A massive yet somehow intimate dance track , with the drums almost reaching hair metal levels in their vibrations . The Biebs handles his business , but Big Sean 's verse probably is n't necessary . '' Becky Bain of Idolator commented , `` The electro - infused track carries your basic we - do n't - need - money - we - have - love sentiment , while Big Sean cameo is mostly useless , but it does come at a pivotal moment in the Darkchild - produced tune . '' In his review for Fact Magazine , Alex Macpherson described the track : `` ' As Long As You Love Me ' is a post-austerity , us - against - the - world electronic storm in which Bieber promises romantic fealty even as he 's buffeted this way and that by a cornucopia of sonic switch - ups courtesy of Darkchild : the 4 × 4 march leading up to the peak of the second chorus , the way the word ' love ' is caught , cut up and tossed into a digital swirl until it becomes helpless surrender . Notably and surprisingly , too , Bieber 's own delivery stands out : his blend of puppy - eyed pleading and genuine tenderness on the line ' We could be homeless , we could be broke ' is the song 's emotional pivot . It 's enough to make you jealous of those terrifyingly devoted Beliebers : imagine how much more intensely they 're feeling this . '' Music video ( edit ) As part of promotion for `` As Long As You Love Me '' , a music video , which was filmed in early July 2012 , was released . Prior to the release of the video , Bieber revealed that a minute - long clip of the video was due to be broadcast following an episode of The Voice ; however , much to the displeasure of Bieber and his fans , the clip was n't shown . NBC later revealed that technical difficulties prevented the clip from being aired . The full video was later premiered on Bieber 's official YouTube page on July 12 , 2012 . Bieber very rarely referred to the video as a `` music video '' , but rather as a `` short film '' . Directed by Anthony Mandler , produced by Andrew Lerios , cinematography by David Devlin , and edited by Jacquelyn London the video was Bieber 's longest music video at five minutes and fifty - two seconds , before being surpassed by `` Confident '' at six minutes and six seconds . It featured guest appearances by Michael Madsen and Big Sean , the latter of which performs the rapping on the track . The video was filmed in Los Angeles , California . The actress in the music video is Chanel Celaya . Live performances ( edit ) Bieber performed the song for the first time in Oslo , Norway at the Oslo Opera House , on May 30 , 2012 at his Believe promo tour . Also Bieber performed the song , with Big Sean , in Today Show on June 15 , 2012 and again with Big Sean at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . Bieber also performed the song , once again with Big Sean , during the season finale of the NBC summer reality talent show `` America 's Got Talent '' . He also performed in late September on `` Dancing With The Stars '' , and on the February 9 , 2013 episode of `` Saturday Night Live '' , which he also hosted . Bieber has also performed the song on the 2012 Victoria 's Secret Fashion show on November 7 , 2012 in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . On March 28 , 2015 , Bieber performed a duet with Ariana Grande on The Honeymoon Tour in Miami . Bieber performed the song at the 2015 Wango Tango . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) 3 : 49 ( show ) Digital download -- Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Remix ) 5 : 42 2 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Club Dub ) 4 : 58 3 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Radio Mix ) 3 : 31 4 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Remix ) 5 : 04 5 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Instrumental ) 5 : 04 6 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 7 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Club Mix ) 7 : 41 8 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Dub ) 7 : 26 9 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 10 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Radio Mix ) 4 : 03 11 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Mix ) 4 : 37 12 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Luvstep Mix ) 4 : 37 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Current Position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 63 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 52 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 40 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 78 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 34 Release history ( edit ) Promotional releases ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States June 11 , 2012 Digital Download Island Records Canada France Universal Music , Mercury Records Worldwide June 13 , 2012 Single releases ( edit ) Region Date Format United States / Canada July 10 , 2012 Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio Worldwide September 7 , 2012 Digital Remixes EP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anzuoni , Mario ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Bieber spotlights his grown - up side in flashy new video '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pop 's Good Boy Tries Growing Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Cheryl 's Call My Name sells 152k in week one '' . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 8 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 22 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Teams Up With Kanye West And Drake For New Album ' Believe ' '' . Capital FM . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Boyfriend ' Track Getting Early Buzz '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Next Album Is ' Ridiculous ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg - Morse , Mredith ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Listen To A Sampler Of Tracks From Justin Bieber 's Upcoming Believe Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber to Release New Singles Each Week Leading Up to Believe '' . Mix FM . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Justin Bieber f / Big Sean -- ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . Rap - Up . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Sia , Nicole ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Clutches Guitar On Cover Art For Guitarless Next Single , `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Believe ( liner notes ) . Justin Bieber . Island Records , Raymond Braun Media Group , School Boy Records . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A. Schillaci , Sophie ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Goes Dubstep with ' As Long as You Love Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Big Sean Get Romantic On ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Gets Romantic On Club Banger `` As Long As You Love Me '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Natalie ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review of Justin Bieber -- Believe '' . BBC Music . BBC Online . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermione , Hoby ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- review '' . The Observer . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , ' Believe ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- FACT magazine : music and art '' . Fact Magazine ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` BIEBER ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` VIDEOSTATIC ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . VIDEOSTATIC . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs New Songs `` All Around the World '' and `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Brings Out Big Sean For ' Today ' Show Performance '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ebergamaschi ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` '' As Long As You Love Me '' on iTunes News `` . Now Justin Bieber . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Téléchargements MP3 7digital France '' . Fr.7digital.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( Remixes EP ) '' . iTunes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201248 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : As Long As You Love Me ( Feat . Big Sean ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 34 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 ( Week : September 1 , 2012 to September 6 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201241 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As Long As You Love Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter As Long As Long As You Love Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . ARIA . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom '' . 7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Descargas de MP3 7digital España '' . Es.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital Ireland '' . Ie.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Big Sean singles Discography Finally Famous `` My Last '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' Cruel Summer `` Mercy '' `` Clique '' Hall of Fame `` Guap '' `` Switch Up '' `` Beware '' `` Fire '' Dark Sky Paradise `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' `` Paradise '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Play No Games '' I Decided . `` Bounce Back '' `` Moves '' Other singles `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' `` Champions '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' Featured singles `` Lay It on Me '' `` Till I Die '' `` Naked '' `` My Homies Still '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Burn '' `` Show Out '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' `` Wild '' `` Right There '' `` Sorry '' `` All Me '' `` Open Wide '' `` B Boy '' `` How Many Times '' `` Back Up '' `` Workin '' ( remix ) `` Holy Key '' `` I Think of You '' `` Feels '' Promotional singles `` Oh My '' ( remix ) `` What Yo Name Iz ? '' ( remix ) `` Control '' `` Best Mistake '' Other songs `` See Me Now '' `` Do n't Like '' ( remix ) `` Sanctified '' `` Research '' `` No Favors '' `` On Everything '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)&oldid=810353444 '' Categories : 2012 singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Justin Bieber songs Island Records singles Big Sean songs Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler Songs about domestic violence Songs written by Andre Lindal Songs written by Nasri ( musician ) Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Big Sean Songs written by Rodney Jerkins 2012 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who produced as long as you love me	[ "\"As Long as You Love Me\" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, from his third studio album, Believe (2012). The track features American rapper Big Sean. It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh, and was produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins and Andre Lindal. It was first released on June 11, 2012, as a promotional single from the album, and one month later it was released as the album's second single.", "\"As Long as You Love Me\" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, from his third studio album, Believe (2012). The track features American rapper Big Sean. It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh, and was produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins and Andre Lindal. It was first released on June 11, 2012, as a promotional single from the album, and one month later it was released as the album's second single." ]	[ "Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins", "Andre Lindal" ]
-1890370642214768413	Life as We Knew It (novel)	Life as We Knew it ( novel ) - wikipedia Life as We Knew it ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search Life As We Knew It Author Susan Beth Pfeffer Series The Last Survivors Genre Young adult novel , Science fiction Publisher Harcourt Children 's Books Publication date October 1 , 2006 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 337 pgs ISBN 0 - 15 - 205826 - 5 ( first edition , hardcover ) OCLC 63705625 LC Class PZ7. P44855 Lif 2004 Followed by The Dead and the Gone This World We Live In The Shade of the Moon Life As We Knew It is a young adult science fiction novel by American author Susan Beth Pfeffer , first published in 2006 by Harcourt Books . It is the first book in The Last Survivors series , followed by The Dead and the Gone . When an asteroid hits the moon and brings it closer to Earth , life in Northeastern Pennsylvania will never be the same again for Miranda and her family , with the lack of food and extreme cold major threats to their survival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Awards 5 References Plot ( edit ) 16 - year - old Miranda has a normal life in Pennsylvania living with her mother and brothers . Her biggest worries are about her grades and her conflicted feelings about becoming godmother to her soon - to - be-born half - sibling , who is expected by her father and his second wife Lisa . Soon , the news becomes focused on one subject : an asteroid predicted to hit the moon . People are excited about the opportunity to witness the astronomical event , and on the night of the impact , Miranda and her family , as well as many other people on their street , go outside to witness it . However , the asteroid was denser than expected by scientists , and immediately after impact , it becomes apparent that something is very wrong . The moon has been pushed closer to the Earth by the impact . Immediately , Miranda 's life is shattered , as is the whole of society on Earth . Tsunamis and earthquakes ravage the coasts of many countries , causing millions of people to die instantly . Chaos erupts , and not long afterward , Miranda and her family are forced to go on a shopping spree before all the food runs out . Miranda 's older brother Matt comes home from college to be with his family . As they are inland , they are safe from tsunamis , but as the summer goes on , another threat looms ; the moon shift causes magma to be forced up to the surface , resulting in many dormant volcanoes erupting , which cover the sky in ash , causing the temperature to drop dramatically ( enough for frost to appear by mid-August and for 20 - degree weather by October ) , making it impossible for food to be grown . As things become harsher for the family , they start eating less and less to conserve food . It also becomes apparent that Laura is going without food and making other sacrifices to give Jon , who Miranda is convinced Laura considers to be the strongest of her children , a bigger chance of survival . This is often a source of resentment that causes conflict between Miranda and her mother . Winter is an especially hard time for the family . As well as a lack of food , they must deal with a multitude of snow , a lack of running water and electricity , and a terrible illness that nearly kills all of them . However , even as they become more and more isolated as nearly everyone else is either leaving town or dying , they continue to fight for survival . At the very end , there is almost no food left . Miranda ventures into town on a last breath of hope , though in her heart she believes she will find nothing , succumb to the cold , and die . However , just as she is about to lie down and give up , she sees a yellow piece of paper which attracts her gaze . The paper leads her to town hall , where , to her shock , she discovers the mayor is giving out bags of food for every family -- but there are few takers , as many people are dead and even more have no way of knowing about the program . The family is given four bags of food and promised more to come in the following weeks . With a new reason to hope that she might live on , Miranda muses on her seventeenth birthday about why she is still keeping a diary : for the people who might read it in the future , or for herself . Characters ( edit ) Miranda Evans - The protagonist of the novel , a 16 - year - old girl who is attempting to survive in the new , harsh world . The novel is presented as her diary entries . She has two brothers , one of whom she is jealous of , and the other she idolises , but , most of all , she cares greatly for both of them . Her favorite hobby used to be ice skating , but prior to the book 's events , she suffered an ankle injury , forcing her to stop and take up swimming . She still has a passion of ice skating , idolising Brandon , a world - famous skater from her town . Later on in the novel , she is the only one of her family to not contract a life threatening strain of flu and takes care of them throughout it . Matt Evans - Miranda 's older brother who provides and cares for the family , such as collecting firewood to keep them warm in the harsh winter . He is looked up to by his mother and siblings ( Miranda `` cares desperately what he thinks of her '' , despite denying it ) . Matt was studying at college before returning to his family after the event . Jonathan `` Jonny '' Evans - Miranda 's younger brother who has a passion for baseball , attending a baseball camp during the novel . He is secretly voted most likely to live by his family , but comes to resent this when he realizes that they are starving themselves to allow him to eat more . Laura Evans - Miranda 's mother , who was a writer . She has great care for her family , putting their lives ahead of her own often , such as starving herself so her children can have more to eat . She dates Peter during the novel . Later in the book , she sprains her ankle , rendering her immobile . Megan - Miranda 's overly - religious friend . She used to be carefree before she went to church , an interest that began when their mutual friend Becky died . She begins to starve herself at the beginning of the incident with the moon because her pastor told her that God is punishing the human race for their sins . Sammi - another of Miranda 's friends . She had been with numerous boys and fights with Megan , who believes that she leads an immoral life . Becky - Miranda 's friend whom she constantly dreams about . She died before the book begins . She was `` like the glue '' between Miranda , Megan , and Sammi , and when she died , they began to go separate ways . Mrs. Wayne - Megan 's mother . She worries greatly that her daughter is starving herself , as she does not share Megan 's religious beliefs . Hal / Dad - Miranda 's father who separated from her mother and remarried Lisa . He cares for his children very much , bringing them a large amount of food when they stop in on their way West . Lisa - Miranda 's pregnant stepmother , whose child Miranda will be godmother to . Peter Elliot - Miranda 's mom 's boyfriend , a doctor . He works throughout the events , and visits several times , sometimes bringing food with him . Dan - a boy on Miranda 's swim team , who she begins to go swimming with in the local pond , Miller 's Pond , after their local indoor pool is closed . Horton - The beloved family cat . During the novel , Miranda accidentally leaves the door open , allowing him to escape , although he returns soon after . His bond with Jonny is well known , with them spending a large part of their lives together . Brandon - an ice skater from their town who is training for the Olympics . He is idolised by skaters worldwide . He has a fan - site dedicated to him , which Miranda went on frequently before the event . One day in the novel she surprisingly meets him at a frozen lake , where they talk and skate shortly . Although she continued returning to the lake , she never sees him again . It is assumed he died or left Howell , although it can be perceived that their meeting did not exist , and it was all in Miranda 's imagination . Mrs. Nesbitt - an elderly woman who is like family to Miranda and her family , having cared for Miranda 's mother when she was a child . George - Sammi 's 40 - year - old boyfriend , with whom she moves to Nashville . Reverend Marshall - The pastor at Megan 's church . By telling his congregation that God will sustain them , and behaving in a falsely caring manner , he ensures that they bring him food by way of thanks . This means that he has much more to eat than most people , something which greatly enrages Miranda . Mayor Ford and Tom Danworth - Two men who inhabit the City Hall . They appear at the very end of the book , and tell Miranda that she can get bags of food from there . Reception ( edit ) Kirkus Reviews said that `` death is a constant threat , and Pfeffer instills despair right to the end but is cognizant to provide a ray of hope with a promising conclusion . Plausible science fiction with a frighteningly realistic reminder of recent tragedies here and abroad . '' Ilene Cooper said in her review for Booklist that `` each page is filled with events both wearying and terrifying and infused with honest emotions . Pfeffer bring 's cataclysmic tragedy very close . '' Awards ( edit ) Pfeffer 's book was named Young Adult Library Services Association 's Best Books for Young Adults in 2007 , and shortlisted for the Andre Norton Award for Outstanding Science Fiction or Fantasy Book of 2007 . In addition , it won the Booklist Editor 's Choice Award for Books for Youth ( Older Reader 's Category ) in 2006 . It was nominated for the 2009 Rebecca Caudill Young Readers ' Book Award and the Truman Readers Award of 2008 - 2009 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LIFE AS WE KNEW IT '' . Kirkus Reviews . 74 ( 18 ) : 963 . September 15 , 2006 . ISSN 0042 - 6598 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ilene ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` Life as We Knew It '' . Booklist. 103 ( 1 ) : 127 . ISSN 0006 - 7385 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.rebeccacaudill.org/nominees/2009.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_as_We_Knew_It_(novel)&oldid=832584832 '' Categories : 2006 American novels American young adult novels American science fiction novels Children 's science fiction novels Fictional diaries Impact event novels Novels set in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 21 : 20 . About Wikipedia	when does megan die in life as we knew it	[]	[]
2475072960654134946	Economic history of Mexico	Economic History of Mexico - wikipedia Economic History of Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Silver peso mined and minted in colonial Mexico , which became a global currency Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( show ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( show ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal Mexico 's economic history has been characterized since the colonial era by resource extraction , agriculture , and a relatively underdeveloped industrial sector . Economic elites in the colonial period were predominantly Spanish born , active as transatlantic merchants and silver mine owners and diversifying their investments with the landed estates . The largest sector of the population was indigenous subsistence farmers , who lived mainly in the center and south . New Spain was envisioned by the Spanish crown as a supplier of wealth to Iberia , which huge silver mines accomplished . A colonial economy to supply foodstuffs and products from ranching as well as a domestic textile industry meant that the economy supplied much of its own needs . Crown economic policy rattled American - born elites ' loyalty to Spain when in 1804 it instituted a policy to make mortgage holders pay immediately the principal on their loans , threatening the economic position of cash - strapped land owners . Independence in Mexico in 1821 was economically difficult for the country , with Spanish merchants returning to Spain and many of the most productive silver mines not only damaged from the insurgency , but also the loss of its supply of mercury from Spain . Most of the patterns of wealth in the colonial era continued into the first half of the nineteenth century , with agriculture being the main economic activity with the labor of indigenous and mixed - race peasants . The mid-nineteenth - century Liberal Reforma ( ca . 1850 -- 1861 ; 1867 -- 76 ) attempted to decrease the economic power of the Roman Catholic Church and to modernize and industrialize the Mexican economy . Following civil war and a foreign intervention , the late nineteenth century found political stability and economic prosperity during the presidential regime of General Porfirio Díaz ( 1876 -- 1911 ) . Mexico was opened to foreign investment and , to a lesser extent , foreign workers . Foreign capital built a railway network , one of the keys for transforming the Mexican economy , by linking regions of Mexico and major cities and ports . As the construction of the railway bridge over a deep canyon at Metlac demonstrates , Mexico 's topography was a barrier to economic development . The mining industry revived in the north of Mexico and the petroleum industry developed in the north Gulf Coast states with foreign capital . Regional civil wars broke out in 1910 and lasted until 1920 , known generally as the Mexican Revolution . Following the military phase of the Revolution , Mexican regimes attempted to `` transform a largely rural and backward country ... into a middle - sized industrial power . '' The Mexican Constitution of 1917 gave the Mexican government the power to expropriate property , which allowed for the distribution of land to peasants , but also the Mexican oil expropriation in 1938 . Mexico benefited economically from its participation in World War II and the post-war years experienced what has been called the Mexican Miracle ( ca . 1946 -- 1970 ) . This growth was fueled by import substitution industrialization . The Mexican economy experienced the limits of ISI and economic nationalism and Mexico sought a new model for economic growth . Huge oil reserves were discovered in the Gulf of Mexico in the late 1970s and Mexico borrowed heavily from foreign banks with loans denominated in U.S. dollars . When the price of oil dropped in the 1980s , Mexico experienced a severe financial crisis . Under President Carlos Salinas de Gortari Mexico campaigned to join the North American Free Trade Agreement with the expanded treaty going into effect in Mexico , the U.S. , and Canada on January 1 , 1994 . Mexico implemented neoliberal economic policies and changed significant articles of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 to ensure private property rights against future nationalization . In the twenty - first century , Mexico has strengthened its trade ties with China , but Chinese investment projects in Mexico have hit roadblocks in 2014 -- 15 . Mexico 's continued dependence on oil revenues has had a deleterious impact when oil prices drop , as is happening 2014 -- 15 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy of New Spain , 1521 -- 1821 1.1 Mining 1.2 Agriculture and cattle ranching 1.3 Cities , trade and transportation routes 1.4 Crown policy and economic development 2 From the era of independence to the Mexican Revolution , 1800 -- 1920 2.1 Late colonial era and independence , 1800 -- 22 2.2 Early republic to 1855 2.3 Era of the Liberal reform and French intervention , 1855 -- 67 2.4 Restored republic , 1867 -- 76 2.5 Porfiriato , 1876 -- 1911 2.6 Era of the Mexican Revolution , 1910 -- 20 3 Consolidation of the Revolution and the Great Depression , 1920 -- 40 4 World War II and the Mexican miracle , 1940 -- 1970 5 Deterioration in the 1970s 6 Peso -- US dollar exchange 1970 -- 2016 7 1982 crisis and recovery 8 1993 : Hyperinflation and the Nuevo Peso 9 1994 , NAFTA , crisis , and recovery 10 2011 : 40 years of lag in income 11 Mexico and China 12 Impacts of drop in oil prices , 2014 -- 15 13 See also 14 Further reading 14.1 Colonial economy 14.2 Post-independence economy 15 References 16 External links Economy of New Spain , 1521 -- 1821 ( edit ) See also : New Spain Diego Rivera Mural of exploitation of Mexico by Spanish conquistadors , Palacio Nacional , Mexico City ( 1929 -- 1945 ) Mexico 's economy in the colonial period was based on resource extraction ( mainly silver ) , on agriculture and ranching , and on trade , with manufacturing playing a minor role . In the immediate post-conquest period ( 1521 -- 40 ) , the dense indigenous and hierarchically organized central Mexican peoples were a ready labor supply and producers of tribute goods . Indian communities ' tribute and labor ( but not land ) were awarded to individual conquerors in an arrangement called encomienda . Conquerors built private fortunes less from the plunder of the brief period of conquest than from the labor and tribute and the acquisition of land in areas where they held encomiendas , translating that into long - term sustainable wealth . The colonial landscape in central Mexico became a patchwork of different sized holdings by Spaniards and indigenous communities . As the crown began limiting the encomienda in the mid-sixteenth century to prevent the development of an independent seigneurial class , Spaniards who had become land owners acquired permanent and part - time labor from Indian and mixed - race workers . Although the encomienda was a major economic institution of the early period , in the end it was a transitory phase , due to the drop in the indigenous populations due to virgin land epidemics of diseases brought by Europeans , but also importantly rapid economic growth and the expansion of the number of Spaniards in New Spain . Mining ( edit ) Silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy both in New Spain and in Peru . It was mined under license from the crown , with a fifth of the proceeds ( quinto real ) rendered to the crown . Although the Spaniards sought gold , and there were some small mines in Oaxaca and Michoacan , the big transformation in New Spain 's economy came in the mid-sixteenth century with discoveries of large deposits of silver . Close to Mexico City , the Nahua settlement of Taxco was found in 1534 to have silver . But the biggest strikes were in the north outside the zone of dense indigenous communities and Spanish settlement . Zacatecas and later Guanajuato became the most important centers of silver production , but there were many others , including in Parral ( Chihuahua ) and later strikes in San Luis Potosí , optimistically named after the famous Potosí silver mine of Peru . Spaniards established of cities in the mining region as well as agrarian enterprises supplying foodstuffs and material goods necessary for the mining economy . For Mexico , which did not have a vast supply of trees to use as fuel to extract silver from ore by high heat , the invention in 1554 of the patio process that used mercury to chemically extract the silver from ore was a breakthrough . Spain had a mercury mine in Almadén whose mercury was exported to Mexico . ( Peru had its own local source of mercury at Huancavelica ) . The higher the proportion of mercury in the process meant the higher the extraction of silver . Almadén mercury mine in Spain Cinnabar mercury amalgam from Almaden The crown had a monopoly on mercury and set its price . During the Bourbon reforms of the eighteenth century , the crown increased mercury production at Almadén and lowered the price to miners by half resulting in a huge increase in Mexico 's silver production . As production costs dropped , mining became less risky so that there was a new surge of mine openings and improvements . In the eighteenth century , mining was professionalized and elevated in social prestige with the establishment of the royal college of mining and a miners ' guild ( consulado ) , making mining more respectable . The crown promulgated a new mining code that limited liability and protected patents as technical improvements were developed . Highly successful miners purchased titles of nobility in the eighteenth century , valorizing their status in society as well as bringing revenues to the crown . Wealth from Spanish mining fueled the transatlantic economy , with silver becoming the main precious metal in circulation worldwide . Although the northern mining did not itself become the main center of power in New Spain , the silver extracted there was the most important export from the colony . The control that the royal mints exerted over the uniform weight and quality of silver bars and coins made Spanish silver the most accepted and trusted currency . Many of the laborers in the silver mines were free wage earners drawn by high wages and the opportunity to acquire wealth for themselves through the pepena system which allowed miners to take especially promising ore for themselves . There was a brief period of mining in central and southern Mexico that mobilized indigenous men 's involuntary labor by the repartimiento , but Mexico 's mines developed in the north outside of the zone of dense indigenous settlement . They were ethnically mixed and mobile , becoming culturally part of the Hispanic sphere even if their origins were indigenous . Mine workers were generally well paid with a daily wage of 4 reales per day plus a share of the ore produced , the partido . In some cases , the partido was worth more than the daily wage . Mine owners sought to terminate the practice . Mine workers pushed back against mine owners , particularly in a 1766 strike at the Real del Monte mine , owned by the Conde de Regla , in which they closed down the mine and murdered a royal official . In the colonial period , mine workers were the elites of free workers , Agriculture and cattle ranching ( edit ) View of the Valley of Mexico by José María Velasco Although pre-Hispanic Mexico produced surpluses of corn ( maize ) and other crops for tribute and subsistence use , Spaniards began commercial agriculture , cultivating wheat , sugar , fruit trees , and even for a period , mulberry trees for silk production in Mexico . Areas that had never seen indigenous cultivation became important for commercial agriculture , particularly what has been called the `` near North '' of Mexico , just north of indigenous settlement in central Mexico . Wheat cultivation using oxen and Spanish plows was done in the Bajío , a region that includes a number of states of modern Mexico , Querétaro , Jalisco , and San Luis Potosí . The system of land tenure has been cited as one of the reasons that Mexico failed to develop economically during the colonial period , with large estates inefficiently organized and run and the `` concentration of land ownership per se caused waste and misallocation of resources . '' These causes were posited before a plethora of studies of the hacienda and smaller agrarian enterprises as well as broader regional studies were done in the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . These meticulous studies of individual haciendas and regions over time demonstrates that hacienda owners were profit - seeking entrepreneurs . They had the advantage of economies of scale that smaller holders and Indian villages did not in cultivation of grains , pulque , sugar , and sisal and in ranching , with cattle and sheep . Great haciendas did not completely dominate the agrarian sector , since there were products that could be efficiently produced by smaller holders and Indian villages , such as fruits and vegetables , cochineal red dye , and animals that could be raised in confined spaces , such as pigs and chickens . Small holders also produced wine , cotton and tobacco . In the eighteenth century , the crown created a tobacco monopoly on both cultivation and manufacturing of tobacco products . A Mexican hacendado or estate owner by Italian lithographer Claudio Linati As Spanish agrarian enterprises developed , acquiring title to land became important . As the size of the indigenous labor force dropped and as the number of Spaniards seeking land and access to labor increased , a transitional labor institution called repartimiento ( `` allotment '' ) developed , in which the crown allotted indigenous labor to Spaniards on a temporary basis . Many Spanish landowners found the system unsatisfactory since they could not count on receiving an allocation that suited their needs . The repartimiento for agriculture was abolished in 1632 . Large - scale landed estates or haciendas developed , and most needed both a small permanent labor force supplemented by temporary labor at peak times , such as planting and harvesting . Cattle ranching need far less labor than agriculture , but did need sufficient grazing land for their herds to increase . As more Spaniards settled in the central areas of Mexico where there were already large numbers of indigenous settlements , the number of ranching enterprises declined and ranching was pushed north . Northern Mexico was mainly dry and its indigenous population nomadic or semi-nomadic , allowing Spanish ranching activities to expand largely without competition . As mining areas developed in the north , Spanish haciendas and ranches supplied products from cattle , not just meat , but hides and tallow , for the silver mining areas . Spaniards also grazed sheep , which resulted in ecological decline since sheep cropped grass to its roots preventing regeneration . Central Mexico attracted a larger proportion of Spanish settlement and landed enterprises there shifted from mixed agriculture and ranching to solely agriculture . Ranching was more widespread in the north , with its vast expanses and little access to water . Spaniards imported seeds for production of wheat for their own consumption . Indian Collecting Cochineal with a Deer Tail by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez ( 1777 ) . Cochineal was New Spain 's most important export product after silver and its production was almost exclusively in the hands of Indians Both Spaniards and Indians produced native products commercially , particular the color - fast red dye cochineal , as well as the fermented juice of the maguey cactus , pulque . In the early colonial period Mexico was briefly a silk producer . When the transpacific trade with Manila developed in the late sixteenth century , the finer quality Asian silks out - competed locally produced ones . The bulk of luxury yard goods were imported from northern Europe via Spain . For rough cloth for the urban masses , cotton and wool were produced and woven in Mexico in small workshops called obrajes . Cities , trade and transportation routes ( edit ) Cities were where crown officials , high ecclesiastical officials , merchants , and artisans were centered . Mexico City , the viceregal capital , was founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and has never given up its primacy in Mexico . The history of Mexico City is deeply entwined in the development of the Mexican economy . Two main ports , Veracruz on the Caribbean coast the served the transatlantic trade and Acapulco on the Pacific coast , the terminus for the Asian trade via the Manila Galleon , allowed the crown to regulate trade . In Spain the House of Trade ( Casa de Contratación ) in Seville registered and regulated exports and imports as well as issuing licenses for Spaniards emigrating to the New World . Exports were silver and dyestuffs and imported were luxury goods from Europe , while a local economy of high bulk , low value products were produced in Mexico . Artisans and workers of various types provided goods and services to urban dwellers . In Mexico City and other Spanish settlements , the lack of a system of potable water meant that the services of water carriers supplied individual households . Urban Water Carrier , lithograph by Claudio Linati A network of cities and towns developed , some were founded on previous indigenous city - states , ( such as Mexico City ) while secondary cities were established as provincial areas developed . The main axis was from Veracruz , via the well - situated city of Puebla , to Mexico City , the capital . Another axis connected Mexico City and Puebla to the mining areas of the north , centered on Guanajuato and Zacatecas . There was a road further north to New Mexico , but Mexico 's far north , except for a few mining centers such as Parral , were of little economic interest . California 's rich deposits of gold were unknown in the colonial era and had they been discovered that whole region 's history would not be one of marginal importance . To the south , trunk lines connected Mexico 's center to Oaxaca and the port of Acapulco . Yucatán was more easily accessed from Cuba than Mexico City , but it had a dense Maya population so there was a labor force to produce products such as sugar , cacao , and later henequen ( sisal ) . Bad transportation was a major stumbling block to the movement of goods and people in Mexico , which had generally difficult topography . There were few paved roads and dirt tracks turned impassible during the rainy season . Rather than hauling goods by carts drawn by oxen or mules , the most common mode of transporting goods was via pack mules . Poor infrastructure was coupled with poor security , so that banditry was an impediment to the safe transport of people and goods . In the Northern area , the índios bárbaros or uncivilized Indians presented a threat to settlement and travel . Apache chief by Italian lithographer Claudio Linati The eighteenth century saw New Spain increase the size and complexity of its economy . Silver remained the motor of the economy , and in fact production increased even though few new mines came into production . The key to the increased production was the lowering of the price of mercury , an essential element in refining silver . The larger the amount of mercury used in refining , the greater pure silver was extracted from ore . Another important element for the eighteenth - century economic boom was the number of wealthy Mexicans who were involved in multiple enterprises as owners , investors , or creditors . Mining is an expensive and uncertain extractive enterprise needed large capital investments for digging and shoring up shafts as well as draining water as mines got deeper . Elites invested their fortunes in real estate , mainly in rural enterprises and to a lesser extent urban properties , with the Roman Catholic Church functioning as a mortgage bank . The Church itself accrued tremendous wealth , aided by the fact that as a corporation , its holdings were not broken up to distribute to heirs . Crown policy and economic development ( edit ) Crown policies generally impeded entrepreneurial activity in New Spain through laws and regulations that were disincentives to the creation of new enterprises . There was no well - defined or enforceable set of property rights . Lack of investment in a good system of paved roads made moving products to market insecure and expensive , so enterprises had a narrower reach for their products , particularly bulky agricultural products . Although many enterprises , such as merchant houses and mining , were highly profitable , they were often family firms . The components of Roman Catholic Church had a considerable number of landed estates and the Church received income from the tithe , a ten percent tax on agricultural output . However , there were no laws that promoted `` economies of scale through joint stock companies or corporations . '' There were corporate entities , particularly the Church and indigenous communities , but also corporate groups with privileges ( fueros ) , such as miners and merchants who had separate courts and exemptions . There was no equal standing before the law , given the exemptions of corporate entities ( including indigenous communities ) and legal distinctions between races . Only those defined as Spaniards , either peninsular - or American - born of legitimate birth had access to a variety of elite privileges such as civil office holding , ecclesiastical positions , but also entrance of women into convents , which necessitated a significant dowry . A convent for Indian women of `` pure blood '' was established in the eighteenth century . Indian men from the mid-sixteenth century had been barred from the priesthood , not only excluding them from empowerment in the spiritual realm , but also depriving them of the honor , prestige , and income that a priest could garner . A single - canvas painting showing the casta system in eighteenth - century Mexico . Spaniards were at the top of the system with mixed - race men and women consigned to the bottom ranks , with both engaging in manual labor . In the eighteenth century the Bourbon administrative reforms began restricting the number of American - born men appointed to office , which was not only a diminution of their own and their families ' status , but also excluded them from the revenues that flowed from office holding , not merely the salary but the networks of useful connections to do business . The interventionist and pervasively arbitrary nature of the institutional environment forced every enterprise , urban or rural , to operate in a highly politicized manner , using kinship networks , political influence , and family prestige to gain privileged access to subsidized credit , to aid various stratagems for recruiting labor , to collect debts or enforce contracts , to evade taxes or circumvent courts , and to defend titles to land . The most closely controlled commodity from New Spain ( and Peru ) was the production and transportation of silver . Crown officials monitored each step of the process , from licensing on those who developed mines , to transportation , to minting of uniform size and quality silver bars and coins . Silver 8 real coin of Charles III of Spain , 1776 Obverse CAROLUS III DEI GRATIA 1776 `` Charles III by the Grace of God , 1776 '' Right profile of Charles III in toga with laurel wreath . Reverse HISPAN ( IARUM ) ET IND ( IARUM ) REX M ( EXICO ) 8 R ( EALES ) FM `` King of the Spains and the Indies , Mexico ( City Mint ) , 8 reales '' Crowned Spanish arms between the Pillars of Hercules adorned with PLVS VLTRA motto . The crown established monopolies in other commodities , most importantly mercury from Almadén , the key component in silver refining . But the crown also established monopolies over tobacco production and manufacturing . Guilds ( `` gremios '' ) restricted the practice of certain professions , such as those engaged in painting , gilded framer makers , music instrument makers , and others . Indians and mixed -- race castas were considered a threat , producing quality products far more cheaply . The crown sought to control trade and emigration to its overseas territories via the House of Trade ( Casa de Contratación ) , based in Seville . Officials in Seville registered ships ' cargoes and passengers bound for the Indies ( as the crown to the end of the colonial era called its territories ) and upon arrival in New World ports , other crown officials inspected cargo and passengers . In Mexico , the Gulf Coast port of Veracruz , New Spain 's oldest Spanish city and main port , and the Pacific coast port of Acapulco , the terminus of the Manila Galleon were busy when ships were in port , but they did not have large numbers of Spanish settlers in large part due to their disagreeable tropical climate . Restricting trade put big merchant houses , largely family businesses , in a privileged position . A consulado a great merchant families was established in Mexico City , which raised the status of merchants , and later consulados were established in Veracruz , Guadalajara , and Guatemala City indicating the growth of a core economic group in those cities . Central regions could get imports those firms handled relatively easily , but with a bad transportation network , other regions became economic backwaters and smuggling and other non-sanctioned economic activity took place . The economic policy of comercio libre that was instituted in 1778 , it was not full free trade but trade between ports in the Spanish empire and those in Spain ; it was designed to stimulate trade . In Mexico , the big merchant families continued to dominate trade , with the main merchant house in Mexico City and smaller outlets staffed by junior members of the family in provincial cities . For merchants in Guatemala City dealing in indigo , they had direct contact with merchants in Cádiz , the main port in Spain , indicating the level of importance of this dye stuff in trade as well as the strengthening of previously remote areas with larger trade networks , in this case by passing Mexico City merchant houses . There was increased commercial traffic between New Spain , New Granada ( northern South America ) , and Peru and during wartime , trade was permitted with neutral countries . Internal trade was hampered by taxes and levies , legal and otherwise , by officials . The alcabala or sales tax was established in Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries , and was especially favored by the crown because in Spain it did not fall under the jurisdiction of the cortes or assembly . Interestingly , goods produced by or for Indians were exempted from the alcabala . In the eighteenth century , with more effective collection of the sales tax , the revenues increased significantly . Other taxes included the tithe , which was a ten percent tax on agricultural production ; tributes paid by non-whites ( Indians , Blacks and mixed - race castas ) ; and fees for licensing and other government regulation . Crown officials ( with the exception of the viceroy ) often purchased their offices , with the price recouped through fees and other means . During the late eighteenth century with the Bourbon reforms , the crown established a new administrative system , the intendancy , with much better paid crown officials , with the hope that graft and other personal enrichment would not be so tempting . In the eighteenth century , there were new and increased taxes including on maize , wheat flour , and wood . Fluctuations in rainfall and harvests played havoc with the price of maize , which often resulted in civil unrest , such that the crown began establishing granaries ( alhondigas ) to moderate the fluctuations and to forestall rioting . Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , who proposed a major land reform in Spain that influenced Mexico . Portrait by Francisco de Goya In a major move to tap what it thought was a major source of revenue , the crown in 1804 promulgated the Act of Consolidation ( Consolidación de Vales Reales ) , in which the crown mandated that the church turn over its funds to the crown , which would in turn pay the church five percent on the principal . Since the church was the major source of credit for hacendados , miners , and merchants , the new law meant that they had to pay the principal to the church immediately . For borrowers who counted on thirty or more year mortgages to repay the principal , the law was a threat to their economic survival . For conservative elements in New Spain that were loyal to the crown , this most recent change in policy was a blow . With the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia in 1808 , which placed Napoleon 's brother Joseph on the Spanish throne , an impact in New Spain was to suspend the implementation on the deleterious Act of Consolidation . A Spanish intellectual Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos wrote a critique of the decline of Spain as an economic power in 1796 that contended the stagnation of Spanish agriculture was a major cause of Spain 's economic problems . He recommended that the crown press for major changes in the agrarian sector , including the breakup of entailed estates , sale of common lands to individuals , and other instruments to make agriculture more profitable . In New Spain , the bishop - elect of the diocese of Michoacan , Manuel Abad y Queipo , was influenced by Jovellanos 's work and proposed similar measures in Mexico . The bishop - elect 's proposal for agrarian land reform in Mexico in the early nineteenth century , influenced by Jovellanos 's from the late eighteenth century , had a direct impact on Mexican liberals seeking to make the agrarian sector more profitable . Abad y Queipo `` fixed upon the inequitable distribution of property as the chief cause of New Spain 's social squalor and advocated ownership of land as the chief remedy . '' At the end of the colonial era , land was concentrated in large haciendas and the vast number of peasants had insufficient land and the agrarian sector stagnated . From the era of independence to the Mexican Revolution , 1800 -- 1920 ( edit ) Late colonial era and independence , 1800 -- 22 ( edit ) In the late colonial era , the Spanish crown had implemented what has been called a `` revolution in government '' , which significantly realigned New Spain 's administration with significant economic impacts . When the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia ousted the Bourbon monarch , there was a significant period of political instability in Spain and Spain 's overseas possessions , as many elements of society viewed Joseph Napoleon as an illegitimate usurper of the throne . In 1810 , with the massive revolt led by secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo rapidly expanded into a social upheaval of Indians and mixed - race castas that targeted Spaniards ( both peninsular - born and American - born ) and their properties . American - born Spaniards who might have opted for political independence retrenched and supported to conservative elements and the insurgency for independence was a small regional struggle . In 1812 , Spanish liberals adopted a written constitution that established the crown as a constitutional monarch and limited the power of the Roman Catholic Church . Painting of Father Miguel Hidalgo , considered the father of Mexican independence and a martyr to the cause . He was executed in the Government Palace of Chihuahua . Mural by Aarón Piña Mora When the Bourbon monarchy was restored in 1814 , Ferdinand VII swore allegiance to the constitution , but almost immediately reneged and returned to autocratic rule and asserted his rule being `` by the grace of God '' as the 8 real silver of coin minted in 1821 asserts . Anti-French forces , particularly the British , had enabled the return of Ferdinand VII to the throne . Ferdinand 's armed forces were to be sent to its overseas empire to reverse the gains that many colonial regions had gained . However , the troops mutinied and prevented a renewed assertion of royal control in the Indies . Silver 8 real coin of Ferdinand VII of Spain , 1821 Obverse FERDIN ( ANDUS ) VII DEI GRATIA 1821 `` Ferdinand VII by the Grace of God , 1821 . '' Right profile of Ferdinand VII with cloak and laurel wreath . Reverse HISPAN ( IARUM ) ET IND ( IARUM ) REX M ( EXICO ) 8 R ( EALES ) II `` King of the Spains and the Indies , Mexico ( City Mint ) , 8 reales . '' Crowned Spanish arms between the Pillars of Hercules adorned with PLVS VLTRA motto . In 1820 , Spanish liberals staged a coup and forced Ferdinand to reinstate the Spanish Constitution of 1812 passed by the Cortes de Cadiz . For elites in New Spain , the specter of liberal policies that would have a deleterious impact on their social and economic position propelled former royalists to join the insurgent cause , thus bringing about Mexican independence in 1821 . A pact between former royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide and insurgent Vicente Guerrero unified under the Plan de Iguala and the Army of the Three Guarantees brought about Mexican independence in September 1821 . Rather than the insurgency being a social revolution , in the end it allowed conservative forces in now independent Mexico to remain at the top of the social and economic system . Although independence might have brought about rapid economic growth in Mexico since the Spanish crown was no longer the sovereign , Mexico 's economic position in 1800 was far better than it would be for over the next hundred years . In many ways the colonial economic system remained largely in place , despite the transition to formal political independence . At the end of the colonial era , there was no national market and only poorly developed regional markets . The largest proportion of the population was poor , both peasants , who worked small holdings for subsistence or worked for low wages , and urban dwellers , most of whom were underemployed or unemployed , with only a small artisan sector . Although New Spain had been the major producer of silver and the greatest source of income for the Spanish crown , Mexico ceased to produce silver in any significant amounts until the late nineteenth century . Poor transportation , the disappearance of a ready source of mercury from Spain , and deterioration and destruction of deep mining shafts meant that the motor of Mexico 's economy ground to a halt . A brief period of monarchic rule in the First Mexican Empire ended with a military coup in 1822 and the formation of a weak federated republic under the Constitution of 1824 . Early republic to 1855 ( edit ) The early post-independence period in Mexican was organized as a federal republic under the Constitution of 1824 . Mexican state was a weak institution , with regional struggles between those favoring federalism and a weak central government versus those favoring a strong central government with states subordinate to it . The weakness of the state contrasts with the strength of Roman Catholic Church in Mexico , which was the exclusive religious institution with spiritual power , but it was also a major holder of real estate and source of credit for Mexican elites . The Mexican military was also a stronger institution than the state , and intervened in politics on a regular basis . Local militias also continued to exist , with the potential for both enforcing order and creating disorder . Militia of Guazacualco by Claudio Linati , 1828 The new republic 's situation did not promote economic growth and development . The British established a network of merchant houses in the major cities . However , according to Hilarie J. Heath , the results were bleak : Trade was stagnant , imports did not pay , contraband drove prices down , debts private and public went unpaid , merchants suffered all manner of injustices and operated at the mercy of weak and corruptible governments , commercial houses skirted bankruptcy . General and President Antonio López de Santa Anna in 1852 . The `` Age of Santa Anna '' is characterized by poor conditions for economic growth and development . The early republic has often been called the `` Age of Santa Anna , '' a military hero , participant in the coup ousting emperor Augustín I during Mexico 's brief post-independence monarchy . He was president of Mexico on multiple occasions , seeming to prefer having the job rather than doing the job . Mexico in this period was characterized by the collapse of silver exports , political instability , and foreign invasions and conflicts that lost Mexico a huge area of its North . The social hierarchy in Mexico was modified in the early independence era , such that racial distinctions were eliminated and the formal bars to non-whites ' upward mobility were eliminated . When the Mexican republic was established in 1824 , noble titles were eliminated , however , special privileges ( fueros ) of two corporate groups , churchmen and the military , remained in force so that there were differential legal rights and access to courts . Elite Mexicans dominated the agrarian sector , owning large estates . With the Roman Catholic Church still the only religion and its economic power as a source of credit for elites , conservative landowners and the Church held tremendous economic power . The largest percentage of the Mexican population was engaged in subsistence agriculture and many were only marginally engaged in market activities . Foreigners dominated commerce and trade . Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral . The Catholic Church was a major economic force during the colonial era and early nineteenth century It was contended by Mexican liberals that the Roman Catholic Church was an obstacle to Mexico 's development through its economic activities . The Church was the beneficiary of the tithe , a ten percent tax on agricultural production , until its abolition in 1833 . Church properties and Indian villages produced a significant proportion of agricultural output and were outside tithe collection , while private agriculturalists ' costs were higher due to the tithe . It has been argued that an impact of the tithe was in fact to keep more land in the hands of the Church and Indian villages . As for the uses the Church put this ten percent of the agrarian output subject to it , it has been argued that rather being spent on `` unproductive '' activities that the Church had a greater liquidity that could be translated into credit for enterprises . In the first half of the nineteenth century , obstacles to industrialization were largely internal , while in the second half largely external . Internal impediments to industrialization were due to Mexico 's difficult topography and lack of secure and efficient transportation , remedied in the late nineteenth century by railroad construction . But the problems of entrepreneurship in the colonial period carried forward into the post-independence period . Internal tariffs , licensing for enterprises , special taxes , lack of legislation to promote joint - stock companies that protected investors , lack of enforcement to collect loans or enforce contracts , lack of patent protections , and the lack of a unified court system or legal framework to promote business made creating an enterprise a lengthy and fraught process . The Mexican government could not count on revenues from silver mining to fund its operations . The exit of Spanish merchants involved in the transatlantic trade was also a blow to the Mexican economy . The division of the former viceroyalty into separate states of a federal system , all needed a source of revenue to function meant that internal tariffs impeded trade . For the weak federal government , a large source of revenue was the customs revenue on imports and exports . The Mexican government floated loans to foreign firms in the form of bonds . In 1824 the Mexican government floated a bond taken up by a London bank , B.A. Goldschmidt and Company ; in 1825 Barclay , Herring , Richardson and Company of London not only loaned more money to the Mexican government , but opened a permanent office . The establishment of a permanent branch of Barclay , Herring , Richardson and Co. in Mexico in 1825 and then establishment of the Banco de Londres y Sud América in Mexico set the framework for foreign loans and investment in Mexico . The Banco de Londres issued paper money for private not public debt . Paper money was a first for Mexico which had long used silver coinage . After an extended civil war and foreign invasions , the late nineteenth century saw the more systematic growth of banking and foreign investment during the Porfiriato ( 1876 -- 1911 ) . Lucas Alamán , politician and government official , founder of the Banco de Avío Faced with political disruptions , civil wars , unstable currency , and the constant threat of banditry in the countryside , most wealthy Mexicans invested their assets the only stable productive enterprises that remained viable : large agricultural estates with access to credit from the Catholic Church . These entrepreneurs were later accused of preferring the symbolic wealth of tangible , secure , and unproductive property to the riskier and more difficult but innovative and potentially more profitable work of investing in industry , but the fact is that agriculture was the only marginally safe investment in times of such uncertainty . Furthermore , with low per capita income and a stagnant , shallow market , agriculture was not very profitable . The Church could have loaned money for industrial enterprises , the costs and risks of starting one in the circumstances of bad transportation and lack of consumer spending power or demand meant that agriculture was a more prudent investment . However , conservative intellectual and government official Lucas Alamán founded the investment bank , Banco de Avío , in 1830 in an attempt to give direct government support to enterprise . The bank never achieved its purpose of providing capital for industrial investment and ceased to exist twelve years after its founding . Despite obstacles to industrialization in the early post-independence period , cotton textiles produced in factories owned by Mexicans date from the 1830s in the central region . The Banco de Avío did loan money to cotton textile factories during its existence , so that in the 1840s , there were close to 60 factories in Puebla and Mexico City to supply the most robust consumer market in the capital . In the colonial era , that region had seen the development of obrajes , small - scale workshops that wove cotton and woolen cloth . In the early republic , other industries developed on a modest scale , including glass , paper , and beer brewing . Other enterprises produced leather footwear , hats , wood - working , tailoring , and bakeries , all of which were small - scale and designed to serve domestic , urban consumers within a narrow market . There were no factories to produce machines used in manufacturing , although there was a small iron and steel industry in the late 1870s before Porfirio Díaz 's regime took hold after 1876 . Interestingly , some of the factors that impeded Mexico 's own industrial development were also barriers to penetration of British capital and goods in the early republic . Small - scale manufacturing in Mexico could make a modest profit in the regions where it existed , but with high transportation costs and protective import tariffs and internal transit tariffs , there was not enough profit for British to pursue that route . Era of the liberal reform and French intervention , 1855 -- 67 ( edit ) The Constitution incorporated individual laws passed during the Liberal Reforma and touched off an extended conflict between Liberals and Conservatives A Mexican deputation , including many members of the Mexican nobility , offering the Mexican throne to Austrian Archduke Maximilian , of the House of Habsburg , and grandson of Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor . The Liberals ' ouster of conservative Antonio López de Santa Anna in 1854 ushered in a major period of institutional and economic reform , but also one of civil war and foreign invasion . The Liberal Reforma via the lerdo law abolished corporations ' right to own property as corporations , a reform aimed at breaking the economic power of the Catholic Church and of Indian communities which held land as corporate communities . The Reform also mandated equality before the law , so that the special privileges or fueros that had allowed ecclesiastics and the military personnel to be tried by their own courts were abolished . The Liberals codified the Reform in the Constitution of 1857 . A civil war between Liberals and Conservatives , known as the War of the Reform or the Three Years ' War was won by Liberals , but Mexico was plunged again in conflict with the government of Benito Juárez reneging on payment of foreign loans contracted by the rival conservative government . European powers prepared to intervene for repayment of the loans , but it was France with imperial ambitions that carried out an invasion and the installation of Maximilian of Habsburg as Emperor of Mexico . Restored republic , 1867 -- 76 ( edit ) The seeds of economic modernization were laid under the Restored Republic ( 1867 -- 76 ) , following the fall of the French - backed empire of Maximilian of Habsburg ( 1862 -- 67 ) . Mexican conservatives had invited Maximilian to be Mexico 's monarch with the expectation that he would implement policies favorable to conservatives . Maximilian held liberal ideas and alienated his Mexican conservative supporters . The withdrawal of French military support for Maximilian , alienation of his conservative patrons , and post-Civil War support for Benito Juárez 's republican government by the U.S. government precipitated Maximilian 's fall . The conservatives ' support for the foreign monarch destroyed their credibility and allowed the liberal republicans to implement economic policy as they saw fit after 1867 until the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 . President Benito Juárez ( 1857 -- 72 ) sought to attract foreign capital to finance Mexico 's economic modernization . His government revised the tax and tariff structure to revitalize the mining industry , and it improved the transportation and communications infrastructure to allow fuller exploitation of the country 's natural resources . The government issued contracts for construction of a new rail line northward to the United States , and in 1873 it finally completed the commercially vital Mexico City -- Veracruz railroad , begun in 1837 but disrupted by civil wars and the French invasion from 1850 to 1868 . Protected by high tariffs , Mexico 's textile industry doubled its production of processed items between 1854 and 1877 . Overall , manufacturing grew using domestic capital , though only modestly . Mexican per capita income had fallen during the period 1800 until sometime in the 1860s , but began recovering during the Restored Republic . However , it was during the Porfiriato ( the rule of General and President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876 -- 1911 ) ) that per capita incomes climbed , finally reaching again the level of the late colonial era . `` Between 1877 and 1910 national income per capita grew at an annual rate of 2.3 percent -- extremely rapid growth by world standards , so fast indeed that per capita income more than doubled in thirty - three years . '' Porfiriato , 1876 -- 1911 ( edit ) During the Porfiriato , Mexico underwent rapid but highly unequal growth . The railway system expanded from a single line from Mexico City to the Gulf Coast port of Veracruz to create an entire network of railways that encompassed most regions of Mexico . The industrial sector , mainly in textiles , in central Mexico that drew on Mexican capital and labor , vastly expanded in the late nineteenth century with the influx not only of foreign capital and entrepreneurs , but also foreign workers . Economic advisers of liberal politician and military hero from the Battle of Puebla , 1862 , President Porfirio Díaz reversed the country 's decades - long opposition to foreign investment , and by playing off British , French , and U.S. investors and governments against one another , was able to maintain a modicum of national independence . Taking `` order and progress '' as its watchwords , the Porfirian regime established political stability and at least an image of social peace and the rule of law . Other watchwords for Díaz 's presidency were `` less politics , more administration , '' which in practice meant the either the suppression or co-optation of political rivals , so that Díaz did not have to contend with uprisings or civil wars . Three - quarters of nineteenth - century Mexican history was plagued by internal political instability and foreign interventions . Porfirio Díaz , liberal military hero and President of Mexico 1876 -- 1911 Under Díaz , the British turned their attention in Mexico primarily to investments in railways and mines , sending both money and engineers and skilled mechanics . The British invested £ 7.4 million in railways during the decade of the 1880s , jumping to £ 53.4 million in 1910s . The decade - total of new investment in mining went from £ 1.3 million in 1880s to £ 11.6 million in 1910s . Investments in land and other properties rose from near zero in 1880s to £ 19.7 million in 1910s . The totals reached £ 135 million , almost as much as the United States . In 1900 , there were 2800 British citizens living in Mexico , a relatively small number in contrast to the 15,000 Americans , 16,000 Spaniards , 4000 French , and 2600 Germans . Although a major innovation in the late nineteenth century was large - scale foreign investment , Mexican entrepreneurs also created large enterprises , many of which were vertically integrated . Some of these include steel , cement , glass , explosives , cigarette , soap , cotton and wool textiles , and paper . Yucatán underwent an agricultural boom with the creation of large - scale henequen ( sisal ) haciendas . Yucatán 's capital of Mérida saw many elites build mansions based on the fortunes they made in henequen . The financing of Mexican domestic industry was accomplished through a small group of merchant - financiers , who could raise the capital for high start up costs of domestic enterprises , which included the importation of machinery . Although industries were created , the national market was yet to be built so that enterprises ran inefficiently well below their capacity . Overproduction was a problem since even a minor downturn in the economy meant the consumers with little buying power had to choose necessities over consumer - goods . Hacienda San José Chactún , Yucatán . Building housing machinery The apparent stability of the Porfiriato brought increased foreign capital investment to finance national development and modernization . His minister of finance , José Yves Limantour developed policies that forwarded both those aims . Foreign investors clustered in export related sectors , such as petroleum and mining , but the earliest and most far reaching investment was in the creation of a railway network . Railroads dramatically decreased transportation costs so that heavy or bulky products could be exported to Mexico 's Gulf Coast ports as well as rail links on the U.S. border . Railroads were initially owned almost exclusively by foreign investors , expanded from 1,000 kilometers to 19,000 kilometers of track between 1876 and 1910 . Railways have been termed a `` critical agent of capitalist penetration , '' Railways linked areas of the country that suffered from poor transportation previously . The Interoceanic Railway linked Mexico City to the port of Veracruz ; the Monterrey and Mexican Railroad linked that northern city with the Gulf Coast port of Tampico ; the Southern Pacific of Mexico linked west coast cities from Guaymas to Mazatlan ; the Sonora Railway linked Nogales to the port of Guaymas ; and the Mexican Central Railroad went north to the U.S. border at El Paso , Texas . Map of first Mexican rail line between Veracruz and Mexico City . The creation of a railway network was the key to Mexico 's rapid growth in the late nineteenth century A photo of the Metlac railway bridge , an example of engineering achievement that overcame geographical barriers and allowed efficient movement of goods and people . Photo by Guillermo Kahlo . Changes in fundamental legal principles of ownership during the Porfiriato had a positive effect on foreign investors . During Spanish rule , the crown controlled subsoil rights of its territory so that silver mining , the motor of the colonial economy , was controlled by the crown with licenses to mining entrepreneurs was a privilege not a right . The Mexican government changed the law to giving absolute subsoil rights to property owners . For foreign investors , protection of their property rights meant that mining and oil enterprises became much more attractive investments and consistent with liberal principles . The rush of foreign investment into the extractive industries and many Mexicans ' sense that they national patrimony was being usurped by foreigners became the impetus during the framing of the Constitution of 1917 to return sovereignty to the nation via Article 27 . In the realm of labor , in 1886 , Mexico repealed laws requiring the registration of foreigners and bestowed equal rights as Mexicans held . José Yves Limantour , Porfirio Díaz 's minister of finance , 1893 -- 1911 Rural banditry , which had increased following the demobilization of republican forces in 1867 fighting Maximilian 's supporters , was suppressed The rural police force , known as the rurales , was established under Juárez 's government and increased in size and importance under Díaz . Other factors promoting a better economic situation were the elimination of local customs duties that had hindered domestic trade were abolished ; increased foreign investment in mining ; and communications and transportation facilities were modernized as the Mexican railroad system . The economic growth of the Porfirian era was heavily concentrated in the north of the country -- the region with the greatest concentration of mineral resources and , coincidentally , the region closest to the recently acquired Southwestern states of the United States . U.S. entrepreneurs invested heavily in mining , mineral refining operations , and the railroad system that connected northern Mexico with the U.S. As the railroad system improved , and as the population grew in the western U.S. , long - distance commercial agriculture became viable , and both U.S. and Mexican entrepreneurs began investing heavily in modernized large - scale agricultural estates along the railroad lines of the north . The family of future Mexican president Francisco I. Madero developed successful enterprises in the Comarca Lagunera region , which spans the states of Coahuila and Durango , where cotton was commercially grown . Madero sought to interest fellow large landowners in the region in pushing for the construction of a high dam to control periodic flooding along the Nazas river ; and increase agricultural production there . One was constructed in the post-revolutionary period . The bilingual son of a U.S. immigrant to Mexico and the niece of the powerful Creel family of Chihuahua , Enrique Creel became a banker and intermediary between foreign investors and the Mexican government . As a powerful politician and landowner , Creel `` became one of the most hated symbols of the Porfirian regime . '' Enrique Creel , northern banker and landowner , key figure in the Díaz regime The North was also the region with the smallest indigenous populations and ones that were not engaged in subsistence agriculture , so that from the colonial period onward , the North developed huge landed estates devoted mainly to cattle ranching . With the expansion of the rail network northward , linking central Mexico with the United States , northern areas that could produce crops but which previously could not get crops to market cheaply could now develop . The family of Francisco Madero , who challenged Díaz for the presidency in 1910 , made an agricultural fortune in Coahuila in the late nineteenth century due to the expansion of railroads . The linkage between the capital and the port of Veracruz was important for making travel and communication more efficient on the trunk line established immediately after the conquest in 1521 . As the railway network increased , so too did the building of telegraph lines by the tracks , allowing for the first time rapid communication between the central government and regions of Mexico that had developed largely in isolation . If there was a telegraph report of an uprising , the rural police force and their horses could be put on trains to suppress it . The central government was thus able to effectively control its territory , and , with better security , foreign investors were more confident in putting their capital to work in Mexico by establishing businesses . 1888 Mexican 8 Real coin with Chinese `` chop '' marks Weetman Pearson , a Briton who made a fortune during the Porfiriato in railroads and oil Edward L. Doheny , U.S. oil tycoon who invested in Mexico during the Porfiriato The development of the petroleum industry in Mexico on the Gulf Coast dates from the late nineteenth century . Two prominent foreign investors were Weetman Pearson , who was later knighted by the British crown , and Edward L. Doheny , a U.S. businessman . Oil has been an important contributor to the Mexican economy as well as an ongoing political issue , since early development was in the hands of foreigners . Economic nationalism played the key role in the Mexican oil expropriation of 1938 . Silver mining revived in Mexico during the Porfiriato and once again , silver coins from Mexico found their way to China as they had during the colonial transpacific trade of the Manila galleon . The technocratic economic advisers , the científicos , of the late period Porfirio Díaz regime , as well as the foreign investors they invited into the country , were quite satisfied with the advances that the Mexican economy made between 1876 and 1910 . Under the surface , however , popular discontent was reaching the boiling point . The economic - political elite scarcely noticed the country 's widespread dissatisfaction with the political stagnation of the Porfiriato , the increased demands for worker productivity during a time of stagnating or decreasing wages and deteriorating work conditions , the repression of worker 's unions by the police and army , and the highly unequal distribution of wealth . When a political opposition to the Porfirian regime developed in 1910 , following Díaz 's initial statement that he would not run again for the presidency in 1910 and then reneging , there was considerable unrest . With the growth of industry in Mexico , an industrial work force was also created . Railways , mining , and petroleum were developed by foreign capital , but also brought U.S. workers from north of the border . Industrialists needed a docile , reliable workforce that showed up on time , did a full day 's work , was skilled , sober , and honest . Many Mexicans willing to work for a wage continued to keep ties to their home communities , which meant they were not completely dependent on wage labor for their livelihood . Creating a skilled and loyal workforce entirely dependent on wage labor was more ideal for industrialists . Industrialists attempt to impose work discipline met considerable worker resistance , with laborers not putting in a full day or week , with Mondays notoriously a day of worker absence and termed tongue - in - cheek `` San Lunes '' , St Monday , with workers extending the weekend a day . Workers drank , which affected their work . Wage labor , however , also created a market for beer in Mexico , produced in factories built by German or Austrian immigrants to Mexico . Foreign enterprises employed significant numbers of foreign workers , especially in skilled , higher paying positions keeping Mexicans in semi-skilled positions with much lower pay . The foreign workers did not generally know Spanish , so business transactions were done in the foreign industrialists ' language . The cultural divide extended to religious affiliation ( many were Protestants ) and different attitudes `` about authority and justice . '' There were few foreigners in the central Mexican textile industry , but many in mining and petroleum , where Mexicans had little or no experience with advanced technologies . Mexican workers confront the U.S. mining company during the Cananea strike of 1906 . Although there was a small sector of foreigners working in foreign owned industries , Mexico was not a destination for immigrants the way the United States , Argentina , and Canada were in the nineteenth century . Mexico 's population in 1800 at 6 million was a million larger than that of the young U.S. republic , but in 1910 Mexico 's population was 15 million while that of the U.S. was 92 million . Lack of slow natural increase and higher death rates coupled with lack of immigration meant that Mexico had a much smaller labor force in comparison . Era of the Mexican Revolution , 1910 -- 20 ( edit ) The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 began as a political crisis over presidential succession and exploded into civil wars in northern Mexico and the peasant center of the country near Mexico City . Political demands by the Mexican Liberal Party ( PLM , Partido Liberal de Mexico ) included many that set the political and economic agenda for the successful revolutionary faction that wrote the Constitution of 1917 . That constitution had provisions that asserted the state 's power over its land and subsoil rights ( Article 27 ) that could be utilized for land reform benefiting peasants and economic nationalism that charted a course for Mexican industrialization . Labor was a big winner in the constitution , with Article 123 empowering labor to organize but more importantly put the government on the side of workers , guaranteeing an eight - day and other protections for labor . The power of the Catholic Church was curbed with even tighter restrictions on it . Although many areas that experienced warring factions ' conflicts , the Gulf Coast petroleum sector escaped violence and oil revenues in fact helped fund the winning Constitutionalist faction . With the end of the armed conflict by 1920 and the new revolutionary constitution , twentieth - century presidential regimes worked to turn Mexico from a largely rural and economically stagnant country into a modern , urban , industrial power . Constitution of 1917 that set a new framework for the Mexican political and economic systems Consolidation of the Revolution and the Great Depression , 1920 -- 40 ( edit ) During the ten - year military phase of the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) , Mexico 's social and economic problems erupted . The conflict was regional , with the Constitutionalist faction of Mexico 's North being the big winner . Organized labor in Mexico was mobilized against the peasant uprising in Morelos under Emiliano Zapata , since they had fundamental interests that contrasted urban labor 's need for cheap food and desire for the expansion of the industrial sector versus subsistence peasant agriculture . A major outcome of the nearly decade - long conflict was the Constitution of 1917 . Organized labor was a big winner , with Article 123 enshrining in the constitution basic worker rights , such as the right to organize and strike , the eight - hour day , and safe working conditions . Organized labor could no longer be simply suppressed by the industrialists or the Mexican state . Although Mexican and foreign industrialists now had to contend with a new legal framework , the Revolution did not , in fact , destroy the industrial sector , either its factories , extractive facilities , or its industrial entrepreneurs , so that once the fighting stopped in 1917 , production resumed . An even more important provision of the constitution was Article 27 , which empowered the state to expropriate private holdings if deemed in the national interest and returned subsoil rights to the state . Article 27 enshrined the right of the state could expropriate land and redistribute it to peasant cultivators , which was done in the 1920s and 1930s . The state 's power regarding subsoil rights meant that the mining and petroleum industries that were developed and owned by foreign industrialists now had less secure title to their enterprises . The industrial sector of Mexico escaped the destruction of revolutionary violence and many Mexican and foreign industrialists remained in Mexico , but the uncertainty and risk of new investments in Mexican industry meant that it did not expand in the immediate post-Revolutionary period . An empowered labor movement with constitutionally guaranteed rights was a new factor industrialists also had to deal with . However , despite the protections of organized labor 's rights to fair wages and working conditions , the constitution restricted laborers ' ability to emigrate to the U.S. to work . It `` required each Mexican to have a labor contract signed by municipal authories and the consulate of the country where they intended to work . '' Since `` U.S. law prohibited offering contracts to foreign laborers before they entered the United States , '' Mexicans migrating without a permission from Mexico did so illegally . Álvaro Obregón , General and President of México ( 1920 -- 24 ) , who lost an arm during the Mexican Revolution , negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States , an important step in securing the legitimacy of the post-revolutionary regime Concessions made to foreign oil during the Porfiriato were a particularly difficult matter in the post-Revolutionary period , but General and President Alvaro Obregón negotiated a settlement in 1923 , the Bucareli Treaty , that guaranteed petroleum enterprises already built in Mexico . It also settled some claims between the U.S. and Mexico stemming from the Revolution . The treaty had an important impact for the Mexican government , since it paved the way for U.S. recognition of Obregón 's government . The agreement not only normalized diplomatic relations , but also opened the way for U.S. military aid to the regime and gave Obregón the means to suppress a rebellion . As the Porfiriato had demonstrated , a strong government that could maintain order paved the way for other national benefits ; however , the Constitution of 1917 sought to enshrine rights of groups that suffered under that authoritarian regime ... General and President Plutarco Elías Calles succeeded Obregón in the presidency ; he was another of the revolutionary generals who then became president of Mexico . An important economic achievement of the Calles administration was the 1925 founding of the Banco de México , that became the first permanent government bank ( following the nineteenth - century failure of the Banco de Avío ) . Although this was an important economic achievement , Calles enforced the anticlerical articles of the Constitution of 1917 , prompting a major outbreak of violence in the Cristero rebellion of 1926 -- 29 . Such violence in the center of the country killed tens of thousands and prompted many living in the region to migrate to the United States . For the United States , the situation was worrisome , since U.S. industrialists continued to have significant investments in Mexico and the U.S. government had a long - term desire for peace along its long southern border with Mexico . The U.S. ambassador to Mexico , Dwight Morrow , a former Wall Street banker , brokered an agreement in 1929 between the Mexican government and the Roman Catholic Church , which restored better conditions for economic development . The Mexican political system was again seen as fragile when in 1928 a religious fanatic assassinated president - elect Obregón , who would have returned to the presidency after a four - year hiatus . Calles stepped in to form in 1929 the Partido Nacional Revolucionario , the precursor to the Institutional Revolutionary Party , helped stabilize the political and economic system , creating a mechanism to manage conflicts and set the stage for more orderly presidential elections . Later that year , the U.S. stock market crashed and the Mexican economy suffered as the worldwide Great Depression took hold . It had already slowed in the 1920s , with investor pessimism and the fall of Mexican exports as well as capital flight . Even before the Great Crash of the U.S. stock market in 1929 , Mexican export incomes fell between 1926 and 1928 from $334 million to $299 million ( approximately 10 % ) and then fell even further as the Depression took hold , essentially collapsing . In 1932 , GDP dropped 16 % , after drops in 1927 of 5.9 % , in 1928 5.4 % , and 7.7 % , such that there was a drop in GDP of 30.9 % in a six - year period . The Great Depression brought Mexico a sharp drop in national income and internal demand after 1929 . A complicating factor for Mexico - United States relations in this period was forced Mexican repatriation to Mexico of undocumented Mexican workers in the U.S. The largest sector of the Mexican economy remained subsistence agriculture so that these fluctuations in the world market and the Mexican industrial sector did not affect all sectors of Mexico equally . In the mid-1930s , Mexico 's economy started to recover under the General and President Lázaro Cárdenas ( 1934 -- 40 ) , which initiated a new phase of industrialization in Mexico . In 1934 , Cárdenas created the National Finance Bank ( Nacional Financiera SA ( Nafinsa ) ) . as a `` semi-private finance company to sell rural real estate '' but its mandate was expanded during the term of Cárdenas 's successor , Manuel Avila Camacho term to include any enterprise in which the government had an interest . An important achievement of the Cárdenas presidency was `` the restoration of social peace '' achieved in part by not exacerbating the long simmering post-revolutionary conflict between the Mexican state and the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico , extensive redistribution of land to the peasantry , and re-organizing the party originally created by Plutarco Elías Calles into one with sectoral representation of workers , peasants , the popular sector , and the Mexican army . The Partido Revolucionario Mexicana created the mechanism to manage conflicting economic and political groups and manage national elections . Education had always been a key factor in the nation 's development , with liberals enshrining secular , public education in the Constitution of 1857 and the Constitution of 1917 to exclude and counter the Roman Catholic Church from its long - standing role in education . Cárdenas founded the Instituto Politécnico Nacional in 1936 in northern Mexico City , to train professional scientists and engineers to forward Mexico 's economic development . The National Autonomous University of Mexico traditionally trained lawyers and doctors , and in its colonial incarnation , it was a religiously affiliated university . UNAM has continued to be the main university for aspiring politicians to attend , at least as undergraduates , but the National Polytechnic Institute marked a significant step in reforming Mexican higher education . The railroads had been nationalized in 1929 and 1930 under Cárdenas 's predecessors , but his nationalization of the Mexican petroleum industry was a major move in 1938 , which created Petroleos Mexicanos or PEMEX . Cárdenas also nationalized the paper industry , whose best - selling product was newsprint . In Mexico the paper industry was controlled by a single firm , the San Rafael y Anexas paper company . Since there was no well - developed capital market in Mexico ca . 1900 , a single company could dominate the market . But in 1936 , Cárdenas considered newsprint a strategic company and nationalized it . By nationalizing it , a company with poor prospects for flourishing could continue via government support . During the 1930s , agricultural production also rose steadily , and urban employment expanded in response to rising domestic demand . The government offered tax incentives for production directed toward the home market . Import - substitution industrialization began to make a slow advance during the 1930s , although it was not yet official government policy . To foster industrial expansion , the administration of Manuel Ávila Camacho ( 1940 -- 46 ) in 1941 reorganized the National Finance Bank . During his presidency , Mexico 's economy recovered from the Depression and entered a period of sustained growth , known as the Mexican Miracle . World War II and the Mexican Miracle , 1940 -- 1970 ( edit ) Main article : Mexican miracle Mexican guest workers arrive in Los Angeles as part of Mexican participation in World War II via the Bracero Program , freeing U.S. labor to fight overseas . Los Angeles , CA , 1942 Mexico 's inward - looking development strategy produced sustained economic growth of 3 to 4 percent and modest 3 percent inflation annually from the 1940s until the 1970s . This growth was sustained by the government 's increasing commitment to primary education for the general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s . The enrollment rates of the country 's youth increased threefold during this period ; consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their economic output was more productive . Additionally , the government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward domestic markets by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to imports . The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during the 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s . Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950 , 24 percent in 1960 , and 29 percent in 1970 . The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period , while services stayed constant . The government promoted industrial expansion through public investment in agricultural , energy , and transportation infrastructure . Cities grew rapidly during these years , reflecting the shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services . The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940 ( see Urban Society , ch. 2 ) . Although growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of industrial employment , with surplus workers taking low - paying service jobs , many Mexican laborers migrated to the United States where wages were higher . During World War II , Mexico - United States relations had improved significantly from the previous three decades . The Bracero Program was set up with orderly migration flows were regulated by both governments . However . many Mexicans could not qualify for the program and migrated north illegally , without permission from their own government and without sanction from the U.S. authorities . In the post-war period as the U.S. economy boomed and as Mexico 's entered a phase of rapid industrialization , the U.S. and Mexico cooperated closely on illegal border crossings by Mexicans . For the Mexican government , this loss of labor was `` a shameful exposure of the failure of the Mexican Revolution to provide economic well - being for many of Mexico 's citizens , but it also drained the country of one of its greatest natural resources , a cheap and flexible labor supply . '' The U.S. and Mexico cooperated closely to stop the flow , including the 1954 program called Operation Wetback . Map of the Papaloapan River drainage basin before construction of the Cerro de Oro Dam , showing the Miguel Alemán Lake ( center ) In the years following World War II , President Miguel Alemán Valdés 's ( 1946 -- 52 ) full - scale import - substitution program stimulated output by boosting internal demand . The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods , which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during the war . The government spent heavily on infrastructure . By 1950 Mexico 's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers , of which some 13,600 were paved . Large - scale dam building for hydroelectric power and flood control were initiated , most prominently the Papaloapan Project in southern Mexico . In recent years , there has been a re-evaluation of such infrastructure projects , particularly their negative impact on the environment . Mexico 's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s , when GDP growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita . Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually . Manufacturing remained the country 's dominant growth sector , expanding 7 percent annually and attracting considerable foreign investment . Mining grew at an annual rate of nearly 4 percent , trade at 6 percent , and agriculture at 3 percent . By 1970 Mexico had diversified its export base and become largely self - sufficient in food crops , steel , and most consumer goods . Although its imports remained high , most were capital goods used to expand domestic production . Deterioration in the 1970s ( edit ) Although the Mexican economy maintained its rapid growth during most of the 1970s , it was progressively undermined by fiscal mismanagement and by a poor export industrial sector and a resulting sharp deterioration of the investment climate . The GDP grew more than 6 percent annually during the administration of President Luis Echeverría Álvarez ( 1970 -- 76 ) , and at about a 6 percent rate during that of his successor , José López Portillo y Pacheco ( 1976 -- 82 ) . But economic activity fluctuated wildly during the decade , with spurts of rapid growth followed by sharp depressions in 1976 and 1982 . José López Portillo , President of Mexico 1976 -- 82 , whose government borrowed heavily from foreign banks with loans in dollars against future oil revenues , crashed the Mexican economy when the price of oil dropped Fiscal profligacy combined with the 1973 oil shock to exacerbate inflation and upset the balance of payments . Moreover , President Echeverría 's leftist rhetoric and actions -- such as abetting illegal land seizures by peasants -- eroded investor confidence and alienated the private sector . The balance of payments disequilibrium became unmanageable as capital flight intensified , forcing the government in 1976 to devalue the peso by 58 percent . The action ended Mexico 's twenty - year fixed exchange rate . Mexico accepted an IMF adjustment program and received financial backing from the United States . According to a 2017 study , `` Key US and Mexican officials recognized that an IMF program of currency devaluation and austerity would probably fail in its stated objective of reducing Mexico 's balance of payments deficit . Nevertheless , US Treasury and Federal Reserve officials , fearing that a Mexican default might lead to bank failures and subsequent global financial crisis , intervened to an unprecedented degree in the negotiations between the IMF and Mexico . The United States offered direct financial support and worked through diplomatic channels to insist that Mexico accept an IMF adjustment program , as a way of bailing out US banks . Mexican president Luis Echeverría 's administration consented to IMF adjustment because officials perceived it as the least politically costly option among a range of alternatives . '' Although significant oil discoveries in 1976 allowed a temporary recovery , the windfall from petroleum sales also allowed continuation of Echeverría 's destructive fiscal policies . In the mid-1970s , Mexico went from being a net importer of oil and petroleum products to a significant exporter . Oil and petrochemicals became the economy 's most dynamic growth sector . Rising oil income allowed the government to continue its expansionary fiscal policy , partially financed by higher foreign borrowing . Between 1978 and 1981 , the economy grew more than 8 percent annually , as the government spent heavily on energy , transportation , and basic industries . Manufacturing output expanded modestly during these years , growing by 8.2 percent in 1978 , 9.3 percent in 1979 , and 8.2 percent in 1980 . This renewed growth rested on shaky foundations . Mexico 's external indebtedness mounted , and the peso became increasingly overvalued , hurting non-oil exports in the late 1970s and forcing a second peso devaluation in 1980 . Production of basic food crops stagnated and the population increase was skyrocketing , forcing Mexico in the early 1980s to become a net importer of foodstuffs . The portion of import categories subject to controls rose from 20 percent of the total in 1977 to 24 percent in 1979 . The government raised tariffs concurrently to shield domestic producers from foreign competition , further hampering the modernization and competitiveness of Mexican industry . Peso -- US dollar exchange 1970 -- 2016 ( edit ) Since 1910 to this day , the Mexican peso has devalued 7,500 % President Party Years Exchange rate at beginning at end Difference % devaluation Lic . Luis Echeverría Alvarez PRI 1970 -- 1976 $12.50 $22.69 $10.19 82 % Lic . José Lopez Portillo PRI 1976 -- 1982 $22.69 $150.29 $127.60 562 % Lic . Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado PRI 1982 -- 1988 $150.29 $2,289.58 $2,132.71 1552 % Dr. Carlos Salinas de Gortari PRI 1988 -- 1994 $2,289.58 $3,410 $892.00 36 % Dr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León PRI 1994 -- 2000 $3,410 $9.360 $6.08 180 % Lic . Vicente Fox Quezada PAN 2000 -- 2006 $9.360 $10.880 $1.45 15 % Lic . Felipe Calderón Hinojosa PAN ( 2006 -- 2012 ) $10.900 $12.50 $1.60 15 % Lic . Enrique Peña Nieto PRI ( 2012 -- present ) $12.50 $20.6807 Mid-market rates : 2016 - 12 - 29 - - 1982 crisis and recovery ( edit ) See also : La Década Perdida The macroeconomic policies of the 1970s left Mexico 's economy highly vulnerable to external conditions . These turned sharply against Mexico in the early 1980s , and caused the worst recession since the 1930s , with the period known in Mexico as La Década Perdida , `` the lost decade '' , i.e. , of economic growth . By mid-1981 , Mexico was beset by falling oil prices , higher world interest rates , rising inflation , a chronically overvalued peso , and a deteriorating balance of payments that spurred massive capital flight . This disequilibrium , along with the virtual disappearance of Mexico 's international reserves -- by the end of 1982 they were insufficient to cover three weeks ' imports -- forced the government to devalue the peso three times during 1982 . The devaluation further fueled inflation and prevented short - term recovery . The devaluations depressed real wages and increased the private sector 's burden in servicing its dollar - denominated debt . Interest payments on long - term debt alone were equal to 28 percent of export revenue . Cut off from additional credit , the government declared an involuntary moratorium on debt payments in August 1982 , and the following month it announced the nationalization of Mexico 's private banking system . Miguel de la Madrid , President of Mexico 1982 -- 88 , who dealt with the financial debacle of the 1980s By late 1982 , incoming President Miguel de la Madrid reduced public spending drastically , stimulated exports , and fostered economic growth to balance the national accounts . Recovery was slow to materialize , however . The economy stagnated throughout the 1980s as a result of continuing negative terms of trade , high domestic interest rates , and scarce credit . Widespread fears that the government might fail to achieve fiscal balance and have to expand the money supply and raise taxes deterred private investment and encouraged massive capital flight that further increased inflationary pressures . The resulting reduction in domestic savings impeded growth , as did the government 's rapid and drastic reductions in public investment and its raising of real domestic interest rates to deter capital flight . Mexico 's GDP grew at an average rate of just 0.1 percent per year between 1983 and 1988 , while inflation on an average of 100 % . Public consumption grew at an average annual rate of less than 2 percent , and private consumption not at all . Total investment fell at an average annual rate of 4 percent and public investment at an 11 percent pace . Throughout the 1980s , the productive sectors of the economy contributed a decreasing share to GDP , while the services sectors expanded their share , reflecting the rapid growth of the informal economy and the change from good jobs to bad ones ( services jobs ) . De la Madrid 's stabilization strategy imposed high social costs : real disposable income per capita fell 5 percent each year between 1983 and 1988 . High levels of unemployment and underemployment , especially in rural areas , stimulated migration to Mexico City and to the United States . By 1988 ( de la Madrid 's final year as President ) inflation was at last under control , fiscal and monetary discipline attained , relative price adjustment achieved , structural reform in trade and public - sector management underway , and the economy was bound for recovery . But these positive developments were inadequate to attract foreign investment and return capital in sufficient quantities for sustained recovery . A shift in development strategy became necessary , predicated on the need to generate a net capital inflow . In April 1989 , President Carlos Salinas de Gortari announced his government 's national development plan for 1989 -- 94 , which called for annual GDP growth of 6 percent and an inflation rate similar to those of Mexico 's main trading partners . Salinas planned to achieve this sustained growth by boosting the investment share of GDP and by encouraging private investment through denationalization of state enterprises and deregulation of the economy . His first priority was to reduce Mexico 's external debt ; in mid-1989 the government reached agreement with its commercial bank creditors to reduce its medium - and long - term debt . The following year , Salinas took his next step toward higher capital inflows by lowering domestic borrowing costs , reprivatizing the banking system , and broaching the idea of a free - trade agreement with the United States . These announcements were soon followed by increased levels of capital repatriation and foreign investment . Due to the financial crisis that took place in 1982 , the total public investment on infrastructure plummeted from 12.5 % of GDP to 3.5 % in 1989 . After rising during the early years of Salinas ' presidency , the growth rate of real GDP began to slow during the early 1990s . During 1993 the economy grew by a negligible amount , but growth rebounded to almost 4 percent during 1994 , as fiscal and monetary policy were relaxed and foreign investment was bolstered by United States ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . In 1994 the commerce and services sectors accounted for 22 percent of Mexico 's total GDP . Manufacturing followed at 20 percent ; transport and communications at 10 percent ; agriculture , forestry , and fishing at 8 percent ; construction at 5 percent ; mining at 2 percent ; and electricity , gas , and water at 2 percent ( services 80 % , industry and mining 12 % , agriculture 8 % ) . Some two - thirds of GDP in 1994 ( 67 percent ) was spent on private consumption , 11 percent on public consumption , and 22 percent on fixed investment . During 1994 private consumption rose by 4 percent , public consumption by 2 percent , public investment by 9 percent , and private investment by 8 percent . 1993 : hyperinflation and the nuevo peso ( edit ) The nuevo peso ( new peso ) was the result of hyperinflation in Mexico . In 1993 , President Carlos Salinas de Gortari stripped three zeros from the peso , creating a parity of $1 new peso for $1000 of the old ones . Main article : Nuevo Peso 1994 , NAFTA , crisis , and recovery ( edit ) Main articles : North American Free Trade Agreement and 1994 economic crisis in Mexico January 1 , 1994 , the North American Free Trade Agreement , signed by Mexico , the United States , and Canada went into effect . Logo for the North American Free Trade Agreement The collapse of the new peso in December 1994 and the ensuing economic crisis caused the economy to contract by an estimated 7 percent during 1995 . Investment and consumption both fell sharply , the latter by some 10 percent . Agriculture , livestock , and fishing contracted by 4 percent ; mining by 1 percent ; manufacturing by 6 percent ; construction by 22 percent ; and transport , storage , and communications by 2 percent . The only sector to register positive growth was utilities , which expanded by 3 percent . By 1996 Mexican government and independent analysts saw signs that the country had begun to emerge from its economic recession . The economy contracted by 1 percent during the first quarter of 1996 . The Mexican government reported growth of 7 percent for the second quarter , and the Union Bank of Switzerland forecast economic growth of 4 percent for all of 1996 . 2011 : 40 years of lag in income ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) Data by the Encuesta Nacional Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares ( ENIGH ) revealed that one minimum wage in 1970 equals 3 minimum wages in 2010 . That is expressed in real salaries , which means the real buying power of salaries . Mexico and China ( edit ) China has attempted to expand its investment and trade in Mexico in recent years , similar to China 's moves elsewhere in Latin America and Africa . China was set to construct a $200 million , 1,400 - acre mega-mall , Dragon Mart , near the beach resort of Cancún . The mall would have been not only a major emporium of Chinese goods , but also a gateway for Chinese goods elsewhere in the hemisphere . Mexican environmentalists have opposed the project on the grounds of environmental degradation of sensitive wetlands . The city of Cancún initially turned down the permit for the Chinese to build , but they appealed to the state of Quintana Roo and the federal government , which granted the permit . The government of Enrique Peña Nieto reversed that decision in January 2015 . Mexico 's environmental protection agency 's head , Guillermo Haro , has cancelled the contract and imposed a fine of $1.5 million for damage already done . The mega-mall was likened to a permanent trade show , with booths for 3,000 exhibitors . Mexican industrialists were pleased with the government 's decision because the mega-mall was expected to flood the Mexican market with Chinese goods . Environmentalists hailed the decision as a victory and a precedent for evaluating future projects . In November 2014 , the Mexican government cancelled a contract for China to build a bullet train in Mexico . One of the successful bidders on that contract `` sold a mansion to the wife of the president on favorable terms '' . The award was rescinded and a new bidding was to take place in 2015 , but the government has `` indefinitely suspended '' the project . Impacts of drop in oil prices , 2014 -- 15 ( edit ) Mexico has again felt the negative impact of the drop in oil prices , with the government cutting planned spending in 2015 and likely 2016 as well . Estimates are the one - third of Mexico 's revenues come from petroleum , so that with oil prices going from $100 / barrel in mid-2014 to $38 / barrel in January 2015 , the government is squeezed financially . The Minister of Finance , Luis Videgaray , moved to curtail spending by cancelling a rail project in Yucatán , shelving indefinitely a joint China - Mexico bullet train project , and there were to be cutbacks in the Mexican state oil company , Pemex , and in the education ministry . Gas prices for Mexicans have risen , and the U.S. dollar is strengthening against the peso , so that Mexican consumers are under pressure . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal History portal Corruption Perceptions Index Economy of Mexico Latin American economy Further reading ( edit ) Colonial economy ( edit ) Altman , Ida . Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire . Brihuega , Spain and Puebla , Mexico , 1560 -- 1620 . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2000 . Altman , Ida and James Lockhart . Provinces of Early Mexico . Los Angeles : UCLA Latin American Center 1976 . Altman , Ida , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador . The Early History of Greater Mexico . Pearson 2003 . Bakewell , Peter . Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico : Zacatecas , 1546 -- 1700 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1971 . Barrett , Ward . The Sugar Haciendas of the Marqueses del Valle . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press 1970 . Baskes , Jeremy . Indians , Merchants , and Markets : A Reinterpretation of the Repartimiento and Spanish - Indian Economic Relations in Colonial Oaxaca , 1750 -- 1821 . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2000 . Booker , Jackie R. Veracruz Merchants , 1770 -- 1829 : A Mercantile Elite in Late Bourbon and Early Independent Mexico . Tucson : University of Arizona Press 1988 . Borah , Woodrow . Early Colonial Trade and Navigation between Mexico and Peru . Berkeley : University of California Press 1954 . Borah , Woodrow . Silk Raising in Colonial Mexico . Berkeley : University of California Press 1943 . D.A. Brading , Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajío : León , 1700 -- 1860 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1987 . D.A. Brading Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico , 1763 -- 1810 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1971 . D.A. Brading `` Mexican Silver Minig in the Eighteenth Century : The Revival of Zacatecas . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 50 ( 2 ) 1970 : 665 -- 81 . D.A. Brading and Harry Cross . `` Colonial Silver Mining : Mexico and Peru , '' Hispanic American Historical Review , 52 : 4 ( 1972 ) : 545 -- 79 . Chowning , Margaret . `` The Consolidación de Vales Reales in the Bishopric of Michoacan , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 69 : 3 ( 1989 ) 451 -- 78 . Cline , Sarah. The Book of Tributes . Los Angeles : UCLA Latin American Center Publications 1993 Costeloe , Michael P. Church Wealth in Mexico : A Study of the `` Juzgado de Capellanías '' in the Archbishopric of Mexico , 1800 -- 1856 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1967 . Deans - Smith , Susan . Bureaucrats , Planters , and Workers : The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico . Austin : University of Texas Press 1992 . Garner , Richard and Spiro E. Stafanou . Economic Growth and Change in Bourbon Mexico . Gainesville : University of Florida Press 1993 . Gibson , Charles . Aztecs Under Spanish Rule . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1964 . Gutierrez Brockington , Lolita . The Leverage of Labor . Managing the Cortés Haciendas in Tehuantepec , 1588 -- 1688 . Durham : Duke University Press 1989 . Hamnett , Brian R. Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico , 1750 -- 1812 . New York : Cambridge University Press 1971 . Haskett , Robert S. `` Our Suffering with the Taxco Tribute '' : Involuntary Mine Labor and Indigenous Society in Central New Spain , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 71 : 3 ( 1991 ) 447 -- 75 . Himmerich y Valencia , Robert . The Encomenderos of New Spain , 1521 -- 1555 . Austin : University of Texas Press 1991 . Hoberman , Louisa Schell . Mexico 's Merchant Elite , 1590 -- 1660 . Durham : Duke University Press 1991 . Kicza , John E. Colonial Entrepreneus : Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1983 . Ladd , Doris M. The Making of a Strike : Mexican Silver Workers ' Struggles in Real del Monte , 1766 -- 1775 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 1988 . Lavrin , Asunción `` The Execution of the Law of Consolidación in New Spain : Economic Aims and Results . '' Hispanic American Historical Review Vol. 53 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1973 ) , pp. 27 -- 49 Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/2512521 Martin , Cheryl English . Rural Society in Colonial Morelos . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1985 . Melville , Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep : Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1997 . Ouweneel , Arij . Shadows over Anahuac : An Ecological Interpretation of Crisis and Development in Central Mexico , 1730 -- 1800 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1997 . Patch , Robert W. `` Agrarian Change in Eighteenth - Century Yucatan , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 65 : 1 ( 1985 ) 21 - 49 . Riley , G. Michael . Fernando Cortés and the Marquesado in Morelos , 1522 -- 1547 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1973 . Salvucci , Richard J. Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico : an Economic History of the Obrajes , 1539 -- 1840 . Princeton : Princeton University Press 1987 . Sampat Assadourian , Carlos . `` The Colonial Economy : The Transfer of the European System of Production to New Spain and Peru , '' Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. 24 , Quincentenary Supplement. ( 1992 ) , pp. 55 -- 68 . Schurz , William Lytle . The Manila Galleon . New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. 1959 . Schwaller , John Frederick . The Origins of Church Wealth in Mexico . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 1985 . Super , John C. `` Querétaro Obrajes : Industry and Society in Provincial Mexico , 1600 -- 1810 , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 56 ( 1976 ) : 197 -- 216 . Swann , Michael M. Migrants in the Mexican North . Mobility , Economy , and Society in a Colonial World . Boulder : Westview Press 1989 . Taylor , William B. Landlord and Peasant in Colonial Oaxaca . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1979 . Thomson , Guy P.C. Puebla de los Angeles . Industry and Society in a Mexican City , 1700 -- 1850 . Boulder : Westview Press 1989 . Tutino , John . `` Life and Labor in North Mexican Haciendas : The Querétaro - San Luis Potosí Region , 1775 - 1810 , '' in Elsa Cecilia Frost , Michael C. Meyer , and Josefina Zoraida Vázquez , Labor and Laborers in Mexican History . Mexico and Tucson : El Colegio de México and University of Arizona Press 1979 . Van Young , Eric . Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth - Century Mexico : The Rural Economy of the Guadalajara Region , 1675 -- 1820 . Berkeley : University of California Press 1981 . West , Robert C. The Mining Community in Northern New Spain : The Parral Mining District . Berkeley : University of California Press 1949 . Post-independence economy ( edit ) Alegre , Robert F. Railroad Radicals in Cold War Mexico : Gender , Class , and Memory . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 2014 . Anderson , Rodney . Outcasts in Their Own Land : Mexican Industrial workers , 1906 -- 1911 . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University 1976 . Armstrong , Christopher and H.V. Nelles . `` A Curious Capital Flow : Canadian Investment in Mexico , 1902 -- 1910 , '' Business History Review 58 ( 1984 ) . Babb , Sarah . Managing Mexico : Economists from Nationalism to Neoliberalism . Princeton : Princeton University Press 2001 . Beatty , Edward . Institutions and Investment : The Political Basis of Industrialization in Mexico Before 1911 . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2001 . Bernstein , Marvin D . The Mexican Mining Industry , 1890 -- 1950 : A Study of the Interaction of Politics , Economics , and Technology . Albany 1964 . Bortz , Jeffrey L. and Stephen Haber , eds . The Mexican Economy , 1870 - 1930 : Essays on the Economic History of Institutions , Revolution , and Growth . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2002 . Brown , Jonathan C. `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers in Porfirian Mexico , '' American Historical Review vol. 98 ( June 1993 ) , pp. 786 -- 818 . Brown , Jonathan C. `` Foreign Investment and Domestic Politics : British Development of Mexican Petroleum during the Porfiriato , '' Business History Review 61 ( 1987 ) , 387 -- 416 . Brown , Jonathan C. Oil and Revolution in Mexico . Berkeley : University of California Press 1992 . Coatsworth , John H. Growth Against Development : The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press 1981 . Coatsworth , John H. `` Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico '' , American Historical Review , 83 ( February 1978 ) . Coatsworth , John H. `` Economic and Institutional Trajectories in Nineteenth - Century Latin America , '' in Latin America and the World Economy since 1800 , John H. Coatsworth and Alan M. Taylor , eds . Cambridge , Massachusetts : David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies , Harvard University 1998 . Conant , Charles A . The Banking System of Mexico . Washington , D.C. , Government Printing Office 1910 . Cosío Villegas , Daniel , et al. Historia Moderna de México , 7 vols . El Porfiriato : La vida económica , 2 parts . Mexico 1965 . Fowler - Salamini , Heather . Working Women , Entrepreneurs , and the Mexican Revolution : The Coffee Culture of Córdoba , Veracruz . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 2013 . González Navarro , Moisés . Las huelgas textiles en el porfiriato . Puebla , Mexico 1970 . Haber , Stephen H. `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation : The Mexican Economy , 1830 -- 1940 , '' Journal of Latin American Studies 24 ( 1992 ) . Haber , Stephen H. Industry and Underdevelopment : The Industrialization of Mexico , 1890 -- 1940 . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1989 . Haber , Stephen H. , Armando Razo , and Noel Maurer . The Politics of Property Rights : Political Instability , Credible Commitments , and Economic Growth in Mexico , 1876 - 1929 . New York : Cambridge University Press 2003 . Hamilton , Nora . The Limits of State Autonomy : Post-Revolutionary Mexico . Princeton : Princeton University Press 1982 . Hamilton , Nora . `` Banking and Finance , 1910 -- 40 '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , vol. 1 pp. 135 -- 138 . Chicago : Fitzroy and Dearborn , 1996 . Knight , Alan . `` The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution , c. 1900 - 1920 , '' Journal of Latin American Studies , 16 ( 1984 ) . Kouri , Emilio . A Pueblo Divided : Business , Property , and Community in Papantla , Mexico . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2004 . Ludlow , Leonor and Carlos Marichal , eds . Banco y Poder en México , 1800 -- 1925 . Mexico : Grijalbo 1986 . Maurer , Noel . The Power and the Money : The Mexican Financial System , 1876 - 1928 . Stanford : Stanford University Press 2002 . Maxfield , Sylvia . Governing Capital : International Finance and Mexican Politics . Ithaca : Cornell University Press 1990 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius ( 1920 ) . Present and Past Banking in Mexico . Harper & Brothers . McCaleb , Walter F. The Public Finances of Mexico . New York : Harper 1921 . Miller , Richard Ulric . `` American Railroad Unions and the National Railways of Mexico : An Exercise in Nineteenth - Century Manifest Destiny , '' Labor History 15 ( 1974 ) . Moore , O. Ernesto . Evolución de las instituciones financieras en México . Mexico : Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinomericanos 1963 . Pletcher , David M. `` Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital , 1877 -- 1880 '' , The Americas XVI ( 1959 ) 1 -- 14 . Pletcher , David M. Rails , Mines , and Progress : Seven American Promoters in Mexico , 1867 -- 1911 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press 1958 . Potash , Robert A. Mexican Government and Industrial Development : The Banco de Avío . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press 1983 . Ramos Escandón , Carmen . La industria textil y el movimiento obrero en México . Mexico city 1988 . Razo , Armando and Stephen Haber , `` The Rate of Growth of Productivity in Mexico , 1850 - 1933 : Evidence from the Cotton Textile Industry , '' Journal of Latin American Studies 30 , 3 ( 1998 ) , 481 - 517 . Reynolds , Clark W . The Mexican Economy : Twentieth Century Structure and Growth . New Haven : Yale University Press 1970 . Schell , William , Jr . `` Money as Commodity : Mexico 's Conversion to the Gold Standard , 1905 . '' Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos 12 : 1 ( 1996 ) . Schoonover , Thomas . `` Dollars Over Dominion : United State Economic Interests in Mexico , 1861 - 67 , '' Pacific Historical Review vol 45 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1976 ) , pp. 23 -- 45 . Smith , Robert Freeman . `` The Formation and Development of the International Bankers Committee in Mexico . '' Journal of Economic History 23 ( December 1963 ) . Topik , Steven . `` the Economic Role of the State in Liberal Regimes : Brazil and Mexico Compared , 1888 -- 1910 , '' in Guiding the Invisible Hand : Economic Liberalism and the State in Latin American History , Joseph L. Love and Nils Jacobsen , eds . New York 1988 , 117 -- 44 . Tutino , John . Founding Capitalism in the Bajío and Spanish North America . Durham : Duke University Press 2011 . Wionczek , Miguel S. `` Industrialization , Foreign Capital , and Technology Transfer : The Mexican Experience 1930 -- 85 , '' Development and Change ( SAGE , London , Beverly Hills , and New Delhi ) Vol. 17 ( 1986 ) , 283 -- 302 . Zebadúa , Emilio . Banqueros y revolucionarios : La soberania financiera de México . Mexico : Fondo de Cultura Económico 1994 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asunción Lavrin , `` The Execution of the Law of Consolidation in New Spain . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 52 ( Feb. 1973 ) , 27 - 49 . Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , `` Obstacles of Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico '' , American Historical Review , vol. 83 , no . 1 ( Feb. 1978 ) p. 86 . Jump up ^ Miguel S. Woinczek . `` Industrialization , Foreign Capital , and Technology Transfer : The Mexican Experience , 1930 -- 1985 . '' Development and Change ( SAGE . London , Beverly Hills , and New Delhi ) . Vol 17 ( 1986 ) , 283 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Tracy Wilkinson , `` Mexico , buffeted by low oil prices , cuts spending '' , Los Angeles Times , January 31 , 2015 , p . A7 Jump up ^ James Lockhart , `` Encomienda and Hacienda : The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Indies , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 49 : 3 ( 1969 ) 411 -- 29 Jump up ^ Ida Altman , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson 2003 , 163 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , Sarah Cline , Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson 2003 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ D.A. Brading and Harry E. Cross , `` Colonial Silver Mining : Mexico and Peru , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 52 : 4 ( 1972 ) : 545 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Altman et al , Early History of Greater Mexico p. 169 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Haskett , `` Our Suffering with the Taxco Tribute : Involuntary Mine Labor and Indigenous Society in Central New Spain , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 71 : 3 ( 1991 ) : 447 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Alan Probert , `` Bartolomé de Medina : The Patio Process and the Sixteenth Century Silver Crisis '' in Bakewell , Peter , ed . Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas . Variorum : Brookfield , 1997 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico p. 290 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Altman et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico p. 292 . Jump up ^ Doris M. Ladd , The Mexican Nobility at Independence , 1780 -- 1826 . Austin : University of Texas Institute of Latin American Studies 1976 . Jump up ^ Peter Bakewell , Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico : Zacatecas 1546 -- 1700 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1971 . Jump up ^ For their troubles , they were compensated with real salaries and , `` far more important , '' as Bishop Mota y Escobar perceptively wrote , `` with silver ore that they got to keep and which they call among themselves pepena . '' Indeed , after doing their daily work , free Indians were permitted to collect any silver - encrusted rocks they wanted . They could then sell this valuable ore in the black market or attempt to refine it into pure silver on their own . The pepena system existed in many mines throughout Mexico ... Reséndez , Andrés . The Other Slavery : The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America ( Kindle Locations 1857 - 1861 ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Already by the late sixteenth century , free wage earners outnumbered forced workers in some mines . More recent studies have revealed a sobering reality , however . While salaried workers did indeed account for a significant percentage of the workforce in many mines -- including thirty - six percent of all Indians in Parral -- these workers did not replace coerced laborers , but rather coexisted with them . Reséndez , Andrés . The Other Slavery : The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America ( Kindle Locations 1863 - 1866 ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Doris M. Ladd , The Making of a Strike : Mexican Workers ' Struggles in Real del Monte , 1766 -- 1775 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 1988 . Jump up ^ Altman et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , pp. 163 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Woodrow Borah , Silk Raising in Colonial Mexico . Berkeley : University of California Press 1943 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth , '' p. 86 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , `` Obstacles of Economic Growth '' , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth , '' p. 87 . Jump up ^ Susan Deans - Smith , Bureaucrats , Planters , and Workers : The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico . Austin : University of Texas Press 1992 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , Early History of Greater Mexico p. 166 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , ' ' Early History of Greater Mexico ' ' , p. 166 . Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz , Early Latin America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1983 . Jump up ^ Elinor G.K. Melville , A plague of sheep : environmental consequences of the conquest of Mexico . New York : Cambridge University Press 1994 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Borah , Silk Raising in Colonial Mexico . Berkeley : University of California Press 1943 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Salvucci , Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico : An Economic History of Obrajes , 1539 -- 1840 . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1987 . Jump up ^ James Lockhart , `` Trunk Lines and Feeder Lines , '' in Of Things of the Indies : Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1999 , 120 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Development '' , p. 92 . Jump up ^ John T. Vance , A Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of Mexico . Washington , D.C. 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth '' , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Bruce A. Castleman , Building the King 's Highway : Labor , Society , and Family on Mexico 's Caminos Reales , 1757 -- 1804 . Tucson : University of Arizona Press 2005 Jump up ^ N.M. Farriss , Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico , 1759 -- 1821 : The Crisis of Ecclesiastical Privilege . London : Athlone 1968 . ^ Jump up to : D.A. Brading , Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1971 . Jump up ^ Lyle McAlister , `` The Fuero Militar '' in New Spain , 1764 -- 1800 . Gaineville : University of Florida Press 1952 . Jump up ^ Woodrow Borah , Justice by Insurance : The General Indian Court of Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half - Real . Berkeley : University of California Press 1983 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth '' p. 94 . Jump up ^ Manel Carrera Stampa , Los gremios mexicanos : La organización en Nueva España , 1521 -- 1861 . Mexico : Edición y Distribución Ibero Americana Publicaciones 1954 . Jump up ^ Altman et al . The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Altman et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 301 Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 306 . Jump up ^ J.H. Parry , The Sale of Public Office in the Indies Under the Hapsburgs . Berkeley : University of California Press 1953 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Altman et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Asunción Lavrin , `` The Execution of the Law of Consolidacion in New Spain : Economic Aims and Results . '' Hispanic American Historical Review Vol. 53 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1973 ) , pp. 27 - 49 Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/2512521 Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , pp. 311 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Margaret Chowning , `` The Consolidación de Vales Reales in the Bishopric of Michoacan , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 69 ( 3 ) ( 1989 ) 451 -- 78 . Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , The First America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1991 , pp. 510 -- 12 . Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , The First America , p. 568 . Jump up ^ image of Ferdinand VII of Spain on the eight real coin . Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz , Early Latin America . New York and Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1983 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico '' Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico , '' American Historical Review vol. 83 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1978 ) , pp. 80 -- 100 Jump up ^ Stephen Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation : The Mexican Economy , 1830 -- 1940 , '' Journal of Latin American Studies , 24 # 1 ( 1992 ) , pp. 1 -- 32 Jump up ^ Hilarie J. Heath , `` British Merchant Houses in Mexico , 1821 - 1860 : Conforming Business Practices and Ethics , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 73 # 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 261 - 290 online Jump up ^ William Schell , Jr . `` Banking and Finance : 1821 -- 1910 '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , vol. 1 , p. 131 . Chicago : Fitzroy and Dearborn 1993 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , Obstacles to Economic Growth , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , Obstacles to Economic Growth , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation '' , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation '' , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 1 Jump up ^ Schell , `` Banking and Finance '' , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Schell , `` Banking and Finance '' p. 131 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico . Jump up ^ Robert A. Potash , Mexican Government and Industrial Development : The Banco de Avío . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press 1983 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialization '' , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Salvucci , Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico : an Economic History of the Obrajes , 1539 -- 1840 . Princeton : Princeton University Press 1987 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 7 . Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico , '' American Historical Review vol. 83 , no . 1 ( Feb. 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , Growth Against Development : The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University 1981 . Jump up ^ John H. Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth - Century Mexico , '' American Historical Review , vol. 83 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Barbara A. Tenenbaum , and James N. McElveen , `` From speculative to substantive boom : the British in Mexico , 1821 - 1911 . '' in Oliver Marshall , ed . English speaking communities in Latin America ( Macmillan , 2000 ) : 51 - 79 , at p 69 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialization '' , 2 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles of Industrialisation , '' 19 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schmidt , `` José Ives Limantour '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , vol. 1 , pp. 746 -- 49 . Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997 . Jump up ^ Brown , Foreign and Native - Born Workers , p. 811 . Jump up ^ Brown , `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers '' , map . p. 788 Jump up ^ Jonathan C. Brown , `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers in Porfirian Mexico '' , American Historical Review 98 ( June 993 ) 786 -- 818 . Jump up ^ Jonathan C. Brown , `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers in Porfirian Mexico '' . Jump up ^ Mikael D. Wolfe , Watering the Revolution : An Environmental and Technological History of Agrarian Reform in Mexico . Durham : Duke University Press 2017 , pp. 23 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mark Wasserman , `` Enrique Clay Creel '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , vol. 1 , p. 369 . Chicago : Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997 . Jump up ^ Brown , `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers '' , p. 789 . Jump up ^ Brown , `` Foreign and Native - Born Workers , '' p. 790 . Jump up ^ Coatsworth , `` Obstacles to Economic Growth , '' p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico '' . State.gov. 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation : the Mexican Economy , 1830 -- 1940 , '' p. 27 Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation '' , p. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Kelly Lytle Hernández , `` The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration : A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback , 1943 -- 1954 . '' The Western Historical Quarterly , vol. 37 . no . 4 ( Winter , 2006 ) , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Hernández , `` The Crimes and Consequences '' , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 28 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation '' , pp. 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Enrique Cárdenas , La industrialización mexicana durante la Gran Depresión . Mexico 1987 . Jump up ^ Abraham Hoffman , Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression : Repatriation Pressures , 1929 -- 1939 . Tucson : University of Arizona Press , 1974 . Jump up ^ Francisco Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez , Decade of Betrayal : Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 29 . Jump up ^ es : Nacional Financiera ( México ) Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , Mexico : Revolution to Evolution : 1940 -- 1960 . New York : Oxford University Press 1963 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' p. 29 Jump up ^ Haber , `` Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation , '' pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Easterlin , R. `` Why Is n't the Whole World Developed ? '' , Appendix Table 1 . The Journal of Economic History Vol. 41 No. 1 , 1981 Jump up ^ Hernández , `` The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration , '' p. 423 . Jump up ^ Hernández , `` The Crimes and Consequences of Immigration , '' p. 425 . Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , The United States and Mexico , revised and enlarged edition . New York : Atheneum 1963 , ( originally published by Harvard University Press 1953 , pp. 374 -- 75 , 382 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Patrick H. Cosby , `` Leviathan in the Tropics : A postcolonial environmental history of the Papaloapan Projects in Mexico . '' PhD diss . University of Florida 2011 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Paul V. ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Averting a global financial crisis : the US , the IMF , and the Mexican debt crisis of 1976 '' . The International History Review . 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.2017. 1326966 . ISSN 0707 - 5332 . Jump up ^ Ixel Yutzil González ; Mónica Rodriguez Sosa ; Mario Benítez Rétiz ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` El deterioro salarial suma 40 años en México '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ixchel Yutzil González ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` El deterioro salarial suma 40 años en México '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Wages lag 40 years in Mexico Jump up ^ Kevin P Gallagher ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Why Latin America should not squander the China boom '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Sanchez and Tracy Wilkinson ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Mexico Halts Massive Chinese Project '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Tracy Wilkinson , `` Mexico , buffeted by low oil prices , cuts spending , '' Los Angeles Times , Saturday , January 31 , 2015 , p . A7 . External links ( edit ) Mexican Economic Crisis ( 80s ) from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Products of Mexico and Central America from the early mid-20th century Mexico articles History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Borders Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanos Water resources Wettest - known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet Supreme Court State legislatures Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Oil Pension system Peso ( currency ) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Economic histories by country Current nations / regions Africa Arab world Argentina Australia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Ecuador Europe France Germany Greece India Iran Ireland Republic of Ireland Japan Mexico Morocco Netherlands Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Peru Portugal Russia Scotland Somalia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe Former industrialized economies Czechoslovakia East Germany Mongolian People 's Republic Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Historical economies Confederate States of America Empire of Brazil Byzantine Empire Dutch Republic Ancient Greece China Han Dynasty Song Dynasty Ming Dynasty Republic of China Muisca Ottoman Empire Roman Empire Scotland in the Middle Ages England in the Middle Ages Iroquois Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Mexico&oldid=841199595 '' Categories : Economic history of Mexico Third - Worldism Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles to be expanded from August 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 15 : 38 . 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-6771682483761285496	Lens speed	Lens speed - wikipedia Lens speed Jump to : navigation , search A fast prime ( fixed focal length ) lens , the Canon 50mm f / 1.4 ( left ) , and a slower zoom lens , the Canon 18 -- 55mm f / 3.5 -- 5.6 ( right ) ; this lens is faster at 18mm than it is at 55mm . Main article : Aperture Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter , or minimum f - number , of a photographic lens . A lens with a larger maximum aperture ( that is , a smaller minimum f - number ) is called a `` fast lens '' because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed . Conversely , a smaller maximum aperture ( larger minimum f - number ) is `` slow '' because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower ( longer ) shutter speed . A fast lens speed is desirable in taking pictures in dim light , or with long telephoto lenses and for controlling depth of field and bokeh , especially in portrait photography , and for sports photography and photojournalism . Lenses may also be referred to as being `` faster '' or `` slower '' than one another ; so an f / 3.5 lens can be described as faster than an f / 5.6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tradeoffs 2 Fast lenses 2.1 Maximum possible speed 2.2 List of ultrafast lenses 3 References 4 External links Tradeoffs ( edit ) Attaining maximum lens speed requires engineering tradeoffs , and as such , `` prime '' ( fixed focal length ) lenses are generally faster than zoom lenses , and modern manual - focus lenses are generally faster than their autofocus counterparts . With 35mm cameras , the fastest lenses are typically in the `` normal lens '' range near 50mm and there are several high - quality fast lenses available that are relatively inexpensive . For example , the Canon EF 50mm f / 1.8 II or Nikon AF Nikkor 50mm f / 1.8 D are very inexpensive , but quite fast and optically well - regarded . Old fast manual focus lenses , just as the Nikkor - S ( C ) or Nikkor AI - S 50mm f / 1.4 , were historically produced abundantly , and are thus sold relatively inexpensively on the used lens market . Especially outside of the `` normal lenses '' , lens speed also tends to correlate with the price and / or quality of the lens . This is because lenses with larger maximum apertures require greater care with regard to design , precision of manufacture , special coatings and quality of glass . At wide apertures , spherical aberration becomes more significant and must be corrected . Faster telephoto and wide - angle retrofocus designs tend to be much more expensive . Fast lenses ( edit ) The fastest lenses in general production now are f / 1.2 or f / 1.4 , with more at f / 1.8 and f / 2.0 , and many at f / 2.8 or slower . What is considered `` fast '' has evolved to lower f - numbers over the years , due to advances in lens design , optical manufacturing , quality of glass , optical coatings , and the move toward smaller imaging formats . For example , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states that `` ... ( Lenses ) are also sometimes classified according to their rapidity , as expressed by their effective apertures , into extra rapid , with apertures larger than f / 6 ; rapid , with apertures from f / 6 to f / 8 ; slow , with apertures less than f / 11 . '' Canon 85mm f / 1.8 and f / 1.2 showing their large entrance pupils For scale , note that f / 0.5 , f / 0.7 , f / 1.0 , f / 1.4 , and f / 2.0 are each 1 f - stop apart ( 2 × as fast ) , as an f - stop corresponds to a factor of square root of 2 , about 1.4 . Thus around f / 1.0 , a change of 0.1 corresponds to about 1 / 4 of an f - stop ( by linear approximation ) : f / 1.0 is about 50 % faster than f / 1.2 , which is about 50 % faster than f / 1.4 . As of 2017 , Canon , Nikon , Pentax and Sony all make an autofocus 50mm f / 1.4 lens . These are not unusual lenses and are relatively inexpensive . Canon also makes autofocus 50mm and 85mm f / 1.2 lenses , while Nikon makes a manual focus 50mm f / 1.2 lens and an autofocus 85mm f / 1.4 ; see Canon EF 50mm lenses and Canon EF 85mm lenses for details . Pentax makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens and 55mm f / 1.4 lens for APS - C cameras ; see Pentax lenses . Sony makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens which is a continuation of the Minolta AF 50mm f / 1.4 lens , and two lenses with Carl Zeiss : a 50mm f / 1.4 and 85mm f / 1.4 . The maximum exposure time in free - hand photography can be enhanced even more also for fast lenses , if the camera is equipped with an image stabilisation system . In 2014 Panasonic introduced the fastest lens with in - built stabilisation , the Leica Nocticron 42.5 mm f / 1.2 , which in the meantime even can be operated with dual image stabilisation ( Dual I.S. ) , provided that the camera body has an additional stabilising system at the image sensor , too . In the mid 60s there was something of a fad for fast lenses among the major manufacturers . In 1966 in response to the trend Carl Zeiss displayed a prop lens christened the Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 at photokina . Made from various parts found around the factory ( the lenses came from a darkroom condenser enlarger ) , the claimed speed and focal lengths were purely nominal and it was n't usable for photography . Maximum possible speed ( edit ) Ultimately , the speed of a lens is limited by mechanical constraints of the camera system ( shutter or mirror clearance , mount diameter ) . The smallest possible working f - number is N min = 1 2 N A max = 1 2 n sin ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle N_ ( \ text ( min ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ ; \ mathrm ( NA ) _ ( \ text ( max ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ , n \ sin \ theta ) ) ) where NA is the largest possible numerical aperture , n is the index of refraction of the medium behind the lens , most often air where n = 1 , θ is the half - angle of the maximum cone of light that can reach the film or sensor . This sets a limit close to f / 1.0 to f / 1.2 for most SLR mounts , whereas lenses for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras can be faster , as they can be brought closer to the image plane . Reproduction lenses incapable of infinity focus can have nominal f - numbers smaller than this limit , as the limit applies to the working f - number ( the f - number corrected by the bellows factor ) , not to the nominal f - number . It should be noted that only the working f - number correctly assesses the light gathering power of the lens . Since sin θ < 1 , it follows that no lens can be faster than f / 0.5 if it operates in air . Lenses can be made faster than this by requiring the film emulsion to be in physical contact with the rear element , thus eliminating the air gap between the lens and the emulsion . Another option is to use oil immersion techniques . List of ultrafast lenses ( edit ) Some of the fastest camera lenses in production as of 2017 were as follows : Handevision Ibelux 40mm f / 0.85 , Made for multiple camera mounts including Micro 4 / 3 , Sony E-Mount and Fujifilm X-Mount Fujinon 43mm f / 0.85 Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 17.5 mm f / 0.95 Aspherical Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 25mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 42.5 mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Leica Noctilux - M 50mm f / 0.95 ASPH announced on September 15 , 2008 , it is one of the fastest aspherical lens to have ever reached mass production , with a MSRP of £ 6290 ( approximately US $10,000 ) . SLR Magic HyperPrime LM 50mm T0. 95 ( f / 0.92 ) Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 ' HyperPrime ' a fast CCTV lens design adapted for the Micro Four Thirds system SLR Magic 25mm T / 0.95 SLR Magic 35mm T / 0.95 Mitakon 50mm and 35mm f / 0.95 Vantage One T / 1.0 Cine lenses - 17.5 mm to 120mm Super35mm Spherical Primes . Metabones 0.58 x BMPCC Speed Booster ( for Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.74 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 Metabones 0.64 x Speed Booster XL ( for Micro Four Thirds format ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 Metabones 0.71 x Speed Booster ULTRA ( for either Micro Four Thirds or APS - C formats ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 1.0 The following camera lenses are no longer in production as of 2010 : American Optical 81mm f / 0.38 Solid Schmidt Mirror lens . Designed for aerial reconnaissance GOI CV 20mm f / 0.5 Mirror lens Signal Corps Engineering 33mm f / 0.6 GOI Iskra - 3 72mm f / 0.65 Mirror lens Fujinon - IDEAX 125mm f / 0.67 Zeiss Planar 50mm f / 0.7 Limited production lens built for the NASA space program , used on 35mm movie cameras by Stanley Kubrick for some candlelit scenes in Barry Lyndon Tokyo Kogaku Similar 50mm f / 0.7 , 8 elements in 4 groups , limited produced in 1944 for Japanese Army . ( In 1951 another three were produced , two of which were used on a South Pole expedition ) Kinoptik Lynxar 60mm f / 0.7 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Wray 64mm f / 0.71 Reproduction lens , not for photography . LOMO 60mm f / 0.75 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Aerojet Delft Rayxar 105mm f / 0.75 Full Frame aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 150mm f / 0.75 Medium Format aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 250mm f / 0.75 Large Format aerial photography lens American Optical 43mm f / 0.8 JML Optical 64mm f / 0.85 Leica Summar 75mm f / 0.85 Leica Leitz - IR 150mm f / 0.85 Farrand Super Farron 76mm f / 0.87 Farrand Super Farron 150mm f / 0.87 Medium Format aerial photography lens Рекорд - 4 52mm f / 0.9 Nikon TV - Nikkor 35mm f / 0.9 Fastest Nikon lens ever made . ( TV lens in M39 lens mount , 12.6 mm diameter image circle ) Noktor HyperPrime CINE 50mm f / 0.92 T0. 95 , Fastest cinema lens made for 35mm interchangeable lens camera Canon 50mm f / 0.95 Available in TV ( c - mount ) and Canon 7 Rangefinder Version Astro Berlin 52mm f / 0.95 Perkin Elmer 114mm f / 0.95 Medium Format aerial photography lens Pacific Optical 25mm f / 1.0 Medium Format Fish - eye lens . Only 3 were ever made for the Canadian Government for aurora borealis research in the late 60s / early 70s . One of these lenses was used in the production of the IMAX movie Solarmax Leica Noctilux 50mm f / 1.0 Leica M mount , discontinued and replaced 2008 with a new Noctilux , see above Canon EF 50mm f / 1.0 for Canon autofocus SLR , now out of production Panavision 50mm f / 1.0 Nikkor - O 50mm f / 1.0 Prototype lens for Nikkor - S Rangefinder camera Leica ELCAN 90mm f / 1.0 Wild Heerbrugg Reconar 98mm f / 1.0 Medium Format aerial photography lens Kollmorgen 153mm f / 1.0 Zeiss UR 250mm f / 1.0 Canon 8.5 -- 25.5 mm f / 1.0 zoom lens , made 1975 -- 1983 for the 310XL Super 8mm silent and sound camera series , fastest lens ever made in Super8 , was originally advertised as facilitating `` shooting at candlelight '' in combination with 160 - ASA films . Many very fast lenses exist in C - mount ( such as used by 16mm film cameras , CCTV , medical & scientific imaging systems ) , including : Fujinon 50mm f / 0.7 Canon ' TV - 16 ' 25mm f / 0.78 Apollo 25mm f / 0.85 Ernitec 25mm f / 0.85 Fujinon 25mm f / 0.85 Tarcus 25mm f / 0.85 Kern Switar 18mm f / 0.9 built for NASA for Apollo Moon landing Ampex ' LE610 Television Lens ' 25mm f / 0.95 Angenieux ' M1 ' and ' M2 ' 25mm f / 0.95 ( M1 was a consumer product , while M2 was aimed at the professional cine market ) Angenieux ' M2 ' 28mm f / 1.1 Angenieux 35mm f / 0.95 Angenieux 50mm f / 0.95 Type M1 ( original more common ) , and Type M2 ( better corrected for aberrations and distortions , designed for NASA , very rare and hard to find ) AstroScope 25mm f / 0.95 Avenir 25mm f / 0.95 Century ' Nighthawk ' 25mm f / 0.95 Carl Meyer 25mm f / 0.95 Cinetar 25mm f / 0.95 Goyo Optical 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 JML 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitar 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitron 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Schneider Kreuznach ' Xenon ' 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 Senko 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Soligor ' Super Elitar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Som Berthiot ' Cinor ' 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Tarcus ' I.T.V. Lens ' 50mm f / 0.95 Precise Optics 50mm f / 0.95 Kowa 50mm f / 0.95 Yakumo 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Zeika ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Kaligar ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Dallmeyer 25mm f / 0.99 ( 1930 ) Astro Berlin 25mm f / 1.0 Bausch & Lomb 29mm f / 1.0 Astro Berlin ' Tachonar ' 35mm and 75mm f / 1.0 Carl Meyer 38mm f / 1.0 RTH ( Rank / Taylor Hobson ) Monital 130mm f / 1.0 made by SOPELEM in France Very fast lenses in D - mount for 8mm movie use on H8 cameras : Kern Switar 13mm f / 0.9 Cinetor ' TELE - PHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Walz ' TELEPHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Amitar ' Telephoto ' 38.1 mm f / 1.0 Rexer ' TELE ' 38mm f / 1.0 Manon ' Telephoto ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Very fast lenses used in x-ray machines : Zeiss R - Biotar 100mm f / 0.73 LOMO 100mm f / 0.73 Canon 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Leitz 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 50mm / 65mm / 150mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 90mm f / 1.0 Tachon Astro - Berlin 65mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 42mm / 50mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 68mm f / 0.95 etc . Kowa 42mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Carl Zeiss Jena 50mm f / 0.77 Kowa 55mm f / 0.8 Zeiss R - Biotar 55mm f / 0.85 Lenzar Optics 184.6 mm f / 0.9 ( Photographic lens made by Lenzar Optics Corp. , Riviera Beach FL , f0. 9 -- f8 ) Kowa 33.5 mm f / 0.95 Kowa 55mm f / 1.0 Rodenstock Heligon 68mm f / 1.0 Canon 65mm / 90mm f / 1.0 Fuji 90mm f / 1.0 Kowa 90mm f / 1.0 Leitz 90mm f / 1.0 Mt Prospect 90mm f / 1.0 Zeiss R - Biotar 120mm f / 1.0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waldren , Margaret ( and others ) Advanced Digital Photography 2004 Media Publishing Jump up ^ Long , Ben Complete Digital Photography 2004 Charles River Media ^ Jump up to : Maiello , Agostino ( January 2000 ) . `` L'OBIETTIVO PIU ' LUMINOSO DEL MONDO '' . Nadir.it ( in Italian ) . Nadir Magazine . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Michael ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Carl Zeiss Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 : The Fastest Lens Ever Made ? '' . Petapixel . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cosina Voigtänder -- Nokton 17.5 mm F0. 95 Aspherical '' . Cosina Voigtländer . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cosina Voigtänder - Nokton 25mm F0. 95 '' . Cosina Voigtländer. 2010 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 17.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 25mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 42.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ `` Leica offers World 's fastest Aspherical lens '' . Leica Camera. 2008 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NOKTOR -- Ultra Fast Lenses '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` KenRockwell.com -- Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` F0. 74 - new Metabones Speed Boosters break boundaries - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones introduces Speed Booster XL 0.64 x for Panasonic GH4 '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement - Metabones Speed Booster ULTRA - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones creates Speed Booster ULTRA with improved optics and Canon lens AF for Panasonic users '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` USAF Lens Datasheets - Type 1 Aerial Reconnaissance '' . archive.org . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Two Special Lenses for `` Barry Lyndon '' , by Ed DiGiulio ( President , Cinema Products Corp . ) , American Cinematographer Jump up ^ `` TV - Nikkor 35mm F0. 9 Big First Super Light '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lossau , Jürgen ( 2003 ) . The Complete Catalogue Of Movie Cameras , Hamburg / Germany , atoll medien , p. 59 , ISBN 3 - 9807235 - 3 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Science , Kern - Paillard advertisement '' ( PDF ) . 165 . External links ( edit ) Just how fast is that lens ? f - number does n't directly determine focal - plane illuminance , due to light transmission losses . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lens_speed&oldid=812028942 '' Categories : Optics Science of photography Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Polski Русский Slovenčina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the speed of a lens mean	[ "Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is called a \"fast lens\" because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed. Conversely, a smaller maximum aperture (larger minimum f-number) is \"slow\" because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower (longer) shutter speed." ]	[ "maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number)" ]
-4039493889408216898	Climate of Georgia (U.S. state)	Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Jump to : navigation , search Köppen climate classification types of Georgia The climate of Georgia is a humid subtropical climate with most of the state having short , mild winters and long , hot summers . The Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of Georgia and the hill country in the north impact the state 's climate . Also , the Chattahoochee River divides Georgia into separate climatic regions with the mountain region to the northwest being cooler than the rest of the state , the average temperatures for that region in January and July being 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) and 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) respectively . Winter in Georgia is characterized by mild temperatures and little snowfall around the state , with the potential for snow and ice increasing in the northern parts of the state . Summer daytime temperatures in Georgia often exceed 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) . The state experiences widespread precipitation . Tornadoes and tropical cyclones are common . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperatures 2 Precipitation 3 Winter 4 Spring 5 Summer 5.1 Tropical cyclones 5.2 Tornadoes 6 Fall 7 Statistics for selected cities 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Temperatures ( edit ) Most of Georgia has a sub-tropical climate , with hot and humid summers , except at the highest elevations . Weather conditions in various localities of Georgia depend on how close they are to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico , and their altitude . This is especially true in the mountainous areas in the northern part of the state , which are farther away from ocean waters and can be up to 4,500 feet ( 1,400 m ) or higher above sea level . The areas near the Florida - Georgia border , extending from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Chattahoochee River , experience the most subtropical weather , similar to that of Florida : hot , humid summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms and mild , somewhat drier winters . Despite having moderate weather compared to many other states , Georgia has occasional extreme weather . The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 ° F ( 44 ° C ) , while the lowest ever recorded is − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) . Heat waves with temperatures over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) have often been recorded . Precipitation ( edit ) Average annual precipitation for Georgia The entire state , including the North Georgia mountains , receives moderate to heavy rain , which varies from 45 inches ( 1,100 mm ) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches ( 1,900 mm ) around the Northeast part of the state . Georgia has had severe droughts in the past , especially in 2007 . Tropical Storm Alberto in July 1994 looped across central Georgia , leading to 24 - hour rainfall amounts exceeding 20 inches ( 510 mm ) across central sections of the state . It also became the wettest tropical cyclone on record for the state of Georgia , eclipsing the record set in 1929 . Snowfall , which occurs in most winters , increases in frequency and average amounts per year to the north . Winter ( edit ) Image of March 1993 Storm of the Century Southern and southeast areas of the state experience snow much less frequently than other parts of Georgia . The Georgia Piedmont , sometimes referred to as the Blue Ridge province , is somewhat cooler in winter than the coastal areas . The Southern areas of the Piedmont may receive snow every other year , while areas close to the foothills get snow a couple times a year averaging anywhere from a trace up 2 '' of annual snowfall . The biggest winter threat to the northern piedmont is freezing rain which is rain that freezes on contact . The mountains of Georgia have the coolest climate and most frequent snowfall in the state , although snowfall is less than any other part of the Appalachian Mountains . The exception to this is the mountain areas of Fannin , Gilmer , Pickens , Union , White and Rabun Counties , and surrounding counties which average 3 to 8 inches of snow annually . Heavy snow is considered 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) or more of snow in a 12 - hour period or 4 inches ( 10 cm ) or more of snow in a 24 - hour period `` . Watches for heavy snow are issued when a 50 percent or greater chance of 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or more of snow falling in a 12 - hour period , or 4 inches ( 10 cm ) or more in a 24 - hour period is expected. The Deceptive Killers ) , Accessed December 11 , 2007 Winterweather watches are issued when there is a `` 50 percent or greater chance of significant and damaging accumulations of ice during freezing rain situations '' ; these watches are normally issued 12 to 48 hours in advance . A winter storm warning for an ice storm means that icy conditions are `` occurring , imminent , or have a very high probability of occurring '' . These warnings are usually issued when there is an 80 percent or greater chance of meeting ice storm conditions . Blizzards in Georgia are rare . The last blizzard the state had was in March 1993 . Winter in South Georgia , which lasts from December to January , is much more mild . Daytime highs range from approximately 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) in the northernmost interior areas to near 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) along the coast and in the extreme south . Winters in Georgia are determined by the Pacific Ocean . During El Niño , the jet stream is located along the Southern U.S. , allowing for colder and wetter conditions with greater snowfall . The opposite phase , La Niña , keeps the jet stream further north , thus winters are warmer and drier across Georgia . Spring ( edit ) Weather during springtime in North Georgia and the mountains changes from day to day and year to year . Early spring in the North Georgia Mountains can be very chilly during the day ; average highs are near 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) . The weather can be highly variable with temperatures ranging between 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) and 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . The rainiest time of the year is normally April , which can also be a windy month where daytime temperatures can rise to near 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) and evening temperatures fall to around 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) Summer ( edit ) Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the afternoons that reach , on average , to near 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . Overnight lows fall to near 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) and there is usually an 8 ° F ( 4 ° C ) difference in temperature between the mountains and Atlanta . While humidity in North Georgia , especially in the mountains , can be high it is not as high as it is in South Georgia . Summer thunderstorms add to the humidity in the area by providing 4.5 inches ( 110 mm ) to 5.5 inches ( 140 mm ) of rain during the summer months . Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Tropical Storm Alberto ( 1994 ) moving into Georgia See also : United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Although Georgia experiences many tropical cyclones , it only rarely experiences a direct hurricane strike due to its fairly small coastline . The last hurricane to directly affect the Georgia coastline was Hurricane David in 1979 . The last major hurricane ( Category 3 or higher ) to hit the Georgia coast directly was in 1898 . More common are hurricanes which strike the Florida Panhandle , weaken over land , and bring tropical storm or hurricane - force winds and heavy rain to the Georgia interior ( especially the southwestern areas ) , as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline , brushing the coast on their way up to hit the Carolinas . Tornadoes ( edit ) Image of a tornado Georgia is one of the leading states in incidents of tornadoes though they are rarely stronger than F1 . Southwestern and northern sections of the state have historically reported the largest amount of tornadoes . The areas closest to the Florida border report F0 and F1 tornadoes associated with summer afternoon thunderstorms . However , tornadoes of F3 intensity or greater within Georgia are uncommon , with three events reported on average each year . Fall ( edit ) Georgia 's autumns are normally sunny and cool . September and October , the driest months of the year , qualify as `` Indian Summer '' weather with temperatures that are near 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) during the daytime . At night , the temperature drops to near 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . It is much cooler in November with an average high of 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) and low of 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) . The first freeze of the year normally falls within November , except in the northern mountains , where it occurs in October . Statistics for selected cities ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Atlanta ( Hartsfield -- Jackson Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1878 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 80 ( 27 ) 89 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 97 ( 36 ) 106 ( 41 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 84 ( 29 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 94.6 ( 34.8 ) 96.3 ( 35.7 ) 95.4 ( 35.2 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 97.6 ( 36.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 88.1 ( 31.2 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 77.3 ( 25.2 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 79.4 ( 26.3 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 45.3 ( 7.4 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 34.3 ( 1.3 ) 37.7 ( 3.2 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 51.5 ( 10.8 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 64.8 ( 18.2 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 44.5 ( 6.9 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 15.7 ( − 9.1 ) 20.9 ( − 6.2 ) 27.4 ( − 2.6 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 58.5 ( 14.7 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 38.5 ( 3.6 ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 20.0 ( − 6.7 ) 12.1 ( − 11.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 37 ( 3 ) 39 ( 4 ) 53 ( 12 ) 55 ( 13 ) 36 ( 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) ( − 16 ) 0 ( − 18 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.20 ( 106.7 ) 4.67 ( 118.6 ) 4.81 ( 122.2 ) 3.36 ( 85.3 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 3.95 ( 100.3 ) 5.27 ( 133.9 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 4.47 ( 113.5 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 4.10 ( 104.1 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 49.71 ( 1,262.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 2.9 ( 7.4 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.9 9.8 9.7 8.6 9.3 9.9 11.7 9.7 7.5 6.9 8.8 10.5 113.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.8 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 67.6 63.4 62.4 61.0 67.2 69.8 74.4 74.8 73.9 68.5 68.1 68.4 68.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.0 171.7 220.5 261.2 288.6 284.8 273.8 258.6 227.5 238.5 185.1 164.0 2,738.3 Percent possible sunshine 52 56 59 67 67 66 63 62 61 68 59 53 62 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Savannah , Georgia ( Savannah / Hilton Head Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1871 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 94 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 101 ( 38 ) 104 ( 40 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 97 ( 36 ) 89 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 84.3 ( 29.1 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 93.6 ( 34.2 ) 98.0 ( 36.7 ) 99.3 ( 37.4 ) 97.6 ( 36.4 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 100.3 ( 37.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 70.6 ( 21.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 56.1 ( 13.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 21.7 ( − 5.7 ) 25.9 ( − 3.4 ) 30.8 ( − 0.7 ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 49.3 ( 9.6 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 55.4 ( 13 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 24.5 ( − 4.2 ) 19.3 ( − 7.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) ( − 16 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 49 ( 9 ) 61 ( 16 ) 57 ( 14 ) 43 ( 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 9 ( − 13 ) ( − 16 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 2.79 ( 70.9 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 3.07 ( 78 ) 2.98 ( 75.7 ) 5.95 ( 151.1 ) 5.60 ( 142.2 ) 6.56 ( 166.6 ) 4.58 ( 116.3 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 2.37 ( 60.2 ) 2.95 ( 74.9 ) 47.96 ( 1,218.2 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.0 8.1 7.7 6.8 7.0 11.9 12.3 13.5 9.6 7.1 6.8 8.4 108.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.6 67.0 66.8 65.4 70.1 73.6 76.0 78.6 77.7 72.9 72.3 70.8 71.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 175.5 181.0 232.0 275.6 288.9 276.0 271.3 245.8 214.3 228.6 193.5 174.2 2,756.7 Percent possible sunshine 55 59 62 71 67 65 62 60 58 65 61 56 62 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) See also ( edit ) List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Georgia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Atlanta were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from October 1878 to August 1928 , and at Hartsfield -- Jackson Int'l since September 1928 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Savannah were kept at downtown from January 1871 to April 1945 , Hunter Field from May 1945 to September 1950 , and at Savannah / Hilton Head Int'l since October 1950 . For more information , see ThreadEx . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weatherplus.com . Archived January 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ city-data.com , Accessed December 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ USA Today ( August 2006 ) . `` Each state 's high temperature record '' . Gannett Co , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ USA Today ( August 2006 ) . `` Each state 's low temperature record '' . Gannett Co , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Weather Channel ( 2009 ) . `` Monthly Averages for Macon , GA '' . Weather Channel Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Weather Channel ( 2009 ) . `` Monthly Averages for Clayton , GA '' . Weather Channel Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( 2007 ) . `` Tropical Storm Alberto Rainfall Page '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ William H. Haggard ; Thaddeus H. Bilton ; Harold L. Crutcher ( 1973 ) . `` Maximum Rainfall from Tropical Cyclone Systems which Cross the Appalachians '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Meteorology. 12 : 50 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1973JApMe ... 12 ... 50H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0450 ( 1973 ) 012 < 0050 : MRFTCS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ John B. Jensen ; Carlos D. Camp ; Whit Gibbons ( 2008 ) . Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia . University of Georgia Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3111 - 9 . Jump up ^ Archived March 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heavy Snow , Accessed December 11 , 2007 Archived March 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Icing Conditions . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wind Chill & Extreme Cold . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Winter Weather Precipitation Types . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Climate , World66.com Accessed December 11 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : What 's Typical in North and Central Georgia ? Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 North Georgia Regional Development Center Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Atwell ( 2009 ) . `` Number of Tornadoes per County : 1950 -- 2008 '' . National Weather Service Forecast Office , Peachtree City , Georgia . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thomas Grazulis ( 1999 ) . `` Georgia Tornadoes '' . The Tornado Project . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Climate Archived November 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed December 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ ThreadEx Jump up ^ `` Station Name : GA ATLANTA HARTSFIELD INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climatological Normals of Atlanta / Hartsfield INTL AP , GA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` GA Savannah INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for SAVANNAH / MUNICIPAL , GA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Georgia Tornadoes Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=834066576 '' Categories : Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will it start getting hot in georgia	[]	[]
-2737747764294895233	Miranda v. Arizona	Miranda v. Arizona - wikipedia Miranda v. Arizona Jump to : navigation , search Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court of the United States Decided June 13 , 1966 Full case name Miranda v. State of Arizona ; Westover v. United States ; Vignera v. State of New York ; State of California v. Stewart Citations 384 U.S. 436 ( more ) 86 S. Ct. 1602 ; 16 L. Ed . 2d 694 ; 1966 U.S. LEXIS 2817 ; 10 A.L.R. 3d 974 Argument Oral argument Prior history Defendant . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) ; cert . granted , 382 U.S. 925 ( 1965 ) Subsequent history Retrial on remand , defendant convicted , Ariz . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 450 P. 2d 364 ( Ariz . 1969 ) ; rehearing denied , Ariz . Supreme Ct . March 11 , 1969 ; cert . denied , 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) Holding The Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney . Supreme Court of Arizona reversed and remanded . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by Black , Douglas , Brennan , Fortas Concur / dissent Clark Dissent Harlan , joined by Stewart , White Dissent White , joined by Harlan , Stewart Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . V , XIV Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court . In a 5 -- 4 majority , the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self - incrimination before police questioning , and that the defendant not only understood these rights , but voluntarily waived them . This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States , by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights . The Supreme Court decided Miranda with three other consolidated cases : Westover v. United States , Vignera v. New York , and California v. Stewart . The Miranda warning ( often shortened to `` Miranda '' , or `` Mirandizing '' a suspect ) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by law enforcement in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody ( or in a custodial situation ) before they are interrogated , in accordance with the Miranda ruling . Its purpose is to ensure the accused are aware of , and reminded of , these rights before questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response . Per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Berghuis v. Thompkins ( June 1 , 2010 ) , criminal suspects who are aware of their right to silence and to an attorney , but choose not to `` unambiguously '' invoke them , may find any subsequent voluntary statements treated as an implied waiver of their rights , and used as or as part of evidence . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Legal aid movement 1.2 Arrest and conviction 2 Opinion of the Supreme Court 2.1 Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part 2.2 Harlan 's dissent 2.3 White 's dissent 3 Subsequent developments 3.1 Retrial 3.2 Reaction 3.3 Miranda warning 3.4 Legal developments 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) Legal aid movement ( edit ) During the 1960s , a movement which provided defendants with legal aid emerged from the collective efforts of various bar associations . In the civil realm , it led to the creation of the Legal Services Corporation under the Great Society program of President Lyndon Baines Johnson . Escobedo v. Illinois , a case which closely foreshadowed Miranda , provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation . This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices , which were considered by many to be barbaric and unjust . Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the `` third degree '' . Arrest and conviction ( edit ) On March 13 , 1963 , Ernesto Miranda was arrested , by the Phoenix Police Department , based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an eighteen - year - old woman ten days earlier . After two hours of interrogation by police officers , Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement : `` I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will , with no threats , coercion , or promises of immunity , and with full knowledge of my legal rights , understanding any statement I make may be used against me . '' However , at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel . Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession he had already given orally , he was not advised of his right to remain silent , nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him . At trial , when prosecutors offered Miranda 's written confession as evidence , his court - appointed lawyer , Alvin Moore , objected that because of these facts , the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded . Moore 's objection was overruled and based on this confession and other evidence , Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping . He was sentenced to 20 -- 30 years of imprisonment on each charge , with sentences to run concurrently . Moore filed Miranda 's appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court , claiming that Miranda 's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings . The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court 's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) . In affirmation , the Arizona Supreme emphasized heavily the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney . Attorney John Paul Frank , former law clerk to Justice Hugo Black , represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court . Opinion of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Chief Justice Earl Warren , a former prosecutor , delivered the opinion of the Court , ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police ( Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments ) , no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self - incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them : The person in custody must , prior to interrogation , be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent , and that anything he says will be used against him in court ; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation , and that , if he is indigent , a lawyer will be appointed to represent him . Thus , Miranda 's conviction was overturned . The Court also made clear what had to happen if the suspect chose to exercise his or her rights : If the individual indicates in any manner , at any time prior to or during questioning , that he wishes to remain silent , the interrogation must cease ... If the individual states that he wants an attorney , the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present . At that time , the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning . Justice Brennan 's comments on the Miranda decision . Warren pointed to the existing practice of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the rules of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , both of which required notifying a suspect of his right to remain silent ; the FBI warning included notice of the right to counsel . However , the dissenting justices accused the majority of overreacting to the problem of coercive interrogations , and anticipated a drastic effect . They believed that , once warned , suspects would always demand attorneys , and deny the police the ability to gain confessions . Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part ( edit ) In a separate concurrence in part , dissent in part , Justice Tom C. Clark argued that the Warren Court went `` too far too fast '' . Instead , Justice Clark would use the `` totality of the circumstances '' test enunciated by Justice Goldberg in Haynes v. Washington . Under this test , the court would : consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and , further , that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel . In the absence of warnings , the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances , including the failure to give the necessary warnings , the confession was clearly voluntary . Harlan 's dissent ( edit ) In dissent , Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote that `` nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy - handed and one - sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities '' . Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice Robert H. Jackson : `` This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law , and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added . '' White 's dissent ( edit ) Justice Byron White took issue with the court announcing a new constitutional right when it had no `` factual and textual bases '' in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion . He stated : `` The proposition that the privilege against self - incrimination forbids in - custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment . '' Nor did Justice White believe it had any basis in English common law . White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion : I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process . In some unknown number of cases , the Court 's rule will return a killer , a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him , to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him . As a consequence , there will not be a gain , but a loss , in human dignity . Subsequent developments ( edit ) Retrial ( edit ) Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out . This time the prosecution , instead of using the confession , introduced other evidence and called witnesses . One witness was Twila Hoffman , a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense ; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime . Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years . The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed , and the United States Supreme Court denied review . Miranda was paroled in 1972 . After his release , he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers ' `` Miranda cards '' which contained the text of the warning , for reading to arrestees . He was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31 , 1976 . A suspect was arrested , but he , unlike Miranda , exercised his right to remain silent . With no evidence against him , he was released . Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda 's -- an armed robber , a stick - up man , and a bank robber -- either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions . Reaction ( edit ) The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down , as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights , as outlined in the decision . Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police , and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime . Nixon , upon becoming President , promised to appoint judges who would be `` strict constructionists '' and who would exercise judicial restraint . Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision 's negative view of police officers . Miranda warning ( edit ) Main article : Miranda warning After the Miranda decision , the nation 's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling prior to custodial interrogation . Such information is called a Miranda warning . Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights , courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing , intelligent , and voluntary . Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms which a suspect must sign and date ( after hearing and reading the warnings again ) if an interrogation is to occur . Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports shows a sharp reduction in the clearance rate of violent and property crimes after Miranda . However , according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s , `` contrary to popular belief , Miranda had little , if any , effect on detectives ' ability to solve crimes . '' Legal developments ( edit ) The federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 purported to overrule Miranda for federal criminal cases and restore the `` totality of the circumstances '' test that had prevailed previous to Miranda . The validity of this provision of the law , which is still codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial . Miranda was undermined by several subsequent decisions which seemed to grant exceptions to the `` Miranda warnings '' , challenging its claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment . The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included : The Court found in Harris v. New York , 401 U.S. 222 ( 1971 ) , that a confession obtained in violation of the Miranda standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant 's testimony : that is , if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant 's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant 's credibility , the Miranda holding will not prohibit this . The Court found in Rhode Island v. Innis , 446 U.S. 291 ( 1980 ) , that a `` spontaneous '' statement made by a defendant while in custody , even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present , is admissible in evidence , as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response . The Court found in Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) , that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda , regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested . The Court found in New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 ( 1984 ) , that there is also a `` public safety '' exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning : for example , if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances which require protection of the public , the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses , though incriminating , will be admissible in evidence . In 2009 , the California Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Richard Allen Davis , finding that the public safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered . The Court found in Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157 ( 1986 ) , that the words `` knowing , intelligent , and voluntary '' mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver ; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been insane at the time . United States v. Garibay ( 1998 ) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda . Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding ; indeed , `` the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a `` clear error '' when the district court found that Garibay had `` knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights '' due to the defendant 's low I.Q. and poor English language skills . The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for : he never signed a waiver , he only received his warnings verbally and in English , and no interpreter was provided although they were available . With an opinion that stressed `` the requirement that a defendant ' knowingly and intelligently ' waive his Miranda rights '' , the Court reversed Garibay 's conviction and remanded his case . Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) , where the validity of Congress 's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested . At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution , or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy . In Dickerson , the Court , speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist , upheld Miranda 7 -- 2 and stated that `` the warnings have become part of our national culture '' . In dissent , Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required . He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then - current court , counting himself , and Justices Kennedy , O'Connor , and Thomas , as well as the Chief Justice ( who had just delivered a contrary opinion ) , `` ( were ) on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution '' . Over time , interrogators began to think of techniques to honor the `` letter '' but not the `` spirit '' of Miranda . In the case of Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices . Missouri police were deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions , then giving the warnings , getting waivers , and getting confessions again . Justice Souter wrote for the plurality : `` Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda can not accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson held Congress could not do by statute . '' Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) is a ruling where the Supreme Court held that a suspect 's `` ambiguous or equivocal '' statement or no statements do not mean that police must end an interrogation . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . In The Right to Remain Silent , Charles Weisselberg wrote that `` the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona 's prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects '' and that But in Thompkins , neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning . Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators . In finding a waiver on these facts , Thompkins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids . See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure Berghuis v. Thompkins Berkemer v. McCarty Escobedo v. Illinois Stansbury v. California List of criminal competencies List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 384 Miranda warning Schmerber v. California R. v. Hebert R. v. Brydges References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charles Weisselberg and Stephanos Bibas , The Right to Remain Silent , 159 U. Pa . L. Rev. PENNumbra 69 ( 2010 ) , Available at : http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2181 ( Retrieved May 2 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Miranda also matched the description given by a robbery victim of the perpetrator in a robbery several months earlier . He was simultaneously interrogated about both of these crimes , confessed to both , but was not asked to and did not write down his confession to the robbery . He was separately tried and convicted of the robbery and sentenced to 20 to 25 years of imprisonment . This crime , trial , and sentence is separate from the rape - kidnapping case appealed to the Supreme Court . Jump up ^ Michael S. Lief and H. Mitchell Caldwell `` ' You Have the Right to Remain Silent , ' '' American Heritage , August / September 2006 . Jump up ^ Miranda 's oral confession in the robbery case was also appealed and the Arizona Supreme Court likewise affirmed the trial decision to admit it in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 716 . This case was not part of the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` John P. Frank , 84 ; Attorney Won Key Decision in 1966 Miranda Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States . 2 / 2 / 1790 - ( 1966 - 06 - 13 ) . Opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Case of Miranda v. Arizona . File Unit : Appellate Jurisdiction Case File Miranda v. Arizona , 1965 - 1966 . Jump up ^ Syllabus to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona , holding 1. ( d ) . Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 176 , 450 P. 2d 364 , 366 ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lief , Michael S. ; H. Mitchell Caldwell ( Aug -- Sep 2006 ) . `` You Have The Right To Remain Silent '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 450 P. 2d 364 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Slain ; Main Figure in Landmark Suspects ' Rights Case '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1976 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Montaldo , Miranda Rights and Warning : Landmark Case Evolved from 1963 Ernesto Miranda Arrest , about.com ; accessed 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : Catching Up with Miranda '' . Time . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Your Miranda Rights '' . ExpertLaw. 2017 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Colorado v. Spring , 479 U.S. 564 , 856 - 57 ( 1987 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , H. Lynn ( 1966 ) . `` The Effects of Miranda on the Work of the Federal Bureau of Investigation '' . American Criminal Law Quarterly . 159 : 160 -- 161 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Waiver '' ( PDF ) . University Police Department . University of North Alabama . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Handcuffing the Cops : Miranda 's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement NCPA '' . 2015 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Cite Miranda And Go Free '' . Sarasota Journal . 31 May 1968 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ People vs. Davis , S056425 . Jump up ^ Einesman , Floralynn ( 1999 ) . `` Confessions and Culture : The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 90 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 48 ( p. 41 ) . JSTOR 1144162 . NCJ 182327 . ^ Jump up to : United States Court of Appeals , Ninth Circuit ( May 5 , 1998 ) , UNITED STATES of America , Plaintiff - Appellee , v. Jose Rosario GARIBAY , Jr. , Defendant - Appellant . No. 96 - 50606. , retrieved February 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Missouri v. Seibert , section VI '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Hosted by Duke University School of Law . Jump up ^ Berghuis v. Thompkins , 560 U.S. 370 ( 2010 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Liva ( 1983 ) . Miranda : Crime , law , and politics . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 0 - 689 - 11240 - 8 . Kassin , Saul M. ; Norwick , Rebecca J. ( 2004 ) . `` Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights : The Power of Innocence '' . Law and Human Behavior . 28 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 221 . doi : 10.1023 / B : LAHU. 0000022323.74584. f5 . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) ( 1969 ) . Origins of the Fifth Amendment ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 919580 - 2 . Soltero , Carlos R. ( 2006 ) . `` Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) and the rights of the criminally accused '' . Latinos and American Law : Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . pp. 61 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71411 - 4 . Stuart , Gary L. ( 2004 ) . Miranda : The Story of America 's Right to Remain Silent . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2313 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Miranda v. Arizona Text of Miranda v. Arizona , ( 1966 ) 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Miranda v. Arizona '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions An online publication titled `` Miranda v. Arizona : The Rights to Justice '' containing the most salient documents and other primary and secondary sources from the Law Library of Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&oldid=835403766 '' Categories : History of law enforcement in the United States Miranda warning case law History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) 1966 in United States case law 20th century American trials United States Supreme Court cases American Civil Liberties Union litigation 1966 in Arizona Legal history of Arizona United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 14 : 17 . 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544013399893430746	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . The series marks the second woman - led animated series by Disney . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , with the succeeding third - season episodes to begin airing on November 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras & Dave Stone March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham & Piero Piluso April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to the Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen & Carlos Ramos June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley & Ian Wasseluk September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman and Aaron Hammersley July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to find a solution . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's diary , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley and Jushtin Lee July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley and Aleth Romanillos July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino and Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse and Piero Piluso August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino and Aleth Romanillos September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot and Piero Piluso September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube gets angrier , insisting someone else is lying . When Star tells the cube that her preferences can change , the cube gets confused and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani and Natasha Kline September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante and Jushtin Lee October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , and Aaron Hammersley October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , and Brett Varon October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , and Jushtin Lee November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , and Cassie Zwart November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , and Giancarlo Volpe November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he has to follow Ludo now . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee and Sarah Oleksyk February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience think Star is a spoilsport and ignore her . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress and John Mathot February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only a few minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland and Riccardo Durante February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso and Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress and John Mathot February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen and Jushtin Lee February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it breaks . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel jealous and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie convinces him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song , Star agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot and Le Tang February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him but that she has to leave . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Butterfly take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members is corrupted with dark magic . Queen Butterfly and Star rest and think about what to do next : Queen wants them to stay and hide , but Star wants to fight . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish & Aaron Hammersley July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Queen Moon shares her story of when she was a teenager and her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) had died . She had to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' . She partly melts the ice encasing Eclipsa , to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells . She confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses the dark magic to sever his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is not the owner of the book anymore . Despite multiple attempts , he is unable to write into the book until he throws the book into the fire , at which it burns up ( and Glossaryck along with it ) . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee & Amelia Lorenz July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress & Sarah Oleksyk July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 With the sanctuary all sludged up , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewnian board games such as Puddle Defender , which Buff and Moon find have a biased perspective towards the monsters instead of the Mewnians . After a heated argument , Buff Frog sides with Moon and forbids Star from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole Katerina later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman & Brett Varon July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter so Marco has to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the skies while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand and there is a big blast . Star finds herself in a sea of dark magic inside Ludo 's body , and Ludo is taken over by Toffee again . Queen Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee resurrects , but tells them that Star is gone . But as he leaves , Star is able to find her magic and returns to Mewni in a new golden Mewberty form , defeating Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand . As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control , Ludo crushes Toffee , apparently killing him . Ludo asks Star to send him back to the void so he can find himself some more . While King River returns on some eagles , Queen Moon checks on Eclipsa who is still encased in crystal , however as Moon leaves , the crystal starts to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 43b 8b `` Trial by Square '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 44b 9b `` Starfari '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 45a 10a `` Lava Lake Beach '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 45b 10b `` Sweet Dreams '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 47a 12a `` Night Life '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first being Pepper Ann , which was created by Sue Rose ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( Daron Nefcy regarding The Battle for Mewni ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : January 18 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : April 6 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 15 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 22 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 27 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : August 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : August 17 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 14 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 21 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 11 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 18 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 25 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 1 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 8 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 15 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 12 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 19 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 26 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 3 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 10 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 7 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 14 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 21 , 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 6 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 8 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 9 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 13 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 14 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 15 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 16 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 20 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 21 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 27 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( @ DisneyXD ) ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Just like that , November got a little closer ! # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil # SVTFOE '' . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spiderman ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big Hero 6 ( 2017 ) Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=804958242 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 3 of star vs the forces of evil come out	[ "\n\n3\nTBA\nJuly 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)\nTBA\n" ]	[ "July 15, 2017" ]
-5970294045850703651	List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Michael Jordan won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three - point field goals because the three - point line was first implemented in the NBA during that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - point field goals in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . The most recent champion is Russell Westbrook , who averaged a career - high 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 Mikan , George George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 Yardley , George George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Bing , Dave Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 West , Jerry Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Archibald , Nate `` Tiny '' Nate `` Tiny '' Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 Gervin , George George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 English , Alex Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 King , Bernard Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 Robinson , David David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 5 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third closest scoring race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1954 - 55 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1955 - 56 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Pettit NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1956 - 57 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1957 - 58 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1958 - 59 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1959 - 60 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 - 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1985 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1990 - 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1991 - 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1993 - 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1994 - 9 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` durant '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . line feed character in title = at position 27 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=802117178 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 05 . 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2806840715830272745	RMS Titanic	RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 , after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , there were not enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard , due to outdated maritime safety regulations . Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- slightly more than half of the number on board , and one third of her total capacity . After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the ship 's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered -- with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after the Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene , where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . The wreck of Titanic was first discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and the vessel remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Since her discovery in 1985 , thousands of artefacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating 3.2. 4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3. 1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 9 Appendix 10 Titanic replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) . The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 . Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money ) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract '' and the usual five percent fee . Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic - class vessels . The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line ; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff 's design department ; Edward Wilding , Andrews ' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship 's design , stability and trim ; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard 's chief draughtsman and general manager . Carlisle 's responsibilities included the decorations , equipment and all general arrangements , including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design . On 29 July 1908 , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives . Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement '' two days later , authorising the start of construction . At this point the first ship -- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name , but was referred to simply as `` Number 400 '' , as it was Harland and Wolff 's four hundredth hull . Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401 . Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches ( 269.06 m ) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches ( 28.19 m ) . Her total height , measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge , was 104 feet ( 32 m ) . She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches ( 10.54 m ) , she displaced 52,310 tons . All three of the Olympic - class ships had ten decks ( excluding the top of the officers ' quarters ) , eight of which were for passenger use . From top to bottom , the decks were : The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed . It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic . The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end , in front of the captain 's and officers ' quarters . The bridge stood 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the deck , extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking . The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge . The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge , while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance . The wood - covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades : for officers , First Class passengers , engineers , and Second Class passengers respectively . Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area , where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled . A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet ( 166 m ) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins , the First Class lounge , smoke room , reading and writing rooms and Palm Court . B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight - bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull . More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms ( cabins ) featuring their own private promenades . On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers . Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff ; all were lost in the disaster . The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck . The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck , accommodating Number 1 hatch ( the main hatch through to the cargo holds ) , numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings . Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck , 106 feet ( 32 m ) long , used as a promenade by Third Class passengers . It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank . The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern . It included both well decks ; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade . Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck . In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library . D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms -- the First Class Reception Room , the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon . An open space was provided for Third Class passengers . First , Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck , with berths for firemen located in the bow . It was the highest level reached by the ship 's watertight bulkheads ( though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads ) . E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks , seamen , stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool . Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members . F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew . The Third Class dining saloon was located here , as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath . G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers , and had the lowest portholes , just above the waterline . The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked . Food was also stored here . The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop ( partial ) decks over the boiler , engine and turbine rooms . The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship , below the waterline . The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces , while the Tank Top -- the inner bottom of the ship 's hull -- provided the platform on which the ship 's boilers , engines , turbines and electrical generators were housed . This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms , areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing . They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs ; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck . Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines -- two reciprocating four - cylinder , triple - expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low - pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp and a further 16,000 hp was contributed by the turbine . The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner , the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success . It provided a good combination of performance and speed ; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic - class liner at the desired speeds , while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations , a problem that affected the all - turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine , fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased , while using the same amount of steam . The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet ( 19 m ) long and weighed 720 tons , with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons . They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers , 24 of which were double - ended and five single - ended , which contained a total of 159 furnaces . The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches ( 4.80 m ) in diameter and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long , each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water . They were heated by burning coal , 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers , with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3 . The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand , requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock . 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea . The work was relentless , dirty and dangerous , and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity . Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine , which was situated aft . From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused . The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers . There were three , one for each engine ; the outer ( or wing ) propellers were the largest , each carrying three blades of manganese - bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) . The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) in diameter , and could be stopped but not reversed . Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time . Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam - driven electric generators , used to provide electrical power to the ship , plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use . Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank . Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic - class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline . Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency . The ship 's exposed decking was made of pine and teak , while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation . Standing above the decks were four funnels , each painted buff with black tops , ( though only three were functional -- the last one was a dummy , installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation ) -- and two masts , each 155 feet ( 47 m ) high , which supported derricks for working cargo . Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large -- at 78 feet 8 inches ( 23.98 m ) high and 15 feet 3 inches ( 4.65 m ) long , weighing over 100 tons -- that it required steering engines to move it . Two steam - powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time , with the other one kept in reserve . They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs , to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction . As a last resort , the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship 's five anchors ( one port , one starboard , one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ) . Water , ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks , capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves . The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port , but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater , though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits . A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air , driven by electric fans , around the ship , and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters . Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station . Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment ( then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators . The service maintained a 24 - hour schedule , primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams , but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings . The radio room was located on the Boat Deck , in the officers ' quarters . A soundproofed `` Silent Room '' , next to the operating room , housed loud equipment , including the transmitter and a motor - generator used for producing alternating currents . The operators ' living quarters were adjacent to the working office . The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art ' 5 kilowatt rotary spark - gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY , and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap , which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals . The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world , and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles ( 563 km ) . An elevated T - antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving . The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz ( 600 m wavelength ) , however the equipment could also operate on the `` short '' wavelength of 1000 kHz ( 300 m wavelength ) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas . Passenger facilities This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury . According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans , the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers , 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class , for a total passenger capacity of 2,453 . In addition , her capacity for crew members exceeded 900 , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547 . Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners , which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high - class hotels -- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point -- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles , ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship . The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship ; as one passenger recalled , on entering the ship 's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship , and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore '' . Among the more novel features available to first - class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool , a gymnasium , a squash court , and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room , cool room , massage room , and hot room . First - class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated . They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room , a men 's Smoking Room , and a Reading and Writing Room . There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture , was run as an annex to the restaurant . For an extra cost , first - class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings . There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served , that offered grand views of the ocean . At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide , the Dining Saloon on D - Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time . Third Class ( commonly referred to as Steerage ) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class , but even so were better than on many other ships of the time . They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans - Atlantic immigrant and lower - class travel . On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time , Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels , in which hundreds of people were confined , often without adequate food or toilet facilities . The White Star Line had long since broken that mould . As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections , always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another . The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas , while single women , married couples and families were quartered aft . In addition , while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements , White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private , small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two , four , six , eight and 10 passengers . Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms , as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space , which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern , the forward and aft well decks , and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall . This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing . Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations , they were still far above average for the period . Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time . As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library , smoking rooms , and gymnasium , it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck , promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches . A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board , and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage . One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase , known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway . Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve , the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship , between the Boat Deck to E deck , before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck . It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell . Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures . At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock , with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time '' flanking the clock face . The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks . During the filming of James Cameron 's Titanic in 1997 , his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set . It has been suggested that during the real event , the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome . The gymnasium on the Boat Deck , which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase , which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on the Titanic Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner , she also carried a substantial amount of cargo . Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail ( and also for the United States Post Office Department ) . For the storage of letters , parcels and specie ( bullion , coins and other valuables ) , 26,800 cubic feet ( 760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated . The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks ; three Americans and two Britons , who worked 13 hours a day , seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily . The ship 's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage ; another 19,455 cubic feet ( 550.9 m ) was taken up by first - and second - class baggage . In addition , there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo , ranging from furniture to foodstuffs and even motor cars . Despite later myths , the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane ; there was no gold , exotic minerals or diamonds , and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck , a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 ( £ 36,200 today ) . According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist , following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry , the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry - Joseph Blondel . The painting 's owner , first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ( $2.4 million equivalent in 2014 ) in compensation for the loss of the artwork . Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes , four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold . It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton , simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light . Lifeboats Main article : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats : 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible '' ( wooden bottom , collapsible canvas sides ) lifeboats ( identified as A to D ) with a capacity of 47 people each . In addition , she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each . Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A -- D during the 1911 -- 12 season . All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and , except for collapsible lifeboats A and B , connected to davits by ropes . Those on the starboard side were odd - numbered 1 -- 15 from bow to stern , while those on the port side were even - numbered 2 -- 16 from bow to stern . Both cutters were kept swung out , hanging from the davits , ready for immediate use , while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck ( connected to davits ) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively . A and B were stored on the roof of the officers ' quarters , on either side of number 1 funnel . There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand . Each boat carried ( among other things ) food , water , blankets , and a spare life belt . Lifeline ropes on the boats ' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary . Titanic had 16 sets of davits , each able to handle four lifeboats . This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people -- considerably more than her actual capacity . However , the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried , which could accommodate 1,178 people , only one - third of Titanic 's total capacity . At the time , the Board of Trade 's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants . Therefore , the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required . At the time , lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship -- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore . Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic 's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . Building and preparing the ship Construction , launch and fitting - out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage ( 1911 -- 1912 ) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff ; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size . The ships were constructed on Queen 's Island , now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones , the largest ever constructed up to that time , to accommodate both ships . Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London 's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet ( 69 m ) high , was 270 feet ( 82 m ) wide and 840 feet ( 260 m ) long , and weighed more than 6,000 tons . It accommodated a number of mobile cranes . A separate floating crane , capable of lifting 200 tons , was brought in from Germany . The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel , with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909 . Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process . They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs . At the base of the ships , a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) deep supported 300 frames , each between 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet ( 20 m ) long . They terminated at the bridge deck ( B Deck ) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships . The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons . Their thickness varied from 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) to 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) . The plates were laid in a clinkered ( overlapping ) fashion from the keel to the bilge . Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out '' fashion , where strake plating was applied in bands ( the `` in strakes '' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes '' , overlapping on the edges . Commercial oxy - fuel and electric arc welding methods , ubiquitous in fabrication today , were still in their infancy ; like most other iron and steel structures of the era , the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons . They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand . In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold , and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking . It is believed that , by the standards of the time , the steel plate 's quality was good , not faulty , but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades , owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets , considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength . One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship 's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor . The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons . Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton , near Dudley , United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away . From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast . The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous . For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time , safety precautions were rudimentary at best ; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery . As a result , deaths and injuries were to be expected . During Titanic 's construction , 246 injuries were recorded , 28 of them `` severe '' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel . Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out , and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds . Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him . Titanic was launched at 12 : 15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie , J. Pierpoint Morgan , J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship 's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line 's traditional policy , the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne . The ship was towed to a fitting - out berth where , over the course of the next year , her engines , funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out . Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class 's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships . The most noticeable of these was that Titanic ( and the third vessel in class , Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade . This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay , and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers . These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister , and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat . The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911 . Had Titanic been finished earlier , she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg . Construction in gantry , 1909 -- 11 Launch , 1911 ( unfinished superstructure ) Fitting - out , 1911 -- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday , 2 April 1912 , just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage . The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather , but by Monday morning it was clear and fair . Aboard were 78 stokers , greasers and firemen , and 41 members of crew . No domestic staff appear to have been aboard . Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials , Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM . Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend . Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators , and performed fine - tuning of the Marconi equipment . Francis Carruthers , a surveyor from the Board of Trade , was also present to see that everything worked , and that the ship was fit to carry passengers . The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics , carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea . Over the course of about 12 hours , Titanic was driven at different speeds , the turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop '' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern , bringing her to a stop in 850 yd ( 777 m ) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds . The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles ( 92 mi ; 150 km ) , averaging 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m. , the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew '' , valid for 12 months , which declared the ship seaworthy . An hour later , Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton , a voyage of about 570 nautical miles ( 660 mi ; 1,060 km ) . After a journey lasting about 28 hours and arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port 's Berth 44 , ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew . Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port . The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool , and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star , such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown , Ireland . Since the company 's founding in 1871 , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool . However , in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England 's south coast , which became known as White Star 's `` Express Service '' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool , the first being its proximity to London . In addition , Southampton , being on the south coast , allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France , usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown . The Southampton - Cherbourg - New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool , ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s . Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969 . Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans - Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs , returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound . Indeed , her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists . When the route was established , four ships were assigned to the service . In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route . When the Olympic entered service in June 1911 , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line 's Canadian service . The following August , Adriatic was transferred to White Star 's main Liverpool - New York service , and in November , Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months , and was mothballed as a reserve ship . White Star 's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them . Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York , usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York , thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction . Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively . The deep - water dock at Southampton , then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic - class liners , and had opened in 1911 . Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks , prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article : Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage . Like other vessels of her time , she did not have a permanent crew , and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton . The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast , where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April . Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains , was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer , William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively . The original Second Officer , David Blair , was dropped altogether . The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer . Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments : Deck , with 66 crew ; Engine , with 325 ; and Victualling ( pronounced vi - tal - ling ) , with 494 . The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines , or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . Of these , over 97 % were male ; just 23 of the crew were female , mainly stewardesses . The rest represented a great variety of professions -- bakers , chefs , butchers , fishmongers , dishwashers , stewards , gymnasium instructors , laundrymen , waiters , bed - makers , cleaners , and even a printer , who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship 's wireless operators . Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April ; in all , 699 of the crew came from there , and 40 % were natives of the town . A few specialist staff were self - employed or were subcontractors . These included the five postal clerks , who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department , the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien , the radio operators ( who were employed by Marconi ) and the eight musicians , who were employed by an agency and travelled as second - class passengers . Crew pay varied greatly , from Captain Smith 's £ 105 a month ( equivalent to £ 9,400 today ) to the £ 3 10 s ( £ 310 today ) that stewardesses earned . The lower - paid victualling staff could , however , supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers . Passengers Main article : Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909 . He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . Usually , a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage . However , a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912 , causing many crossings to be cancelled . Many would - be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over . The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed ; however , that was too late to have much of an effect . Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton , such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York , which had been stored at the White Star Dock . Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class . Among them were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet , Macy 's owner Isidor Straus and his wife Ida , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife , couturière Lucy ( Lady Duff - Gordon ) , Lieut . Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener with his wife Eleanor and son Harry , Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes , Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. and Mrs. Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent , brewery heir Harry Molson , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith , journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialtie Edith Corse Evans , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré , author Jacques Futrelle with his wife May , silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline , Alfons Simonius - Blumer , Swiss Army Colonel and Banker , President of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross , Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II , Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband , senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia , great - great - grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears , with wife , John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife , Nelle , Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife , Elizabeth , among others . Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line 's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship . The exact number of people aboard is not known , as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship ; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons , and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey . Fares varied depending on class and season . Third Class fares from London , Southampton , or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s ( equivalent to £ 600 today ) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 ( £ 2,100 today ) . The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season ( £ 78,000 today ) . Collecting passengers On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began . Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9 : 30 a.m. , when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside , alongside Titanic 's berth . In all , 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton , 179 First Class , 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class . The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board , with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure . Stewards showed them to their cabins , and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding . Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid , as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic . 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton . Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began on time , at noon . An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and what would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton , White Star 's Oceanic . Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough . New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped , swinging her around stern - first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat , Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow , and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern '' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour , while the drifting New York was brought under control . After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic headed out into the English Channel . She headed for the French port of Cherbourg , a journey of 77 nautical miles ( 89 mi ; 143 km ) . The weather was windy , very fine but cold and overcast . Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship . The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg , the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic - class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat . ) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton , she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard , 142 First Class , 30 Second Class , and 102 Third Class . Twenty - four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore . The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy . At 11 : 30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April , Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland . It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day , with a brisk wind . Again , the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic 's size , and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard . In all , 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown , 3 First Class , 7 Second Class and 113 Third Class . In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg , another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown . Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee , who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last - ever known photograph of the ship . A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member , stoker John Coffey , a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore . Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1 : 30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic . Titanic ( right ) after the near - collision with City of New York ( left , together with Oceanic at the far left ) Titanic in Cork harbour , 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage , with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 54 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day , Titanic covered 484 nautical miles ( 557 mi ; 896 km ) ; the following day , 519 nautical miles ( 597 mi ; 961 km ) ; and by noon on the final day of her voyage , 546 nautical miles ( 628 mi ; 1,011 km ) . From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles ( 297 mi ; 478 km ) , averaging about 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind . Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April , but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . These died down as the day progressed until , by the evening of Sunday 14 April , it became clear , calm and very cold . The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident . A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but passengers were unaware of this situation . Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal . The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses , by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace . Fortunately , the fire was over on 14 April . Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line 's Mesaba . Nevertheless , the ship continued to steam at full speed , which was standard practice at the time . Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record , timekeeping was a priority , and under prevailing maritime practices , ships were often operated at close to full speed , with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge . It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels . Close calls with ice were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage , and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' Sinking Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) on 14 April , lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge . First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped , but it was too late ; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg , creating a series of holes below the waterline . The hull was not punctured by the iceberg , but rather dented such that the hull 's seams buckled and separated , allowing water to seep in . Five of the ship 's watertight compartments were breached . It soon became clear that the ship was doomed , as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded . Titanic began sinking bow - first , with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper . Those aboard Titanic were ill - prepared for such an emergency . In accordance with accepted practices of the time , where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels , Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board ; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew , only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats . The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation . The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half - full . Third - class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves , causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water . The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats , and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard . At 2 : 20 a.m. , two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg , her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater , and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates . As her unsupported stern rose out of the water , exposing the propellers , the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels , due to the immense forces on the keel . With the bow underwater , and air trapped in the stern , the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer , rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it , before sinking . For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece ; however , when the wreck was located many years later , it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two . All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) . Almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water , within 15 -- 30 minutes . Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats , though these had room for almost 500 more people . Distress signals were sent by wireless , rockets , and lamp , but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank . A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance , estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene . Meanwhile , the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision , saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist . Around 4 a.m. , RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls . About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York , Titanic 's original destination , while at least 1,500 people lost their lives . Carpathia 's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs . This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking , according to J. Thayer , sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912 . `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster . RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster . Her journey was slowed by pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas . She was , however , able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened . The initial reports were confused , leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day , confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died . The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line 's offices in London , New York , Montreal , Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast . It hit hardest in Southampton , whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking . Four out of every five crew members came from this town . Carpathia docked at 9 : 30 p.m. on 18 April at New York 's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain . Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women 's Relief Committee , the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations . Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives ' homes . Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home , and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins . Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria - Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month 's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions , and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 ( £ 80,000 today ) , divided among the crew members . The ship 's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest , with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors ' stories . Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour , and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked . Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards . It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released , adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic . Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York ( artist concept ) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies , 1912 Carpathia 's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown , 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912 , the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd 's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 ( £ 89,000,000 today ) per ship . The policy was to be `` free from all average '' under £ 150,000 , meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum . The premium , negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company ( now Willis Group ) , was 15 s ( 75 p ) per £ 100 , or £ 7,500 ( £ 670,000 today ) for the term of one year . Lloyd 's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days . Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families , many of whom lost their sole breadwinner , or , in the case of many Third Class survivors , everything they owned . On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ( $300,000 in 2014 ) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn '' and `` Nearer My God To Thee '' were part of the programme . In Britain , relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members , raising nearly £ 450,000 ( £ 40,000,000 today ) . One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s . Investigations into the disaster Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York , investigations were being planned to discover what had happened , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence . Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom , the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices , and scathing of the failures involved , and the latter broadly more technical and expert - oriented . The U.S. Senate 's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April , a day after Carpathia arrived in New York . The chairman , Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds . Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil , which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May . The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist , insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage '' . Smith , however , already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads , and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan , Titanic 's ultimate owner . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July . Being run by the Board of Trade , who had previously approved the ship , it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star 's conduct being found negligent . Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line 's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts . The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony , making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time . The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate , Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings , the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed , and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed . Neither inquiry 's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor . The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God . The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe , noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives , and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed ( twenty - two knots ) which was maintained '' following numerous ice warnings , noting that without hindsight , `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future '' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today . On 18 June 1912 , Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy . Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service . Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack - ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets . Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night , but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator , Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10 : 10 p.m. , Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south ; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves ( who had relieved Lord of duty at 11 : 10 p.m. ) that this was a passenger liner . At 11 : 50 p.m. , the officer had watched that ship 's lights flash out , as if she had shut down or turned sharply , and that the port light was now visible . Morse light signals to the ship , upon Lord 's order , were made between 11 : 30 p.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , but were not acknowledged . If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed , then he knew , or should have known , that Morse signals would not be visible . A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method . Had Lord done so , it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives . Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11 : 00 p.m. to spend the night ; however , Second Officer Herbert Stone , now on duty , notified Lord at 1 : 10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets . Lord wanted to know if they were company signals , that is , coloured flares used for identification . Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white . Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp , and went back to sleep . Three more rockets were observed at 1 : 50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water , as if she were listing . At 2 : 15 a.m. , Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen . Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them , and he was informed that they were all white . Californian eventually responded . At around 5 : 30 a.m. , Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night , and asked that he try to communicate with any ship . He got news of Titanic 's loss , Captain Lord was notified , and the ship set out to render assistance . She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors . The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue ; therefore , Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so . Survivors and victims Main article : List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors . These include confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3 % of first - class women were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The differences by gender were even bigger : nearly all female crew members , first and second class passengers were saved . Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class . In total , 50 % of the children survived , 20 % of the men and 75 % of the women . The last living survivor , Millvina Dean from England , who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board , died aged 97 on 31 May 2009 . A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911 . Age / gender Class / crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83 % 17 % Second Class 24 24 0 100 % 0 % Third Class 79 27 52 34 % 66 % Women First Class 144 140 97 % 3 % Second Class 93 80 13 86 % 14 % Third Class 165 76 89 46 % 54 % Crew 23 20 87 % 13 % Men First Class 175 57 118 33 % 67 % Second Class 168 14 154 8 % 92 % Third Class 462 75 387 16 % 84 % Crew 885 192 693 22 % 78 % Total 2224 710 1514 32 % 68 % Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims , Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known , White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies . Three other Canadian ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered , 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships . The first ship to reach the site of the sinking , the CS Mackay - Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers , justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea . Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing , and stated that as a mariner , he himself would be contented to be buried at sea . Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . The Halifax coroner , John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies . A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . The majority of recovered victims , 150 bodies , were buried in three Halifax cemeteries , the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries . In mid-May 1912 , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A , but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady , Body No. 330 , found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June . Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered , one in five of the over 1500 victims . Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover . By June one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink . Wreck Main article : Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and , over the years , many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck . None came to fruition . The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) below the surface , in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch ( 450 bar ) . A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco - American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded . The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart , probably near or at the surface , before sinking to the seabed . The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile ( 0.6 km ) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland . They are located 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking , and approximately 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Halifax and 1,250 miles ( 2,012 km ) from New York . Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed , causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely . The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors . In contrast , the stern is completely wrecked ; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor . The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking . Thus weakened , the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed . The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles ( 8.0 km × 4.8 km ) . It contains hundreds of thousands of items , such as pieces of the ship , furniture , dinnerware and personal items , which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor . The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims . Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria , leaving pairs of shoes and boots -- which have proved to be inedible -- as the only sign that bodies once lay there . Since its initial discovery , the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers , scientists , filmmakers , tourists and salvagers , who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display . The ship 's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years , particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron - eating bacteria on the hull . It has been estimated that within the next 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic will eventually collapse entirely , leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor . Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc. , which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster . On 16 April 2012 , the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking , photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor . The photos , taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004 , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence '' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest , and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them . The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging , commercial exploitation , sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts . Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area , the convention provides a state co-operation system , by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites , like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions . Legacy Safety Main article : Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster , recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard , mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented , lifeboat inspections would be conducted , etc . Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914 . The convention has been updated by periodic amendments , with a completely new version adopted in 1974 . Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards . For example in Britain , new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances '' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914 . Further , the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act , along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day , along with a secondary power supply , so as not to miss distress calls . Also , the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations . In addition , it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help . Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only , thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships . Finally , the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic . Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance . In addition , information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area . Except for the years of the two World Wars , the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913 . During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area . In 1912 , the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look - out for icebergs . A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article : Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable . For more than 100 years , she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction . She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck . Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates , whiskey jiggers , and even black mourning teddy bears . Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published . The first film about the disaster , Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star -- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking . The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , which became the highest - grossing film in history up to that time , as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron . The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims , erected in several English - speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses . These included Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom ; New York and Washington , D.C. in the United States ; and Cobh ( formerly Queenstown ) in Ireland . A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic . In Northern Ireland , the ship is commemorated by the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction , opened on 31 March 2012 , that stands on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built . RMS Titanic Inc. , which is authorised to salvage the wreck site , has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22 - ton slab of the ship 's hull . It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world . In Nova Scotia , Halifax 's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster . They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship 's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair , as well as objects removed from the victims . In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays , radio programmes , parades , exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins . In a frequently commented - on literary coincidence , Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster . In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four - stacked liner , the largest in the world and considered unsinkable . But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats . Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic ( show ) Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red . Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . Names of decks are listed to the right ( starting at top on Boat deck , going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline ) . Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section . S : Sun deck . A : Upper promenade deck . B : Promenade deck , glass - enclosed . C : Saloon deck . E : Main deck . F : Middle deck . G : Lower deck : cargo , coal bunkers , boilers , engines . ( a ) Welin davits with lifeboats , ( b ) Bilge , ( c ) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic ( show ) 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered . 31 May 1911 : Ship launched . 1 April 1912 : Trials completed . 10 April , noon : Maiden voyage starts . Leaves Southampton dock , narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April , 19 : 00 : Stops at Cherbourg for passengers . 10 April , 21 : 00 : Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown . 11 April , 12 : 30 : Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail . 11 April , 14 : 00 : Leaves Queenstown for New York . 14 April , 23 : 40 : Collision with iceberg ( Latitude 41 ° 46 ′ N , Longitude 50 ° 14 ′ W ) . 15 April , 00 : 45 : First boat , No. 7 , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 05 : Last boat , Collapsible D , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 20 : Foundering . 15 April , 03 : 30 -- 08 : 50 : Rescue of survivors . 19 April -- 25 May : U.S. inquiry . 2 May -- 3 July : British inquiry . 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck . Titanic replicas See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic . A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006 , and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012 , known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co. , Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort . The vessel will house many features of the original , such as a ballroom , dining hall , theatre , first - class cabins , economy cabins and swimming pool . Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort . It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking , which has caused some criticism . The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic . The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen . Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked . See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic ( rather than it hitting an iceberg ) The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910 , before the ships were launched , when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship 's davits . Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster , having apparently been blamed by Pirrie , unfairly , for the ship 's loss . Jump up ^ It was kept off - limits to passengers ; the famous `` flying '' scene at the ship 's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life . Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy after Merry - Joseph Blondel of the neoclassical oil painting Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats : 1 -- 2 : 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep ; 326.6 cubic feet ( 9.25 m ) ; 3 -- 16 : 30 ' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4 ' deep ; 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and A -- D : 27'5 '' long by 8 ' wide by 3 ' deep ; 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894 , when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000 - ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships , such as the 46,000 - ton Titanic . Sir Alfred Chalmers , nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911 , had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time '' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly '' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats , but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency , he `` did not consider it necessary to increase ( the scale ) '' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage , but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards . Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship 's cat , Jenny , who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship 's maiden voyage ; all perished in the sinking . Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown '' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship . Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them , it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable . Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet , but both Edward Wilding 's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit . The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia ( loss of core temperature ) . Immersed into freezing seas , around 20 % of victims die within two minutes from cold shock ( uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation , massive increase in blood pressure , cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest , and panic ) , another 50 % die within 15 -- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation ( inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping , as the body ' protectively ' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core ) , and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper , The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish . Night and day that crowd of pale , anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come . Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative . '' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through , delayed by poor communications . Jump up ^ On 23 April , the Daily Mail reported : `` Late in the afternoon hope died out . The waiting crowds thinned , and silent men and women sought their homes . In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend . Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy , and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened , fatherless homes . '' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life , and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship '' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates '' and continues to do so . Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered , however , the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered . Jump up ^ Thomas Beattie , a first class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman . Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler 's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to : Ship 's time ; at the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men , while First Officer Murdoch , on the other side of the ship , permitted men and women to board the lifeboats . Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan , The ITU and the Internet 's Titanic Moment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outgoing Steamships -- Sail Saturday October 26 , 1912 : Majestic ( Southampton ) '' . The Sun . 24 October 1912 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Alexander Carlisle '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McCluskie 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. efn319 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 148 . 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Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Australian News Channel Pty . `` China to build full - size Titanic replica '' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan , Mu . `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation ' of iceberg collision in China '' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books : Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2004 ) . Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford , Pennsylvania : Infinity Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1949 - 1 . Beveridge , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One : Design & Construction . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4606 - 6 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 8821⁄2 Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 18730 - 5 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81110 - 4 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4465 - 2 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03697 - 8 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 2012 ) . Titanic Century : Media , Myth , and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39815 - 5 . Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Landau , Elaine ( 2001 ) . Heroine of the Titanic : The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93912 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 1997 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 27827 - 9 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Maniera , Leyla ( 2003 ) . Christie 's Century of Teddy Bears . London : Pavilion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 595 - 7 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . McCluskie , Tom ( 1998 ) . Anatomy of the Titanic . London : PRC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 482 - 4 . Merideth , Lee W. ( 2003 ) . 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale , CA : Rocklin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626237 - 9 - 0 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2001 ) . The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31215 - 1 . Reade , Leslie ( 1993 ) . The Ship That Stood Still : The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . The Complete Titanic : From the Ship 's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus , New Jersey : Birch Lane Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 483 - 8 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wels , Susan ( 1997 ) . Titanic : Legacy of the World 's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar , California : Tehabi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 5261 - 3 . Journals and news articles : Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins , Katherine ; Leighly , HP ; Jankovic , A ( 1998 ) , `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic : Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember ? '' , JOM , Minerals , Metals & Materials Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 , doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 998 - 0062 - 7 Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations : `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later -- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage 1911 -- 1912 -- British Pathe References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Olympic - class ocean liners RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) Ocean liners with four funnels SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse ( 1897 ) SS Deutschland ( 1900 ) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm ( 1901 ) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II ( 1902 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1906 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1906 ) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie ( 1906 ) SS France ( 1910 ) RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) RMS Aquitania ( 1913 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) RMS Arundel Castle ( 1921 ) RMS Windsor Castle ( 1922 ) Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 ) MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 ) Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic ( 1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa ( 1628 ) Galera Victoria ( 1729 ) Georgiana ( 1863 ) Flach ( 1866 ) Grosser Kurfürst ( 1878 ) Posidonia ( 1940 ) Bismarck ( 1941 ) Dinsdale ( 1942 ) Shinano ( 1944 ) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon ( 1851 ) City of Philadelphia ( 1854 ) New Era ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Castilian ( 1899 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Georges Philippar ( 1932 ) Magdalena ( 1949 ) Hans Hedtoft ( 1959 ) Zenobia ( 1980 ) Cargo ships Batavia ( 1629 ) Vansittart ( 1719 ) Fortuyn ( 1723 ) Zeewijk ( 1727 ) Amsterdam ( 1749 ) Royal Captain ( 1773 ) Hartwell ( 1787 ) Carrier Pigeon ( 1852 ) Crescent City ( 1871 ) Catherine Griffiths ( 1875 ) Queensmore ( 1889 ) Irex ( 1890 ) Brecknockshire ( 1916 ) Dumaru ( 1918 ) Mecanicien Donzel ( 1918 ) Hastier ( 1919 ) Treveal ( 1920 ) Adolf Vinnen ( 1923 ) Île de Los ( 1935 ) Joseph Medill ( 1935 ) Mim ( 1939 ) Empire Thunder ( 1941 ) Michael E ( 1941 ) Alexander Macomb ( 1942 ) Derryheen ( 1942 ) Empire Clough ( 1942 ) Empire Drum ( 1942 ) Empire Dryden ( 1942 ) Empire Spenser ( 1942 ) Fort Good Hope ( 1942 ) Fort la Reine ( 1942 ) George Calvert ( 1942 ) George Thatcher ( 1942 ) Sam Houston ( 1942 ) San Victorio ( 1942 ) Stangarth ( 1942 ) Stephen Hopkins ( 1942 ) Bloody Marsh ( 1943 ) Empire Florizel ( 1943 ) Fort Cedar Lake ( 1943 ) Haakon Jarl ( 1943 ) John Morgan ( 1943 ) J. Pinckney Henderson ( 1943 ) Kherzon ( 1943 ) Matt W. Ransom ( 1943 ) Molly Pitcher ( 1943 ) Fort Crevier ( 1944 ) John A. Treutlen ( 1944 ) Union Star ( 1981 ) Ranga ( 1982 ) Reijin ( 1988 ) Racing yachts Mohawk ( 1876 ) 1 = Due to enemy action . 2 = Maiden revenue - earning voyage . 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 VIAF : 264840228 LCCN : n50082026 GND : 4121777 - 9 NLA : 52369553 IATH : w6zk9cf5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=805999140 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Olympic - class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Davvisámegiella Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 34 . 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About Wikipedia	where was the titanic going when it sunk	[ "\n\n\nRMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912\n\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nName:\nRMS Titanic\n\n\nOwner:\n White Star Line\n\n\nPort of registry:\n Liverpool, UK\n\n\nRoute:\nSouthampton to New York City\n\n\nOrdered:\n17 September 1908\n\n\nBuilder:\nHarland and Wolff, Belfast\n\n\nCost:\n$7.5 million ($300 million in 2017)\n\n\nYard number:\n401\n\n\nLaid down:\n31 March 1909\n\n\nLaunched:\n31 May 1911\n\n\nCompleted:\n2 April 1912\n\n\nMaiden voyage:\n10 April 1912\n\n\nIn service:\n10–15 April 1912\n\n\nIdentification:\nRadio call sign \"MGY\"\n\n\nFate:\nHit an iceberg 11:40 p.m. (ship's time) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later\n\n\nStatus:\nWreck\n\n\nGeneral characteristics\n\n\nClass and type:\nOlympic-class ocean liner\n\n\nTonnage:\n46,328 GRT\n\n\nDisplacement:\n52,310 tons\n\n\nLength:\n882 ft 9 in (269.1 m)\n\n\nBeam:\n92 ft 6 in (28.2 m)\n\n\nHeight:\n175 ft (53.3 m) (keel to top of funnels)\n\n\nDraught:\n34 ft 7 in (10.5 m)\n\n\nDepth:\n64 ft 6 in (19.7 m)\n\n\nDecks:\n9 (A–G)\n\n\nInstalled power:\n24 double-ended and five single-ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers, and a low-pressure turbine for the centre propeller;[1] output: 46,000 HP\n\n\nPropulsion:\nTwo three-blade wing propellers and one four-blade centre propeller\n\n\nSpeed:\nCruising: 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph). Max: 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph)\n\n\nCapacity:\nPassengers: 2,435, crew: 892. Total: 3,327 (or 3,547 according to other sources)\n\n\nNotes:\nLifeboats: 20 (sufficient for 1,178 people)\n\n" ]	[ "New York City" ]
-1210363182365857292	It All Started with a Beer	It All Started with a Beer - Wikipedia It All Started with a Beer Jump to : navigation , search `` It All Started with a Beer '' Single by Frankie Ballard from the album El Rio Released November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 19 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Jaren Johnston Neil Mason Jeremy Stover Producer ( s ) Marshall Altman Frankie Ballard singles chronology `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Frankie Ballard . It was released in November 2015 as the first single from Ballard 's third studio album , El Rio . The song was written by Jaren Johnston , Neil Mason and Jeremy Stover . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year end charts 4 References Personnel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marshall Altman - background vocals Frankie Ballard - acoustic guitar , percussion , lead vocals Sean Hurley - bass guitar Ken Johnson - background vocals Tim Lauer - keyboards Rob McNelley - electric guitar Aaron Sterling - drums , percussion Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Marcel and premiered in March 2016 . Charts ( edit ) The song has sold 212,500 copies in the United States as of July 2016 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 50 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 57 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Frankie Ballard Announces ' El Rio ' Album Release On June 10 '' . MusicRow . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It All Started With a Beer -- Frankie Ballard '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Frankie Ballard : It All Started With a Beer '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Soundscan Chart '' . Nielsen . July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( hide ) Frankie Ballard Studio albums Frankie Ballard ( 2011 ) Sunshine & Whiskey ( 2014 ) El Rio ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Tell Me You Get Lonely '' `` A Buncha Girls '' `` Helluva Life '' `` Sunshine & Whiskey '' `` Young & Crazy '' `` It All Started with a Beer '' `` You 'll Accomp'ny Me '' This 2010s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_All_Started_with_a_Beer&oldid=799761501 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Frankie Ballard songs Warner Bros. Nashville singles Songs written by Jaren Johnston Songs written by Jeremy Stover Songs about alcohol Song recordings produced by Marshall Altman Music videos directed by Marcel ( singer ) 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who sings it all started with a beer	[ "\"It All Started with a Beer\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Frankie Ballard. It was released in November 2015 as the first single from Ballard's third studio album, El Rio.[1] The song was written by Jaren Johnston, Neil Mason and Jeremy Stover.[2]" ]	[ "Frankie Ballard" ]
-2942533546087706309	List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka	List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sri Lanka Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1931 1947 Law of Sri Lanka Human rights Law enforcement Government ( show ) Executive President ( List ) : Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister ( List ) : Ranil Wickremesinghe Cabinet : 15th cabinet Ministries Legislature Parliament Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Constitutional Council Supreme Court Chief Justice : Priyasath Dep Court of Appeal High Courts District Courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Last election Next election Administrative geography ( show ) Provinces Districts Municipalities Wards Grama Niladhari divisions Foreign policy ( show ) Foreign relations Related issues ( show ) Civil War Sri Lanka Portal Other countries Atlas There have been fourteen Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka since the creation of the position in 1947 , prior to the formation of the Dominion of Ceylon . The Prime Minister of Ceylon was the head of the government until 1978 . In 1972 , the country was named as the Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka and the position was known as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from then onwards . The Prime Minister also held the unified Ministry of External Affairs and Defence until 1977 , when J.R. Jayewardene 's government adapted two separate ministries , forming the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 1978 , Prime Minister J.R. Jayewardene introduced new constitutional changes . The position of the Executive President was introduced , resulting in the powers of the Prime Minister being reduced . The President became the head of state and head of government , and the Prime Minister became a nominal position . Under the current constitution of Sri Lanka , the Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet business and also functions as a deputy to the President . In the event a president dies in office , the Prime Minister becomes the acting president until the Parliament convens to elect a successor or new elections can be held to elect a new president . This was the case in 1993 , when President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated and Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunge took office as President . On 28 April 2015 , the Parliament approved the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives the power of the Government to the Prime Minister , while the President remains the head of state , head of the cabinet , and Commander - in - chief . Of the fourteen prime ministers who have held office since the introduction of the position in 1947 , three have held office thrice , and one has held office twice . Five prime ministers have gone on to become president of the country . The current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is Ranil Wickremesinghe , since 9 January 2015 . Ranil Wickramasinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country 's history , on four separate occasions ( May 1993 , December 2001 , January 2015 and August 2015 ) , whilst Dudley Shelton Senanayaka and Sirimavo Bandaranayake were appointed three times . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Prime Ministers 2 Living former Prime Ministers 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References List of Prime Ministers ( edit ) Parties United National Party Sri Lanka Freedom Party No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Constituency / Title Term of office -- Electoral mandates Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister Political party of PM ( Alliance ) Government Refs Governor - General / President ( 1 . Term of Office ) ( 2 . Political Party ) DS Senanayake දොන් ස්ටීවන් සේනානායක டான் ஸ்டீபன் சேனாநாயக்க ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Mirigama 24 September 1947 22 March 1952 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party D.S. Senanayake 3rd Henry Monck - Mason Moore 4 February 1948 -- 29 June 1949 , as Governor - General representing George VI Independent 1947 Herwald Ramsbotham , 1st Viscount Soulbury 6 July 1949 -- 17 July 1954 , as Governor - General representing George VI & Elizabeth II Conservative Party ( UK ) The first Prime Minister of Ceylon . The country gained independence from United Kingdom during his term of office . Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 26 March 1952 12 October 1953 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Minister of Agriculture & Lands & Minister of Health & Local Government United National Party Dudley Senanayake I 3rd 4th 1952 Appointed as Prime Minister following the death of his father , D.S. Senanayake . His party won at the general elections held in June 1952 , and he continued in the office without a re-appointment . Dudley Senanayake resigned in 1953 . Sir John Kotelawala ජෝන් කොතලාවල ஜோன் கொத்தலாவல CH , KBE , KStJ , CLI ( 1897 -- 1980 ) Dodangaslanda 12 October 1953 12 April 1956 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Minister of Transport & Works United National Party Kotelawala 4th -- Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke 17 July 1954 -- 2 March 1962 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II Independent Sri Lanka joined the United Nations under the leadership of Kotelawala . S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike සොලමන් බන්ඩාරනායක சாலமன் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1899 -- 1959 ) Attanagalla 12 April 1956 26 September 1959 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike 5th 1956 Bandaranaike changed the official language of the country from English to Sinhalese . He was assassinated before his term of office ended . 5 Wijeyananda Dahanayake විජයානන්ද දහනායක விஜயானந்த தகநாயக்கா ( 1902 -- 1997 ) Galle 26 September 1959 20 March 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Dahanayake 5th -- Dahanayake was appointed following the assassination of Bandaranaike . However , following disagreements with the members of his government and party , he was forced to dissolve the parliament . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 21 March 1960 21 July 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake II 6th March 1960 Senanayake 's government was defeated after one month . Senanayake continued to serve as Prime Minister until 21 July 1960 . 6 Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 21 July 1960 25 March 1965 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike I 7th July 1960 William Gopallawa 2 March 1962 -- 4 February 1978 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II until 22 May 1972 Independent Sirimavo Bandaranaike was the world 's first female prime minister . She was not a member of Parliament at the time of appointment , and was appointed to the Senate on 2 August 1960 . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 25 March 1965 29 May 1970 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake III 8th 1965 Senanayake was elected Prime Minister for the third time , when his party formed a government with the help of six other parties , after an election which did not give a clear majority to any party . The agriculture sector was given high priority during his term of office . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) Attanagalla 29 May 1970 22 May 1972 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Planning & Employment Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike II 9th 22 May 1972 23 July 1977 10th 1970 Sirimavo Bandaranaike declared the country a republic , and its name was changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka . Nationalized many companies in the plantation sector and imposed restrictions on several imports . This led to the downfall of the country 's economy , and she was defeated in the general elections of 1977 , with allegations of corruption which later led to her expulsion from Parliament . 7 Junius Richard Jayewardene ජුනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධන ஜூனியஸ் ரிச்சட் ஜயவர்தனா ( 1906 -- 1996 ) Colombo West 23 July 1977 4 February 1978 Minister of Defence Minister of Planning & Economic Affairs & Minister of Plan Implementation United National Party Jayewardene 11th 1977 Introduced the Executive Presidency in 1978 , and assumed the position of President of Sri Lanka . 8 Ranasinghe Premadasa රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස ரணசிங்க பிரேமதாசா ( 1924 -- 1993 ) Colombo Central 6 February 1978 2 January 1989 Minister of Local Government , Housing & Construction United National Party Jayewardene 11th 12th J.R. Jayewardene 4 February 1978 -- 2 January 1989 United National Party -- Was the first Prime Minister to be appointed after the constitutional changes of 1978 , with powers of the position reduced significantly . 9 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga ඩිංගිරි බණ්ඩා විජේතුංග டிங்கிரி பண்ட விஜேதுங்க ( 1916 -- 2008 ) Kandy 6 March 1989 7 May 1993 Minister of Finance & Minister of Labour & Vocational Training United National Party Premadasa 13th Ranasinghe Premadasa ) 2 January 1989 -- 1 May 1993 United National Party 1989 Was appointed in a surprise move by the then President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . Wijetunge himself reacted in surprise at the appointment . He resigned from the post on 28 March 1990 , but was reappointed two days later , on 30 March 1990 . 10 Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Gampaha 7 May 1993 19 August 1994 United National Party Wijetunga 13th Dingiri Banda Wijetunga 1 May 1993 -- 12 November 1994 United National Party -- Appointed as the Prime Minister when Wijetunge was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka , following the assassination of the former President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . 11 Chandrika Kumaratunga චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக்கே குமாரதுங்கா ( 1945 -- ) Gampaha 19 August 1994 12 November 1994 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Wijetunga 14th 1994 Served as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka for a short period , before contesting in the presidential elections in 1994 and being elected as president . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) National List 14 November 1994 9 August 2000 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th Chandrika Kumaratunga 12 November 1994 -- 19 November 2005 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Sirimavo Bandaranaike was appointed as the Prime Minister when Chandrika Kumaratunga was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka . She resigned in 2000 . 12 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) Kalutara 10 August 2000 7 December 2001 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th 15th 2000 Wickremanayake assumed the office of the Prime Minister following the resignation of Sirimavo Bandaranaike . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 December 2001 6 April United National Party Kumaratunga 16th 2001 Wickremesinghe 's term of office ended early when the then president Chandrika Kumaratunga dismissed his government and called for a general election in 2004 . 13 Mahinda Rajapaksa මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ மகிந்த ராசபக்ச ( 1945 -- ) Hambantota 6 April 19 November 2005 Ministry of Highways Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Kumaratunga 17th Appointed as Prime Minister of the Cabinet that was formed after the elections following the dismissal of Wickremesinghe 's government by President Chandrika Kumaratunga . He won the presidential elections in 2005 and assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . ( 12 ) Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) National List 19 November 2005 21 April Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 17th Mahinda Rajapaksa 19 November 2005 -- 9 January 2015 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Appointed as Prime Minister when Rajapaksa assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . 14 D.M. Jayaratne දිසානායක මුදියන්සේලාගේ ජයරත්න திசாநாயக்க முதியன்சேலாகே ஜயரத்ன ( 1931 - ) National List 21 April 9 January 2015 Minister of Buddhasasana & Religious Affairs Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 18th Appointed as Prime Minister after the parliamentary election held in April 2010 was won by the incumbent Freedom Party . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 January 2015 Incumbent Minister of National Policies and Economic Affairs United National Party Sirisena 18th Maithripala Sirisena 9 January 2015 -- Sri Lanka Freedom Party 2015 19th Appointed as Prime Minister by President Maithripala Sirisena after winning 2015 presidential election and was re-elected in the 2015 parliamentary election . Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) Prime Minister Term of office Date of birth Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga 1994 -- 1994 ( 1945 - 06 - 29 ) 29 June 1945 ( age 72 ) Mahinda Rajapaksa 2004 -- 2005 ( 1945 - 11 - 18 ) 18 November 1945 ( age 72 ) Disanayaka Mudiyanselage Jayaratne 2010 -- 2015 ( 1931 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1931 ( age 87 ) The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Ratnasiri Wickremanayake ( 2000 -- 2001 / 2005 - 2010 ) on 27 December 2016 , aged 83 . Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) The Parliament was known as the `` House of Representatives '' during the period of 1947 -- 1972 In 1972 , the country was named `` Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was named as the National State Assembly . Under the constitutional changes of 1978 , the country was renamed as the `` Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was referred to as `` Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' . References ( edit ) General `` Former Prime Ministers '' (. html ) . Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` Handbook of Parliament - Prime Ministers '' (. jsp ) . The Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` PMs of Sri Lanka '' (. htm ) . Prime Minister 's Office . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Specific Jump up ^ V. Jayanth ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Sri Lanka 's executive presidency '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Sambandan ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Ratnasiri Wickremanayake appointed Sri Lankan Premier '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : M.B. Dassanayake ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Dingiri Banda Wijetunga - the journey to greatness '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : 19A to the Constitution passed in parliament '' . Jump up ^ Wanniarachchi , Lakruwan . `` Sri Lanka 's new president gets down to mending ties '' . 10 January 2015 . Business Insider AFP . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Ministers '' . Parliament.lk . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senanayake , Don Stephen ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buddhika Kurukularatne ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Dudley -- the reluctant Prince '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ K.T. Rajasingham ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Sri Lanka : The Untold Story '' . Asia Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bandaranaike , Solomon West Ridgeway Dias '' . history.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Short Term '' . Time . 1959 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sirimavo Bandaranaike : First woman premier '' . BBC News . 2000 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Neville de Silva . `` A Prime Minister who knew his onions '' Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Lanka Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Former Sri Lanka president dies , leaves mixed legacy '' . CNN . 1996 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette ( 1988 - 12 - 21 ) . `` MAN IN THE NEWS : Ranasinghe Premadasa ; Sri Lankan At the Top '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Ranil Wickramasinghe '' . BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga ( 1994 -- 2005 ) '' Archived 3 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine ... The official website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Profile '' Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... The President 's Fund of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Don Stephen Senanayake Dudley Senanayake John Kotelawala S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Wijeyananda Dahanayake Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Junius Richard Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Ranil Wickremesinghe Chandrika Kumaratunga Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Ranil Wickremesinghe Mahinda Rajapaksa Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Disanayaka Jayaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe hide Parliament of Sri Lanka 15th Parliament Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members Current members By length of service Youngest members Longest - serving members ever Women and minority members Sri Lankan Tamil members Sri Lankan Moor members Other minority members Lady members Appointed members Leaders Prime Minister ( list ) Speaker of the Parliament ( list ) Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Deputy Chairman of Committees Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chief Government Whip Chief Opposition Whip Parliament Secretariat Secretariat leaders Secretaries - General ( list ) Deputy Secretary General ( list ) Assistant Secretary General ( list ) Departments Serjeant - at - Arms Administration Legislative Services Finance and Supplies Hansard Co-ordinating Engineer Catering and Housekeeping Information Systems and Management Powers , procedure and customs Powers Legislative Power of the Sri Lankan Parliament Committees Selection House Standing Orders Parliamentary Business Public Accounts Public Enterprises Privileges Public Petitions Items Mace Chair Bar History History of Parliament of Sri Lanka Building of Parliament Sri Lankan Parliament Building Miscellaneous Historic Sri Lankan legislature Parliaments Districts Website : Parliament of Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=841021796 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in Sri Lanka Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Lists of government ministers of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2014 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first sri lankan politician who held the office of the prime minister for four times	[ "Ranil Wickramasinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country's history, on four separate occasions (May 1993, December 2001, January 2015 and August 2015), [6] whilst Dudley Shelton Senanayaka and Sirimavo Bandaranayake were appointed three times." ]	[ "Ranil Wickramasinghe" ]
3769715857135075997	Metrology	Metrology - wikipedia Metrology This article is about the science of measurement . For the study of weather , see Meteorology . A scientist stands in front of the Microarcsecond Metrology ( MAM ) testbed . Metrology is the science of measurement . It establishes a common understanding of units , crucial in linking human activities . Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution 's political motivation to standardise units in France , when a length standard taken from a natural source was proposed . This led to the creation of the decimal - based metric system in 1795 , establishing a set of standards for other types of measurements . Several other countries adopted the metric system between 1795 and 1875 ; to ensure conformity between the countries , the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ( BIPM ) was established by the Metre Convention . This has evolved into the International System of Units ( SI ) as a result of a resolution at the 11th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) in 1960 . Metrology is divided into three basic overlapping activities . The first being the definition of units of measurement , second the realisation of these units of measurement in practice , and last traceability , which is linking measurements made in practice to the reference standards . These overlapping activities are used in varying degrees by the three basic sub-fields of Metrology . The sub-fields are scientific or fundamental metrology , which is concerned with the establishment of units of measurement , Applied , technical or industrial metrology , the application of measurement to manufacturing and other processes in society , and Legal metrology , which covers the regulation and statutory requirements for measuring instruments and the methods of measurement . In each country , a national measurement system ( NMS ) exists as a network of laboratories , calibration facilities and accreditation bodies which implement and maintain its metrology infrastructure . The NMS affects how measurements are made in a country and their recognition by the international community , which has a wide - ranging impact in its society ( including economics , energy , environment , health , manufacturing , industry and consumer confidence ) . The effects of metrology on trade and economy are some of the easiest - observed societal impacts . To facilitate fair trade , there must be an agreed - upon system of measurement . Contents 1 History 2 Fields of metrology 2.1 Scientific metrology 2.2 Applied , technical or industrial metrology 2.3 Legal metrology 3 Concepts 3.1 Definition of units 3.2 Realisation of units 3.3 Standards 3.4 Traceability and calibration 3.5 Uncertainty 4 International infrastructure 4.1 Metre Convention 4.1. 1 General Conference on Weights and Measures 4.1. 2 International Committee for Weights and Measures 4.1. 3 International Bureau of Weights and Measures 4.2 International Organization of Legal Metrology 4.3 International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation 4.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology 5 National infrastructure 5.1 Metrology institutes 5.2 Calibration laboratories 5.3 Accreditation bodies 6 Impacts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of measurement The ability to measure alone is insufficient ; standardisation is crucial for measurements to be meaningful . The first record of a permanent standard was in 2900 BC , when the royal Egyptian cubit was carved from black granite . The cubit was decreed to be the length of the Pharaoh 's forearm plus the width of his hand , and replica standards were given to builders . The success of a standardised length for the building of the pyramids is indicated by the lengths of their bases differing by no more than 0.05 percent . Other civilizations produced generally accepted measurement standards , with Roman and Greek architecture based on distinct systems of measurement . The collapse of the empires and the Dark Ages which followed them lost much measurement knowledge and standardisation . Although local systems of measurement were common , comparability was difficult since many local systems were incompatible . England established the Assize of Measures to create standards for length measurements in 1196 , and the 1215 Magna Carta included a section for the measurement of wine and beer . Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution . With a political motivation to harmonise units throughout France , a length standard based on a natural source was proposed . In March 1791 , the metre was defined . This led to the creation of the decimal - based metric system in 1795 , establishing standards for other types of measurements . Several other countries adopted the metric system between 1795 and 1875 ; to ensure international conformity , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( French : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures , or BIPM ) was established by the Metre Convention . Although the BIPM 's original mission was to create international standards for units of measurement and relate them to national standards to ensure conformity , its scope has broadened to include electrical and photometric units and ionizing radiation measurement standards . The metric system was modernised in 1960 with the creation of the International System of Units ( SI ) as a result of a resolution at the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( French : Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures , or CGPM ) . Fields of metrology ( edit ) Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) as `` the science of measurement , embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology '' . It establishes a common understanding of units , crucial to human activity . Metrology is a wide reaching field , but can be summarized through three basic activities : the definition of internationally accepted units of measurement , the realisation of these units of measurement in practice , and the application of chains of traceability ( linking measurements to reference standards ) . These concepts apply in different degrees to metrology 's three main fields : scientific metrology ; applied , technical or industrial metrology , and legal metrology . Scientific metrology ( edit ) Scientific metrology is concerned with the establishment of units of measurement , the development of new measurement methods , the realisation of measurement standards , and the transfer of traceability from these standards to users in a society . This type of metrology is considered the top level of metrology which strives for the highest degree of accuracy . BIPM maintains a database of the metrological calibration and measurement capabilities of institutes around the world . These institutes , whose activities are peer - reviewed , provide the fundamental reference points for metrological traceability . In the area of measurement , BIPM has identified nine metrology areas , which are acoustics , electricity and magnetism , length , mass and related quantities , photometry and radiometry , ionizing radiation , time and frequency , thermometry , and chemistry . There is a proposed redefinition of the SI base units that will be formally voted on in November 2018 , and will come into effect in May 2019 if the vote passes . The motivation in the change of the base units is to make the entire system derivable from physical constants , which requires the removal of the prototype kilogram as it is the last artefact the unit definitions depend on . Scientific metrology plays an important role in this redefinition of the units as precise measurements of the physical constants is required to have accurate definitions of the base units . To redefine the value of a kilogram without an artefact the value of the Planck constant must be known to twenty parts per billion . Scientific metrology , through the development of the Kibble balance and the Avogadro project , has produced a value of Planck constant with low enough uncertainty to allow for a redefinition of the kilogram . Applied , technical or industrial metrology ( edit ) Applied , technical or industrial metrology is concerned with the application of measurement to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society , ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments , their calibration and quality control . Producing good measurements is important in industry as it has an impact on the value and quality of the end product , and a 10 - 15 % impact on production costs . Although the emphasis in this area of metrology is on the measurements themselves , traceability of the measuring - device calibration is necessary to ensure confidence in the measurement . Recognition of the metrological competence in industry can be achieved through mutual recognition agreements , accreditation , or peer review . Industrial metrology is important to a country 's economic and industrial development , and the condition of a country 's industrial - metrology program can indicate its economic status . Legal metrology ( edit ) Legal metrology `` concerns activities which result from statutory requirements and concern measurement , units of measurement , measuring instruments and methods of measurement and which are performed by competent bodies '' . Such statutory requirements may arise from the need for protection of health , public safety , the environment , enabling taxation , protection of consumers and fair trade . The International Organization for Legal Metrology ( OIML ) was established to assist in harmonising regulations across national boundaries to ensure that legal requirements do not inhibit trade . This harmonisation ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with another countries certification process , allowing the trade of the measuring devices and the products that rely on them . WELMEC was established in 1990 to promote cooperation in the field of legal metrology in the European Union and among European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) member states . In the United States legal metrology is under the authority of the Office of Weights and Measures of National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , enforced by the individual states . Concepts ( edit ) Definition of units ( edit ) The International System of Units ( SI ) defines seven base units : length , mass , time , electric current , thermodynamic temperature , amount of substance , and luminous intensity . By convention , each of these units are considered to be mutually independent of each other ; however , in reality they are interdependent given some definitions contain other base SI Units . All other SI units are derived from the seven base units . SI base units and standards Base quantity Name Symbol Definition Length metre m The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299792458 of a second Mass kilogram kg The mass of the international prototype kilogram ( IPK ) Time second s The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium - 133 atom Electric current ampere A constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section , placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum , would produce a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newtons per metre Thermodynamic temperature kelvin The fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Amount of substance mole mol The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon - 12 Luminous intensity candela cd The luminous intensity , in a given direction , of a source emitting monochromatic radiation of a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 10 Hz with a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian Since the base units are the reference points for all measurements taken in SI units , if the reference value changed all prior measurements would be incorrect . If a piece of the international prototype kilogram snapped off , it would still be defined as a kilogram ; all previous measured values of a kilogram would be heavier . The importance of reproducible SI units has led the BIPM to begin defining base SI units in terms of physical constants . By defining base SI units with respect to physical constants , they are realisable with a higher level of precision and reproducibility . Realisation of units ( edit ) Computer - generated image realising the international prototype kilogram ( IPK ) , made from an alloy of 90 - percent platinum and 10 - percent iridium by weight The realisation of a unit of measure is its conversion into reality . Three possible methods of realisation are defined by the international vocabulary of metrology ( VIM ) : a physical realisation of the unit from its definition , a highly - reproducible measurement as a reproduction of the definition ( such as the quantum Hall effect for the ohm ) , and the use of a material object as the measurement standard . Standards ( edit ) A standard ( or etalon ) is an object , system , or experiment with a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity . Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures by realising , preserving , or reproducing a unit against which measuring devices can be compared . There are three levels of standards in the hierarchy of metrology : primary , secondary , and working standards . Primary standards ( the highest quality ) do not reference any other standards . Secondary standards are calibrated with reference to a primary standard . Working standards , used to calibrate ( or check ) measuring instruments or other material measures , are calibrated with respect to secondary standards . The hierarchy preserves the quality of the higher standards . An example of a standard would be gauge blocks for length . A gauge block is a block of metal or ceramic with two opposing faces ground precisely flat and parallel , a precise distance apart . The length of the path of light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299,792,458 of a second is embodied in an artefact standard such as a gauge block ; this gauge block is then a primary standard which can be used to calibrate secondary standards through mechanical comparators . Traceability and calibration ( edit ) Metrology traceability pyramid Metrological traceability is defined as the `` property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations , each contributing to the measurement uncertainty '' . It permits the comparison of measurements , whether the result is compared to the previous result in the same laboratory , a measurement result a year ago , or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world . The chain of traceability allows any measurement to be referenced to higher levels of measurements back to the original definition of the unit . Traceability is most often obtained by calibration , establishing the relationship between an indication on a measuring instrument ( or secondary standard ) and the value of the standard . A calibration is an operation that establishes a relation between a measurement standard with a known measurement uncertainty and the device that is being evaluated . The process will determine the measurement value and uncertainty of the device that is being calibrated and create a traceability link to the measurement standard . The four primary reasons for calibrations are to provide traceability , to ensure that the instrument ( or standard ) is consistent with other measurements , to determine accuracy , and to establish reliability . Traceability works as a pyramid , at the top level there is the international standards , at the next level national metrology institutes calibrate the primary standards through realisation of the units creating the traceability link from the primary standard and the unit definition . Through subsequent calibrations between national metrology institutes , calibration laboratories , and industry and testing laboratories the realisation of the unit definition is propagated down through the pyramid . The traceability chain works upwards from the bottom of the pyramid , where measurements done by industry and testing laboratories can be directly related to the unit definition at the top through the traceability chain created by calibration . Uncertainty ( edit ) Measurement uncertainty is a value associated with a measurement which expresses the spread of possible values associated with the measurand -- a quantitative expression of the doubt existing in the measurement . There are two components to the uncertainty of a measurement : the width of the uncertainty interval and the confidence level . The uncertainty interval is a range of values that the measurement value is expected to fall within , while the confidence level is how likely the true value is to fall within the uncertainty interval . Uncertainty is generally expressed as follows : Y = y ± U ( \ displaystyle Y = y \ pm U ) Coverage factor : k = 2 Where y is the measurement value and U is the uncertainty value and k is the coverage factor indicates the confidence interval . The upper and lower limit of the uncertainty interval can be determined by adding and subtracting the uncertainty value from the measurement value . The coverage factor of k = 2 generally indicates a 95 % confidence that the measured value will fall inside the uncertainty interval . Other values of k can be used to indicate a greater or lower confidence on the interval , for example k = 1 and k = 3 generally indicate 66 % and 99.7 % confidence respectively . The uncertainty value is determined through a combination of statistical analysis of the calibration and uncertainty contribution from other errors in measurement process , which can be evaluated from sources such as the instrument history , manufacturer 's specifications , or published information . International infrastructure ( edit ) Several international organizations maintain and standardise metrology . Metre Convention ( edit ) The Metre Convention created three main international organizations to facilitate standardisation of weights and measures . The first , the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) , provided a forum for representatives of member states . The second , the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) , was an advisory committee of metrologists of high standing . The third , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) , provided secretarial and laboratory facilities for the CGPM and CIPM . General Conference on Weights and Measures ( edit ) The General Conference on Weights and Measures ( French : Conférence générale des poids et mesures , or CGPM ) is the convention 's principal decision - making body , consisting of delegates from member states and non-voting observers from associate states . The conference usually meets every four to six years to receive and discuss a CIPM report and endorse new developments in the SI as advised by the CIPM . The last meeting was held November 18 - 20 , 2014 . The next meeting is scheduled for November 13 - 16 , 2018 . International Committee for Weights and Measures ( edit ) The International Committee for Weights and Measures ( French : Comité international des poids et mesures , or CIPM ) is made up of eighteen ( originally fourteen ) individuals from a member state of high scientific standing , nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters . It is responsible for ten consultative committees ( CCs ) , each of which investigates a different aspect of metrology ; one CC discusses the measurement of temperature , another the measurement of mass , and so forth . The CIPM meets annually in Sèvres to discuss reports from the CCs , to submit an annual report to the governments of member states concerning the administration and finances of the BIPM and to advise the CGPM on technical matters as needed . Each member of the CIPM is from a different member state , with France ( in recognition of its role in establishing the convention ) always having one seat . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( edit ) BIPM seal The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( French : Bureau international des poids et mesures , or BIPM ) is an organisation based in Sèvres , France which has custody of the international prototype kilogram , provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM , houses the secretariat for the organisations and hosts their meetings . Over the years , international prototype metres and kilograms have been returned to BIPM headquarters for recalibration . The BIPM director is an ex officio member of the CIPM and a member of all consultative committees . International Organization of legal metrology ( edit ) The International Organization of Legal Metrology ( French : Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale , or OIML ) , is an intergovernmental organization created in 1955 to promote the global harmonisation of the legal metrology procedures facilitating international trade . This harmonisation of technical requirements , test procedures and test - report formats ensure confidence in measurements for trade and reduces the costs of discrepancies and measurement duplication . The OIML publishes a number of international reports in four categories : Recommendations : Model regulations to establish metrological characteristics and conformity of measuring instruments Informative documents : To harmonise legal metrology Guidelines for the application of legal metrology Basic publications : Definitions of the operating rules of the OIML structure and system Although the OIML has no legal authority to impose its recommendations and guidelines on its member countries , it provides a standardised legal framework for those countries to assist the development of appropriate , harmonised legislation for certification and calibration . OIML provides a mutual acceptance arrangement ( MAA ) for measuring instruments that are subject to legal metrological control , which upon approval allows the evaluation and test reports of the instrument to be accepted in all participating countries . Issuing participants in the agreement issue MAA Type Evaulation Reports of MAA Certificates upon demonstration of compliance with ISO / IEC 17065 and a peer evaluation system to determine competency . This ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with the certification process in other participating countries , allowing the trade of the measuring devices and the products that rely on them . International Laboratory accreditation Cooperation ( edit ) The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation ( ILAC ) is an international organisation for accreditators involved in the certification of conformity - assessment bodies . It standardises accreditation practices and procedures , recognising competent calibration facilities and assisting countries developing their own accreditation bodies . ILAC originally began as a conference in 1977 to develop international cooperation for accredited testing and calibration results to facilitate trade . In 2000 , 36 members signed the ILAC mutual recognition agreement ( MRA ) , allowing members work to be automatically accepted by other signatories , and in 2012 was expanded to include accrediation of inspection bodies . Through this standardisation , work done in laboratories accredited by signatories is automatically recognised internationally through the MRA . Other work done by ILAC includes promotion of laboratory and inspection body accreditation , and supporting the development of accreditation systems in developing economies . Joint Committee for Guides in metrology ( edit ) The Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM ) is a committee which created and maintains two metrology guides : Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement ( GUM ) and International vocabulary of metrology - basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) . The JCGM is a collaboration of eight partner organisations : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC ) International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation ( ILAC ) The JCGM has two working groups : JCGM - WG1 and JCGM - WG2 . JCGM - WG1 is responsible for the GUM , and JCGM - WG2 for the VIM . Each member organization appoints one representative and up to two experts to attend each meeting , and may appoint up to three experts for each working group . National infrastructure ( edit ) A national measurement system ( NMS ) is a network of laboratories , calibration facilities and accreditation bodies which implement and maintain a country 's measurement infrastructure . The NMS sets measurement standards , ensuring the accuracy , consistency , comparability , and reliability of measurements made in the country . The measurements of member countries of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement ( CIPM MRA ) , an agreement of national metrology institutes , are recognized by other member countries . As of March 2018 , there are 102 signatories of the CIPM MRA , consisting of 58 member states , 40 associate states , and 4 international organizations . Metrology institutes ( edit ) Overview of a national measurement system A national metrology institute 's ( NMI ) role in a country 's measurement system is to conduct scientific metrology , realise base units , and maintain primary national standards . An NMI provides traceability to international standards for a country , anchoring its national calibration hierarchy . For a national measurement system to be recognized internationally by the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement , an NMI must participate in international comparisons of its measurement capabilities . BIPM maintains a comparison database and a list of calibration and measurement capabilities ( CMCs ) of the countries participating in the CIPM MRA . Not all countries have a centralised metrology institute ; some have a lead NMI and several decentralised institutes specialising in specific national standards . Some examples of NMI 's are the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) in the United States , the National Research Council ( NRC ) in Canada , the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science ( KRISS ) , and the National Physical Laboratory of India ( NPL - India ) . Calibration laboratories ( edit ) Calibration laboratories are generally responsible for calibrations of industrial instrumentation . Calibration laboratories are accredited and provide calibration services to industry firms , which provides a traceability link back to the national metrology institute . Since the calibration laboratories are accredited , they give companies a traceability link to national metrology standards . Examples of calibration laboratories would be ICL Calibration Laboratories , Testo Industrial Services GmbH , and Transcat . Accreditation bodies ( edit ) An organisation is accredited when an authoritative body determines , by assessing the organisation 's personnel and management systems , that it is competent to provide its services . For international recognition , a country 's accreditation body must comply with international requirements and is generally the product of international and regional cooperation . A laboratory is evaluated according to international standards such as ISO / IEC 17025 general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories . To ensure objective and technically - credible accreditation , the bodies are independent of other national measurement system institutions . The National Association of Testing Authorities in Australia , the United Kingdom Accreditation Service , and National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories in India , are examples of accreditation bodies . Impacts ( edit ) Metrology has wide - ranging impacts on a number of sectors , including economics , energy , the environment , health , manufacturing , industry , and consumer confidence . The effects of metrology on trade and the economy are two of its most - apparent societal impacts . To facilitate fair and accurate trade between countries , there must be an agreed - upon system of measurement . Accurate measurement and regulation of water , fuel , food , and electricity are critical for consumer protection and promote the flow of goods and services between trading partners . A common measurement system and quality standards benefit consumer and producer ; production at a common standard reduces cost and consumer risk , ensuring that the product meets consumer needs . Transaction costs are reduced through an increased economy of scale . Several studies have indicated that increased standardization in measurement has a positive impact on GDP . In the United Kingdom , an estimated 28.4 percent of GDP growth from 1921 to 2013 was the result of standardisation ; in Canada between 1981 and 2004 an estimated nine percent of GDP growth was standardisation - related , and in Germany the annual economic benefit of standardization is an estimated 0.72 % of GDP . Legal metrology has reduced accidental deaths and injuries with measuring devices , such as radar guns and breathalyzers , by improving their efficiency and reliability . Measuring the human body is challenging , with poor repeatability and reproducibility , and advances in metrology help develop new techniques to improve health care and reduce costs . Environmental policy is based on research data , and accurate measurements are important for assessing climate change and environmental regulation . Aside from regulation , metrology is essential in supporting innovation , the ability to measure provides a technical infrastructure and tools that can then be used to pursue further innovation . By providing a technical platform which new ideas can be built upon , easily demonstrated , and shared , measurement standards allow new ideas to be explored and expanded upon . See also ( edit ) Accuracy and precision Data analysis Dimensional metrology Forensic metrology Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing Historical metrology Instrumentation International vocabulary of metrology Length measurement Metrication Metrologia ( academic journal ) NCSL International Test method World Metrology Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Equivalent to standard deviation if the uncertainty distribution is normal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is metrology ? Celebration of the signing of the Metre Convention , World Metrology Day 2004 '' . BIPM. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . 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Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing ( 2nd ed . ) . 1.2. 2 Categories of Metrology . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 16640 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Collège français de métrologie ( French College of Metrology ) ( 2006 ) . Placko , Dominique , ed . Metrology in Industry -- The Key for Quality ( PDF ) . ISTE. 2.4. 1 Scope of legal metrology . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905209 - 51 - 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 10 - 23 ... any application of metrology may fall under the scope of legal metrology if regulations are applicable to all measuring methods and instruments , and in particular if quality control is supervised by the state . ^ Jump up to : `` National Measurement System '' . National Physical Laboratory . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Quality Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . The Innovation Policy Platform . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 March 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Milton , Martin ( 14 November 2016 ) . Highlights in the work of the BIPM in 2016 ( PDF ) . SIM XXII General Assembly . Montevideo , Uruguay . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Decision CIPM / 105 - 13 ( October 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` New measurement will help redefine international unit of mass : Ahead of July 1 deadline , team makes its most precise measurement yet of Planck 's constant '' . ScienceDaily . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crease , Robert P. ( 22 March 2011 ) . `` Metrology in the balance '' . Physics World . Institute of Physics . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : de Silva , G.M. S ( 2012 ) . Basic Metrology for ISO 9000 Certification ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . Oxford : Routledge . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 1 - 136 - 42720 - 1 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ International Vocabulary of Terms in Legal Metrology ( PDF ) . Paris : OIML. 2000 . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , DeWayne ( 2014 ) . Measurement , instrumentation , and sensors handbook ( Second edition . ed . ) . Boca Raton : CRC Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 4888 - 3 . Jump up ^ WELMEC Secretariat . `` WELMEC An introduction '' ( PDF ) . WELMEC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SI base units '' . The NIST Reference on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 111 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 118 , 120 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 112 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 112 , 122 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 112 -- 13 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 113 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 113 -- 14 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 114 -- 15 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 115 -- 16 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 ^ Jump up to : `` On the future revision of the SI '' . 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Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - Transcat '' . Transcat . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NATA - About Us '' . NATA . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About UKAS '' . UKAS . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . NABL. 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rodrigues Filho , Bruno A. ; Gonçalves , Rodrigo F. ( June 2015 ) . `` Legal metrology , the economy and society : A systematic literature review '' . Measurement. 69 : 155 -- 163 . doi : 10.1016 / j. measurement. 2015.03. 028 . Jump up ^ `` Metrology for Society 's Challenges - Metrology for Health '' . EURAMET . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metrology for Society 's Challenges - Metrology for Environment '' . EURAMET . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metrology . 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-8083772678784794712	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . Outside of these 2 periods of success , The Cowboys have experienced long periods failure in their history . The three most notable periods of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . From 1996 to 2017 , a period of 21 years , The Cowboys have only 3 post season wins , all taking place in the wild card round . In comparison since 2011 the Texans have an equal number ( 3 ) of postseason wins . The teams combined winning percentage since 1996 is under 500 percent NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Football note 📝 ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill `` Get Up ( A Cowboys Anthem ) '' Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=866161953 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many games did the cowboys win last year	[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nConference\n\nDivision\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason Results\n\nAwards\n\nHead coaches\n\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nTies\n\n\n1960\n\n1960\n\nNFL\n\nWestern\n\n\n\n7th\n\n0\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1961\n\n1961\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n6th\n\n4\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1962\n\n1962\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1963\n\n1963\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n4\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1964\n\n1964\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1965\n\n1965\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1966\n\n1966\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n3\n\n1\n\nLost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27\n\nTom Landry (COY)\n\n\n1967[6]\n\n1967\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n9\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–14Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17\n\n\n\n\n1968\n\n1968\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20\n\n\n\n\n1969\n\n1969\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n2\n\n1\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14\n\nCalvin Hill (OROY)\n\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13\n\nChuck Howley (SB MVP)\n\n\n1971\n\n1971\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3\n\nRoger Staubach (SB MVP)\n\n\n1972\n\n1972\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3\n\n\n\n\n1973\n\n1973\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[7]\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\n\n1974\n\n1974\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n6\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1975\n\n1975\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17\n\n\n\n\n1976\n\n1976\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12\n\n\n\n\n1977\n\n1977\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10\n\nTony Dorsett (OROY)Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)Randy White (SB MVP)\n\n\n1978[8]\n\n1978\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[9]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31\n\n\n\n\n1979\n\n1979\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[10]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19\n\n\n\n\n1980\n\n1980\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[11]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7\n\n\n\n\n1981\n\n1981\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27\n\n\n\n\n1982[12]\n\n1982\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n6\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17\n\n\n\n\n1983\n\n1983\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17\n\n\n\n\n1984\n\n1984\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[13]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0\n\n\n\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1987[14]\n\n1987\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n3\n\n13\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n1\n\n15\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\nEmmitt Smith (OROY)Jimmy Johnson (COY)\n\n\n1991\n\n1991\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[15]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6\n\n\n\n\n1992\n\n1992\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17\n\nTroy Aikman (SB MVP)\n\n\n1993\n\n1993\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13\n\nEmmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)\n\n\n1994\n\n1994\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1995\n\n1995\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17\n\nLarry Brown (SB MVP)\n\n\n1996\n\n1996\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[16]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17\n\n\n\n\n1997\n\n1997\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1998\n\n1998\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7\n\n\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n1999\n\n1999\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[17]\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\n\n2000\n\n2000\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2001\n\n2001\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2002\n\n2002\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2003\n\n2003\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2004\n\n2004\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2005\n\n2005\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2006\n\n2006\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20\n\n\n\n\n2007\n\n2007\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17\n\nGreg Ellis (CBPOY)\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2008\n\n2008\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2009\n\n2009\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[18]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3\n\n\n\n\n2010\n\n2010\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWade Phillips (1–7) Jason Garrett (5–3)\n\n\n2011\n\n2011\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2012\n\n2012\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\nJason Witten (WP MOY)\n\n\n2013\n\n2013\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n2014\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21\n\nDeMarco Murray (OPOY)\n\n\n2015\n\n2015\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n4\n\n12\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2016\n\n2016\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31\n\nDak Prescott (OROY)Jason Garrett (COY)\n\n\n2017\n\n2017\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n502\n\n374\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season record (1960–2017)\n\n\n34\n\n27\n\n0\n\nAll-time postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n536\n\n401\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships\n" ]	[ "9" ]
5790076847344024634	Chief Justice of the United States	Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of the United States Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed directly in court ) Appointer Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court September 26 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch , and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . The Chief Justice is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , The Chief Justice is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution , and by custom is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , a justice 's tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2018 ) annual salary is $267,000 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $255,300 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Additionally , two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms , and thus influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and , declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr . ) , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . As of February 13 , 2016 , Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 000000001795 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 000000001930 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003453600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 153 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office , and the end date is the day of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 -- present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 -- Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ; cases ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshall Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=827815531 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 07 . 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367171529173523511	Ring of Fire	Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world Great ( magnitude 8.0 + ) earthquakes 1900 -- 2017 , with the majority positioned along the Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico . The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Andes 2.1 Bolivia 2.2 Chile 2.3 Ecuador 2.4 Peru 3 Central America 3.1 Costa Rica 3.2 Guatemala 4 North American Cordillera 4.1 Mexico 4.2 United States 4.3 Canada 5 Russia 6 Japan 7 Philippines 8 Indonesia 9 New Zealand 10 Antarctica 11 Land areas 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century . `` They ( the Japanese Islands ) are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from Tierra del Fuego around to the Moluccas . '' ( Matthew Perry , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan , 1852 - 54 , Introduction , Section I , `` Name , Extent , and Geography '' ) Andes ( edit ) Further information : Andean Volcanic Belt Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main articles : List of volcanoes in Chile and Volcanology of Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano ) is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden , Colorado . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in the western United States lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes . Most of them erupted during the Pleistocene and Holocene . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager massif , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager massif , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi volcano ( Ecuador ) : increased seismic activity , volcanic unrest '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` 15 sitios seguros en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por el Cotopaxi '' . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics at the United States Geological Survey DESCRIPTION : `` Ring of Fire '' , Plate Tectonics , Sea - Floor Spreading , Subduction Zones , `` Hot Spots '' at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory , Vancouver , Washington Web site . Map of the Ring of Fire Ring of Fire , tectonic activity The Ring of Fire at work Physical World Map 2004 - 04 - 01 CIA World Factbook ; Robinson Projection ; standard parallels 38 ° N and 38 ° S Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast 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shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin 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United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=836169930 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological 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-7011865370676987920	Mass marketing	Mass marketing - wikipedia Mass marketing Jump to : navigation , search Marketing Marketing Marketing management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth Mass marketing is a market strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal the whole market with one offer or one strategy , which supports the idea of broadcasting a message that will reach the largest number of people possible . Traditionally mass marketing has focused on radio , television and newspapers as the media used to reach this broad audience . By reaching the largest audience possible , exposure to the product is maximized , and in theory this would directly correlate with a larger number of sales or buys into the product . Mass marketing is the opposite of niche marketing , as it focuses on high sales and low prices and aims to provide products and services that will appeal to the whole market . Niche marketing targets a very specific segment of market ; for example , specialized services or goods with few or no competitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Persuasion in mass marketing 3 Shotgun approach 4 Guerrilla marketing 5 Use and products sold 6 Questions of quality 7 Benefits of mass marketing 8 Drawbacks of mass marketing 9 See also 10 References Background ( edit ) Mass marketing or undifferentiated marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of mass radio use . This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide variety of potential customers . Due to this , variety marketing had to be changed in order to persuade a wide audience with different needs into buying the same thing . It has developed over the years into a worldwide multi-billion dollar industry . Although sagging in the Great Depression it regained popularity and continued to expand through the 40s and 50s . It slowed during the anti-capitalist movements of the 60 's and 70 's before coming back stronger than before in the 80 's , 90 's and today . These trends are due to corresponding upswings in mass media , the parent of mass marketing . For most of the twentieth century , major consumer - products companies held fast to mass marketing - mass - producing , mass distributing and mass promoting about the same product in about the same way to all consumers . Mass marketing creates the largest potential market , which leads to lowered costs . It is also called overall marketing . Over the years marketing activities have notably transitioned from traditional forms , such as television , radio and print advertisements to a more digitalized forms , such as the utilisation of online media platforms to reach various consumers . Huang ( 2009 , as cited in Shyu et al. , 2015 ) , explains three chief attributes digital marketing has enhanced ; one being `` Penetrating Power '' which is to have the ability to reach a wider circle of customers in the market , accredited to the ease of online communication . Digital marketing allows for a marketer to reach a larger - scale audience in a more efficient and cost - effective manner , which is ultimately what Mass Marketing seeks to do . Persuasion in mass marketing ( edit ) For a mass marketing campaign to be successful , the advertisement must appeal to a `` set of product needs that are common to most consumers in a target market . '' ( Bennett & Strydom , 2001 ) In this case it is unnecessary to segment consumers into separate niches as , in theory , the product should appeal to any customer 's wants and / or needs . Many mass marketing campaigns have been successful through persuading audiences using the central route to persuasion , as well as using the peripheral route to persuasion , according to the Elaboration Likelihood Model . Lane et al. state that the different types of persuasion depend on the `` involvement , issue - relevant thinking , or elaboration that a person dedicates to a persuasive message . '' ( 2013 ) . Political campaigns are a prime example of central persuasion through mass marketing ; where the content of the communication involves a detailed level of thinking which seeks to achieve a cognitive response . Contrastingly , a toothpaste advertisement would typically persuade the audience peripherally ; where there is low involvement and consumers rely on `` heuristics '' to alter their behaviour . John Watson was a leading psychologist in mass marketing with his experiments in advertising . Shotgun approach ( edit ) The shotgun theory is an approach of mass marketing . It involves reaching as many people as possible through television , cable and radio . On the Web , it refers to a lot of advertising done through banners to text ads in as many websites as possible , in order to get enough eyeballs that will hopefully turn into sales . An example of shotgun marketing would be to simply place an ad on primetime television , without focusing on any specific group of audience . A shotgun approach increases the odds of hitting a target when it is more difficult to focus on one . A potential limitation of using the shotgun approach is that each receiver will interpret the message in their own way , whether this be the way the sender intends for it to be decoded , or not . In other words , the receiver 's `` frame of reference '' at the time of decoding enables them to perceive a brand message in a particular way ; thus , the marketer 's intention may be become distorted . Dahlen , Lange , & Smith ( 2010 ) claim that each receiver has different `` attitudes , values and perceptions stemming from knowledge , experience or the influence of other people . '' In situations where there is no specific target market , mass marketers should simply focus on grabbing the attention of consumers in `` different , surprising , original and entertaining '' ways in order to generate the most desirable feedback . ( Bigat , 2012 ) . Guerrilla marketing ( edit ) Guerrilla marketing aims to cut through clutter by attracting attention in unique , memorable and imaginative ways to `` maximise interest in a firm 's goods and services while minimizing the costs of advertising . '' ( Bigat , 2012 ) . According to Kotler ( 2007 , as cited in Bigat , 2012 ) this type of marketing was traditionally carried out by small to medium sized enterprises but has become more predominant in today 's society where competition is substantially thicker . It is particularly effective at reaching a large - scale audience due to the captivating nature of the advertisement . Bigat discusses the role of technology , more specifically , of the internet and its effectiveness of disseminating a large message from the sender to receivers ; to which he states that `` Internet blogs , online magazines , newspapers along with chat and forum pages are crucial arenas for getting the message across . '' Logically , this is due to the fact that digitalised media generates more efficient feedback from consumers . Mass marketers should aim to effect the behaviour of their consumers by having them engage with the brand in a positive way , which , in turn tends to more activity ( both on and offline ) as well as further market penetration . Use and products sold ( edit ) Mass marketing is used to effect attitude change to as wide an audience as possible . Often this would take the form of selling a product like toothpaste . Toothpaste is n't made specially for one consumer and it is sold in huge quantities . A company or individual who manufactures toothpaste wishes to get more people to buy their particular brand over another . The goal is when a consumer has the option to select a tube of toothpaste that the consumer would remember the product which was marketed . Mass marketing is the opposite of niche marketing , where a product is made specially for one person or a group of persons . Other products of mass marketing are furniture , artwork , automobiles , residential communities , fizzy drinks and personal computers . Typically , things which are perceived to be necessary / essential to the consumer are subject to mass marketing . Resources of mass marketing provide cost - effective marketing solutions for small and micro businesses , including start - ups . Even `` products '' like politicians and services from professions such as law , chiropractic and medicine , are subject to mass marketing . Questions of quality ( edit ) To further increase profits , mass marketed products touted as `` durable goods '' are often made of substandard material , so that they deteriorate prematurely . This practice is called planned obsolescence . Not only does this lower production costs , but it ensures future sales opportunities by preventing the market from becoming saturated with high - quality , long - lasting goods . The forces of a free market tend to preclude the sale of substandard staples , while disposability , technological innovations , and a culture of collection all facilitate planned obsolescence . Many mass marketed items are considered staples . These are items people are accustomed to buying new when their old ones wear out ( or are used up ) . Cheaper versions of durable goods are often marketed as staples with the understanding that they will wear out sooner than more expensive goods , but they are so cheap that the cost of regular replacement is easily affordable . Benefits of mass marketing ( edit ) Since the target audience is broad , the number of successful hits is high despite the low probability of a single person turning up , and if all the efforts in one particular area goes in vain , the eventual loss is less compared to one in a narrowly focused area . Production costs per unit are low on account of having one production run for homogeneous product , and marketing research / advertising costs are also relatively low as well , which , as a whole , leads to higher potentials of sales volume and efficiency of scale in a much larger market . Drawbacks of mass marketing ( edit ) Due to increased competition and the complexity of consumers ' wants and needs in today 's society , Bennett and Strydom ( 2001 ) suggest that mass marketing campaigns are less likely to be successful ; as consumers have a range of specific tastes and requirements that they would more likely find in alternative products . See also ( edit ) Demographic profile Market segmentation Niche market No Size Fits All : From Mass Marketing to Mass Handselling ( book ) Precision marketing Psychographic Target market References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mass Marketing '' . 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Business Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Niche Market . '' Business : The ultimate resource . ( 2002 ) . Cambridge , Mass : Perseus Publications : 1294 . Jump up ^ Shyu , M. , Chiang , W. , Chien , W. , & Wang , S. ( 2015 ) . Key success factors in Digital Marketing in Service Industry and the Development Strategies : A case study on Fleur De Chine at Sun Moon Lake . International Journal of Organizational Innovation , 8 ( 1 ) , 172 - 185 . Jump up ^ Lane , R. , Miller , A.N. , Brown , C. , & Vilar , N. ( 2013 ) . An Examination of the Narrative Persuasion with Epilogue through the lens of the Elaboration Likelihood Model . Communication Quarterly , 61 ( 4 ) , 431 - 445 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463373.2013. 799510 Jump up ^ `` shotgun marketing `` . Undifferentiated audience Jump up ^ Mc Daniel , Carl ; F. Hair , Joseph ; Lamb , Charles W. ( January 14 , 2008 ) . Essentials of marketing . p. 224 . ISBN 0324656203 . Jump up ^ Bigat , E.C. ( 2012 ) . Guerrilla Advertisement and Marketing . Procedia -- Social and Behavioral Sciences , 51 ( 1 ) , 1022 - 1029 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbspro. 2012.08. 281 Jump up ^ Bennett , J. Alf ; Strydom , Johan Wilhelm ( 2001 ) . Introduction to travel and tourism marketing . p. 62 . ISBN 0702156361 . Jump up ^ L. Burrow , James ; Bosiljevac , Jim ( 2005 ) . Marketing . South Western Educational Publishing . p. 183 . ISBN 0538446641 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_marketing&oldid=775926956 '' Categories : Marketing Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2017 , at 22 : 16 . 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-7680335511990847983	Aqueous humour	Aqueous humour - wikipedia Aqueous humour Jump to : navigation , search Aqueous humor Schematic diagram of the human eye . Details Identifiers Latin humor aquosus TA A15. 2.06. 002 FMA 58819 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The aqueous humour is a transparent , watery fluid similar to plasma , but containing low protein concentrations . It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium , a structure supporting the lens . It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye , and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour , which is located in the space between the lens and the retina , also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Composition 2 Function 2.1 Production 2.2 Drainage 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional Images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Amino acids : transported by ciliary muscles 98 % water Electrolytes Sodium = 142.09 Potassium = 2.2 - 4.0 Calcium = 1.8 Magnesium = 1.1 Chloride = 131.6 HCO3 - = 20.15 Phosphate = 0.62 pH = 7.4 Osm = 304 Ascorbic acid Glutathione Immunoglobulins Function ( edit ) Maintains the intraocular pressure and inflates the globe of the eye . It is this hydrostatic pressure which keeps the eyeball in a roughly spherical shape and keeps the walls of the eyeball taut . Provides nutrition ( e.g. amino acids and glucose ) for the avascular ocular tissues ; posterior cornea , trabecular meshwork , lens , and anterior vitreous . May serve to transport ascorbate in the anterior segment to act as an antioxidant agent . Presence of immunoglobulins indicate a role in immune response to defend against pathogens . Provides inflation for expansion of the cornea and thus increased protection against dust , wind , pollen grains and some pathogens . for refractive index . Production ( edit ) Aqueous humour is secreted into the posterior chamber by the ciliary body , specifically the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body ( pars plicata ) . 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol , an enzyme inhibited by 5 - alpha reductase inhibitors , may be involved in production of aqueous humour . Drainage ( edit ) Aqueous humour is continually produced by the ciliary processes and this rate of production must be balanced by an equal rate of aqueous humour drainage . Small variations in the production or outflow of aqueous humour will have a large influence on the intraocular pressure . The drainage route for aqueous humour flow is first through the posterior chamber , then the narrow space between the posterior iris and the anterior lens ( contributes to small resistance ) , through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber . From there , the aqueous humour exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm 's canal ( a channel at the limbus , i.e. , the joining point of the cornea and sclera , which encircles the cornea ) It flows through 25 -- 30 collector canals into the episcleral veins . The greatest resistance to aqueous flow is provided by the trabecular meshwork ( esp . the juxtacanalicular part ) , and this is where most of the aqueous outflow occurs . The internal wall of the canal is very delicate and allows the fluid to filter due to high pressure of the fluid within the eye . The secondary route is the uveoscleral drainage , and is independent of the intraocular pressure , the aqueous flows through here , but to a lesser extent than through the trabecular meshwork ( approx. 10 % of the total drainage whereas by trabecular meshwork 90 % of the total drainage ) . The fluid is normally 15 mmHg ( 0.6 inHg ) above atmospheric pressure , so when a syringe is injected the fluid flows easily . If the fluid is leaking , due to collapse and wilting of cornea , the hardness of the normal eye is therefore corroborated . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Glaucoma Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy where retinal ganglion cells and their axons die causing a corresponding visual field defect . An important risk factor is increased intraocular pressure ( pressure within the eye ) either through increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humour . Increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humour may occur due to an abnormal trabecular mesh work or to obliteration of the meshwork due to injury or disease of the iris . However , increased interocular pressure is neither sufficient nor necessary for development of primary open angle glaucoma , although it is a major risk factor . Uncontrolled glaucoma typically leads to visual field loss and ultimately blindness . Additional Images ( edit ) Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye See also ( edit ) Vitreous Humour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vitreous and Aqueous Humor '' . Jump up ^ Human Physiology . An Integrate approach . 5th edition . Dee Unglaub Silverthorn Jump up ^ `` Eye Anatomy '' . WebMD . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , B.I. ; Kandalaft , N. ; Ritch , R. ; Camras , C.B. ; Morris , D.J. ; Latif , S.A. ; Vecsei , P. ; Vittek , J. ; Gordon , G.G. ; Southren , A.L. ( 1991 ) . `` 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol in human aqueous humour and metabolism of cortisol by human lenses in vitro '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 32 ( 7 ) : 2130 -- 35 . PMID 2055703 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma Medications : Click for Facts About Side Effects '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aqueous humour . `` Anatomy diagram : 02566.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Tapetum lucidum Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_humour&oldid=821632773 '' Categories : Body fluids Human eye anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 18 : 05 . About Wikipedia	where is the aqueous humor located in a cow eye	[ "The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery [1] fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens.[2] It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye, and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour, which is located in the space between the lens and the retina, also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber. [3]" ]	[ "ciliary epithelium" ]
-850574212708142728	2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships	2018 World Junior ice Hockey Championships - wikipedia 2018 World Junior ice Hockey Championships Jump to : navigation , search 2018 IIHF World U20 Championships Tournament details Host country United States Dates December 26 , 2017 -- January 5 , 2018 Teams 10 Venue ( s ) KeyBank Center , Buffalo HarborCenter , Buffalo New Era Field , Orchard Park ( in 2 host cities ) Tournament statistics Matches played 23 Goals scored 169 ( 7.35 per match ) Attendance 160,087 ( 6,960 per match ) Scoring leader ( s ) Casey Mittelstadt ( 9 points ) Website 2018. worldjunior. hockey ← 2017 2019 → This article documents a current sports - related event . Information may change rapidly as the event progresses . Initial news reports , scores , or statistics may be unreliable . The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 2018 IIHF World Junior Championship is the 42nd Ice Hockey World Junior Championship . It is being hosted by the city of Buffalo , New York at the KeyBank Center and HarborCenter . It began on December 26 , 2017 , and will end with the gold medal game being played on January 5 , 2018 . This marks the sixth time that the United States has hosted the IHWJC and the second time that Buffalo has done so , having hosted in 2011 . A preliminary round game between Canada and the United States was also played outdoors at New Era Field in nearby Orchard Park , New York , on December 29 , 2017 . It marked the first ever outdoor game played during an IIHF World Championship at the junior level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top Division 1.1 Venues 1.2 Host selection 1.3 Officials 1.4 Rosters 1.5 Format 1.6 Preliminary round 1.6. 1 Group A 1.6. 2 Group B 1.7 Relegation 1.8 Playoff round 1.8. 1 Quarterfinals 1.8. 2 Semifinals 1.8. 3 Bronze medal game 1.8. 4 Final 1.9 Statistics 1.9. 1 Scoring leaders 1.9. 2 Goaltending leaders 2 Division I 2.1 Division IA 2.2 Division IB 3 Division II 3.1 Division IIA 3.2 Division IIB 4 Division III 4.1 Division III qualification 5 References 6 External links Top Division ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) KeyBank Center Capacity : 19,070 KeyBank Rink at HarborCenter Capacity : 1,800 New Era Field Capacity : 71,870 United States -- Buffalo United States -- Buffalo United States -- Orchard Park Host selection ( edit ) On July 28 , 2015 , USA Hockey named the five initial finalists for hosting the event : Buffalo , New York Pittsburgh St. Louis Chicago Tampa , Florida Chicago and Tampa were eliminated on September 15 . Buffalo was chosen as the host site on December 3 , with a formal announcement on December 4 . For the first time in WJC history , one of the games ( Canada vs USA , on December 29 ) was played outdoors . Officials ( edit ) The following officials have been assigned by the International Ice Hockey Federation to officiate the 2018 World Junior Championships . Referees Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Jacob Grumsen Mikko Kaukokari Artur Kulev Manuel Nikolic Gordon Schukies Robin Šír Mikael Sjöqvist Stephen Thomson Jeremy Tufts Marc Wiegand Linesmen Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström William Hancock II Rene Jensen Jon Kilian Dustin McCrank Jiří Ondráček Peter Šefčík Alexander Sysuev Emil Yletyinen Rosters ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships rosters Format ( edit ) The four best ranked teams from each group of the preliminary round advanced to the quarterfinals , while the last - placed team from both groups played a relegation round in a best - of - three format to determine the relegated team . Preliminary round ( edit ) All times are local . ( Eastern Standard Time -- UTC - 5 ) Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Canada 0 0 21 6 + 15 10 Advance to Quarterfinals United States 0 20 10 + 10 8 Finland 0 0 15 12 + 3 6 Slovakia 0 0 10 14 − 4 6 5 Denmark 0 0 0 26 − 24 0 Advance to Relegation Source : IIHF.com December 26 , 2017 16 : 00 Canada 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 9,552 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Ukko -- Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Artur Kulev Manuel Nikolic Linesmen : Jon Kilian Jiří Ondráček Katchouk ( Thomas ) -- 05 : 34 1 -- 0 Steel ( Raddysh , Kyrou ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 01 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 12 : 19 -- Heponiemi ( Välimäki ) Batherson ( Gadjovich , Mete ) -- 12 : 52 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 27 : 31 -- Jokiharju ( Tolvanen , Koivula ) ( PP ) Raddysh ( Katchouk ) -- 32 : 47 4 -- 2 12 min Penalties 6 min 32 Shots 31 December 26 , 2017 20 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 9 ( 0 -- 5 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 ) United States KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,207 ( show ) Game reference Kasper Krog Emil Gransøe Goalies Joseph Woll Referees : Gordon Schukies Robin Šír Linesmen : Peter Šefčík Alexander Sysuev 0 -- 1 02 : 27 -- Jones ( Peeke , Norris ) 0 -- 2 05 : 04 -- Bellows ( Brown ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 08 : 26 -- Mittelstadt ( Hughes , M. Anderson ) 0 -- 4 11 : 35 -- Yamamoto ( Tkachuk , Hughes ) 0 -- 5 18 : 48 -- Mittelstadt ( Harper , Tufte ) 0 -- 6 24 : 08 -- Bellows ( PS ) 0 -- 7 39 : 31 -- Harper ( Fox ) 0 -- 8 52 : 30 -- Peeke ( Jones ) ( PP ) 0 -- 9 53 : 23 -- Samberg ( Perunovich , Norris ) 10 min Penalties 6 min 17 Shots 36 December 27 , 2017 19 : 00 Slovakia 0 -- 6 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 ) Canada KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,834 ( show ) Game reference Dávid Hrenák Goalies Colton Point Referees : Jeremy Tufts Marc Wiegand Linesmen : William Hancock II Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 03 : 39 -- Steel ( Makar , Kyrou ) 0 -- 2 21 : 24 -- Kyrou ( Mete , Dubé ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 25 : 43 -- Gadjovich ( Makar ) 0 -- 4 30 : 33 -- Raddysh ( Kyrou , Steel ) ( PP ) 0 -- 5 55 : 58 -- Comtois 0 -- 6 58 : 30 -- Gadjovich ( McLeod , Timmins ) ( PP ) 12 min Penalties 4 min 20 Shots 52 December 28 , 2017 12 : 00 Finland 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) Denmark KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,026 ( show ) Game reference Ukka -- Pekka Luukkonen Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Linesmen : Franco Castelli Jon Kilian Koppanen ( Välimäki , Heiskanen ) -- 02 : 49 1 -- 0 Räsänen ( Tolvanen , Jokiharju ) -- 06 : 56 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 21 : 38 -- Krag ( Røndbjerg , Setkov ) ( PP ) Välimäki ( Heiskanen , Vaakanainen ) -- 35 : 38 3 -- 1 Jokiharju ( Koivula ) -- 37 : 44 4 -- 1 2 min Penalties 14 min 62 Shots 7 December 28 , 2017 20 : 00 United States 2 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 ) Slovakia KeyBank Center Attendance : 8,188 ( show ) Game reference Joseph Woll Goalies Roman Durný Referees : Artur Kulev Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Markus Hägerström Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 24 : 52 -- Krivošík ( Buček ) Tkachuk ( Poehling , J. Anderson ) -- 31 : 07 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 55 : 15 -- Krivošík ( Buček ) Mittelstadt -- 56 : 49 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 57 : 52 -- Buček 2 min Penalties 4 min 45 Shots 25 December 29 , 2017 15 : 00 Canada 3 -- 4 GWS ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 0 -- 2 ) United States New Era Field Attendance : 44,592 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Jake Oettinger Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Jiří Ondráček Alexander Sysuev Makar ( Thomas ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 13 1 -- 0 Dubé ( Steel ) ( PP ) -- 15 : 17 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 36 : 27 -- Bellows ( Mittelstadt , Oettinger ) ( PP2 ) Katchouk ( Bean ) -- 37 : 39 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 46 : 09 -- Perunovich ( Mittelstadt ) ( PP ) 3 -- 3 46 : 43 -- Tkachuk ( Mittelstadt ) Steel Thomas Raddysh Batheson Shootout Bellows Tkachuk Mittelstadt 12 min Penalties 6 min 22 Shots 36 December 30 , 2017 16 : 00 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) Slovakia KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,229 ( show ) Game reference Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Goalies Roman Durný Referees : Gordon Schukies Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Jiří Ondráček Koppanen ( Nurmi , Jääskä ) -- 27 : 02 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 34 : 14 -- Bodák ( Tamáši , Ivan ) Räsänen ( Juolevi , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 39 : 02 2 -- 1 Heponiemi ( Kuokkanen ) -- 46 : 23 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 49 : 03 -- Buček ( Krivošík , Ružička ) Ikonen -- 52 : 36 4 -- 2 Nurmi ( Koppanen ) -- 54 : 01 5 -- 2 8 min Penalties 8 min 39 Shots 26 December 30 , 2017 20 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 8 ( 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 3 ) Canada KeyBank Center Attendance : 8,671 ( show ) Game reference Emil Gransøe Goalies Carter Hart Referees : Manuel Nikolic Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Peter Šefčík Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 03 : 52 -- Thomas ( Raddysh , Katchouk ) 0 -- 2 17 : 21 -- Howden ( Comtois , Foote ) 0 -- 3 19 : 39 -- Steel ( Clague , Kyrou ) 0 -- 4 27 : 52 -- Makar ( Bean ) ( PP ) 0 -- 5 29 : 20 -- Howden ( Foote , Formenton ) 0 -- 6 43 : 30 -- Formenton ( Timmins ) 0 -- 7 49 : 03 -- McLeod 0 -- 8 52 : 26 -- Batherson ( Foote , McLeod ) ( PP ) 8 min Penalties 4 min 18 Shots 44 December 31 , 2017 16 : 00 United States 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 7,884 ( show ) Game reference Joseph Woll Goalies Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Alexandre Garon Robin Šír Linesmen : Rene Jensen Peter Šefčík Frederic ( Tufte , Yamamoto ) -- 03 : 59 1 -- 0 Mittelstadt ( Tkachuk ) -- 14 : 33 2 -- 0 J. Anderson ( Tkachuk , Fox ) ( PP2 ) -- 26 : 56 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 29 : 01 -- Räsänen ( Tolvanen ) 3 -- 2 38 : 44 -- Tolvanen ( Jokiharju , Vesalainen ) ( PP ) J. Anderson ( Fox , Mittelstadt ) ( PP ) -- 39 : 26 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 48 : 25 -- Koppanen ( Nurmi , Vaakanainen ) ( SH ) 4 -- 4 49 : 31 -- Vesalainen ( Juolevi , Välimäki ) Fox ( Mittelstadt , Tkachuk ) -- 58 : 23 5 -- 4 8 min Penalties 10 min 37 Shots 24 December 31 , 2017 18 : 00 Slovakia 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) Denmark HarborCenter Attendance : 1,419 ( show ) Game reference Roman Durný Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Andris Ansons Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Franco Castelli Alexander Sysuev 0 -- 1 04 : 46 -- Blichfield ( Krag , Røndbjerg ) ( PP ) Roman ( Tamáši ) -- 11 : 42 1 -- 1 Fehérváry ( Ružička , Buček ) -- 29 : 38 2 -- 1 Roman ( SH ) -- 34 : 38 3 -- 1 Buček ( Fehérváry ) -- 44 : 06 4 -- 1 Liška ( Kundrík , Solenský ) -- 45 : 22 5 -- 1 12 min Penalties 10 min 40 Shots 31 Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 0 20 7 + 13 11 Advance to Quarterfinals Czech Republic 0 0 18 15 + 3 9 Russia 0 17 13 + 4 7 Switzerland 0 0 10 20 − 10 5 Belarus 0 0 0 10 20 − 10 0 Advance to Relegation Source : IIHF.com December 26 , 2017 12 : 00 Czech Republic 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 ) Russia KeyBank Center Attendance : 4,998 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Goalies Alexei Melnichuk Vladislav Sukhachyov Referees : Andris Ansons Alexandre Garon Linesmen : Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström Nečas ( Kaut , Zadina ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 42 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 05 : 21 -- Polodyan ( Altybarmakyan , Zaitsev ) Safin ( Chytil , Hájek ) -- 07 : 28 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 09 : 16 -- Sholokhov ( Kostin , Syomin ) Zadina ( Kaut , Nečas ) ( PP ) -- 25 : 34 3 -- 2 Chytil ( Safin , Zachar ) -- 37 : 26 4 -- 2 Král ( Kaut , Galvas ) -- 46 : 16 5 -- 2 5 -- 3 57 : 48 -- Kayumov ( Maunkyan , Rubstov ) 5 -- 4 59 : 02 -- Syomin ( Kayumov , Rubstov ) ( EA ) 14 min Penalties 6 min 24 Shots 38 December 26 , 2017 14 : 00 Belarus 1 -- 6 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 3 , 0 -- 2 ) Sweden HarborCenter Attendance : 1,754 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Filip Gustavsson Referees : Jacob Grumsen Mikko Kaukokari Linesmen : William Hancock II Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 08 : 44 -- Pettersson ( Dahlin ) ( PP ) Sharangovich ( SH ) -- 14 : 56 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 30 : 57 -- Brännström ( Nylander , Steen ) 1 -- 3 32 : 33 -- Gustafsson ( G. Lindström , Sellgren ) 1 -- 4 34 : 18 -- Boqvist ( Brännström , Karlström ) 1 -- 5 42 : 17 -- Andersson ( Nylander , Pettersson ) ( PP ) 1 -- 6 51 : 07 -- Andersson ( Dahlin , Karlström ) 16 min Penalties 8 min 9 Shots 36 December 27 , 2017 15 : 00 Switzerland 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) Belarus KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,224 ( show ) Game reference Philip Wüthrich Goalies Andrei Grishenko Referees : Mikael Sjöqvist Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Emil Yletyinen Müller -- 08 : 07 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 18 : 34 -- Sushko ( Martynyuk , Gabrus ) 1 -- 2 44 : 25 -- Bovbel ( Litvinov , Sushko ) ( PP ) Nussbaumer ( Luenberger ) -- 48 : 12 2 -- 2 Kurashev ( Maillard , Miranda ) -- 51 : 16 3 -- 2 4 min Penalties 2 min 39 Shots 29 December 28 , 2017 14 : 00 Russia 5 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) Switzerland HarborCenter Attendance : 1,895 ( show ) Game reference Vladislav Sukhachyov Goalies Philip Wüthrich Referees : Jacob Grumsen Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Jiří Ondráček Peter Šefčík Syomin ( Sokolov ) ( PP ) -- 10 : 21 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 20 : 09 -- Miranda ( Kurashev , Maillard ) Kostin ( Svechnikov , Syomin ) -- 38 : 16 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 42 : 10 -- Jäger ( Heim , Sigrist ) Kayumov ( Kostin ) -- 51 : 02 3 -- 2 Ivanov ( Svechnikov ) -- 58 : 18 4 -- 2 Abramov ( Sokolov ) ( ENG ) -- 58 : 31 5 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 37 Shots 13 December 28 , 2017 16 : 00 Sweden 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Czech Republic KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,890 ( show ) Game reference Filip Gustavsson Goalies Jakub Škarek Referees : Filip Larsson Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Dustin McCrank Alexander Sysuev Davidsson ( Fjällby , Gustafsson ) -- 05 : 56 1 -- 0 Pettersson ( Nylander , Dahlin ) ( PP ) -- 19 : 04 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 39 : 02 -- Zadina ( Nečas , Hájek ) ( PP ) Nylander ( Dahlin ) ( PP ) -- 44 : 25 3 -- 1 10 min Penalties 8 min 35 Shots 25 December 29 , 2017 12 : 00 Belarus 2 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 ) Russia HarborCenter Attendance : 1,841 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Vladislav Sukhachyov Referees : Manuel Nikolic Gordon Schukies Linesmen : William Hancock II Jon Kilian 0 -- 1 10 : 14 -- Polodyan ( Makeyev , Maltsev ) 0 -- 2 12 : 44 -- Rubtsov ( Manukyan , Minulin ) 0 -- 3 23 : 33 -- Kostin ( Svechnikov ) Deryabin ( Pishuk ) -- 42 : 03 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 44 : 21 -- Kayumov ( Rubtsov , Manukyan ) 1 -- 5 48 : 12 -- Kostin ( Svechnikov , Ivanov ) Pishuk ( Martynov ) -- 50 : 43 2 -- 5 6 min Penalties 10 min 19 Shots 40 December 30 , 2017 12 : 00 Czech Republic 6 -- 5 ( 0 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 ) Belarus KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,222 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Jakub Škarek Goalies Andrei Grishenko Dmitri Rodik Referees : Jacob Grumsen Artur Kulev Linesmen : Franco Castelli Rene Jensen 0 -- 1 08 : 31 -- Sharangovich ( Yeryomenko , Litvinov ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 20 : 48 -- Drozdov ( Sushko , Bovbel ) Pavlík ( Safin , Reichel ) -- 21 : 29 1 -- 2 Hájek ( Nečas , Budík ) -- 21 : 53 2 -- 2 Zadina ( Michnáč , Kaut ) ( PP ) -- 25 : 58 3 -- 2 Chytil ( Zachar , Hájek ) -- 32 : 45 4 -- 2 Pavlík ( Chytil ) -- 35 : 26 5 -- 2 5 -- 3 38 : 45 -- Sharangovich ( Sushko , Bovbel ) ( PP ) 5 -- 4 50 : 27 -- Martynov ( Drozdov , Yeryomenko ) ( PP ) Zachar ( Budík ) -- 53 : 23 6 -- 4 6 -- 5 54 : 52 -- Gabrus 41 min Penalties 4 min 39 Shots 21 December 30 , 2017 14 : 00 Sweden 7 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 0 ) Switzerland HarborCenter Attendance : 2,115 ( show ) Game reference Filip Larsson Goalies Matteo Ritz Referees : Andris Ansons Robin Šír Linesmen : Markus Hägerström William Hancock II Andersson ( Nylander , Pettersson ) ( PP ) -- 05 : 25 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 10 : 13 -- Müller Andersson -- 26 : 07 2 -- 1 Fjällby ( SH ) -- 32 : 27 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 39 : 14 -- Miranda ( PP ) Pettersson -- 44 : 55 4 -- 2 Söderlund ( Dahlin , Brännström ) -- 50 : 01 5 -- 2 Zetterlund -- 51 : 43 6 -- 2 Pettersson ( Andersson , Dahlin ) -- 52 : 17 7 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 42 Shots 22 December 31 , 2017 12 : 00 Switzerland 3 -- 6 ( 1 -- 2 , 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Czech Republic KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,548 ( show ) Game reference Philip Wüthrich Goalies Jakub Škarek Josef Kořenář Referees : Mikko Kaukokari Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Jon Kilian Emil Yletyinen 0 -- 1 02 : 38 -- Lauko ( Hájek , Budík ) Jäger ( Miranda , Kurashev ) -- 02 : 51 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 11 : 07 -- Nečas ( Kaut , Hájek ) ( PP ) 1 -- 3 22 : 11 -- Reichel ( Pavlík ) Rohrbach -- 22 : 20 2 -- 3 Riva ( le Coultre , Heim ) ( PP ) -- 23 : 55 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 28 : 38 -- Kaut ( Michnáč , Nečas ) ( PP ) 3 -- 5 47 : 46 -- Kurovský ( Kodýtek ) 3 -- 6 57 : 40 -- Reichel ( Kurovský ) 4 min Penalties 8 min 31 Shots 60 December 31 , 2017 20 : 00 Russia 3 -- 4 GWS ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 2 ) Sweden KeyBank Center Attendance : 6,121 ( show ) Game reference Vladislav Sukhachyov Goalies Filip Gustavsson Referees : Gordon Schukies Stephen Thomson Linesmen : Markus Hägerström Dustin McCrank 0 -- 1 07 : 18 -- Andersson ( Liljegren , Nylander ) Sokolov ( Maltsev , Polodyan ) -- 15 : 09 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 17 : 32 -- Liljegren ( Söderlund , L. Lindström ) Kostin ( Ivanov , Svechnikov ) -- 18 : 18 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 54 : 21 -- Gustafsson ( Fjällby , Davidsson ) Polodyan ( Shepelev , Ivanov ) -- 56 : 15 3 -- 3 Yelizarov Abramov Maltsev Kostin Kayumov Shootout Pettersson Nylander L. Lindström Steen 12 min Penalties 8 min 31 Shots 43 Relegation ( edit ) January 2 , 2018 14 : 00 Belarus 4 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 3 ) Denmark HarborCenter Attendance : 1,245 ( show ) Game reference Andrei Grishenko Goalies Kasper Krog Referees : Gordon Schukies Marc Wiegand Linesmen : Franco Castelli Markus Hägerström 0 -- 1 15 : 56 -- Røndbjerg ( Blichfeld ) 0 -- 2 16 : 48 -- Schultz ( Madsen , Grundtvig ) Litvinov ( SH ) -- 21 : 01 1 -- 2 Yeryomenko ( Sushko , Sharangovich ) ( PP ) -- 29 : 13 2 -- 2 Drozdov ( SH ) -- 41 : 44 3 -- 2 Martynov ( Sushko , Sharangovich ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 30 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 49 : 04 -- Blichfeld ( Røndbjerg , Jessen ) 4 -- 4 59 : 26 -- Blichfeld ( Setkov ) ( EA ) 4 -- 5 59 : 45 -- Grundtvig ( Røndbjerg , Mogensen ) 20 min Penalties 14 min 28 Shots 29 January 4 , 2018 12 : 00 Denmark Belarus KeyBank Center January 5 , 2018 12 : 00 Belarus Denmark KeyBank Center Playoff round ( edit ) Quarterfinal 1A Canada 8 4B Switzerland Semifinal 1A Canada Quarterfinal 2B Czech Republic 2B Czech Republic 3A Finland Final Quarterfinal 1B Sweden 4A Slovakia Semifinal Bronze medal game Quarterfinal 2A United States 3B Russia Quarterfinals ( edit ) January 2 , 2018 12 : 00 Czech Republic 4 -- 3 GWS ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 2 -- 1 ) Finland KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,109 ( show ) Game reference Josef Kořenář Goalies Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Referees : Stephen Thomson Jeremy Tufts Linesmen : Jon Kilian Emil Yletyinen Zadina ( Nečas , Hájek ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 20 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 23 : 04 -- Räsänen ( Vesalainen , Juolevi ) ( PP ) 1 -- 2 29 : 53 -- Juolevi ( Vesalainen , Kuokkanen ) Reichel ( Pavlík , Budík ) -- 34 : 17 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 46 : 30 -- Vesalainen ( Tolvanen ) Zadina ( Galvas , Nečas ) ( EA ) -- 57 : 34 3 -- 3 Reichel Zadina Nečas Kaut Zachar Shootout Räsänen Tolvanen Kuokkanen Vesalainen Juolevi 8 min Penalties 4 min 30 Shots 54 January 2 , 2018 16 : 00 Canada 8 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) Switzerland KeyBank Center Attendance : 5,533 ( show ) Game reference Carter Hart Goalies Philip Wüthrich Matteo Ritz Referees : Jacob Grumsen Mikael Sjöqvist Linesmen : Rene Jensen Alexander Sysuev Howden ( Comtois , Makar ) -- 00 : 48 1 -- 0 Makar ( Timmins , Comtois ) -- 08 : 29 2 -- 0 Batherson ( Katchouk , Thomas ) ( PP ) -- 12 : 06 3 -- 0 Batherson ( Howden ) -- 26 : 12 4 -- 0 Kyrou ( Steel ) -- 27 : 24 5 -- 0 5 -- 1 28 : 46 -- Rohrbach ( Le Coultre , Maillard ) Timmins ( Steenbergen , Howden ) -- 32 : 19 6 -- 1 6 -- 2 50 : 26 -- Simic ( Maillard ) ( SH ) Dubé ( Kyrou , Raddysh ) ( PP ) -- 51 : 12 7 -- 2 Comtois ( Howden ) -- 59 : 09 8 -- 2 6 min Penalties 8 min 60 Shots 15 January 2 , 2018 18 : 00 Sweden Slovakia HarborCenter January 2 , 2018 20 : 00 United States Russia KeyBank Center Semifinals ( edit ) January 4 , 2018 16 : 00 KeyBank Center January 4 , 2018 20 : 00 KeyBank Center Bronze medal game ( edit ) January 5 , 2018 16 : 00 KeyBank Center Final ( edit ) January 5 , 2018 20 : 00 KeyBank Center Statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) Pos Player Country GP Pts + / − PIM Casey Mittelstadt United States 5 9 + 6 Lias Andersson Sweden 5 6 + 5 Klim Kostin Russia 6 + 6 0 Elias Pettersson Sweden 6 + 2 0 5 Samuel Buček Slovakia 6 + 4 0 6 Martin Nečas Czech Republic 6 − 1 0 6 Brady Tkachuk United States 6 + 3 8 Libor Hájek Czech Republic 5 6 + 4 8 Martin Kaut Czech Republic 5 6 + 1 0 8 Alexander Nylander Sweden 5 6 + 3 GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / − = Plus - minus ; PIM = Penalties In Minutes Source : IIHF Goaltending leaders ( edit ) ( minimum 40 % team 's total ice time ) Pos Player Country TOI GA GAA Sv % SO Roman Durný Slovakia 180 : 00 8 2.67 93.04 0 Carter Hart Canada 185 : 00 6 1.95 92.94 Filip Gustavsson Sweden 185 : 00 5 1.62 92.31 0 Philip Wüthrich Switzerland 179 : 58 12 4.00 90.40 0 5 Josef Kořenář Czech Republic 116 : 53 6 3.08 90.16 0 TOI = Time On Ice ( minutes : seconds ) ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts Source : IIHF Division i ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division I The Division IA tournament was held in Courchevel and Meribel , France from 10 to 16 December 2017 . The Division IB tournament was held in Bled , Slovenia from 9 to 15 December 2017 . Division IA ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Kazakhstan 5 0 0 20 10 + 10 13 Promoted to Top Division Latvia 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 Germany 5 0 17 7 + 10 10 France ( H ) 5 11 15 − 4 6 5 Austria 5 0 0 10 20 − 10 6 Hungary 5 0 0 11 25 − 14 Relegation to Division IB Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division IB ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Norway 5 0 0 18 5 + 13 13 Promoted to Division IA Poland 5 0 23 14 + 9 12 Slovenia ( H ) 5 0 18 15 + 3 10 Ukraine 5 9 11 − 2 6 5 Italy 5 0 0 9 23 − 14 6 Lithuania 5 0 0 7 16 − 9 Relegation to Division II A Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division ii ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division II The Division IIA tournament was held in Dumfries , Great Britain from 10 to 16 December 2017 . The Division IIB tournament will be held in Belgrade , Serbia from 10 to 16 January 2018 . Division IIA ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Japan 5 0 0 23 7 + 16 14 Promoted to Division IB South Korea 5 0 21 19 + 2 10 Great Britain ( H ) 5 0 23 15 + 8 10 Estonia 5 0 20 25 − 5 5 Romania 5 0 17 20 − 3 6 Netherlands 5 0 0 13 31 − 18 Relegation to Division II B Source : IIHF Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) head - to - head points ; 3 ) head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) head - to - head number of goals scored ; 5 ) result against closest best - ranked team outside tied teams ; 6 ) result against second - best ranked team outside tied teams ; 7 ) seeding before tournament . ( H ) Host . Division IIB ( edit ) Croatia ( relegated from Division II A ) Belgium Mexico Serbia Spain Turkey ( promoted from Division III ) Division iii ( edit ) Main article : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships -- Division III The tournament will be held in Sofia , Bulgaria from 22 to 28 January 2018 . The Qualification tournament will be held in Cape Town , South Africa from 5 to 7 February 2018 . Australia ( relegated from Division II B) Bulgaria China Iceland Israel New Zealand Division III qualification ( edit ) Chinese Taipei South Africa Turkmenistan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.tsn.ca/sources-outdoor-game-planned-for-2018-world-juniors-in-buffalo-1.403558 Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey Selects Buffalo Sabres as Host of 2018 IIHF World Junior Championship '' . Sabres.com . December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada faces U.S. outdoors at 2018 WJC '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists Named for Hosting 2018 IIHF World Juniors '' . USA Hockey . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Host Finalists Announced for 2018 World Juniors '' . USA Hockey . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/14c4e4c9ee6a44589225bc1863c6b30e/HKO--World-Junior-Championship-Buffalo Jump up ^ http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/officials/assignments/#c34618 Jump up ^ `` New format for U18 , U20 Worlds '' . IIHF.com. 2012 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring Leaders '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . IIHF. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goalkeepers '' ( PDF ) . IIHF.com . December 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website IIHF World U20 Championships Current champions ( 2017 ) : United States 2018 Championship teams Belarus Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland Russia Slovakia Sweden Switzerland United States Championships Soviet Union 1974 Canada 1975 Finland 1976 Czechoslovakia 1977 Canada 1978 Sweden 1979 Finland 1980 West Germany 1981 United States 1982 Soviet Union 1983 Sweden 1984 Finland 1985 Canada 1986 Czechoslovakia 1987 Soviet Union 1988 United States 1989 Finland 1990 Canada 1991 Germany 1992 Sweden 1993 Czech Republic 1994 Canada 1995 United States 1996 Switzerland 1997 Finland 1998 Canada 1999 Sweden 2000 Russia 2001 Czech Republic 2002 Canada 2003 Finland 2004 United States 2005 Canada 2006 Sweden 2007 Czech Republic 2008 Canada 2009 Canada 2010 United States 2011 Canada 2012 Russia 2013 Sweden 2014 Canada 2015 Finland 2016 Canada 2017 United States 2018 Canada 2019 Czech Republic 2020 Canada 2021 Finals 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rosters 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division I 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division II 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Medalists Directorate award winners Media All - Star Teams Players for Canada Punch - up in Piestany Team Canada New Year 's Eve Game 2017 -- 18 in men 's ice hockey International World Championships Championship Rosters Group A Group B Playoff round Final Division I Division II Division III Under - 20 Division I Division II Division III Under - 18 Division I Division II Division III Leagues International National Hockey League AHL ECHL Kontinental Hockey League Champions Hockey League Continental Cup Austria League Asia League MOL Liga Domestic Australia ' 17 ' 18 Belarus Czech Republic 2nd tier Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany 2nd tier Norway 2nd tier Poland Slovakia Sweden 2nd tier Switzerland 2nd tier Ukraine United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships&oldid=818341829 '' Categories : 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 2017 in ice hockey 2018 in ice hockey World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Scheduled sports events International ice hockey competitions hosted by the United States Sports competitions in Buffalo , New York Outdoor ice hockey games 2017 -- 18 in American ice hockey 2017 in sports in New York ( state ) 2018 in sports in New York ( state ) December 2017 sports events in the United States January 2018 sports events in the United States Current sports events 21st century in Buffalo , New York Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Norsk Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the world juniors being played this year	[]	[]
-1244258487528433789	Chief petty officer (United States)	Chief petty officer ( United States ) - wikipedia Chief petty officer ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The collar and cap device of a U.S. Navy chief petty officer . The shoulder sleeve insignia of a U.S. Navy chief Boatswain 's Mate with twelve or more years of continual good conduct . The shoulder sleeve insignia of a U.S. Navy chief Boatswain 's Mate , with three red chevrons and one rocker . The collar and cap device of a U.S Coast Guard chief petty officer . The shoulder sleeve insignia of a U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps chief petty officer Chief Petty Officer ( CPO ) is the seventh enlisted rate ( E-7 ) in the United States Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , just above petty officer first class and below senior chief petty officer . The rate of chief petty officer is that of a senior non-commissioned officer , and was established on 1 April 1893 for the United States Navy . The United States Congress first authorized the Coast Guard to use the promotion to chief petty officer on 18 May 1920 . Chief petty officer is also the final cadet rate in the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps . Prior to 1958 , Chief Petty Officer was the highest enlisted rank in both the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . This changed on 20 May 1958 with the passage Public Law 85 - 422 , the Military Pay Act of 1958 , which established two new pay grades of E-8 and E-9 in all five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces . In the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , the new E-8 pay grade was titled Senior Chief Petty Officer ( SCPO ) and the new E-9 pay grade as Master Chief Petty Officer ( MCPO ) , with the first selectees promoting to their respective grades in 1959 and 1960 . Prior to establishment of the E-8 and E-9 grades , Chief Petty Officers could typically serve in uniform for 30 or more years . Shortly following establishment of the E-8 and E-9 grades , service limits currently known as High Year Tenure ( HYT ) were established by pay grade . Although these limits periodically flex based on Fleet manpower requirements , current HYT limits restrict Chief Petty Officers not selected for promotion to Senior Chief Petty Officer to 24 years of service , after which they face mandatory retirement . Similar limits of 26 years for Senior Chief Petty Officers and 30 years for Master Chief Petty Officer are currently used , with a smaller core of Master Chief Petty Officers serving in Command , Force or Fleet Master Chief Petty Officer positions in the Navy and Area or the Coast Guard Reserve Force Master Chief in the Coast Guard , being eligible to remain in uniform for 32 to 35 years and with the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard being permitted to remain in uniform until reaching 38 years of service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 Induction 3 Advancement 4 Deckplate leaders 5 Insignia and emblem 6 References 7 External links Role ( edit ) A chief petty officer gives instructions to a seaman aboard an aircraft carrier in 2013 . Navy chief petty officers serve a dual role as both technical experts and as leaders , with the emphasis being more on leadership as they progress through the CPO paygrades . A recognized collateral duty for all Chiefs is the training of newly - commissioned junior officers . Like petty officers , every chief petty officer has both a rate ( unlike the land - centric services , rank only refers to commissioned officers in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard ) and a rating ( i.e. , job specialty , similar to an MOS in the U.S. Army or U.S. Marine Corps , or an AFSC in U.S. Air Force ) . A chief petty officer 's full title is a combination of the two . Thus , a chief petty officer who has the rating of gunner 's mate would be referred to as a chief gunner 's mate . Each rating has an official abbreviation , such as QM for quartermaster , BM for boatswain 's mate , or FC for fire controlman . When combined with the petty officer level , this gives the shorthand for the chief 's rate , such as BMC for Chief Boatswain 's Mate . It is not uncommon practice to refer to the chief by this shorthand in all but the most formal correspondence ( such as printing and inscription on awards ) . Usually Chief Petty Officers are referred to as `` chief '' , regardless of their rating . In the U.S. Navy , both commissioned officers and Chief Petty Officers are often colloquially referred to as `` khakis '' . In the past , commissioned officers and chief petty officers wore khaki - colored uniforms while onboard seagoing vessels , in direct contrast to petty officers and seamen , who were referred to as deckplate sailors , or blueshirts . However , since 2009 , while khakis are still worn ashore , the U.S. Navy has begun using a blue and gray camouflage working uniform which replaced the khaki - colored ones worn by commissioned officers and chief petty officers on board ships , and also adopted a new service uniform for petty officers and seamen in pay grades E-6 and below , consisting of a khaki shirt and black trousers . The latter has caused some discontent among some chief petty officers and commissioned officers as a result . In the U.S. Coast Guard , petty officers , chief petty officers , warrant officers , and commissioned officers all wear similar uniforms . Induction ( edit ) The United States Navy and the United States Coast Guard are distinct among the U.S. Armed Forces in that promotion to the paygrade of E-7 traditionally has involved a season of specialized activities known collectively as `` initiation '' , `` orientation '' , `` induction '' or most recently , `` CPO 365 Phase II '' . The `` induction season '' , as it was called , has been replaced by a program called CPO 365 , a year - round program for first class petty officers . On January 7 , 2013 , the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy , Michael D. Stevens , announced : Effective immediately , we 're respectfully sun - downing the word ' induction ' , and in its place we 'll use CPO 365 as the primary term , '' said Stevens . `` I believe that induction is more about a moment in time , and CPO 365 and the development of our FCPOs to become CPOs is not about a moment in time . It 's about a continuous time . This is something we 're going to do every day , 365 days a year , and so we want to make sure the term we are using is matching what we are doing . Advancement ( edit ) Unlike petty officer first class and lower rates , advancement to chief petty officer not only carries requirements of time in service , superior evaluation scores , and specialty examinations , but also carries an added requirement of peer review . A chief petty officer can only advance after review by a selection board of serving senior and master chief petty officers , in effect `` choosing their own '' and conversely not choosing others . Advancement into the chief petty officer grades is the most significant promotion within the enlisted naval rates . At the rate of chief petty officer , the sailor takes on more administrative duties . In the U.S. Navy , their uniform changes to reflect this change of duty , becoming identical to that of an officer 's uniform except with different insignia . Personnel in the three chief petty officer rates also have conspicuous privileges such as separate dining and living areas . Any naval vessel of sufficient size has a room or rooms that are off - limits to anyone not a chief ( including commissioned officers ) , except by specific invitation . In naval jargon , this room is called the Chief 's Mess , or tongue in cheek , the `` goat locker '' . In addition , a chief petty officer is usually addressed by either their rate or as `` chief '' by both subordinates and superiors upon advancement to the rate . Deckplate leaders ( edit ) In naval terminology , the deckplate can roughly refer to the deck ( `` flooring '' ) , or the area of the deck of a ship or boat ( submarine ) . It can also refer to the Division Officer and chief petty officer leadership . The term deckplate leaders is a colloquial term referring to the senior enlisted personnel of the rate of chief petty officer and higher . They are generally charged with keeping good order and discipline within the lower enlisted rates . Insignia and emblem ( edit ) U.S. Navy arm insignia for a Chief Yeoman Rate insignia in the Navy and Coast Guard are mostly identical . A chief petty officer 's rate insignia is a perched eagle with spread wings ( often affectionately referred to as a `` crow '' ) above three chevrons topped by a rocker . The rating emblem is displayed below the crow , within the area bordered by the rocker and the uppermost chevron . The chevrons and rocker are either red or gold . In the Navy enlisted members with at least 12 consecutive years of good conduct service in the armed forces wear gold chevrons . The Coast Guard does not have such a rule ; a Coast Guard chief petty officer 's sleeve insignia is always gold , and rates below chief petty officer are always red . On the dress blue uniform ( and variants such as mess whites ) , the insignia is worn on the left arm of the uniform blouse ( or `` suit coat '' in civilian terminology ) . On all other uniforms , the insignia used is worn on the collar and has become universally accepted as the symbol of the chief petty officer , which is a fouled ( entwined in the anchor chain ) gold anchor superimposed with the letters `` USN '' in silver in the Navy , or a silver shield in the Coast Guard . A U.S. Navy Chief petty officer 's rate emblem is symbolized by a fouled anchor with the letters `` USN '' centered on the anchor . Officially the letters stand for United States Navy . According to naval tradition , the letters are symbolic of the following : Unity : to symbolize `` cooperation , maintaining harmony and continuity of purpose and action . '' Service : to symbolize service `` to our God , our fellow man and our Navy . '' Navigation : `` to keep ourselves on a true course so that we may walk upright before God and man in our transactions with all mankind , but especially with our fellow Chiefs . '' A U.S. Coast Guard Chief petty officer 's rate emblem is symbolized by a fouled anchor with a shield superimposed on its shank . The anchor is emblematic of `` the chief '' and represents stability and security . It serves to remind the chief petty officer of their responsibility to keep those they serve safe from harm 's way . The significance of the shield date to the days of the Revenue Cutter Service when Congress added the shield to the ensign of the Cutter Service to distinguish cutters from other naval vessels . The chain is symbolic of flexibility and strength and serves to remind the chief petty officer that the chain of life is forged day - by - day , link - by - link . The chain also represents the reliance of one chief petty officer on another to get the job done and reminds him not to be the weak link in the chain . The chain fouled around the anchor represents `` the Sailor 's disgrace '' and serves to remind chief petty officers that there may be times when circumstances are beyond their control in the performance of their duty , but a chief petty officer must complete the task . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Master chief petty officer of the Navy ( SW / FMF ) Joe R. Campa Jr. ( 30 March 2007 ) . `` MCPON Reflects on 114 Years of Deckplate Leadership '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 ... commemorating the establishment of the rate of chief petty officer ( CPO ) in 1893 . Jump up ^ The Coast Guardsman 's Manual , ninth ed. , George E. Krietemeyer , Naval Institute Press , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 55750 - 468 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.ncohistory.com/documents/1958-085-0422a.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/milpersman/1000/1100Recruitinig/Documents/1160-120.pdf Jump up ^ The Chief Petty Officer 's Guide , John Hagan and Jack Leahy . - Naval Institute Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 459 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Drawn Cutlass : New U.S. Navy Enlisted Khaki Uniforms : My Opinion '' . Thedrawncutlass.blogspot.com. 2008 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sunday , March 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Navy Approves New Uniforms '' . Outsidethebeltway.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Chief Petty Officer 's Guide / John Hagan and Jack Leahy . Naval Institute Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 459 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/071708/trident_28221.shtml ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to the Goatlocker '' . Goatlocker.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . External links ( edit ) History of the Chief Petty Officer Grade US Navy The internet 's virtual Chief 's Mess - Goatlocker.org ( hide ) United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG List of United States Navy enlisted rates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_petty_officer_(United_States)&oldid=795865764 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Navy Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard United States military enlisted ranks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who signed the general order that recognized chief petty officer as an official navy rate	[]	[]
5712893820820006439	The Lake House (film)	The lake house ( film ) - wikipedia The lake house ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Lake House Theatrical release poster Directed by Alejandro Agresti Produced by Doug Davison Roy Lee Sonny Mallhi Screenplay by David Auburn Based on Il Mare by Kim Eun - jeong Kim Mi - yeong Starring Keanu Reeves Sandra Bullock Dylan Walsh Shohreh Aghdashloo Christopher Plummer Music by Rachel Portman Cinematography Alar Kivilo Edited by Alejandro Brodersohn Lynzee Klingman Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Vertigo Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $115 million The Lake House is a 2006 American romantic drama directed by Alejandro Agresti and starring Keanu Reeves , Sandra Bullock and Christopher Plummer . It was written by David Auburn . The film is a remake of the South Korean motion picture Il Mare ( 2000 ) . The story centers on an architect living in 2004 and a doctor living in 2006 . The two meet via letters left in a mailbox at the lake house they have both lived in at separate points in time ; they carry on correspondence over two years , remaining separated by their original difference of two years . This film reunites Reeves and Bullock for the first time since they co-starred in Speed in 1994 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Box office 6 Critical reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2006 , Dr. Kate Forster ( Sandra Bullock ) is leaving a lake house that she has been renting in Madison , Wisconsin to move to Chicago . Kate leaves a note in the mailbox for the next tenant to forward her mail , adding that the paint - embedded pawprints on the path leading to the house were already there when she arrived . Two years earlier in 2004 , Alex Wyler ( Reeves ) , an architect , arrives at the lake house and finds Kate 's letter in the mailbox . The house is neglected , with no sign of paw prints anywhere . During the subsequent restoration of the house , a dog runs through Alex 's paint and leaves fresh paw prints right where Kate said they would be . Baffled , Alex writes back , asking how Kate knew about the paw prints since the house was unoccupied until he arrived . On Valentine 's Day 2006 , Kate witnesses a traffic accident near Daley Plaza and tries to save the male victim , unsuccessfully . She impulsively drives back to the lake house , finds Alex 's letter and writes back . Both Alex and Kate continue passing messages to each other via the mailbox , and each watches its flag go up and down as the message leaves and the reply arrives as they wait at the mailbox . They cautiously look around each time the flag changes , hoping to somehow spot the other . It is in vain as they are alone at the mailbox . They then discover that they are living exactly two years apart . Their correspondence takes them through several events , including Alex finding a book , Jane Austen 's Persuasion , at a railway station where Kate said she would have lost it , and Alex taking Kate on a walking tour of his favorite places in Chicago via an annotated map that he leaves in the mailbox . Alex eventually meets Kate at her boyfriend 's party but he does n't mention their exchange of letters to her because she did not `` know '' him at that time . She later remembered the meeting as a vague memory in the past . For Alex , the meeting happened in the present but for Kate , it had already taken place in the past without her knowing that it was Alex . As Alex and Kate continue to write each other , they decide to try to meet again . Alex makes a reservation at the Il Mare restaurant for March 2007 -- two years into Alex 's future , but only a day away for Kate . Kate goes to the restaurant but Alex fails to show . Heartbroken , Kate asks Alex not to write her again , recounting the accident a year before . Both Alex and Kate leave the lake house , continuing on with their separate lives . On Valentine 's Day 2006 for Alex , Valentine 's Day 2008 for Kate , he returns to the lake house after something about the day triggers a memory . Meanwhile , Kate goes to an architect to review the renovation plans for a house she wants to buy . A drawing of the lake house on the conference room wall catches her attention and upon asking , Henry Wyler informs her the artist was his brother , Alex , and Kate realises that this was the same Alex with whom she had been corresponding . She also learns that Alex was killed in a traffic accident exactly two years ago to the day and realizes why he never showed up for their date - he was the man who died in Daley Plaza . Rushing to the lake house , Kate frantically writes a letter telling Alex she loves him , but begs him not to try to find her if he loves her back . Wait two years , she says , and come to the lake house instead . Meanwhile , Alex has gone to Daley Plaza to look for Kate . At the lake house , Kate drops to her knees sobbing , fearing that she has arrived too late to stop Alex . After a long pause , the mailbox flag finally lowers ; Alex has picked up her note . Not long afterwards , a familiar mint - green truck pulls up . She walks forward smiling as the driver , clad in jeans and a familiar tan jacket , approaches . She and Alex kiss and walk toward the lake house . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as Alex Wyler Sandra Bullock as Kate Forster Christopher Plummer as Simon J. Wyler Ebon Moss - Bachrach as Henry Wyler Shohreh Aghdashloo as Dr. Anna Klyczynski Dylan Walsh as Morgan Price Willeke van Ammelrooy as Mrs. Forster Lynn Collins as Mona Production ( edit ) The film is set and filmed in the Chicago area . The lake house itself was built on what is called Maple Lake , located within the Maple Lake Forest Preserve off of 95th Street in the southwest suburbs of Chicago . After filming the house was removed and a simple fishing dock was put in its place . The downtown scenes are in The Loop . The scenes where Kate and Morgan go to Henry 's office , and Kate 's dramatic exit down the stairs , were filmed at the Chicago Architecture Foundation . The scene where Henry and Alex talk on the street after being in their father 's office was filmed on the 400 block of South Michigan Ave , in front of the Fine Arts Building and the Auditorium Theater . Other filming locations include Aurora , Illinois ( now the Madison Park community ) and Riverside , Illinois , a small town on the outskirts of Chicago that is known for its historic houses , and several Frank Lloyd Wright buildings . The railway station in the movie is the real station of Riverside , and the bridge that Alex crosses while chasing Jack is called the `` Swinging Bridge '' ; it crosses the Des Plaines River . The scene where Kate gets stood - up is in Millennium Park at the Park Grill . Music ( edit ) The Lake House : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Rachel Portman Released June 20 , 2006 Genre Soundtrack Label Lakeshore Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic link The Lake House : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in 2006 . `` This Never Happened Before '' -- Paul McCartney `` ( I Ca n't Seem To ) Make You Mine '' -- The Clientele `` Time Has Told Me '' -- Nick Drake `` Ant Farm '' -- Eels `` It 's Too Late '' -- Carole King `` The Lakehouse '' -- Rachel Portman `` Pawprints '' -- Rachel Portman `` Tough Week '' -- Rachel Portman `` Mailbox '' -- Rachel Portman `` Sunsets '' -- Rachel Portman `` Alex 's Father '' -- Rachel Portman `` Il Mare '' -- Rachel Portman `` Tell Me More '' -- Rachel Portman `` She 's Gone '' -- Rachel Portman `` Wait For Me '' -- Rachel Portman `` You Waited '' -- Rachel Portman `` I Waited '' -- Rachel Portman Songs appearing in the film , but not on the soundtrack include : `` I Wish You Love '' -- Rosemary Clooney `` There Will Never Be Another You '' -- Rosemary Clooney `` Pink Moon '' -- Nick Drake `` La noyée '' -- Carla Bruni `` Sentimental Tattoo '' -- Jukebox Junkies `` Chiamami Adesso '' -- Paolo Conte `` When It Rains '' -- Brad Mehldau `` Young at Heart '' -- Brad Mehldau `` Almost Like Being In Love '' -- Gerry Mulligan `` O Pato '' -- Stan Getz `` A Man and A Woman '' -- Sir Julian `` Bitter '' -- Meshell Ndegeocello The film trailer also features the song `` Somewhere Only We Know '' by the band Keane . It is available on the album Hopes and Fears . Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed a total of $13.6 million , ranking fourth in the United States box office . As of October 1 , 2006 , the movie has grossed $52,330,111 domestically , and $114,830,111 worldwide . On September 26 , 2006 , the movie became the first to be simultaneously released on DVD , Blu - ray Disc and HD DVD ( courtesy of Warner Home Video ) . Critical reception ( edit ) According to the website Rotten Tomatoes , 35 % of the critics gave the movie a positive review . USA Today critic Claudia Puig wrote , `` The Lake House is one of the more befuddling movies of recent years . The premise makes no sense , no matter how you turn it around in your head . '' Roger Ebert , while pointing out the movie 's logical inconsistencies , wrote , `` Never mind , I tell you , never mind ! '' Ebert gave a positive review ( 3.5 stars out of 4 ) noting , `` What I respond to in the movie is its fundamental romantic impulse . '' On August 18 , 2006 , Reeves and Bullock won a Teen Choice Award for `` Choice Liplock '' for The Lake House . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Lake House ( 2006 ) -- Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` The top houses from the movies '' . Daily Telegraph . Notes MovieWeb Box Office Mojo Chicago Reader Price , Prof. H. : `` Time 's Arrow and Archimedes ' Point '' , 1997 Oxford University Press , USA . Home page of the widely acclaimed book . Huw Price is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney , Australia . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 26 . Avery , Samuel C. : `` The Dimensional Structure of Consciousness : A Physical Basis for Immaterialism '' , 1995 Compari . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lake House on IMDb The Lake House at AllMovie The Lake House at Rotten Tomatoes The Lake House at Metacritic The Lake House at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Alejandro Agresti El zoológico y el cementerio ( 1978 ) Sola ( 1979 ) La araña ( 1980 ) Tú sabes mi nombre ( 1981 ) Los espectros de la recoleta ( 1981 ) La neutrónica explotó en Burzaco ( 1984 ) El hombre que ganó la razón ( 1986 ) Love Is a Fat Woman ( 1987 ) Secret Wedding ( 1989 ) City Life ( 1990 ) Luba ( 1990 ) Figaro Stories ( 1991 ) Everybody Wants to Help Ernest ( 1991 ) A Lonely Race ( 1992 ) Modern Crimes ( 1992 ) Hexagon ( 1994 ) The Act in Question ( 1994 ) Buenos Aires Vice Versa ( 1996 ) Un día para siempre ( 1997 ) La cruz ( 1997 ) Wind with the Gone ( 1998 ) Una noche con Sabrina Love ( 2000 ) Valentín ( 2002 ) A Less Bad World ( 2004 ) The Lake House ( 2006 ) No somos animales ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lake_House_(film)&oldid=800858889 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic fantasy films American films American remakes of South Korean films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films Films set in 2004 Films set in 2005 Films set in 2006 Films set in 2007 Films set in 2008 Films set in Chicago Time travel films Films directed by Alejandro Agresti Films shot in Chicago Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 15 . 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-4162289296621003308	List of colleges in Mumbai	List of colleges in Mumbai - Wikipedia List of colleges in Mumbai Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most of the colleges in Mumbai either come under several Autonomous university or affiliated to the University of Mumbai and are spread throughout the city as well as the suburbs . At the undergraduate level , BA , BSc , and BCom are popular courses in these colleges . Along with these conventional courses , many colleges also offer professional courses which concentrate on a specialized field . Almost all colleges also offer courses at Junior college level , which is equivalent to last 2 years of high schools in other countries . The Junior colleges are governed by the Maharashtra State Board for Secondary and Higher Secondary Education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applied arts and architecture 2 Arts , Science and Commerce 3 Engineering & Dental 4 Hotel management 5 Law 6 Management 7 Media 8 Pharmacy 9 Vocational institutes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Applied arts and architecture ( edit ) Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way LS Raheja School of Architecture Sir J.J. College of Architecture Rizvi College of Architecture , Bandra Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Architecture , Kharghar , Navi Mumbai Rachana Sansad Indian Education Society 's College of Architecture Pillai 's College of Architecture , New Panvel Arts , Science and Commerce ( edit ) Abhinav Vidya Mandir School and College of Arts , Science and Commerce , Bhayandar East Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way Atharva College , Kandivali ( West ) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 's College , Andheri West Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 's College , Girgoan CHETANA 's H.S. College of Commerce & Economics , Bandra East Chandibai Himathmal Mansukhani ( CHM ) College , Ulhasnagar D.G. Ruparel College of Arts , Science and Commerce , Matunga Elphinstone College , Kala Ghoda , Fort Khalsa College , Matunga Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce , Malad ( W ) H.R. College of Commerce and Economics , Churchgate Institute of Forensic Science Jai Hind College , Churchgate Kalasadan , Sion . K.C. College , Churchgate Kirti M. Doongursee College , Dadar West Lions Dalmia College , Malad Lala Lajpatrai College Of Commerce and Economics , Haji Ali Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce & Economics , JVPD , Vile Parle Mithibai College , Vile Parle Mittal College , Malad Mulund College of Commerce , Mulund West Guru Nanak College ( Sion ) , Sion Hinduja College , Charni Road Jashbhai Maganbhai Patel College of Commerce , Goregaon West K.J. Somaiya College of Science & Commerce , Vidyavihar East Maharashtra College of Arts , Science and Commerce , Mumbai Central Nagindas Khandwal College of Commerce and Economics , Malad Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics , Vile Parle West National Education Society High School and Junior College , Bhandup Nirmala Memorial Foundation College of Science and Commerce , Kandivali Patkar - Varde College , Goregaon Prakash College ( Science & Commerce College ) , Kandivali West Ramnarain Ruia College , Matunga Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics , Matunga Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College of Arts , Science & Commerce . Rizvi College of Science , Arts and Commerce , Bandra West Royal College of Science , Arts and Commerce , Mira Road Sanpada College of Commerce and Technology , Sanpada Sathaye College , formerly Parle College , Vile Parle Shri M.D. Shah Mahila College of Arts and Commerce , Malad West SIES College of Arts , Science , and Commerce , Sion West SIES College of Commerce and Economics , Sion East Sophia College For Women South Indians ' Welfare Society College , Wadala SPDT Lions Juhu College of Arts , Commerce and Science , Mumbai , Andheri East St. Andrew 's College , Bandra St. Xavier 's College , Dhobitalao Sunandan Divatia School of Science , NMIMS University , Vile Parle West Swami Vivekanand International School and Junior College , Kandivali Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics , Churchgate Thakur College of Science , Commerce and Arts , Kandivali ( East ) Vani Vidyalaya High School and Junior College , Mulund West Vinayak Ganesh Vaze College of Arts , Science and Commerce , ( also , known as Kelkar College ) , Mulund East . VIVA College of Arts , Science and Commerce , Virar Vivek Vidyalaya High School and Junior College , Goregaon West Vivek College of Commerce , Goregaon West Wilson College , Girgaon Engineering & Dental ( edit ) Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital - Nerul Mahatma Gandhi Mission Dental College - Kalamboli Nair Dental College - Byculla , Mumbai Central Government Dental College and Hospital - Fort area St. George Dental College & Hospital , Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Terna Dental College and Hospital - Nerul , Navi Mumbai Yerala Medical Trust Dental College & Hospital - Kharghar Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Dental , Navi Mumbai Alamuri Ratnamala Institute of Engineering and Technology , Sapgaon , Thane Atharva College Of Engineering , Malad ( West ) Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering , Belapur , Navi Mumbai Datta Meghe College of Engineering , Airoli , Navi Mumbai Dilkap Research Institute of Engineering and Management Studies , ( Neral ) Don Bosco Institute of Technology , Kurla ( West ) Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering , Vile Parle West Fr . Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering , Bandra Fr . Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology , Vashi Gharda Foundation 's Gharda Institute of Technology ( GIT ) , Lavel , Khed , Ratnagiri Institute of Chemical Technology , Matunga ( Autonomous ) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai KC College of Engineering , Thane East K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering , Vidyavihar K.J. Somaiya Institute of Engineering and Information Technology , Sion Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering , Karjat Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering - Kopar Khairane , Navi Mumbai M.H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering - Byculla Mahatma Gandhi Mission 's College of Engineering and Technology , Kamothe Mandar Education Society 's Rajaram Shinde College of Engineering , Pedhambe Metropolitan Institute of Technology & Management ( MITM ) Sindhudurg ( Konkan Region ) NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering ( NMU ) , Juhu Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan 's College of Engineering , Sion Pillai College of Engineering , Panvel Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology , Mumbai Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology , Nerul Rajendra Mane College of Engineering & Technology ( RMCET ) Ambav , Devrukh Rizvi College of Engineering , Bandra ( West ) Saraswati College of Engineering , Kharghar , Navi Mumbai Sardar Patel College of Engineering - Andheri ( West ) Sardar Patel Institute of Technology - Andheri ( West ) Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College , Chembur Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering , Dombivali Shee L.R. Tiwari College of Engineering ( SLRTCE ) , Mira Road Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal 's College of Engineering ( SSPMCOE ) , Kankavli ( Konkan Region ) SIES Graduate School of Technology , Nerul Smt . Indira Gandhi College of Engineering , Koparkhairane , Navi Mumbai St. Francis Institute of Technology , Borivali St. John College of Engineering and Technology , Palghar Terna Engineering College , Nerul , Navi Mumbai Thakur College of Engineering and Technology , Kandivali Thadomal Shahani Engineering College Mumbai , Bandra ( W ) Theem College of Engineering , Boisar Vidyalankar Institute of Technology , Wadala ( E ) , Mumbai Vidyavardhini College of Engineering and Technology , Vasai Road ( W ) Viva Institute of Technology , Virar ( E ) Usha Mittal Institute of Technology , Santacruz ( W ) , Mumbai Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute , Matunga , Mumbai Vivekanand Education Society 's Institute of Technology Mumbai , Chembur ( E ) Watumull Institute of Electronics Engineering and Computer Technology Worli Xavier Institute of Engineering Mahim ( West ) Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute of Engineering & Technology ( YTIET ) , Bhivpuri Hotel Management ( edit ) IHM Mumbai , Dadar west ICE College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology , Nerul Nalanda Educational Foundation , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College : Department of Hotel Management , Chembur . Apeejay Institute of Hospitality , CBD Belapur Sheila Raheja Institute of Hotel Management Bandra East ICE College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology , Andheri Mumbai College of Hotel Management , Mira - Bhayandar West Universal college of Hospitality , Mira - Bhayader West Law ( edit ) Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way School of Law , University of Mumbai , Mumbai G.J. Advani Law College , Bandra Government Law College , Churchgate KC Law College , Churchgate Maharashtra National Law University , Mumbai Siddharth College of Law , Fort area Management ( edit ) Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way BSE Institute , Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Area , Fort . CHETANA 'S R.K. Institute of Management & Research , Bandra East CHETANA 'S Institute of Management & Research , Bandra East Humera Khan Institute of Management Studies and Research , Jogeshwari West Dr VN Bedekar Institute of Management Studies , Thane West University of Mumbai , Thane Sub Campus , Thane Institute of Management and Computer Studies , Thane West Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research ( SIMSR ) , Vidyavihar Late Narayan Meghaji Lokhande Maharashtra Institute of Labour Studies , Parel N.L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research , Mira Road East Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies , Vile Parle West National Institute of Industrial Engineering , Powai Oriental Institute of Management , Vashi Usha Pravin Gandhi College Of Management , Vile Parle S.P. Jain Institute of Management and Research , Andheri West Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management , IIT Bombay , Powai Sheila Raheja School of Business Management and Research , Bandra St. Francis Institute of Management and Research , Borivali Swayam Siddhi College of Management and Research , Thane Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Deonar Thadomal Shahani Centre For Management , Bandra West Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research , Matunga Central Media ( edit ) Ronkel Media Education & Research Institute , Andheri ( West ) , Mumbai . * Amity University Mumbai - Mumbai Pune Express Way Deviprasad Goenka Management College of Media Studies Thadomal Shahani Centre For Media & Communications Mumbai Institute of film and television art , Mira - Bhayader West . Pharmacy ( edit ) Bombay College of Pharmacy , Kalina HK College of Pharmacy , Oshiwara , Jogeshwari West Saraswati Vidya Bhavan 's College of Pharmacy , Dombivali East Vivekanand Education Society College Of Pharmacy , Chembur East Vocational institutes ( edit ) Garware Institute of Career Education & Development , Kalina - Certificate course in Commerce CEDP Skill Institute JD Institute of Fashion Technology ICE College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology , Mumbra Institute of Computer Accountants , Andheri Pearl Academy of Fashion Designing , Andheri International Institute for Population Sciences ( Deemed University ) , Deonar Rvv vocational institute mumbai , navi mumbai See also ( edit ) List of schools in Mumbai References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siddhartha D Kashyap ( 26 May 2004 ) . `` 18 medical colleges took government favours '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Payal Gwalani ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Govt Dental College and Hospital plants tree in premises as tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Pranali Lotlikar Chindarkar ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Terna College in Navi Mumbai penalised for unfair trade practices '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Aditi Guha ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` Subject wise - The medical path '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinamrata Borwankar ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Kudos , 2 Mumbai colleges named best in India '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Know your neighbourhood : Dombivli East '' . Money Control . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pratibha Jain ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` The Commerce Conundrum '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` University of Mumbai , Affiliated Colleges '' . University of Mumbai website . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . 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8265859432064078609	Characters of Malcolm in the Middle	Characters of Malcolm in the Middle - wikipedia Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Jump to : navigation , search The cast of Malcolm in the Middle as of season 5 , ( from behind , left to right ) : Christopher Kennedy Masterson as Francis , Frankie Muniz as Malcolm , Erik Per Sullivan as Dewey , and Justin Berfield as Reese . ( In front , left to right ) Jane Kaczmarek as Lois and Bryan Cranston as Hal . The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle , which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Character Appearances 3 The Family 3.1 Hal 3.2 Francis 3.3 Malcolm 3.4 Lois 3.5 Reese 3.6 Dewey 3.7 Jamie 4 Recurring characters 5 References Characters ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) Originally there were four brothers ( although Malcolm 's oldest brother attended a military school away from home , so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home ) . A fifth son was introduced in the show 's fourth season , a boy named Jamie . The boys are , from eldest to youngest : Francis , Reese , Malcolm , Dewey , and Jamie . In the final episode , Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child . In the third season , Francis travels home ( to celebrate his father 's birthday ) with an Alaskan girl named Piama , and reveals that they are married . During the first season , the writers decided to keep the family 's last name a mystery . In the fifth season episode `` Reese Joins the Army ( 1 ) '' , Reese uses a fake ID by the name of `` Jetson '' to lie about his age . In the series finale , `` Graduation '' , Francis ' employee ID reads `` Nolastname '' ( or `` No Last Name '' , a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud ) . In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech , the speaker announces Malcolm 's name , but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible , even though he does appear to mouth the phrase `` No last name '' . In the pilot episode , the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy . In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe , the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode `` Block Party '' . British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons , although this name was never spoken aloud in the series . In an early version of the pilot , Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate , who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm 's family and asks him what his last name is . When Malcolm responds , `` Wilkerson , why ? '' the friend replied with the punchline , `` Oh ... who are the ' Pariahs ' ? '' Out of the show 's six leads , Cranston , Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 . Character Appearances ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 Main characters Jane Kaczmarek Lois Main Bryan Cranston Hal Main Christopher Masterson Francis Main Recurring Justin Berfield Reese Main Erik Per Sullivan Dewey Main Frankie Muniz Malcolm Main Catherine Lloyd Burns Caroline Miller Main Recurring James and Lukas Rodriguez Jamie Recurring Main Recurring characters Craig Lamar Traylor Stevie Kenarban Recurring David Anthony Higgins Craig Feldspar Recurring Gary Anthony Williams Abe Kenarban Recurring Evan Matthew Cohen Lloyd Recurring Kyle Sullivan Dabney Recurring Daniel Von Bargen Edwin Spangler Recurring Flashback Will Jennings Kyle Recurring Flashback Drew Powell Drew Horton Recurring Flashback Arjay Smith Ken Finley Recurring Flashback Karim Prince Stanley Winn Recurring Eric Nenninger Eric Hansen Guest Recurring Flashback Merrin Dungey Kitty Kenarban Guest Recurring Guest Guest Kasan Butcher Joe Guest Recurring Flashback Tania Raymonde Cynthia Recurring Guest Cloris Leachman Ida Guest Recurring Emy Coligado Piama Tananahaakna Recurring Chris Eigeman Lionel Herkabe Recurring Guest Recurring Victor Z . Isaac Kevin Recurring Brenda Wehle Lavernia Recurring Sandy Ward Pete Recurring John Ennis Artie Recurring Kenneth Mars Otto Mannkusser Recurring Meagen Fay Gretchen Mannkusser Recurring The family ( edit ) Hal ( edit ) Hal , played by Bryan Cranston ( all 151 episodes ) , is the father of the family . Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois , Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys ' bad behavior . He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan ( an action also shared by Victor and Ida ) . Hal has a hard time making good decisions , which he often deferred to Lois . Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family , Hal blends in well with them . He loves Lois more than she loves him , never even thinking about other women . He is also very scared of her , even more than the boys are , which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings . He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive - compulsive disorder , and also enjoys unusual hobbies . Hal is also a sex addict , this was revealed in the episode `` Forbidden Girlfriend '' when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week , it is mentioned again in the episode `` Poker 2 '' when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week . It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit . Hal 's best friend is Abe Kenarban . Francis ( edit ) Francis , played by Christopher Kennedy Masterson ( 119 episodes ) , is the oldest of the brothers , whom Malcolm often looks up to . It is revealed in the episodes `` Sleepover '' and `` The Bots and the Bees '' in season one that Francis was a breech birth , and in `` Flashback '' in season 2 , that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal 's wedding . A rebel from birth , showing signs of Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder , he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska , incurring his mother 's wrath . Upon moving to Alaska , he marries a local woman named Piama , who is about one year older than him , and had previously been married briefly , and whom Lois does n't like . In the series finale , Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis , and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data . However , he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he 's still unemployed . Malcolm ( edit ) Malcolm , portrayed by Frankie Muniz ( 150 episodes ) , is the protagonist of the series . He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis , one year younger than his older brother Reese , Four years older than his younger brother Dewey , and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie . In the first episode of the series , he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the ' Krelboynes ' , a class for gifted students . Despite his high intelligence , he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers ( in particular , Reese ) , although he becomes more self - absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty . Malcolm , like Reese , is not very popular . However , he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run . Even though he is very intelligent , Malcolm has a short temper , can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself . Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason , and does have a conscience , ( for instance , despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode `` Hal Grieves , '' when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he ca n't go through with it ) . In the series finale , it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life , knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States ; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office . Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future , after being unable to tell Lois he ca n't do it . In the series finale , Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University . Throughout the series , Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events . Lois ( edit ) Lois , played by Jane Kaczmarek ( 146 episodes ) , is Francis , Reese , Malcolm , Dewey , and Jamie 's angry and temperamental mother . She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings , revealed in `` Mono '' . Unlike Malcolm , Lois is n't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it . She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little , but toughened up . She is also always stubbornly right , to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong . It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children 's bad behavior , and not her pure hate . At the series finale , Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child ( actually twins ) . Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood , living with a tough mother and an uncaring father ( both of whom favored her younger sister , Susan ) . Reese ( edit ) Reese , played by Justin Berfield ( all 151 episodes ) , is the second oldest of the sons . He is two years younger than his older brother Francis , one year older than his younger brother Malcolm , six years older than his younger brother Dewey , and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie . It was revealed in the episode `` Flashback '' , in season 2 , that Reese has been vicious from the womb , so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor , she pushed him out by force . A complete moron from birth , Reese is the worst - behaved of the brothers . Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes . He is intimidated by certain students , including Ira , a dumb jock at school . Despite his violent , idiotic nature , Reese is a culinary prodigy , after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking . He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida , who taught him the importance of having patsies . In the series finale , Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High . Dewey ( edit ) Dewey , played by Erik Per Sullivan ( all 151 episodes ) , is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers . He soon finds he is a musical prodigy , and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie , whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese . Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm , who would have to work hard to achieve success , Dewey would have success handed to him . Dewey joins the Buseys , a class for the emotionally disturbed , by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher . He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that , when the mistake was uncovered , he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain . In the final few seasons , Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests . Because of this , he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had . In the last episode , he and Jamie ( the only other remaining brother living at home ) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house . Jamie ( edit ) Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez ( 35 episodes ) . The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game , bordering to attacking her ( though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda ) . Like Malcolm and Dewey , Jamie is revealed to be intelligent , evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall . Recurring characters ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( March 2014 ) Stevie Kenarban , played by Craig Lamar Traylor ( 56 episodes ) , is Malcolm 's best friend and classmate . He is wheelchair - bound and is missing a lung , requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word . Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a `` playdate '' for him and Stevie in the pilot episode , the boys immediately find common ground , particularly their love of comic books , and become friends . His parents are very overprotective of him , although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it . Craig Feldspar , portrayed by David Anthony Higgins ( 39 episodes ) , is Lois ' co-worker at the Lucky Aide . He is a hopeless romantic , and has unrequited feelings for Lois . He is very childish and is a coward . He plays the ukulele and the banjo , and he sings in a countertenor voice . By the end of the series , Craig becomes Reese 's roommate . Piama Tananahaakna , played by Emy Coligado ( 29 episodes ) , is Francis ' wife whom he met and married off - screen during his year in Alaska . Piama is about a year older than Francis , and before him , Piama had previously been married briefly . Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances , in which Francis ( while still a minor , although emancipated ) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal 's birthday party , Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth . However , after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in - law 's , Lois has been much more respectful of Piama . She originally started off against having children , but by Graduation , Piama got over it after Reese 's prank went awry ( `` We may as well go ahead and have kids now , I 'm not afraid of changing diapers any more . '' ) Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel - Welker , played by Robert Loggia ( 1 episode ) and Cloris Leachman ( 11 episodes ) respectively , are Lois ' parents of a German - Croatian background . Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode `` Christmas '' , in which Ida is widowed . Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois , evident for the way she has been treated by them . She favors Reese , which allows him to love her . Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey ( although she did , on one occasion , save him from being hit by a car , causing her to lose a leg ) . Ida harbored resentment towards Victor 's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers , until Lois discovered that she is n't blood related to Victor ( and possibly Susan as well ) and abandoned Ida . Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult , possibly due to the Ustaše 's policies . Abraham `` Abe '' Kenarban , played by Gary Anthony Williams ( 19 episodes ) , is Stevie 's father and Kitty 's husband , and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal . Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty 's guidance ( which he attributes to his upbringing , having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts ) . However he ultimately becomes more self - reliant after Kitty 's departure . Despite this , Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return , going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty 's decision to leave . Kitty Kenarban , played by Merrin Dungey ( 5 episodes ) , is Stevie 's mother and Abe 's wife . Because of actress Merrin Dungey 's commitment to the ABC series Alias , Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son , briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression . She returns briefly in the season six episode `` Kitty 's Back '' . Caroline Miller , played by Catherine Lloyd Burns ( 15 episodes ) , is the primary teacher of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' class in the first two seasons . She is shown to be overly - earnest as well as to adore Malcolm , who might possibly have been her favorite student . In season 1 , she is included as part of the main cast , but in season 2 , is a recurring character . In season 2 , she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot . After her baby was born , she quit teaching . She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2 . Cynthia Sanders , played by Tania Raymonde ( 4 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's classmates . She has a very extensive vocabulary , but has a difficult time making friends . Depicted as relatively cheerful , Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm 's earliest crushes on the show , although a relationship never develops . Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again ( which never happened in the first place ) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis . Lloyd Jensen , played by Evan Matthew Cohen ( 25 episodes ) is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout the series . He frequently worries about random small things , gets hurt , and falls victim to bullies . He also has an effeminate personality . Dabney Hooper , played by Kyle Sullivan ( 24 episodes ) is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout the series . Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group , Dabney 's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother , although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona . Flora Mayesh , played by Kristin Quick ( 15 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's other `` Krelboyne '' classmates . Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes . Eraserhead , played by Will Jennings ( 12 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series . Kevin , played by Victor Z . Isaac ( 5 episodes ) Jessica , played by Hayden Panettiere ( 4 episodes ) , is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese 's . In one instance , she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them , embarrassing the brothers . Mr. Herkabe ( first name Lionel ) , played by Chris Eigeman ( 8 episodes ) , is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes ' teacher after Caroline leaves . A Krelboyne himself in middle school , he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot - com company . He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer . He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school , even blackmailing North High 's principal , Block ( before Hodges took over ) , into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there . For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more . However , Herkabe 's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course , was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges . He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball . Commandant Edwin Spangler , played by Daniel von Bargen ( 16 episodes ) , is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy . He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy , although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other 's emotional scarring . After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska , Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly . Cadet Eric Hansen , played by Eric Nenninger ( 28 episodes ) , one of Francis ' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy . Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well - paying labor work in Alaska . At the end of season three , Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home , possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska . Lavernia , played by Brenda Wehle ( 10 episodes ) , is Francis and Eric 's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska . She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers . Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama , who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage . Otto Mankusser , played by Kenneth Mars ( 13 episodes ) , is Francis ' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch , albeit a bit naïve at times . Ed , played by Paul Wilson ( 5 episodes ) , is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois , along with Reese . He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer . Ira Prescott , played by Jonny Acker ( 3 episodes ) , is a student of North High School . He is Billy 's older brother and Reese 's bully . Ira made his first appearance in `` Forbidden Girlfriend '' in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank . With Dewey 's help , Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up . He returns briefly in Season 5 's `` Malcolm Films Reese '' who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese 's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team ( which is never specified ) . Unlike Reese , Ira has more respect for Malcolm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malcolm In The Middle , Fox , `` Graduation '' , May 14 , 2006 , Production # 722 , Episode # 151 ( hide ) Malcolm in the Middle Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Bowling '' Characters Malcolm Wilkerson Other Characters `` Boss of Me '' Soundtrack Guest stars Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Malcolm_in_the_Middle&oldid=816241569 '' Categories : Malcolm in the Middle characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2014 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 04 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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4998396864353645416	A113	A113 - wikipedia A113 For the A113 road in England , see A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The door of Room A113 at the California Institute of Arts A113 ( sometimes A-113 or A1 - 13 ) is an inside joke , an Easter egg in media created by alumni of California Institute of the Arts , referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students including John Lasseter , Tim Burton and Brad Bird . Bird first used it for a license plate number in the `` Family Dog '' episode of Amazing Stories . It has appeared in other Disney movies and every Pixar movie . Bird said , `` I put it into every single one of my films , including my Simpsons episodes -- it 's sort of my version of Hirschfeld 's ' Nina . ' '' Classroom A113 is currently the first year graphic design studio . Contents 1 A113 appearances 1.1 Television animation 1.2 Other TV shows 1.3 Pixar films 1.4 Other films 1.5 Video games 2 See also 3 References 4 External links A113 Appearances ( edit ) Television animation ( edit ) American Dad ! - Stan 's neighbor 's license plate when he pulls into church , in Season 1 , Episode 7 , `` Deacon Stan , Jesus Man '' at 1 : 40 . American Dad ! - The license plate of the red ' Hummer ' car , in Season 8 , Episode 1 , `` Love , American Dad Style '' at 2 : 13 . American Dad ! - On a boxcar rode by a hobo former co-worker of Stan 's , in the Season 9 , Episode 18 `` Permanent Record Wrecker '' at 19 : 13 . American Dad ! - The license plate number of car driving by , in Season 12 , Episode 8 , `` A Whole Slotta Love '' at 5 : 16 . American Dad ! - The number on the side of the second carriage of the miniature train , in Season 12 , Episode 12 , `` The Shrink '' at 15 : 31 and twice more at 18 : 54 and 19 : 28 . American Dad ! - The number can be seen on the clapperboard during the production of `` Marble Trouble , '' in Season 12 , Episode 10 , `` A Star is Reborn '' at 11 : 55 . Aqua Teen Hunger Force - Carl 's prison number , in Season 11 , episode 9 , The Greatest Story Ever Told . BoJack Horseman - Briefly seen on a classroom door during BoJack 's drug trip in Season 1 , Episode 11 `` Downer Ending '' . The `` Family Dog '' episode of the Amazing Stories series . It is on the license plate of the red van . It is also on the top of the clipboard the cop holds . Family Guy - In the crossover episode with The Simpsons , `` The Simpsons Guy '' , A113 is a license plate number for the police cruiser of Chief Clancy Wiggum at the car wash held by Homer Simpson and Peter Griffin to find the Griffins ' stolen car . Family Guy - In the episode , `` A Lot Going on Upstairs '' , the number is shown on Lois 's driver license that Stewie brings to preschool in his dream . Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law - In `` Deadomutt Part 1 '' , Birdman is moved to office 113 - A ( which is really a restroom ) . Rugrats - In `` Little Dude , '' Season 1 , Episode 4 , the room number of the Home Economics class . The Powerpuff Girls - The number of the Stealth Fighter when Blossom flies as she reaches and touches the tail with her hand . The Simpsons - Krusty the Clown 's prison uniform number , in episode 12 of Season 1 , `` Krusty Gets Busted '' , at 10 : 45 . The Simpsons - Sideshow Bob 's mugshot number , in episode 2 of Season 5 , `` Cape Feare '' , at 9 : 30 . The Simpsons - Sideshow Bob 's prison uniform number , in episode 9 of Season 7 , `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' , at 4 : 30 . The Simpsons - Mug shot of Bart Simpson from `` Do The Bartman . '' Tiny Toon Adventures - In Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation , when Plucky and Hamton arrive at Happy World Land , a license plate reads `` A-113 '' on one of the cars in the parking lot . South Park - On the side of a helicopter in the episode `` Prehistoric Ice Man '' , `` A-113 '' is clearly visible . Bobby 's World - In the episode `` The Visit to Aunt Ruth 's '' , the number on the card of Bobby 's imaginary mugshot . The Adventures of McGee and Me ! - In the episode `` The Big Lie , '' A113 is seen as the license plate number for the paddy wagon that takes away a small child in an animated vignette . Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? - In the episode `` Work '' , Robot Jones enters a Gym and matches the unit number of the spotter robot he is to help remove with the unit number on his checklist , `` A113 '' . The Zeta Project - In the episode `` Remote Control '' , Bucky has a rocket ship labeled A113 in his room . We Bare Bears - A classroom is labeled `` A113 '' in the episode `` Money Man . '' Other TV shows ( edit ) Doctor Who - In `` Flatline '' , the ninth episode of the eighth series , the first train carries the headcode A113 . Firefly - In episode two , `` The Train Job '' , the registry number of the train is A113 . Supernatural - In The first episode of Season 5 `` Sympathy for The Devil '' , the number of the hospital room where Bobby is recovering is 113A . Quantico - In the first episode of Season 1 `` Run '' , the room which Caleb Haas was staying in before he flunked out was numbered 113A . Terra Nova - In `` Genesis ( Part One ) '' , the security camera showing Jim Shannon in unauthorized areas is labeled `` CAM A113 '' . Pixar. films ( edit ) Toy Story trilogy - License plate number on Andy 's mom 's cars ( a minivan in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 , and a Crossover in Toy Story 3 ) . Airport announcement for `` LassetAir Flight A113 '' ( also a reference to director John Lasseter ) in Toy Story 2 . A Bug 's Life - Code on cereal box as Flik enters the bug city . Monsters , Inc . - One of the pillars inside the company reads `` A13 '' . The stars also make the marking A 113 after Randall gets thrown in the door . Finding Nemo - The model number of the camera used by the scuba diver . The Incredibles - The trap conference room number in Syndrome 's lair ( not seen but mentioned by Mirage ) . The prison level where Mr. Incredible is held is `` Level A1 '' in Cell # 13 ( A1 & 13 ) . The power level control room monitors `` Level A1 '' , section `` 13 '' , which is where the rocket is located . The office number of superhero costume designer Edna Mode . ( The building she is in is the entranceway to CalArts . ) Cars franchise - In the first film , it is the number on Trev Diesel , the freight train that Lightning McQueen outruns while he is first on his way to Radiator Springs . Trev Diesel was also made as a carrying case for the die - cast line and has A113 on it . It is Mater 's license plate number in the related short film Mater and the Ghostlight , Cars Toons , and other Cars merchandise . The minor character Dexter Hoover 's diecast version has license plate number `` A113CA '' . And the beginning of the image file name for the leader of the lemon cars . In the second film , it is the number on Siddeley 's tail ( shown as A113 ) , as well as on Mater 's license plate again . On the tail of the plane in the airfield that Mater and McMissile escape on . In Cars 3 , the Number is used as a room number placed on the sliding door of Sterling 's office . Ratatouille - Git , the lab rat , has a tag on his left ear that reads `` A113 '' . Also , when Linguini is watching TV while sleeping , A113 also appears on a train behind the love couple . WALL - E - The code for the directive given to Auto to never return to Earth , the first ( and currently , only ) time A113 had any real significance to a Pixar film 's plot . It also seems to spell out part of WALL - E 's name , WA11 - 3 ( partial Leet ) . Also , when Eve and WALL - E arrive on the Axiom , as they leave the docking bay , the doors are marked Deck A-224 - 1 added to each digit of the reference . Up - The number of the court room that Carl Fredricksen goes to after he hits a worker to protect his mailbox . Brave - written in Roman numerals ( ACXIII ) above the interior of the door to the witch 's cottage . Monsters University - The lecture hall where Mike and Sulley have their first class has this number on the door . Inside Out - When Riley is walking up a street in San Francisco going towards the bus , she stops to see who is calling her . In the building in the background , `` a113 '' is written in graffiti on the building . When Riley Andersen heads to her new school in San Francisco , she is put in room A113 . The Good Dinosaur - When the bird chases Arlo out of his feeding area , `` A113 '' is formed by sticks along the fence in the right side of the frame . Finding Dory - The license plate for the cargo truck that is taking the animals to Cleveland has the license plate `` CALA113 '' . Also , the tags of the two sea lions , Fluke and Rudder , are labeled `` A1 '' and `` 13 '' respectively . Coco - The number appears on the Bureau of Family Grievances door and on the cover of one of Ernesto de la Cruz 's albums . Incredibles 2 - At the end of the film , the Parrs about to drop Violet and Tony off at a movie . On the marquee , the film is called Dementia 113 , but one side makes it appear to read Dementi A113 , which is a reference to the film Dementia 13 by Francis Ford Coppola . Also , the room where Elastigirl checks The Screenslaver footage at DevTech is room A113 . The model number for the out - of - control hovertrain includes A113 . Other films ( edit ) Tomorrowland - At the start of the film when the screen reads : `` An A113 Production '' . Neighbors - When Seth Rogen is fighting Zac Efron it is visible on the transmission box . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire - At the bottom right corner of the monitor when President Snow is watching Katniss decide whether to kill someone in the arena . Alpha and Omega - On the back of Garn and Debbie 's truck , seen when Humphrey is talking to Marcel and Paddy . The Iron Giant - License plate on car partially eaten by the Giant ; the 3 is bitten off . Also in Dean 's house there is a painting which has A113 on it . Lilo & Stitch - License plate number on all vehicles , including Cobra Bubbles ' rental car , Captain Gantu 's spaceship , Nani 's car , fire truck , tanker truck , and license plate in Lilo 's room ( used in Stitch 's model of San Francisco ) . Also in direct - to - video film Leroy & Stitch . Bugs Bunny 's Lunar Tunes - In the scene with the Key Witness , one of the videos the Witness shows is `` Satellite View A-113 . '' The Brave Little Toaster - The apartment number where `` The Master '' lives . Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers - The license plate number of the carriage that has Mickey held as captive . The Princess and the Frog - A trolley is labeled number A113 . Zootopia - The fox Gideon Grey 's van number plate is JED3113 . Big Hero 6 - Appears as a part number on the schematics for Wasabi 's energy blades as Hiro builds it . Meet the Robinsons - The license plate of Cornelius ' Lewis ' Robinson 's adoptive parents . Terminator Salvation - Seen on the computer screen ( as a login override code ) during the assault on a Skynet base . Timeframe - 00 : 09 : 32 Planet 51 - License plate on Lem 's car is A113 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol - Josh Holloway 's character Hanaway 's weaponized `` class ring '' has A113 emblazoned on the side . It is Tom Cruise 's character Ethan Hunt 's extraction access code given over the phone and is on the plate of a car in front of the Kremlin during the big explosion , time at which the bomb 's deactivation button is pushed `` 1.13 seconds '' . The Avengers - A113 can be seen in the top left corner of all news clips near the end of the film , when the world reacts to the revelation of the Avengers . Also seen in the bottom right hand corner of Nick Fury 's Helicarrier Glass Screens . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - The virus that wipes out most of humanity is called ALZ - 113 . The Colony - Inside the storage area a box has A113 as its registration number . Saving Mr. Banks - Walt Disney looks at the travel itinerary of P.L. Travers as she flies from Los Angeles to London . Her flight number is BTA - 113 . Sausage Party - License plate on the back of Druggie 's car along with the sticker `` DIXAR '' . Spider - Man : Homecoming - A113 can be seen in the top left of the Spider Drone HUD when it is first initiated at Washington Monument . Video Games ( edit ) In Prototype , the poison Bloodtox is officially written as Substance A-113A though pronounced A1 - 13 Variation A . In A Vampyre Story , it is the position of Mona 's grave . In Back to the Future : The Game , it is a convention booth . In Beyond : Two Souls , it is the number of a room in the building Jodie grows up in . In Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure , it is on a license plate in the ' Day Care ' part of the game . In Lego The Incredibles , it can be seen on numerous buildings fronts both in Municiberg and New Urbem , as well as on the side of the ship where the Anchor - Man is hidng . In Outlast , it is the name of a locked room in the earliest stage of the game . In Sunset Overdrive , it is seen while Walter is working on his glider during a cutscene . The easter egg is once again encountered in the game 's DLC , where it can be seen on the new glider in the end of the introduction mission cutscene . In Destiny , it is the name of an unknown area on the Dead Orbit Ghost fragment Grimoire card . In Fallout 4 , it can be seen on one of the gas station signs in the gameplay demo and in the Brotherhood of Steel Cambridge computer logs . In Final Fantasy XV , it is the licence plate on the regalia . In War Thunder , it was included as a decal with certain event vehicles . See also ( edit ) List of Pixar film references List of filmmaker 's signatures 19 - often seen in the works of Stephen King . 27 - often used in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's videos and music . 37 - used several times in the movies of Kevin Smith . 42 - The Answer to Life , the Universe , and Everything , first used by Douglas Adams in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Seen in several productions . 47 - often repeated in many Star Trek and JJ Abrams productions . 83 - often used in the TV series How I Met Your Mother by Barney . 114 - appearing in two of Stanley Kubrick 's films . 1138 - appearing in several George Lucas productions . AE - 35 -- from Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey , often appears in science fiction films and television series . Marc Brown hid the names of his two sons , Tolon and Eliot , in all but one of his Arthur books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Sragow ( 1999 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Iron without irony '' . Salon Arts & Entertainment . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 1999 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . A113 was our classroom number . On `` Family Dog '' I put it on the license plate of the thieves ' car . And I put it into every single one of my films ... ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Easter Eggs in American Dad ! '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Reddit post Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Eggs in Family Dog '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Eggs in Rugrats '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Appearances in The Simpsons '' . blog.bcdb.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Dave ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Of A113 , Pizza Trucks and Future Heroes : Pixar Easter Eggs '' . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A-113 in Tiny Toon Adventures '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Bobby 's World Has an A-113 , too '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Zeta Project Screenshots '' . DCAU Timeline , May 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flatline : Fact File BBC One , retrieved 19 October 2014 . Quote : `` One of the train 's featured in Flatline is clearly numbered A113 . This designation is often featured in films created by former students of California Institute of the Arts , referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students . As such , A113 has appeared ( with varying degrees of subtlety ! ) in TV shows such as The Simpsons and Family Guy plus movies including Toy Story , Monsters University and The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . '' Jump up ^ Jeff Goldsmith , Andrew Stanton ( 2008 - 12 - 16 ) . Andrew Stanton : Wall - E Q&A podcast ( MP3 ) . Creative Screenwriting Magazine . Event occurs at 05 : 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Finding Nemo ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2003 - 05 - 30 . Event occurs at 14 : 52 . Jump up ^ Incredibles , The Easter Egg - Hidden Mickeys and a113 :D Jump up ^ the second post by the user `` Nexas '' Jump up ^ Cars ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2006 - 06 - 09 . Event occurs at 23 : 01 . Jump up ^ Mater and the Ghost Light ( Short ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2006 - 11 - 07 . Event occurs at 4 : 58 . Jump up ^ Ratatouille ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2007 - 06 - 29 . Event occurs at 1 : 11 : # # . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Stanton '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ WALL - E ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2008 - 06 - 27 . Event occurs at 1 : 08 : 48 . Jump up ^ WALL - E ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2008 - 06 - 27 . Event occurs at 0 : 38 : 50 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Eggs in Pixar 's UP '' . SlashFilm. 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` More ' Brave ' Easter Eggs -- A113 , The Late Joe Ranft '' . The Pixar Times . 2012 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Out - Pixar Trivia , Easter Eggs and A-113 '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Easter Egg in Disney Films '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Egg in Brave Little Toaster '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 - Walt Disney Studios Animated Features '' . findingmickey.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Egg in Mission Impossible : Ghost Protocol '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jayse Hansen Portfolio Avengers Helicarrier Fury 's Glass Screens Jayse Hansen Portfolio '' . jayse.tv . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Fragment : Dead Orbit - City Factions '' . Jump up ^ War Thunder Grant Mk. I External links ( edit ) Pixar Did You Know : A113 Disney Pixar Media related to A113 at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A113&oldid=855694853 '' Categories : In - jokes Individual rooms California Institute of the Arts Vehicle registration plates of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 05 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-4595101619686302343	Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals	Globally Harmonized system of classification and Labelling of chemicals - wikipedia Globally Harmonized system of classification and Labelling of chemicals hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The pictogram for harmful substances of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals . The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ( GHS ) is an internationally agreed - upon standard managed by the United Nations that was set up to replace the assortment of hazardous material classification and labelling schemes previously used around the world . Core elements of the GHS include standardized hazard testing criteria , universal warning pictograms , and harmonized safety data sheets which provide users of dangerous goods with a host of information . The system acts as a complement to the UN Numbered system of regulated hazmat transport . Implementation is managed through the UN Secretariat . Although adoption has taken time , as of 2017 , the system has been enacted to significant extents in most major countries of the world . This includes the European Union , which has implemented the United Nations ' GHS into EU law as the CLP Regulation , and United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hazard classification 2.1 Physical hazards 2.2 Health hazards 2.3 Environmental hazards 2.4 Classification of mixtures 3 Testing requirements 4 Hazard communication 4.1 GHS label elements 4.2 GHS label format 4.3 Safety data sheet 5 Training 6 Implementation 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Before the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ( GHS ) was created and implemented , there were many different regulations on hazard classification in use in different countries , resulting in multiple standards , classifications and labels for the same hazard . Given the extent of international trade in chemicals and the potential impact on neighboring countries when controls are not implemented , countries determined that a worldwide approach was necessary . The GHS development began at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development by the United Nations also called Earth Summit ( 1992 ) when the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , various governments and other stakeholders agreed that `` A globally harmonized hazard classification and compatible labelling system , including material safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols , should be available if feasible , by the year 2000 '' . The universal standard for all countries was to replace all the diverse classification systems ; however , it has not been compulsory under UN law . The GHS provides the infrastructure for participating countries to implement a hazard classification and Hazard Communication Standard , which many less economically developed countries would not have had the money to create themselves . In the longer term , the GHS is expected to improve knowledge of the chronic health hazards of chemicals and encourage a move towards the elimination of hazardous chemicals , especially carcinogens , mutagens and reproductive toxicants , or their replacement with less hazardous ones . Hazard classification ( edit ) The GHS classification system is a complex system with data obtained from tests , literature , and practical experience . The main elements of the hazard classification criteria are summarized below : Physical hazards ( edit ) Substances or articles are assigned to 9 different hazard classes largely based on the United Nations Dangerous Goods System . Additions and changes have been necessary since the scope of the GHS includes all target audiences . Explosives , which are assigned to one of six subcategories depending on the type of hazard they present , as used in the UN Dangerous Goods System . Gases are category 1 flammable if they start to flame in a range in air at 20 ° C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa . Category 2 is Non flammable and non toxic gases , and category 3 is toxic gases . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the test or calculation method . A flammable liquid is a liquid with a flash point of not more than 93 ° C. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of four hazard categories on the basis of the flash point and boiling point . A pyrophoric liquid is a liquid that , even in small quantities , is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N. 3 . A flammable solid is one that is readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction . Readily combustible solids are powdered , granular , or pasty substances which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source , such as a burning match , and if the flame spreads rapidly . it is further divided into flammable solids , polymerizing substances and self - reactive substances , i.e. , thermally unstable solids liable to undergo a strongly exothermic thermal decomposition even without participation of oxygen ( air ) other than materials classified as explosive , organic peroxides or as oxidizing . Spontaneously combusting solids or pyrophoric solids are solids that , even in small quantities , are liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N. 2 . Self - heating substances are solids or liquids , other than a pyrophoric substance , which , by reaction with air and without energy supply , are liable to self - heat . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N. 4 . Substances which on contact with water emit flammable gases are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of UN Test N. 5 , which measures gas evolution and speed of evolution . Flammable aerosols can be classified as Class 1 or Class 2 if they contain any component , which is classified as flammable . Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides contain category 1 : oxidizing substances and category 2 : organic peroxides , organic liquids or solids that contain the bivalent - O-O - structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide , where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals . The term also includes organic peroxide formulations ( mixtures ) . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of seven ' Types ' , A to G , on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test Series A to H . Toxic and infectious substances Radioactive substances Substances corrosive to metal are substances or mixtures that by chemical action will materially damage or even destroy metals . These substances or mixtures are classified in a single hazard category on the basis of tests ( Steel : ISO 9328 ( II ) : 1991 - Steel type P235 ; Aluminum : ASTM G31 - 72 ( 1990 ) - non-clad types 7075 - T6 or AZ5GU - T66 ) . The GHS criteria are a corrosion rate on steel or aluminum surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm per year at a test temperature of 55 ° C . Miscellaneous dangerous substances which includes environmentally dangerous substances Health hazards ( edit ) Acute toxicity includes five GHS categories from which the appropriate elements relevant to transport , consumer , worker and environment protection can be selected . Substances are assigned to one of the five toxicity categories on the basis of LD ( oral , dermal ) or LC ( inhalation ) . Skin corrosion means the production of irreversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized corrosion category . Skin irritation means the production of reversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single irritant category . For those authorities , such as pesticide regulators , wanting more than one designation for skin irritation , an additional mild irritant category is provided . Serious eye damage means the production of tissue damage in the eye , or serious physical decay of vision , following application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye , which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized category . Eye irritation means changes in the eye following the application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye , which are fully reversible within 21 days of application . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized hazard category . For authorities , such as pesticide regulators , wanting more than one designation for eye irritation , one of two subcategories can be selected , depending on whether the effects are reversible in 21 or 7 days . Respiratory sensitizer means a substance that induces hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the substance . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category . Skin sensitizer means a substance that will induce an allergic response following skin contact . The definition for `` skin sensitizer '' is equivalent to `` contact sensitizer '' . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category . Germ cell mutagenicity means an agent giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and / or organisms . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories . Category 1 has two subcategories . Carcinogenicity means a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances that induce cancer or increase its incidence . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories . Category 1 has two subcategories . Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females , as well as developmental toxicity in offspring . Substances and mixtures with reproductive and / or developmental effects are assigned to one of two hazard categories , ' known or presumed ' and ' suspected ' . Category 1 has two subcategories for reproductive and developmental effects . Materials which cause concern for the health of breastfed children have a separate category : effects on or via Lactation . Specific target organ toxicity ( STOT ) category distinguishes between single and repeated exposure for Target Organ Effects . All significant health effects , not otherwise specifically included in the GHS , that can impair function , both reversible and irreversible , immediate and / or delayed are included in the non-lethal target organ / systemic toxicity class ( TOST ) . Narcotic effects and respiratory tract irritation are considered to be target organ systemic effects following a single exposure . Substances and mixtures of the single exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories . Substances and mixtures of the repeated exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories . Aspiration hazard includes severe acute effects such as chemical pneumonia , varying degrees of pulmonary injury or death following aspiration . Aspiration is the entry of a liquid or solid directly through the oral or nasal cavity , or indirectly from vomiting , into the trachea and lower respiratory system . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories this hazard class on the basis of viscosity . Environmental hazards ( edit ) Acute aquatic toxicity means the intrinsic property of a material of causing injury to an aquatic organism in a short - term exposure . Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three toxicity categories on the basis of acute toxicity data : LC ( fish ) or EC ( crustacean ) or ErC ( for algae or other aquatic plants ) . In some regulatory systems these acute toxicity categories may be subdivided or extended for certain sectors . Chronic aquatic toxicity means the potential or actual properties of a material to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms during exposures that are determined in relation to the lifecycle of the organism . Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of four toxicity categories on the basis of acute data and environmental fate data : LC ( fish ) or EC ( crustacea ) or ErC ( for algae or other aquatic plants ) and degradation or bioaccumulation . Classification of mixtures ( edit ) The GHS approach to the classification of mixtures for health and environmental hazards is also complex . It uses a tiered approach and is dependent upon the amount of information available for the mixture itself and for its components . Principles that have been developed for the classification of mixtures , drawing on existing systems such as the European Union ( EU ) system for classification of preparations laid down in Directive 1999 / 45 / EC . The process for the classification of mixtures is based on the following steps : Where toxicological or ecotoxicological test data are available for the mixture itself , the classification of the mixture will be based on that data ; Where test data are not available for the mixture itself , then the appropriate bridging principles should be applied , which uses test data for components and / or similar mixtures ; If ( 1 ) test data are not available for the mixture itself , and ( 2 ) the bridging principles can not be applied , then use the calculation or cutoff values described in the specific endpoint to classify the mixture . Testing requirements ( edit ) The GHS document does not include testing requirements for substances or mixtures . In fact , one of the main goals of the GHS is to reduce the need for animal testing . The GHS criteria for determining health and environmental hazards are test method neutral , allowing different approaches as long as they are scientifically sound and validated according to international procedures and criteria already referred to in existing systems . Test data already generated for the classification of chemicals under existing systems should be accepted when classifying these chemicals under the GHS , thereby avoiding duplicative testing and the unnecessary use of test animals . The GHS physical hazard criteria are linked to specific UN test methods . It is assumed that mixtures will be tested for physical hazards . Hazard Communication ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Per GHS , hazards need to be communicated : in more than one form ( for example , placards , labels or SDS 's ) . with hazard statements and precautionary statements . in an easily comprehensible and standardized manner . consistent with other statements to reduce confusion . taking into account all existing research and any new evidence . Comprehensibility is challenging for a single culture and language , so global harmonization is complex . The GHS Purple Book includes a comprehensibility - testing instrument in Annex 6 . Factors that were considered in developing the GHS communication tools include : Different philosophies in existing systems on how and what should be communicated ; Language differences around the world ; Ability to translate phrases meaningfully ; Ability to understand and appropriately respond to pictograms . GHS label elements ( edit ) The symbol for substances hazardous to the human health as implemented by the GHS . The standardized label elements included in the GHS are : Symbols ( GHS hazard pictograms ) : Convey health , physical and environmental hazard information , assigned to a GHS hazard class and category . Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements , such as borders , background patterns or cozers and substances which have target organ toxicity . Also , harmful chemicals and irritants are marked with an exclamation mark , replacing the European saltire . Pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame . For transport , pictograms will have the background , symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods . Where a transport pictogram appears , the GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not appear . Signal words : `` Danger '' or `` Warning '' will be used to emphasize hazards and indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard , assigned to a GHS hazard class and category . Some lower level hazard categories do not use signal words . Only one signal word corresponding to the class of the most severe hazard should be used on a label . GHS hazard statement : Standard phrases assigned to a hazard class and category that describe the nature of the hazard . An appropriate statement for each GHS hazard should be included on the label for products possessing more than one hazard . The additional label elements included in the GHS are : GHS precautionary statements : Measures to minimize or prevent adverse effects . There are four types of precautionary statements covering : prevention , response in cases of accidental spillage or exposure , storage , and disposal . The precautionary statements have been linked to each GHS hazard statement and type of hazard . Product identifier ( ingredient disclosure ) : Name or number used for a hazardous product on a label or in the SDS . The GHS label for a substance should include the chemical identity of the substance . For mixtures , the label should include the chemical identities of all ingredients that contribute to acute toxicity , skin corrosion or serious eye damage , germ cell mutagenicity , carcinogenicity , reproductive toxicity , skin or respiratory sensitization , or Systemic Target Organ Systemic ( STOT ) , when these hazards appear on the label . Supplier identification : The name , address and telephone number should be provided on the label . Supplemental information : Non-harmonized information on the container of a hazardous product that is not required or specified under the GHS . Supplemental information may be used to provide further detail that does not contradict or cast doubt on the validity of the standardized hazard information . GHS label format ( edit ) The GHS includes directions for application of the hazard communication elements on the label . In particular , it specifies for each hazard , and for each class within the hazard , what signal word , pictogram , and hazard statement should be used . The GHS hazard pictograms , signal words and hazard statements should be located together on the label . The actual label format or layout is not specified in the GHS . National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion . There has been discussion about the size of GHS pictograms and that a GHS pictogram might be confused with a transport pictogram or `` diamond '' . Transport pictograms are different in appearance than the GHS pictograms . Annex 7 of the Purple Book explains how the GHS pictograms are expected to be proportional to the size of the label text so that generally the GHS pictograms would be smaller than the transport pictograms . Safety data sheet ( edit ) The safety data sheet or SDS ( The GHS dropped the word `` material '' from material safety data sheet ) is specifically aimed at use in the workplace . It should provide comprehensive information about the chemical product that allows employers and workers to obtain concise , relevant and accurate information in perspective to the hazards , uses and risk management of the chemical product in the workplace . While there were some differences in existing industry recommendations and country specific requirements , there was agreement on a 16 section SDS to include the following headings in the order specified : Identification Hazard ( s ) identification Composition / information on ingredients First - aid measures Fire - fighting measures Accidental release measures Handling and storage Exposure control / personal protection Physical and chemical properties chemical stability and reactivity Toxicological information Ecological information Disposal considerations Transport information Regulatory information Other information The primary difference between the GHS and the international industry recommendations is that sections 2 and 3 have been reversed in order . The GHS SDS headings , sequence and content are similar to the ISO , European Union and ANSI MSDS / SDS requirements . The SDS should provide a clear description of the data used to identify the hazards . A table comparing the content and format of a MSDS / SDS versus the GHS SDS is provided in Appendix A of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) GHS guidance . Training ( edit ) Current training procedures for Hazard Communication in the United States are more detailed than the GHS training recommendations . Therefore , educating employees on the updated chemical and product classifications and related pictograms , signal words , hazard statements and precautionary measures will represent the greatest training challenge . Training will be a key component of the overall GHS approach and should incorporate information as it is introduced into the workplace . Employees and emergency responders will need to be trained on all new program elements , from hazard statements to pictograms . Bear in mind , if products are imported from countries that implement GHS prior to the United States and Canada , employee training may need to begin earlier than expected . Implementation ( edit ) The United Nations goal was broad international adoption by 2008 . As of 2017 , it has been adopted to varying degrees in nearly all major countries . A flammable warning symbol on the back of a European Axe deodorant spray . GHS adoption by country : Australia : In 2012 , adopted regulation for GHS implementation , setting January 1 , 2017 as the GHS implementation deadline . Brazil : Established an implementation deadline of February 2011 for substances and June 2015 for mixtures . Canada : In December 2011 , committed to the implementation by June 1 , 2015 . China : Established implementation deadline of December 1 , 2011 . Colombia : By June , 2014 No deadline had been set up yet . the subcommittee for the implementation within the Mesa de Seguridad Química ( Bureau of Chemical Safety ) , began communication between the government , the private sector and civil society . European Union : The deadline for substance classification was December 1 , 2010 and for mixtures it was June 1 , 2015 per regulation for GHS implementation on December 31 , 2008 . Turkey : Published Turkish CLP regulation and SDS regulation in 2013 and 2014 respectively . The deadline for substance classification was June 1 , 2015 , for mixtures , it was June 1 , 2016 . Japan : Established deadline of December 31 , 2010 for products containing one of 640 designated substances . Korea : Established the GHS implementation deadline of July 1 , 2013 . Malaysia : Deadline for substance and mixture was April 17 , 2015 per its Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification and Hazard Communication ( ICOP ) on 16 April 2014 . Pakistan : Country does not a single streamlined system for chemical labeling , although there are many rules in place . The Pakistani government has requested assistance in developing future regulations to implement GHS . Philippines : The deadline for substance and mixture was March 14 , 2015 per Guidelines for the Implementation of GHS in Chemical Safety Program in the Workplace in 2014 . Russian Federation . GHS was approved for optional use as of August 2014 . Manufacturers may continue using non-GHS Russian labels through 2021 , after which compliance with the system is compulsory . Taiwan : Full GHS implementation was scheduled for 2016 for all hazardous chemicals with physical and health hazards . Thailand : The deadline for substances was March 13 , 2013 . The deadline for mixture is March 13 , 2017 . Vietnam : The deadline for substances was March 30 , 2014 . The deadline for mixtures was March 30 , 2016 . United States : GHS compliant labels and SDSs are required for many applications including laboratory chemicals , commercial cleaning agents , and other workplace cases regulated by previous US Occupational Health and Safety Administration ( OSHA ) standards . First widespread implementation set by OSHA was on March 26 , 2012 , requiring manufacturers to adopt the standard by June 1 , 2015 and product distributors to adopt the standard by December 1 , 2015 . Workers had to be trained by December 1 , 2013.In the US , GHS labels are not required on most hazardous consumer grade products ( ex. laundry detergent ) however some manufacturers which also sell the same product in Canada or Europe include GHS compliant warnings on these products too . The US Consumer Product Safety Commission is not opposed to this and has been evaluating the possibility of incorporating elements of GHS into future consumer regulations . Uruguay : regulation approved in 2011 , setting December 31 , 2012 as deadline for pure substances and December 31 , 2017 for compounds . Mexico : GHS has been incorporated into the Offical Mexican Standard as of 2015 . See also ( edit ) ISO 7010 Toxicity category rating UN number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GHS implementation - Transport - UNECE '' . www.unece.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Health and Safety Executive ( n.d. ) . `` UK Government HSE website '' . UK Government . Jump up ^ `` GHS : What 's Next ? Visual.ly '' . visual.ly . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations , Rev. 19 Volume I Archived November 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 2015 , United Nations Economic Commission for Europe , retrieved 6 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Part 3 Health Hazards '' ( PDF ) . Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ( GHS ) . Second revised edition . United Nations . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GHS pictograms - Transport - UNECE '' . www.unece.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The GHS SDS Sections '' . Jump up ^ `` Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals - GHS '' . www.osha.gov . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hazardous chemicals Archived November 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Implementation of GHS in Brazil Archived October 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Implementation of the GHS in Canada Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals , 4 December 2012 ^ Jump up to : GHS in China , Korea and Japan 2011 Archived April 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . cirs-reach.com Jump up ^ European Commission CLP / GHS - Classification , labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures Archived April 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GHS in Turkey Archived August 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ GHS in Malaysia Archived December 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Industrial Label Review Nexreg '' . www.nexreg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ GHS in Philippines Archived September 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ `` GHS in Russia '' . www.chemsafetypro.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ GHS in Taiwan Archived September 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ GHS in Thailand Archived December 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ GHS in Vietnam Archived December 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chemsafetypro.com Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Hazard Communication Standard , GHS Labels , Safety Data Sheets , HazCom Training '' . www.jjkeller.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hazard Communication Archived December 14 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . OSHA , n.d. Jump up ^ Hazard Communication System Final Rule - Fact Sheet Archived November 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . OSHA , n.d. Jump up ^ `` Policy of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals ( GHS ) '' . CPSC.gov. 2017 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` MODIFICACION DEL DECRETO 307 / 009 . ETIQUETADO DE PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS . SISTEMA GLOBALMENTE ARMONIZADO '' . IMPO. 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diario Oficial de la Federación '' . Diario Oficial de la Federación. 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fagotto , Elena ; Fung , Archon ( 2003 ) , `` Improving Workplace Hazard Communication '' , Issues in Science & Technology , 19 ( 2 ) : 63 Baichoo , Pavan ; Dardelin , Brenda ; Krueger , Jonathan ( 2006 ) , `` ILO Activities in the Area of Chemical Safety '' ( PDF ) , African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety , 16 : 52 -- 55 Obadia , I. ( 2003 ) , `` ILO Activities in the Area of Chemical Safety '' , Toxicology , 190 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 105 -- 15 , doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 483X ( 03 ) 00200 - 2 , PMID 12909402 A Guide to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals ( GHS ) , Occupational Health and Safety Administration , 2006 , archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 , retrieved July 13 , 2007 Smith , Sandy ( 2007 ) , `` GHS : A Short Acronym for a Big Idea '' , Occupational Hazards , 69 ( 5 ) : 6 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ( GHS ) , United Nations Economic Commission for Europe , 2007 , retrieved July 13 , 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to GHS pictograms . About the GHS Dangerous goods portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals&oldid=850547874 '' Categories : Chemical safety Classification systems Globally Harmonized System Hazard analysis International standards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2008 All articles needing style editing Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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3563481541635745681	United States Department of Defense	United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia United States Department of Defense Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) ( as National Military Establishment ) Preceding Department U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , US 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 ( civilian ) 1,300,000 ( active duty military ) 826,000 ( National Guard and reserve ) : 2.87 million total ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $530.1 billion ( 2010 ) US $549.1 billion ( 2011 ) US $553.0 billion ( est. 2012 ) US $496.1 billion ( 2015 ) US $534.3 billion ( base FY2016 ) Department executives Jim Mattis , Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov The Pentagon , headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet - level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the United States Department of the Army , the United States Department of the Navy , and the United States Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense Agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Security Service ( DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense . Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the National Defense University ( NDU ) and the National War College ( NWC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The War Department 1.2 National Military Establishment 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense 2.1. 1 Defense Agencies 2.1. 2 National Intelligence Agencies 2.2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 2.3 Military Departments 2.4 Unified Combatant Commands 3 Budget 4 Criticism 4.1 2016 Internal Study Cover Up 4.2 Manipulation of Finances 5 Energy use 6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 7 Related legislation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : National Security Act of 1947 and History of the United States military The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775 . The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14 , 1775 . This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day . The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy , on October 13 , 1775 , and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10 , 1775 . Today , both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy . The War Department ( edit ) Main article : United States Department of War The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens : We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . -- Constitution of the United States Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4 , 1789 , legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government . President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time . Finally , on the last day of the session , September 29 , 1789 , Congress created the War Department , historic forerunner of the Department of Defense. 1 Stat. 95 The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the Navy Department in 1798 . The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet - level advisors until 1949 , when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . National military Establishment ( edit ) President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 After the end of World War II , President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified department of national defense . In a special message to Congress on December 19 , 1945 , the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts . Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive . On July 26 , 1947 , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , which set up a unified military command known as the `` National Military Establishment '' , as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , National Security Resources Board , United States Air Force ( formerly the Army Air Forces ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18 , the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment was renamed the `` Department of Defense '' on August 10 , 1949 and absorbed the three cabinet level military departments , in an amendment to the original 1947 law . Under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ( Pub. L. 85 -- 599 ) , channels of authority within the department were streamlined , while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize , train and equip their associated forces . The Act clarified the overall decision - making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces ( created by the military departments ) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders . Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , eventually known as DARPA . The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration , and was signed into law August 6 , 1958 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense See also : List of Department of Defense agencies Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . Office of the Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense 2008 OSD organizational chart The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 's ( mainly ) civilian staff . OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal and program evaluation and oversight , and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies , foreign governments , and international organizations , through formal and informal processes . OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities . Defense agencies ( edit ) OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies : Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute ( AFRRI ) Department of Defense Education Activity ( DoDEA ) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defense Contract Audit Agency ( DCAA ) Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) Defense Legal Services Agency Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) Defense Security Cooperation Agency ( DSCA ) ( formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) ( formerly Defense Investigative Service ) Defense Technical Information Center ( DTIC ) Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) National intelligence agencies ( edit ) Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community . These are national - level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence . They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners , serve as Combat Support Agencies , and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination , by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense . Department of Defense manages the nation 's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of signals intelligence , geospatial intelligence , and measurement and signature intelligence , and also builds , launches and operates the Intelligence Community 's satellite assets . Department of Defense also has its own human intelligence service , which contributes to the CIA 's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities . These agencies are directly overseen by the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence . National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Main article : Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff / Joint Staff organizational chart . The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and the President on military matters . The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VCJCS ) , Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman ( SEAC ) , the Military Service Chiefs from the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force , in addition to the Chief of National Guard Bureau , all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation . Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs , outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations , works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned , i.e. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and the Secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority , neither individually nor collectively , as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Goldwater - Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman , and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and to the President . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a headquarters staff at the Pentagon composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties , and managed by the Director of the Joint Staff ( DJS ) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral . Military Departments ( edit ) Military Departments of the Department of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense : the Department of the Army , which the United States Army is organized within . the Department of the Navy , which the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps are organized within . the Department of the Air Force , which the United States Air Force is organized within . The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary ( i.e. , Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Air Force ) , appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . They have legal authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized . The Secretaries of the Military Departments are ( by law ) subordinate to the Secretary of Defense and ( by SecDef delegation ) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense . The Secretaries of the Military Departments , in turn , normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs ( i.e. , Chief of Staff of the Army , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command . The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops ( this power was stripped from them in the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ) , and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with `` the training , provision of equipment , and administration of troops . '' Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Map of the Department of Defense 's geographic commands A Unified Combatant Command is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments , which has a broad and continuing mission . The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight , while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces . Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command . The Unified Commands are governed by a Unified Command Plan , a frequently updated document ( produced by the Department of Defense ) which lays out the Command 's mission , geographical / functional responsibilities , and force structure . During military operations , the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands , organized either on a geographical basis ( known as `` area of responsibility '' , AOR ) or on a global , functional basis : U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Budget ( edit ) Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000 -- 2011 Main article : Military budget of the United States Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8 % of GDP and accounted for about 45 % of budgeted global military spending -- more than the next 17 largest militaries combined . The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending . In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21 % of the U.S. Federal Budget , and 53 % of federal discretionary spending , which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations . However , this does not include many military - related items that are outside the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which is in the Department of Energy budget , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the FBI , and intelligence - gathering spending by the NSA . In the 2010 United States federal budget , the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion , with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009 , and $130 billion for overseas contingencies . The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for fiscal year 2010 were $1.2 trillion . Of these resources , $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed , with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure . After over a decade of non-compliance , Congress has established a deadline of Fiscal year 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve audit readiness . In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion , the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies , and this amounts to more than one - half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget discretionary budget . Criticism ( edit ) 2016 internal study cover up ( edit ) In 2015 , a Pentagon consulting firm performed an audit on the department of defense 's budget . It found that there was $125 billion in wasteful spend that could be saved over the next 5 years without layoffs or reduction in military personnel . In 2016 , The Washington Post uncovered that rather than taking the advise of the auditing firm , senior defense officials suppressed and hid the report from the public to avoid political scrutiny . Manipulation of finances ( edit ) In June of 2016 , The Defense Department 's Inspector General released a report that stated the United States Army made $6.5 trillion in wrongful adjustments to its accounting entries in 2015 . Energy use ( edit ) Main article : Energy usage of the United States military The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006 . In FY 2006 , the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The Department 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the Department would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense is responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Department of the Air Force : 52 % ; Department of the Navy : 33 % ; Department of the Army : 7 % ; other Department components : 1 % ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DoD earned a D − by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013 , it still had low scores in processing requests ( 55 % ) and their disclosure rules ( 42 % ) . Related legislation ( edit ) The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in Title 10 of the United States Code . Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes : 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 ( see note in history section above ) 1963 : Department of Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 149 1963 : Military Construction Authorization Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 174 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 1984 : Department of Defense Authorization Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 525 1986 : Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 ( Department of Defense Reorganization Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal Arms industry List of United States military bases Military -- industrial complex Nuclear weapons Private military company Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Justice United States Department of Veterans Affairs Warrior Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ soldiers , marines , sailors , airmen Jump up ^ Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Department of Defense '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the US Government , FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Chief Financial Officer . February 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manual for Written Material '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2004 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Employers '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense ( DoD ) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President 's Budget Proposal '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maass , John R. ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naval History and Heritage Command . `` Navy Birthday Information -- 13 October 1775 '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps : Timeline '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military : September 29 , 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` James V. Forrestal , Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense . Office of the Secretary of Defense . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolton , M. Kent ( 2008 ) . U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9 / 11 : present at the re-creation . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5900 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rearden , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . `` Department of Defense '' . In DeConde , Alexander et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Organizational and Management Planning '' . Odam.defense.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 10 USC 151 . Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 8033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 162 ( b ) Archived May 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 151 ( b ) Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 155 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3013 , 10 U.S.C. § 5013 and 10 U.S.C. § 8013 ^ Jump up to : Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense Organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2010 ) . Combatant Commands : Origins , Structure , and Engagements . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35432 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley , Joe D. ; et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM '' . Homeland security : legal and policy issues . American Bar Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60442 - 462 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reveron , Derek S. ( 2007 ) . America 's Viceroys : The Military and U.S. Foreign Policy . Macmillan . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60219 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Military Spending : Defence Costs '' . The Economist . June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S '' . UTEP . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Spending : Where Does the Money Go '' . National Priorities Project . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Craig ; Woodward , Bob ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Pentagon buries evidence of $125 billion in bureaucratic waste '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army fudged its accounts by trillions of dollars , auditor finds '' . Reuters . Fri Aug 19 21 : 34 : 34 UTC 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrews Anthony ( 2011 ) . Department of Defense Facilities : Energy Conservation Policies and Spending . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3835 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Defense and The Pentagon . Official website Department of Defense in the Federal Register Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Budget and Financial Management Policy Death and Taxes : 2009 -- A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which branch of government commands the army and navy	[ "The Department of Defense (DoD,[5] USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces. The Department is the largest employer in the world,[6] with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women[a] as of 2016.[7] Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services,[b] and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees.[1] It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C." ]	[ "executive branch" ]
1809530294707292953	Lincoln (film)	Lincoln ( film ) - wikipedia Lincoln ( film ) Lincoln Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Kathleen Kennedy Screenplay by Tony Kushner Based on Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln by Doris Kearns Goodwin Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Sally Field David Strathairn Joseph Gordon - Levitt James Spader Hal Holbrook Tommy Lee Jones Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company DreamWorks Pictures 20th Century Fox Reliance Entertainment Participant Media Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 150 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $275.3 million Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives . The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy , through their respective production companies , Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy / Marshall Company . Filming began October 17 , 2011 , and ended on December 19 , 2011 . Lincoln premiered on October 8 , 2012 at the New York Film Festival . The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and Participant Media , and released theatrically by Touchstone Pictures in North America on November 9 , 2012 . The film was distributed by Fox in international territories . Lincoln received significant praise for the acting , especially Day - Lewis 's performance , as well as Spielberg 's direction , and production values . In December 2012 , the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor ( Motion Picture -- Drama ) for Day - Lewis . At the 85th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director ; it won for Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day - Lewis . The film was also a commercial success , grossing over $275 million at the box office . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historian response 5.4 Accolades 5.4. 1 Top ten lists 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In January 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon , with the defeat of the Confederate States . He is concerned that his 1863 Emancipation Proclamation may be discarded by the courts after the war , and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment will be defeated by the returning slave states . He feels it imperative to pass the amendment beforehand , to remove any possibility that freed slaves might be re-enslaved . The Radical Republicans fear the amendment will be defeated by some who wish to delay its passage ; support from Republicans in the border states is not yet assured . The amendment also requires the support of several Democratic congressmen to pass . With dozens of Democrats being lame ducks after losing their re-election campaigns in the fall of 1864 , some of Lincoln 's advisors believe he should wait for a new Republican - heavy Congress . Lincoln remains adamant about having the amendment in place before the war is concluded and the southern states readmitted . Lincoln 's hopes rely upon the support of Francis Preston Blair , a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the western and border state conservative faction . With Union victory in the Civil War highly likely , but not yet secured , and with two sons serving in the Union Army , Blair is keen to end hostilities . Therefore , in return for his support , Blair insists that Lincoln allow him immediately to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations . Yet Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans , for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable . Unable to proceed without Blair 's support , Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blair 's mission . In the meantime , Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work to secure Democratic votes for the amendment . Lincoln suggests they concentrate on the lame duck Democrats , as they will feel freer to vote as they choose , and will also soon need employment ; Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term . Though Lincoln and Seward are unwilling to offer monetary bribes to the Democrats , they authorize agents to contact Democratic congressmen with offers of federal jobs in exchange for their support . At a key moment in the debate , racial - equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality , not a declaration of actual equality . Meanwhile , Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace , but he instructs they be kept out of Washington , as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor . Rumor of their mission circulates , prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote . But in a carefully worded statement , Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington , and the vote proceeds , passing by a margin of just two votes . Black visitors to the gallery celebrate , and Stevens returns home to his `` housekeeper '' and lover , a black woman . When Lincoln meets with the Confederates , he tells them slavery can not be restored , as the North is united for ratification of the amendment , and several of the southern states ' reconstructed legislatures would also vote to ratify . On April 3 , Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg , Virginia , where he exchanges a few words with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant . Six days later , Grant receives General Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse . On April 14 , Lincoln is meeting members of his cabinet to discuss future measures to enfranchise blacks , when he is reminded that First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln is waiting to take them to their evening at Ford 's Theatre . That night , while Lincoln 's son Tad is watching Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp at Grover 's Theatre , the manager suddenly stops the play to announce that the President has been shot . The next morning Lincoln dies ; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares , `` Now he belongs to the ages '' . Cast ( edit ) Lincoln household Daniel Day - Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln Gloria Reuben as Elizabeth Keckley , a former slave who was dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln Stephen Henderson as Lincoln 's valet William Slade Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly Union Army Adam Driver as Lincoln 's telegraph operator , historically Grant 's operator , Samuel Beckwith Jared Harris as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant Asa - Luke Twocrow as Lieutenant Colonel Ely S. Parker , a Native American Military Secretary to Grant and drafter of the terms of the Confederate Army 's surrender at Appomattox Court House Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark Lukas Haas as First White Soldier Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier White House David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton Joseph Cross as Major John Hay , Lincoln 's military secretary Jeremy Strong as John George Nicolay , Lincoln 's private secretary Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden James Ike Eichling as Postmaster General William Dennison House of Representatives Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania . A leader of the Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist , Stevens feared that Lincoln would `` turn his back on emancipation . '' Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio , leader of the Democratic opposition Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana , a Republican David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio Stephen Spinella as radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton Michael Stuhlbarg as Democratic Congressman George Yeaman of Kentucky Boris McGiver as Democratic Congressman Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio . David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton , whose brother died in the war Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. ' Beanpole ' Burton of Missouri . Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson Republican Party Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy . Holbrook had previously portrayed Lincoln in the 1976 mini-series Carl Sandburg 's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South mini-series . James Spader as Republican Party operative William N. Bilbo . Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln , and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . Tim Blake Nelson as lobbyist Richard Schell . ( Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) John Hawkes as Republican operative Colonel Robert Latham Byron Jennings as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair , son of Francis Preston Blair Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee : Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair , and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith : Smith was Thaddeus Stevens ' biracial housekeeper . Wayne Duvall as Radical Republican Senator Benjamin `` Bluff Ben '' Wade John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner Confederate States Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress as Whig party representatives from 1847 to 1849 . He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3 , 1865 Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government . He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference . Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads , Senate President Robert M.T. Hunter Christopher Boyer ( non-speaking role ) as Robert E. Lee Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999 , Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals , and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights . DreamWorks finalized the deal in 2001 , and by the end of the year , John Logan signed on to write the script . His draft focused on Lincoln 's friendship with Frederick Douglass . Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite and filming was set to begin in January 2006 , but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script . Liam Neeson said Webb 's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln 's term as President . Tony Kushner replaced Webb . Kushner considered Lincoln `` the greatest democratic leader in the world '' and found the writing assignment daunting because `` I have no idea ( what made him great ) ; I do n't understand what he did any more than I understand how William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet or Mozart wrote Così fan tutte . '' Kushner said Lincoln 's abolitionist ideals made him appealing to a Jewish writer , and although he felt Lincoln was Christian , he noted the president rarely quoted the New Testament and that his `` thinking and his ethical deliberation seem very talmudic '' . By late 2008 , Kushner joked he was on his `` 967,000 th book about Abraham Lincoln '' . Kushner 's initial 500 - page draft focused on four months in the life of Lincoln , and by February 2009 he had rewritten it to focus on two months in Lincoln 's life when he was preoccupied with adopting the Thirteenth Amendment . Casting ( edit ) Spielberg first approached Daniel Day - Lewis about the project in 2003 , but Day - Lewis turned down the part at the time , believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln to be `` preposterous '' . Liam Neeson was then cast as Lincoln in January 2005 , having previously worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List . In preparation for the role , Neeson studied Lincoln extensively . However , in July 2010 , Neeson left the project , saying that he had grown too old for the part . Neeson was 58 at the time , and Lincoln , during the time period depicted , was 55 and 56 . In an interview with GQ Neeson stated that he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in `` a thunderbolt moment '' and after the read requested that Spielberg recast his role . Co-star Sally Field , in a 2012 PBS interview , intimated that Neeson 's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier . In November 2010 , it was announced that Day - Lewis would replace Neeson in the role . While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008 , Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009 , for release in November , ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . In January 2009 , Taunton and Dighton , Massachusetts were being scouted as potential locations . Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film , to please Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey , who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg 's commercially unsuccessful Amistad ( 1997 ) . Spielberg had wanted Touchstone Pictures -- which agreed to distribute all his films from 2010 -- to distribute the film , but he was unable to afford paying off Paramount , which had collaborated with DreamWorks on the film 's development . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in Richmond , Fredericksburg , and Petersburg , Virginia . In reference to Petersburg , according to location manager Colleen Gibbons , `` one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180 - degree vista of historic structures '' which is `` very rare '' . The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the U.S Capitol , and the exteriors of the White House . The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for The House of Representatives Chamber set . Scenes representing Grovers Theatre were filmed in Fredericksburg , Virginia , at Virginia Repertory Theatre 's November Theatre . Music ( edit ) John Williams composed and conducted the score . The score was recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Chorus . The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on November 6 , 2012 . Lincoln : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Williams Released November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Symphony Center , Chicago Genre Soundtrack Length 58 : 46 Label Sony Classical Producer John Williams All music was composed by Williams , except `` Battle Cry of Freedom , '' which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . No . Title Length 1 . `` The People 's House '' 3 : 43 2 . `` The Purpose of the Amendment '' 3 : 07 3 . `` Getting Out the Vote '' 2 : 49 4 . `` The American Process '' 3 : 57 5 . `` The Blue and Grey '' 3 : 00 6 . `` '' With Malice Toward None `` '' 1 : 51 7 . `` Call to Muster , and Battle Cry of Freedom '' 2 : 17 8 . `` The Southern Delegation , and the Dream '' 4 : 43 9 . `` Father and Son '' 1 : 42 10 . `` The Race to the House '' 2 : 42 11 . `` Equality under the Law '' 3 : 12 12 . `` Freedom 's Call '' 6 : 08 13 . `` Elegy '' 2 : 35 14 . `` Remembering Willie '' 1 : 51 15 . `` Appomattox , April 9 , 1865 '' 2 : 38 16 . `` The Peterson House , and Finale '' 11 : 00 17 . `` '' With Malice Toward None '' ( Piano Solo ) '' 1 : 31 Total length : 58 : 46 Release ( edit ) Lincoln held its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 2012 . The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8 , 2012 . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner , while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories . Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film , including Lincoln : A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln : A Spielberg Film -- Discover the Story . DreamWorks and Google Play released the film 's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon - Levitt on September 13 , 2012 . Then , on September 10 , 2012 , a teaser for the trailer was released . Lincoln was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 26 , 2013 . The film debuted at No. 1 in Blu - ray and DVD sales in its first week of release . Disney Educational Productions donated DVD copies of the film and a teaching guide titled Stand Tall : Live Like Lincoln to more than 37,100 secondary schools in the United States , after Spielberg received letters from educators requesting to incorporate the film into their curriculum . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450 , well exceeding its $65 million budget . The film had a limited opening in 11 theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater . It opened at the # 15 rank , becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release . The film opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater . Due to the widespread success of Lincoln , Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand . Critical response ( edit ) Lincoln received worldwide critical acclaim . The cast was notably lauded , especially Day - Lewis , Field , and Jones . The film currently holds a 90 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 263 reviews with an average rating of 8 / 10 , with the critical consensus `` Daniel Day - Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty , dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 86 ( out of 100 ) based on 44 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , thus making it Spielberg 's highest rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` The hallmark of the man , performed so powerfully by Daniel Day - Lewis in Lincoln , is calm self - confidence , patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way . '' Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it 5 out of 5 stars stating , `` It 's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell , and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote , `` Lincoln is one of those rare projects where a great director , a great actor and a great writer amplify one another 's gifts . The team of Steven Spielberg , Daniel Day - Lewis and Tony Kushner has brought forth a triumphant piece of historical journalism , a profound work of popular art and a rich examination of one of our darkest epochs . '' It was praised by Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News as `` one of the finest historical dramas ever committed to film . '' Despite mostly positive reviews , Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated , `` In all , there 's too much material , too little revelation and almost nothing of Spielberg 's reliable cinematic flair . '' However , the reviews have been unanimous in their praise of Day - Lewis 's performance as Abraham Lincoln . A.O. Scott from The New York Times stated the film `` is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people '' and concluded that the movie was `` a rough and noble democratic masterpiece '' . Scott also stated that Lincoln 's concern about his wife 's emotional instability and `` the strains of a wartime presidency ... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous , drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused , above all , on Lincoln 's character as a politician . This is , in other words , less a biopic than a political thriller , a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy . '' Lebanese film critic Anis Tabet gave the film a positive review , giving it a 3.5 / 4 rating . As reported in the Maariv newspaper , on February 3 , 2013 , Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and his ministers discussed Spielberg 's film , which several of them saw in Israeli cinemas . They debated whether the end of abolishing slavery justified the means used by Lincoln , and also compared Lincoln 's predicament with their own complicated situation in the confused aftermath of the 2013 Israeli elections . The review by The Daily Mail suggested : `` The sad truth is that Spielberg and his writer Tony Kushner are offering a phoney , sanitised version of Lincoln . '' Historian response ( edit ) Eric Foner ( Columbia University ) , a Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian of the period , claimed in a letter to The New York Times that `` The film grossly exaggerates the possibility that by January 1865 the war might have ended with slavery still intact . '' He also noted , `` The 13th Amendment originated not with Lincoln but with a petition campaign early in 1864 organized by the Women 's National Loyal League , an organization of abolitionist women headed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . '' Kate Masur ( Northwestern University ) accuses the film of oversimplifying the role of blacks in abolition and dismissed the effort as `` an opportunity squandered '' in an op - ed for The New York Times . Harold Holzer , co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and author of more than 40 books , served as a consultant to the film and praised it , but also observed that there is `` no shortage of small historical bloopers in the movie '' in a piece for The Daily Beast . Holzer states , `` As for the Spielberg movie 's opening scene , ... it is almost inconceivable that any uniformed soldier of the day ( or civilians , for that matter ) would have memorized a speech that , however ingrained in modern memory , did not achieve any semblance of a national reputation until the 20th century . '' Barry Bradford , a member of the Organization of American Historians , offers an analysis of some of the finer historical points of the film 's representation of clothing , relationships and appearance . Allen Guelzo ( Gettysburg College ) , also writing for The Daily Beast , had some plot criticism , but disagreed with Holzer , arguing that , `` The pains that have been taken in the name of historical authenticity in this movie are worth hailing just on their own terms '' . In a later interview with the World Socialist Web Site Guelzo claimed that `` the film was 90 percent on the mark , which given the way Hollywood usually does history is saying something '' . David Stewart , independent historical author , writing for History News Network , described Spielberg 's work as `` reasonably solid history '' , and told readers of HNN to `` go see it with a clear conscience '' . Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film , though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR , `` Is every word true ? No . '' Historian Joshua M. Zeitz , writing in The Atlantic , noted some minor mistakes , but concluded `` Lincoln is not a perfect film , but it is an important film '' . Following a screening during the film 's opening weekend , the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force held a panel discussion in which Dr. David Woodard of Concordia University remarked , `` I always look at these films to see if a regular person who was n't a ' Lincoln nut ' would want to read a book about it after they watched the movie . I get the impression that most people who are not history buffs will now want to read something about Lincoln . '' Allen C. Guelzo said that Lincoln was `` 90 percent on the mark ... it got with reasonable accuracy a lot of Lincoln 's character , the characters of the main protagonists , and the overall debate over the 13th Amendment . The acting and screenwriting were especially well done ... I had never thought that Daniel Day - Lewis was acting , because what he portrayed seemed so close to my own mental image of what Lincoln must have been like . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Lincoln ( film ) Top ten lists ( edit ) Lincoln was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . 1st -- David Denby , The New Yorker ( tied with Zero Dark Thirty ) 1st -- Owen Gleiberman , Entertainment Weekly 1st -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times 1st -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 2nd -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly 2nd -- David Edelstein , New York 2nd -- Betsy Sharkey , Los Angeles Times ( tied with Django Unchained ) 2nd -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 2nd -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune 2nd -- Ann Hornaday , The Washington Post 2nd -- Huffington Post 2nd -- A.O. Scott , The New York Times 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times 3rd -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune 3rd -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 3rd -- Mary Pols , Time 3rd -- Dana Stevens , Slate 4th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 4th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald 4th -- Bill Goodykoontz , Arizona Republic 4th -- Joshua Rothkopf , Time Out New York 4th -- Alison Willmore , The A.V. Club 4th -- Steven Rea , Philadelphia Inquirer 5th -- Anne Thompson , Indiewire 5th -- Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News 6th -- Ty Burr , Boston Globe 6th -- David Fear , Time Out New York 6th -- Kristopher Tapley , HitFix 6th -- Jake Coyle , Associated Press 6th -- Andrew O'Hehir , Salon.com 7th -- Glenn Kenny , MSN Movies 8th -- David Germain , Associated Press 8th -- Lisa Kennedy , Denver Post 10th -- Melissa Anderson , Village Voice 10th -- Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun - Times Best of 2014 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Bob Mondello , NPR Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Claudia Puig , USA Today Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln White savior narrative in film List of films featuring slavery American Civil War portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Dates Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Into Awards - Season Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` LINCOLN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks ' Stacey Snider Reveals How Studio Slimmed Down to Stay Alive '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' gets its Mary Todd : Sally Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Participant Media Boarding Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmakers really liked Petersburg '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . December 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Partnering with DreamWorks on Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sally Field Set to Play Mary Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg 's LINCOLN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Casts Every Other Good Actor Under The Sun '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goetz , Barrett ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tommy Lee Jones & Joseph Gordon - Levitt Join Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . TheMovieMash.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' : Meet the Cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Brian Scott ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Announces Additional Casting '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` David Oyelowo Joins Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` David Strathairn Joins DreamWorks ' ' Lincoln ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeanne Jakle ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Jeanne Jakle : McGill 's profile going higher and higher '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) - Full cast and crew '' . Imdb.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2006 ) . Team of Rivals . Simon & Schuster . pp. 686 -- 754 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7075 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Joins Cast Of Lincoln '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Blake Nelson tapped for Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' film in 2012 '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' takes Richmond '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Virginia . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ruben V. Nepales ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Spielberg may co-direct next with Peter Jackson '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( January 11 , 2005 ) . `` Lincoln logs in at DreamWorks : Spielberg , Neeson eye Abe pic '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Scripting Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . IGN . December 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Update '' . IGN . January 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ron Grover ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Director 's Cut '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Wells ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln in December ? '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naomi Pffefferman ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kushner 's ( old ) testament to Lincoln '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Karen Bovard ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Lincoln Logs '' . Hartford Advocate . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln As You 've Never Heard Him Before '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Liam Neeson Talks Lincoln '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Neeson quits Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Hainey , Michael . `` The GQ Cover Story : Liam Neeson '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Sally Field , Part 1 '' . Tavis Smiley . Season 9 . November 15 , 2012 . 08 : 00 minutes in . PBS . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Chiarella ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Hard Luck and Beautiful Life of Liam Neeson '' . Esquire . Hearst Communications . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis set for Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg : He wants to shoot ' Abraham Lincoln ' in 2009 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Winokoor ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Film crews may be back in Silver City '' . Taunton Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Troubles '' . Slate . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , F.M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lincoln film to come to Petersburg next month '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb > Lincoln ( 2012 ) > Filming locations '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Tracklist For Score To Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Is Suitably Important & Historical '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Lincoln Score Gently Spoils A Few Key Scenes '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Surprise : Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' To Premiere Monday At New York Film Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Receives Standing Ovation at ' Lincoln ' L.A. Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jane ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` A few books tied to Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Google Hangout and Trailer Premiere Announced for September 13th '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Oscar nominated Lincoln comes to Blu - ray in March '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' top DVD and Blu - ray seller ; ' Argo ' top rental '' . The Los Angeles Times . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' DVDs to Go to All U.S. Middle and High Schools '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney will give `` Lincoln '' DVD to every middle , high school in U.S. '' The Denver Post . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Solis , Liana ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Disney announces it will donate Lincoln movie to schools '' . The Daily Toreador . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrick ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' Box Office So Strong , Disney Having Hard Time Keeping Up With Demand '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review by Glenn Kenny ( MSN Movies ) '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Making history with ' Lincoln ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Charlie ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Review : An epic ' Lincoln ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` A President Engaged in a Great Civil War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ anistabet ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) Let 's tlk abt movies '' . Tlkabtmovies.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shalom Yerushalmi , `` Throne Games '' ( Hebrew : משחקי הכס ) , a commentary on the week 's political events , Maariv , Feb. 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abe needs a few amendments : Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic is heavy on heroic speeches but light on the historical truth '' . MailOnline Jump up ^ `` Lincoln 's Use of Politics for Noble Ends '' . NYTimes.com. 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kate Masur ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` In Spielberg 's Lincoln , Passive Black Characters '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harold Holzer ( 2012 - 11 - 22 ) . `` What 's True and False in Lincoln Movie '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barry Bradford . `` Is the Lincoln Movie Historically Accurate ? '' . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` A Civil War Professor Reviews ' Lincoln ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Lincoln : An interview with historian Allen Guelzo '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ David O. Stewart ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` How True is `` Lincoln '' ? History News Network `` . Hnn.us . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated : Nov 23 , 2012 04 : 49 PM EST ( 2012 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Fact - Checking Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Movie with Biographer Ronald C. White : Books : Books & Review '' . Booksnreview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking ' Lincoln ' : Lincoln 's Mostly Realistic ; His Advisers Are n't -- Joshua Zeitz '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Panel Discussion for the film LINCOLN '' . This Week in the Civil War . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130406110353/http://www.wsws.org:80/en/articles/2013/04/03/guel-a03.html Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Mitchell , Mary Niall . `` Seeing Lincoln : Spielberg 's Film and the Visual Culture of the Nineteenth Century , '' Rethinking History 19 ( Sept. 2015 ) , 493 - 505 . Dimock , Wai Chee ( Winter 2013 ) . `` Crowdsourcing History : Ishmael Reed , Tony Kushner , and Steven Spielberg Update the Civil War '' . American Literary History . 25 ( 4 ) : 896 -- 914 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajt044 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lincoln ( 2012 film ) Official website Lincoln on IMDb Lincoln at the TCM Movie Database Lincoln at AllMovie Lincoln at Rotten Tomatoes Lincoln at Metacritic Lincoln at Box Office Mojo Lincoln Learning Hub at Disney.com Official production notes Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Fanny McCullough letter Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lincoln in steven spielberg's lincoln	[ "Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln.[5] The film also features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances. The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's biography Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincoln's life, focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives.\n" ]	[ "Daniel Day-Lewis" ]
-7459866775504095994	List of Hunter × Hunter characters	List of Hunter × Hunter characters - wikipedia List of Hunter × Hunter characters Jump to : navigation , search The protagonists from Hunter × Hunter as seen from left to right in the front row Killua , Gon , Kurapika , and behind , Leorio . The Hunter × Hunter manga and anime series features an extensive cast of characters created by Yoshihiro Togashi . The series takes place in a fictional universe where licensed specialists known as Hunters travel the world taking on special jobs ranging from treasure hunting to assassinations . The story focuses on 12 - year - old Gon Freecss and his quest to become a Hunter in order to find his father , Ging Freecss , who is himself a famous Hunter . While on his quest , Gon meets and becomes close friends with three other members who are also on a quest to become Hunters for their own reasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protagonists 1.1 Gon Freecss 1.2 Killua Zoldyck 1.3 Kurapika 1.4 Leorio Paradinight 2 Antagonists 2.1 Hisoka Morow 2.2 Phantom Troupe 2.2. 1 Chrollo Lucilfer 2.2. 2 Bonolenov 2.2. 3 Feitan 2.2. 4 Franklin 2.2. 5 Kortopi 2.2. 6 Machi 2.2. 7 Nobunaga Hazama 2.2. 8 Pakunoda 2.2. 9 Phinks 2.2. 10 Shalnark 2.2. 11 Shizuku 2.2. 12 Uvogin 2.2. 13 Kalluto Zoldyck 2.3 Genthru 2.4 Chimera Ants 2.4. 1 Chimera Ant Queen 2.4. 2 Meruem 2.4. 3 Royal Guard 2.4. 3.1 Neferpitou 2.4. 3.2 Shaiapouf 2.4. 3.3 Menthuthuyoupi 2.4. 4 Others 2.4. 4.1 Colt 2.4. 4.2 Shidore 2.4. 4.3 Koala 2.4. 4.4 Meleoron 2.4. 4.5 Ikalgo 2.4. 4.6 Welfin 2.4. 4.7 Leol 2.4. 4.8 Cheetu 2.4. 4.9 Zazan 2.4. 4.10 Hina 2.4. 4.11 Rammot 2.4. 4.12 Gyro 3 Hunter Association 3.1 Isaac Netero 3.2 Zodiacs 3.2. 1 Ging Freecss 3.2. 2 Pariston Hill 3.2. 3 Cheadle Yorkshire 3.2. 4 Mizaistom Nana 3.2. 5 Botobai Gigante 3.2. 6 Kanzai 3.2. 7 Pyon 3.2. 8 Gel 3.2. 9 Cluck 3.2. 10 Saccho Kobayakawa 3.2. 11 Ginta 3.2. 12 Saiyu 3.3 Examiners 3.4 Examinees 3.4. 1 Hanzo 3.4. 2 Tonpa 3.4. 3 Pokkle 3.4. 4 Ponzu 3.5 Chimera Ant Exterminators 3.5. 1 Morel Mackernasey 3.5. 2 Knov 3.5. 3 Knuckle Bine 3.5. 4 Shoot McMahon 3.5. 5 Palm Siberia 3.6 Others 3.6. 1 Kite 3.6. 2 Izunavi 3.6. 3 Melody 3.6. 4 Basho 4 Zoldyck Family 4.1 Maha Zoldyck 4.2 Zeno Zoldyck 4.3 Silva Zoldyck 4.4 Kikyo Zoldyck 4.5 Illumi Zoldyck 4.6 Milluki Zoldyck 4.7 Alluka Zoldyck 5 Greed Island players 5.1 Biscuit Krueger 5.2 Tsezguerra 5.3 Abengane 5.4 Goreinu 5.5 Razor 6 Kakin 6.1 Nasubi Hui Guo Rou 6.2 Royal Family 6.2. 1 Benjamin Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 2 Camilla Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 3 Zhang Lei Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 4 Tserriednich Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 5 Tubeppa Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 6 Tyson Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 7 Luzurus Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 8 Sale - sale Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 9 Halkenburg Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 10 Kacho Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 11 Fugetsu Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 12 Momoze Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 13 Marayam Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 14 Woble Hui Guo Rou 6.2. 15 Oito Hui Guo Rou 7 Other characters 7.1 Mito 7.2 Wing 7.3 Zushi 7.4 Kastro 7.5 Komugi 7.6 Nostrade Family 7.6. 1 Neon Nostrade 7.6. 2 Dalzollene 7.6. 3 Squala 7.6. 4 Baise 7.7 Beyond Netero 8 References 8.1 Hunter × Hunter manga 8.2 Other sources Protagonists ( edit ) Gon Freecss ( edit ) Voiced by : Rica Matsumoto ( 1998 film ) , Junko Takeuchi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Elinor Holt ( 1999 series , English ) , Megumi Han ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Erica Mendez ( 2011 series , English ) Gon Freecss ( ゴン = フリークス , Gon Furīkusu ) is the main protagonist of the series and an athletic , naïve , and friendly boy . Having spent a lot of time in the woods as a child , he gets along very well with animals and has inhuman senses such as heightened sense of smell and sight , as well as very keen taste . Gon wants to become a Hunter in order to find his father , Ging Freecss , who is one . During the Hunter Exam Gon befriends Killua , Kurapika and Leorio . After successfully becoming a licensed Hunter , Gon and Killua learn about Nen from Wing and later train further under Biscuit Krueger . After his trio becomes the first people to beat Greed Island and helping to stop the Chimera Ants , Gon meets his father Ging . His flaws lie in his temper and impulsive nature . Gon sometimes fails to think things through and such actions lead to him suffering . His will is stronger than most and he can be very level - headed , but this clear mind can also make him very cold at times . Though possessing talent far beyond the norm for his age , anytime his abilities are challenged he feels as if he has to prove his antagonist wrong . He continually strives to obtain greater power , often becoming exceptionally stronger in his anger . But Gon 's anger also leads to extremely reckless tendencies . When his emotions are ignited , Gon becomes irrational and completely oblivious to anything else . Gon 's Nen type is Enhancement , which gives him his great strength and recuperative abilities . His Hatsu is called Jajanken ( ジャジャン拳 ) a play on the Japanese word for Rock - paper - scissors , `` Janken '' . However , after his fight with Neferpitou , it is unknown if he still has the ability to use Nen . Gon is a popular character with fans , coming in third place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Killua Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Kanako Mitsuhashi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Annika Odegard ( 1999 series , English ) , Mariya Ise ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Cristina Vee ( 2011 series , English ) Killua Zoldyck ( キルア = ゾルディック , Kirua Zorudikku ) is initially introduced as a cheeky , cheerful kid full of mischievous ideas who befriends Gon during the Hunter Exam . However , his ruthlessness and aptitude in killing shows the other side of him -- deadly , violent , and bloodthirsty . A member of the famous Zoldyck Family of assassins , Killua has been trained to be an assassin since birth and conditioned to possess extreme tolerance for poison , electricity and pain . Although Killua fails during the first Hunter Exam by killing an opponent due to his elder brother 's Nen skills ( manipulation ) , he attends the exam again the following year , earning his license by eliminating all other applicants in the very first trial . Killua and Gon learn about Nen from Wing and later train further under Biscuit Krueger . He becomes one of the first people to beat Greed Island , helps stop the Chimera Ants , and uses his sibling Alluka 's special abilities to heal the nearly - dead Gon . Conflicting with Killua 's predisposition to kill is his unyielding loyalty to his new friends . Often , Killua suffers immensely in attempts to help his friends without a single complaint . Killua puts others before himself without being concerned about his own health or even his life . Previously , Killua 's greatest flaw was his fear of those seemingly more powerful than him . Killua had been trained as an assassin by Illumi to be extremely cautious that he only engages in combat provided that victory is absolutely certain . This impeded him as a Hunter , as Biscuit stated more than once that victory is never certain , and that depending on the circumstances , a person has the potential to defeat a stronger opponent . Showing great promise from birth , he possesses extraordinary agility and strength that makes Killua a one - man killing machine . Killua has already mastered many killing techniques at a tender age and is set to be one of the best assassins his family has ever produced . His Nen type is Transmutation , which allows him to change the properties of his aura into electricity . His Hatsu involves various uses of electricity to increase his physical capabilities , such as `` Godspeed '' , which allows him to move at immeasurable speeds . Killua is a popular character with fans , coming in first place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Kurapika ( edit ) Voiced by : Noriko Hidaka ( 1998 film ) , Yuki Kaida ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Cheryl McMaster ( 1999 series , English ) , Miyuki Sawashiro ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Erika Harlacher ( 2011 series , English ) Kurapika ( クラピカ ) is the sole survivor of the Kurta ( クルタ , Kuruta ) clan , a race with treasured irises that turn scarlet in times of anger or emotional agitation . Four years before the series , the entire Kurta clan was eradicated by a band of thieves known as the Phantom Troupe . The Troupe desecrated the bodies of his race by stealing their scarlet eyes following the genocide , thereafter selling them on the black market . He participates in the Hunter Exam alongside Gon , Leorio and Killua in order to become a Blacklist Hunter and gain the resources to take vengeance for his race and retrieve their eyes . Despite being a moralist , Kurapika is not above adjoining himself to society 's underworld in order to accomplish his own desires -- aligning himself with the Nostrade mafia family as soon as the opportunity presents itself . He soon becomes head of Nostrade 's bodyguards . Normally intelligent , quick - thinking and levelheaded , when Kurapika sees a spider , the symbol of the Phantom Troupe , he becomes enraged . He kills Uvogin , causes Pakunoda 's death , and seals Chrollo Lucilfer 's Nen . He is later invited to join the Zodiacs at Leorio 's recommendation and only accepts upon being told who bought the last batch of scarlet eyes that he needs to retrieve . This leads to his accompanying the Kakin Royal Family to the Dark Continent . Kurapika 's Nen type is Conjuration , however , when his eyes turn scarlet , he becomes a Specialist . He conjures a unique weapon -- five chains , one extending from each finger on his right hand . His ring finger , Dowsing Chain : The Guiding Ring Finger ( 導く薬指の鎖 ( ダウジングチェーン ) , Daujingu Chēn ) , has a ball on the end used for dowsing and normal defensive and offensive purposes . Kurapika entered into a Nen contract for the chain on his middle finger , Chain Jail : The Restraining Middle Finger ( 束縛する中指の鎖 ( チェーンジェイル ) , Chēn Jeiru ) ; in order to have an unbreakable chain that will hold members of the Phantom Troupe no matter what , he offered his life should he use it on anyone other than its members . His thumb chain , Holy Chain : Healing Thumb ( 癒す親指の鎖 ( ホーリーチェーン ) , Hōrī Chēn ) , heals any injury with the crucifix on the end . His little finger , Judgement Chain : Arbiter Little Finger ( 律する小指の鎖 ( ジャッジメントチェーン ) , Jajjimento Chēn ) , stabs an enemy 's heart with the little blade on the end while Kurapika sets a rule , if the enemy violates that rule they die . His specialist ability , Emperor Time : Absolute Mastery ( 絶対時間 ( エンペラータイム ) , Enperā Taimu ) , allows him to utilize 100 % of all types of Nen . Kurapika was inspired by the Ohmu in Hayao Miyazaki 's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind . Kurapika is a popular character with fans , coming in second place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Leorio Paradinight ( edit ) Voiced by : Nobutoshi Canna ( 1998 film ) , Hozumi Gōda ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Jonathan Love ( 1999 series , English ) , Keiji Fujiwara ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Matt Mercer ( 2011 series , English ) Leorio Paradinight ( レオリオ = パラディナイト , Reorio Paradinaito ) is a young adult who befriends Gon , Kurapika and Killua during the Hunter Exam . After losing a friend to a curable illness he could not afford the treatment for , Leorio dedicates himself to becoming a Hunter in order to pay for the costs of medical school , so he can become a doctor and treat the impoverished for free . Though he is often outshone by the genius combat abilities of Gon and Killua , compared to the average man , Leorio is indeed talented . Absent from the story since the `` Greed Island '' story arc , Leorio makes a reappearance after Gon is hospitalized . He finally displays some of his Nen abilities , using them to punch Ging in the face despite standing far from him . Some time after Gon recovers , Leorio is invited to join the Zodiacs in their expedition to the Dark Continent . When the Black Whale finally sets sail , Leorio starts working at the medical care facility on the third deck under Cheadle , carrying medicines . Killua observes that Leorio is an Emission - type Nen user , with the ability to project force / energy blasts . Leorio is a popular character with fans , coming in fifth and sixth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Antagonists ( edit ) Hisoka Morow ( edit ) Voiced by : Hiroki Takahashi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Brendan Hunter ( 1999 series , English ) , Daisuke Namikawa ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Keith Silverstein ( 2011 series , English ) Hisoka Morow ( ヒソカ = モロウ , Hisoka Morōu ) is a magician and serial killer . He is deceitful , playful , and narcissistic by nature ; acting only in his own self - interest . Hisoka combines his magic tricks with violence , and delights in battling against those he considers strong to the point of sexual arousal . In the manga , his sentences within speech balloons typically end with a suit symbol . Hisoka takes an interest in Gon and his friends after encountering them during the Hunter Exam , letting them live so that they grow into more worthy opponents . Although he initially is posited as an antagonist due to affinity towards murder , he spends much of the series acting as both an adversary and comrade to Gon . He is revealed to be member number four of the Phantom Troupe , although he only joined in order to get a chance to fight their leader , Chrollo Lucilfer . He leaves the group when Chrollo 's Nen is sealed by Kurapika and sets out to find a way to break the seal . Having been successful in this task , Hisoka dies after fighting Chrollo , but revives himself , and goes on a killing rampage against the Phantom Troupe . Hisoka 's Nen type is Transmutation , allowing him to change the type or properties of his aura . He most often uses Elastic Love - Bungee Gum ( 伸縮自在の愛 ( バンジーガム ) , Banjī Gamu ) , which makes his aura elastic and sticky similar to chewing gum . He also uses Flimsy Lies - Texture Surprise ( 薄っぺらな嘘 ( ドッキリテクスチャー ) , Dokkiri Tekusuchā ) , which allows him to reproduce the texture of his choice on any flat surface ; such as making a handkerchief appear to be skin . Hisoka is a popular character with fans , coming in fourth and fifth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Phantom Troupe ( edit ) The Phantom Troupe ( 幻影旅団 , Gen'ei Ryodan ) , also known as the Spiders ( 蜘蛛 , Kumo ) , is the name for a gang of thieves that originated in the slum Meteor City ( 流星街 , Ryūseigai ) . People who live there do not exist in any official records , and the existence of the city itself is known to very few people . The group consists of thirteen members , each with a numbered tattoo of a twelve - legged spider on their body . Those wishing to join the group can do so by killing a member , thereby replacing them . If a vacancy opens due to a member leaving or dying of other causes , the leader of the group , Chrollo Lucilfer , is responsible for finding a replacement member . Although they mainly steal and kill , they occasionally do philanthropic work . Chrollo Lucilfer ( edit ) Voiced by : Yoshikazu Nagano ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Richard Meen ( 1999 series , English ) , Mamoru Miyano ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Robbie Daymond ( 2011 series , English ) Chrollo Lucilfer ( クロロ = ルシルフル , Kuroro Rushirufuru ) is the founder and leader of the Phantom Troupe . He formed the group with some other citizens in Meteor City in his youth , thereafter leaving it . The Troupe was joined by more members , in accordance with Chrollo 's idea of a group with exactly thirteen members , including himself . He led the genocide on Kurapika 's clan , the latter thereafter stalking Chrollo and neutralizing his Nen ability as punishment . However , it is shown during the Dark Continent arc that somehow Kurapika 's seal was lifted and he gained his powers back with Hisoka 's help , and realizes Hisoka 's longtime wish of both having a fight to the end , almost killing him . He then boards the Black Whale with unknown intentions . His Nen type is Specialization and allows him to directly steal the abilities of other Nen users , which he stores in a Conjured book . Chrollo came in fourth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Bonolenov ( edit ) Voiced by : Chō ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Bonolenov ( ボノレノフ , Bonorenofu ) is covered in bandages and wears boxing gloves . These bandages cover up a large number of holes throughout his body . During the Chimera Ant arc , he was seen fighting with the other members of the Phantom Troupe against the Chimera Ants . His physical power ranks eighth among the Troupe . Bonolenov is a descendant of the Gyudondond ( ギュドンドンド ) , a small wild tribe that was chased out of their lands by development . When males of the Gyudondond tribe reach the age of three , they are circumcised and needles are inserted in various parts of their body . Over time , these needles are replaced with thicker and thicker sticks , and the holes are stabilized with bamboo stalks or stones . Using these holes , Gyudondond males are able to create a variety of sounds with the air flowing through . They are called `` Bap '' ( バプ ) , the dancing warriors , and fulfill the role of shamans and performers in their tribe . Before combat , they use their bodies to play songs of battle . The Gyudondond believe that the more beautiful a sound that is played , the greater the spirit it can summon . Bonolenov possess this as his Conjuration Nen ability , titled War Anthem - Battle Cantabile ( 戦闘演武曲 ( バト = レ・カンタービレ ) , Bato re Kantābire ) . Feitan ( edit ) Voiced by : Akari Hibino ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Meredith Taylor Parry ( 1999 series , English ) , Kappei Yamaguchi ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Tom Bauer ( 2011 series , English ) Feitan ( フェイタン , Feitan ) is one of the original members hailing from Meteor City . He is attired in what one would expect from a bandit -- dark clothes partnered with a skullhead scarf that covers his mouth . He seldom speaks , but when he does , it is full of grammatical errors , giving the impression that he is not speaking in his native tongue . During the Phantom Troupe 's fight with Chimera Ants , Feitan reverts to his native language , which is shown with Chinese characters . After Feitan 's victory over Zazan in Meteor City , he is crowned temporary leader of the Phantom Troupe . Feitan 's movements are incredibly fast , being able to leave afterimages of his body . He wields an umbrella that conceals both a sword and a gun that fires out of the tip . His Nen type is Transmutation . His ability Unforgiven : Pain Packer ( 許されざる者 ( ペインパッカー ) , Pein Pakkā ) transforms the injuries he has received from his enemy into an attack . The more pain he receives , the stronger his attack is . Currently , only Burnt by the Sun : Rising Sun ( 太陽に灼かれて ( ライジングサン ) , Raijingu San ) has been revealed , a miniature sun that burns anyone around him disregarding even allies , as shown by the rest of the Phantom Troupe fleeing from the scene when he uses this ability . Only Feitan is unaffected by the attack , presumably because of the armor that is formed on him . Feitan came in tenth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Franklin ( edit ) Voiced by : Yoshinobu Kaneko ( 1999 series Japanese ) , Steve Olson ( 1999 series , English ) , Kenji Nomura ( G.I. OVA Series ) , Hidenobu Kiuchi ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Edward Bosco ( 2011 series , English ) Franklin ( フランクリン , Furankurin ) is very large , with multiple facial scars similar to that of a Frankenstein . He ranks fourth in physical power among the Troupe and is among the original members hailing from Meteor City . Franklin 's Nen type is Emission . His ability is called Dual Machine Gun ( 俺の両手は機関銃 ( ダブルマシンガン ) , Daburu Mashingan ) and allows him to shoot countless bullets composed of Nen from his fingertips , which he modified into guns himself . Kortopi ( edit ) Voiced by : Umi Tenjin ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Shinya Hamazoe ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Tony Oliver ( 2011 series , English ) Very little is known about Kortopi ( コルトピ , Korutopi ) . Exceptionally short in stature , he also has a thick and messy mane of hair covering his entire head , obscuring everything except for an occasional glimpse of his left eyeball . He is the weakest in the Troupe in terms of raw physical power . Kortopi is the first of the members of the Troupe killed by Hisoka after he swears to wipe out the entire group following his defeat to Chrollo . In fact , his Conjuration Nen abilities so far suggest that he is not involved in combat at all , but rather theft and subterfuge . His Nen ability is called Gallery Fake : Divine Left Hand , Demonic Right Hand ( 神の左手悪魔の右手 ( ギャラリーフェイク ) , Gyararī Feiku ) , which allows him to make perfect copies of any object by touching it with his left hand and producing the copy with his right . He can also make copies of living humans , but they will be immobile and lifeless . The copies vanish after 24 hours have passed . He is also able to know the exact location of any copy he has created by touching the original object . Machi ( edit ) Voiced by : Noriko Namiki ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Marcy Lannan ( 1999 series , English ) , Takako Uemura ( OVA , Japanese ) , Rena Maeda ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Abby Trott ( 2011 series , English ) Machi ( マチ ) is incredibly loyal to Chrollo and is one of the original Phantom Troupe members from Meteor City . Physically , she is the strongest woman in the Troupe and the sixth strongest overall . Hisoka seems to have an occasional interest in her , although it is hard to see whether it is genuine . She also has an extremely keen intuition ( the other members of the Troupe say that she has never been wrong about her intuitions ) . Machi 's Nen type is Transmutation . Her ability Nen Stitches ( 念糸縫合 ( ネンシほうごう ) , Nenshi Hōgō ) forms her aura into thread , the strength of which is inversely proportional to its length : a thread as long as the diameter of the Earth would be as strong as cotton , but a one millimeter - long thread can lift a ton . Besides attacking it can be used to track people , but is also shown used to stitch severed limbs back on . Machi came in seventh place in the series ' second popularity poll . Nobunaga Hazama ( edit ) Voiced by : Takashi Matsuyama ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , John Knight ( 1999 series , English ) , Naoya Uchida ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Joe J. Thomas ( 2011 series , English ) Nobunaga Hazama ( ノブナガ = ハザマ ) has a similar appearance to ronin warriors in Edo period Japan , complete with a long katana that he uses with great finesse and skill . Nobunaga specializes in combining nen with the use of his katana in executing enemies . His best friend is Uvogin , and the two bring out the best of each other during combat . Seeing some of Uvogin 's personality in Gon , he expresses interest in having Gon join the Troupe , though Gon adamantly refuses . Nobunaga ranks ninth in physical power among the Troupe , and is one of the original members from Meteor City . Nen type : Enhancement . Nobunaga came in fourteenth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Pakunoda ( edit ) Voiced by : Yoshiko Iseki ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Tracy Sutton ( 1999 series , English ) , Romi Park ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Erica Lindbeck ( 2011 series , English ) Pakunoda ( パクノダ ) is an original member of the Phantom Troupe from Meteor City . She is fully loyal to Chrollo , even going against the Troupe in order to help him . She is killed by Kurapika 's Judgement Chain in the climax of the Phantom Troupe arc by violating the restrictions placed upon her . Her body is buried in the Troupe 's Yorknew hideout . Pakunoda 's Nen type is Specialization . Her main ability is to read the memories of people she touches by asking specific questions , Psychometry . Her secondary ability , Memory Bomb ( 記憶弾 ( メモリーボム ) , Memorī Bomu ) , allows her to transform these memories into the shape of a bullet which she fires into the heads of her companions from a gun , thereby giving them that information . She is eleventh in physical strength . Phinks ( edit ) Voiced by : Yoshiaki Matsumoto ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Lucas Gilbertson ( 1999 series , English ) , Kenn ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , David Vincent ( 2011 series , English ) Phinks ( フィンクス , Finkusu ) uses his hands in battle , which has been shown to be extremely powerful . He is one of the original Phantom Troupe members from Meteor City and wears an Egyptian Pharaoh - like outfit in battle . Phinks seems to get along best with Feitan , and is almost always seen partnered with him both in and out of combat . His Nen ability is called Kaiten - Ripper Cyclotron ( 廻天 ( リッパー・サイクロトロン ) , Rippā Saikurotoron ) , the strength of which is dependent upon how many times he rotates his arm ; the more rotations , the more powerful his attack will be . In terms of physical strength , Phinks is ranked second among the Troupe members . Nen type : Enhancement Shalnark ( edit ) Voiced by : Yasuhiro Takato ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Jordan Schartner ( 1999 series , English ) , Noriko Hidaka ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Griffin Burns ( 2011 series , English ) Shalnark ( シャルナーク , Sharunāku ) is member number six of the Phantom Troupe , and from his appearance , he seems to be a normal boy . However , he is one of the most intelligent and quick - thinking members in the group , being highly adept at using computers and information gathering . Shalnark is also a licensed Hunter , so he has access to certain information that could be potentially useful to the Phantom Troupe . He ranks tenth in physical power among the Troupe . Shalnark is killed by Hisoka after he decides to wipe out the entire Phantom Troupe following his defeat by Chrollo in Heaven 's Arena . Shalnark 's Nen type is Manipulation . His main ability , Black Voice : Mobile Fate Director ( 携帯する他人の運命 ( ブラックボイス ) , Burakku Boisu ) , allows him to completely control the actions of others remotely using his cell phone after sticking a specialized antenna into their bodies . His secondary ability involves applying the antenna upon himself and putting his body on autopilot , resulting in an enhanced state with enough power to devastate most opponents . However , he dislikes this ability because he is subject to immense muscle pain for several days after its use , and as he has no control over the process and retains no memory over what has transpired he can not derive any pleasure or satisfaction when he uses it to win a fight . Shalnark came in seventeenth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Shizuku ( edit ) Voiced by : Atsuko Bungo ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Emily Bachynski ( 1999 series , English ) , Miho Arakawa ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Janice Roman Roku ( 2011 series , English ) Shizuku ( シズク , Shizuku ) is extremely forgetful and can be an airhead at times which , along with her unassuming appearance , can cause opponents to underestimate her combat abilities . She is left - handed , and the twelfth strongest physically out of the thirteen members of the Troupe . Shizuku is member number eight , a replacement for the last member since the Troupe came together . Shizuku 's Nen type is Conjuration . She conjures the Nen vacuum Blinky ( デメちゃん , Deme - chan ) , which is able to suck up anything that is not Nen created or that she considers living . It is also able to regurgitate the last thing sucked up . Shizuku came in eleventh place in the series ' second popularity poll . Uvogin ( edit ) Voiced by : Eiji Takemoto ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Mike Shepherd ( 1999 series , English ) , Akio Ōtsuka ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Patrick Seitz ( 2011 series , English ) Uvogin ( ウヴォーギン , Uvōgin ) is one of the original members of the Troupe from Meteor City . Out of all of the Phantom Troupe , he is the strongest in terms of raw physical power . Uvogin is so strong , that direct hits from bullets , sniper bullets , and even anti-tank rockets do not cause visible damage to him . Like all of the Troupe , he never hesitates to kill , and particularly enjoys combat against skilled opponents . Although he prefers to fight alone , Uvogin becomes stronger when fighting with a partner , usually Nobunaga , because he fights better when there is someone else to protect ( although he never admits this ) . Seeking revenge on Kurapika for capturing him after his battle with the Shadow Beasts , Uvogin tracks him to the hotel where Neon Nostrade and the rest of her bodyguards are staying . They fight one - on - one in a small canyon on the outskirts of Yorknew City . Kurapika eventually captures Uvogin with his Chain Jail , and questions him about the location and abilities of the other Phantom Troupe members . Uvogin refuses to answer any questions , responding only with `` Kill me . '' Kurapika then pierces Uvogin 's chest with his Judgement Chain ability , giving Uvogin the condition that he must answer all questions truthfully . But Uvogin refuses to answer Kurapika 's question on the whereabouts of the other Troupe members , instantly killed with his body buried by Kurapika soon after . He is the eleventh member of the Troupe and his Nen type is Enhancement . Uvogin came in twelfth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Kalluto Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Yūko Maekawa ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Mamiko Noto ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Lauren Landa ( 2011 series , English ) Kalluto Zoldyck ( カルト = ゾルディック , Karuto Zorudikku ) is the youngest member of the Zoldyck Family of assassins . He is initially introduced accompanying his mother during Gon 's retrieval of Killua from Kukuroo Mountain . Kalluto appears again during the Phantom Troupe arc , assisting his older brother Illumi with the assassination of the ten mafia dons that placed bounties on the Troupe 's heads . Kalluto joins the Phantom Troupe as Hisoka 's replacement , during their entrance into Greed Island . During the Phantom Troupe 's assault on Zazan 's palace in Meteor City , Kalluto reveals he joined them with the intention of finding his brother . His ability uses a hand fan to control paper confetti that is sharp enough to cut metal . Kalluto came in fourteenth place in the series ' first popularity poll . Genthru ( edit ) Voiced by : Tsuyoshi Koyama ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Hiroyuki Yoshino ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Todd Haberkorn ( 2011 series , English ) Genthru ( ゲンスルー , Gensurū ) 's secret identity is that of the Greed Island Bomber ( 爆弾魔 , Bakudan Ma , `` Bomb Devil '' ) . He leads the Bomb Devil trio , with members Sub and Bara . Among the players of the Greed Island game , Genthru first appears as a member of the allied players . He plays a role as an informer and a high position member of the group for the last 5 years . It is later revealed that he placed a Nen time bomb on every member of the allied group , so that he can blackmail them for all the designated cards they hold . A sadist , Genthru does n't keep his promise and detonates all the Nen time bombs , killing all the members of the allied group except Abengane . He later rejoins his teammates , Sub and Bara , to continue collecting the rest of the designated cards to win the game . He is later defeated by Gon in a one - on - one match ( while Killua and Biscuit draw away his teammates and defeat them separately ) . Genthru 's Nen type is Conjuration Chimera Ants ( edit ) Chimera Ants ( キメラ = アント , Kimera Anto ) are a fictional species of insect , extremely dangerous and ranked first among insects that should be quarantined in the Hunter × Hunter universe . They have voracious appetites and can consume several times their own weight within a single day . Chimera Ant queens possess an entirely unique method of reproduction known as Phagogenesis ( 摂食交配 , Sesshoku Kōhai ) : reproducing asexually while imbuing her offspring with the genetic traits of whatever she devoured . To take advantage of the genes of a particular species to create royal caste Chimera Ants superior to the previous generations , a Chimera Ant queen has been known to feed until the fodder species is driven to extinction . One colony in particular targeted humans , leading to the creation of humanoid Chimera Ants who develop the ability to use Nen and possess a sense of free will outside serving their queen . Human Chimera Ants also possess the genetic memories of their `` past lives '' , some only having traces of memories while others are their original selves fully reborn . Following the death of the Queen , the colony disburst with a majority of Chimera Ants following Meruem while others attempted to create their colonies . Only a few the humanoid Chimera Ants survive as they are allowed to live among humans . Chimera Ant Queen ( edit ) Voiced by : Masako Ikeda ( Japanese ) , Cindy Robinson ( English ) The Chimera Ant Queen ( 女王 , Joō ) is the first chimera ant to be seen in the series , having mysteriously mutated to human size instead of being generally limited to ten centimeters like the rest of her kind . The Queen first appears in the story when she washes up injured on the shores of the autonomous region of Neo Green Life ( or simply N.G.L. ) , a small insular nation located on an island known as the Mitene Union . Driven by her reproductive instincts to give birth to a chimera ant king with ideal traits , the Queen immediately begins to feed on small mammals and aquatic life in order to give birth to soldier ants to bring her larger prey in greater amounts . When one of her soldiers brings her two human children to feed on , noting them to be more nourishing then previous prey , she became obsessed and sends her soldiers to concentrate on gathering more humans to feed on . N.G.L. 's status as neo-Luddite enabled the Queen 's offspring be unopposed before their activities are eventually learned by the outside world . The Queen is fatally injured during the Chimera Ant King 's forced , premature birth and , despite receiving treatment from the Hunters , dies while labeling her son Meruem . But after her death , the Queen is revealed to have birth a twin sister to Meruem who is later revealed to be Kite reborn as a new chimera ant queen . Meruem ( edit ) Voiced by : Kōki Uchiyama ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) The Chimera Ant King ( 王 , Ō ) , Meruem ( メルエム , Meruemu ) is the most powerful of the Queen 's offspring as a result of her feeding on only humans , possessing the Specialist Nen ability to assimilate the aura of those he consumes and increase his power greatly . Forcing himself to be born at the cost of the Queen 's life , Meruem was born arrogant with little sense of identity aside from his supposed destiny and preconceived notions of his kind 's superiority over humans . Meruem leaves N.G.L. with his Royal Guards in search of a place to establish his colony while acquiring a mate outside his species to conceive an Chimera Ant queen . This led to Merum taking over the Republic of East Gorteau , using the corpse of its dictator Ming Jol - ik to order a mandatory gathering of East Gorteau 's entire population for a national rally , in order to create a situation in which entire towns and villages could be secretly abducted for a `` selection '' : the forcible awakening of Nen in order to create an army of super soldiers to conquer the world . The Hunter Association mobilizes an extermination team to raid the East Gorteau kingdom and assassinate Meruem , composed of a selected team of professional Hunters . Meruem takes an interest in strategy games , defeating champion - level players by learning their battle tactics after disrupting the flow of their playing style . However , he is unable to overcome the skill of a seemingly dimwitted blind girl from the countryside named Komugi in Gungi , the game she reigns over . As Meruem finds himself unable to disrupt her flow , the challenge of playing against Meruem awakens Komugi 's Nen ability , thus , increasing her own skills . To the dismay of the Royal Guards , Meruem even starts to show respect and care for Komugi while questioning his own violent methods as a way to rule . As such , the King wavers between his human emotions and animal instincts , ultimately deciding to compromise by taking over the planet for the Chimera Ants , but sparing humans and leaving them to live in reservations . Meruem 's faltering leaves him vulnerable , almost being destroyed in the fight against Netero due to his change in heart . His life is saved after he feeds on the bodies of Pouf and Youpi , assimilating their powers alongside their aura . However , due to the explosion , he temporarily loses part of his memories . The King later recovers most of his memories , when he gets back to the room where Komugi is treated by Pitou , he sees a piece of Gungi and he remembers a portion of his memory . Due to Netero 's final attack , Meruem is now suffering from fatal poisoning and spends his final moments playing with Komugi before he eventually dies in her arms . Royal guard ( edit ) A trio of Chimera Ants whose objective is protecting Chimera Ants of the Royal Caste , originally serving the Queen who personally named them . After Meruem is born , the Royal Guard switched loyalties and followed him to East Gorteau where they eventually met their end . Neferpitou ( edit ) Voiced by : Ayumi Fujimura ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Neferpitou ( ネフェルピトー , Neferupitō ) , also known as `` Pitou '' ( ピトー ) , is a cat - humanoid Chimera Ant and the firstborn of Royal Guards . Androgynous in appearance , Pitou is one of the first Chimera Ants to fully utilize Nen with enough skill to be recognized by even Netero as a superior combatant . As a Manipulator type of Nen user , Pitou can manipulate others as puppets as seen when the Chimera Ant killed Kite and later repairing his corpse as a practice dummy . Unlike the other Royal Guards , Pitou did not seem to mind Meruem 's obsession with Komugi and treated the girl without hesitation when she got injured during the Hunter extermination team 's assault on East Gorteau palace . Confronted by Gon , who assumed Kite was still alive , Pitou played on the boy 's hopes to get him away from Komugi so they can kill him without endangering the girl . But Pitou only enraged Gon by revealing Kite 's fate and is brutally killed as a result of Gon forcibly aging himself at the cost of his natural potential to use Nen . Postmortem , Pitou 's corpse is briefly reanimated by their Nen ability before being damaged by Gon . Shaiapouf ( edit ) Voiced by : Wataru Hatano ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Shaiapouf ( シャウアプフ , Shauapufu ) , also known as `` Pouf '' ( プフ ) , is a butterfly - humanoid Chimera Ant and another of the king 's Royal Guards . He is the most cunning of the three , though his temperament and love for Meruem causes him to covertly defy the king 's orders in order to prevent his humanization . Having wholeheartedly devoted himself to protect Meruem while seeing humans as inferior , Pouf is grossly disturbed by the king 's obsession with Komugi whom he views as a threat to Meruem 's plans to the point of making frequent attempts on the girl 's life . As a Manipulator - type Nen user , Pouf can alter his physical appearance while his Hatsu allows him to break up his body into clones of various sizes from his usual size to microscopic size . Following his eventual realization that Meruem would never be the king that he envisioned , Pouf dies from poison after entering the ground zero from Netero 's nuclear bomb . Menthuthuyoupi ( edit ) Voiced by : Fumihiko Tachiki ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Menthuthuyoupi ( モントゥトゥユピー , Montutuyupī ) , also known as `` Youpi '' ( ユピー ) , is the third of the chimera ant king 's Royal Guards . Menthuthuyoupi is the largest of the guards and the only non-human hybrid among them , mixed with the genes of a magical beast instead . He is the most straightforward of the royal guards and possesses a strength that comes from complete selflessness and devotion to the King . Youpi 's Nen ability allows for both bodily metamorphosis and the transformation of his own anger into pure destructive power . His Hatsu allows for him to billow large quantities of his aura into his body through En , subsequently resulting in an explosion . Youpi can use his explosive ability in conjunction with his shape - shifting , physically manifesting the blast 's power into his own body . He loses this power , however , after feeding himself to the chimera ant king in order to revive him following Netero 's suicide attack . He dies from poison after entering the ground zero from Netero 's nuclear bomb . Others ( edit ) Colt ( edit ) Voiced by : Hirofumi Nojima ( Japanese ) , Chika Anzai ( Kurt , Japanese ) , Zach Aguilar ( English ) , Allegra Clark ( Kurt , English ) Colt ( コルト , Koruto ) is an eagle - humanoid Chimera Ant with angel - like wings on his back , talons , and a beak . He is among the first Chimera Ants to be born by the queen following her change to an all - human diet , later revealed to be a reincarnation of her first human victim Kurt ( クルト , Kuruto ) who died attempting to protect his younger sister Reina from a Chimera Ant soldier . Kurt 's traits influenced Colt 's devotion to the queen , projecting a strict and formal attitude as he always gave all the humans he killed to the queen as food . When the queen is grievously injured as a result of Meruem 's birth , Colt contacts the Hunters in order to secure medical attention for her and even offered his own organs to save her life . Soon after the Queen 's death , Colt finds his mother 's last offspring on her corpse . Unaware that the new Chimera Ant Queen was Kite reborn , Colt named the infant Reina and vows to protect her . Following this emotional scene , a tearful Morel promises to protect Colt and the infant from harm on the ground that they never eat humans . Soon after , to ensure he would not be targeted , Colt was labeled by the Hunter Association as a Mythical Beast . Shidore ( edit ) Voiced by : Rie Murakawa ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Brianna Knickerbocker ( Reina , English ) Shidore ( シドレ ) is an ant - humanoid Chimera Ant who is the reincarnation of the Queen 's second human victim Reina ( レイナ ) who died when her older brother Kurt attempted to protect her from a Chimera Ant soldier . Shidore was originally a subordinate of Leol , later driven by her former self 's memories to live with her original self 's birth mother in the aftermath of Meruem 's demise . Koala ( edit ) Voiced by : Kenyuu Horiuchi ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Koala ( コアラ , Koara ) is a koala - humanoid Chimera Ant who was a hitman in his former life , serving as a subordinate of Meleoron and used his skills to kill his victims in an act of mercy rather than bring them to the Queen alive with the chance of being reincarnated like himself . Among his victims was a girl whose physical appearance Kite assumed following her transition into a Chimera Ant Queen , becoming her subordinate after the two got into a discussion over the complexities of the human soul and Koala admits regret for his role in the Queen 's feeding . Meleoron ( edit ) Voiced by : Nobuo Tobita ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) A chameleon - like Chimera Ant , Meleoron ( メレオロン , Mereoron ) is an eccentric among them , as he dislikes fighting or killing . Even though Meleoron has the rank of a squadron leader , he himself admits his actual fighting strength is only on par with a common soldier ant . Meleoron dresses in a hooded sweatshirt with sweatpants , and is often seen smoking . His nen ability , called `` Perfect Plan '' , allows him to turn invisible , and while he holds his breath he is completely undetectable by smell , sound or even touch . A secondary nen ability , `` God 's Accomplice '' allows him to use his `` Perfect Plan '' on anyone he is touching . As a human , his original name was Jail ( ジェイル ) . Meleoron regains his human memories and joins up with Gon and the other chimera ant exterminators for revenge , after his foster father , Peggy , is murdered by the chimera ant king . Ikalgo ( edit ) Voiced by : Kenyuu Horiuchi ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Ikalgo ( イカルゴ , Ikarugo ) is a former officer of the chimera ants who eventually befriends Killua . Ikalgo , an octopus , wishes he had been born a squid instead . After saving Killua 's life after a battle , he joins the extermination team in the assault on the palace of East Gorteau . Ikalgo has the ability to transmute his tentacles into guns , as well as possessing corpses and reanimating them according to his will . Welfin ( edit ) Voiced by : Daiki Nakamura ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Welfin ( ウェルフィン , Werufin ) is a chimera ant resembling a humanoid wolf . Welfin , a drudge at the bottom of the chimera ant hierarchy , is secretly aiming to reach the top of the kingdom by trying to gain favor with the king . Gaining better relations with the kingdom 's secretary , Bizeff , Welfin reports anything out of the ordinary that he notices . He has an exceptional sense of smell , and is among the few figuring out exactly who the intruders into the king 's palace are . He is striving to be the `` Shadow King '' , in order to compete with his best friend Gyro -- the former King of N.G.L. He is extremely paranoid , shown by his Hatsu , and mistrusts everyone around him . His Nen ability is called `` Missileman '' . It takes the form of a conjured organism attached to his back with a shrunken head and four limbs , each holding a missile . To use `` Missileman '' , Welfin must follow a procedure : first he has to establish a target and then ask a question or give an order to the target . If the target lies , or refuses to obey , missiles are fired at them . On impact , the missiles infect the target with giant centipedes that kill them . When confronted by Meruem about his treacheries , Welfin 's strike of fear makes him grow old in a few instants , and he is only saved when he manages to somehow utter Komugi 's name , making the king remember about her and look for her instead . Leol ( edit ) Voiced by : Jiro Saito ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Leol ( レオル , Reoru ) is a chimera ant resembling an anthropomorphic lion , originally a lion named Hagya ( ハギャ , Hagya ) in a past life . During Morel and Knov 's primary infiltration of the king 's palace in East Gorteau , Leol faces Morel in combat . He assumes to be victorious after submerging Morel in an underground church using a stolen ability , but dies by asphyxiation due to a cunning strategy put into plan by Morel . His Nen ability , called `` Rental Pod '' , allows him to borrow the Nen abilities of other people through a complex procedure : first he must know the name of the ability and have seen it in use , then he has to do a favor to the target , and then ask them `` You owe me a favor , right ? '' . If the target says yes , the ability is recorded on the Rental Pod and it can be borrowed at any time to be used for up to one hour . Leol is also shown using it to check if someone is alive ; the ability disappears from the Rental Pod when its owner dies . Cheetu ( edit ) Voiced by : Motoki Takagi ( Japanese ) , Cedric L. Williams ( English ) Cheetu ( ヂートゥ , Jītu ) is a cheetah - like chimera ant with unparalleled speed , allowing him to dodge bullets with ease and rapidly punch experienced Hunters before they can even move . Compared to the other Chimera Ants , Cheetu is very simpleminded and egotistical with no agenda of his own while simply content with being the fastest . Following Meruem 's birth , Cheetu leaves N.G.L. and heads to the East before being impeded by Morel and Knuckle with their confrontation ending a stalemate . The ordeal convinces Cheetu that needs a power greater than pure speed and offered his services to Shaiapouf in return for his help in developing his Nen . With his new power , he confronts Morel again , but is defeated by being psychologically tricked . Cheetu escapes , and later is seen boasting about yet another ability . Cheetu finally meets his end during the attack on Meruem 's palace when he ends up being crushed to death by Silva Zoldyck from above during the Chimera Ant 's attempt to pick a fight with Zeno , all the while boasting of his magnificent new technique . Zazan ( edit ) Voiced by : Azusa Nakao ( Japanese ) , Allegra Clark ( English ) A scorpion - humanoid Chimera Ant , Zazan ( ザザン ) resembles an extremely buxom , attractive woman and the scorpion 's stinger tail . She is first introduced when she subdues Pokkle with her stinger , saving her doting subordinate Pike from his attacks . Following Meruem 's birth , Zazan leaves N.G.L. to start her own colony in Meteor City and turning a large number of humans there into subservient minions with her stinging ability . This causes the Phantom Troupe to attack her hive . Her ultimate ability is to transform herself into a hideous monster with even greater strength and super-hard skin , which she uses as a last resort against Feitan who uses his Nen ability to incinerate her . Hina ( edit ) Voiced by : Azusa Kataoka ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Hina ( ヒナ ) is an exorcist that can remove Nen , ultimately being stored in her belly . She is a member of Leol 's troop , originally named Hirin ( ヒリン ) before she changed her name . She dresses in cutesy clothes , and worries about the effect her ability has on her figure . Rammot ( edit ) Voiced by : Shinya Hamazoe ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Rammot ( ラモット , Ramotto ) is an officer in Colt 's squad . He attacks Gon and Killua but is defeated by their Nen abilities , although they are unable to kill him before he is forcibly taken away . As a result of this confrontation , Rammot 's aura nodes are opened and he becomes the first chimera ant to be able to control Nen . This in turn allows him to forcibly awaken the Nen of other chimera ants . Rammot eventually seeks revenge on Gon and Killua , but in doing so causes Killua to discover and remove a needle planted in his head by his older brother Illumi which causes Killua to flee from any opponent he was not 100 % sure of defeating . Following this , Rammot is decapitated by Killua . Gyro ( edit ) Gyro ( ジャイロ , Jairo ) is the founder and former king of the Neo Green Life autonomous region who is said to be someone that Gon is fated to do battle with . As a human , he suffered an abusive childhood at the hands of an alcoholic father and was cared for by another man in his father 's absence . His ambition is to spread evil throughout the world . He is killed and eaten by the Chimera Ant Queen , but his willpower and pride as a former king allows him to keep all of his human memories and break free of the Queen 's control , vacating her domain to wander the world while hiding his new appearance to avoid arousing panic . As humans , Gyro and Welfin were best friends with similar backgrounds , as it was Welfin 's father who took care of Gyro and Welfin is stated to be the only person that Gyro cared about . Hunter Association ( edit ) The Hunter Association ( ハンター協会 , Hantā Kyōkai ) is responsible for the testing and licensing of `` Hunters '' ( ハンター , Hantā ) -- a person that has proven themselves through rigorous examination to be an elite member of humanity and who specializes in finding rare creatures , secret treasures , and other individuals . With the passing of the examination , a Hunter is awarded a license which bestows a number of benefits on the licensee . This results in massive registration numbers for the annual licensing exam with an extremely high failure rate . Isaac Netero ( edit ) Voiced by : Bunmei Tobayama ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Paul Hudson ( 1999 series , English ) , Ichirō Nagai ( 2011 series , Episodes 6 - 114 , Movie , Japanese ) , Banjō Ginga ( 2011 series , Episodes 122 - 126 , Japanese ) , Ian Alden ( 2011 series , English ) Isaac Netero ( アイザック = ネテロ , Aizakku Netero ) is the Chairman of the Selection Committee for the Hunter Exam . Presiding over it , he has final authority over every stage of the examination and is assisted by his secretary Beans ( ビーンズ , Bīnzu ) , who helps organize the Hunter Exam and presents the successful candidates with their license . Netero is said to have been the strongest Nen user in the world 50 - years prior to the start of the series . Decades prior to the beginning of the series , Netero spent four years rigorously training every day in order to express gratitude to the martial arts . He eventually attained enlightenment , giving him the ability to punch faster than the speed of sound and the power of the bodhisattva Guanyin . Netero is also the Grand Master of the Shingen - Ryu style of Kung fu . He commits suicide to exterminate the Chimera Ant King by triggering a powerful nuclear weapon linked to his heart . He has a son , Beyond Netero , that no one knew about . Zodiacs ( edit ) The Zodiacs ( 十二支ん , Jūnishin ) are the high council of the Hunter Association composed of twelve individuals personally selected by Chairman Netero . They have a code name based on a sign of the Chinese zodiac , and are tasked to decide the nature of Netero 's succession after his death . Out of loyalty to the chairman , most alter their behavior , physical traits , and even their legal names based on the animal each represents . There are only ten of them who are still in the Zodiacs , while the other two resigned , with Leorio and Kurapika being invited to replace them . Ging Freecss ( edit ) Voiced by : Hiroki Tōchi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Ben Jeffrey ( 1999 series , English ) , Urara Takano ( child , 1999 series ) , Rikiya Koyama ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Marc Diraison ( 2011 series , English ) Ging Freecss ( ジン = フリークス , Jin Furīkusu ) is a Double Star Ruins Hunter and Gon 's father and motivation to become a Hunter . He left Whale Island to become a Hunter before he turned twelve years old , only returning ten years later to ask his grandmother to take care of Gon for a while . But Mito felt him unfit to parent and gained custody of Gon , and Ging never returned again . He is the main creator of the Greed Island video game , and is also the one who captured and placed Razor in the game . A member of the Zodiacs , his code name is `` Boar '' and he is one of the only two members who do not mimic their corresponding animal . At the end of the chairman election , Ging at last meets Gon . He tells Gon to apologize to Kite and about the meaning of adventure before they once again separate . He then resigns from the Zodiacs and joins Beyond Netero 's expedition with Pariston . Ging claims that he does not want to see Gon because he is too ashamed of himself for being absent in Gon 's life due to his own selfishness , and challenges his son to find him . Despite that he seems confident in Gon 's abilities and knows him better than anyone ; he knew Gon would become a Hunter and left a memory card for Greed Island and a recorded message with Mito to give to him once he did , and claimed that there was no need to visit him at the hospital as he is sure that despite being seriously injured , Gon would eventually recover by his own will . All information about Ging is classified even in the official Hunter database . He is Kite 's teacher and also inspired Satotz to become a Hunter . Chairman Netero once told Biscuit that Ging is one of the top five best Nen users in the world . This is demonstrated when he replicates Leorio 's power through raw Nen control ( instead of a trained Nen ability ) , in order to hide his true power . Ging tied with Silva for fifteenth place in the series ' first popularity poll . Pariston Hill ( edit ) Voiced by : Hiroki Takahashi Pariston Hill ( パリストン = ヒル , Parisuton Hiru ) is a Triple Star Hunter and former vice chairman of the Hunter Association . He used to be one of the Zodiacs under the code name `` Rat '' . Similar to Ging , he did not alter his physical appearance to match his animal . Pariston is a skilled politician , and eventually the winner of the 13th Hunter Chairman Election arc . However , he promptly resigns from both his new position and then from the Zodiacs . He then joins Beyond Netero 's expedition . Cheadle Yorkshire ( edit ) Voiced by : Ikue Ohtani Cheadle Yorkshire ( チードル = ヨークシャー , Chīdoru Yōkushā ) is a woman from the Zodiacs code named the `` Dog '' . She is a Triple Star Hunter , a doctor , and jurist known as the `` Disease Hunter '' . She is generally shown as an intelligent person . In the 13th Hunter Chairman Election arc , she always gets the second place , until Leorio takes her position after he punches Ging in front of all hunters . She - along with the rest of the Zodiacs - conspires together to prevent Pariston from winning the election , because the Zodiac members do not trust Pariston , but in spite of their efforts , Pariston wins but gives his position to her because he only wanted to have fun . After she becomes chairman she accepts the resignation of Ging and Pariston . She also , as ordered by the V5 , orders the Zodiac to hunt down Beyond Netero because he intends to explore the Dark Continents , but instead strikes a deal to accompany him instead . Cheadle later boards the ship to the Dark Continent . She directs the center medical care facility on the third deck . Mizaistom Nana ( edit ) Voiced by : Akio Ohtsuka Mizaistom Nana ( ミザイストム = ナナ ) , code named the `` Ox '' , is a Double Star Crime Hunter and said to be a man with common sense . He is also a lawyer and manages a private security company . He ranks 4th on the 13th Chairman Election and conspires with Cheadle to prevent Pariston 's will of becoming Chairman . In the end he decides to tell his supporters to vote for Cheadle . Mizaistom was shocked when Cheadle tells her supporters to send their supports to Leorio , which she does in order to stop Pariston 's intention to become the Chairman . Botobai Gigante ( edit ) Voiced by : Issei Futamata Botobai Gigante ( ボドバイ = ギガンテ ) , code named the `` Dragon '' , is a Triple Star Hunter . He is the most senior member of the Zodiacs and was close to Netero . He is a public prosecutor , military analyst , and Terrorist Hunter . Some time later , Botobai boards the ship . He devotes his attention to the three lower decks , where the conditions have turned out to be worse than expected . He and Mizaistom help the royal troops and private security to maintain the order and handle the criminal issues in the Black Whale , with Botobai also acting as a court official . Kanzai ( edit ) Voiced by : Ryota Ohsaka Kanzai ( カンザイ ) , code named the `` Tiger '' , is a hot - tempered bodyguard and Treasure Hunter . He has a short temper as shown when he easily gets mad when Pariston and Hisoka tease him . When the Black Whale finally sets sail , Kanzai , Saccho and Saiyu stand guard over Beyond 's cell . Kanzai comments that having three Zodiacs watching Netero is a waste of personnel , prompting a sneering remark from Saiyu and responding in kind . Pyon ( edit ) Voiced by : Tomoka Kiriyama Pyon ( ピヨン , Piyon ) , code named the `` Rabbit '' , is a linguist , interpreter and Paleograph Hunter . She appears to be proficient in technology , as she is often seen on her phone or a laptop . When the Black Whale finally departs , Pyon attends a meeting with three other Zodiacs , Sanbica Norton , Tokyarine , and another Hunter . Gel ( edit ) Voiced by : Yuki Shirato Gel ( ゲル , Geru ) , code named the `` Snake '' , is a woman with a calm attitude . She has the ability to change her arms into a snake which she uses to briefly threaten Pariston when he suggests the Zodiacs to make him the Chairman without election . She is a coroner , pharmacist and Poison Hunter . Cluck ( edit ) Voiced by : Megumi Han Cluck ( クルック , Kurukku ) , code named the `` Chicken '' , is one of the most short - tempered members in the Zodiacs . She appears to have the power to manipulate birds , as shown when she informs all hunters for an election . She is a musician , dancer , and Botanical Hunter . Saccho Kobayakawa ( edit ) Voiced by : Takuma Suzuki Saccho Kobayakawa ( サッチョウ = コバヤカワ , Satchō Kobayakawa ) , code named the `` Horse '' , is a Double Star Problem Hunter . He appears to be very strict about the rules , and is known as the `` Worry Hunter '' . He is a detective and handyman . When the Black Whale finally sets sail , Kanzai , Saccho and Saiyu stand guard over Beyond 's cell . Saccho thinks to himself Kanzai is right and having three Zodiacs guard Beyond is a waste of personnel . He suggests they decide on a rotation and confront Mizaistom so one of them may go help the royal troops . Ginta ( edit ) Voiced by : Takuma Suzuki Ginta ( ギンタ ) , code named the `` Sheep '' , is a ranger and Poacher Hunter . He seems to be very sensitive when it comes of Netero 's death but he gets very mad when Pariston suggests to be the Chairman without an election . Saiyu ( edit ) Voiced by : Velo Takeda Saiyu ( サイユウ , Saiyū ) , code named the `` Monkey '' , is a man whose appearance is reminiscent of the Monkey King . A Bounty Hunter and martial artist , he also has a staff as his weapon . He is Pariston 's informant within the Zodiacs . In the Black Whale , Saiyu alongside Kanzai and Saccho stand guard over Beyond 's cell . When Kanzai comments that having three Zodiacs watching Netero is a waste of personnel , Saiyu mocks him . Examiners ( edit ) The Hunter Exam is divided into several stages , each one overseen by an experienced hunter . The 287th exam 's ( which is the one first shown in the series ) first examiner is Satotz ( サトツ , Satotsu ) , who tests the candidates ' stamina by leading them on a marathon of unknown length through an underground tunnel and a swampland filled with uniquely dangerous creatures . The second stage of the exam is administered by two Gourmet Hunters , Buhara ( ブハラ ) and Menchi ( メンチ ) . Although Menchi fails all of the candidates due to her stubbornness , Netero pressures her into giving the candidates an alternative test . The third stage is overseen by Bounty Hunter and prison warden Lippo ( リッポー , Rippō ) , testing the candidates in different aspects of group dynamics , both in a communal and individual front . Chairman Netero organizes the final stage as a one - on - one fighting tournament , where the winner must get his opponent to admit defeat . In a twist , contestants pass the exam after winning only one fight with the loser advancing to the next round , meaning only one examinee will fail . Satotz came in seventh and twenty - second place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Examinees ( edit ) The examinees that took part in the 287th annual Hunter Exam , the year the series ' main characters took the exam . Hanzo ( edit ) Voiced by : Yoshiaki Matsumoto ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Lucas Gilbertson ( 1999 series , English ) , Daisuke Kishio ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Ray Chase ( 2011 series , English ) Hanzo ( ハンゾー , Hanzō ) is an 18 - year - old shinobi who has trained in the art of ninjutsu since he was born . He decided to become a Hunter in order to find the elusive Hermit 's Scroll . In the second test of the exam , featuring cooking , he is the only one to know what sushi is , as it is a dish from his home country , Japan . In the final test of the Hunter Exam , Hanzo is put against Gon in a fight where your opponent must admit defeat . Despite his speed , strength , and battle experience easily exceeding that of Gon , Gon refuses even after Hanzo breaks his arm . Noting the lack of hate in Gon 's eyes after this act , Hanzo realizes he actually has come to like him . He willingly bows out of the battle , giving Gon the victory needed for him to pass the exam . Hanzo wins and passes the exam himself when he threatens the same to Pokkle in his next match , becoming a licensed Hunter . It is later stated by Wing that Hanzo learned Nen after the Hunter Exam . Hanzo later reappears in the Dark Continent arc as part of Kurapika 's party and becoming the guard of the twelfth prince , Momoze . After Prince Momoze 's sudden death by one of her bodyguards , a furious Hanzo blames himself for not being there to save her . He believes the murderer might strike again , and deduces that he is one of the two bodyguards taking a break . He swears to Biscuit that he would make the murderer pay for killing Momoze . Hanzo came in eighth and sixteenth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Tonpa ( edit ) Voiced by : Kohei Kowada ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Gerald Matthews ( 1999 series , English ) , Toshiharu Sakurai ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Michael Sorich ( 2011 series , English ) Tonpa ( トンパ , Tonpa ) is nicknamed the `` Rookie Crusher '' by candidates with more experience taking the exam . He has taken the exam for 35 consecutive terms , never managing to pass . He often brags of his experience to those taking the exam for the first time and then offers them a helping hand . This is merely subterfuge as he takes a perverse pleasure in sabotaging their attempts to get the license . This time around , he trails Gon , Killua , Kurapika , and Leorio while attempting various means to foil their advancement . In order to do this , he uses methods like spiking drinks with a strong laxative and being contradictory simply to delay progress in a time - sensitive arena , where he is teamed up with them . He also attends the following hunter exam ( given during the Greed Island arc ) , where he , along with everyone else , is defeated by Killua . Pokkle ( edit ) Voiced by : Yukiko Tamaki ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Graden Gant ( 1999 series , English ) , Yukitoshi Tokumoto ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Bobby Thong ( 2011 series , English ) Pokkle ( ポックル , Pokkuru ) is an accomplished archer that carries a bow and quiver of arrows wherever he goes . The arrows are tipped with a potent tranquilizer that , even with a small nick , induces paralysis for any person for up to a week . Pokkle 's aim is to become a successful hunter of undocumented fantastic beasts . He passes the exam and becomes a licensed Hunter . Pokkle is seen again during the Chimera Ant arc , where he is traveling with Ponzu and several others . After being defeated by several Chimera Ants , Pokkle is brought to the hive and then manipulated by Neferpitou into telling them about Nen . After revealing it to them , Pokkle is killed and fed to the queen . Pokkle came in twelfth and eighteenth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Ponzu ( edit ) Voiced by : Umi Tenjin ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Leda Davies ( 1999 series , English ) , Haruka Kudō ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Reba Buhr ( 2011 series , English ) Ponzu ( ポンズ ) is one of the twenty - four that managed to enter the fourth stage of the Hunter Exam . She fights using chemical weapons , a wide variety of toxins , and prefers to set traps instead of fighting head on . Her secret weapon lies within her round cap , carrying neurotoxic bees under the surface that emerge and attack her enemies when she is threatened . During this stage , her bees instinctively end up killing Bourbon after she falls into his trap . Ponzu is rescued by Gon , but her badge is taken when she is unconscious so Leorio can pass , causing her to fail the exam . Like all the other applicants for the following year 's Hunter Exam , she fails once more after being defeated by Killua . Ponzu later accompanies Pokkle a year later to the N.G.L. region on an expedition . Their group learns of the dangers of the chimera ants and attempt to warn the outside world . However , before they get the chance Zazan 's squad detects them and Ponzu is the only one able to escape . She runs only far enough to send a bee with a warning to the strongest hunter nearby , who happens to be Kite . She is shot , killed , then eaten moments later by an officer from Zazan 's squad . Ponzu came in ninth place in the series ' first popularity poll . Chimera Ant exterminators ( edit ) During the chimera ant story arc , rumors of the infestation of man - sized chimera ants within N.G.L. prompt the Hunter Committee to send an official team to investigate and contain the threat . The extermination team is led by none other than the head of the Committee , Chairman Netero . Netero also handpicks those who are to accompany him , causing significant political bickering within the Committee . Morel Mackernasey ( edit ) Voiced by : Taiten Kusunoki ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Morel Mackernasey ( モラウ = マッカーナーシ , Morau Makkānāshi ) is a Hunter who uses a giant smoking pipe and smoke as weapons , and who has a great sense of compassion . As his role progresses during the Chimera Ant arc , Morel shows himself as an experienced and resourceful fighter , which is shown in his fight against Leol wherein he uses his pipe as a snorkel so that he could allow himself to breathe underwater , and in doing so suffocates his opponent with the carbon dioxide he had emitted . The smoke that he produces is controllable with his Nen ability ; he is able to make it take on various shapes and even act independently from him once commands are issued . After the Chimera Ants incident is solved , Morel is promoted to a Triple Star Hunter while placing Colt and the reborn Kite under his protection . Knov ( edit ) Voiced by : Shinichiro Miki ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Knov ( ノヴ , Novu ) is an intelligent hunter dressed in glasses and a suit . He is Palm 's master and the target of her affections . He can create warp gates to a `` safe house '' , called `` fourth dimensional apartment complex '' , which he creates doors in . It is similar to teleportation , but instead of instantly arriving at the destination he goes to his safe house , which is a windowless room , with a single door . Within the safe house , he can store items and / or people . Through the door , others can only come in / out from a predetermined place , while Knov can go anywhere he has marked before ( thanks to his special key ) . When infiltrating the chimera ant king 's palace in order to place a portal , he comes into contact with Neferpitou 's En . It frightens him so much he suffers a severe nervous breakdown , makes him go bald , and retreats from the battle . The effects are so great that his hair turns white ; though he does return to assist with the attack , he considers himself unable to actually fight . Knuckle Bine ( edit ) Voiced by : Wataru Takagi ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Knuckle Bine ( ナックル = バイン , Nakkuru Bain ) is an Unidentified Beast Hunter and Morel 's apprentice . Despite appearing to be an aggressive man , Knuckle is very compassionate and easily moved to tears . He also gets along well with animals , having the habit of taking care of abandoned pets . Knuckle 's ability `` chapter - 7 bankruptcy '' is when he punches someone ( by lending some aura ) he simultaneously attaches a small indestructible nen - creature `` Amortizing Power Redirector ( A.P.R ) '' , with a counter on its head . It follows the opponent wherever they go and grow by counting 10 % interest on the borrowed aura in every 10 seconds if not paid back by hitting Knuckle ( provided Knuckle is within 100 meters distance ) . If the aura count exceeds his opponent 's total aura , the opponent goes bankrupt . Bankruptcy causes the conjured `` A.P.R. '' to transform into the `` Individual Ren Suppressor ( I.R.S. ) '' ( `` Toritaten '' in the original Japanese version ) , a mascot that attaches itself and forces the debtor into Zetsu for 30 days . Shoot McMahon ( edit ) Voiced by : Yuji Ueda ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Shoot McMahon ( シュート = マクマホン , Shūto Makumahon ) is an Unidentified Beast Hunter , Knuckle 's partner , and the second disciple of Morel . Shoot 's Nen ability is called `` Hotel Rafflesia '' , and involves manipulating a cage and three disembodied hands that levitate . Shoot can shrink and seal off the body part that was hit , in the cage . He has a timid personality and is often afraid of taking advantage of opportune times to attack his enemy . In the fight against Youpi during the extermination team 's raid on East Gorteau , he becomes inspired by Gon and is able to fully unleash his power , overcoming his shyness and injuries . Palm Siberia ( edit ) Voiced by : Kikuko Inoue ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Palm Siberia ( パーム = シベリア , Pāmu Shiberia ) is Knov 's apprentice . She develops a crush on Gon , but is unable to further their relationship . On most occasions , she appears disheveled and stressed , exuding a frightening aura . However , she is depicted as quite beautiful when dressed up . Palm has the ability to track the location of anyone she has seen with her own eyes using a small merman relic fed by her blood . During the extermination , Palm is sent in as a personal secretary to Director Bizeff in order to covertly discover the chimera ant king 's location , but is captured by Pouf and Pitou and transformed into a chimera ant hybrid soldier . However , with Killua 's help , she is able to regain her memories and return to the side of the Hunters . Her reformed ability `` Wink Blue '' is able to see the last three people she saw with her right eye at the same time as she covers it . Palm can also wrap her body with her hair to form special outfits . Others ( edit ) Kite ( edit ) Voiced by : Shigeru Nakahara ( 1998 film ) , Yūji Kishi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Adam Hunter ( 1999 series , English ) , Shūichi Ikeda ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Uki Satake ( Chimera Ant , Japanese ) , Chris Smith ( 2011 series , English ) , TBA ( Chimera Ant , English ) Kite ( カイト , Kaito ) is the very first Hunter introduced in the story . A student of Ging Freecss , Gon 's father , he traveled to Whale Island three years prior to the start of the series looking for leads in order to pass his final test , find Ging . After saving Gon from a foxbear , Kite revealed to him that his father is alive and the best Hunter there is , inspiring Gon to follow in his father 's footsteps and become a Hunter . After completing Greed Island Gon runs into Kite again , who , after finding Ging , is in the middle of a biological survey searching for new species in the country of Kakin . He is leading a team of young would - be Hunters named Banana Kavaro , Lin Koshi , Monta Yuras , Podungo Lapoy , Spinner Clow , and Stick Dinner . His Nen ability is Mad Clown : Crazy Slots ( 気狂いピエロ ( クレイジースロット ) , Kureijī Surotto ) where a clown - head randomly chooses a number from 1 to 9 and summons respective weapons , which he can not put away until he uses . Kite is killed by Neferpitou , and his vessel rebuilt into a manipulated puppet to train the ants . He is later captured by Knuckle and Shoot . Though his original body is dead , Kite used a secret function of Crazy Slots to be reborn as Meruem 's twin sister who was initially the size of a finger when found on the Queen 's corpse . While named Reina by Colt , the new chimera queen ant that Kite became quickly matured while regaining memories of her former human male self and help snapped Gon out of his depression . Kite later tracks down Koala and forces the regretful hitman to become subordinate as penitence for the death of a girl whose physical appearance Kite had assumed as a Chimera Ant . Kite came in tenth place in the series ' first popularity poll . Izunavi ( edit ) Voiced by : Kazuki Yao ( 1999 series , Japanese , episode 45 ) , Tsuyoshi Koyama ( 1999 series , Japanese , episode 56 ) , Masaki Aizawa ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Imari Williams ( 2011 series , English ) Izunavi ( イズナビ , Izunabi ) , named Mizuken ( ミズケン ) in the 2011 anime , is a Hunter and Kurapika 's Nen teacher . Izunavi teaches him about Nen and informs him of the ability to make Contracts that strengthen your abilities based on how strict the limitation you place . He reappears in the Dark Continent arc as part of Kurapika 's party , becoming the bodyguard of Kakin 's sixth prince , Tyson . Izunavi came in twenty - fourth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Melody ( edit ) Voiced by : Tarako Isono ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Miina Tominaga ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Dorothy Fahn ( 2011 series , English ) Melody ( センリツ , Senritsu ) is a Music Hunter and is the kind and understanding member of Neon 's bodyguards . She is always ready to listen to anyone 's confessions and has the gift to make people open up to her . As Leorio notes , she is one of the very few characters who has made Kurapika open up to her . Melody 's physical appearance is in short contrast to her kind soul . Due to effects of the `` Sonata of Darkness '' , a musical piece said to have been written by Satan himself and that whomever listens to it will be greatly cursed , her body is short and her right arm disfigured . One night , Melody and her friend were drunk , and her friend played the Sonata . Its power was so great , that upon hearing only the first movement of the flute solo , Melody was disfigured . Her friend was not so lucky ; his entire body was disfigured like Melody 's arm and he died after playing it . Melody gained her Nen abilities in exchange . Melody 's goal is to find the Sonata of Darkness and destroy it . Melody has the ability to Emit her aura to people to soothe fatigue when she plays an instrument . Melody also has a very sharp sense of hearing and can tell a person 's psychological state just by listening to their heartbeat . For example , she knows when people are lying or when someone has completely lost his / her temper . Melody reappears in the Dark Continent arc as part of Kurapika 's party , becoming the bodyguard for the tenth prince of Kakin , Kacho . Melody was inspired by Nausicaä and Yupa in Hayao Miyazaki 's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind , or possibly Ashitaka from Princess Mononoke instead of Yupa . Melody came in twentieth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Bashō ( edit ) Voiced by : Hidenobu Kiuchi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Toru Nakane ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Jake Eberle ( 2011 series , English ) Basho ( バショウ , Bashō ) is one of Neon Nostrade 's new bodyguards , hired along with Kurapika . When he is first introduced he is quick to underestimate Kurapika , but after Kurapika 's display of his Dowsing Chain , he grows respect for him . Basho returns in the Dark Continent storyline as part of Kurapika 's infiltration party , becoming the bodyguard of Kakin 's seventh prince , Luzurus . His Nen ability is called The Wandering Haiku Poet ( 流離の大俳人 ( グレイトハイカー ) , Gureito Haikā ) , wherein Basho writes a haiku describing a condition on a piece of paper ( such as `` Anything I hit will explode '' ) , which then comes true . Zoldyck family ( edit ) Maha Zoldyck ( edit ) Maha Zoldyck ( マハ = ゾルディック , Maha Zorudikku ) is the oldest living member of the Zoldyck family . He is Zeno 's father and is 98 years old and height of 140 cm . Zeno Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Tadashi Miyazawa ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Hiroshi Ohtake ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Sam Mann ( 2011 series , English ) Zeno Zoldyck ( ゼノ = ゾルディック , Zeno Zorudikku ) is Killua 's grandfather and Silva 's father . A witty old man , his advancing age has not dampened his quick thinking and speed in battle . Zeno wears alternating signs on his garb that say either `` A Kill a Day '' or `` Never Retire . '' He appears to be on good terms with Chairman Netero , who hires Zeno to assault Ming Jol - ik 's palace in East Gorteau in order to catch the Chimera Ant King off guard . He noticeably hesitates in the battle when he realizes the king has come to care for the safety of a human prisoner . Zeno favors Killua more than his other grandchildren . Zeno came in ninth place in the series ' second popularity poll . Silva Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Kouji Ishii ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Kouichi Yamadera ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Chris Tergliafera ( 2011 series , English ) Silva Zoldyck ( シルバ = ゾルディック , Shiruba Zorudikku ) is Killua 's father . A silent , pensive figure , Killua 's interaction with him seems limited . He allows Killua to go along with Gon on their journey to find his father , but only because he sees it as a crucial step in his development as the head assassin of the Zoldyck Family . During the auction in Yorknew City , Silva and Zeno are both hired by the Ten Dons to assassinate the Phantom Troupe , but withdraw from the job when their clients are killed due to a job taken by Illumi , Maha , and Kalluto . This was Silva 's second time fighting Chrollo Lucilfer , and according to Killua , he previously killed an unknown member of the Phantom Troupe . Silva later appears amid the assault on the Palace in East Gorteau , killing Cheetu on the way to pick up his father . Silva tied with Ging for fifteenth place in the series ' first popularity poll , and placed thirteenth in the second . Kikyō Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Rena Yukie ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Junko Iwao ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Michelle Ruff ( 2011 series , English ) Kikyo Zoldyck ( キキョウ = ゾルディック , Kikyō Zorudikku ) is Killua 's mother . She was injured attempting to prevent Killua from running away from home to take the Hunter Exam , although she is proud of Killua for doing so . She seems to be slightly paranoid and is cautious of Killua 's friends . Kikyo is looking forward to Killua excelling in assassination and anticipates that one day , he will continue on with the family business . According to Illumi , Killua is her favorite son . Kikyo came in thirteenth place in the series ' first popularity poll . Illumi Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Urara Takano ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Masaya Matsukaze ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Chris Hackney ( 2011 series , English ) Illumi Zoldyck ( イルミ = ゾルディック , Irumi Zorudikku ) is Killua 's eldest brother . He is an experienced and expert assassin , who , along with his father , was responsible for Killua 's training and upbringing . During the 287th Hunter Exam , Illumi disguises himself as Gittarackur ( ギタラクル , Gitarakuru ) , and uses special pins to change his entire facial structure . Illumi holds a twisted and emotionless love for Killua . He and Silva raised Killua to believe that the only thing sustaining him was darkness , and that the only joy he received through the world was in causing the death of others . He was also responsible for planting a needle within Killua 's brain , forcing the latter to run from battles he was not sure he could win . Illumi did this to ensure that Killua would be able to live to carry on the family business and as a means of protecting his little brother . This needle is self - extracted by Killua in the battle against Rammot . A certain amount of friendship is shared between Hisoka and Illumi , although it is unclear as to how it developed . Illumi came in sixth and eighth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Milluki Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Katashi Ishizuka ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Kimiko Saito ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Laila Berzins ( 2011 series , English ) Milluki Zoldyck ( ミルキ = ゾルディック , Miruki Zorudikku ) is Killua 's second eldest brother and an obese figure who possesses a strong aversion to performing any kind of physical activity . He seems to be a sort of otaku , since his room is covered with figurines from various anime , manga and video games . Milluki is talented in hacking computer systems , as Killua asks him to hack a memory card from Ging . He was also injured during Killua 's escape . Milluki is in charge of torturing Killua as punishment , but does not have the drive to carry it out very long as he becomes physically exhausted . After being tipped off by Killua on the whereabouts of a Greed Island cartridge , Milluki 's excitement results in one of the rarer moments in which he makes an outside expedition in search of the game , he himself states that he had not left the mansion in eight years . However , he is unable to win a copy and leaves in frustration . Alluka Zoldyck ( edit ) Voiced by : Maaya Uchida ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Alluka Zoldyck ( アルカ = ゾルディック , Aruka Zorudikku ) is the second youngest sibling of Killua . While the other members of the Zoldyck family refer to Alluka as male or as an object , Killua , who is the closest to Alluka , states that Alluka is female . Alluka is a dark child with the ability to grant wishes and a second personality , named Nanika ( ナニカ , `` Something '' ) by Killua . Once a person grants three requests made by Alluka , Nanika grants their wish . The bigger the wish , the bigger Alluka 's demands will be for the next person . If Alluka 's demands are refused , the refusee and their closest love will die . Although , a larger wish requires more deaths in the order of the amount of time they have spent with the refusee . Because Alluka 's power is considered too dangerous , Alluka was locked up alone in a room full of toys . Fearing that Killua will ask Alluka 's help to save Gon 's life , his eldest brother Illumi asks for Hisoka 's help in searching for Alluka and kill Alluka , as Alluka poses a grave danger to the entire Zoldyck family in the case of Killua getting killed by Alluka 's power . Killua eventually has Alluka cure Gon without consequence , this is because Killua can make demands of Nanika without paying a price . After Gon is healed , Killua demands Nanika not grant anyone else 's wishes and starts traveling together with Alluka . Greed Island players ( edit ) Greed Island ( グリードアイランド ) is a fictional video game in Hunter × Hunter . It was created , by Ging Freecss and ten of his friends , for the `` Joystation '' video game console in 1987 exclusively for Hunters . Only one - hundred copies were made that sold for 5.8 billion jenny ( the currency of Hunter × Hunter ) , the highest ever for a video game , and it currently sells at auctions for at least 8.9 billion jenny . The game apparently transports its players ' physical bodies into `` the world '' of Greed Island ( though it is actually an isolated island that exists in the real world ) , only releasing them when they die ( at which point they die in real life too ) , when they win , or when they use a special card in the game that lets them out . Biscuit Krueger ( edit ) Voiced by : Chieko Higuchi ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Akiko Kimura ( GI Final OVA , child form , Japanese ) , Takashi Hagino ( GI Final OVA , adult form , Japanese ) , Chisa Yokoyama ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Tara Sands ( 2011 series , English ) Biscuit Krueger ( ビスケットクルーガー , Bisuketto Kurūgā ) is a Double Star Stone Hunter who Gon and Killua team up with in Greed Island . Although she appears to be a little girl , in her true form she is actually a massive and extremely muscular fifty - seven year old woman several times the size . She stays in her young girl form because she hates her original form 's appearance , but does receive a tremendous power boost when she transforms to her real appearance . She becomes Gon and Killua 's second teacher when she trains them while in Greed Island . Her goal on Greed Island is to get a gem found only in the game , Blue Planet . She is also the teacher of Wing , the man who first teaches Nen to Gon and Killua . After the events of Greed Island , she returns to help Gon and Killua train for their battles against Knuckle and Shoot during the Chimera Ant arc . She later joins Kurapika 's party by Killua 's request during the Dark Continent arc , becoming the guard of the thirteenth prince of Kakin , Marayam . Tsezguerra ( edit ) Voiced by : Ryūji Mizuki ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Kiyoyuki Yanada ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Jay Allen White ( 2011 series , English ) Tsezguerra ( ツェズゲラ , Tsezugera ) is an experienced Money Hunter and 1 - Star Hunter . He is hired by Battera to beat Greed Island and also tests the people who want to enter Greed Island in order to earn the 50 Billion prize money . He and his team ally with Gon , Killua , Biscuit , Hisoka and Goreinu to take part in the dodgeball game against Razor . He and his team later engage Genthru 's in a game of chase in order to buy time for Gon to train against Genthru 's `` Little Flower '' ability and for Killua to heal his injuries . Abengane ( edit ) Voiced by : Daisuke Hirakawa ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Eiji Hanawa ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Jalen K. Cassell ( 2011 series , English ) Abengane ( アベンガネ ) is an exorcist ; a Nen user with the ability to remove curses to himself or to other users . As one of the players hired by Battera to complete the Greed Island game , the Phantom Troupe and Hisoka find Abengane on the island and hire him to remove the curse placed on Chrollo by Kurapika . One of the conditions for his ability to remove curses is that the creature he summons would attach onto himself , and devour both the Nen causing the curse and his own , rendering him unable to use Nen . The only way to rid himself of the creature is to fulfill the original condition for removing the curse . Goreinu ( edit ) Voiced by : Kōsuke Toriumi ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Hidetaka Tenjin ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Edward Bosco ( 2011 series , English ) Goreinu ( ゴレイヌ , Goreinu ) is a Greed Island player who allies with Gon 's party in the dodgeball game against Razor . His nen ability is to form 2 gorillas out of his nen . He seems to control the gorillas and can quickly swap the position of them with his own or also with someone other , friend or foe . He later joins Tsezguerra 's team and is the one who gives Gon , Killua , and Biscuit the remaining cards needed to win Greed Island . Razor ( edit ) Voiced by : Tōru Furusawa ( Greed Island OVA , Japanese ) , Takaya Kuroda ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , George C. Cole ( 2011 series , English ) Razor ( レイザー , Reizā ) is one of the Gamemasters and a creator of Greed Island . Razor was entrusted by Gon 's father that he was not to hold back against his son should he ever comes to Greed Island . Razor is a key person in getting one of the hardest designated card of the game . To get the card , the challengers must confront Razor and his 14 devils in a group of 15 people , and defeat them in different sporting events . It is learned that the 14 devils were not his allies , but Razor 's own ability to emit 14 Nen creatures at will . He is defeated in a dodgeball game by Gon 's allied party ( consisting of Gon , Killua , Biscuit , Hisoka , and several other hunter / players hired by Battera ) . Razor later reveals to Gon that he was formerly a convict captured by Ging and brought to the island as a prisoner . Inspired by Ging 's spirit , Razor helped him create Greed Island and became the warden for the convicts . He also became one of Ging 's friends and was entrusted to look after the island as one of its Gamemasters . Kakin ( edit ) Located in the middle of the Azian Continent , Kakin ( カキン ) is a kingdom that experienced quick economic growth after shifting from social imperialism to a parliamentary democracy thirty years ago in what was called the `` Most Silent Revolution in History '' . Since then it has sought to expand its influence internationally , drawing the attention of the V5 , which is the group of the five most powerful nations of the world . All the ruler 's children receive the official title of `` prince '' , regardless of sex , and are ranked according to their order of birth , although the ranks grant few special privileges toward each other and act mostly as a mean to address them . To choose its next ruler , a deadly game among the princes is held to decide the rightful successor , a fact that is hidden from the public . Nasubi Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The ruler of Kakin , Nasubi Hui Guo Rou ( ナスビ = ホイコーロ , Nasubi Hoikōro ) is the sponsor of Beyond Netero 's expedition to the Dark Continent , which alerts the V5 of the dangers it may cause to the world and prompts them to offer Kakin a seat among them , extending the council to six countries and renaming it the V6 , in order to gain control over the expedition and its spoils , as well as to prevent possible predicaments . A charismatic and enthusiastic man on the outside , Nasubi hides a cold and ruthless side from the public as he shows no remorse on having his own children killed in the succession game . He has eight wives with fourteen legitimate children . Royal family ( edit ) Benjamin Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The first prince of Kakin and Nasubi 's eldest son , Benjamin Hui Guo Rou ( ベンジャミン = ホイコーロ , Benjamin Hoikōro ) is his first child with his first wife , Unma . He is a very strong and aggressive man who seems to have no qualms with killing his own siblings and seems to have a rivalry with Tserriednich , his sibling from the same mother . Camilla Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The second prince of Kakin and Nasubi 's eldest daughter , Camilla Hui Guo Rou ( カミーラ = ホイコーロ , Kamīra Hoikōro ) is his first child with his second wife , Duazul . Zhang Lei Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The third prince of Kakin , Zhang Lei Hui Guo Rou ( チョウライ = ホイコーロ , Chōrai Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's only son with his third wife , Tang Zhao Li . Tserriednich Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The fourth prince of Kakin , Tserriednich Hui Guo Rou ( ツェリードニヒ = ホイコーロ , Tserīdonihi Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's second son with his first wife , Unma . A rather erudite and placid man on the outside , Tserriednich is actually a sociopath who indulges himself with grotesque acts of cruelty and murder and possesses a vast collection of items related to human parts , including several scarlet eyes from the Kurta clan , which draws the attention of Kurapika , who infiltrates the succession game with Biscuit , Melody and other allies in order to confront him and reclaim them . Later , Tserriednich sends Myuhan and Danjin to attend Kurapika 's lessons , telling them they can kill everyone in the room should they fail to learn Nen in two weeks . Tubeppa Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The fifth prince of Kakin , Tubeppa Hui Guo Rou ( ツベッパ = ホイコーロ , Tsubeppa Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's second daughter with his second wife , Duazul . Tyson Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The sixth prince of Kakin , Tyson Hui Guo Rou ( タイソン = ホイコーロ , Taison Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's only child with his fourth wife , Katrono . Izunavi is selected as her bodyguard . Luzurus Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The seventh prince of Kakin , Luzurus Hui Guo Rou ( ルズールス = ホイコーロ , Ruzūrusu Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's third child with his second wife , Duazul . He once sent some of his bodyguards to take part in the Hunter Exam , but failed , which Tserriednich considered an act of stupidity , as the Hunter Association can easily discover which of the examinees could use their Hunter credentials with assassinations in mind should they obtain it . Basho is selected as his bodyguard . Sale - sale Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The eighth prince of Kakin , Sale - sale Hui Guo Rou ( サレサレ = ホイコーロ , Saresare Hoikōro ) ) is Nasubi 's only child with his fifth wife , Swinko - swinko . He seems to be a womanizer and a wild hedonist . Halkenburg Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The ninth prince of Kakin , Halkenburg Hui Guo Rou ( ハルケンブルグ = ホイコーロ , Harukenburugu Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's fourth child with his second wife , Duazul . Considered the most gifted of the heirs and by many the most suited to become the next ruler , Halkenburg is a prodigy student , skipping grades and entering university at 15 years old . He is also a silver medal winner in archery , but has a strained relationship with his mother and two sisters . It is said that the only person close to him is Tserriednich , thus Kurapika attempts to approach him at first in order to get closer to his main target , but encounters Oito instead as she formed an alliance with him , looking for her and her son 's safety . Kacho Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The tenth prince of Kakin , Kacho Hui Guo Rou ( カチョウ = ホイコーロ , Kachō Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's first daughter with his sixth wife , Seiko . Cheerful and kind on the outside , she is in fact a selfish and manipulative person who attempts to draw her sister Fugetsu to her side in order to win the succession game . Melody is selected as her bodyguard . Fugetsu Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The eleventh prince of Kakin , Fugetsu Hui Guo Rou ( フウゲツ = ホイコーロ , Fūgetsu Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's second daughter with his sixth wife , Seiko . Momoze Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The twelfth prince of Kakin , Momoze Hui Guo Rou ( モモゼ = ホイコーロ , Momoze Hoikōro ) is his first child with his seventh wife , Sevanti . Hanzo is selected as her bodyguard . She is killed shortly afterwards by one of her bodyguards , who strangled in her sleep . She is the first Prince to die . Marayam Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The thirteenth prince of Kakin , Marayam Hui Guo Rou ( マラヤーム = ホイコーロ , Marayāmu Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's second child with his seventh wife , Sevanti . Biscuit is selected as his bodyguard . Woble Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) The fourteenth prince of Kakin and Nasubi 's youngest child , Woble Hui Guo Rou ( ワブル = ホイコーロ , Waburu Hoikōro ) is his only daughter with his eighth wife , Oito . She is forced to participate in the succession game despite being a newborn baby . Kurapika is selected as her bodyguard . Oito Hui Guo Rou ( edit ) Oito Hui Guo Rou ( オイト = ホイコーロ , Oito Hoikōro ) is Nasubi 's eighth wife and Woble 's mother , she hires Kurapika to protect her and her daughter during the succession game . Other characters ( edit ) Mito ( edit ) Voiced by : Akemi Okamura ( 1998 film ) , Akiko Kimura ( 1999 series ) , Keiko Han ( 2011 series ) ( Japanese ) ; Rachael McCabe ( 2011 series ) ( English ) Mito ( ミト ) is Gon 's aunt who raised him and does not want him to become a Hunter . Although she never told Gon that Ging was a Hunter , he grew up believing both his parents died in an accident , the boy learned about it from Kite three years prior to the series . She later reveals to Gon that Ging returned with an infant Gon asking their grandmother to take care of him for a while , but Mito felt him unfit to parent and gained custody of Gon . However , in the 1999 version of the anime and novelization , Mito is made into the sister of Gon 's mother , making Ging her brother - in - law . Mito does not want Gon to become a Hunter who does not care about his family like his father . As such , she fights and wins for custody over Gon . However , now that Gon has left , she tries her best to support him in his journey . Wing ( edit ) Voiced by : Masami Kikuchi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Toshihiko Seki ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Ethan Murray ( 2011 series , English ) Wing ( ウイング , Uingu ) is an assistant master of the Shingen - Ryu style of Kung fu whose pupil is Zushi . He meets Gon and Killua at the Heavens Arena and eventually teaches them Nen . Although he initially lies to them about Nen , he changes his mind when they advance to the 200th floor of Heavens Arena , realizing they could die or be badly injured by the other Nen users . For the next several months he teaches them the basics of Nen , after which he announces they have passed the secret final requirement for being a Hunter . He does however somewhat fear their immense potential . Wing 's teacher was Biscuit Krueger , who incidentally later becomes Gon and Killua 's second teacher . His Nen type is Enhancement . Wing came in eleventh and fifteenth place in the series ' first two popularity polls . Zushi ( edit ) Voiced by : Umi Tenjin ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Yuka Terasaki ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Kira Buckland ( 2011 series , English ) Zushi ( ズシ ) is a young boy who studies Shingen - Ryu Kung fu and Nen under the tutelage of Wing , whom Gon and Killua meet in the Heavens Arena . He is a formidable fighter and a prodigy in his own right , however , he is quickly surpassed by Gon and Killua . According to the results of his water divination , Zushi is a Manipulator . Zushi came in twenty - first place in the series ' second popularity poll . Kastro ( edit ) Voiced by : Yuuji Kishi ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Tokuyoshi Kawashima ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Kevin M. Connolly ( 2011 series , English ) Kastro ( カストロ , Kasutoro ) is a prominent and talented fighter in the Heavens Arena . He hangs out on the 200th floor of the Heavens Arena with the intent on building enough wins to become a Floor Master . His only loss is to Hisoka , so he trains rigorously to improve his Nen . After accumulating nine out of the ten required wins to become a Floor Master , he challenges Hisoka to a rematch . While he appears to have the upper hand at first , Hisoka realizes that Kastro has been working in tandem with a doppelgänger created through his Nen . Hisoka then performs an illusion using Nen to throw off Kastro , which leaves an opening for Hisoka to kill him . Kastro 's undoing is in the type of Nen ability that he has chosen . Although he was born as an Enhancer , Kastro 's ability completely ignores his strengths and uses Conjuration and Manipulation . Furthermore , his conjured doppelganger is also flawed in that although Kastro gets dirtied from blows dealt to him , the doppelganger remains spotless in combat due to it being merely a reflection of what Kastro sees of himself , thus making it easy to distinguish between the two . Komugi ( edit ) Gungi Voiced by : Aya Endo ( Japanese ) , TBA ( English ) Komugi ( コムギ ) is a blind girl who is a genius at Gungi , a board game in the series . She is introduced during the Chimera Ant arc and frequently plays the chimera ant king , in Gungi . The king developed feelings toward Komugi due to her brilliance and skill in the game , despite her being a human . She awakens to Nen as a result of playing constantly with the king , her ability being one that allows her to improve in the game . During the raid on the palace of East Gorteau , Komugi is severely injured in her midsection as a result of Zeno 's ability and was healed by Pitou . After Meruem is fatally poisoned , she stays beside him during his final moments , and dies not long after he does . Nostrade family ( edit ) The Nostrade Family is the Mafia family that Kurapika joins in order to find information concerning his people 's stolen Scarlet Eyes . It is headed by Light Nostrade ( ライト = ノストラード , Raito Nosutorādo ) , and by using the fortune telling ability of his daughter Neon , Light managed to greatly increase his position in the Mafia Community , to the point where even the Ten Dons seek his daughter 's advice . Before entering the underground auction several bodyguards are hired to protect Neon , including Kurapika , by Dalzollene . After the Phantom Troupe attack on the auction , several of the bodyguards are killed , including Dalzollene , which allows Kurapika to become the lead bodyguard . Neon Nostrade ( edit ) Voiced by : Yuko Maekawa ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Kana Ueda ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Faye Mata ( 2011 series , English ) Neon Nostrade ( ネオン = ノストラード , Neon Nosutorādo ) is the only daughter of the head of the Nostrade family , Light Nostrade . Using her Nen ability , Lovely Ghostwriter : Angelic Auto Writing ( 天使の自動筆記 ( ラブリーゴーストライター ) , Raburī Gōsutoraitā ) , she predicts the future through quatrain fortune tellings which are always accurate , but slightly cryptic due to their use of abstract references to future events . Neon is spoiled ; she receives everything she demands by threatening to cease the use of her ability for her father 's benefit . Neon is also very involved with the occult and is an avid collector of rare human flesh , such as the Scarlet Eyes of the Kurta Clan . Neon cares very little about anything else other than her collection ; even the death of her head bodyguard , Dalzollene , causes her no grief . However , when a family attendant is heartbroken , Neon offers to leave Yorknew City , despite not having obtained the auction items she desired . She loses her Nen ability when Chrollo steals it from her . Neon came in twenty - third place in the series ' second popularity poll . Dalzollene ( edit ) Voiced by : Hiromi Sugino ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Takehito Koyasu ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Kirk Thornton ( 2011 series , English ) Dalzollene ( ダルツォルネ , Darutsorune ) is a dedicated leader of Neon Nostrade 's bodyguards and Kurapika 's direct superior . He is killed by Phinks , as the Troupe infiltrates a Nostrade compound in order to rescue a captured Uvogin . Dalzollene is seen wielding a katana inscribed with runes . In the anime , he manages to pierce Uvogin by 5 millimeters with the katana . Squala ( edit ) Voiced by : Norihisa Mori ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Takuma Suzuki ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Ray Chase ( 2011 series , English ) Squala ( スクワラ , Sukuwara ) is one of Neon Nostrade 's bodyguards . During the job interview for new hires , he was one of the two moles planted alongside the applicants in order to test their strength . He is also in a romantic relationship with Eliza , one of Neon 's female attendants . Squala is later beheaded by Nobunaga . His Nen ability gives him the capacity of manipulating dogs , being able to communicate with them through whistles and give them complex orders , such as guarding or spying . Baise ( edit ) Voiced by : Shiori Ohta ( 1999 series , Japanese ) , Miki Nagasawa ( 2011 series , Japanese ) , Carrie Keranen ( 2011 series , English ) Baise ( ヴェーゼ , Vēze ) is one of Neon Nostrade 's new bodyguards , hired along with Kurapika . She is one of the three bodyguards sent to buy what Neon wants in the Yorknew City underground auction , but everyone is consequentially murdered by the Phantom Troupe that night . She is killed by Shizuku during the massacre . A Manipulator , her Nen ability 180 - Minute Love Slave ( 180 分の恋奴隷 ( インスタントラヴァー ) , Insutanto Ravuā ) gives her the ability to make anyone she kisses her slave for 180 minutes . Beyond Netero ( edit ) Beyond Netero ( ビヨンド = ネテロ , Biyondo Netero ) is Netero 's son who took part in an expedition to the Dark Continents decades before , but after it ended in failure , Netero forbade him from making another attempt as long as he lived . After Netero 's death , Beyond reveals himself to the public and enlists the support of King Hui Guo Rou , the leader of Kakin country to assemble another expedition , facing fierce opposition from the world 's five most powerful nations ( known as the V5 ) , that deem the Dark Continents as a forsaken place . However , he makes a deal with V5 and the Hunters , agreeing to continue the expedition under constant vigilance from the Zodiacs , with instructions to not disclose any discovery to the public unless authorized by them . He is later taken to a cell in the Black Whale , where he reads leisurely . References ( edit ) Hunter × Hunter manga ( edit ) Entire series Togashi , Yoshihiro . ハンター × ハンター ( Hunter × Hunter ) ( in Japanese ) . 34 vols . Tokyo : Shueisha , 1998 -- present . Togashi , Yoshihiro . Hunter × Hunter . 34 vols . San Francisco : Viz Media , 2005 -- present . Individual volumes Vol. 1 ( ch. 1 -- 8 ) : The Day of Departure. April 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 753 - 2 . and 出発の日 ( in Japanese ) . June 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872571 - 0 . Vol. 2 ( ch. 9 -- 17 ) : A Struggle in the Mist . May 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 785 - 3 . and 霧の中の攻防 ( in Japanese ) . September 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872606 - 9 . Vol. 3 ( ch. 18 -- 26 ) : Resolution . July 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 849 - 2 . and 決着 ( in Japanese ) . November 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872630 - 4 . Vol. 4 ( ch. 27 -- 35 ) : End Game . September 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 992 - 5 . and 最終試験開始 ! ( in Japanese ) . February 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872672 - 4 . Vol. 5 ( ch. 36 -- 44 ) : Family Matters . November 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0184 - 0 . and ジン = フリークス ( in Japanese ) . April 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872713 - 4 . Vol. 6 ( ch. 45 -- 54 ) : Nen Sense . January 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0185 - 7 . and ヒソカの条件 ( in Japanese ) . October 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872749 - 3 . Vol. 7 ( ch. 55 -- 63 ) : Nen Combatant . March 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0332 - 5 . and これから ( in Japanese ) . December 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872788 - 2 . Vol. 8 ( ch. 64 -- 73 ) : The Island . May 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0643 - 2 . and オークション開催 ! ! ( in Japanese ) . April 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872847 - 6 . Vol. 9 ( ch. 74 -- 83 ) : Shadow Beasts . July 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0644 - 9 . and 9 月 1 日 ( in Japanese ) . July 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872890 - 2 . Vol. 10 ( ch. 84 -- 93 ) : Fakes , Swindles , and the Old Switcheroo . September 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0645 - 6 . and 9 月 3 日 ( in Japanese ) . November 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873021 - 9 . Vol. 11 ( ch. 94 -- 103 ) : Next Stop : Meteor City -- The Junkyard of the World . November 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0646 - 3 . and 9 月 4 日 ( in Japanese ) . March 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873087 - 5 . Vol. 12 ( ch. 104 -- 115 ) : September 4th : Part 2 . January 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0647 - 0 . and 9 月 4 日その 2 ( in Japanese ) . July 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873135 - 3 . Vol. 13 ( ch. 116 -- 127 ) : September 10th . March 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1069 - 9 . and 9 月 10 日 ( in Japanese ) . November 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873180 - 3 . Vol. 14 ( ch. 128 -- 139 ) : The Secret of Greed Island . May 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1070 - 5 . and 島の秘密 ( in Japanese ) . April 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873262 - 6 . Vol. 15 ( ch. 140 -- 151 ) : Progress . July 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1071 - 2 . and 躍進 ( in Japanese ) . October 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873314 - 2 . Vol. 16 ( ch. 152 -- 163 ) : Face - Off . September 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1072 - 9 . and 対決 ( in Japanese ) . February 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873382 - 1 . Vol. 17 ( ch. 164 -- 175 ) : A Fierce Three - Way Struggle . November 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1073 - 6 . and 三つ巴の攻防 ( in Japanese ) . June 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873443 - 9 . Vol. 18 ( ch. 176 -- 187 ) : Chance Encounter . January 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1471 - 0 . and 邂逅 ( in Japanese ) . October 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873516 - 0 . Vol. 19 ( ch. 188 -- 199 ) : N.G.L. . March 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1786 - 5 . and NGL ( in Japanese ) . February 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873562 - 7 . Vol. 20 ( ch. 200 -- 211 ) : Weakness . May 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1787 - 2 . and 弱点 ( in Japanese ) . June 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873607 - 5 . Vol. 21 ( ch. 212 -- 223 ) : Reunion . July 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1788 - 9 . and 再会 ( in Japanese ) . February 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873661 - 7 . Vol. 22 ( ch. 224 -- 235 ) : 8 : Part 1 . September 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1789 - 6 . and 8 - 1 ( in Japanese ) . July 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873792 - 8 . Vol. 23 ( ch. 236 -- 247 ) : 6 : Part 1 . November 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1790 - 2 . and 6 - 1 ( in Japanese ) . March 2006 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873882 - 6 . Vol. 24 ( ch. 248 -- 260 ) : 1 : Part 4 . January 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2216 - 6 . and 1 - 4 ( in Japanese ) . October 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874453 - 7 . Vol. 25 ( ch. 261 -- 270 ) : Charge . March 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2588 - 4 . and 突入 ( in Japanese ) . March 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874535 - 0 . Vol. 26 ( ch. 271 -- 280 ) : We Meet Again . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3068 - 0 . and 再会 ( in Japanese ) . October 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874610 - 4 . Vol. 27 ( ch. 281 -- 290 ) : Name . March 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3862 - 4 . and 名前 ( in Japanese ) . December 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870065 - 6 . Vol. 28 ( ch. 291 -- 300 ) : Regeneration . September 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4260 - 7 . and 再生 ( in Japanese ) . July 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870326 - 8 . Vol. 29 ( ch. 301 -- 310 ) : Memory . January 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 4261 - 4 . and 記憶 ( in Japanese ) . August 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870327 - 5 . Vol. 30 ( ch. 311 -- 320 ) : Answer . May 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 5267 - 5 . and 返答 ( in Japanese ) . April 2012 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870450 - 0 . Vol. 31 ( ch. 321 -- 330 ) : Joining the Fray . December 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 5887 - 5 . and 参戦 ( in Japanese ) . December 2012 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870697 - 9 . Vol. 32 ( ch. 331 -- 340 ) : Crushing Defeat. April 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 5912 - 4 . and 完敗 ( in Japanese ) . December 2012 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870698 - 6 . Vol. 33 ( ch. 341 -- 350 ) : Threats . March 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159264 - 0 . and 厄災 ( in Japanese ) . June 2016 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 880352 - 4 . Vol. 34 ( ch. 351 -- 360 ) : Battle to the Death . March 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 159948 - 9 . and 死闘 ( in Japanese ) . June 2017 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 881248 - 9 . Other sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Viz Announces `` Hunter x Hunter '' English Dub Cast `` . Crunchyroll. 2016 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Character Design Preview for New Hunter x Hunter Anime '' . Crunchyroll. 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 7 . Viz Media . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0332 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2007 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 12 . Viz Media . pp. 184 -- 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0647 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 11 . Viz Media . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0646 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter x Hunter Anime 's Election Arc Cast Announced '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Hunter x Hunter '' Anime Phantom Troupe Character Designs Revealed `` . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 10 . Viz Media . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0645 - 6 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 9 . Viz Media . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 11 . Viz Media . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0646 - 3 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 9 . Viz Media . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2007 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 12 . Viz Media . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0647 - 0 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 11 . Viz Media . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0646 - 3 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter , Volume 9 . Viz Media . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0644 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` More `` Hunter x Hunter '' Chimera Ant Arc Cast and Designs Revealed `` . Crunchyroll. 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Actor Banjou Ginga to Replace Ichirô Nagai as Hunter x Hunter 's Netero '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` More Hunter x Hunter Election Arc Cast Members Announced '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shuuichi Ikeda to Voice `` Hunter x Hunter '' Character Kite `` . Crunchyroll. 2013 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Animazement to Host Voice Actors Ai Nonaka , Tohru Furuya , Keiko Han , & Ryusei Nakao '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cardcaptor Sakura Voice Actress Junko Iwao Goes on Hiatus Due to Illness '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New Cast and Images Revealed for `` Hunter x Hunter '' Greed Island Arc `` . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . ( hide ) Hunter × Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi Media Chapters Characters Nippon Animation series ( 1999 ) Episodes OVAs Madhouse series ( 2011 ) Episodes Films Phantom Rouge The Last Mission Related Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hunter_ × _Hunter_characters&oldid = 819183096 '' Categories : Hunter × Hunter Lists of anime and manga characters Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4006801890530674970	Taxman	Taxman - wikipedia Taxman This article is about the Beatles song . For the profession , see Tax collector . For other uses of taxman , see The Taxman ( disambiguation ) . `` Taxman '' Cover of the Northern Songs sheet music ( licensed to Sonora Musikförlag ) Song by the Beatles from the album Revolver Published Northern Songs Released 5 August 1966 Recorded 20 -- 22 April , 16 May and 21 June 1966 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rock , hard rock , psychedelic rock Length 2 : 39 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Taxman '' is a song written by George Harrison and released as the opening track on the Beatles ' 1966 album Revolver . Its lyrics attack the high levels of progressive tax taken by the British Labour government of Harold Wilson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Musical characteristics 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Other versions 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Composition and recording Harrison said , `` ' Taxman ' was when I first realized that even though we had started earning money , we were actually giving most of it away in taxes . It was and still is typical . '' As their earnings placed them in the top tax bracket in the United Kingdom , the Beatles were liable to a 95 % supertax introduced by Harold Wilson 's Labour government ( hence the lyrics `` There 's one for you , nineteen for me '' , referring to the pre-decimal pound sterling which consisted of twenty shillings ) . In a 1984 interview with Playboy magazine , Paul McCartney explained : `` George wrote that and I played guitar on it . He wrote it in anger at finding out what the taxman did . He had never known before then what he 'll do with your money . '' John Lennon recalled , in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine : `` I remember the day he ( Harrison ) called to ask for help on ' Taxman ' , one of his first songs . I threw in a few one - liners to help the song along , because that 's what he asked for . He came to me because he could n't go to Paul , because Paul would n't have helped him at that period . I did n't want to do it ... I just sort of bit my tongue and said OK . It had been John and Paul for so long , he 'd been left out because he had n't been a songwriter up until then . '' `` Taxman '' , however , was the sixth song written by Harrison to be included on an album issued by the group . The backing vocals ' references to `` Mr Wilson '' and `` Mr Heath '' , suggested by Lennon , refer respectively to Harold Wilson and Edward Heath ; the former was the leader of the Labour Party and the latter the leader of the Conservative Party , the two largest parties in British politics . Wilson , then Prime Minister , had nominated all four of the Beatles as Members of the Order of the British Empire just the previous year . The chanted names replaced two refrains of `` Anybody got a bit of money ? '' heard in take 11 , an earlier version that was subsequently released on Anthology 2 in 1996 . Recording began on 20 April , but this was left unused and ten new takes occurred on 21 April , the four tracks being filled that day with drums and bass , Harrison 's distorted rhythm guitar , followed by overdubs of McCartney 's lead guitar , Harrison 's lead vocal and Lennon and McCartney 's backing vocals . The ending was created on 21 June . As the lead track on Revolver , `` Taxman '' represents the only time a UK - issued Beatles studio album opened with a Harrison song or lead vocal . Musical characteristics The song is in the key of D major and in 4 / 4 time . The recording begins before the actual song with coughing and counting ( pointedly cut short -- the real count being heard in the background ) that McCartney described as sounds that were on the tape , and that Lennon `` thought ( the listeners ) would like to hear . '' The counting , sounding like a half - speed ' tape - effect ' version of the brisk ' live - effect ' `` one - two - three - four '' that opened their first LP record , has been described as an `` elaborate conceptual joke '' with hints of `` self - mockery '' . The chords stress the flat VII scale degree ( C - natural in the key of D major ) and frequently involve a major / minor I chord ( D / Dm ) in the harmony , which consequently evokes either Mixolydian or Dorian modes . There is one flat - III ( F chord ) near the end , but unusually no V ( A ) chord . The song is also notable musically for its use of both a 5th - string voicing of the dominant seventh sharp ninth chord to embellish the tonic D7 chord at the end of each two - line verse ( at 0.12 and 0.19 secs ) , and a 6th - string form to create a complementary `` jarring dissonance '' with the lyrics in the subdominant ( IV ) G chord ( to a G7 # 9 ) at 1.29 ( after the solo ) on `` Cause I 'm the taxman , yeah -- I 'm the taxman '' . This also accentuates the comic comparison between this `` civil servant superhero '' and the hero of the popular 1966 television series Batman . McCartney 's bass line has been considered to imitate Motown bassist James Jamerson in its active lines and glissandi ( at 0.55 - 1.08 ) In the third verse McCartney doubles his own pentatonic bass line while outlining the jarring Iflat7 chord in octaves ( at 1.32 - 1.44 ) . McCartney 's guitar solo uses what musicologist Alan W. Pollack describes as `` fast triplets , exotic modal touches , and a melodic shape which traverses several octaves and ends with a breathtaking upward flourish '' . Walter Everett considers that the solo is in the same Dorian mode that Harrison had adapted for his sitar part in `` Love You To '' . In 1987 , Harrison stated : `` I was pleased to have Paul play that bit on ' Taxman ' . If you notice , he did like a little Indian bit on it for me . '' Ian MacDonald writes that , while Harrison was `` rightly praised '' for his composition , the track benefits from the whole group 's creativity . MacDonald highlights McCartney 's contributions , saying his guitar solo is `` outstanding '' and his bass part is `` remarkable '' . Legacy In the show Love , the guitar solo was sampled in the piece `` Drive My Car '' / `` The Word '' / `` What You 're Doing '' . `` Taxman '' was included in Harrison 's concert repertoire during his solo career ; on his tour of Japan in 1991 with Eric Clapton , `` Taxman '' was on the set list . `` It 's a song that goes regardless if it 's the sixties , seventies , eighties or nineties , '' Harrison declared . `` There 's always a taxman . '' Harrison added more lyrics on that tour , such as `` If you 're overweight , I 'll tax your fat . '' In the United States , radio disc jockeys and TV news reporters annually feature the song in the days leading up to 15 April , the date by which US income tax returns must usually be filed . Some post offices have even been known to sardonically play the song on in - house audio systems for the long lines of last - minute tax filers . In 2002 tax preparation service H&R Block used a slower - paced cover version of the song in television commercials . In 2006 , Virginia State Senator and future Republican gubernatorial candidate Ken Cuccinelli introduced an amendment to make `` Taxman '' the state song of Virginia , stating that taxes were an important part of Virginia history . He gave the example of Patrick Henry 's strong opposition to British taxation during the American Revolution . The measure did not pass . The Jam 's ' Start ' is openly influenced by Taxman Personnel According to Ian MacDonald , except where noted : George Harrison -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar John Lennon -- backing vocals Paul McCartney -- backing vocals , bass guitar , lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , cowbell , tambourine Other versions The song has also been played and recorded by Junior Parker , Les Claypool , Black Oak Arkansas , Bill Wyman , the Music Machine , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Nickel Creek , Les Fradkin , Rootjoose , Garrison Starr , Rockwell , Mutual Admiration Society , Pat Travers , Franz Ferdinand , Power Station and Saga . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers played the song in tribute to Harrison at 2002 's Concert For George . Tok tok tok played the song on their Beatles tribute album from 2010 , Revolution 69 . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a parody of this song in late 1981 called `` Pac - Man '' , during the height of the game 's popularity . It was released on the compilations Dr. Demento 's Basement Tapes No. 4 and Squeeze Box : The Complete Works of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Beatallica recorded a parody called `` Sandman '' , which also was a parody of a popular Metallica song , `` Enter Sandman '' . The Jam released `` Start ! '' in 1980 , which uses the bassline and guitar solos . Ride 's song `` Seagull '' , from the album Nowhere , borrows McCartney 's bassline . The main guitar riff of 31 Minutos 's song `` Equilibrio Espiritual '' is based in this song . Cheap Trick 's `` Taxman , Mr Thief '' , from their eponymous debut , takes its title , theme and several lyrics from the Beatles ' `` Taxman '' . Notes Jump up ^ `` Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pete Prown ; Harvey P. Newquist ; Jon F. Eiche . Legends of rock guitar : the essential reference of rock 's greatest guitarists . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 9 . the hard - rock riffing of ' Taxman ' Jump up ^ Chris Gregory . Who Could Ask For More ? : Reclaiming The Beatles . p. 125 . Two brilliantly incendiary ascending guitar solos played by Paul transform the song into a psychedelic opus . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Everett 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1980 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ WalesOnline 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Apple Records 1996 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press , . New York , 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 p48 Jump up ^ `` Paul Played Lead Guitar on ' Ticket to Ride ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Pollack . Notes on ' Taxman ' http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/t.shtml accessed 28 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 39 , track 1 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gould . Ca n't Buy Me Love . The Beatles , Britain and America , Piatkus 2007 p349 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Song Writing Secrets of the Beatles . Omnibus Press . London 2003 p440 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gould . Ca n't Buy Me Love . The Beatles , Britain and America , Piatkus 2007 p350 ^ Jump up to : Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford Uni Press . NY 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 p49 Jump up ^ Guitar 1987 . Jump up ^ Hugh Lessig . `` Searching For a Song , Legislators Weigh `` Taxman '' . Daily Press , 31 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/article/weird-al-yankovic-shares-his-unreleased-beatles-pa-250477 Jump up ^ `` Music -- Review of The Jam -- Sound Affects '' . BBC . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . References Anthology 2 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 1996 . 31796 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology Project . US : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 2010 ) . The Beatles as Musicians . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The Rubberization of Soul : The great pop music renaissance '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Guitar . November 1987 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Harrison , George ( 1980 ) . I Me Mine . London : Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1734 - 9 . `` How the Budget affects you : The public give their verdict '' . WalesOnline. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Robb , John ( 2010 ) . The Stone Roses and the Resurrection of British Pop . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Strong , Martin C ( 2010 ) . The Essential Rock Discography . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of `` Taxman '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revolver ( Beatles album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Taxman '' hide Revolver Songs Side one `` Taxman '' `` Eleanor Rigby '' `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' `` Love You To '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Yellow Submarine '' `` She Said She Said '' Side two `` Good Day Sunshine '' `` And Your Bird Can Sing '' `` For No One '' `` Doctor Robert '' `` I Want to Tell You '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' Non-album single `` Paperback Writer '' `` Rain '' Related articles Yesterday and Today More popular than Jesus The Beatles ' 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines The Beatles ' 1966 US tour The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxman&oldid=849364494 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1966 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Protest songs Songs written by George Harrison Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Pages with citations lacking titles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the guitar solo on the beatles taxman	[]	[]
-603937619717409441	Designated Survivor (TV series)	Designated Survivor ( TV series ) - wikipedia Designated Survivor ( TV series ) For the individual in the presidential line of succession , see Designated survivor . Designated Survivor Genre Political thriller Political drama Conspiracy thriller Created by David Guggenheim Starring Kiefer Sutherland Natascha McElhone Adan Canto Italia Ricci LaMonica Garrett Tanner Buchanan Kal Penn Maggie Q Paulo Costanzo Zoe McLellan Ben Lawson Theme music composer Sean Callery Composer ( s ) Sean Callery Robert Lydecker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 43 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon Nicholas Pepper Jeff Melvoin Jon Harmon Feldman Kiefer Sutherland Suzan Bymel Paul McGuigan Amy Harris Aditya Sood David Guggenheim Simon Kinberg Producer ( s ) Richard Klein Ann Kindberg Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Cinematography M. David Mullen Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Kinberg Genre The Mark Gordon Company ABC Studios Distributor Disney - ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 1080p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) External links Website Designated Survivor is an American political drama television series created by David Guggenheim that aired on ABC . Kiefer Sutherland stars as Thomas Kirkman , an American politician named the designated survivor for the State of the Union , who suddenly ascends to the position of President after an explosion kills everyone in the line of succession . Kirkman deals with his inexperience as President while looking to uncover the truth behind the attack . The project skipped the pilot stage and was ordered straight to series on December 14 , 2015 , followed by a formal announcement on May 6 , 2016 . The first episode premiered on September 21 , 2016 , with a full season order coming eight days later . The series was renewed for a second season on May 11 , 2017 , which premiered on September 27 , 2017 . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC canceled the series after two seasons , ostensibly due to a decline in ratings , though other reasons have been mentioned . Shortly after , eOne announced they were in `` active discussions '' with other networks to revive the show , including Netflix , which streams the series internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of the State of the Union , an explosion destroys the United States Capitol building and claims the lives of the President and everyone in the line of succession except for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Thomas Kirkman , who had been named the designated survivor . Kirkman is immediately sworn in as President , unaware that the attack is just the beginning of what is to come . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kiefer Sutherland as Thomas Adam `` Tom '' Kirkman , the President of the United States and the former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , who is sworn in following an unprecedented attack . Natascha McElhone as Alexandra `` Alex '' Kirkman ( season 1 -- 2 ) , Tom 's devoted wife and a former immigration lawyer , who finds herself thrust into a role she was not prepared to take on . McElhone 's move to Hulu 's The First resulted in the First Lady being written out of the second season . Adan Canto as Aaron Shore , the White House Deputy Chief of Staff , who becomes Chief of Staff in the days following the bombing ; he resigns after being interrogated about the attack . He works as an aide to Speaker of the House Kimble Hookstraten before returning to the White House as Tom 's National Security Advisor . Italia Ricci as Emily Rhodes , Tom 's Chief of Staff from his days as HUD Secretary , who becomes his Special Advisor and , following Aaron 's resignation , his Chief of Staff . LaMonica Garrett as Mike Ritter , a Secret Service agent originally assigned to Tom 's personal security detail , who tries to ensure the Kirkman family 's safety following the bombing . Tanner Buchanan as Leo Kirkman ( season 1 ; recurring season 2 ) , Tom 's teenaged son , who does everything he can to support his little sister , but struggles to keep it together after a shocking secret about his past comes to light . Kal Penn as Seth Wright , a speechwriter who initially harbors doubts about Tom 's abilities to lead the country but quickly becomes one of his closest advisors and the new White House Press Secretary . Maggie Q as Hannah Wells , an FBI agent assigned to investigate the events surrounding the bombing who suspects that the people responsible are not yet finished with what they started . Paulo Costanzo as White House Political Director Lyor Boone ( season 2 ) , a highly skilled yet socially inept political consultant hired to help develop the Kirkman administration 's political strategy . Zoe McLellan as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes ( season 2 ) Ben Lawson as Damian Rennett ( season 2 ) , an MI6 agent assigned to find the bombing 's chief architect who develops a competitive relationship with Wells . Jump up ^ Tanner Buchanan was credited as a series regular through season 1 , episode 13 . From season 1 , episode 14 onward , he is credited as recurring . Recurring ( edit ) Mckenna Grace as Penny Kirkman , Tom 's daughter and Leo 's younger sister . Peter Outerbridge as Charles Langdon , the former Chief of Staff and one of the survivors of the Capitol bombing who provides Wells with information about the conspiracy . Malik Yoba as Jason Atwood , the Deputy Director of the FBI who initially spars with Wells over her investigation into the bombing but quickly becomes one of her most trusted allies . Kevin McNally as General Harris Cochrane , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who refuses to accept Tom as the new Commander in Chief and attempts to take matters into his own hands . Virginia Madsen as Congresswoman Kimble Hookstraten , a Republican from Missouri and the designated survivor for the Republican Party who supports Tom 's authority while secretly harboring her own agenda . Ashley Zukerman as Congressman Peter MacLeish , a third - term representative from Oregon who becomes a national hero following the bombing but struggles to hide a dark secret . George Tchortov as Nestor Lozano , a former CIA agent and wanted mercenary operating under the name `` Catalan '' who is heavily involved in the conspiracy . Reed Diamond as John Foerstel , the former Assistant Director of the FBI 's Office of Professional Responsibility and the current Director of the FBI who occasionally assists Wells in her investigations . Mykelti Williamson as Admiral Chernow , the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who quickly becomes one of Tom 's most trusted advisors . Michael Gaston as James Royce , the Governor of Michigan who openly defies the Kirkman administration and tries to establish his own supreme authority . Mariana Klaveno as Brooke Mathison , a clandestine operator in league with the people behind the Capitol bombing . Jake Epstein as Chuck Russink , an FBI analyst who occasionally assists Wells in her investigation . Lara Jean Chorostecki as Beth MacLeish , Peter MacLeish 's wife and a member of the conspiracy who goads him into following through with their agenda . Rob Morrow as Abe Leonard , a disgraced investigative journalist determined to expose the Kirkman administration 's secrets . Geoff Pierson as Cornelius Moss , a former President of the United States whom Tom appoints as his Secretary of State . Mark Deklin as Senator Jack Bowman , a Republican from Montana who seeks to raise his national profile by opposing Tom 's legislative agenda . Kearran Giovanni as Senator Diane Hunter , a Democrat from Massachusetts and the Senate Minority Leader who has a habit of sparring with Bowman . Terry Serpico as Patrick Lloyd , the CEO of a defunct private military firm and the mastermind behind the conspiracy . Richard Waugh as Jay Whitaker , the Homeland Security Advisor and second in command of the conspiracy . Breckin Meyer as Trey Kirkman , the President 's estranged younger brother , a financial expert who becomes a confidant and advisor to the President . Kim Raver as Andrea Frost , an engineer and space entrepreneur Michael J. Fox as Ethan West , a Washington attorney and special prosecutor Nora Zehetner as Valeria Poriskova , a Russian intelligence officer assigned undercover as a Russian Embassy cultural attaché . Aunjanue Ellis as Mayor Ellenor Darby , the mayor of Washington , D.C. who is later nominated by Kirkman as the next Vice President following their successful collaboration and response to the D.C. power failure caused by a cyberattack . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Designated Survivor episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Designated Survivor was ordered straight to series by ABC in December 2015 , with a formal announcement of 13 episodes in May 2016 . A month later , ABC revealed that the series would premiere on September 21 , 2016 . Eight days after the premiere , on September 29 , 2016 , ABC gave the series a full season order . Created by David Guggenheim , the series is executive produced by Simon Kinberg , Sutherland , Suzan Bymel , Aditya Sood , and Nick Pepper . Paul McGuigan directed the pilot episode . Amy B. Harris was set to be the showrunner in February 2016 , but after the series ' official pick - up in May , it was announced she would be stepping down due to creative differences , and that Jon Harmon Feldman was in talks to replace her . In July 2016 , Feldman was confirmed as showrunner / executive producer . In December 2016 , Jeff Melvoin was hired as showrunner , replacing the departing Feldman , and supervised the second half of the season . For season 2 , writer Keith Eisner serves as the showrunner . Kal Penn , formerly associate director in the White House 's Office of Public Engagement , serves as a consultant for the series as well as acting in the main cast . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company , and is filmed in Toronto , Ontario . Writing ( edit ) Producers Jon Harmon Feldman and Guggenheim described the series as more than one genre , drawing inspiration from other thriller - dramas , with Guggenheim explaining , `` There is a West Wing component of a man governing and his team governing our nation at this critical time . It 's also the Homeland aspect of investigating the conspiracy . It also has a House of Cards component , which is the characters and the business of government through the eyes of these characters . '' Casting ( edit ) Kiefer Sutherland plays the lead role , Tom Kirkman Kiefer Sutherland joined the cast in December 2015 , playing Tom Kirkman , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development who suddenly becomes President . Sutherland had no intention of returning to television ; he read the first script of the series and changed his mind , saying , `` I remember getting to the end of the script and thinking I was potentially holding the next 10 years of my life in my hands . '' In February 2016 , it was announced that Kal Penn , Maggie Q , Natascha McElhone , and Italia Ricci had been cast as Kirkman 's speech writer ; Hannah , the lead FBI agent on the bombing of the Capitol ; Kirkman 's wife , an EEOC attorney ; and Emily , Kirkman 's Chief of Staff , respectively . Shortly after , Adan Canto had joined the series as Aaron Shore , the White House Deputy Chief of Staff . In early March , LaMonica Garrett joined the cast as Mike Ritter , Kirkman 's Secret Service agent , and Tanner Buchanan and Mckenna Grace had been cast as Kirkman 's children . In July 2016 , Malik Yoba was announced for a recurring role as Jason Atwood , the seasoned Deputy Director of the FBI , to appear in seven episodes , while Virginia Madsen had been cast in the recurring role of Kimble Hookstraten , a conservative Congresswoman and the designated survivor for the rival political party . A month later , Ashley Zukerman joined the series in a recurring role as Peter MacLeish , an Afghan War veteran and popular third - term Congressman . In September 2016 , Mykelti Williamson was cast as Admiral Chernow , a career military man and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . On November 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Mariana Klaveno had been cast for the show as the Dark - Haired Woman , a clandestine operator in league with the people behind the Capitol attack . For the second season , Paulo Costanzo , Zoe McLellan , and Ben Lawson joined the cast as series regulars , portraying White House Political Director Lyor Boone , White House Counsel Kendra Daynes , and Damian Rennett , respectively . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Designated Survivor began airing on September 21 , 2016 , on ABC in the United States , and CTV in Canada . Netflix airs the series outside the U.S. and Canada , adding the episodes weekly , with distribution handled by eOne . Marketing ( edit ) A teaser trailer for Designated Survivor was released on May 6 , 2016 , with the full trailer released on May 17 . Producers and some of the cast members promoted the series at San Diego Comic - Con in July 2016 , showing a special preview screening with co-stars Maggie Q and Kal Penn in attendance . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave Season 1 of the series an approval rating of 85 % based on 53 reviews , with an average rating of 6.98 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Kiefer Sutherland skillfully delivers the drama in Designated Survivor , a fast - paced , quickly engrossing escapist political action fantasy . '' Metacritic reported a score of 71 out of 100 based on 35 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Terri Schwartz from IGN gave the first episode a rating of 8.0 / 10 , saying , `` Designated Survivor is a strong debut for a show that will fit well alongside Quantico and Scandal in ABC 's government - set political drama lineup . '' Variety said that the episode `` does everything it needs to , checking off the necessary boxes for the unwilling American hero - president in efficient , compelling scenes . '' Chuck Barney from Mercury News called the first episode `` suspenseful '' . Writing for TV Insider , Matt Roush compared Designated Survivor with other series as he said `` fall 's niftiest new drama has West Wing idealism , Homeland suspense and House of Cards political intrigue in its robust and compelling DNA . '' Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club wrote positively about the show and the premiere , praising Sutherland 's performance and commented on the symbol of Sutherland 's glasses as he said , `` The glasses he 's wearing serve as a way to tell us this is a different kind of hero , but they 're also a form of camouflage , making it easier for us to understand why so many people would underestimate this man . '' The editors of TV Guide placed Designated Survivor first among the top ten picks for the most anticipated new shows of the 2016 -- 17 season . In writer Alexander Zalben 's overall review , he pointed out the keys to one of the strongest pilots he had seen so far : `` Designated Survivor is the rare show that delivers on the hype , and surpasses it , '' and later stating `` It 's shocking that a show can balance all of these elements , but credit a magnetic cast that hits the ground running , a crack script that makes the first hour feel like 10 minutes and , of course , Sutherland as the anchor that keeps it all grounded . '' Zalben 's review concluded with this recommendation : `` There 's a reason Designated Survivor was n't just the top pick across all of our Editors ' lists , but also on the list compiled from TVGuide.com viewers ' Watchlist adds : this is a show that delivers on its premise , feels timely , and most importantly , is a ton of fun . '' On the other hand , after watching the first episode of the first season , The Guardian 's Brian Moylan criticized the dialogue , writing in his review that `` this drama needs dialogue that wo n't make the citizenry 's eyeballs roll '' , adding that the show features `` meaningless platitudes '' of a `` we 're going to do this my way '' attitude , and concluded by writing , `` All we 're left with is a really great concept without the backing of a real leader behind it . '' Moylan also wrote that `` there 's not enough family tension for it to be a domestic drama , not enough government intrigue to make it a political show , and not enough investigation to make it a procedural . '' TVLine 's Dave Nemetz drew references between Kirkman and Jack Bauer , Kiefer Sutherland 's role in drama thriller 24 , writing that `` Sutherland does a good job portraying Kirkman 's deep ambivalence about the situation he 's been handed . But when he has to play hardball with an Iranian ambassador , the tough talk comes too easily to him . It 's like Kirkman has been possessed by the ghost of Jack Bauer '' . Nemetz also questioned the series ' longevity ; `` As compelling as Designated Survivor 's concept is , it 's hard to see how it will sustain itself as a weekly series '' . Ratings ( edit ) The first episode set a record for DVR viewers with 7.67 million , surpassing the September 25 , 2014 , record of almost 7 million set by the pilot of How to Get Away with Murder . Designated Survivor : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 10.04 7.97 7.05 7.00 5.96 5.56 5.52 5.45 5.18 6.18 5.86 5.74 5.21 5.15 5.19 4.82 5.06 5.11 4.62 4.92 5.07 N / A 5.84 5.50 4.80 4.61 4.34 3.94 3.92 4.05 4.03 3.87 4.39 3.72 3.60 3.69 3.98 3.80 3.84 3.29 3.51 3.36 3.47 3.29 3.54 3.93 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 TV Guide Most Exciting TV Series Designated Survivor Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series Designated Survivor Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Designated Survivor Nominated Favorite Actor In A New TV Series Kiefer Sutherland Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action / Thriller Television Series Designated Survivor Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sean Callery to Score ABC 's ' Designated Survivor ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland in ' Designated Survivor ' on ABC , Plays President '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Renewed at ABC '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Designated Survivor ' and ' Quantico ' Canceled at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Low Ratings , Behind - the - Scenes Turnover Felled ABC 's ' Designated Survivor ' '' . Variety . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 15 May 2018 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Netflix Eyes Thriller Drama Series After ABC Cancellation '' . Deadline . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor : About the Show '' . ABC . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor Casts Kal Penn , Maggie Q & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( 13 December 2018 ) . `` Designated Survivor Just Killed Off a Major Character '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor : Adan Canto Joins Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Designated Survivor Casts LaMonica Garrett ; Jahmil French Joins A&E 's The Infamous '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Designated Survivor Casts Girl Meets World ( ' ) s Tanner Buchanan ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor : ' Paulo Costanzo Joins As Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erk ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Zoe McLellan Joins Season 2 Of ABC 's Kiefer Sutherland Drama '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Ben Lawson Cast As Series Regular In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Malik Yoba Joins ABC Drama Series Starring Kiefer Sutherland '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Proma . `` ' Designated Survivor ' will be a heavy , hokey hit '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Casts Ashley Zukerman ; Amanda Brooks Joins ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Mykelti Williamson Cast In New Kiefer Sutherland Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` ' Designated Survivor ' recap : It 's Michigan vs. everybody ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Rob Morrow to recur '' . Spoiler TV . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Zoo ' Casts Sophina Brown ; ' Designated Survivor ' Adds Geoff Pierson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Breckin Meyer Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion : Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc '' . TVline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Michael J. Fox Joining ' Designated Survivor ' For Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Nora Zehetner Set to Recur on ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland To Star In ' Designated Survivor ' Series On ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland 's POTUS Drama Designated Survivor Ordered to Series at ABC -- Watch a Teaser '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland 's ' Designated Survivor ' to Premiere This Fall on ABC -- Watch First Teaser '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor , Speechless Snag Full - Season Pickups at ABC '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama ' Designated Survivor ' Gets Formal Series Pickup , First Trailer ; Eyes Jon Feldman As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Licoln , Ross ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Taps New Showrunner As Jon Harmon Feldman Exits '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Keith Eisner Set As Showrunner , Pending Season 2 Renewal '' . `` ' Deadline.com ' , May 2 , 2017 by Nellie Andreeva Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Kiefer Sutherland Drama Casts Maggie Q , Kal Penn -- ' Designated Survivor ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kiefer Sutherland stars in one of two ABC shows being filmed in Toronto '' . Toronto Sun . Toronto . July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor : 5 Things We Learned About Kiefer Sutherland 's Explosive New Drama '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausielo , Michael ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland 's New ABC Serial Thriller Designated Survivor Blends ' West Wing , House of Cards , Homeland ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Orders ' Designated Survivor ' Series Starring Kiefer Sutherland From David Guggenheim , Mark Gordon , Simon Kinberg '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor : Virginia Madsen Joins ABC 's Kiefer Sutherland Drama '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Casts Mariana Klaveno ; ' 24 : Legacy ' Adds Moran Atias '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians Unveil New U.S. Shows After Bidding Against Netflix at L.A. Screenings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Boards ' Designated Survivor ' Outside North America '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor Season 2 Netflix Release Schedule - Whats On Netflix '' . Whats On Netflix. 2017 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` LA Screenings 2016 : the buyers guide '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Designated Survivor Trailer Debuts -- Plus : Watch Previews for Conviction , Notorious and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead , ' ' Dr. Strange , ' Conan & ' Designated Survivor ' Loom Large '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Designated Survivor - `` Pilot '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarayia , Sonia ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Designated Survivor ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Fall TV 2016 : 10 must - see new shows '' . Mercury News . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Roush Review : In a Fall Full of Remakes , A Few New Shows Shine '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor finds a likely hero in an unlikely place '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Our 10 Most Anticipated New TV Shows of Fall 2016 '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor review -- Kiefer Sutherland winds up president of cliche '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor Review : POTUSing Comes Too Easily for Kiefer Sutherland '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` ABC 's ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Premiere Sets DVR Playback Record '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Fall TV Shows 2016 : Most Anticipated - Editors ' Picks - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards 2016 Most Exciting New Series : Westworld , Pitch '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Designated Survivor on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_Survivor_(TV_series)&oldid=846619213 '' Categories : Designated Survivor ( TV series ) 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American action television series American drama television series American mystery television series American political television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Television series by ABC Studios Television series produced in Toronto Television shows set in Washington , D.C. United States presidential succession in fiction Terrorism in television White House in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi اردو 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the daughter of the president in designated survivor	[]	[]
-9167129148566169283	Make It or Break It	Make It or Break It - Wikipedia Make It or Break It This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Make It or Break It Genre Family drama Teen drama Created by Holly Sorensen Starring Josie Loren Ayla Kell Cassie Scerbo Susan Ward Neil Jackson Candace Cameron Bure Peri Gilpin Chelsea Hobbs Johnny Pacar Anthony Starke Dondre Whitfield Theme music composer Michael Suby Opening theme `` Make It or Break It '' by Michael Suby Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 48 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Holly Sorensen Paul Stupin John Ziffren Producer ( s ) Kevin C. Slattery David Hartle Maria L. Melograne Nancy Haas Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , CA California State University , Long Beach Long Beach , CA Santa Monica Civic Auditorium Santa Monica , CA Santa Clarita Studios The Ranch , Disney Studious Santa Clarita , CA Westlake Village , CA Cinematography Patrick Cady Roy H. Wagner Jonathan West Editor ( s ) Elena Malagini Nathan Easterling Lori Jane Coleman David A. Simmons Nicholas Erasmus William Marrinson Jan Northrop Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Super Delicious ! ( pilot ) Pirates ' Cove Entertainment ProdCo Original Hollycake ( from season 2 ) ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) -- May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) Make It or Break It ( a.k.a. MIOBI ) is an American teen / family comedy - drama television series that focused on the lives of teen gymnasts who strived to make it to the Olympic Games . The series was inspired by Touchstone 's 2006 teen comedy - drama film Stick It . It premiered on ABC Family on June 22 , 2009 , with 2.5 million viewers . The show was picked up for an additional 10 episodes on July 27 , 2009 , which started airing on January 4 , 2010 , bringing the total number of episodes in the first season to 20 . In January 2010 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on June 28 , 2010 at 10 pm . Starting on July 13 , 2010 , new episodes aired following Pretty Little Liars . The show 's second season resumed after a six - month hiatus on March 28 , 2011 . The series was renewed for a third season on September 16 , 2011 , which premiered on March 26 , 2012 . It was announced on April 26 , 2012 , that the series had ended and the third season would be the final season . The series finale aired on May 14 , 2012 . Internationally , the show aired on E4 in the United Kingdom , Zee Café in India , Fox8 in Australia , ABC Spark in Canada , RTM2 in Malaysia , and on TV2 in New Zealand . Make It or Break It was created by Holly Sorensen who , along with Paul Stupin and John Ziffren , served as the show 's executive producers . The stunt doubles were former elite , Olympian or NCAA champion gymnasts . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 2.2 Recurring cast and characters 3 U.S. Nielsen ratings 4 DVD releases 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the season one premiere , Payson Keeler ( Ayla Kell ) , Kaylie Cruz ( Josie Loren ) , and Lauren Tanner ( Cassie Scerbo ) are elite - level gymnasts . They train at one of the best gyms in the country , the fictional `` Rocky Mountain Gymnastics Training Center '' ( or `` The Rock '' ) in Boulder , Colorado , in hopes of winning gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The girls have been best friends and teammates for years . They are joined by newcomer Emily Kmetko ( Chelsea Hobbs ) , an untrained gymnastics phenomenon plucked from obscurity . It is revealed that Emily 's family is struggling for money , and she has to work at Pizza Shack to keep them afloat , and receives scholarship money to do gymnastics . The Rock 's Athletes compete for places on the club 's team for nationals . Emily ranks third ahead of Lauren , despite Lauren 's attempt to sabotage her vault . The girls ' futures are thrown into turmoil when their head coach , Marty Walsh ( Erik Palladino ) , is blackmailed out of his job at The Rock by Lauren 's father Steve , who is angry that his daughter was beaten by Emily . Marty is forced to move to The Rock 's rival gym in Denver , taking Lauren and other gymnasts with him . It is revealed later that Kaylie 's mother ( Rosa Blasi ) and Marty were having an affair , and he left to keep the secret from being exposed . After a visit from an angry Payson ( who is joined by Kaylie , Emily and her sister Becca ) , Marty tells Steve he is in charge from now on and will do things his way . Steve then goes in search of Sasha Belov , the only gymnast to have beaten Marty Walsh to an Olympic gold medal . Belov tells Tanner he is n't interested because Steve split up what could have been the greatest team in US history when he took Lauren to Denver . Steve and Lauren then return to the rock accompanied by Sasha . While Payson appreciates Sasha 's experience and drive , the other girls chafe at his demanding style . Kaylie and Emily decide to go to a party before Sasha 's new regime is put in place . Payson agrees to go as a chaperone . At the party Emily meets Razor , a coworker from the pizza shack , and a drunk Kaylie is seen by her secret boyfriend Carter having told him she could n't go out because her Dad would n't let her . Meanwhile , Lauren abandons her birthday meal with her father , after he brings his executive assistant ( and girlfriend ) Summer . She goes to the party and comforts Carter . The two sleep together , but it clearly does n't mean as much to Carter as it does to Lauren . Throughout the season , Emily tries to hide the fact she has to work to support her family , fearing this news could jeopardize her scholarship . However , she is forced to confess this to the other girls while they are cleaning mats as punishment for going to the party . They help her climb out the window to get to work in time to avoid being fired . Kaylie hides her relationship with Carter Anderson , another gymnast at The Rock . Lauren is hiding the fact that she has lost her virginity to Carter from Kaylie , while trying to get him to go out with her instead and struggling to fight the feeling that Summer is trying to replace her mother or is after her father 's money . Payson has back problems and tries to conceal this from her parents and Sasha because she is desperate not to lose her chance to become National Champion and beat her rival , Kelly Parker ( Nicole Gale Anderson ) in a pre-nationals club meet between The Denver Elite and The Rock . While Payson manages to beat Kelly , Emily attempts a more difficult dismount on bars than the one Sasha told her to do and falls . She is banned from competing at nationals and suspended from the rock . Damon , a friend of Razors who is covering his shifts at the Pizza Shack helps Emily break into the gym at night to perfect the move and prove herself to Sasha . However , she is n't allowed back until she get over her trust issues and lets Sasha help her . Lauren warms up to Summer who convinces Steve to give Lauren her mother 's contact details so she can come to watch her at nationals . Lauren goes to the bus stop but her mother Leslie never arrives . Later at nationals Summer realizes that Steve threatened Leslie into not coming and their argument results in a break - up . Before nationals , Carter confesses to Kaylie that he cheated . She disappears , but Emily , Lauren and Payson find her at gymnastics camp . Lauren reveals it was her who slept with Carter , but eventually all the girls put aside their differences and return to Boulder in time to leave for nationals . Payson is favorite to win but after a fall on the uneven bars , she fractures her spine and is told she can never do gymnastics again . Kaylie receives the title of National Champion , beating Kelly Parker . Lauren places fifth and Emily places twelfth , meaning that all three receive spots on the National Team . As season one resumes , Payson deals with what seems to be the end of her gymnastics career and dreams . Summer and Sasha begin a relationship , and Emily and Payson get closer . Payson undergoes cutting - edge surgery to fix her spine . Although the operation is successful , she does not want to return to gymnastics , fearing she will re-injure herself . Meanwhile , the three Rock girls find an enemy in the head of the National Gymnastics Committee , Ellen Beals ( Michelle Clunie ) , who prizes obedience to her authority and feels threatened by The Rock girls ' independence . Emily wrestles with her desire to be an Olympic gymnast and her love for Damon , a co-worker at The Pizza Shack where she works . Carter is allowed back in The Rock and finds support from Lauren after she learns he is living in his car , having been kicked out of the home by his father , who does not support his gymnastics career . Payson 's father is laid off from his job and has to accept another one far from Boulder . Payson 's mother , Kim ( Peri Gilpin ) takes over managing The Rock , as the girls are shut out of the National Team . Kaylie and Emily are kept back from a USA vs. China meet . To get The Rock girls recognized as being international standard , The Rock holds a private meet between them and the Chinese National Team . Ellen Beals pressures Kaylie not to compete , telling her she might lose and damage her profile . Ellen also blackmails Emily , telling her if she competes she will have her scholarship revoked after Ellen finds out about Emily 's job at the Pizza Shack . Working together , the girls get five medals , more than the U.S. National Team got in Beijing . In the second season , the girls are joined at The Rock by superstar male gymnast Austin Tucker ( Zane Holtz ) . Payson refuses to accept her body has changed since her injury and is encouraged to petition to the National Team by Ellen Beals against the advice of Sasha , who thinks she is not ready . Her petition is denied , and she is heartbroken until Sasha convinces her to return , hoping to revitalize her career by transitioning her into being an artistic gymnast . Payson , whose previous style emphasized power over grace , is skeptical but comes around and finds herself romantically attracted to Sasha . She impulsively kisses him , but he pushes her away . The Kmetko family struggles financially with the loss of Emily 's scholarship , until Steve Tanner secretly organizes a private scholarship to fund her training , after beginning a relationship with Chloe . When Emily finds out where the money is coming from , she refuses to accept the charity . Chloe secretly begins work as a bartender in a strip club . Emily 's brother begins to have seizures because his prescription has not been refilled . Discovering problems with their insurance and not having money to pay for the medication , Emily steals the medication and is arrested . Lauren finds the tape of Sasha and Payson 's kiss in the practice camera . In an effort to get rid of Sasha and have Summer get back with her father , she leaks the first part ( showing only the kiss ) to Ellen Beals and deletes the later part ( showing Sasha pushing Payson away ) . This results in Sasha being dismissed and Steve Tanner becoming president of The Rock . Summer is behind Sasha and does not believe he would act inappropriately . Sasha and Summer break up because though Sasha respects Summer 's values , he does not share them . Newly minted national champion Kaylie struggles with the demands of her position and develops an eating disorder . Her parents refuse to believe it , but Austin tries to convince Kaylie that she needs help . In the midseason finale , the girls compete at trials for the World Championships . Payson confronts the gymnastics committee , asking them to accept her as an artistic gymnast . Police arrive to take Emily away , as she has missed her court hearing . Kaylie collapses while competing and is rushed to the hospital . All four girls make the Worlds team . When Season Two returns , the girls cope with the loss of Sasha Belov . After breaking down , Kaylie admits to having an eating disorder and seeks treatment . Austin supports her , and they begin a relationship . Emily is forced to wear an ankle monitor due to her probation after being caught stealing . The other girls train for the World Gymnastics Competition , a task made harder by the presence of their arch enemy , Kelly Parker , at The Rock . Sasha returns after the girls track him down in Romania , and Lauren starts to like him better as he begins coaching her directly . While in recovery , Kaylie offers her mother 's old recording studio to Emily 's boyfriend Damon , who has been struggling to make an album in order to impress his new record label . After Emily witnesses Kaylie and Damon singing together at the Pizza Shack , she imagines Damon is unfaithful and breaks up with him . Emily learns that she is pregnant , and Damon is the father . After members of the NGO try to persuade her to have an abortion , she insists that they have controlled her life for too long . She ignores their suggestion , and she keeps the baby . After informing Damon of the baby , she insists that being teen parents together will be perfect . Emily returns immediately to pack but is interrupted by Kaylie . Kaylie tells her that after Damon and Emily broke up , Damon kissed Kaylie . Feeling betrayed , Emily leaves to live with her godmother in Las Vegas without telling Damon . Eventually , Damon finds Emily and decides to be there for her . Summer and Steve Tanner become engaged . A new gymnast , Max ( Josh Bowman ) , comes to The Rock , attracting the attention of Lauren and Payson . Though Max seems more interested in Payson , she is more focused on her dream . Lauren pursues him past the point of ridiculousness . She assures Payson that Max is her new boyfriend ; Max denies this . Max , Austin , and Payson help Kaylie train in secret , as they try to convince Sasha that Kaylie is ready to compete at Worlds . In the wake of Emily 's departure , Kelly Parker becomes closer to Kaylie , despite the scheming of her stage mother , Sheila ( Kathy Najimy ) . Kaylie offers her comfort as Kelly 's mom is only supportive of Kelly 's fame and fortune . Kelly steals Kaylie 's journal and is instructed by her mother to give it to Ellen Beals . The night before Worlds , Kelly returns the journal and admits to stealing it . This causes Kaylie 's new trust in Kelly to falter . At a party before the team is about to head off to Worlds , Steve announces that Summer and he are planning to get married in Rio , where worlds is hosted . However , later , Summer finds out that Lauren sent in the kiss cam video and calls off the wedding , as she wants nothing to do with Lauren or Steve Tanner . At the same party , Lauren tries to convince Max to have sex with her while Payson admits to Max that she thinks she might be in love with him . Max gets drunk sitting on a couch and later Austin finds him . Max explains his situation with the two girls under the influence of alcohol and Austins helps him up . Max kisses Austin drunkly and when questioned about his sexuality by Austin , Max admits that he is bisexual . He goes on a drive with Lauren , and they get into a car accident . Lauren is fine , but Max breaks his collarbone . Payson wants to go professional so she can earn money to help support her family , as they are struggling with debt after Payson 's medical bills and training , but her parents do not want her to forfeit her eligibility for a college scholarship . Payson tells Max she loves him and begs him to forget she said anything when his feelings are not confessed to her . In the season two finale , the four girls lead the team to the World Competition in Rio de Janeiro , where they win team gold . Season Three opens with Payson , Lauren , and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics . They deal with a new coach and teammates , including upcoming gymnasts . Max and Payson have a relationship through letters ; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he 's confused . Later Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned . An uninvited gymnast , Jordan Randall , convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group , causing tension . Coach Mac pairs up the girls , forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson . They eventually become close friends . Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics . Payson has a new romance with Rigo ( Tom Maden ) . Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat , but Lauren has heart surgery . Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie . Jordan reveals that a former coach , Coach Keagan , molested her when she was young . Desperate to ensure her spot on the team , Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance . After Austin and Kaylie reunite , then Lauren , Payson , and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform . Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her , getting Wendy kicked out . The season three finale culminates with the five girls , Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , plus Jordan , and finally Colleen , being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics . Cast and characters ( edit ) The main cast of Make It or Break It Main article : List of Make It or Break It characters Main cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Kaylie Cruz Josie Loren Seasons 1 -- 3 Payson Keeler Ayla Kell Seasons 1 -- 3 Lauren Tanner Cassie Scerbo Seasons 1 -- 3 Emily Kmetko Chelsea Hobbs Seasons 1 -- 2 Summer van Horne Candace Cameron Bure Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Sasha Belov Neil Jackson Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Steve Tanner Anthony Starke Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Kim Keeler Peri Gilpin Seasons 1 -- 2 Chloe Kmetko Susan Ward Seasons 1 -- 2 Damon Young Johnny Pacar Seasons 1 -- 2 Coach McIntire ( Mac ) Dondre Whitfield Season 3 Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Ronnie Cruz Rosa Blasi Seasons 1 -- 3 Alex Cruz Jason Manuel Olazabal Seasons 1 -- 3 Mark Keeler Brett Cullen Seasons 1 -- 3 Kelly Parker Nicole Gale Anderson Seasons 1 -- 3 Carter Anderson Zachary Burr Abel Seasons 1 -- 2 Razor Nico Tortorella Seasons 1 -- 2 Ellen Beals Michelle Clunie Seasons 1 -- 2 Becca Keeler Mia Rose Frampton Seasons 1 -- 2 Leo Cruz Marcus Coloma Season 1 Nicky Russo Cody Longo Season 1 Marty Walsh Erik Palladino Seasons 1 -- 2 MJ Martin Marsha Thomason Season 1 Brian Kmetko Wyatt Smith Seasons 1 -- 2 Darby Conrad Meagan Holder Season 2 Max Spencer Joshua Bowman Season 2 Marcus Sean Maher Season 2 Sheila Baboyon Kathy Najimy Seasons 2 -- 3 Austin Tucker Zane Holtz Seasons 2 -- 3 Jordan Randall Chelsea Tavares Season 3 Wendy Capshaw Amanda Leighton Season 3 Rigo Tom Maden Season 3 Jake Russell Pitts Season 3 U.S. nielsen ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode , each season of Make It or Break It on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Monday 10 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 20 June 22 , 2009 2.50 March 8 , 2010 2.50 2009 - 2010 2.24 Season 2 20 June 28 , 2010 1.83 May 23 , 2011 1.49 2010 - 2011 1.68 Season 3 08 March 26 , 2012 1.57 May 14 , 2012 1.29 2012 1.19 DVD releases ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the first ten episodes in a set entitled Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition . Bonus material includes deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette , `` Making It '' , which shows how the stars manage the acting with the difficult stunts they do . DVD release dates for Make It or Break It Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Season 1 , Volume 1 : Extended Edition January 12 , 2010 10 Deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette `` Making It '' . Season 1 , Volume 2 January 4 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Season 2 , Volume 3 May 3 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Make It or Break It Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series Peri Gilpin Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Male Zachary Burr Abel Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Female Josie Loren Nominated 2011 Choice TV Drama Make It or Break It Nominated Choice TV Star Female Drama Josie Loren Nominated See also ( edit ) Stick It , an American teen - comedy drama film in 2006 Code of Points ( artistic gymnastics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's `` Secret Life '' Returns at Record Levels , While `` Make It Or Break It '' Sets Time Period Highs `` . The Futon Critic . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders More `` Make It '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 10 More Episodes of Make It Or Break It '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed `` . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family to `` Break It '' on Tuesdays `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER & MAKE IT OR BREAK IT Return on March 26 and 8 episodes of the Third Season will end on May 14 '' . ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , N. `` ABC Family 's ' Make It Or Break It ' To End '' . Deadline Hollywood ( April 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Make it Or Break It ' Canceled , According to Executive Producer '' . TV By the Numbers. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It - Make It or Break It '' . E4.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes Of ' Make It Or Break It ' With Ayla Kell '' . Starpulse.com. 2011 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Make It Or Break It : Stunt Doubles Just About Every TV Show '' . Ax20.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/stunts_and_circuses/ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl ; Damages Down Slightly - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Mavs / Thunder Tops Night ; ' WWE Raw ' Up + ' Sanctuary , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Secret Life ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - make it or break it on abc family '' . TheFutonCritic.com . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Hits NBA Postseason High With Lakers / Thunder '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- ABC / Disney Announces a Volume 1 : Extended Edition DVD '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Volume One - Extended Edition : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Zachary Burr Abel , Mia Frampton , n / a : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season One , Volume Two : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Candace Cameron Bure , Neil Jackson , Peri Gilpin , Holly Sorenson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season Two , Volume Three : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Cassie Scerbo , Mia Frampton , Zachary Abel , Peri Gilpin , Candace Cameron Bure , Josie Loren , Susan Ward , ABC Family : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Make It or Break It on IMDb Make It or Break It at TV.com Freeform original programming Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( since 2018 ) Disney 's Fairy Tale Weddings ( since 2017 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Siren ( since 2018 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) Former 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shop ' til You Drop ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Zorro ( 1990 - 1993 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & the Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Beyond ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Famous in Love ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Fosters ( 2013 -- 2018 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Young & Hungry ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Upcoming Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( 2019 ) Good Trouble ( 2019 ) Besties ( TBA ) Related History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . 31 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of Freeform original films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_It_or_Break_It&oldid=843176865 '' Categories : Make It or Break It 2009 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series ABC Family shows American drama television series American high school television series English - language television programs Gymnastics media American teen drama television series Television shows set in Colorado Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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-7398457299647598017	List of changes in Star Wars re-releases	List of changes in Star Wars re-releases - wikipedia List of changes in Star Wars re-releases Jump to : navigation , search Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing , audio mixing , and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects , additions of characters and dialogue , scene expansions , and replacement of original cast members with newer ones . Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy , the original trilogy saw the most alteration . Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi , creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time , budget , and technology . The first significant changes were made in 1997 with the release of a Special Edition remaster in commemoration of the franchise 's twentieth anniversary . These changes were intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . Additional significant changes were made when the original trilogy was released on DVD in 2004 , and such changes tried to further create consistency with the prequel trilogy after the release of The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones and in anticipation of Revenge of the Sith . Further changes were made to the films for their Blu - ray release in 2011 . Many changes met criticism and outrage from fans and critics , and many believed that Lucas degraded the original films with the additions . Most controversial is the decision to have Greedo shoot before Han Solo does , which sparked wide usage of the phrase `` Han shot first '' . Other controversial changes include replacing the `` Lapti Nek '' performance by a puppet Sy Snootles with a longer `` Jedi Rocks '' performance by a CGI Snootles , having Darth Vader yell `` No ! '' as he kills the Emperor , and replacing Sebastian Shaw as the Force ghost of Anakin Skywalker with Hayden Christensen , who was cast to play Anakin in the prequel films . It was also felt that subsequent changes stripped the Star Wars film of the qualities for which it won Academy Awards . Despite the negative response to many significant changes , critics also felt that many smaller changes were improvements , innocuous , or understandable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Star Wars release history 2 Significant changes 2.1 Title change to Star Wars 2.2 Han shot first 2.3 Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV 2.4 Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars 2.5 Max Rebo Band 2.6 Expansion of Oola 's death scene 2.7 Addition of Darth Vader 's `` No ! '' in Return of the Jedi 2.8 Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi 2.9 Consistency between original and prequel trilogies 3 Response 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) There will only be one ( version of the films ) . And it wo n't be what I would call the `` rough cut '' , it 'll be the `` final cut '' . The other one will be some sort of interesting artifact that people will look at and say , `` There was an earlier draft of this . '' The same thing happens with plays and earlier drafts of books . In essence , films never get finished , they get abandoned . At some point , you 're dragged off the picture kicking and screaming while somebody says , `` Okay , it 's done . '' That is n't really the way it should work . Occasionally , ( you can ) go back and get your cut of the video out there , which I did on both American Graffiti and THX 1138 ; that 's the place where it will live forever . So what ends up being important in my mind is what the DVD version is going to look like , because that 's what everybody is going to remember . The other versions will disappear . Even the 35 million tapes of Star Wars out there wo n't last more than 30 or 40 years . A hundred years from now , the only version of the movie that anyone will remember will be the DVD version ( of the Special Edition ) , and you 'll be able to project it on a 20 - foot - by - 40 - foot screen with perfect quality . I think it 's the director 's prerogative , not the studio 's , to go back and reinvent a movie . George Lucas The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989 . In 2014 , the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film ; George Lucas refused to submit a copy , stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version . Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release , but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted . The Library of Congress , however , received a 35mm print of the film , without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations , in 1978 as part of the film 's copyright deposit . Star Wars release history ( edit ) 1977 : Star Wars was theatrically released . 1980 : The Empire Strikes Back was theatrically released . A 70mm print of the film differed from the more widely distributed 35mm print in takes of dialogue , visual and sound effects , shot choices , and transitions between shots . None of these changes appeared in later releases , with exception of one dialogue change . 1983 : Return of the Jedi was theatrically released . 1985 : Star Wars , now subtitled A New Hope , was re-released on VHS and in 1989 released on LaserDisc with an improved audio mix . The LaserDisc release , and the CED videodisc also released , sped the film up by three percent to fit the film onto a single disc . Some releases additionally had minor aspect ratio changes . 1993 : The original trilogy was released on LaserDisc as `` The Definitive Collection '' . With exception of a THX audio mix , scratch and dirt removal , and color balance changes , it matched the original theatrical releases . 1995 : The original trilogy was offered on VHS in a `` last chance to own the original '' campaign before the films were taken off the market in January 1996 and an altered re-release released in 1997 . 1997 : The Special Edition of the original trilogy was released theatrically and to home media for the twentieth anniversary of Star Wars . This release featured the first significant changes , intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . The original negatives were also digitally restored . 1999 : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace was theatrically released . 2002 : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones was theatrically released . 2004 : The original trilogy was released on DVD . Further significant alterations were made . 2005 : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith was theatrically released . 2006 : Another version of 2004 DVD edition was released . An unaltered version of the trilogy was included on bonus discs ; it was same as the 1993 LaserDisc release and was of inferior quality to the restored version . 2011 : The original and prequel films were released for Blu - ray . Alterations were made to all films . 2015 : The original and prequel films were released digitally to streaming services . It is identical to the Blu - ray release , except for changes to the opening logos and fanfares . Significant changes ( edit ) Title change to Star Wars ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( film ) § Title The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release . Accounts differ as to when this change occurred . Some , including Lucasfilm , date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V . Han shot first ( edit ) Main article : Han shot first Because I was thinking mythologically -- should he be a cowboy , should he be John Wayne ? And I said , ' Yeah , he should be John Wayne . ' And when you 're John Wayne , you do n't shoot people ( first ) -- you let them have the first shot . George Lucas in 2015 In the Star Wars film , Han Solo is cornered in the Mos Eisley Cantina by the bounty hunter Greedo , and the confrontation ends with Han shooting under the table and killing Greedo . The circumstances of the shot varies between versions of the film . In the original 1977 theatrical release of the film , Han shoots Greedo , and Greedo does not shoot at all . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film alters the scene so that Greedo shoots first and misses , and the scene is altered again in the 2004 DVD release of the film so that Han and Greedo shoot simultaneously . Lucas stated that he always intended for Greedo to have shot first . He felt that the idea of Han shooting first depicts him as `` a cold - blooded killer '' . This decision sparked objections that it changed Han 's moral ambiguity , fundamentally altered his established character , and diminished his transition from antihero to hero ; it became one of the most controversial changes to the films . Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV ( edit ) During the production of the Star Wars film , scenes were filmed featuring Biggs Darklighter and his friendship with Luke Skywalker set on Tatooine and at the rebel base on Yavin IV shortly before the attack on the Death Star . The scenes were cut because they were felt to disrupt the pacing of the film , and in the original theatrical release , Biggs is only seen briefly during the attack on the Death Star , in which he dies , and a relationship between Biggs and Luke is never stated . Despite this , Luke reacts strongly to Biggs 's death . The 1997 Special Edition of the Star Wars film incorporated the previously deleted scene on Yavin IV . The loss of the scenes at Tatooine and Yavin IV was felt to lessen the significance of Biggs ' death , cast Luke 's reaction to the death as overly strong , and make the framing of the death as a tragedy confusing . It was felt that the readdition of the Yavin IV scene helped to rectify this issue . Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars ( edit ) The original script for the Star Wars film included a scene between Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo , and the scene was filmed with Harrison Ford , playing Solo , and Declan Mulholland , a stand - in for Jabba . Lucas intended to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion character . Due to time limitations and budget constraints , Lucas could not achieve this , and the scene was cut . In the 1997 Special Edition , the scene was reinserted with CGI replacing Mulholland . Because Ford walked too close to Mulholland in the original scene , Han stepping on Jabba 's tail , causing Jabba to squeal , was created as a workaround . Boba Fett was also added to the background of the scene . Jabba 's design was modified for the 2004 DVD release . The insertion of this scene into the film was criticized for being superfluous to the previous cantina scene , slowing down the pacing , and failing to move the plot forward . The original 1997 CGI was also described as `` atrocious '' . Max Rebo Band ( edit ) Main article : Max Rebo Band The scene in Return of the Jedi in which Jabba the Hutt feeds the dancer Oola to the rancor opens with performance by the Max Rebo Band and its lead singer Sy Snootles . In the original theatrical release , the song is `` Lapti Nek '' , sung for 45 seconds in the fictional language Huttese . The 1997 Special Edition changed the performance to the `` less dated '' song `` Jedi Rocks '' , which runs nearly 2 minutes . Owen Good of Polygon , though he understood the desire to update the song , described the `` Jedi Rocks '' performance as `` an overproduced intrusion that takes twice as long to add nothing '' and felt that it distracted from the intention of the scene : to establish the trapdoor leading to the rancor and Jabba 's deadliness . He also felt that `` Lapti Nek '' was an overall better song and described the vocal performance in `` Jedi Rocks '' as difficult to listen to or understand and as having `` the volume and vocal fry of a higher pitched Tina Turner but none of the soul '' . Brian Raftery of Wired wrote that replacing `` Lapti Nek '' , which he praised as a track , was `` one of Lucas ' most salaciously dumb choices '' and described `` Jedi Rocks '' as a Pointer Sisters `` rip - off '' and a `` soul - free strutter , which is so grating that you can almost hear a tone - deaf Lucas beard - smirking approvingly in the background '' . Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek ! similar noted that change negatively altered the tone of the scene and only `` replaced one flawed effect with another '' , writing : `` What was once a low - key yet appealing background moment in the movie 's first act had grown into a literal show - stopper -- an in - your - face audio - visual spectacle that literally overshadowed the original hand - made effects '' . The puppet used for Sy Snootles was also replaced with CGI in the Special Edition . This was made because , according to producer Rick McCallum , Lucas could not achieve the `` large musical number '' he envisioned because characters could not move in certain ways , Sy Snootles could not open her mouth to lip sync correctly , and her eyes did not move . Lambie criticized this decision because it removed almost all evidence of puppeteer Timothy D. Rose 's work in the film . The 1997 Special Edition also increased the size of the Max Rebo Band from three members to twelve . While Good wrote that this change was inconsequential , Ratery felt that the additions made the scene `` overstuffed '' and described the CGI as dead on arrival . Expansion of Oola 's death scene ( edit ) In the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi , Oola 's death is filmed from outside the rancor pit : she falls into the pit , and her scream is heard from off - screen . In the 1997 Special Edition , extra shots were inserted depicting her in the pit , including shots where she looks up to the crowd , the pit door being raised , and a shot of her terror . The rancor and Oola as she screams remain off - screen . Femi Taylor , who played Oola , impressed critics with her ability to reprise the role almost a decade later without visible difference . James Whitbrook at io9 praised the additions to the scene , especially in comparison to the decision to bring the wampa on - screen in the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back , writing that it teased the rancor well while still keeping the monster a surprise for Luke 's later battle with it . Den of Geek ! UK , however , criticized the additions as unnecessary and felt that they made the audience familiar with the pit , lessening fear during Luke 's scene in the pit . Addition of Darth Vader 's `` no ! '' in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) At the climax of Return of the Jedi , the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning , prompting Darth Vader to throw the Emperor down a chasm and kill him . In the theatrical release and earlier home video releases , Darth Vader watches and acts in silence . The 2011 Blu - ray release adds Darth Vader yelling a drawn out `` No '' , creating a parallel with his similar cry at the end of Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . This addition was described as unnecessary and awful sounding , and it was said to `` ( take ) what was once emotional and ( make ) it laughable '' and even ruin the film 's climax . It was also felt that the addition displayed a distrust in an audience 's ability to interpret Vader 's emotions . The symmetry created by the parallel was described as `` clumsy '' and was felt to mock the scene in the prequel . Victory Celebration in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Return of the Jedi ends with a scene of the Rebel Alliance and a village of Ewoks on Endor celebrating the death of the Emperor and victory over the Empire . The original theatrical release of the film featured the song `` Ewok Celebration '' , also known as `` Yub Nub '' , playing over the celebration . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film replaced `` Ewok Celebration '' with score composed by John Williams titled `` Victory Celebration '' , and the scene was lengthened to include shots of celebration on the planets Coruscant , Bespin , and Tatooine . The 2004 DVD release further added a shot set on Naboo , in which a Gungan is given a line of dialogue . Consistency between original and prequel trilogies ( edit ) The original theatrical release of Return of the Jedi showed Sebastian Shaw as Anakin Skywalker ( above ) . The 2004 DVD release of the film replaced him with Hayden Christensen ( below ) , who was cast in the role for the prequel trilogy . In The Empire Strikes Back , the Emperor appears via hologram . In the original theatrical 1980 release , he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill . The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi , and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written . Boba Fett 's dialogue in The Empire Strikes Back was originally recorded by Jason Wingreen . Subsequently , Attack of the Clones revealed Boba to be a clone of Jango Fett , played by Temuera Morrison . To reflect this , Morrison re-recorded Boba 's lines for the 2004 DVD release of the film . In a scene of Return of the Jedi where Darth Vader is unmasked , the 2004 DVD release digitally removed his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of Revenge of the Sith . At the end of Return of the Jedi , Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker 's life , dies of his injuries shortly after , and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the 1983 theatrical release , Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader . Later , Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw 's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen . Response ( edit ) The first Star Wars won the Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , Best Production Design , Best Original Score , and the Special Edition changes to the sound mixing , sound effects , and visual effects were felt to have `` stripped the film of every aspect that it had won its Academy Awards for '' . Michael Matessino of Mashable , who in 2015 viewed the original theatrical print of Star Wars submitted to the Library of Congress , notes merit to Lucas ' belief that technology did not allow him to achieve his vision , noting that a visible marquee around Leia 's ship is `` so jarring that it temporarily pulls me out of the film '' because it is `` lack ( ing ) the seamless quality ( he has ) come to expect from sci - fi and fantasy '' . Despite this , he `` hate ( s ) each and every one '' of the later added CGI effects and describes positively his ability to view the original print despite `` Lucas 's meddling '' . Dave Tach writing for Polygon noted minor changes , such as adding windows to Cloud City on Bespin , adding sparks to Jango Fett 's jetpack , or replacing the original Emperor hologram with McDiarmid , as `` innocuous '' ones that `` angered , to a close approximation , nobody '' because `` there was a solid logic behind those amendments '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magid , Ron ( February 1997 ) . `` An Expanded Universe '' . American Society of Cinematographers . p. 4 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eveleth , Rose ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars George Lucas Does n't Want You To See '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramo , Donya ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Unaltered Star Wars theatrical cuts rumored to be released : Why it 's culturally important '' . Hypable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unaloff , Lance ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The search for the ' Star Wars ' George Lucas does n't want you to see '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Lucas '' . Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matessino , Michael ( January -- February 1997 ) . `` 70mm Variations Strike Back '' . Film Score Monthly . Vol. 2 no . 1 . p. 15 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Ben ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Who Shot First ? The Complete List Of Star Wars Changes '' . Empire . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( September 15 , 1995 ) . `` Video Review : ' The Star Wars Trilogy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ; Goldstein , Seth ( July 1 , 1997 ) . `` Video at ' Miracle ' Price ; Last Shot for ' Star Wars ' '' . Billboard . p. 107 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode IV A New Hope '' . Lucasfilm . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 pieces of trivia about Star Wars '' . BBC . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 124 . ISBN 0810949687 . OCLC 56405075 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas : To feel the true force of ' Star Wars , ' he had to learn to let it go '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Alex Ben ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Questions With George Lucas : Controversial ' Star Wars ' Changes , SOPA and ' Indiana Jones 5 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ; Hall , Charlie ; Good , Owen ; Tach , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Worst Things in Star Wars '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Mike ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Star Wars character Biggs Darklighter gets his due '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Ways the Star Wars Special Editions Actually Improved The Original Trilogy '' . io9 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Gwynne ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` 15 Changes to the Original ' Star Wars ' Trilogy That Still Make Us Crazy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 Worst Crimes Against the Original Star Wars Trilogy '' . Den of Geek !. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Rebo Band : Behind the Scenes '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` The 9 Best Songs Ever Played in a Star Wars Movie '' . Wired . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : the changing face of Sy Snootles & the Rebo band '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popolo , Meredith ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Changes Made to Star Wars '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Saga 's Secret Weapon : A Visual Effects Nerd with a Big Story to Tell '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mark ( 2015 ) . Star Wars FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Trilogy That Changed the Movies . Milwaukee , WI : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 148036018X . OCLC 907104091 . ^ Jump up to : Hyde , Douglas ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Five major changes in the ' Star Wars ' DVD '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palpatine '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Wingreen dead : All in the Family , Star Wars actor was 95 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fett , Jango '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Online archive of Star Wars coverage at American Cinematographer , including interviews regarding the 1997 Special Edition Lists of changes in Star Wars , The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the prequel trilogy at DVD Active ( hide ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_changes_in_Star_Wars_re-releases&oldid=806906073 '' Categories : Star Wars lists Alternate versions of films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . 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1805137921140006331	The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy	The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy - wikipedia The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Jump to : navigation , search The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Also known as Billy & Mandy Genre Fantasy Comedy horror Slapstick Created by Maxwell Atoms Written by Maxwell Atoms Gord Zajac Alex Almaguer C.H. Greenblatt Michael Diederich Brett Varon Nina Bargiel Jeremy Bargiel Craig Lewis Ian Wasseluk Directed by Maxwell Atoms ( `` Meet the Reaper '' ) Dave Brain ( S01 ) R. Michel Lyman ( S06 ) Phil Cummings ( Season 3 - 4 ) Kris Sherwood ( S06 ) Matt Engstrom ( S06 ) Juli Hashiguchi Randy Myers ( S01 ; Season 3 - 4 ) Brian Hogan ( S01 ) Robert Alvarez ( Season 1 - 4 ) Shaun Cashman ( Season 2 - 6 ) Gordon Kent ( S06 ) Pat Shinagawa ( S01 ) Eddy Houchins ( Season 4 - 6 ) Sue Perrotto ( Season 4 - 5 ) John McIntyre ( S01 ) Russell Calabrese ( Season 4 - 6 ) Brian Sheesley ( Season 2 - 3 ) Supervising directors : John McIntyre ( S01 ) , and Juli Hashiguchi ( Season 2 -- 6 ) Voices of Richard Steven Horvitz Grey DeLisle Greg Eagles Theme music composer Gregory Hinde and Drew Neumann Composer ( s ) Gregory Hinde and Drew Neumann Guy Moon ( Season 1 only ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 94 ( including Grim & Evil segments and several specials ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maxwell Atoms Producer ( s ) Vincent Davis ( Season 1 ) Louis J. Cuck ( Season 5 -- 6 ; line producer , Season 1 -- 4 ) Supervising producers : Shaun Cashman ( S06 ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( Pilot ) Camera setup Videotape , multi-camera Running time 11 - 15 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Hanna - Barbera ( Pilot only ) Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( Season 1 -- 5 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( Season 6 + Specials ) First shown in June 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 09 ) ( pilot ) Original release August 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 24 ) -- October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Chronology Preceded by Billy and Mandy in Trepanation of the Skull and You ( 1995 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Followed by Underfist : Halloween Bash ( 2008 ) Related shows Evil Con Carne External links Website www.cartoonnetwork.com/tv_shows/billymandy/index.html The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( also known as Billy & Mandy ) is an American animated television series created by Maxwell Atoms for Cartoon Network , and is the 14th of the network 's Cartoon Cartoons ( albeit on when it was part of Grim & Evil , due to the Cartoon Cartoons brand being temporarily discontinued earlier in June 2003 ; the show itself is considered by some to still be a Cartoon Cartoon show regardless ) . It follows two children named Billy -- a slow - witted boy -- and Mandy -- the cynical best friend -- who , after winning a limbo game to save Billy 's pet hamster , gain the mighty Grim Reaper as their best friend in eternal servitude and slavery . Billy & Mandy began as a series of segments on Grim & Evil , of which it was spun - off from , along with Evil Con Carne , on August 24 , 2001 . The show ran as a separate series from June 13 , 2003 to November 11 , 2007 , but a telefilm , titled Underfist : Halloween Bash , aired on October 12 , 2008 , officially bringing the series to a close . In addition to the episodes , three movies , two special episodes , and nineteen shorts were made , with 3 award wins for the series as a whole . Billy & Mandy has also been made into a video game as well as various licensed merchandise . The series came back on Cartoon Network On Demand on October 6th 2017 with the first two seasons available , And on October 8th 2017 the series aired again on Cartoon Network but for one day only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Media 5.1 TV movies 5.2 Music 5.3 Video game 6 In other languages 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy characters The show 's main characters . From left to right : Billy , Mandy , and Grim . Graffiti of Grim Reaper in Aretxabaleta ( Spain ) The series is centered around the exploits of Billy ( voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz ) , a dimwitted , happy - go - lucky boy ; Mandy ( Grey DeLisle ) , a cynical , cunning and merciless girl , and Grim ( Greg Eagles ) , the Grim Reaper who is often tormented by the duo . After cheating at a limbo match against Grim ( in retaliation for putting the limbo rod too low for them to go under ) , he is enslaved in a permanently unwanted friendship with the children . Grim is miserable in the first days of his servitude , and even fantasizes about killing them multiple times . However , as the time passes , he gradually adapts to the new life , and even grows to care for Billy and Mandy , if only somewhat . Despite this , he retains a love - hate relationship with the two and desires to eventually break free from his servitude . Billy and Mandy use Grim 's supernatural abilities and powers to venture into supernatural locations or environments , such as the Underworld , or the Netherworld , inhabited by an assortment of grotesque monstrous beasts . The pair also use Grim 's enormously strong supernatural abilities or ties with a number of beastly characters to achieve goals or desires for themselves , often with twisted results . Famed fictional monsters including Dracula , the Wolfman , and the bogeyman are also comically depicted in the series . Supporting characters include Irwin ( Vanessa Marshall ) , a nerdy awkward boy who has a crush on Mandy ; Harold ( Richard Steven Horvitz ) , Billy 's father who is even dumber than his son ; Gladys ( Jennifer Hale ) , Billy 's loving yet mentally unstable mother ; Mindy ( Rachael MacFarlane ) , the snobby , stuck - up , and spoiled queen bee of Billy and Mandy 's school ; Sperg ( Greg Eagles ) , the local bully who has a sensitive side ; Fred Fredburger ( C.H. Greenblatt ) , a simple - minded , irritating underworld creature who loves frozen yogurt and nachos ; Dracula ( Phil LaMarr ) , a selfish elderly vampire who 's revealed to be Irwin 's paternal grandfather in the final season of the show . The show lacks continuity for the most part , as many episodes end with characters killed , exiled , or stuck in a situation . Characters sometimes display an awareness of some events from previous episodes , but there are no clear character arcs or coherent plot lines tying the show together . History ( edit ) The series had its genesis in 1995 , when Maxwell Atoms , while he was a junior at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia , made a two - minute short film for his junior thesis . Titled Billy and Mandy in : The Trepanation of the Skull and You , it centers around Billy and Mandy ( prototype versions ) discussing each other about trepanning . In the end , Mandy drills Billy 's head , causing him to pass out after too much blood loss even though he says he feels great . The short had never been shown publicly until April 30 , 2016 , during the first annual Tromanimation Film Festival . Atoms subsequently released the film , albeit in a deteriorating state after years of storage , on YouTube . The show 's existence is the result of a viewer poll event by way of telephone and the Internet called Cartoon Network 's Big Pick which was held from June 16 to August 25 , 2000 . The three final choices were Grim and Evil ( Later splitting into two separate series : The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy and Evil Con Carne ) , Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? and Longhair and Doubledome . Out of the three , Grim and Evil attained the most votes with 57 % ; Robot Jones came in second place at 23 % while Longhair and Doubledome received 20 % of the vote . Originally part of Grim & Evil , Billy & Mandy served as the main show . In each episode , an Evil Con Carne short was put between two Grim shorts . On occasion , it was the other way around , with two Evil shorts and one Grim short . The series premiered on August 24 , 2001 , during the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays Big Pick Weekend . On June 13 , 2003 , the network separated the two and gave each their own full - length program . The short - lived Evil Con Carne show was cancelled once the already - produced season had aired . Some characters from Evil Con Carne occasionally appeared on The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy . General Skarr become an official character on the show in the episode `` Skarred for Life '' , where he becomes Billy 's new next - door neighbor , and in `` Company Halt '' , the ninth episode of the final season which functions as the true series finale for Evil Con Carne , Ghastly , Hector , Boskov , and Stomach restart their evil organization and convince Skarr to join them , but their plans are ultimately foiled by Billy and Mandy , and Skarr goes back to living his life as a normal person . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale Grim & Evil 13 August 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 24 ) October 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 18 ) 18 June 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) 8 June 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 11 ) July 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 30 ) 13 October 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) June 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 10 ) 14 June 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 17 ) December 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 02 ) 5 13 January 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) August 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 09 ) 6 11 October 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) November 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) Movies March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Special November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) Reception ( edit ) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy received critical acclaim and became one of Cartoon Network 's top rated and most popular series . Common Sense Media gave the show a 3 / 5 star rating and stated that it has `` goofy punchlines and obscure cultural references '' , and recommends the viewer age be at least 8 years old . The series has won one Annie Award , two Emmy Awards and including those three wins , has been nominated a total of nine times for various awards . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2002 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television Animation Glenn Oyabe , Jesse Aruda , and Rob Desales for `` The Smell of Vengeance : Pt. 1 & 2 / Fiend is Like Friend Without the `` R '' '' Nominated 2003 Best Sound Editing in Television Animation -- Music Glenn Oyabe for `` Little Rock of Horror / The Pie Who Loved Me / Dream a Little Dream / Billy and Mandy 's Jacked - Up Halloween '' Nominated 2005 Best Sound Editing in Television Animation Glenn Oyabe , Jesse Aruda , Erik Sequeira , and Cecil Broughton for `` Super Zero / Sickly Sweet '' Nominated Annie Awards Directing in an Animated Television Production Brian Sheesley for `` Nursery Crimes '' Nominated Shaun Cashman and Phil Cummings for `` Attack of the Clowns '' Won 2006 Annie Awards Directing in an Animated Television Production Shaun Cashman for `` Hill Billy '' Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Michael Diederich Won 2007 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Phil Rynda for Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure Won Daytime Emmy Awards Broadband - Children 's The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Nominated Media ( edit ) TV movies ( edit ) Main articles : Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure , Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen , and Underfist : Halloween Bash Three TV movies were made for the series . The first one was called Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure and was released on DVD in April , 2007 . Common Sense Media gave the movie 2 / 5 stars and is meant for kids over the age of 8 calling it `` undeniably gross and just as undeniably funny '' . DVDverdict.com gave the movie a good review as well . A second movie , Wrath of the Spider Queen , was also released in 2007 . It was based on a spider queen from Grim 's distant past , who tries to take revenge on him because she was meant to be the reaper . Meanwhile , keeping up with the spider theme , Billy learns to love his spider son Jeff . A sequel titled Return Of The Spider Queen will premiere in 2018 . On October 12 , 2008 , a third and final spin - off movie , titled Underfist : Halloween Bash , premiered . The movie 's primary focus is on Irwin , Jeff the Spider , Hoss Delgado , General Skarr , and Fred Fredburger accidentally coming together to defeat an invasion of chocolate bar monsters , led by an evil marshmallow bunny , on Halloween night . Music ( edit ) The score composers for the series are Gregory Hinde , Drew Neumann and Guy Moon . In addition , two songs were made for the show by Aurelio Voltaire , the episode `` Little Rock of Horrors '' , which parodies the musical Little Shop of Horrors , features a song titled `` BRAINS ! '' and , in Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure , the song `` Land of the Dead '' is played in the opening credits . Both songs are a part of the album Spooky Songs For Creepy Kids . The season two episode `` Battle of the Bands '' also featured the song `` Darkness '' by metal band SPF 1000 . There was also an instance at the end of the Christmas special entitled `` Billy & Mandy Save Christmas '' , where the end credits music is the song `` Round and Round '' by heavy metal band Ratt . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( video game ) A video game inspired by the series and based on the movie Billy & Mandy was developed by Midway Games , and released on October 2 , 2006 , . It is a 3D fighting game . The video game received fair to good reviews : GameSpot gave it a 6.6 / 10 by Greg Mueller , he goes on to say that while it is fun for the `` first few hours '' and has `` Fast - paced gameplay '' the game action `` gets old quickly '' and has a very short story mode . IGN gave the game a good score of 7.2 / 10 highlighting its presentation and appeal . Metacritic gave the game a rating of 61 / 100 based on 10 critic reviews . In other languages ( edit ) Italian : Le Tenebrose Avventure di Billy e Mandy Hindi : Billy Mandy Aur Life Mein Haddi ( 1st dub ) ; Haddi Mera Buddy ( 2nd dub ) Spanish : Las Sombrías Aventuras de Billy y Mandy Portuguese : As Terríveis Aventuras de Billy e Mandy See also ( edit ) Evil Con Carne Grim & Evil Book : Cartoon Network Book : Cartoon Cartoons Cartoon Network portal Animation portal United States portal Television portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy - Metacritic.com Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Characters '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Maxwell Atoms Reveals Lost Student Film That Inspired ' Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy , Mandy and Grim Head to the Movies '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , John ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` ' Billy & Mandy ' beats out ' Robot , ' ' Longhair ' to get greenlight '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Grim & Evil ( 2001 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . AnnieAwards.org . ASIFA - Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . AnnieAwards.org . ASIFA - Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Creative Arts Emmy winners '' . USA Today . August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Television Arts & Sciences announces Emmy ® Award Winners in Costumes for Variety or Music Program and Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Emmy Awards . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Emmy Award noms make history at the KidScreen Summit '' . KidScreen.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure DVD '' . CD Universe . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy and Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy And Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure ( Review ) '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wrath of the Spider Queen '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Underfist : Halloween Bash '' . BCDB . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gregoryhinde resume '' . www.gregoryhinde.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Neumann Credits '' . DrewNeumann.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guy - Moon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brains ! ( From The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Little Rock of Horror '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Voltaire Album ! '' . AdventureQuest Worlds . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( Video game ) '' . BBFC . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( Video game review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Wii '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Official website The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy on IMDb The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at TV.com The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Characters Films Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure ( 2007 ) Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen ( 2007 ) Underfist : Halloween Bash ( 2008 ) Seasons 5 6 Related shows Grim & Evil Evil Con Carne Characters Video games The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Category Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! ( 1995 -- 97 ) Dexter 's Laboratory ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Big Bag ( 1996 -- 98 ) Johnny Bravo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Cow and Chicken ( 1997 -- 99 ) I Am Weasel ( 1997 -- 2000 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 1998 ) ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Ed , Edd n Eddy ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Mike , Lu & Og ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Sheep in the Big City ( 2000 -- 02 ) Time Squad ( 2001 -- 03 ) Samurai Jack ( 2001 -- 17 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 02 ) Justice League ( 2001 -- 04 ) Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? 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Mystery Incorporated ( 2010 -- 13 ) Generator Rex ( 2010 -- 13 ) Mad ( 2010 -- 13 ) Regular Show ( 2010 -- 17 ) Sym - Bionic Titan ( 2010 -- 12 ) Tower Prep ( 2010 ) Hole in the Wall ( 2010 -- 12 ) Robotomy ( 2010 -- 11 ) Young Justice ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Problem Solverz ( 2011 -- 13 ) The Looney Tunes Show ( 2011 -- 14 ) ThunderCats ( 2011 -- 12 ) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome ( 2011 -- 12 ) Level Up ( 2012 -- 13 ) Green Lantern : The Animated Series ( 2012 -- 13 ) Cartoon Planet ( 2012 -- 14 ) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange ( 2012 -- 14 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 14 ) Ben 10 : Omniverse ( 2012 -- 14 ) Incredible Crew ( 2013 ) Beware the Batman ( 2013 -- 14 ) Uncle Grandpa ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mixels ( 2014 -- 16 ) Over the Garden Wall ( 2014 ) Long Live the Royals ( 2015 ) Current Adventure Time ( since 2010 ) The Amazing World of Gumball ( since 2011 ) Teen Titans Go ! ( since 2013 ) Steven Universe ( since 2013 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( since 2014 ) Clarence ( since 2014 ) Mighty Magiswords ( since 2015 ) We Bare Bears ( since 2015 ) Wabbit ( since 2015 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( since 2015 ) Bunnicula ( since 2016 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 2016 ) ( since 2016 ) Ben 10 ( 2016 ) ( since 2016 ) Justice League Action ( since 2016 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( since 2017 ) OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Wacky Races ( since 2017 ) Unikitty ! ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Summer Camp Island See also : Cartoon Network pilots , films and specials Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grim_Adventures_of_Billy_%26_Mandy&oldid=808644084 '' Categories : The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy 2003 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series American black comedy television programs American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American children 's television sitcoms American horror fiction television series Animated duos Animated children 's television sitcoms Dark fantasy television series Cartoon Network Studios series and characters English - language television programs Media franchises Personifications of death in fiction Satirical television programmes Television series about friendship Television series created by Maxwell Atoms Television shows set in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 05 : 19 . 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2263804280988672745	Indian Astronomical Observatory	Indian Astronomical Observatory - wikipedia Indian Astronomical Observatory Indian Astronomical Observatory Indian Astronomical Observatory , Hanle Alternative names Hanle Observatory Organization Indian Institute of Astrophysics Location Hanle , India Coordinates 32 ° 46 ′ 46 '' N 78 ° 57 ′ 51 '' E / 32.7794 ° N 78.9642 ° E / 32.7794 ; 78.9642 Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 46 '' N 78 ° 57 ′ 51 '' E / 32.7794 ° N 78.9642 ° E / 32.7794 ; 78.9642 Altitude 4,500 m ( 14,800 ft ) Established 2001 Website www.iiap.res.in/centers/iao Telescopes High Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope Himalayan Chandra Telescope Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope Location of Indian Astronomical Observatory Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Indian Astronomical Observatory ( IAO ) , is located near Leh in Ladakh , India , has one of the world 's highest sites for optical , infrared and gamma - ray telescopes . It is operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics , Bangalore . It is currently the third ( see List of highest astronomical observatories ) highest optical telescope in the world , situated at an elevation of 4,500 meters ( 14,764 ft ) . Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Observation 4 Facilities 4.1 Himalayan Chandra Telescope 4.2 High Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope 4.3 Center for Research and Education in Science and Technology 5 Upcoming facilities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Location ( edit ) The Indian Astronomical Observatory stands on Mt . Saraswati , Digpa - ratsa Ri , Hanle in south - eastern Ladakh in the eastern Jammu and Kashmir state of India . Accessing the observatory , located near the Chinese border , requires a ten - hour drive from Leh , the district capital of Ladakh . History ( edit ) In the late 1980s a committee chaired by Prof. B.V. Sreekantan recommended that a national large optical telescope be taken up as a priority project . The search for the site of the observatory was taken up in 1992 under the leadership of Prof. Arvind Bhatnagar . The scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics found the site at Hanle . The first light was seen by the Observatory 2 - metre telescope on the midnight hour between 26 September and 27 September 2000 . The satellite link between the Centre for Research and Education in Science and Technology ( CREST ) , Bangalore and Hanle was inaugurated by the then Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Dr. Farooq Abdullah on 2 June 2001 . The Observatory was dedicated to the nation on 29 August 2001 . Observation ( edit ) The Hanle site is deemed to be excellent for visible , infrared and submillimeter observations throughout the year . Specifically the observation conditions yield about 255 spectroscopic nights per year , approximately 190 photometric nights per year and an annual rain plus snow precipitation of less than 10 cm . In addition , there are low ambient temperatures , low humidity , low concentration of atmospheric aerosols , low atmospheric water vapour , dark nights and low pollution . Facilities ( edit ) The Observatory has two active telescopes . These are the 2.01 meter optical - infrared Himalayan Chandra Telescope ( HCT ) and a High Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope ( HAGAR ) . The HCT is remotely operated from Bangalore from the Centre for Research and Education in Science and Technology ( CREST ) using a dedicated satellite link . Himalayan Chandra telescope ( edit ) The Himalayan Chandra Telescope is a 2.01 meters ( 6.5 feet ) diameter optical - infrared telescope named after India - born Nobel laureate Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar . It contains a modified Ritchey - Chretien system with a primary mirror made of ULE ceramic which is designed to withstand low temperatures it experiences . The telescope was manufactured by Electo - Optical System Technologies Inc. at Tucson , Arizona , USA . The telescope is mounted with 3 science instruments called Himalaya Faint Object Spectrograph ( HFOSC ) , the near - IR imager and the optical CCD imager . The telescope is remotely operated via an INSAT - 3B satellite link which allows operation even in sub-zero temperatures in winter . High Energy Gamma Ray Telescope ( HAGAR ) , Hanle High Altitude gamma ray telescope ( edit ) The High Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope ( HAGAR ) is an atmospheric Cerenkov experiment with 7 telescopes setup in 2008 . Each telescope has 7 mirrors with a total area of 4.4 square meters . The telescopes are deployed on the periphery of a circle of radius 50 meters with one telescope at the center . Each telescope has alt - azimuth mounting . Center for Research and Education in Science and Technology ( edit ) The Center for Research and Education in Science and Technology ( CREST ) is situated 35 km to the northeast of Bangalore near Hoskote town . The Center houses the control room for the remote operations of the 2m Himalayan Chandra Telescope ( HCT ) at the Indian Astronomical Observatory , Hanle , and the HCT data archive . The operations are controlled using a remote satellite link . Upcoming facilities ( edit ) The Indian Institute of Astrophysics is collaborating with the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences of Washington University in St. Louis , US to operate two 0.5 meters Cassegrain telescopes to monitor active galactic nuclei . One of the observatories is to be established in Hanle . The facilities 180 degrees apart in longitude are together to be called the Antipodal Transient Observatory ( ATO ) . A Himalayan Gamma Ray Observatory ( HiGRO ) is being set up at Hanle in collaboration with Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai . This is currently in the advanced stage of commissioning and is expected to be functional by 2018 . Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope ( MACE ) was expected to be set up here by December 2012 . The Experiment expects to have a 21 - meter collector which can collect gamma rays from space . The effort to establish the facility is led by Bhaba Atomic Research Center in collaboration with Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Indian Institute of Astrophysics , Bangalore and Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata . The facility is estimated to cost Rs. 400 million . Once completed it will be the only such facility in the eastern hemisphere . As of June 2014 the telescope has been fabricated by the Electronics Corporation of India and is being installed at the IAO . Once installed , this Telescope will be the second largest gamma ray telescope in the world and the world 's largest telescope at the highest altitude . See also ( edit ) List of highest astronomical observatories Jantar Mantar , Jaipur References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : News , Dec 25 , 2000 , Vol. 79 No. 12 Current Science , Indian Academy of Sciences ^ Jump up to : Pallava Bagla ( 7 January 2002 ) `` India Unveils World 's Highest Observatory '' , National Geographic News , Retrieved 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Rajan , Mohan Sundara . `` Telescopes in India '' . National Book Trust , India , 2009 , p. 132 Jump up ^ About IAO , IAO website . http://www.iiap.res.in/iao_about accessed on 20 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ravi Sharma ( Volume 18 - Issue 20 , 29 Sep - 12 Oct 2001 ) , `` A stellar acquisition '' Archived 7 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine. , Frontline ; Retrieved on 25 January 2011 Jump up ^ IAO Telescope http://www.iiap.res.in/iao_telescope Accessed on 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Staff Reporter ( 13 December 2009 ) `` Plan to establish Indian Neutrino observatory '' , The Hindu , Retrieved on 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Hagar Telescope http://www.iiap.res.in/iao_hagar Accessed on 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ CREST http://www.iiap.res.in/centers/crest Accessed on 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Antipodal Transient Observatory . http://www.iiap.res.in/iao_ato Accessed on 20 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sunderarajan , P ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Gamma ray telescope getting ready at Hanle '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MACE-telescope-ready-to-be-shifted-to-Hanle-Ladakh-from-Hyderabad/articleshow/37126715.cms External links ( edit ) Official Website - Indian Astronomical Observatory 2 - m Himalayan Chandra Telescope with the 50 - cm Antipodal Transient Observatory in the background Bangalore scientists , techies to help build largest telescopes Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human spaceflight programme Orbital Vehicle Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Astronomical_Observatory&oldid=841559691 '' Categories : Astronomical observatories in India Space programme of India Indian Institute of Astrophysics Buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir Leh district Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 15 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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-9086619123676232242	Descendants of the Sun	Descendants of the Sun - wikipedia Descendants of the Sun For Disney movie , see Descendants ( 2015 film ) and Descendants 2 . The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Descendants of the Sun Promotional poster Original title 태양 의 후예 Genre Romance Melodrama Action Created by KBS Drama Production ( KBS 드라마 제작국 ) Written by Kim Eun - sook Kim Won - seok Directed by Lee Eung - bok Baek Sang - hoon Creative director ( s ) Yoo Young - eun Kim Hyung - joon Starring Song Joong - ki Song Hye - kyo Jin Goo Kim Ji - won Composer ( s ) Gaemi Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 + 3 special episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Bae Kyung - soo Producer ( s ) Ham Young - hoon Yoo Jong - seon Park Woo - ram Production location ( s ) South Korea Greece Cinematography Kim Si - hyeong Uhm Jun - seong Editor ( s ) Choi Jung - won Kim Young - joo Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) KBS Next Entertainment World Barunson Inc . Descendants of the Sun SPC Distributor KBS Budget ₩ 13 billion Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release February 24 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) -- April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) External links Website Descendants of the Sun ( Hangul : 태양 의 후예 ; RR : Taeyang - ui Huye ) is a 2016 South Korean television series starring Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , and Kim Ji - won . It aired on KBS2 from February 24 to April 14 , 2016 for 16 episodes . KBS then aired three additional special episodes from April 20 to April 22 , 2016 containing highlights and the best scenes from the series , the drama 's production process , behind - the - scenes footage , commentaries from cast members and the final epilogue . The series was a major hit in South Korea where it drew a peak audience share of 38.8 % , and gained popularity across Asia . It received several awards , such as winning the Grand Prize in television at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards ; and was named the Most Popular Show of the year by Korea Broadcasting Advertising Corporation . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Alpha Team Members 2.2. 2 Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team 2.2. 3 People at Haesung Hospital 2.2. 4 Tae Baek Army 2.2. 5 Uruk area 2.3 Special appearances 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Legal 4 Original soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Economic effect 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Criticism 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 8.1 Asia 8.2 Others 9 Adaptation and sequel 9.1 Adaptation 9.2 Sequel 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Yoo Si - jin ( Song Joong - ki ) is the captain of a South Korean Special Forces unit . He and his friend Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( Jin Goo ) are off - duty when they witness a young man , Kim Gi - bum ( Kim Min - seok ) , stealing a motorcycle and apprehend him . The thief is injured during his capture and therefore sent to the hospital . Dae - young realizes his cell phone was stolen by the thief and goes to the hospital along with Si - jin to retrieve his cellphone . In the emergency room , Si - jin meets Dr. Kang Mo - yeon ( Song Hye - kyo ) for the first time , and is instantly attracted to her . Mo - yeon mistakenly assumes Si - jin is part of the thief 's criminal gang , due to his nickname `` Big Boss '' , which is actually his call sign . He proves his identity with the help of army surgeon Yoon Myung - ju ( Kim Ji - won ) . Si - jin and Mo - yeon begin to date , but due to Si - jin 's special forces secret jobs , their dates are often interrupted halfway . Si - jin receives his orders to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission in the country of Uruk ( present day : Iraq ) . Meanwhile , Mo - yeon is upset because she had been passed over for professorship in favor of a colleague who had familial connections to the hospital management . When Si - jin returns and meets Mo - yeon again , they talk about their views on life and realize how different they are . Si - jin , as a soldier , kills to protect lives while Mo - yeon , as a doctor , honors the Hippocratic Oath and tries to save lives . Due to this difference in viewpoints on life , they agree to part ways . Dae - young , on the other hand , faces a dilemma on whether to continue his relationship with Myung - ju or risk being forced out of the army by Myung - ju 's father for breaking fraternization rules , who is the commander of special force . Eight months later , Mo - yeon rebuffs the advances of the hospital director and , as a result , is assigned to lead a voluntary medical team to Uruk . There , Si - jin and Mo - yeon reunite . Through their encounters in Uruk , an earthquake and an epidemic , their love for each other grows stronger . Mo - yeon gains an insight into Si - jin 's job and is forced to confront the stark reality that she may never have full disclosure of his whereabouts due to the highly classified nature of his work and the possibility of him being killed in action . While in Uruk , Mo - yeon accidentally confesses her feelings ( much to the amusement of their respective teams ) and the two officially start dating . Si - jin and Mo - yeon continue their relationship after returning to Korea , until Si - jin and Dae - young are sent on a classified operation in which they disappear and are assumed to be dead . Months passes , and Mo - yeon mourns Si - Jin 's death , deciding to commemorate his passing with a volunteer trip to Albania . This is where Si - jin eventually finds her on the day of their one - year death anniversary , after he and Dae - young are rescued from captivity by `` a friend from afar '' , a soldier from North Korea whom Si - jin had helped earlier . Si - jin and Mo - yeon along with Myung - ju and Dae - young are all happily reunited with each other . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Song Joong - ki as Captain Yoo Si - jin ( a.k.a. Big Boss ) The Captain and team leader of Alpha Team , a fictional elite special forces team of the 707th Special Mission Battalion in South Korea . He followed in the footsteps of his father , a retired Sergeant Major , into the military and graduated from the Korea Military Academy at the top of his class . Si - jin cares little for the politics of war and believes in protecting and defending those who need help , his country and his men 's honor , even if it means having to question his superiors ' orders . His light - hearted approach to life and witty sense of humor made him popular with his team but Mo - yeon quickly realizes that it was his way of deflecting her questions about his job and coping with the pain of losing comrades . At the end of the series , he was promoted to Major . Song Hye Kyo as Doctor Kang Mo - yeon ( a.k.a. Beauty ) A cardiothoracic surgeon who works at Haesung Hospital . She is an assertive woman who believes that competence overrules connections but is hit by the harsh reality that she still can not go anywhere without any connections . She stands firmly by her principles and does n't fall prey easily to her emotions , though she is not afraid to admit her mistakes . Jin Goo as Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( a.k.a. Wolf ) As the senior non-commissioned officer in Alpha Team , Dae - young is a career military man who sticks to his principles and is extremely loyal to his commanding officer Si - jin and comrades . He is notorious amongst recruits and Academy cadets as a strict instructor . His level head and vast experience often come in handy in times of crisis during deployments . He is often the straight man to the happy - go - lucky Si - jin and possesses a sharp deadpan sense of humor . For much of the series he struggles with expressing his true feelings for Myung - ju . Kim Ji - won as First Lieutenant Yoon Myung - ju An army doctor who is also the daughter of Lieutenant General Yoon , commander of the South Korean Special Forces Brigade . She follows her father 's footsteps and graduates from the Korea Military Academy , where she was a junior of Si - jin , before doing an internship at Haesung Hospital . At her first assignment she meets Dae - young , a non-commissioned soldier . Their relationship was considered a taboo as she was an officer and he was a non-commissioned officer but it did not hinder her from pursuing Dae - young , much to the Lt. Gen 's chagrin . Recurring ( edit ) Alpha Team Members ( edit ) Park Hoon as Staff Sergeant Choi Woo - geun - Bomb Expert ( a.k.a. Snoopy ) Choi Woong as Staff Sergeant Gong Cheol - ho ( a.k.a. Harry Potter ) Ahn Bo - hyun as Sergeant First Class Im Gwang - nam ( a.k.a. Piccolo ) Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team ( edit ) Onew as Lee Chi - hoon ( 1st year resident of Thoracic Surgery a.k.a. Handsome Spaceman ) Lee Seung - joon as Song Sang - hyun ( General Surgeon ) Seo Jeong - yeon as Ha Ja - ae ( ER Senior Nurse ) Park Hwan - hee as Choi Min - ji ( ER Nurse ) People at Haesung Hospital ( edit ) Hyun Jyu - ni as Pyo Ji - soo ( Pathology Specialist ) Tae In - ho as Han Suk - won ( Chairman of Haesung Hospital ) Park Ah - in as Kim Eun - ji ( Thoracic Surgery Specialist ) Jo Woo - ri as Jang Hee - eun ( 1st Year Resident of Anesthesiology ) ( wife of Dr. Lee Chi - hoon ) Tae baek army ( edit ) Kang Shin - il as Lieutenant General Yoon Gil - joon ( a.k.a. Yellow Tiger ) ( Myung - ju 's father ) Kim Byeong - cheol as Lieutenant Colonel ( later promoted to Colonel ) Park Byung - soo Kim Min - seok as Private First Class Kim Gi - bum ( later promoted to Staff Sergeant as seen in ep 16 ) . A pickpocket later enlisted to the army . Uruk area ( edit ) Cho Tae - gwan as Daniel Spencer ( Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team ) Jeon Soo - jin as Ri Ye - hwa ( Peacemaker Emergency Nurse Team ) David Lee McInnis as David Argus ( Gang Boss , former Delta Force Captain ) , the main antagonist . Dean Dawson as the Chief of Police ( Tae Baek Police Chief ) Jo Jae - yoon as Jin Young - soo ( Chief Manager of Uruk Electric Power Corporation ) Lee Yi - kyung as Kang Min - jae Zyon Barreto as Fatima Elena Zhernovaia as Valentine David Pipes as Martin ( World Times Reporter ) Ji Seung - hyun as Senior Lieutenant Ahn Jung - joon , Korean People 's Army . Kwak In - joon as Lee Han - soo ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Joey Albright as US Army Delta Force member Special appearances ( edit ) Lee Kwang - soo as shooting arcade operator ( episode 1 ) Lee Jong - hyuk as Captain Kim Jin - seok ( episode 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 ) Matthew Douma as Jordan , US Army Delta Force Captain ( episode 2 , 10 , 12 ) Jung Ji - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Park Tae - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Ryu Hwa - young as Seo Dae - young 's ex-girlfriend ( episode 4 ) Jun In - taek as Yoo Young - geun ( Yoo Shi Jin 's father ) ( episode 6 , 7 , 15 , 16 ) Park Joon - geum as Lee Chi - hoon 's mother ( episode 7 , 11 ) Yoo Ah - in as bank reception Eom Hong - shik ( episode 13 ) Nam Ki - ae as Kang Mo - yeon 's mother ( episode 13 ) Lee Jae - yong as Lieutenant General Choi Ji - ho , Korean People 's Army Red Velvet as themselves ( episode 16 ) Production ( edit ) Descendants of the Sun was fully pre-produced before airing which is a departure from the live - shoot production format that characterizes most Korean dramas . The drama is Song Joong - ki 's comeback project after serving his two years of mandatory military service . The production cost 13 billion won ( approximately $10.8 million ) to produce . Initially , there were doubts about the profitability of the drama , as a story involving a soldier may not be enough to garner a very high successive rate . This is revealed when SBS were reluctant to continue with the project . It was then passed to KBS . According to local reports by Newsis , lead actor Song Joong - ki was not the first choice of writers and directors for the hit South Korean series , as he was deemed too slender for the role of a heroic special forces officer . Song was later cast as the producers decided to change the character of the role . The 6 June episode of tvN 's The List 2016 revealed the names of four actors who rejected the role before Joong - ki was chosen . As per the show , the A-listers who passed the role includes Won Bin , Jo In - sung , Gong Yoo , Hyun Bin and Kim Woo - bin . Reportedly , the actors were skeptical on sporting the army style short hair . It is also said that the artists expressed slight discomfort on portraying a role of a soldier and could not commit with the pre-production format of the show . On June 12 , 2015 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul . On September 28 , 2015 , the entire cast and crew ( including the four leads , Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , Kim Ji - won , as well as supporting actors Kang Shin - il and Onew ) departed for Greece . The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama 's plot . According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs , filming mainly took place in Zakynthos , Arachova , Lemnos , and Navagio . The series ' location was modelled after Iraq , a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula ; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict . On November 25 , 2015 , it was announced that actor Song Joong - ki injured his arm while filming an action scene for the drama on November 23 . On December 7 , 2015 , Song Joong - ki returned to work only 2 weeks after he was injured and spotted filming at a station in Seoul . The MERS - CoV outbreak in South Korea in 2015 also seriously hampered filming schedules . The outbreak claimed the lives of 33 people , according to WHO . The location which served as the Mowuru Company 's base camp was set at the exhausted Taebaek Hanbo Coal Mine while earthquake scenes were mostly filmed at the Samtan Art Mine . Filming also took place at Camp Greaves DMZ Experience Centre , once a US Army base camp during the Korean War . Filming at Haesung Hospital was actually done at the Seoul St Mary 's Hospital . The crew wrapped up the last shoot in the early morning of December 30 , 2015 . The director 's cut , which feature a re-edited version of the last and 16th episode , as well as deleted scenes , a music video and behind - the - scenes footage , was released in the second half of the year . Due to the success of the drama , an OST concert was held at the Grand Peace Palace at Kyung Hee University in Seoul on May 14 , 2016 ; and featured performers of the drama 's soundtrack . On July 5 , 2017 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo announced through their respective agencies that the two are engaged and will get married on the last day of October . Pre-production ( edit ) After the success of Descendants , the industry saw a shift toward pre-production of Korean dramas . This is because pre-production allowed producers to secure investment and distribution in a carefully planned fashion ; and allowed the show to air simultaneously in China , thus bringing greater profits . Kim Won - seok , co-writer of Descendants , said the system helps raise quality of the drama . However , apart from Descendants , none of the other pre-produced dramas thus far such as Moon Lovers : Scarlet Heart Ryeo , Uncontrollably Fond and Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth have been successful . Legal ( edit ) Production company NEW said that there have been hundreds of violations of their publicity rights by businesses , in an attempt to take advantage of the drama 's success . The announcement came about when lead actress Song Hye - kyo sued jewelry firm J. Estina for using her pictures for promotion though the contract ended in January . J. Estina said in a press release that it abided by the contract with production staff of Descendants , which allowed it to use stills from the episodes as one of the main sponsors of the series . However , NEW refuted the claims , saying that the jewelry firm 's arguments lacked legal grounds . Song eventually won the legal battle , and donated the damages received to charity . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of the series topped local music charts . Preorders for the soundtrack album surpassed the 10,000 mark , and eventually sold over 60,000 copies . Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 1 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 25 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 2 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released April 21 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Volume 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Always '' Yoon Mi - rae 3 : 25 2 . `` Everytime '' Chen and Punch 3 : 08 3 . `` This Love '' ( 이 사랑 ) Davichi 3 : 46 4 . `` You Are My Everything '' Gummy 4 : 00 5 . `` Once Again '' ( 다시 너를 ) Kim Na - young feat . Mad Clown 3 : 55 6 . `` Save The Day '' Various Artists 3 : 20 7 . `` Mission Part 1 '' Various Artists 4 : 25 8 . `` Time Is Running Out '' Various Artists 3 : 29 9 . `` Hidden Genius '' Various Artists 4 : 53 10 . `` Endless War '' Various Artists 2 : 48 11 . `` My Everything '' Various Artists 2 : 54 12 . `` Heart Break '' Various Artists 4 : 16 13 . `` Military Dignity '' Various Artists 2 : 08 14 . `` Mission Part 2 '' Various Artists 6 : 14 15 . `` I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 53 16 . `` Aroma '' Various Artists 1 : 56 17 . `` War Of Tomorrow '' Various Artists 3 : 58 18 . `` The Lover '' Various Artists 3 : 25 19 . `` You 're My Everything ( English ver . ) '' Gummy 4 : 00 Volume 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Talk Love '' ( 말해 ! 뭐해 ? ) K. Will 3 : 37 2 . `` With You '' Lyn 4 : 15 3 . `` By My Side '' ( 사랑 하자 ) SG Wannabe 3 : 46 4 . `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( 그대 , 바람 이 되어 ) M.C the MAX 3 : 55 5 . `` How Can I Love You '' XIA ( Junsu ) 4 : 20 6 . `` No More War '' Various Artists 3 : 52 7 . `` Always I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 42 8 . `` Fighter '' Various Artists 2 : 32 9 . `` Mission2 -- Epic Tension '' Various Artists 4 : 45 10 . `` Lonely Road '' Various Artists 4 : 18 11 . `` Vital Fantasy '' Various Artists 3 : 01 12 . `` Love You 2 '' Various Artists 2 : 58 13 . `` Do n't Forget Me '' Various Artists 3 : 30 14 . `` Time Is Running Out ( Ver. 2 ) '' Various Artists 3 : 41 15 . `` Attention ( Mission ver . ) '' Various Artists 3 : 25 16 . `` Move Forward '' Various Artists 3 : 41 17 . `` Freedom '' Various Artists 3 : 40 18 . `` Attention O.R.I '' Various Artists 1 : 51 Chart Performance Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks Gaon `` Always '' ( Yoon Mi - rae ) 2016 KOR ( DL ) : 1,454,125 + Part 1 `` Everytime '' ( Chen and Punch ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,241,255 + Part 2 `` This Love '' ( Davichi ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,671,196 + Part 3 `` You Are My Everything '' ( Gummy ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,600,720 + Part 4 `` Once Again '' ( Kim Na - young ft . Mad Clown ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,056,319 + Part 5 `` Talk Love '' ( K. Will ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,347,821 + Part 6 `` With You '' ( Lyn ) 15 KOR ( DL ) : 532,924 + Part 7 `` By My Side '' ( SG Wannabe ) 8 KOR ( DL ) : 864,429 + Part 8 `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( M.C the MAX ) 7 KOR ( DL ) : 588,832 + Part 9 `` How Can I Love You '' ( XIA ( Junsu ) ) KOR ( DL ) : 674,908 + Part 10 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region . Reception ( edit ) Descendants received immense popularity both locally , with a peaking rating of 40 % , making it the first weeknight series to do so in the country since Moon Embracing the Sun in 2012 ; as well as internationally , where it has been sold to 32 countries and translated into 32 different languages . The success of the drama helped revive the Hallyu wave that was in decline over recent years , boosting tourism and spreading Korean culture . The series was also watched in North Korea , one of the most secluded countries in the world . The drama 's success factors were attributed to its elaborate screenplay , beautiful love story and the co-production between South Korea and China . The Korea Times said , `` At a time when Korean melodramas are said to have been losing steam , ' Descendants of the Sun ' brought fantasy together with a number of different genres to create a high quality production . '' and `` the drama appeals to viewers ' desires for justice in a society that appears to lack it . '' The drama also earned plaudits from ( former ) president Park Geun - hye , who praised the drama for instilling `` patriotism '' among young Koreans . She also called Descendants an exemplary case of the positive effects of cultural content on the manufacturing industry . Economic effect ( edit ) The drama 's success helped boost Korea 's economy ; contributing in a rise of tourists , overseas sales of products ( exports ) and creating new jobs . It has also resulted in more investment in Korean entertainment companies by Chinese companies seeking partnerships . Descendants has been reported to have earned 3 billion won from product placement advertisements ( PPL ) and 10 billion won from sales of related sound tracks and video - on - demand service . According to reports , the direct and indirect economic effects of Descendants are estimated to hover above 1 trillion won ( $880 million ) . The `` Two Tone Lip Bar '' lipstick that Song Hye - kyo wore in a scene on the show has broken sales records for Aritaum in South Korea with Laneige subsequently hosting its own Descendants of the Sun makeup event on its homepage . The product became so popular that it sold out four days after its release on the popular Chinese shopping website , 11th Street , owned by its Korean parent - company , SK Planet . The same product also experienced `` double digit growth '' in Singapore . Laneige , Dal. Komm Coffee , KGC Cheong Kwan Jang Korean Red Ginseng , Subway and Hyundai all reported a surge in sales after exposure of their products in the drama . The popularity of the show has also led to KBS launching several merchandise of the drama , such as cookies , memory sticks , emoticons and commemorative medals , which were specially created and sold to fans . Cultural impact ( edit ) Filming locations and sets of the show underwent restoration by the government , due to the demands by both local and foreign tourists . Camp Greaves , the former U.S. military camp near the Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) in Paju , north of Seoul , was turned into a park composed of separate zones focusing on natural scenery , culture and arts , and military experience . The Taebak film site was also re-modeled as a tourist site , where visitors can browse the medical camp and military base wearing costumes with the same design as those worn by the cast . The set in Taebaek was featured on popular variety shows 2 Days & 1 Night and Battle Trip . Navagio , one of the iconic locations where the `` relationship between the lead characters blossom '' , experienced a surge in popularity among Chinese and Korean tourists . The success of the drama has given rise to the popularity of `` soldier talk '' , a style of Korean speaking only used in the military . There is also a spike in the number of young men wanting to join South Korean special forces units for their mandatory military service . After Samgyetang was featured in the drama , it gained wider appeal among the Chinese . Criticism ( edit ) However , there has been controversy surrounding the use of product placement in this drama . Some critics argued that there was excessive product placement in the drama and that the use of product placement undermined the drama 's content and artistry . Kim Si - hyoung , cinematographer of Descendants admitted that product placement was excessive , but argued that they were `` essential , '' as he and other production staff found it hard to secure revenues from TV advertising . The series also drawn criticism for its unconvincing plot and unrealistic storyline . Critics say that the drama ironically reflects what today 's Korean society lacks , such as the cohesive military culture ; and also pointed out deeply embedded sexual discrimination featured in the drama . The drama was also accused of missing a noticeable plot , and kept with the terrestrial tradition of being overly predictable . Ratings ( edit ) In the tables below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Ep . Broadcast date Average audience share TNmS AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul Nationwide Seoul February 24 , 2016 12.6 % ( 7th ) 12.7 % ( 4th ) 14.3 % ( 4th ) 14.4 % ( 4th ) February 25 , 2016 13.5 % ( 6th ) 14.5 % ( 4th ) 15.5 % ( 3rd ) 16.0 % ( 4th ) March 2 , 2016 21.8 % ( 2nd ) 22.7 % ( 1st ) 23.4 % ( 2nd ) 24.6 % ( 2nd ) March 3 , 2016 22.9 % ( 2nd ) 23.5 % ( 2nd ) 24.1 % ( 2nd ) 25.1 % ( 2nd ) 5 March 9 , 2016 24.6 % ( 2nd ) 26.3 % ( 1st ) 27.4 % ( 1st ) 29.2 % ( 1st ) 6 March 10 , 2016 25.4 % ( 2nd ) 27.6 % ( 1st ) 28.5 % ( 1st ) 29.8 % ( 1st ) 7 March 16 , 2016 27.0 % ( 2nd ) 28.9 % ( 1st ) 28.3 % ( 1st ) 30.1 % ( 1st ) 8 March 17 , 2016 25.9 % ( 2nd ) 28.7 % ( 1st ) 28.8 % ( 1st ) 30.5 % ( 1st ) 9 March 23 , 2016 29.7 % ( 1st ) 32.3 % ( 1st ) 30.4 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 10 March 24 , 2016 28.8 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 31.6 % ( 1st ) 33.3 % ( 1st ) 11 March 30 , 2016 29.1 % ( 2nd ) 31.3 % ( 1st ) 31.9 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 12 March 31 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.9 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 34.3 % ( 1st ) 13 April 6 , 2016 30.4 % ( 1st ) 33.7 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 35.0 % ( 1st ) 14 April 7 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 15 April 13 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 34.8 % ( 1st ) 37.5 % ( 1st ) 16 April 14 , 2016 35.3 % ( 1st ) 40.5 % ( 1st ) 38.8 % ( 1st ) 41.6 % ( 1st ) Average 26.3 % 28.5 % 28.6 % 30.1 % Special April 20 , 2016 15.3 % ( 5th ) 16.6 % ( 4th ) 17.7 % ( 4th ) 19.5 % ( 3rd ) April 21 , 2016 12.3 % ( 6th ) 13.9 % ( 5th ) 13.6 % ( 5th ) 14.7 % ( 5th ) April 22 , 2016 10.9 % ( 7th ) 11.8 % ( 6th ) 12.2 % ( 5th ) 13.2 % ( 6th ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Descendants of the Sun International broadcast ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) In China , iQiyi bought the exclusive rights to stream the show for US $250,000 per episode which , in total , is equivalent to about 40 % of the show 's production costs . The show was released simultaneously in South Korea and China , the first Korean drama to do so , and was viewed 2.4 billion times by April 2016 . The success of the drama was credited for driving up the paid membership of iQiyi . Government mouthpiece People 's Daily praised it as `` an excellent advertisement for conscription '' showcasing South Korea 's `` national spirit '' and `` communitarian culture '' . However , its popularity in China caused concern with the country 's Ministry of Public Security , posting a warning on its official Weibo account against the drama warning viewers `` watching Korean dramas could be dangerous , and even lead to legal troubles '' . It was part of a growing concern among Chinese officials at the time who were wary of the growing influence of Korean pop culture on the Chinese populace since the similar success of My Love from the Star which aired in 2014 . In Singapore , the drama was streamed on Viu with English and Chinese subtitles . Each episode was available to stream eight hours after the original South Korean broadcast . During its run it was the most - watched show on Viu in the country and enjoyed ratings as high as 31.8 % . Statistics from March 2016 showed about 60 % of users on Viu had tuned in to watch the drama . In the week following its finale , eight songs from the drama 's soundtrack occupied the top 10 , including the top six positions , of Singapore 's Top 30 Singles chart . In May 2017 , it was aired on Channel U and premiered on May 3 , 2017 . It was dubbed into Mandarin and featured English and Mandarin subtitles . In Malaysia , the drama was streamed on Viu with English , Malay and Chinese subtitles within 24 hours of the original South Korean broadcast . It aired one week later on KBS World through ASTRO channel subscription . It premiered on 8TV on June 9 , 2016 , with Malay subtitles . In Vietnam , the drama premiered on April 21 , 2016 , on HTV2 . The popularity of the show drew 8000 tourists from Vietnam , who signed up for tour packages to visit major sightseeing areas and filming locations of Descendants . Prior to the airing of the show , there was a debate on whether it 's appropriate for Vietnamese to watch it given the alleged atrocities committed by Korean soldiers against civilians during the Vietnam War . In Thailand , the drama premiered on May 7 , 2016 , on Channel 7 . Prior to the screening of the drama in Thailand , Prayut Chan - o - cha , the prime minister of Thailand , called for citizens of Thailand to watch the drama claiming it conveys messages of `` patriotism , sacrifice , obeying orders and being a dutiful citizen '' . The drama 's lead star , Song Joong - ki , was invited to Thailand by Yuthasak Supasorn , governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand . He visited the country to promote the drama as part of his Asia tour . In Japan , the drama premiered on June 21 , 2016 , on the cable channel BS Sky PerfecTV ! . Reports have claimed that the drama was sold for US $100,000 per episode . In Hong Kong , it was streamed on Viu with Traditional Chinese subtitles four hours after the original broadcast and also aired on ViuTV . Song - Song couple attended a promotional event for the premiere . It recorded over 1.2 million views . In the Philippines , the drama premiered on July 25 , 2016 , on GMA Network as part of The Heart of Asia programming block replacing Once Again , dubbed in Filipino . In Indonesia , the drama is available to stream on Viu with Indonesian subtitles . It premiered on RCTI on July 25 , 2016 and re-aired on Global TV on July 24 , 2017 . In Cambodia , the drama premiered on August 5 , 2016 , on Hang Meas HDTV under the title , រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ dubbed in Khmer . In Sri Lanka , the drama is available to stream on Iflix with English subtitles . Google Trends revealed there were more searches for `` Descendants of the Sun '' than `` Donald Trump '' in Sri Lanka which stood in stark contrast to most of the world in the year 2016 . In India , it premiered on February 8 , 2017 dubbed in Hindi and was on Zindagi and was well received by Indian audiences . The Hindi dubbed version of the Series is also available to stream on a VOD platform owned by ZEEL , called ZEE5 . In Pakistan it aired on Filmazia dubbed in Urdu ( coming soon ) Others ( edit ) In Greece , the drama premiered on December 7 , 2016 , on TV100 The Municipal Television of Thessaloniki with Greek subtitles . TV100 is the only TV network in Greece that airs K - Dramas . The drama also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece , where scenes of the drama were shot . In some countries , the drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in many languages created by the volunteer community . Each episode was available to stream a couple hours after the original South Korean broadcast . The drama was also broadcast around the world on KBS World with English subtitles . In particular , it enjoyed popularity in the United States , where the drama was the most - searched on Viki . The drama was put up for streaming worldwide on Netflix . Adaptation and sequel ( edit ) Adaptation ( edit ) A Chinese film adaptation produced by Huace Film & TV and directed by Zhang Yibai is planned . A book based on the script is also planned for release . A Philippine television adaption produced by GMA Entertainment Content Group is planned . Sequel ( edit ) As per KBS 's Head of Drama , Jung Sung - ho , said the sequel is in planning , and filming would likely to take place in Greece . The sequel , this time , will be co-produced by Jidam Inc. , the production company behind the hit and award - winning TV dramas My Daughter , Geum Sa - wol and Jang Bo - ri is Here ! . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' bet pays off for NEW '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` < 태후 빅뱅 > 2 제작비 130 억원 투입 ... '' 볼거리 풍성 `` '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Yonhap News . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - kyo , Song Joong - ki pair up for new drama '' . The Korea Herald . 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actors chosen for ' Sun 's Descendant ' '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki , Song Hye Kyo , Jin Goo and Kim Ji Won Confirm for ′ Descendants of the Sun ′ '' . enewsWorld. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' first K - drama to air simultaneously in Korea , China '' . The Korea Herald . January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS to air ' Descendants of the Sun ' special edition '' . Kpop Herald . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS prepares special programs for ' Descendants of the Sun ' fans '' . Yonhap . March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' ends with record rating '' . The Korea Herald . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' most engrossing show of 2016 '' . Kpop Herald . December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki toes line between pretty , masculine in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Sarah ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Song Hye - kyo talks her next role as military doctor with Elle '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jin Goo gets boost with ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Ji - won Gains Leverage from Hit TV Soap '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHINee Onew dons doctor gown for his new role '' . Kpop Herald . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Woo - ri joins the cast of ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Supporting actor for ' Descendants of the Sun ' says he ' could have been better ' '' . Yonhap. April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Template : Instagram : www.instagram.com/vse krugom / Jump up ^ Choi , He - suk ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki recruits Lee Kwang - soo for new drama '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Produce 101 '' Trainee Jun Somi 's Father Cameos in `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoo Ah - in gets ' Descendants of the Sun ' role '' . The Korea Times . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun outpaces My Love from the Star '' . Yonhap . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki to Return to Acting After Military Discharge '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ orionight . `` The Staggering Production Cost of `` Descendants of the Sun '' Revealed `` . Soompi . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Reason SBS Missed Out on `` Descendants of the Sun '' and `` Signal '' `` . Soompi . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki initially not cast as Yoo Shi - jin '' . Kpop Herald . April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director says Song not first choice in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SBS Star ) Five Actors Who Turned Down the Role of Captain Yoo Si Jin '' . SBS News . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun : See who were the 4 actors who rejected Song Joong Ki 's role '' . International Business Times . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo revealed to have started filming Descendants of the Sun '' . Allkpop . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sung , So - young ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki is filming in Greece '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun Starts Filming in Greece With Month - Long Schedule '' . Soompi . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo in Greece for drama shoot '' . K - pop Herald . September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun filming in Greece '' . Hancinema . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uruk , backdrop of ' Descendants of the Sun , ' inspired by Iraq '' . Kpop Herald . March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki hurt while filming drama '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki 's Agency Updates Fans on His Injury '' . Soompi . November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki returns to Descendants of the Sun despite injury '' . DramaFever . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS - CoV ) -- Republic of Korea '' . World Health Organization . July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Discover Filming Sites from `` Descendants of the Sun ! '' `` . Visit Korea . October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo Wrap Up Filming for `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' director 's cut to be released '' . Kpop Herald . May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' concert lineup revealed '' . Kpop Herald . April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DOTS ' OST concert partly revealed '' . Kpop Herald . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star couple Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to wed on Oct. 31 '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to Wed in October '' . The Chosun Ilbo . July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun ' transforms TV production in S. Korea '' . Yonhap. April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dramas get lift from pre-production '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Descendants ' spur film - style TV drama production ? '' . The Korea Herald . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-production of ' Descendants of the Sun ' raised drama 's quality : writer '' . Yonhap. April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Dramas Adopt Pre-Produced Format to Mixed Results '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of businesses violate ' Descendants of the Sun ' publicity rights : producers '' . Yonhap. April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - kyo sues J. Estina for misappropriation '' . Yonhap. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J. Estina ups ante against Song Hye - kyo , NEW jumps into fray '' . Kpop Herald . April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye Kyo Donates Money Won From Legal Case To Charity '' . Korea Portal . December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack rule music charts '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preorders surge for ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . The Korea Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original soundtrack of ' Descendants of the Sun ' sells 60,000 copies '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXO 's Chen , Punch sing in ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendant of the Sun ' OST defeats ' Call You Bae ' by Jimin , Xiumin '' . Kpop Herald . March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gummy 's ' Descendants of the Sun ' OST sweeps local chart '' . Kpop Herald . March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lyn to sing ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Junsu tops charts with song in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Always '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 9 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Everytime '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 22 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` This Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 4 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` You Are My Everything '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 6 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Once Again '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 31 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Talk Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 14 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` With You '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 68 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 286 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 393 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Be My Side '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 53 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 65 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 161 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 246 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` How Can I Love You '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 95 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' sets viewership record of 40.4 % '' . The Korea Times . April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Descendants of the Sun : the Korean military romance sweeping Asia '' . BBC News . March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Park , Hyun - Taek ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ( 이슈 is ) ' 태후 ' , 세계 가 본다 ... 판권 또 수출 ' 국민 국제 드라마 ' '' ( Descendants of the Sun has been exported 32 countries . ) . Joins ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' available in 32 languages '' . The Korea Times . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' sets new standards for K - dramas in 2016 '' . The Korea Times . December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Even N. Korea watches ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Story , co-production behind success of ' Descendants of the Sun ' in China '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New hallyu dawns on ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park says ' Descendants of the Sun ' will help attract foreign tourists '' . Yonhap . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park : ' Descendants of the Sun ' exemplary case of cultural enhancement '' . The Korea Herald . April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega-hit Korean drama creates huge economic effect '' . The Korea Herald . May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drama Series Gives Boost to Korean Economy '' . Epoch Times . April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' secures 12.2 bln won worth of ad deals '' . The Korea Herald . April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - Kyo Makeup Beauty : Descendants of the Sun Kang Mo Yeon Laneige Two Tone Lipstick '' . SweetNara. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 영남 일보 . `` ' 태양 의 후예 ' 중국 대륙 삼키다 , 송중기 황 치열 특집 기사 봇물 ' 송혜교 상품'은 동 났다 '' . 영남 일보 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Singapore fans think of Descendants Of The Sun 's finale '' . The Straits Times . April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun shines bright for brands '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' buoys Korean economy '' . The Korea Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS makes ' Descendants of the Sun ' cookies '' . The Korea Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stars get role on memory sticks '' . The Korea Times . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emoticons of ' Descendants of the Sun ' characters released '' . The Korea Times . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song - Song couple medals to go on sale '' . Kpop Herald . December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't to turn ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming sites into tourist destinations '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming set to be rebuilt '' . The Korea Herald . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' to be turned into park '' . Yonhap. April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit drama gets its own park , too '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' opens as tourist attraction '' . The Korea Times . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' 2 Days & 1 Night '' Airs `` Descendants Of The Sun '' Themed Episode `` . Soompi . September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trip 215 : Drama Road '' . 2 Days & 1 Night . Season 3 . September 18 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . Battle Trip . Season 1 . April 16 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to this country to stand where Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo stood in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Allkpop. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` You 'd be surprised by how many real locations made up Descendants of the Sun 's fictional country of Uruk '' . DramaFever. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Drama Hit Creates New Travel Boom '' . The Korea Bizwire. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How to speak like the Korean soldiers in Descendants of the Sun '' . DramaFever. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popularity of hallyu drama spurs rush to become special forces NCO '' . The Korea Herald . May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean chicken soup set to make inroads into China '' . The Korea Herald . July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Drama to Boost Exports of Korean Chicken - Ginseng Soup to China '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 유통 업계 ' 태양 의 후예 ' PPL 광고 효과 ↑ , ' 사고 싶지 말입니다 ' '' . Asia Today ( in Korean ) . April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of PPL ' '' . The Korea Times . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 한국 경제 TV . `` 태양 의 후예 PPL `` 시청자 우롱 하나 '' ... 높은 시청률 로 돈벌기 ? -- 한국 경제 TV `` . www.wowtv.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' cinematographer admits product placement excessive '' . Kpop Herald . April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' marred by unrealistic storyline , PPL '' . The Korea Times . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' : more fantasy than reality '' . The Korea Herald . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` While triumphant , ' Descendants of the Sun ' leaves mixed legacy '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' special tops ratings '' . Kpop Herald . April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama ' Descendants Of The Sun ' Breaks Records Thanks To Chinese Investments '' . Forbes . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese love for Descendants of the Sun hits 2.4 billion views in latest episode '' . AsiaOne . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' spurs jump in iQiyi subscribers '' . The Korea Heral . July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fever over S. Korea 's hit TV drama gets attention of China 's military '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' a real threat to Chinese couples '' . The Korea Times . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese government warns of dangers of Korean dramas as Descendants Of The Sun hits 440m views in China '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ GWENDOLYN NG . `` Descendants Of The Sun : Hot , hot , hot '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Viu Singapore -- # DescendantsOfTheSun hits a new tv rating '' . VIU Singapore Facebook . Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Ng ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Descendants Of The Sun star Song Joong Ki : `` It feels natural for me to be in a soldier 's uniform '' `` . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Music Weekly AsiaTop 30 Singles Chart Singapore -- Music Weekly Asia '' . Music Weekly Asia . April 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama Series Online TV Viu Launches In Singapore '' . Vulcan Post . Jump up ^ Mediacorp Channel U Jump up ^ `` Viu Malaysia -- If you have n't yet , today 's the perfect day ... '' VIU Malaysia Facebook . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Tonton . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HTV2 -- Trailer Hậu Duệ Mặt Trời '' . YouTube ( in Vietnamese ) . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Korean drama draws travelers from Vietnam '' . Kpop Herald . November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stirs debate over Korean atrocities in Vietnam '' . The Asia Times . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese journalist blasts ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` คอนเฟิร์ม ! ไทย ได้ ลิขสิทธิ์ Descendants of the Sun เตรียม ออกอากาศ ช่อง 7 เร็ว ๆ นี้ ! '' . Sanook ( in Thai ) . Jump up ^ `` Thai PM calls on people to watch ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki gets invitation to visit Thailand '' . The Korea Times . March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki enjoys unrivaled popularity in Thailand '' . Yonhap . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BS スカパー ! スカパー ! の '' おまけ `` チャンネル BS スカパー ! ( BS241 ) '' . SPTV.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to premiere in Japan '' . Yonhap . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' holds promotion in Hong Kong '' . Yonhap. April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viu app nets 1.2 m downloads in Hong Kong '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to air in Hong Kong '' . Kpop Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The highest - rating Korean Drama of 2016 , # DescendantsOfTheSun , malapit nang mapanuod sa GMA ! '' . GMA Network 's Twitter ( in Filipino ) . Jump up ^ `` Viu Indonesia -- Tonton tayangan Korea favorit kamu dengan ... '' Viu Indonesian Facebook ( in Indonesian ) . May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia '' . Rcti.tv ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hang Meas HDTV . `` រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ '' Trailer `` . YouTube ( in Cambodia ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/iflix.SriLanka/videos/vb.558646250965150/878467638983008/?type=2&theater Jump up ^ https://www.techinasia.com/google-asia-search-trends-2016 Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun -- Coming Soon '' . Zindagi ( in Hindi ) . Zee Entertainment Enterprises . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Δημοτική Εταιρεία Πληροφόρησης , Θεάματος και Επικοινωνίας '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ `` Latest drama hit creates new travel boom '' . The Korea Times . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : `` Descendants of the Sun '' Press Conference `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` KBSWORLD - Weekly Schedule '' . KBS World . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' going viral in North America '' . Kpop Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans to expand presence in Korea '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Fergus ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hit Korean TV Drama ' Descendants ' to be Remade as Chinese Film '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to meet fans as movie , book '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MUST - READ : Ang mga bigating teleseryeng dapat abangan sa 2018 '' . GMANetwork.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KBS plans ' Descendants of the Sun ' sequel '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ' 왔다 장 보리 ' 제작사 손 잡았다 ... '' 제 2 의 ' 태후 ' 제작 '' ( NEW , `` Jang Bo - ri '' producer Jidam start collaboration , plan to produce `` Descendants 2 '' ) `` . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Descendants of the Sun . Official website ( in Korean ) Descendants of the Sun at KBS World Descendants of the Sun at HanCinema Descendants of the Sun at IMDb KBS 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Papa 2000 -- 2004 Empress Myeongseong April Kiss Full House Emperor of the Sea 2005 -- 2009 Resurrection My Rosy Life Golden Apple Goodbye Solo Great Inheritance Hwang Jini Dal - ja 's Spring The Devil Capital Scandal Hong Gil - dong One Mom and Three Dads Women of the Sun The Kingdom of the Winds The Accidental Couple My Fair Lady Iris 2010 -- 2014 The Slave Hunters Cinderella 's Stepsister Bread , Love and Dreams The Fugitive : Plan B The President The Thorn Birds Romance Town The Princess ' Man Glory Jane Wild Romance Man from the Equator Bridal Mask The Innocent Man Jeon Woo - chi Iris II : New Generation The Fugitive of Joseon The Blade and Petal Secret Love Bel Ami Inspiring Generation Golden Cross Gunman in Joseon Blade Man The King 's Face 2015 -- 2018 Unkind Ladies The Man in the Mask Assembly The Merchant : Gaekju 2015 Descendants of the Sun The Master of Revenge Uncontrollably Fond On the Way to the Airport My Fair Lady Naked Fireman Good Manager Queen of Mystery Queen for Seven Days Manhole Mad Dog Black Knight : The Man Who Guards Me Queen of Mystery 2 Suits Your House Helper The Ghost Detective Happy If You Died Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook South of the Sun ( 2003 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2004 ) Lovers in Prague ( 2005 ) Fly High ( 2006 ) Lovers ( 2006 ) On Air ( 2008 ) The City Hall ( 2009 ) Secret Garden ( 2010 ) A Gentleman 's Dignity ( 2012 ) The Heirs ( 2013 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ( 2016 ) Mr. Sunshine ( 2018 ) Baeksang Arts Award Grand Prize -- Television 1970s - ( 1974 ) - ( 1975 ) - ( 1976 ) - ( 1977 ) - ( 1978 ) Kim Hye - ja , Jung Hye - sun and Kim Young - ok ( I Sell Happiness ) ( 1979 ) 1980s Kim Min - ja ( A Lonely Affair ) ( 1980 ) Ulhwa ( 1981 ) A Life - sized Buddha ( 1982 ) Winds of Change ( 1983 ) The Five Indian Kingdoms ( 1984 ) Korea 's Butterflies ( 1985 ) Shin Bong - seung ( 500 Years of Joseon Dynasty ) ( 1986 ) The Boil ( 1987 ) Love and Ambition ( 1988 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Winter Mist and Sand Castle ) ( 1989 ) 1990s Peace , the Arduous Way to Go and Tree Blooming with Love ( 1990 ) The Second Republic ( 1991 ) Eyes of Dawn ( 1992 ) Go Doo - shim ( My Husband 's Woman ) and Kim Hee - ae ( Sons and Daughters ) ( 1993 ) Park Chul ( My Mother 's Sea ) ( 1994 ) Sandglass ( 1995 ) Korea 's Reptiles ( 1996 ) The Most Beautiful Goodbye ( 1997 ) Lee Jang - soo ( Offspring ) ( 1998 ) Jang Soo - bong ( When Time Flows ) ( 1999 ) 2000s Kuk - hee ( 2000 ) Kim Soo - hyun ( The Aspen Tree ) ( 2001 ) Taejo Wang Geon ( 2002 ) All In ( 2003 ) Kim Hee - ae ( Perfect Love ) ( 2004 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2005 ) My Lovely Sam Soon ( 2006 ) Jumong ( 2007 ) Kang Ho - dong ( 2 Days & 1 Night ) ( 2008 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Mom 's Dead Upset ) ( 2009 ) 2010s Go Hyun - jung ( Queen Seondeok ) ( 2010 ) Hyun Bin ( Secret Garden ) ( 2011 ) Deep Rooted Tree ( 2012 ) Yoo Jae - suk ( Infinite Challenge , Running Man and Happy Together ) ( 2013 ) Jun Ji - hyun ( My Love from the Star ) ( 2014 ) Na Young - seok ( Grandpas Over Flowers and Three Meals a Day ) ( 2015 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Kim Eun - sook ( Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ) ( 2017 ) Stranger ( 2018 ) awarded to theatrical play or film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descendants_of_the_Sun&oldid=866102130 '' Categories : Grand Prize Paeksang Arts Award ( television ) winners Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2016 South Korean television series debuts 2016 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Military television series Screenplays by Kim Eun - 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-6022132901500276481	Epistle to the Galatians	Epistle to the Galatians - wikipedia Epistle to the Galatians Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle to the Galatians , often shortened to Galatians , is the ninth book of the New Testament . It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia . Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia , or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia . Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Mosaic Law during the Apostolic Age . Paul argues that the Gentile Galatians do not need to adhere to the tenets of the Mosaic Law , particularly circumcision , by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ . Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity , the development of Christian theology , and the study of the apostle Paul . Contents 1 Composition 1.1 Authenticity 1.2 Galatia 1.2. 1 North Galatian view 1.2. 2 South Galatian view 1.2. 3 Earliest epistle 2 Outline 3 Contents 4 Significance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) No original of the letter is known to survive . The earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today , named P , dates to approximately the year 200 AD , approximately 150 years after the original was presumably drafted . This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas , causing some of the original text carefully preserved over the years to be missing , `` however , through careful research relating to paper construction , handwriting development , and the established principles of textual criticism , scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said . '' Some scholars date the original composition to c. 50 -- 60 AD . Other scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s . Authenticity ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline Epistles Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul 's writing . The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes , which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus . George S. Duncan described the authenticity of Paul as its author as `` unquestioned ... In every line it betrays its origin as a genuine letter of Paul . '' Moreover , Paul 's possible description of the Council of Jerusalem ( Gal. 2 : 1 -- 10 ) gives a different point of view from the description in Acts 15 : 2 -- 29 , if it is , in fact , describing the Jerusalem Council . The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity , which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history , when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish proselytes , which historians refer to as the Jewish Christians . Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large . This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself . Nevertheless , a small number of scholars have questioned Paul 's authorship of Galatians , such as Bruno Bauer , Abraham Loman , C.H. Weisse and Frank R. McGuire . Galatia ( edit ) Paul 's letter is addressed `` to the churches of Galatia '' ( Galatians 1 : 2 ) , but the location of these churches is a matter of debate . A minority of scholars have argued that the `` Galatia '' is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor , but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor , which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul 's day . Acts of the Apostles records Paul traveling to the `` region of Galatia and Phrygia '' , which lies immediately west of Galatia . Some claim the New Testament says that the churches of Galatia ( Antioch of Pisidia , Iconium , Lystra and Derbe ) were founded by Paul himself ( Acts 16 : 6 ; Galatians. 1 : 8 ; 4 : 13 ; 4 : 19 ) . They seem to have been composed mainly of converts from paganism ( Galatians 4 : 8 ) . After Paul 's departure , the churches were led astray from Paul 's trust / faith - centered teachings by individuals proposing `` another gospel '' ( which centered on salvation through the Mosaic law , so - called legalism ) , whom Paul saw as preaching a `` different gospel '' from what Paul had taught ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 9 ) . The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers , and the epistle is Paul 's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching . The identity of these `` opponents '' is disputed . However , the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians , who taught that in order for converts to belong to the People of God , they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law , ( i.e. Judaizers ) . The letter indicates controversy concerning circumcision , Sabbath observance , and the Mosaic Covenant . It would appear , from Paul 's response , that they cited the example of Abraham , who was circumcised as a mark of receiving the covenant blessings ( Genesis 17 ) . They certainly appear to have questioned Paul 's authority as an apostle , perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the Jerusalem church governed by James ( brother of Jesus ) . North Galatian view ( edit ) The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul 's second visit to Galatia ( Acts 18 : 23 ) . In this view , the visit to Jerusalem , mentioned in Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 , is identical with that of Acts 15 , which is spoken of as a thing of the past . Consequently , the epistle seems to have been written after the Council of Jerusalem . The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time , during Paul 's stay in Macedonia in roughly 56 -- 57 . This third date takes the word `` quickly '' in Gal. 1 : 6 literally . John P. Meier suggests that Galatians was `` written in the middle or late 50s , only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates '' . Eminent Biblical scholar Helmut Koester also subscribes to the `` North Galatian Hypothesis '' . Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra , Pessinus , and Gordium ( of the Gordian Knot fame of Alexander the Great ) . South Galatian view ( edit ) The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council , probably on his way to it , and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance , since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian , or during his first missionary journey , when he traveled throughout southern Galatia . If it was written to the believers in South Galatia , it would likely have been written in 49 . Earliest epistle ( edit ) A third theory is that Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 describes Paul and Barnabas ' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11 : 30 and 12 : 25 . This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened , possibly making it the earliest of Paul 's epistles . According to this theory , the revelation mentioned ( Gal 2 : 2 ) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus ( Acts 11 : 27 -- 28 ) . This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit , but fits perfectly with Acts 11 . It further holds that continuing to remember the poor ( Gal. 2 : 10 ) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit , but not Acts 15 . In addition , the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist , since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians . Finally , this view doubts Paul 's confrontation of Peter ( Gal. 2 : 11 ) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15 . If this view is correct , the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47 , depending on other difficult to date events , such as Paul 's conversion . Kirsopp Lake found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council ( Acts 15 ) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11 : 30 / 12 : 25 , as this view holds . Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than once . Renowned New Testament scholar J.B. Lightfoot also objected to this view since it `` clearly implies that his ( Paul 's ) Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference . '' Defenders of this view , such as Ronald Fung , disagree with both parts of Lightfoot 's statement , insisting a ) Paul received his `` Apostolic Office '' at his conversion ( Gal. 1 : 15 -- 17 ; Ac. 9 ) . Fung holds , then , that Paul 's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus ( Acts 9 : 20 ) . While accepting that Paul 's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Gal. 2 / Acts 11 : 30 , Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory . Outline ( edit ) Valentin de Boulogne 's depiction of `` Saint Paul Writing His Epistles '' , 16th century ( Blaffer Foundation Collection , Houston , Texas ) . Lightfoot notes with respect to verse 6 : 11 that at this point `` the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand '' . The citation here is based on the content of the gospel . Alternative outlines have been introduced based on the rhetorical form of the letter . Galatians Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) No other gospel : Paul expresses displeasure that the community has turned from the gospel ( 1 : 6 -- 10 ) The past of Paul , including his life in Judaism ( 1 : 13 -- 14 ) , his `` apocalypse '' from God , often understood as the Conversion of Paul ( 1 : 15 -- 16 ) , and his early ministry ( 1 : 17 -- 24 ) a meeting with the `` pillar apostles '' in Jerusalem , possibly the Council of Jerusalem reported in Acts 15 ( 2 : 1 -- 10 ) The Paul / Cephas Incident at Antioch , where Cephas backed down from his previous table fellowship with Gentiles ( 2 : 11 -- 14 ) Paul 's speech expressing that Jews , like Gentiles , are declared righteous by faith ( 2 : 15 -- 21 ) A Consideration of Law or Faith ( 3 : 1 -- 14 ) Law and Promise ( 3 : 15 -- 20 ) Slaves and Sons ( 3 : 21 -- 4 : 7 ) Sons of God ( 3 : 26 ) Concern for the Galatians ( 4 : 8 -- 20 ) Allegorical Interpretation of Hagar and Sarah ( 4 : 21 -- 5 : 1 ) Christian Freedom ( 5 : 1 -- 15 ) Love thy neighbour ( 5 : 14 ) Works of the Flesh ( 5 : 19 -- 21 ) Fruit of the Spirit ( 5 : 22 -- 23 ) The Law of Christ ( 6 : 1 -- 10 ) Final Warning and Benediction ( 6 : 11 -- 18 ) Contents ( edit ) See also : Biblical law in Christianity This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community . After an introductory address ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 10 ) , the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle . In the first two chapters , Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry , including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem . This is the most extended discussion of Paul 's past that we find in the Pauline letters ( cf . Philippians 3 : 1 -- 7 ) . Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul 's defense of his apostolic authority ( 1 : 11 -- 19 ; 2 : 1 -- 14 ) . Others , however , see Paul 's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians ' own situation . Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus . Paul engages in an exegetical argument , drawing upon the figure of Abraham and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision . Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure , one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham , Christ , has come . Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction , followed by 5 : 1 -- 6 : 10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom . In the conclusion of the epistle , Paul wrote , `` See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand . '' ( Galatians 6 : 11 , ESV ) Regarding this conclusion , Lightfoot , in his Commentary on the epistle , says : `` At this point the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand . From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his hand - writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . '' Alternatively , some commentators have postulated that Paul 's thorn in the flesh was poor eyesight , which caused him to write in characteristically large letters . Galatians also contains a catalogue of vices and virtues , a popular formulation of ancient Christian ethics . Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle , by Paul , is in chapter 3 , verse 28 : `` There is neither Jew nor Gentile , neither slave nor free , nor is there male and female , for you are all one in Christ Jesus . '' The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought are ( 1 ) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God , it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth ; and ( 2 ) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also very much about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now . Position ( 1 ) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification : our relationship with God . Position ( 2 ) reminds its critics that the `` whole letter context '' is very much about how people got on in the here and now together , and in fact the discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently ( 2 : 11ff ) . Significance ( edit ) As Canadian religious historian Barrie Wilson points out in How Jesus Became Christian , Paul 's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law ( Torah ) . In so doing Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu . Paul 's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of James , brother of Jesus , whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah . Many scholars question whether Paul 's view dovetails with Jesus ' own teachings concerning the Law . See also ( edit ) Paul the Apostle and Judaism Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Betz , H.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Galatians , Epistle to the '' . Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary . Jump up ^ Riches , John ( 2008 ) . Galatians Through the Centuries . West Sussex , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart ( 2005 ) Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why , Harper SanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. , A Textual Commentary on the New Testament , 2nd ed. , United Bible Societies , 1994 . 1 -- 16 . ISBN 3 - 438 - 06010 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Writings '' . Jump up ^ M. Coogan , ed . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( Oxford University Press : New York , 2001 ) , 309 NT . Jump up ^ Duncan , George S. ( 1934 ) . The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians . London : Hodder and Stoughton . pp. xviii . ^ Jump up to : Holladay , Carl R. ( 2005 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press . pp. 463 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Richard ( 1990 ) . Galatians . Zondervan . p. lviii . Jump up ^ Acts 16 : 6 and Acts 18 : 23 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 , Acts 20 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. and Meier , John P. Antioch & Rome : New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity ( Paulist Press : New York , 1983 ) 113 . Jump up ^ Koester , Helmut , Introduction to the New Testament , Volume 2 ( Walter de Gruyter & Co. : Berlin , 2000 ) 114 . ( Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 30 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 . Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 16 -- 22 . See also New Testament Study Helps : Galatians Theology WebSite Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 . Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 . Jump up ^ Kirsopp Lake , The Beginnings of Christianity , vol 5 . ed F.J. Foakes - Jackson and K. Lake ( London : 1920 -- 33 ) , 201 . Jump up ^ I.H. Marshall , The Acts of the Apostles ( Tyndale New Testament Commentaries ; Grand Rapids , 1980 ) , 205 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 Jump up ^ Lightfoot continues , `` From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2 Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2 Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . '' Joseph Barber Lightfoot , Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians . Jump up ^ Betz , H.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Paul '' . Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holladay , Carl R. ( 2005 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press . pp. 466 -- 67 . Jump up ^ John M.G. Barclay , `` Paul 's Story : Theology as Testimony , '' in Narrative Dynamics in Paul ( Louisville London : Westminster John Knox , 2002 ) , 133 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot , J.B. 1865 . St. Paul 's Epistle to the Galatians . Cambridge : Macmillan . pp. 211 -- 12 Jump up ^ Galatians , Tyndale New Testament Commentary , revised edition , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Pate , C. Marvin ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . The Reverse of the Curse : Paul , Wisdom , and the Law . Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 9783161472862 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher , `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women , or of limited application ? '' Expository Times . ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77 . March 2012 . Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher , `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women , or Asof limited application ? '' Expository Times . ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77 . March 2012 . Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Barrie Wilson . How Jesus Became Christian . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2008 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Galatians , Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Galatians Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Galatians Online translations of the Epistle to Galatians : Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Galatians -- King James Bible Online Bible at GospelHall.org Galatians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles : A Brief Introduction to Galatians Galatians , Paul , The Torah - Law & Legalism John Chrysostom 's Commentary on Galatians An alternative commentary on Galatians A Secular Site on Galatians Jewish messianic Commentary on Galatians ( Jerusalem ) Epistle to the Galatians Pauline Epistle Preceded by Second Corinthians New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Ephesians Epistle to the Galatians Bible Galatians 1 5 6 Bible portal Places Antioch Arabia Cilicia Damascus Galatia Jerusalem Judea Syria Persons Abraham Barnabas Hagar Isaac James Jesus Christ John Paul Peter / Cephas Sarah Titus Phrases Fruit of the Holy Spirit Incident at Antioch Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 13 ) Epistle to the Ephesians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4075945 - 3 VIAF : 177784291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=852493386 '' Categories : Epistle to the Galatians Canonical epistles New Testament books Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 10 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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1913675243443642662	Prehistoric Italy	Prehistoric Italy - wikipedia Prehistoric Italy Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Neolithic Italy be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2017 . Part of a series on the History of Italy Ancient ( show ) Prehistoric Italy Etruscan civilization ( 12th -- 6th c. BC ) Magna Graecia ( 8th -- 7th c. BC ) Ancient Rome ( Roman Italy ) ( 753 BC -- 476 AD ) Medieval ( show ) Italy in the Middle Ages Kingdom Odoacer 's Ostrogothic Vandal Lombard Byzantine reconquest of Italy ( 6th -- 8th c . ) Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE Islam and Normans in southern Italy Maritime Republics and Italian city - states Guelphs and Ghibellines Early modern ( show ) Italian Renaissance ( 14th -- 16th c . ) Italian Wars ( 1494 -- 1559 ) Foreign domination ( 1559 -- 1814 ) Italian unification ( 1815 -- 1861 ) Modern ( show ) Monarchy ( 1861 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Fascism and Colonial Empire ( 1918 -- 1945 ) Italy in World War II ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Social Republic ( 1943ndash ; 1945 ) Republic ( 1945 -- present ) Years of Lead ( 1970s -- 1980s ) By topic ( show ) List of historic states Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Genetic Military Music Postage Railway Timeline Italy portal The prehistory of Italy began in the Paleolithic , when the Homo species colonized for the first time the Italian territory and ends in the Iron Age , when the first written records appeared in the peninsula and in the islands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Paleolithic 2 Neolithic 3 Copper Age 4 Bronze Age 4.1 Polada culture 4.2 Nuragic civilization 4.3 Sicily 4.4 Palma Campania culture 4.5 Apennine culture 4.6 Terramare 4.7 Castellieri 4.8 Canegrate culture 4.9 Proto - Villanovan culture 4.10 Luco - Meluno culture 5 Iron Age 5.1 Villanova culture 5.2 Latial culture 5.3 Este culture 5.4 Golasecca culture 5.5 Fritzens - Sanzeno culture 5.6 The Camuni 6 Pre-Roman period 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 External links Paleolithic ( edit ) Venere di Savignano . In prehistoric times , the Italian peninsula was rather different from how it is now . During glaciations , for example , the sea level was lower and the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland . The Adriatic Sea began at what is now the Gargano Peninsula , and what is now its surface up to Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate . The presence of Homo neanderthalensis has been demonstrated in archaeological findings dating to c. 50,000 years ago ( late Pleistocene ) . There are some twenty such sites , the most important being that of the Grotta Guattari at San Felice Circeo , on the Tyrrhenian Sea south of Rome . Other are the grotta di Fumane ( province of Verona ) and the Breuil grotto , also in San Felice . The first Cro Magnon inhabitants of Italy moved across the peninsula , establishing themselves in small settlements far from each one , most on high areas . In November 2011 tests conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in England on what were previously thought to be Neanderthal baby teeth , which had been unearthed in 1964 from the Grotta del Cavallo , dated teeth from between 43,000 and 45,000 years ago . In 2011 it has been discovered the most ancient Sardinian complete human skeleton ( called Amsicora ) at Pistoccu , in Marina di Arbus ; scientists date it to 8500 years ago ( the transition period between the Mesolithic and Neolithic ) . Neolithic ( edit ) Further information : Neolithic Europe and Neolithic Italy Cardium Pottery is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis , a marine mollusk . The alternative name Impressed Ware is given by some archaeologists to define this culture , because impressions can be with sharp objects other than Cardium shell , such as a nail or comb . Circular graves of Li Muri at Arzachena , one of the oldest megalithic sites in Italy . Monte Bubbonia dolmen in Sicily Impressed Ware is found in the zone `` covering Italy to the Ligurian coast '' as distinct from the more western Cardial beginning in Provence , France and extending to western Portugal . This pottery style gives its name to the main culture of the Mediterranean Neolithic , which eventually extended from the Adriatic sea to the Atlantic coasts of Portugal and south to Morocco . Since the Late - Neolithic , Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Tuscany and Sardinia in particular were involved in the pan-Western European Megalithic phenomenon . Later , in the Bronze Age , megalithic structures were built also in Latium , Puglia and Sicily . This latter region , around the end of the third millennium B.C. imported from Sardinia typical cultural aspects of Atlantic world , including the Culture of small dolmen - shaped structures that reached all over the Mediterranean basin . Copper Age ( edit ) Gaudo culture pottery Further information : Chalcolithic Europe and Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe The Remedello , Rinaldone and Gaudo cultures are late Neolithic cultures of Italy , traces of which are primarily found in the present - day regions of Lombardy , Tuscany , Latium and Campania . They are sometimes described as Eneolithic cultures , due to their use of primitive copper tools . Other importants eneolithic cultures of the peninsula and the islands , often related to those previously mentioned , are the Laterza culture in Apulia and Basilicata , the Abealzu - Filigosa culture in Sardinia , the Conelle - Ortucchio culture in Abruzzo and Marche , the Serraferlicchio culture in Sicily , and the Spilamberto group in Emilia - Romagna . The earliest Statue menhirs , frequently depicting weapons , were erected by the populations of northern Italy and Sardinia during this period . This sculptural tradition of possible steppe origin ( Yamna culture ) , lasted in some regions well into the Bronze Age and even into the Iron Age . The Beaker culture marks the transition between the Eneolitichic and the early Bronze Age . Early Bronze Age daggers from Italy Bronze Age ( edit ) Further information : Bronze Age Europe Polada culture ( edit ) Main article : Polada culture Polada culture ceramic The Polada Culture ( a location near Brescia ) was a cultural horizon extended from eastern Lombardy and Veneto to Emilia and Romagna , formed in the first half of 2nd millennium BC perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany . The settlements were usually made up of stilt houses ; the economy was characterized by agricultural and pastoral activities , hunting and fishing were also practiced as well as the metallurgy of copper and bronze ( axes , daggers , pins etc . ) . Pottery was coarse and blackish . It was followed in the Middle Bronze Age by the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements . Nuragic civilization ( edit ) A Sardinian bronze statuette , perhaps portraying a tribal chief . Cagliari , Museo Archeologico Nazionale . Main articles : Nuragic civilization and Torrean civilization Located in Sardinia ( with ramifications in southern Corsica ) , the Nuragic civilization , who lasted from the early Bronze Age ( 18th century B.C. ) to the second century A.D. when the island was already Romanized , evolved during the Bonnanaro period from the preexisting megalithic cultures that built dolmens , menhirs , more than 2,400 Domus de Janas and also the imponent altar of Monte d'Accoddi . It takes its name from the characteristic Nuraghe . The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best - preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe . Their effective use is still debated ; while most scholars considered them as fortresses , others see them as temples . Nuraghe village of Su Nuraxi A warrior and mariner people , the ancient Sardinians held flourishing trades with the other Mediterranean peoples . This is shown by numerous remains contained in the nuraghe , such as amber coming from the Baltic Sea , small bronze figures portraying African beasts , Oxhide ingots and weapons from Eastern Mediterranean , Mycenaean ceramics . It has been hypothesized that the ancient Sardinians , or part of them , could be identified with the Sherden , one of the so - called People of the Sea who attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of eastern Mediterranean . Other original elements of the Sardinian civilization include the temples known as `` Holy wells '' , dedicated to the cult of the holy waters , the Giants ' graves , the Megaron temples , several structures for juridical and leisure functions and numerous bronze statuettes , which were discovered even in Etruscan tombs , suggesting a strong relationships between the two peoples . Another important element of this civilization are the Giants of Mont'e Prama , perhaps the oldest anthropomorphic statues of the western Mediterranean sea . Sicily ( edit ) Main articles : Castelluccio culture and Thapsos culture Thapsos culture pottery Among the most important cultural expressions born in Sicily during the Bronze Age the cultures of Castelluccio ( Ancient Bronze Age ) and of Thapsos ( Middle Bronze Age ) are worth noting . Both originated in the southeastern part of the island . In these cultures , in particular in the Castelluccio phase , there are obvious influences from the Aegean Sea , where the Helladic civilization was flourishing . Village of Capo Graziano , Filicudi Belonging to a western ( Iberian - Sardinian ) type is the Bell Beaker culture known from sites on the northwestern and southwestern coasts of Sicily , previously occupied by the Conca d'Oro culture , while in the late Bronze Age there are signs in northeastern Sicily of cultural osmosis with the people of the peninsula that led to the appearance of Proto - Villanovan culture at Milazzo , perhaps linked to the arrival of Sicels . The nearby Aeolian Islands hosted the flourishing of the Capo Graziano and Milazzo cultures in the Bronze Age , and subsequently that of Ausonio ( divided into two phases , I and II ) . Palma Campania culture ( edit ) Palma Campania culture takes shape at the end of the third millennium BC and is representative of the Early Bronze Age of Campania . It owes its name to the locality of Palma Campania where the first findings were made . Many villages of this culture were buried under volcanic ash after an eruption of the Mount Vesuvius that took place in the 2000 BC or shortly later . Apennine culture ( edit ) Main article : Apennine culture The Apennine culture is a cultural complex of central and southern Italy that , in its broadest sense ( including the preceding Protoapennine B and following Subapennine facies ) , spans the Bronze Age . In the narrower sense more commonly used today , it refers only to the later phase of the Middle Bronze Age in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE . The people of the Apennine culture were , at least in part , cattle herdsmen grazing their ungulates over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy , including on the Capitoline Hill at Rome , as shown by the presence of their pottery in the earliest layers of occupation . The primary picture is of a population that lived in small hamlets located in defensible places . There is evidence that herdsmen , when traveling between summer pastures , built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters . However , their range was not confined to the hills , nor was their culture confined to herding cattle , as shown by sites like Coppa Nevigata , a well - defended and somewhat sizeable coastal site where a variety of subsistence strategies were practiced alongside advanced industries such as dye production . Terramare ( edit ) Terramare houses Main article : Terramare The Terramare was a Middle and Recent Bronze Age culture , between the 16th and the 12th centuries B.C. , in the area of what is now Pianura Padana ( specially along the Panaro river , between Modena and Bologna ) . Their total population probably reached an impressive peak of more than 120,000 individuals near the beginning of the Recent Bronze Age . In the early period they lived in villages with an average population of about 130 people living in wooden stilt houses : they had a square shape , built on land but generally near a stream , with roads that crossed each other at right angles . Over the lifetime of the Terramare culture , these settlements developed into stratified zones with larger settlements of up to 15 - 20Ha ( approximately 1500 - 2000 people ) surrounded by smaller villages . Especially in the later period , the proportion of settlements that were fortified approaches 100 % . It has been suggested that the Terramare of Emilia acted as stores and starting points for trades of the Baltic amber and the tin from Erzgebirge through the Val Camonica and the Po River , towards the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and Greece . Around the 12th century BC the Terramare system collapsed , the settlements were abandoned and the populations moved southward , where they mingled with the Apennine peoples . The influence of this population abandoning the Po valley and moving south may have formed the basis of the Tyrrhenian culture , ultimately leading to the historic Etruscans , based on a surprising level of correspondence between archeological evidence and early legends recorded by the Greeks . Castellieri ( edit ) Castelliere of Monkodonja , Croatia Main article : Castellieri culture The Castellieri civilization developed in Istria during the Mid-Bronze Age , and later expanded into Friuli , the modern Venezia Giulia , Dalmatia and the neighbouring areas . It lasted for more than a millennium , from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC . It takes its name from the fortified boroughs ( Castellieri , Friulian cjastelir ) which characterized the culture . The ethnicity of the Castellieri civilization is uncertain , although it was most likely of Pre-Indoeuropean stock , coming from the sea . The first castellieri were indeed built along the Istrian coasts and present the same Megalithic appearance characterizing in the Mycenaean civilization at the time . Hypotheses about an Illyrian origin of the people are not confirmed . The Castellieri were fortified boroughs , usually located on hills or mountains or , more rarely ( such as in Friuli ) , in plains . They were constituted by one or more concentric series of walls , of rounded or elliptical shape in Istria and Venezia Giulia , or quadrangular in Friuli , within which was the inhabited area . Some hundred castellieri have been discovered in Istria , Friuli , and Venezia Giulia , such as that of Leme , in west - central Istria , of Elerji , near Muggia , of Monte Giove near Prosecco ( Trieste ) and San Polo , not far from Monfalcone . However , the largest castelliere was perhaps that of Nesactium , in southern Istria , not far from Pula . Canegrate culture ( edit ) Canegrate culture ceramic finds Main article : Canegrate culture The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age ( 13th century BC ) till the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana , in what is now western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont and Ticino . It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where , in the 20th century , some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found . It represents the first migratory wave of the proto - Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that , through the Alpine passes , had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ) . They brought a new funerary practice -- cremation -- which supplanted inhumation . Canegrate terracotta is very similar to that known from the same period north to the Alps ( Provence , Savoy , Isère , Valais , the area of Rhine - Switzerland - eastern France ) . The members of the culture have been described as a warrior population who had descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino . Proto - Villanovan cinerary urn from Allumiere Proto - Villanovan culture ( edit ) Main article : Proto - Villanovan culture It was a culture of the end of the Bronze Age ( 12th - 10th century BC ) , widespread in much of the Italian peninsula and north - eastern Sicily ( including the Aeolian Islands ) , characterized by the funeral ritual of incineration . The ashes of the deceased were placed into biconical urns decorated with geometric patterns . Their settlements were often located on the top of the hills and protected by stone walls . Luco - Meluno culture ( edit ) Main article : Luco - Meluno culture The Luco - Meluno culture originated in the transition period between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and occupied Trentino and part of South Tyrol . It was succeeded , in the Iron Age , from the Fritzens - Sanzeno culture . Iron Age ( edit ) Further information : Iron Age Europe Villanovan Tomb from the 9th century BC . Museo Guarnacci , Volterra . Villanova culture ( edit ) Main article : Villanova culture The name of this Iron Age civilization derives from a locality in the frazione Castenaso of Bologna , in Emilia , where a necropolis was discovered by Giovanni Gozzadini in 1853 - 1856 . It succeeded the Proto - Villanovan culture during the Iron Age in the territory of Tuscany and northern Lazio and spread in parts of Romagna , Campania and Fermo in the Marche The main characteristic of the Villanovans ( with some similarities with the so - called protovillanovian epoch of the late Bronze Age ) were the incinerated sepultures , in which the dead 's ashes were housed in double - cone shaped urns and buried . The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture ( c. 1300 -- 750 BC ) , and Hallstatt culture ( which succeeded the Urnfield culture ) . The Villanovan were initially devoted to agriculture and breeding , with a simplified social order . Later , specialized craftsmanship activities such as metallurgy and ceramics created an accumulation of richness , which caused the appearance of social stratification . Latial culture ( edit ) Main article : Latial culture Este culture ( edit ) Main article : Este culture Golasecca culture ( edit ) Pottery of the Golasecca culture . Main article : Golasecca culture The Golasecca culture developed starting from the early Iron Age in the northwestern Po plain . It takes its name from Golasecca , a locality next to the Ticino where , in the early 19th century , abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings ( some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects ) . Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of c. 20,000 square kilometers south to the Alps , between the Po , Sesia and Serio rivers , dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC . Their origins can be directly traced from that of Canegrate and to the so - called Proto - Golasecca culture ( 12th - 10th centuries BC ) . The Golasecca culture traded with the Etruscans and the Halstatt culture on the north , later reaching the Greek world ( oil , wine , bronze objects , ceramics and others ) and northern Europe ( tin and amber from the Baltic coast ) . In a Golasecca culture tomb in Pombia has been found the oldest known remain of common hop beer in the world . Rock drawings in Val Camonica . Fritzens - Sanzeno culture ( edit ) Main article : Fritzens - Sanzeno culture The Camuni ( edit ) The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin ( according to Pliny the Elder , they were Euganei ; according to Strabo , they were Rhaetians ) who lived in Val Camonica -- in what is now northern Lombardy -- during the Iron Age , although human groups of hunters , shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic . They reached the height of their power during the Iron Age due to the presence of numerous iron mills in Val Camonica . Their historical importance is , however , mostly due to their legacy of carved rocks , c. 300,000 in number , which date from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages . Pre-Roman period ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Italic peoples , Etruscan civilization , Magna Graecia , Roman kingdom , and Italic peoples Etruscan fresco from Tarquinia Among the populations of pre-Roman Italy , the most notable were the Etruscans who , starting from the 8th century BC , created a refined civilization which largely influenced Rome and the Latin world . The origins of this non-Indo - European people , which first settled on the Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy and later expanded to northern Italy ( Emilia in particular ) and Campania , are uncertain . Other peoples living in northern Italy include the Ligurians ( an Indo - European people who lived in what is now Liguria , southern Piedmont and the southern French coast ) , the Lepontii , Insubres , Orobii and other Celtic tribes in Piedmont and Lombardy , the Veneti of north - eastern Italy . In the peninsula , alongside the Etruscans , lived numerous tribes , mostly of Indo - European origin : the Umbri in Umbria and northern Abruzzo , the Latins , who created the Roman civilization , Sabellians , Falisci , Volsci and Aequi in the Latium ; Piceni in the Marche and north - east Abruzzo ; Samnites in southern Abruzzo , Molise and Campania ; Daunians , Messapii and Peucetii ( forming the Apulian or Iapygian confederation ) in Apulia ; Lucani and Bruttii in the southern tips of the peninsula . In Sicily lived the Sicels , Elymians and Sicani while Sardinia was still inhabited by the Nuragic peoples . Later , other peoples settled in the Italian territory , cohabiting with the previous inhabitants : new tribes of Celts in the north ( Senones , Boii , Lingones etc . ) , the Greeks and the Phoenicians in the south and in part of Sicily and Sardinia . See also ( edit ) Ancient peoples of Italy Italic languages Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 2 Nov 2011 ) . `` Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Found Amsicora : the oldest Sardinian Jump up ^ `` Impressed Ware Culture '' . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Antonio Gilman , Neolithic of Northwest Africa , Antiquity , vol 48 , no . 192 ( 1974 ) , pp 273 - 282 . Jump up ^ Artepreistorica.com - MEGALITISMO DOLMENICO DEL SUD - EST ITALIA NELL _́ ETA _́ DEL BRONZO ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Salvatore Piccolo ( 2013 ) , Ancient Stones : The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Abingdon / GB , Brazen Head Publishing , ISBN 978 - 09 - 56510 - 62 - 4 . Jump up ^ Francesco Fedele - La società dell'età del Rame nell'area alpina e prealpina ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Museo delle Statue Stele Lunigianesi - Le statue stele in Italia e in Europa ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Enciclopedia dell'arte antica , Polada - P. Palmieri ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006 , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Piccolo , Salvatore ( 2018 ) . Bronze Age Sicily . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ treccani.it - Siculi Jump up ^ Sicilia - Enciclopedia italiana ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Facies culturale di Palma Campania ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Andrea Cardarelli - The collapse of the Terramare culture and growth of new economic and social system during the late Bronze Age in Italy Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Venceslas Kruta : La grande storia dei celti . La nascita , l'affermazione e la decadenza , Newton & Compton , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 8289 - 851 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 8289 - 851 - 9 Jump up ^ Di Maio , 1998 . Jump up ^ Treccani , Protovillanoviano Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006 , p. 64 . Sources ( edit ) Anati , Emmanuel ( 1964 ) . La civiltà di Val Camonica . Milan : Il Saggiatore . Gianna G. Buti e Giacomo Devoto , Preistoria e storia delle regioni d'Italia , Sansoni Università , 1974 Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri , L'Italia nell'età del bronzo e del ferro : dalle palafitte a Romolo ( 2200 - 700 a.C. ) . with CD - ROM . Rome : Carocci. 2010 . ISBN 9788843052073 . Renato Peroni , L'Italia alle soglie della storia , Editori Laterza , 2004 ISBN 9788842072409 Delia Guasco , Popoli italici . L'Italia prima di Roma , Giunti Editore , 2006 ISBN 9788809040625 External links ( edit ) Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri - Protostoria , Enciclopedia Italiana - VI Appendice ( 2000 ) ( in Italian ) ( hide ) Italy articles History Chronology Prehistory Italic peoples Ancient Italian peoples Pre-Nuragic Sardinia Nuragic peoples Etruscan Civilization Nuragic Civilization Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies Magna Graecia Ancient Rome Kingdom Republic Empire Middle Ages Italy under Odoacer Ostrogoths Byzantine Italy Lombards Regnum Italiae Sardinian Judgedoms Arabs Normans Guelphs and Ghibellines Italian city - states Maritime republics Renaissance Italian Wars Early Modern period Unification Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 Sicilian revolution of 1848 First War of Independence Crimean War Second War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third War of Independence Capture of Rome Monarchy and the World Wars Kingdom of Italy Colonial Empire World War I Fascist Italy World War II Resistance Civil War Republic Economic Boom Years of Lead Years of Mud Mani pulite By topic Citizenship Currency Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Military Music Postal Railways Geography Peninsula Northern Northwest Northeast Central Southern South Insular Climate Fauna Flora Mountains Prealps Alps Apennines Volcanology Volcanoes Beaches Canals Caves Earthquakes Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Politics Constitution Elections Referendums Foreign relations Missions Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Chamber of Deputies Senate Political parties President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Regions Provinces Metropolitan cities Comune Municipalities Cities Economy Economic history Milan Naples Rome Turin Regions by GDP Automotive industry Banking Central Bank Companies Energy Government debt Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Internet Tourism Trade unions Transportation Welfare Society Abortion Adoption Billionaires Capital punishment Corruption Crime Demographics Education Secondary Higher Universities Emigration Fathers ' rights movement Feminism Gambling Health Healthcare Immigration LGBT rights Nobility Prostitution Racism Religion Smoking Social class Terrorism Women Culture Duecento Trecento Quattrocento Cinquecento Seicento Settecento Architecture Art Castles Cinema Cuisine Beer Wine Decorations Design Fashion Festivals Folklore Italian language Regional Italian Italian literature Italophilia Italophobia Languages Media Newspapers Radio TV Monuments Music Classical Folk Opera Popular Mythology National symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Regions National monument Personification People Philosophy Public holidays Festa della Repubblica Sculpture Sport Traditions World Heritage Sites Italy portal Commons News Quotes Travel WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Italy&oldid=825127224 '' Categories : Prehistoric Italy Prehistoric Europe National prehistories Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Articles to be merged from February 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Македонски Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 17 : 23 . 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6938010073502677601	New York accent	New York accent - wikipedia New York accent This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . The sound system of New York City English is popularly known as a New York accent . The New York metropolitan accent is one of the most recognizable accents of the United States , largely due to its popular stereotypes and portrayal in radio , film , and television . The accent is largely confined to white lower - and middle - class residents of New York City proper , western Long Island , and northeastern New Jersey , directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan , though some of its features have diffused to many other areas ; for example , one native working - class accent of New Orleans , Louisiana , locally known as Yat , is strikingly similar to the New York accent . The New York accent is not spoken in the rest of New York State , whose regional accents instead fall under the Hudson Valley and Inland North dialects . The traditional New York accent is predominantly characterized by the following sounds and speech patterns : Contents ( hide ) 1 Vowels 2 Consonants 3 Variability 3.1 Social and geographic variation 3.2 Ethnic variation 4 References 5 Bibliography Vowels ( edit ) Cot -- caught distinction : The / ɔ / vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , and coffee and the often homophonous / ɔːr / in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American , varying on a scale from ( ɔ ) to ( ʊ ) , while typically accompanied by an inglide that produces variants like ( oə ) or ( ʊə ) . These sounds are kept strongly distinct from the / ɑː / in words like father , palm , wash , and bra ; therefore , cot is something like ( khɑ̈t ) and caught is something like ( khoət ) . Father -- bother variability : Linguistically conservative speakers retain three separate low back vowels : LOT ( ɒ ( ə ) ) , PALM ( ɑ ) , and THOUGHT ( oə ) , thus with words like father and bother not rhyming , as they do for most other Americans . Among such conservative speakers , descendants of Middle English short o with final voiced consonants , / dʒ / , or / m / ( e.g. , cob , cod , cog , lodge , bomb ) , and some Middle English short a words , such as wash , take on the rounded LOT sound . However , Labov et al report that which words fall into the LOT class and which words fall into the PALM class may vary from speaker to speaker . Aside from such speakers , however , a majority of New Yorkers certainly have a completed father -- bother merger . Short - a split system : New York City English uses a complicated short - a split system , in which all words with the `` short a '' can be split into two separate classes on the basis of the sound of this vowel ; thus , for example , words like badge , class , lag , mad , and pan are pronounced with an entirely different vowel than words like bat , clap , lack , map , and patch . In the former set of words , historical / æ / is raised and tensed to an ingliding gliding vowel of the type ( ɛə ~ eə ) or even ( ɪə ) . The latter set of words , meanwhile , retains a lax , low - front , typical ( æ ) sound . A strongly related ( but slightly different ) split has occurred in the Philadelphia and Baltimore dialects . Although the lax and the tense reflexes of / æ / are separate phonemes in these dialects , their distribution is largely predictable . Click `` show '' below for specific details of this short - a system . A chart of the New York City short - a split compared to General American / æ / tensing and the Philadelphia and Baltimore short - a split show Environment Example words New York City General American Baltimore & Philadelphia Consonant following / æ / Syllable type / r / open arable , arid , barrel , barren , carry , carrot , charity , clarity , Gary , Harry , Larry , marionette , maritime , marry , marriage , paragon , parent , parish , parody , parrot , etc. ; this feature is determined by the presence or absence of the Mary - marry - merry merger lax ( æ ) tense ( eə ) ~ ( ɛə ) ~ ( æ ) lax ( æ ) / m / , / n / closed Alexander , answer , ant , band , can ( the metal object ) , ca n't , clam , dance , ham , hamburger , hand , handy , man , manly , pants , plan , ranch , sand , slant , tan , understand , etc. ; in Philadelphia , began , ran , and swam alone remain lax tense ( eə ) tense ( eə ) open amity , animal , banana , camera , Canada , ceramic , family ( there is a degree of variance with `` family '' ; both ( eə ) or ( æ ) can be heard , depending on the speaker ) , famine , gamut , hammer , janitor , manager , manner , manic , Montana , panel , panic , planet , profanity , salmon , Spanish , etc. ; in NYC , this group also includes the exceptions am ( the verb ) and can ( the verb ) lax ( æ ) lax ( æ ) / b / , / d / , / dʒ / , / g / , / ʃ / , / ʒ / , and possibly ( although with variance ) / z / and / v / closed add , ash , bad , badge , bag , bash , cab , cash , clad , crag , dad , drab , fad , flag , halve ( varies by speaker ) , glad , grab , jazz ( varies by speaker ) , kashmir , mad , magnet , plaid , rag , sad , sag , smash , tab , tadpole , tag , etc. ; in NYC , this environment has a lot of variance and many exceptions to the rule ; in Philadelphia , bad , mad , and glad alone become tense . Similarly , in New York City , / æ / before / dʒ / is often tense even in open syllables ( magic , imagine , etc . ) tense ( eə ) lax ( æ ) / f / , / s / , / θ / closed after , ask , basket , bath , brass , casket , cast , class , craft , draft , glass , graph , grass , half , laugh , laughter , mask , mast , pass , past , path , plastic , wrath , etc . tense ( eə ) all other instances of / æ / act , agony , allergy , apple , aspirin , athlete , avid , back , bat , brat , cabin , café , cafeteria , cap , cashew , cat , Catholic , chap , clap , classic , diagonal , dragon , fashion , fat , flap , gap , gnat , latch , magazine , mallet , map , mastiff , match , maverick , Max , pack , pal , pallet , passion , passive , rabid , racket , rally , rat , sack , sat , Saturn , savvy , slack , slap , tackle , talent , trap , travel , etc . lax ( æ ) lax ( æ ) Note : The NYC , Philadelphia , and Baltimore dialects ' rule of tensing / æ / in certain closed - syllable environments also applies to words inflectionally derived from those closed - syllable / æ / environments that now have an open - syllable / æ / . For example , in addition to pass being tense ( according to the general rule ) , so are its open - syllable derivatives passing and passer - by , but not passive . A function word constraint also applies in NYC proper , Philadelphia , and Baltimore , where function words and weak words are typically lax . Conservative / oʊ / and / u / : / oʊ / as in goat does not undergo fronting ; instead , it remains ( oʊ ) and may even have a lowered starting point . This groups New York with the `` North '' class of dialects rather than the `` Midland '' , in which / oʊ / is fronted . Relatedly , / u / as in goose is not fronted and remains a back vowel ( uː ) or ( ʊu ) . This lack of fronting of / oʊ / and / u / also distinguishes New York from nearby Philadelphia . Some speakers have a separate phoneme / ɪu / in words such as tune , news , duke ( historically a separate class ) . The phonemic status of this vowel is marginal . For example , Labov ( 1966 ) reports that New Yorkers may contrast ( duː ) do with ( dɪu ) dew though they may also have ( dɪu ) do . Also , Labov et al. report yod - dropping also to have diffused as a characteristic for other speakers of New York English ( in which the vowel in dew is pronounced very far back in the mouth ) . Backed / aɪ / and fronted / aʊ / : The nucleus of the / aɪ / diphthong is traditionally a back and sometimes rounded vowel ( ä ~ ɑ ) or ( ɒ ) ( mean value ( ɑ̟ ) ) ( ride as ( ɹɑɪd ) ) , while the nucleus of the / aʊ / diphthong is a front vowel ( æ ~ a ) ( mean value ( a̟ ) ) ( out as ( æʊt ~ aʊt ) ) . The sociolinguistic evidence suggests that both of these developments are active changes . The fronted nucleus in / aʊ / and the backed nucleus in / aɪ / are more common among younger speakers , women , and the working and lower middle classes . Pure vowels ( Monophthongs ) English diaphoneme New York realization Example words / æ / ( æ ) listen act , pal , trap ( ɛə ~ eə ~ ɪə ) listen ham , pass , yeah / ɑː / ( ɑː ~ a ) listen blah , father / ɒ / bother , lot , wasp ( ɔə ~ oə ~ ʊə ) dog , loss , cloth / ɔː / all , bought , taught , saw / ɛ / ( ɛ ) dress , met , bread / ə / ( ə ~ ɜ ) about , syrup , arena / ɪ / ( ɪ ~ ɪ̈ ) hit , skim , tip ( ɪ ~ ɪ̈ ~ ə ) island , gamut , wasted / iː / ( iː ~ ɪi ) beam , chic , fleet / ʌ / ( ʌ ) bus , flood , what / ʊ / ( ʊ ) book , put , should / uː / ( u ) or ( ʊu ) ~ ( ɤʊ ) ~ ( ɤu ) food , glue , new Diphthongs / aɪ / ( ɑɪ ~ ɒɪ ~ äɪ ) listen ride , shine , try ( äɪ ) listen bright , dice , pike / aʊ / ( a̟ʊ ~ æʊ ) now , ouch , scout / eɪ / ( eɪ ~ ɛɪ ) listen lake , paid , rein / ɔɪ / ( ɔɪ ~ oɪ ) boy , choice , moist / oʊ / ( oʊ ~ ʌʊ ) goat , oh , show R - colored vowels / ɑːr / ( ɒə ) listen ( rhotic : ( ɒɹ ~ ɑɹ ) ; older : ( äə ) ) barn , car , park / ɪər / ( ɪə ~ iə ) listen ( rhotic : ( ɪɹ ~ iɹ ) ) fear , peer , tier / ɛər / ( ɛə ~ eə ) ( rhotic : ( ɛɹ ~ eɹ ) ) bare , bear , there / ɜːr / ( ɚ ~ ɝ ) listen ( older : ( ɜɪ ~ əɪ ) ) burn , first , herd / ər / ( ə ~ ɜ ) ( rhotic : ( ɚ ) ) doctor , martyr , pervade / ɔːr / ( ɔə ~ oɐ ) ( rhotic : ( ɔɹ ~ oɹ ) ) hoarse , horse , poor score , tour , war / ʊər / / jʊər / ( juə ~ juɐ ) ( rhotic : ( juɹ ) ) cure , Europe , pure Pre - / r / distinctions : New York accents lack most of the mergers that occur with vowels before an / r / , which are otherwise common in other varieties of North American English . There is typically a Mary -- marry -- merry three - way distinction , in which the vowels in words like marry ( ˈmæɹi ) , merry ( ˈmɛɹi ) , and Mary ( ˈmeɹi ) ~ ( ˈmɛəɹi ) do not merge . The vowels in furry ( ˈfəɹi ) and hurry ( ˈhʌɹi ) are distinct . Also , words like orange , horrible , Florida and forest are pronounced with / ɒ / or / ɑː / , the same stressed vowel as part , not with the same vowel as port as in much of the rest of the United States . A chart of the pronunciation of stressed / ɒr / and / ɔːr / before a vowel show represented by the diaphoneme / ɒr / represented by the diaphoneme / ɔːr / pronounced ( ɒɹ ) in mainstream England pronounced ( ɔːɹ ) in mainstream England pronounced ( ɒɹ ) in Boston pronounced ( ɔɹ ) in Boston pronounced ( ɔɹ ) in Canada pronounced ( ɒɹ ) in New York City pronounced ( ɔɹ ) in New York City pronounced ( ɑɹ ) in the mainstream United States pronounced ( ɔɹ ) in the mainstream United States these five words only : borrow , morrow , sorry , sorrow , tomorrow corridor , euphoric , foreign , forest , Florida , historic , horrible , majority , minority , moral , orange , Oregon , origin , porridge , priority , quarantine , quarrel , sorority , warranty , warren , warrior ( etc . ) aura , boring , choral , coronation , deplorable , flooring , flora , glory , hoary , memorial , menorah , orientation , Moorish , oral , pouring , scorer , storage , story , Tory , warring ( etc . ) Back vowel chain shift before / r / : / ɔːr / , as in Tory , bore , or shore merges with a tongue movement upward in the mouth to / ʊər / , as in tour , boor , or sure . This is followed by the possibility of / ɑːr / , as in tarry or bar , also moving also upward ( with rounding ) towards / ɒr / ~ / ɔːr / . In non-rhotic New York speech , this means that born can be ( bʊən ) and barn can be ( bɒən ) . However , unlike the firmness of this shift in Philadelphia English , the entire process is still transitioning and variable in New York City English . Coil -- curl merger : One of the stereotypes of New York speech is the use of a front - rising diphthong in words with / ɜːr / ( or the NURSE vowel ) . This stereotype is popularly represented in stock phrases like `` toity - toid '' for thirty - third . The phonetic reality of this variant is actually unrounded ( əɪ ~ ɜɪ ) ; thus , ( ˈt̪əɪɾi ˈt̪əɪd ) . This vowel was also used for the vowel / ɔɪ / . Labov 's data from the mid-1960s indicated this highly stigmatized form was recessive even then . Only two of his 51 speakers under age 20 used the form as compared with those over age 50 of whom 23 out of 30 used the r-less form . Younger New Yorkers ( born since about 1950 ) are consequently likely to use a rhotic ( əɹ ~ ɜɹ ) ( like in General American ) for the diaphoneme / ɜːr / ( as in bird ) , even if they use non-rhotic pronunciations of beard , bared , bard , board , boor , and butter . Labov considers that the phoneme `` lingers on in a modified form '' . In other words , Labov is saying that the / ɜːr / in New York is slightly raised compared to other dialects . Despite the near - extinction of this feature , Newman ( 2014 ) found ( əɪ ~ ɜɪ ) variably in one of his participants born in the late 1980s . Related to the non-rhotic variant , a form of intrusive r was also once reported for CHOICE words so that / ɔɪ / may occur with an r - colored vowel ( e.g. , ( ˈthɜɹlət ) toilet ) , apparently as a result of hypercorrection . Consonants ( edit ) While the following consonantal features are central to the common stereotype of a `` New York accent '' , they are not entirely ubiquitous in New York . By contrast , the vocalic ( vowel ) variations in pronunciation as described above are far more typical of New York area speakers than the consonantal features listed below , which carry a much greater stigma than do the dialect 's vocalic variations : Non-rhoticity ( or r - lessness ) : The traditional metropolitan New York accent is non-rhotic ; in other words , the sound ( ɹ ) does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant . Thus , there is no ( ɹ ) in words like park ( phɒək ) ( with the vowel rounded due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter ( ˈbʌɾə ) , or here ( hɪə ) . However , modern New York City English is variably rhotic for the most part , speakers with noticeable New York City accent also varies between pronounced and silenced ( ɹ ) in similar phonetic environment , even in the same word when repeated . Non-rhotic speakers usually exhibit a linking or intrusive R , similar to other non-rhotic dialect speakers . Laminal alveolar consonants : The alveolar consonants / t / , / d / , / n / , and / l / may be articulated with the tongue blade rather than the tip . Wells ( 1982 ) indicates that this articulation may , in some cases , also involve affrication , producing ( ts ) and ( dz ) . Also / t / and / d / are often pronounced with the tongue touching the teeth rather than the alveolar ridge ( just above the teeth ) , as is typical in most varieties of English . With / t / , glottalization is reported to be more common in New York speech than in other American dialects , appearing , for example , before syllabic / l / ( e.g. , bottle ( ˈbäʔɫ̩ ) ) . The universal usage of `` dark L '' , common throughout the U.S. , is also possible in the New York accent . Newman ( 2014 ) reports / l / even in initial position to be relatively dark for all accents of the city except the accents of Latinos . However , in the mid-twentieth century , both dark and `` not quite so ' dark ' '' variants of / l / are reported . The latter occurs initially or in initial consonant clusters , pronounced with the point or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge , though this variant is not as `` clear '' as in British Received Pronunciation . Also , / l / is reported as commonly becoming postalveolar before / j / , making a word like William for some speakers ( ˈwɪʎjəm ) or even ( ˈwɪjəm ) . Vocalization of / l / : L - vocalization is common in New York though it is perhaps not as pervasive as in some other dialects . Like its fellow liquid / r / , it may be vocalized when it appears finally or before a consonant ( e.g. , ( sɛo ) sell , ( mɪok ) milk ) . Th - stopping : As in many other dialects , the interdental fricatives / θ / and / ð / are often realized as dental or alveolar stop consonants , famously like ( t ) and ( d ) , or affricates ( tθ ) and ( dð ) . Labov ( 1966 ) found this alternation to vary by class with the non-fricative forms appearing more regularly in lower and working class speech . Unlike the reported changes with / r / , the variation with / θ / and / ð / appears to be stable . Historical dialect documents suggest th - stopping probably originated from the influence of immigrant speakers of German , Italian , Irish , and Yiddish to the city starting in the mid-19th century . Reduction of / hj / to / j / : New Yorkers typically do not allow / h / to be followed by / j / ; this gives pronunciations like yuman / ˈjumən / and yooge / judʒ / for human and huge . Variability ( edit ) Social and geographic variation ( edit ) Despite common references to a `` Bronx accent '' or a `` Brooklyn accent , '' no published study has found any feature that varies internally within the dialect due to any sort of geographic differences . Impressions that the dialect varies geographically may be a byproduct of class and / or ethnic variation . However , one study has found that more speakers from Queens born in the 1990s and later are showing a cot -- caught merger than in other boroughs , though this is likely class - based rather than location - based . Increasing levels of the cot -- caught merger among New York natives also appears to be correlated with foreign parentage . Ethnic variation ( edit ) The classic New York dialect is centered on middle - and working - class White Americans , and this ethnic cluster now accounts for less than half of the city 's population , within which there is even some degree of ethnic variation . The variations of New York City English are a result of the waves of immigrants that settled in the city , from the earliest settlement by the Dutch and English , followed in the 1800s by the Irish and western Europeans ( typically of French , German , and Scandinavian descent ) . Over time these collective influences combined to give New York its distinctive accent . Up until the immigration acts of 1920 and 1924 that restricted southern and eastern European immigration , many Eastern European Jewish and Italian immigrants , as well as some later immigrants , arrived and further affected the region 's speech . Sociolinguistic research , which is ongoing , suggests that some differentiation between these last groups ' speech may exist . For example , William Labov found that Jewish - American New Yorkers were more likely than other groups to use the closest variants of / ɔː / ( meaning towards ( ʊə ) ) and perhaps fully released final stops ( for example , pronunciation of sent as ( sɛnt ) rather than the more General American ( sɛnt̚ ) or ( sɛnʔ ) ) , while Italian - American New Yorkers were more likely than other groups to use the closest variants of / æ / ( meaning towards ( ɪə ) ) . Labov also discusses Irish origin features being the most stigmatized . Still , Labov argues that these differences are relatively minor , more of degree than kind . All European American groups share the relevant features . One area that is likely to reveal robust patterns is New York City English among Orthodox Jews , overlapping with Yeshiva English , which can exist outside of the New York metropolitan area as well . Such features include certain Yiddish grammatical contact features , such as topicalizations of direct objects ( e.g. , constructions such as Esther , she saw ! or A dozen knishes , you bought ! ) or the general replacement of / ŋ / with / ŋg / , as stereotyped in the eye - dialect phrase `` Lawn Guyland '' for `` Long Island '' ( ( lɔəŋˈɡɑɪɫɪ̈nd ) rather than General American 's ( ɫɒŋˈäɪɫɪ̈nd ) ) , strongly used among Lubavitcher Jews , but a stereotype for the New York accent in general . There is also substantial use of Yiddish and particularly Hebrew words . Black New Yorkers typically speak African - American Vernacular English ( AAVE ) , though sharing the New York accent 's / ɔː / vowel . Many Latino New Yorkers speak a distinctly local ethnolect , New York Latino English , characterized by a varying mix of New York City English and AAVE features , along with some Spanish contact features . Asian - American New Yorkers are not shown by studies to have any phonetic features that are overwhelmingly distinct , while White New Yorkers alone have been documented as using a phonetic split within / aɪ / as follows : ( äɪ ) before voiceless consonants but ( ɑːɪ ) elsewhere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Welch , Richard F. ( 2009 ) . King of the Bowery : Big Tim Sullivan , Tammany Hall , and New York City from the Gilded Age to the Progressive Era . SUNY Press . p. 196 . Jump up ^ Labov , William . 1966 / 2006 . `` The Social Stratification of English in New York City Archived 2014 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . '' : 2nd Edition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Labov 1966 ^ Jump up to : Gordon ( 2004 ) , p. 286 Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel Ezra ( 2010 ) . `` ( danielezrajohnson.com/johnson_2010.pdf Stability and Change Along a Dialect Boundary : The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England ) '' . American Dialect Society 95 . p. 218 Jump up ^ Wells 1982 : 514 ^ Jump up to : Newman , Michael New York City English Berlin / NY : Mouton DeGruyter ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel Ezra ( 2010 ) . `` ( danielezrajohnson.com/johnson_2010.pdf Stability and Change Along a Dialect Boundary : The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England ) '' . American Dialect Society 95 . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Trager , George L. ( 1940 ) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two : The Case of ' Short A ' in American Speech : 3rd ed . Vol. 15 : Duke UP. 256 . Print . Jump up ^ Labov , William ( 2006 ) `` The Social Stratification of English in New York City '' : Second Edition . Cambridge University Press . Print . Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 ) , p. 233 ^ Jump up to : Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2004 ) , pp. 287 , 285 Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 ) , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Heggarty , Paul et al , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Accents of English from Around the World '' . University of Edinburgh . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg , p. 233 Jump up ^ Newman , 2014 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon ( 2004 ) , pp. 285 , 288 Jump up ^ Labov , Ash & Boberg ( 2006 : 124 ) Jump up ^ Labov ( 1966 ) , p. 215 Jump up ^ Labov ( 1966 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2004 ) , pp. 286 - 287 Jump up ^ David ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Todd Says Bernie Knows It 's Over : ' Did We Just Hear The Bernie Sanders Exit Interview ? ' '' . Crooks and Liars . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Labov ( 1966 / 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2004 ) , pp. 288 - 289 Jump up ^ Newman , Michael ( 2014 ) . New York City English . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . ^ Jump up to : Hubbell , Allan Forbes ( 1950 ) . The pronunciation of English in New York City : consonants and vowel . King 's Crown Press . ^ Jump up to : Gordon ( 2004 ) , p. 289 Jump up ^ Labov ( 1966 : 36 -- 37 ) Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2004 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Newman , 2004 , pp. 138 - 142 . Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2004 ) , p. 284 Jump up ^ Newman , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 2 . '' New York City English . Berlin / NY : Mouton DeGruyter . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel Ezra ( 2010 ) . `` ( danielezrajohnson.com/johnson_2010.pdf Stability and Change Along a Dialect Boundary : The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England ) '' . American Dialect Society 95 . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` challenge '' . Nyc24.jrn.columbia.edu . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Labov , William ( 1973 ) Sociolinguistic Patterns U. of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1052 - 2 Jump up ^ NPR Interview with Labov Jump up ^ Newman , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 3 . '' New York City English . Berlin / NY : Mouton DeGruyter . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Fought , Carmen Language and Ethnicity Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press 2006 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Slomanson , Peter & Newman , Michael ( 2004 ) English Worldwide , 25 : ( 2 ) pp. 199 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2014 , pp. 39 , 85 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2014 , pp. 72 - 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gordon , Matthew ( 2004 ) . Kortmann , Bernd ; Schneider , Edgar W. , eds . New York , Philadelphia and other Northern Cities . Mouton de Gruyter . ISBN 3110175320 . Labov , William ; Ash , Sharon ; Boberg , Charles ( 2006 ) . The Atlas of North American English . Berlin : Mouton - de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 016746 - 8 . Labov , William ( 1966 ) , The Social Stratification of English in New York City ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 24 Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Northumbria Sunderland Tyneside Pitmatic Yorkshire South Kent London Cockney Multicultural London Sussex Thames Estuary West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Vernacular Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano Indian ; Native American Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimorese General American High Tider Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Tangier Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_accent&oldid=846192871 '' Categories : North American English Culture of New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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-1721209184076326371	King and Lionheart	King and Lionheart - wikipedia King and Lionheart Jump to : navigation , search `` King and Lionheart '' Single by Of Monsters and Men from the album My Head Is an Animal Released March 3 , 2013 Recorded 2011 Genre Indie rock , indie pop , indie folk Length 4 : 34 Label Republic Songwriter ( s ) Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir Producer ( s ) Of Monsters and Men , Aron Arnarsson , Jacquire King Of Monsters and Men singles chronology `` Mountain Sound '' ( 2012 ) `` King and Lionheart '' ( 2013 ) `` Crystals '' ( 2015 ) `` Mountain Sound '' ( 2012 ) `` King and Lionheart '' ( 2013 ) `` Crystals '' ( 2015 ) `` King and Lionheart '' is a song recorded by Icelandic alternative folk band Of Monsters and Men , written by co-lead vocalist Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir and produced by the band with Aron Arnarsson and Jacquire King for the band 's debut studio album , My Head Is an Animal . The song maintains its position on both issues of the album , appearing as the second track on both the original Icelandic and international versions of the album . After reaching # 1 on the Icelandic Tónlist singles chart in 2012 , the song was released as a radio - only single from My Head Is an Animal in the United States and the United Kingdom in March 2013 . The song peaked at # 17 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 1.1 Synopsis 2 Lyric video 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Release history 7 References Music video ( edit ) A music video for `` King and Lionheart '' , directed by video production group WeWereMonkeys , was produced and released on 23 January 2013 . The video , which mirrors the Nordic art style of the music video for `` Little Talks '' , also directed by WeWereMonkeys , blends in the visual art styles of two - dimensional rendered backgrounds with CGI and live action - imposed film sequences . Synopsis ( edit ) It starts with a boy and girl in an apocalyptical kingdom being separated from each other by Viking warriors . The warriors whisk the girl away to the middle of the bayou where they put her in a pit and leave her to sulk . Suddenly , a rabbit - like ghost appears to the girl and sets her free . She soon is spotted by the Viking warriors and chased by them through the bayou with the ghost leading the way . Meanwhile , the boy is locked in a cage sulking and watching the Viking warriors beat themselves up . Suddenly , a mini-ghost - dolphin appears to the boy and sets him free as well . Meanwhile , the ghost - rabbit helps the girl safely avoid attempting to cross a broken bridge . However , the ghost is soon eaten by the Viking warriors ship . The girl presses on and enters the kingdom where the boy 's ghost leads him away from the Viking warriors by leading him into a four - faced rocket ship which he enters , whereupon it immediately blasts off . The girl returns just to see the boy crying in the rocket ship as it blasts away . The girl runs toward it being chased by the viking warriors . The screen blanks out and the video ends stating their fates remain unknown . Lyric video ( edit ) A lyric video was released in 2014 in the music videos presence . The lyric video begins with a ruins of a kingdom where the camera moves backwards . Towards the main chorus , a violent thunderstorm breaks ahead . Two cloaked figures move toward it as the video ends . Track listing ( edit ) UK promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` King and Lionheart '' 4 : 34 Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from My Head Is an Animal liner notes . Of Monsters and Men Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson -- drums , percussion , co-producer Árni Guðjónsson -- accordion , piano , organ , co-producer Brynjar Leifsson -- electric and baritone guitar , co-producer Kristján Páll Kristjánsson -- bass , co-producer Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir -- vocals , acoustic guitar , co-producer Ragnar Þórhallsson -- vocals , acoustic guitar , co-producer Additional personnel Aron Arnarsson -- engineer , producer Jacquire King -- producer Craig Silvey -- mixing Greg Calbi -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 17 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 88 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom March 3 , 2013 CD - R ( Modern Rock / Alternative radio ) Republic Records United States March 4 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netlistinn viku 3 , 2012 '' . Tonlist.is . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Of Monsters and Men -- King And Lionheart '' . OfMonstersAndMenVEVO . YouTube , Google . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : King and Lionheart -- Of Monsters And Men ( video ) '' . ramblingaboutmusic . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hohnen , Mike . `` Watch : Of Monsters and Men New Video ' King And Lionheart ' '' . Musicfeeds.com.au . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ My Head Is an Animal ( 2012 Issue ) ( liner notes ) . Of Monsters and Men . Republic Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Of Monsters and Men Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Of Monsters and Men Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Of Monsters and Men Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Of Monsters and Men Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ( hide ) Of Monsters and Men Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir Ragnar Þórhallsson Brynjar Leifsson Kristján Páll Kristjánsson Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson Árni Guðjónsson Studio albums My Head Is an Animal Beneath the Skin Live albums Live from Vatnagarðar Extended plays Into the Woods Singles `` Little Talks '' `` Dirty Paws '' `` Mountain Sound '' `` King and Lionheart '' `` Crystals '' `` Empire '' `` Wolves Without Teeth '' Related articles Republic Records Universal Music Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_and_Lionheart&oldid=823020329 '' Categories : 2012 singles Of Monsters and Men songs Republic Records singles 2012 songs Song recordings produced by Jacquire King Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 21 : 13 . 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4290838974373106276	That's My Kind of Night	That 's My Kind of Night - wikipedia That 's My Kind of Night `` That 's My Kind of Night '' Single by Luke Bryan from the album Crash My Party Released August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 10 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Dallas Davidson Chris DeStefano Ashley Gorley Producer ( s ) Jeff Stevens Luke Bryan singles chronology `` Crash My Party '' ( 2013 ) `` That 's My Kind of Night '' ( 2013 ) `` Drink a Beer '' ( 2013 ) `` Crash My Party '' ( 2013 ) `` That 's My Kind of Night '' ( 2013 ) `` Drink a Beer '' ( 2013 ) `` That 's My Kind of Night '' is a song written by Dallas Davidson , Chris DeStefano , and Ashley Gorley and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan . It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his fourth studio album Crash My Party ( 2013 ) . The track has been successful commercially , with `` That 's My Kind of Night '' helping Bryan set a record as the first male country music artist to top the Billboard 's Hot Country Songs and Top Country Albums charts simultaneously . Contents 1 Content and creation 2 Critical reception 3 Music videos 3.1 Tour music video 3.2 Official music video 4 Commercial performance 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly Charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References Content and creation ( edit ) In terms of the song 's creation , co-songwriter Ashley Gorley has stated about working with Dallas Davidson and Chris DeStefano that : `` That was one of the most fun writing sessions of all time ... I was clapping out a little beat . It 's something that nobody wants to see . It looks hilarious ... more or less of a party vibe . We knew we wanted to make people feel good . We wanted to stretch the boundaries a little bit musically and ... thought we had something special after the first few minutes of getting into that groove . We thought it was cool . We 're exceptionally proud when that one comes on . I 've gone to the shows and seen people 's reaction to that . I think that 's a really country song in spite of whatever 's been said . I 'm glad it hit as big as it did . Also no cowbell '' The song is an up - tempo track in which the male narrator describes an ideal night with his lover . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received mixed to negative reviews from several critics . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rated the song 2.5 stars out of 5 , praising Bryan 's performance of the song and describing the production of the song as `` corny - cool . '' He also called it `` an eye - roller from start to finish , but Bryan 's absolute commitment makes it tolerable , if not enjoyable in the right setting . '' Bob Paxman of Country Weekly rated the song a `` C -- '' , saying that `` it unfurls all the prerequisite clichés : jacked - up trucks , beer , getting your ' love on ' , and other assorted triteness '' , although he also said that the it was `` undeniably catchy and the record has some nice production touches , including the playful vocal . '' Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song a `` D -- '' rating , praising Bryan 's vocal performance , but added that `` Unfortunately , it also has unabashedly dumb , mind - numbing lyrics that insult the history of the country genre and the intelligence of its fans , shamelessly recycling cliché after cliché right from the opening verse ... '' In a September 2013 interview , Zac Brown stated that Bryan 's song was `` the worst song I 've ever heard . '' He later clarified on Twitter that he did not dislike Bryan as an artist . In Bryan 's defense , artist Jason Aldean posted on Instagram , and one of the song 's co-writers , Dallas Davidson , spoke out as well . Music Videos ( edit ) Tour music video ( edit ) The tour music video was directed by Michael Monaco and premiered in August 2013 . Official music video ( edit ) The official music video for `` That 's My Kinda Night '' was premiered on September 13 , 2013 on ET Online . It was directed by Shaun Silva . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` That 's My Kind of Night '' debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Country Airplay and number 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts dated of August 17 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Canadian Hot 100 charts dated of August 31 , 2013 . It reached number one on the Hot Country Songs chart in its third week . The single was certified 2 × Platinum by the RIAA on May 20 , 2014 , and it reached its 2 million sales mark in the United States in June 2014 . As of August 2015 , the song has sold 2,492,000 copies in the US . Bryan , with the help of `` That 's My Kind of Night '' , set a record in late 2013 as the first male country music artist to top Billboard 's Hot Country Songs and Top Country Albums charts simultaneously . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 25 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,492,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Interview With Ashley Gorley , Hit Songwriter For Carrie Underwood , Luke Bryan And Many Country Stars . January 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : PREMIERE : Hot Video for ' That 's My Kind of Night ' ^ Jump up to : Paxman , Bob ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Reviews : ' That 's My Kind of Night ' '' . Country Weekly . 20 ( 39 ) : 50 . ISSN 1074 - 3235 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , ' That 's My Kind of Night ' -- Song Review '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.countryuniverse.net/2013/09/19/single-review-luke-bryan-thats-my-kind-of-night/ Jump up ^ http://theboot.com/zac-brown-luke-bryan-worst-song-ive-ever-heard/ Jump up ^ http://tasteofcountry.com/jason-aldean-defends-luke-bryan-zac-brown/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Luke Bryan : That 's My Kind of Night ( Tour Performance Video ) '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/music/138309_Luke_Bryan_That_s_My_Kind_of_Night_Music_Video_Premiere/index.html Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Luke Bryan : That 's My Kind Of Night '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jessen , Wade ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan Doubles Up Atop Hot Country Songs , Top Country Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Maroon 5 Beats Coldplay '' . Chart Watch ( Yahoo Music ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 06 / 06 / 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Luke Bryan -- That 's My Kind of Night '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Luke Bryan -- My Kind of Night '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Luke Bryan Discography Studio albums I 'll Stay Me Doin ' My Thing Tailgates & Tanlines Crash My Party Kill the Lights What Makes You Country Compilations Spring Break ... Here to Party Extended plays Spring Break 3 ... It 's a Shore Thing Spring Break 4 ... Suntan City Spring Break 6 ... Like We Ai n't Ever Spring Break ... Checkin ' Out Farm Tour ... Here 's to the Farmer Singles `` All My Friends Say '' `` We Rode in Trucks '' `` Country Man '' `` Do I '' `` Rain Is a Good Thing '' `` Someone Else Calling You Baby '' `` Country Girl ( Shake It for Me ) '' `` I Do n't Want This Night to End '' `` Drunk on You '' `` Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye '' `` Crash My Party '' `` That 's My Kind of Night '' `` Drink a Beer '' `` Play It Again '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` I See You '' `` Kick the Dust Up '' `` Strip It Down '' `` Home Alone Tonight '' `` Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day '' `` Move '' `` Fast '' `` Light It Up '' `` Most People Are Good '' `` Sunrise , Sunburn , Sunset '' Guest singles `` The Only Way I Know '' `` This Is How We Roll '' `` Straight to Hell '' Other songs `` Buzzkill '' `` Suntan City '' `` Games '' Concert tours Dirt Road Diaries Tour ( 2013 ) That 's My Kind of Night Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kick the Dust Up Tour ( 2015 ) Kill the Lights Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day Tour ( 2017 ) What Makes You Country Tour ( 2018 ) Related articles Michael Carter Jeff Stevens Cole Swindell `` Good Directions '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_My_Kind_of_Night&oldid=851245857 '' Categories : 2013 singles Luke Bryan songs Songs written by Dallas Davidson Songs written by Chris DeStefano Songs written by Ashley Gorley Capitol Records Nashville singles 2013 songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Shaun Silva Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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-2728538705633330132	Manuel (Fawlty Towers)	Manuel ( Fawlty Towers ) - wikipedia Manuel ( Fawlty Towers ) Jump to : navigation , search Manuel Fawlty Towers character First appearance `` A Touch of Class '' ( 1975 ) Last appearance We Are Most Amused ( 2008 ) Created by John Cleese Connie Booth Portrayed by Andrew Sachs Information Gender Male Occupation Waiter Nationality Spanish Manuel is a fictional character from the BBC sitcom Fawlty Towers . Played by Andrew Sachs , he is one of the most iconic characters in British comedy history . He reappeared for a small sketch with John Cleese in We Are Most Amused in November 2008 . Manuel himself appeared on the audio adaptations of Fawlty Towers as a linking narrator , explaining things from his point of view , when the series was released in audio format . The first two episodes released did not feature him at all , as the dialogue was edited and short burst of piano music would indicate a change of scene . However , when the whole series was re-released , they were re-edited with Manuel 's linking commentary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Origins 3 Dubbing 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Personality ( edit ) Manuel is a well - meaning but dim , disorganised , and constantly confused waiter from Barcelona with a limited grasp of the English language and customs . He is constantly verbally and physically assaulted by his boss . He is afraid of Mr. Fawlty 's quick temper and violent assaults , yet often expresses his appreciation for being given the position , despite Basil 's abusive treatment toward him . Sybil also appears to hold Manuel in low esteem , dryly remarking , `` It 'd be quicker to train a monkey . '' When told by either Basil , Sybil or Polly what to do , he frequently answers `` Sí '' ( `` Yes '' ) , and `` ¿ Qué ? '' ( `` What ? '' ) which once led to a particularly harebrained guest ( Mrs Richards ) believing Basil 's name to be `` C.K. Watt '' . Basil hired Manuel because he was very cheap labour . Basil 's excuse for everything Manuel does wrong is `` he 's from Barcelona '' , an excuse that Sybil and even Manuel himself once resorted to . Manuel is good friends with Polly , who can communicate best with him ( Basil claims to have learnt `` classical Spanish '' , whereas Polly speaks the actual language ) and often uses him as a model for her sketches . Basil also suggests she take him to the local ice rink in `` Basil the Rat '' . He is known for his passionate patriotism , amplified in `` The Anniversary '' when he tries to make Terry the chef let him cook a seafood paella to his mother 's recipe . Manuel has a large family in Spain , mentioning in `` The Wedding Party '' that he has five brothers and four sisters . During the episode `` Basil the Rat '' , Manuel acquires a common rat while under the impression that it is a Siberian hamster , and names it Basil , after his boss . He becomes very emotionally attached to the rat , and even threatens to leave Fawlty Towers altogether if Basil and Sybil dispose of it , to which Basil immediately responds , `` Well , goodbye . '' The episode also highlights the fact that Manuel is rather dim even without the language barrier , as he lets the rat out of its cage for some exercise . Origins ( edit ) Sachs claimed that he only had a few weeks to learn the difficult and complex accent that Manuel is so famous for ( in fact , having lived in Germany until he was eight , Sachs initially suggested playing a German waiter ) , but loved his experiences on the show and still had Manuel 's attire . Sachs suffered two serious injuries during Fawlty Towers . In The Wedding Party , he was almost knocked unconscious after being hit over the head with a frying pan ( after John Cleese accidentally picked up a real frying pan instead of a rubber - padded prop ) and in The Germans , he suffered second degree burns from a fire . Dubbing ( edit ) For the Spanish dub of the show broadcast in Spain , the character was changed to an Italian from Naples called Paolo ( and in The Anniversary , his desire to make paella is changed to lasagna ) . In the Catalan TV3 channel , Manuel 's origin was changed from Barcelona to Mexico and the character has a Mexican accent . The French version also gives his nationality as Mexican . In scenes in which Manuel appears there are several references to Spain , and to General Franco , who died in 1975 . In The Builders when Bennion the delivery man says `` No no , where 's the real boss ? ... The ... the generalissimo . '' Manuel looks at him daftly : `` In Madrid ! '' Since the Catalan version was broadcast in 1986 , eleven years after Franco 's death , Manuel says `` Dead ! '' In Basil the Rat Basil says to Manuel , `` You have rats in Spain , do n't you -- or did Franco have them all shot ? '' In popular culture ( edit ) The Swedish pop group I 'm from Barcelona chose its name in reference to this character . The movie - mocking television program Mystery Science Theater 3000 has referred to Manuel on several occasions . When a character on screen speaks with a Spanish accent , the riffers would often respond with `` I 'm so sorry , he 's from Barcelona '' . Sachs made a cameo appearance in We Are Most Amused , as an aged Manuel . A young girl once wrote into Jim 'll Fix It , wanting to teach Manuel how to speak English . Sachs appeared in character to allow the girl the chance to make this wish come true . References ( edit ) Bright , Morris ; Ross , Robert ( 2001 ) . Fawlty Towers : fully booked . BBC . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 53439 - 7 . Christopher , David ( 1999 ) . British culture : an introduction . Routledge . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22053 - X . Gubler , Fritz ( 2008 ) . Waldorf hysteria : hotel manners , misbehaviour & minibars . Great , Grand & Famous Hotels . ISBN 0 - 9804667 - 1 - 7 . Mortimer , David ( 2007 ) . Classic Showbiz Clangers . Classic Clangers . Robson . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 928 - 0 . Potrč , Matjaž ; Strahovnik , Vojko ( 2008 ) . Challenging moral particularism . Routledge studies in ethics and moral theory . Taylor & Francis . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96377 - X . External links ( edit ) Manuel on IMDb ( hide ) Fawlty Towers Characters Basil Fawlty Sybil Fawlty Manuel Polly Sherman Major Gowen Miss Tibbs and Miss Gatsby Guest characters Cast members Episodes Series 1 `` A Touch of Class '' `` The Builders '' `` The Wedding Party '' `` The Hotel Inspectors '' `` Gourmet Night '' `` The Germans '' Series 2 `` Communication Problems '' `` The Psychiatrist '' `` Waldorf Salad '' `` The Kipper and the Corpse '' `` The Anniversary '' `` Basil the Rat '' Remakes Amanda 's Payne Related articles Donald Sinclair Gleneagles Hotel , Torquay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_(Fawlty_Towers)&oldid=803599825 '' Categories : Fawlty Towers characters Fictional Spanish people Fictional servants Fictional characters introduced in 1975 Fictional waiting staff Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 13 : 50 . 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6799674050672655046	List of regions of the United States	List of regions of the United States - wikipedia List of regions of the United States Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of some of the regions in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interstate regions 1.1 Official regions of the United States 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks 1.1. 4 Time zones 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state regions 1.2. 1 The Belts 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 American Samoa 2.4 Arizona 2.5 Arkansas 2.6 California 2.7 Colorado 2.8 Connecticut 2.9 Delaware 2.10 District of Columbia 2.11 Florida 2.12 Georgia 2.12. 1 Physiographic regions 2.13 Guam 2.14 Hawaii 2.15 Idaho 2.16 Illinois 2.17 Indiana 2.18 Iowa 2.19 Kansas 2.20 Kentucky 2.21 Louisiana 2.22 Maine 2.23 Maryland 2.24 Massachusetts 2.25 Michigan 2.26 Minnesota 2.27 Mississippi 2.28 Missouri 2.29 Montana 2.30 Nebraska 2.31 Nevada 2.32 New Hampshire 2.33 New Jersey 2.34 New Mexico 2.35 New York 2.36 North Carolina 2.37 North Dakota 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands 2.39 Ohio 2.40 Oklahoma 2.41 Oregon 2.42 Pennsylvania 2.43 Puerto Rico 2.44 Rhode Island 2.45 South Carolina 2.46 South Dakota 2.47 Tennessee 2.48 Texas 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 2.50 Utah 2.51 Vermont 2.52 Virgin Islands 2.53 Virginia 2.54 Washington 2.55 West Virginia 2.56 Wisconsin 2.57 Wyoming 3 Other regional listings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Interstate regions ( edit ) Official regions of the United States ( edit ) Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system . Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : Region 1 : Northeast Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) Region 3 : South Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) Region 4 : West Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures . Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St. Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) Pacific Time Zone Mountain Time Zone Central Time Zone Eastern Time Zone Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits . First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit DC Circuit The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington Energy Information Administration ( edit ) The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . PADD I : East Coast East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above . PADD II : Midwest Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa PADD III : Gulf Coast Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria , Calhoun , Refugio , Aransas , San Patricio , Nueces , Kleberg , Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron Texas Inland : Texan counties not mentioned above . Louisiana Gulf Coast : Parishes of Louisiana south of , and including Vernon , Rapides , Avoyelles , Pointe Coupee , West Feliciana , East Feliciana , Saint Helena , Tangipahoa and Washington ; along with Pearl River , Stone , George , Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson County of Mississippi ; and Alabama 's Mobile and Baldwin County . North Louisiana - Arkansas : Arkansas and parts of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above . New Mexico : New Mexico PADD IV : Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Utah PADD V : West Coast : Washington , Oregon , California , Nevada , Arizona , Alaska , Hawaii PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts : Sub-PAD 1A : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Sub-PAD 1B : Central Atlantic ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia ) Sub-PAD 1C : Lower Atlantic ( Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia ) PADD system was established in World War II and therefore do n't accurately reflect current trends . The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs . ( Note : Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico ) Region 1 : PADD I Region 2 : PADD II `` Inland '' ( States of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Missouri , Iowa , Tennessee and Kentucky ) Region 3 : PADD II `` Lakes '' ( States of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana and Ohio ) Region 4 : PADD III `` Gulf '' ( Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast ) Region 5 : PADD III `` Inland '' ( Refining districts of Texas Inland , New Mexico and North Louisiana - Arkansas ) Region 6 : PADD IV Region 7 : PADD V `` California '' ( State of California ) Region 8 : PADD V `` Other '' ( States of Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington ) Region 9 : `` International '' Maritime Canada ( Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) Caribbean ( Puerto Rico , Trinidad & Tobago ) Unofficial US multi-state regions ( edit ) Appalachia Ark - La - Tex Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Border states : Civil War border states International border states Calumet Region The Carolinas Central United States Champlain Valley Coastal states Colorado Plateau Columbia Basin Contiguous United States The Dakotas Deep South Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Dixie Driftless Area East Coast Eastern United States Four Corners Frontier Strip Great American Desert Great Appalachian Valley Great Basin Great Lakes Region Great North Woods Great Plains Gulf Coast Gulf South High Plains Inland Northwest Interior Plains Intermountain States Jefferson ( proposed Pacific state ) Lake Tahoe Lehigh Valley Llano Estacado Mid-Atlantic states Mississippi Delta Mojave Desert Mormon Corridor Mountain States Northern New England Ohio Valley Ozarks Pacific Northwest Pacific States Palouse Piedmont Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Shawnee Hills Shenandoah Valley Siouxland South Shore Southeastern United States Southern New England Southern Rocky Mountains Southern United States Southwestern United States Old Southwest Susquehanna River Tennessee Valley Tornado Alley Trans - Mississippi Twin Tiers Upland South Upper Midwest Virginias The Virginias Waxhaws West Coast American Frontier Oregon Trail Appalachian Trail The belts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of belt regions of the United States . Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Pine Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Snowbelt Sun Belt Interstate metropolitan areas ( edit ) See also : Tri-state area Central Savannah River Area ( part of Georgia and South Carolina ) Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , and West Virginia ) Greater Boston ( parts of Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire ) Charlotte metropolitan area ( parts of North Carolina and South Carolina ) Chattanooga Metropolitan Area Chicago metropolitan area ( parts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) Cincinnati metropolitan area ( parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Kentucky ) Columbus - Auburn - Opelika ( GA - AL ) Combined Statistical Area ( parts of Georgia and Alabama ) Delaware Valley ( Philadelphia metropolitan area ) ( parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , and Maryland ) Evansville , IN -- KY Metropolitan Statistical Area ( parts of Indiana and Kentucky ) Fargo -- Moorhead ( parts of North Dakota and Minnesota ) Fort Smith metropolitan area ( parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma ) Front Range Urban Corridor ( parts of Colorado and Wyoming ) Greater Grand Forks ( part of Minnesota and North Dakota ) Kansas City metropolitan area ( parts of Missouri and Kansas ) Louisville metropolitan area ( Kentuckiana ) ( parts of Kentucky and Indiana ) Memphis metropolitan area ( parts of Tennessee , Arkansas , and Mississippi ) Michiana ( parts of Michigan and Indiana ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( the Twin Cities ) ( parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin ) New York metropolitan area ( parts of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania ) Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area ( parts of Nebraska and Iowa ) Portland metropolitan area ( parts of Oregon and Washington ) Quad Cities ( parts of Iowa and Illinois ) Sacramento metropolitan area ( parts of California and Nevada ) Greater St. Louis ( parts of Missouri and Illinois ) Texarkana metropolitan area ( parts of Texas and Arkansas ) Tri-Cities ( parts of Tennessee and Virginia ) Twin Ports ( Duluth , Minnesota and Superior , Wisconsin ) Hampton Roads region ( parts of Virginia and North Carolina ) Youngstown -- Warren -- Boardman metropolitan statistical area ( parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania ) Interstate megalopolises ( edit ) See also : Megaregions of the United States and Megalopolis ( city type ) Arizona Sun Corridor California Cascadia Great Lakes Northeast megalopolis Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) Intrastate and intraterritory regions ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) A map of Alabama regions . Alabama Gulf Coast Greater Birmingham Black Belt Central Alabama Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama South Alabama Alaska ( edit ) The Alaska Panhandle . Alaska Interior Alaska North Slope Alaska Panhandle Aleutian Islands Arctic Alaska The Bush Kenai Peninsula Matanuska - Susitna Valley Seward Peninsula Southcentral Alaska Southwest Alaska Tanana Valley Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta American Samoa ( edit ) American Samoa Ofu - Olosega Rose Atoll Swains Island ( claimed by Tokelau ) Ta'ū Tutuila & Aunu'u Arizona ( edit ) The Arizona Strip . For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of Arizona . Arizona Strip Grand Canyon North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Phoenix metropolitan area Southern Arizona Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas Delta Arkansas River Valley Arkansas Timberlands Central Arkansas Crowley 's Ridge Northwest Arkansas South Arkansas California ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of California . Colorado ( edit ) An enlargeable map of the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado and Wyoming Central Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Eastern Plains ( part of High Plains and Great Plains ) Colorado Front Range ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Colorado Mineral Belt ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Piedmont ( contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains ) Colorado Western Slope ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) High Rockies ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Northwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) San Luis Valley South - Central Colorado ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Southwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Connecticut ( edit ) The Greater Bridgeport Region in location to other officially recognized Connecticut regions with regional governments . The Connecticut Panhandle and `` The Oblong '' . In Connecticut , there are 14 official regions , each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut . There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government . Central Naugatuck Valley Coastal Connecticut Connecticut panhandle Greater Bridgeport Greater New Haven Greater Hartford Housatonic Valley ( shared with Massachusetts ) Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck River Valley New York Metropolitan Area / Gold Coast Southeastern Connecticut Southwestern Connecticut Delaware ( edit ) `` Upstate '' or `` Up North '' Delaware Valley also known as `` Above the Canal '' ( referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ) `` Slower Lower '' Cape Region Central Kent Delaware coast District of Columbia ( edit ) See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia Florida ( edit ) The First Coast . The Florida Panhandle . Directional regions Central Florida North Florida Northwest Florida North Central Florida Northeast Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Local vernacular regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area ( also Surf Coast and Fun Coast ) Red Hills Nature Coast Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta metropolitan area Central Georgia Central Savannah River Area Colonial Coast Golden Isles of Georgia Historic South North Georgia North Georgia mountains ( Northeast Georgia ) Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Wiregrass Region Physiographic regions ( edit ) Appalachian Plateau Blue Ridge Mountains Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Guam ( edit ) Guam ( main island ) Tumon Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaiian archipelago Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiʻi / Big Island Hamakua Coast Kaʻū Desert Kohala Coast Kona Coast Mauna Kea Puna District Waiākea - Uka Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Nā Pali Coast Kaʻula Lānai Maui Haleakalā Molokini West Maui Mountains Iao Valley Molokaʻi Kalaupapa Peninsula Niʻihau Lehua Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Nihoa ( Moku Manu ) Necker Island ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski ( Papaāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes ( Holoikauaua ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Oʻahu Kaʻena Point Makapuʻu North Shore Waikīkī Idaho ( edit ) The Idaho Panhandle . Central Idaho Eastern Idaho Idaho Panhandle Magic Valley North Central Idaho Palouse Hills Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Illinois Southern Illinois is also known as `` Little Egypt '' . American Bottom Central Illinois Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Metro - East Metro Lakeland Military Tract of 1812 Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria , Illinois metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rock River Valley Shawnee Hills Southern Illinois ( sometimes , Little Egypt ) Streatorland Tri-State Area Wabash Valley Indiana ( edit ) Regions of Indiana . Main article : Geography of Indiana East Central Indiana Indianapolis metropolitan area Michiana Northern Indiana Northwest Indiana Southern Indiana Southwestern Indiana Wabash Valley Iowa ( edit ) Regions of Iowa . Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Kansas ( edit ) East - Central Kansas Flint Hills High Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area North Central Kansas Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Smoky Hills Southeast Kansas Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky 's regions . The Bluegrass Central Kentucky Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Kentucky Bend The Knobs Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau South Central Kentucky The Purchase Western Coal Fields Louisiana ( edit ) A map of Louisiana 's regions . Acadiana Cajun Heartland River Parishes Central Louisiana ( Cen - La ) Florida Parishes `` French Louisiana '' ( Acadiana + Greater New Orleans ) Greater New Orleans North Louisiana Maine ( edit ) Acadia Down East High Peaks / Maine Highlands Kennebec Valley Maine Highlands Maine Lake Country Maine North Woods Mid Coast Penobscot Bay Southern Maine Coast Western Maine Mountains Maryland ( edit ) Maryland 's regions . Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Capital region Chesapeake Bay Eastern Shore of Maryland Patapsco Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore of Maryland Regions shared with other states : Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland 's and Virginia 's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware Piedmont ( United States ) Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Massachusetts ( edit ) The Berkshire region of Massachusetts . Western Massachusetts The Berkshires ( map shown , right ) Housatonic Valley Pioneer Valley Quabbin - Swift River Valley Central Massachusetts MetroWest Montachusett - North County South County Blackstone River Valley Northeastern Massachusetts North Shore Merrimack Valley Cape Ann Greater Boston Southeastern Massachusetts Cape Cod and Islands South Coast South Shore Michigan ( edit ) Michigan 's regions . Main article : Geography of Michigan Lower Peninsula Northern Michigan Leelanau Peninsula Central / Mid-Michigan The Thumb West Michigan Michiana Southeast Michigan Metro Detroit Upper Peninsula Copper Country Keweenaw Peninsula Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Minnesota Regions of Minnesota . Arrowhead Region Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Minnesota Coulee Region Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle Pipestone Region Red River Valley Southeast Minnesota Twin Cities Metro Mississippi ( edit ) Black Belt Mississippi Alluvial Plain Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain Missouri ( edit ) The Missouri Bootheel . Bootheel Dissected Till Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area Lead Belt Little Dixie Natchez Trace Ozarks St. Louis Metropolitan Area Montana ( edit ) Big Horn Mountains Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier Country Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana South Central Montana Southwestern Montana Two Medicine Western Montana Yellowstone National Park Nebraska ( edit ) The Nebraska Panhandle . Nebraska Panhandle Northwest Nebraska Pine Ridge Rainwater Basin Sand Hills Southeast Nebraska South Central Nebraska Wildcat Hills Nevada ( edit ) Black Rock Desert Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada New Hampshire ( edit ) Connecticut River Valley Dartmouth - Lake Sunapee Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Great North Woods Region Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Golden Triangle Monadnock Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Seacoast Region White Mountains New Jersey ( edit ) North Jersey Skylands Amwell Valley Black Dirt Region ( shared with New York ) Great Valley Sussex County Snow Belt Hunterdon Plateau Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Highlands Somerset Hills The Sourlands Gateway Chemical Coast / Soundshore Hudson Waterfront North Hudson Meadowlands Pascack Valley Raritan Bayshore West Hudson Central Jersey Bayshore Jersey Shore Shore Region South Jersey Shore Region Northern Headlands Irish Riviera Pine Barrens Delaware Valley Pine Barrens The Sourlands Southern Shore Cape May The Glades Tri Cities ( Bridgeton , Millville , Vineland ) Tri-County Farm Belt Greater Atlantic City Pine Barrens Central Corridor Piedmont Region New Mexico ( edit ) Central New Mexico Eastern New Mexico New Mexico Bootheel Northern New Mexico New York ( edit ) Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development . 1 . Western New York -- counties : Niagara , Erie , Chautauqua , Cattaraugus , Allegany 2 . Finger Lakes -- counties : Orleans , Genesee , Wyoming , Monroe , Livingston , Wayne , Ontario , Yates , Seneca 3 . Southern Tier -- counties : Steuben , Schuyler , Chemung , Tompkins , Tioga , Chenango , Broome , Delaware 4 . Central New York -- counties : Cortland , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oswego , Madison 5 . North Country -- counties : St. Lawrence , Lewis , Jefferson , Hamilton , Essex , Clinton , Franklin 6 . Mohawk Valley -- counties : Oneida , Herkimer , Fulton , Montgomery , Otsego , Schoharie 7 . Capital District -- counties : Albany , Columbia , Greene , Warren , Washington , Saratoga , Schenectady , Rensselaer 8 . Hudson Valley -- counties : Sullivan , Ulster , Dutchess , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Westchester 9 . New York City -- counties ( boroughs ) : New York ( Manhattan ) , Bronx ( The Bronx ) , Queens ( Queens ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Richmond ( Staten Island ) 10 . Long Island -- counties : Nassau , Suffolk Downstate New York New York metropolitan area The Five Boroughs ( New York City ) Long Island Nassau County Suffolk County The Hamptons North Shore ( Gold Coast ) South Shore Westchester County Rockland County Putnam County Upstate New York Erie Canal Corridor New York State Canal System New York State Canalway Trail Western New York Holland Purchase Burned - over district Finger Lakes former Leatherstocking Country ( now the Central New York Region ) Central New York Central New York Military Tract Phelps and Gorham Purchase Syracuse metropolitan area Mohawk Valley Southern Tier Capital District North Country Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ski country Thousand Islands Tug Hill Catskill Mountains Borscht Belt Hudson Valley Shawangunk Ridge Black Dirt Region ( shared with New Jersey ) North Carolina ( edit ) Regions of North Carolina . Western North Carolina Foothills Region South Mountains The Unifour ( Catawba Valley Area ) High Country ( Boone Area ) Land of the Sky Asheville Metropolitan Area Great Craggy Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains Black Mountains Brushy Mountains Great Balsam Mountains Unaka Mountains Unicoi Mountains Great Smoky Mountains Tennessee Valley Central North Carolina Piedmont Crescent Metropolitan Charlotte ( Metrolina ) Lake Norman Area Metropolitan Piedmont Triad Sauratown Mountains Uwharrie Mountains Yadkin Valley The Research Triangle New Hope Valley Triangle East Eastern North Carolina Fayetteville Metropolitan Area Inner Banks Albemarle Global TransPark Economic Development Area Tidewater Lower Cape Fear ( Wilmington Area ) Outer Banks Crystal Coast Bogue Banks Down East Sandhills North Dakota ( edit ) Badlands Missouri Escarpment Missouri River Corridor Red River Valley Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Mariana Islands Anatahan Agrihan Asuncion Island Farallon de Medinilla Farallon de Pajaros Guguan Maug Islands Pagan Rota Saipan Sarigan Tinian Ohio ( edit ) The area roughly covered by the Great Black Swamp Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky metropolitan area Columbus , Ohio metropolitan area Connecticut Western Reserve ( historic , now defunct ) Great Black Swamp ( shared with Indiana ) The Lake Erie Islands Miami Valley Northeast Ohio ( often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland , but also includes the counties of Ashtabula , Portage , Summit , Trumbull , Mahoning and Columbiana . ) Northwest Ohio Oklahoma ( edit ) The Oklahoma Panhandle . Central Oklahoma Cherokee Outlet Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma Panhandle South Central Oklahoma Southwestern Oklahoma Oregon ( edit ) Main article : List of regions of Oregon Oregon 's topography . Oregon 's High Desert . 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Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Energy Modeling System : An Overview 2003 '' ( Report # : DOE / EIA - 0581 , October 2009 ) . United States Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ `` The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census . '' Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn , Asking Questions : A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design ( 1982 ) . Jossey - Bass : p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Dale M. Lewison , Retailing , Prentice Hall ( 1997 ) : p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 461427 - 4 Jump up ^ `` ( M ) ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four - region format . '' Pamela Goyan Kittler , Kathryn P. Sucher , Food and Culture , Cengage Learning ( 2008 ) : p. 475 . ISBN 9780495115410 ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEA Regions '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Petroleum Administration for War '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appedix A : District Description and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Energy Information Administration . October 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PADD Definitions '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Energy Outlook 2012 '' . Energy Information Administration . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . 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related lists United States history - related lists United States science - related lists Regions of North America by country Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Čeština Español فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	map of the united states divided into 5 regions	[]	[]
2484090166319179344	Basidiocarp	Basidiocarp - wikipedia Basidiocarp Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Schematic of a typical basidiocarp , showing fruiting body , hymenium and basidia In fungi , a basidiocarp , basidiome or basidioma ( plural : basidiomata ) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete , the multicellular structure on which the spore - producing hymenium is borne . Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes ; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures . As with other sporocarps , epigeous ( above - ground ) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye ( especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology ) are commonly referred to as mushrooms , while hypogeous ( underground ) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Types 3 See also 4 External links Structure ( edit ) All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced . Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium , and the basidia ultimately produce spores . In its simplest form , a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface ; such a structure is characteristic of many simple jelly and club fungi . In more complex basidiocarps , there is differentiation into a stipe , a pileus , and / or various types of hymenophores . Types ( edit ) Basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria , an agaric . Basidiocarps of Ramaria rugosa , a coral fungus Basidiocarps of Craterellus tubaeformis , a cantharelloid fungus . Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe , pileus , and hymenophore , as well as the type of hymenophore , if present . Growth forms include : jelly fungus -- fruiting body is jelly - like . club fungus and coral fungus -- erect fruiting body without a distinct stalk and cap , either unbranched ( club fungus ) or profusely branched ( coral fungus ) . polypore -- underside of the fruiting body usually consists of tubes ; otherwise very variable , usually wood - inhabiting tooth fungus or hydnoid fungus - underside of the fruiting body composed of spines or teeth corticioid fungus - the underside of the fruiting body is usually smooth or with spines ( vs. hydnoid fungi ) but not poroid nor gilled ; typically effused without caps cantharelloid fungus -- fruiting body with shallow fold - like gills running over most of the lower surface of the fruiting body and not much differentiation between the stalk and cap . gasteromycete or `` gastroid fungus '' -- fruiting body has a ball - like shape and in which the hymenophore has become entirely enclosed on the inside of the fruiting body . false truffle -- like a gasteromycete , however , but with a hypogeous ( underground ) fruiting body . secotioid fungus -- like a gasteromycete , but with a stalk . Thought to be an evolutionarily intermediate stage between a gasteromycete and an agaric . agaric or gill fungi -- fruiting body with caps , gills , and ( usually ) a stalk . bolete -- fleshy fruiting body with a cap , a stalk , and tubes on the underside . Basic divisions of Agaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon the growth form of the mushroom . Molecular phylogenetic investigation ( as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy ) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi . For example , agarics have arisen independently in the Agaricales , the Boletales , the Russulales , and other groups , while secotioid fungi and false truffles have arisen independently many times just within the Agaricales. ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Ascocarp Conidium External links ( edit ) Evolution & Morphology in the Homobasidiomycetes : The Clade / Morphology Chart by Gary Lincoff & Michael Wood , MykoWeb , November 27 , 2005 . `` Mycomorphology Part 1 : Why Do Mushrooms Look Like Mushrooms ? '' by Peter Werner , Mycena News , December 2002 . ( Archived at MycoWeb ) `` Mycomorphology Part 2 : Basidiocarp Keeps its Balance '' by Peter Werner , Mycena News , March 2003 . ( Archived at MycoWeb ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basidiocarp&oldid=838565630 '' Categories : Fungal morphology and anatomy Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Bahasa Melayu Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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3078254829229473830	Wentworth Miller	Wentworth Miller - wikipedia Wentworth Miller This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wentworth Miller Miller in September 2011 Wentworth Earl Miller III ( 1972 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England Alma mater Princeton University Occupation Actor writer model Years active 1998 -- present Wentworth Earl Miller III ( born June 2 , 1972 ) is a British - American actor , model , and screenwriter . He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series Prison Break , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role . He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker . In 2014 , he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series The Flash before becoming a series regular on the spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited - run Prison Break revival , which aired on April 4 , 2017 and concluded on May 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Filmography 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Miller was born in Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , the son of American parents , Roxann ( née Palm ) , a special education teacher , and Wentworth E. Miller II , a lawyer and teacher . His father , a Rhodes Scholar , was studying at Oxford at the time of Miller 's birth . Miller said in 2003 that his father is black and his mother is white . His father is of African - American , Jamaican , German , and English ancestry ; his mother is of Russian , Swedish , French , Dutch , Syrian , and Lebanese ancestry . Miller 's family moved to Park Slope , Brooklyn when he was a year old . He graduated from Princeton University in 1995 with a bachelor 's degree in English literature . While at Princeton , he performed with the a cappella group the Princeton Tigertones , and was a member of the Quadrangle Club and the Colonial Club . Career ( edit ) Miller at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . In 1995 , Miller relocated to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career . He has stated that his rocky road to stardom `` was a long time in the coming and there were a lot of upsets and a lot of failures and roadblocks , but I could n't walk away from it . I needed it like I needed air , it was just something I had to do . '' Miller 's first TV appearance was as student - turned - sea monster Gage Petronzi on Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( `` Go Fish '' , 1998 ) . Miller 's first starring role was in 2002 as the sensitive , introverted David Scott in ABC 's mini-series Dinotopia . After appearing in a few minor television roles , he moved on to co-star in the 2003 film The Human Stain , playing the younger version of the Anthony Hopkins character , Coleman Silk . He identified strongly with the core dilemma of the movie , about a black man who chooses to `` pass '' as white . Miller worked extensively on the role , not only in researching Anthony Hopkins , but by embarking on a four - month regimen to accurately portray Silk as a boxer . Also in 2003 , he had a minor role in the film Underworld , playing a doctor and friend of the character Michael Corvin . In 2005 , Miller was cast as Michael Scofield in Fox Network 's television drama Prison Break . He played the role of a caring brother who created an elaborate scheme to help his brother , Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) escape death row after being found guilty of a crime he did not commit . His character had a full upper body ( front and back ) tattoo . Covering both the front of Miller 's torso and his back , along with both arms from shoulders to wrists , the special effects for the tattoo took over four hours to apply . His performance in the show earned him a 2005 Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series . The show was finished in 2009 after four seasons , but a new nine - episode fifth season was released April 4 , 2017 with Miller reprising his role . Miller appeared in two Mariah Carey music videos , `` It 's Like That '' as a party guest and `` We Belong Together '' as her love interest . Director Brett Ratner , who directed the pilot episode of Prison Break , was also signed on to direct the two Carey videos . Ratner decided to use Miller in the videos as well . In addition , Miller guest - starred in the Season 11 premiere of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Detective Nate Kendall , a detective from Precinct 24 of the New York City Police Department . He also featured in Resident Evil : Afterlife , the fourth film in the commercially successful Resident Evil film series based on the video game series of the same name ; Miller plays Chris Redfield , one of the protagonists of the video game series . Miller wrote the screenplay for the film Stoker , as well as a prequel to Stoker , Uncle Charlie . He used the pseudonym Ted Foulke , later explaining , `` I just wanted the scripts to sink or swim on their own . '' Miller 's script was voted to the 2010 `` Black List '' of the 10 best unproduced screenplays then making the rounds in Hollywood . The film is about a teenage girl who must deal with a mysterious uncle following the death of her father . Miller described it as a `` horror film , a family drama and a psychological thriller '' . Although influenced by Bram Stoker 's Dracula , Miller has clarified that Stoker is not a vampire story . Hitchcock 's Shadow of a Doubt also influenced the film but only as a jumping - off point , from which the story takes a different direction . Park Chan - wook directed , with stars Mia Wasikowska as the teenager , Nicole Kidman as the mother , and Matthew Goode as the uncle . The film was released in 2013 , and received generally positive reviews from critics . In July 2014 , it was announced that Miller had joined the cast of The CW superhero series The Flash in a recurring role as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold . He made his first appearance in the fourth episode of the first season , and reprised his role on Legends of Tomorrow . These shows reunited him with his Prison Break co-star Dominic Purcell , who portrayed Mick Rory / Heat Wave . Miller exited Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular at the end of season one , but signed a contract with Warner Bros. TV to continue portraying Snart simultaneously on multiple shows in the Arrowverse . Miller wrote the screenplay for the 2016 horror film The Disappointments Room , produced by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films . The film received negative reviews from critics . He is reportedly in negotiations to write the screenplay adaptation of the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle by David Wroblewski which is set to be produced by Oprah Winfrey and Tom Hanks among others . Personal life ( edit ) Miller in 2015 Miller lives in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . He has two sisters , Leigh and Gillian . He holds dual British and US citizenship by virtue of his birth in the United Kingdom to American parents . In 2007 , Miller denied to InStyle magazine that he was gay . However , he came out as gay in August 2013 , when he posted a letter on GLAAD 's website declining an invitation to attend the Saint Petersburg International Film Festival because he felt `` deeply troubled '' by the Russian government 's treatment of its gay citizens ( referring to Russian LGBT propaganda law enacted the previous June which banned `` propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations '' ) . Miller wrote that he `` can not in good conscience participate in a celebratory occasion hosted by a country where people like myself are being systematically denied their basic right to live and love openly '' . At the 2013 Human Rights Campaign Dinner in Seattle , Washington , Miller said he had attempted suicide multiple times as a teenager before coming out as gay . He said : `` When someone asked me if that was a cry for help , I said no , because I told no one . You only cry for help if you believe there 's help to cry for . '' He discussed struggling in Hollywood as a closeted actor , and talked about how his involvement in the ManKind Project helped him learn about brotherhood , sisterhood , and being part of a community . In a 2016 Facebook post , he revealed that he `` ( had ) struggled with depression since childhood . It 's a battle that 's cost ( him ) time , opportunities , relationships , and a thousand sleepless nights . '' He made this emotional post in reaction to a meme of himself which poked fun at his weight gain in 2010 . Miller said that his weight gain was due to him finding comfort in food as he was suicidal . On October 17 , 2016 , Active Minds , a mental health charity , announced that Miller will be Ambassador for the organization . Filmography ( edit ) Filmography ( edit ) Film performances Year Title Role Notes 2000 Romeo and Juliet Paris Direct - to - video Room 302 Server # 1 Short film 2003 Human Stain , The The Human Stain Young Coleman Silk Underworld Dr. Adam Lockwood 2005 Confession , The The Confession The Prisoner / Tom Short film Stealth EDI Voice 2009 Blood Creek German soldier Uncredited Resident Evil : Afterlife Chris Redfield 2014 Loft , The The Loft Luke Seacord 2015 2 Hours 2 Vegas Guy in rally car Short film As screenwriter and producer Year Title Notes 2013 Stoker Writer and co-producer 2016 Disappointments Room , The The Disappointments Room Writer Television ( edit ) Television performances Year Title Role Notes 1998 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Gage Petronzi Episode : `` Go Fish '' 1999 -- 2000 Time of Your Life Nelson 3 episodes 2000 Popular Adam Rothschild - Ryan 2 episodes ER Mike Palmieri Episode : `` Homecoming '' 2002 Dinotopia David Scott Lead role , 3 episodes 2005 Joan of Arcadia Ryan Hunter 2 episodes 2005 -- 2009 , 2017 Prison Break Michael Scofield Lead role 2005 Ghost Whisperer Sgt . Paul Adams Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 Family Guy Jock # 4 / Popular Kid # 2 Voice , Episode : `` Stew - Roids '' Prison Break : The Final Break Michael Scofield Television film Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Detective Nate Kendall Episode : `` Unstable '' 2011 House Benjamin Byrd Episode : `` Charity Case '' 2013 Young Justice Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Voice , Episode : `` The Fix '' 2014 -- 2017 Flash , The The Flash Leonard Snart / Captain Cold / Citizen Cold Recurring role , 12 episodes ( seasons 1 - 4 ) 2015 Superhero Fight Club Short promo video 2016 -- 2018 Legends of Tomorrow Main ( season 1 , 16 episodes ) Recurring ( seasons 2 - 3 , 7 episodes ) Music videos ( edit ) Music video appearances Year Song title Artist 2005 `` It 's Like That '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' Video games ( edit ) Video games Year Title Role Notes Prison Break : The Conspiracy Michael Scofield Voice Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Work Black Reel Award Best Actor Nominated The Human Stain Black Reel Award Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated The Human Stain 2005 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series -- Drama Nominated Prison Break 2005 Saturn Award Best Actor on Television Nominated Prison Break 2006 Gold Derby Award Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated Prison Break 2007 Bravo Otto Best Male TV Star 2nd place Prison Break 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Drama Nominated Prison Break 2008 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break 2013 Fright Meter Award Best Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2013 International Online Cinema Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2014 Fangoria Chainsaw Award Best Screenplay 2nd place Stoker 2015 Saturn Award Best Guest Starring Role on Television Won The Flash 2017 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller Biography ( 1972 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , the Newly Out Wentworth Miller is British - BBC America '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Being Wentworth Miller : The star of Fox 's upcoming `` Prison Break '' navigates Hollywood 's biracial politics `` . EURWeb.com . June 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Though he was raised in Brooklyn , Miller was actually born in Chipping Norton , England where his black father , a Rhodes Scholar , had been studying . Miller retains dual citizenship , but affirms he is ' American -- first , last and always . ' Jump up ^ Baskin , Ellen ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` A clear sense of self '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick. Central Casting : The Race Card , The New Yorker , November 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reider , Maxim ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' star on furlough here '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On The Move : Wentworth Miller '' . The Times . London . May 11 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` From Princeton to Primetime '' . The Daily Princetonian . Princeton University . November 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dutch television program Jensen ! , September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' role reversals energize Wentworth Miller '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Golden Globe Nominations & Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller says he 's not gay , just shy and concentrating on career @ Flylip.com -- Latest Breaking Celebrity News , Celebrity Photos And Celebrity Gossip From Around The Web . The latest celebrity news from the webs best celebrity blogs '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Photo '' . tv.com . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News Wentworth Miller Joins SVU '' . TV Guide Magazine . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prison Break ' Star Secretly Writing Horror Scripts ? '' . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wentworth Miller on How He Became Hollywood 's Hottest Secret Screenwriter '' . Movieline . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black List : 2010 Best Unproduced Screenplays '' . moviefone.com . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC 2010 : Wentworth Miller Interview RESIDENT EVIL : AFTERLIFE ; Plus Updates on STOKER and UNCLE CHARLIE '' . collider.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller On Love , His Celebrity Crush '' . Who . January 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Matthew Goode in talks for ' Stoker ' lead '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoker '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Flash : Prison Break Star To Play Captain Cold '' . IGN . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Breaking News : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , a New Arrow and Flash Spinoff Series , is Coming to The CW '' . DC Comics . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' : Wentworth Miller Exits As Regular , Becomes Regular In The Berlanti Universe '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller Script ' The Disappointments Room ' Grabbed by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films , Jay A. Fernandez , April 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Disappointments Room '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller in Talks to Adapt the Bestselling Novel , THE STORY OF EDGAR SAWTELLE , Dave Trumbore , August 13 , 2012 , Jump up ^ `` Prison Break 's Wentworth Miller comes out in letter protesting Russian government '' . The A.V. Club . August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adam , Seth ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller rejects Russian film festival invitation ; ' As a gay man , I must decline ' '' . GLAAD . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Comes Out as Gay '' . People . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wentworth Miller reveals struggles with suicide '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jase . `` Wentworth Miller Attempted Suicide Before Coming Out '' . advocate.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Opens Up About Depression And Suicidal Thoughts In Candid Facebook Post '' . MTV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Named Active Minds ' Ambassador for Mental Health '' ( Press release ) . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWentworth Millerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Wentworth Miller at AllMovie Wentworth Miller on IMDb Wentworth Miller at Rotten Tomatoes Wentworth Miller at the TCM Movie Database Wentworth Miller Interviews on theTVaddict.com Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television Jimmy Smits ( 2008 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 2009 ) Richard Dreyfuss / Joe Manganiello ( 2010 ) Tom Skerritt ( 2011 ) Yvonne Strahovski ( 2012 ) Robert Forster ( 2013 ) Wentworth Miller ( 2014 ) William Shatner ( 2015 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2016 ) VIAF : 37224600 LCCN : no2005104703 ISNI : 0000 0001 1622 0399 GND : 137961383 SUDOC : 174424760 BNF : cb155212587 ( data ) BIBSYS : 7039286 BNE : XX4616458 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wentworth_Miller&oldid=834457171 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New York City Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT models LGBT people from New York ( state ) LGBT entertainers from the United Kingdom People from Chipping Norton Princeton University alumni People from Brooklyn American expatriates in Canada American male film actors Male models from New York ( state ) American male television actors British emigrants to the United States American people of African descent American people of German descent American people of Jamaican descent American people of Lebanese descent LGBT African Americans Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays leonard snart in legends of tomorrow	[ "Wentworth Earl Miller III (born June 2, 1972)[1] is a British-American actor, model, and screenwriter. He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series Prison Break, for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker. In 2014, he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series The Flash before becoming a series regular on the spin-off Legends of Tomorrow. Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited-run Prison Break revival, which aired on April 4, 2017 and concluded on May 30, 2017." ]	[ "Wentworth Earl Miller III" ]
-9005855520864138206	Divorce in the United States	Divorce in the United states - wikipedia Divorce in the United states It has been suggested that this article be merged with Grounds for divorce ( United States ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . Relationships ( Outline ) Types ( show ) Genetic Kinship Family Sibling Cousin By marriage Husband Wife Open marriage Polyandry Polygamy Polygyny Mixed - orientation Partner Partners Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same - sex Life partner Friendship ( romantic ) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutual monogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities ( show ) Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding Endings ( show ) Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotions and feelings ( show ) Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices ( show ) Bride price dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression Abuse ( show ) Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissistic parent Power and control Family law Family Marriage and other equivalent or similar unions and status ( show ) Marriage Types of marriages Prenuptial agreement Cohabitation Concubinage Common - law marriage Civil union Domestic partnership Validity of marriages ( show ) Void and Voidable marriages Annulment Marriage fraud Dissolution of marriages ( show ) Divorce Adultery Grounds for divorce No - fault divorce Matrimonial Causes Act Legal separation Alimony Parenting plan Residence ( UK ( E.W. and NI ) ) Parental rights Custody Evaluator ( U.S. ) Parenting coordinator ( U.S. ) Other issues ( show ) Paternity Legitimacy Child custody Legal guardian Adoption Child support Contact & visitation CAFCASS ( UK ( E.W. ) ) Grandparent visitation U.N. Rights of the Child Children 's rights Emancipation Foster care Ward Parental child abduction Private international law ( show ) Private international law Divorce Marriage Hague Convention ( adoption ) International child abduction Hague Convention ( child abduction ) Hague Convention ( maintenance ) Family and criminal code ( or criminal law ) ( show ) Paternity fraud Bigamy CPS ( U.S. ) Child abuse Domestic violence Incest Child - selling Like marriage , divorce in the United States is under the jurisdiction of state governments , not the federal government . Divorce or `` dissolution of marriage '' is a legal process in which a judge or other authority dissolves the bonds of matrimony existing between two persons , thus restoring them to the status of being single and permitting them to marry other individuals . The legal process for divorce may also involve issues of spousal support , child custody , child support , distribution of property and division of debt , though these matters are usually only ancillary or consequential to the dissolution of the marriage . In all but one state , and even in that state in most cases , a divorce must be certified by a court of law to become effective . The terms of the divorce are usually determined by the court , though they may take into account prenuptial or postnuptial agreements , or simply ratify terms that the spouses may have agreed to privately . In the absence of iagreement , a contested divorce may be stressful to the spouses and lead to expensive litigation . Less adversarial approaches to divorce settlements include mediation and collaborative divorce , which negotiate mutually acceptable resolution to conflicts . Contents 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 1.3 21st century 2 Law 2.1 Grounds for divorce 2.1. 1 No - fault divorce 2.1. 2 At - fault divorce 2.2 Jurisdiction 2.3 Property division and spousal support 2.4 Child support and custody 2.5 Alternatives to litigation 2.5. 1 Collaborative divorce 2.5. 2 Mediated divorce 2.5. 3 Summary divorce 2.6 Federal laws relating to divorce 2.6. 1 Qualified Domestic Relations Orders 3 Statistics 3.1 Initiation 3.2 Custody 3.3 Rates of divorce 3.3. 1 Divorce rate by state 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 History 7 External links History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) The women 's rights movement extensively debated the issue of whether to allow divorce , with Jane Swisshelm and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as early voices in favor , and Horace Greeley and Antoinette Brown Blackwell opposed . Unlike other issues , the movement was unable to achieve agreement on this issue . Stanton eventually coming to the view that the reform of marriage laws was more important than women 's voting rights . Lucy Stone changed her position on the issue over time . Against Stanton , she sought to remove the formal advocacy of divorce from any proposed women 's platform . Stone wished to keep the subject separate , to prevent the appearance of moral laxity . In government , Robert Dale Owen proposed laws granting greater freedom of divorce . Owen 's efforts influenced later laws on divorce . The National Woman Suffrage Association , founded in 1869 , advocated for divorce reform among other issues . The concept of `` free divorce '' developed during the 19th century in conjunction with the concept of free love . 20th century ( edit ) Prior to the latter decades of the 20th century , a spouse seeking divorce in most states had to show a `` fault '' such as abandonment , cruelty , incurable mental illness , or adultery . Even in such cases , a divorce was barred in cases such as the suing spouse 's procurement or connivance ( contributing to the fault , such as by arranging for adultery ) , condonation ( forgiving the fault either explicitly or by continuing to cohabit after knowing of it ) , or recrimination ( the suing spouse also being guilty ) . Because divorce was considered to be against the public interest , civil courts refused to grant a divorce if evidence revealed any hint of complicity between the husband and wife to divorce , or if they attempted to manufacture grounds for a divorce . Divorce was granted only because one party to the marriage had violated a sacred vow to the `` innocent spouse . '' If both husband and wife were guilty , `` neither would be allowed to escape the bonds of marriage . '' A number of strategems were devised to make divorce easier to obtain . `` ( T ) here were numerous ' divorce mill ' states or places such as Indiana , Utah , and the Dakotas where you could go and get a divorce . Many towns provided accommodation , restaurants , bars and events centered on this trade . '' By 1909 , however , Reno , Nevada was , and was happy to be , `` the divorce capital of the world . '' At that time , only six months in Nevada were sufficient to establish Nevada residency , and the Nevada courts , well aware of the contribution of divorce seekers to Nevada 's hospitality industry , accepted the resident 's uncorrobated statement that grounds for divorce , usually `` extreme cruelty , '' existed . In 1927 , the Nevada Legislature , `` in response to a perceived threat to Reno 's divorce supremacy from France and Mexico and a divorce - trade war that had been going on since the end of World War I between Nevada , Idaho , and Arkansas , '' changed the residency period to three months , and in 1931 , the same Legislature that voted in `` wide - open gambling '' dropped it to six weeks . The U.S. Supreme Court , in Williams v. North Carolina ( 1942 ) , ruled that other states had to recognize these divorces , under the `` full faith and credit '' clause of the U.S. Constitution . By 1916 , the U.S. led the world in number of divorces . In populous New York State , where adultery was the easiest grounds for divorce , attorneys would provide a package consisting of a prostitute and a photographer , with whose product divorce could be obtained . Significant numbers of divorce seekers went to the cities on the Mexican side of the Mexico - U.S. border , or to Haiti , where they found welcoming attorneys , who sometimes advertised in the U.S. The prevalence of the practice is reflected in the song `` Haitian Divorce , '' by Steely Dan . By the 1960s , due to the emergence of second wave feminism , the use of collusive or deceptive practices to bypass the fault system had become a widespread concern , if not actually a widespread practice , and there was widespread agreement that something had to change . The National Association of Women Lawyers was instrumental in convincing the American Bar Association to help create a Family Law section in many state courts , and pushed strongly for no - fault divorce law around 1960 ( cf . Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act ) . In 1969 , California became the first U.S. state to pass a no - fault divorce law . The National Center for Health Statistics reports that from 1975 to 1988 in the US , in families with children present , wives file for divorce in approximately two - thirds of cases . In 1975 , 71.4 % of the cases were filed by women , and in 1988 , 65 % were filed by women . Lenore Weitzman 's 1985 book , The Divorce Revolution , reported a one - year post-divorce decline in standard of living for women of 73 % compared with a 42 % one - year post-divorce increase in standard of living for men . Richard Peterson later calculated a 27 % decrease in standard of living for women and a 10 % increase of standard of living for men , using the same data , which were gathered in California in 1977 and 1978 . 21st century ( edit ) The median length for a marriage in the US today is 11 years with 90 % of all divorces being settled out of court . However , studies have shown that lower - income couples are currently more likely to get a divorce than higher - income couples . The divorce rate among highly educated couples is 11 % , while the divorce rate for lower income couples is 17 % . In 2015 , the Manhattan Supreme Court ruled that Ellanora Baidoo could serve her husband divorce papers through a Facebook message , and she became the first woman to legally serve her husband divorce papers via Facebook . Law ( edit ) Just divorced Divorce in the U.S. is governed by state rather than federal law . The laws of the state ( s ) of residence at the time of divorce govern , not those of the location where the couple was married . All states recognize divorces granted by any other state . All states impose a minimum time of residence to file for a divorce , Nevada and Idaho currently being the shortest at six weeks . All states allow no - fault divorce on grounds such as irreconcilable differences , irremediable breakdown , and loss of affection . Some states mandate a separation period before no - fault divorce . Mississippi , South Dakota and Tennessee are the only states that require mutual consent for no - fault divorce . The rest of the states permit unilateral no - fault divorce . Since the mid-1990s , a few states have enacted covenant marriage laws , which allow couples to voluntarily make a divorce more difficult for themselves to obtain than usual . For example , couples who choose to undertake a covenant marriage may be required to undergo counseling before a divorce can be granted , or to submit their conflicts to mediation . In states lacking such provisions , some couples sign contracts undertaking the same obligations . A summary ( or simple ) divorce , available in some jurisdictions , is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements , or can agree on key issues beforehand . For example , in order to qualify for summary divorce in California , a couple must meet all of the following requirements : Have been married less than five years , Have no children together , Do not own any real property , Do not rent any real property other than current dwelling , Do not owe more than $6,000 for debts since date of marriage , Own less than $41,000 in community property ( property acquired during marriage ) , not counting vehicles , Do not own more than $41,000 in separate property ( property acquired before marriage ) , not counting vehicles , Agree to forgo spousal support , Have a signed agreement which divides property ( including cars ) and debts , and Meet residency requirement , if applicable . Grounds for divorce ( edit ) Main article : Grounds for divorce ( United States ) Though divorce laws vary between jurisdiction , there are two basic approaches to divorce : fault - based and no - fault . Fault grounds , when available , are sometimes still sought . This may be done where it reduces the waiting period otherwise required , or possibly in hopes of affecting decisions related to a divorce , such as child custody , child support , alimony , and so on . A court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property , debts , evaluating custody , and support . States vary in the admissibility of such evidence for those decisions . No - fault divorce ( edit ) Under a no - fault divorce system the dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation or proof of fault of either party . Only three states ( Mississippi , South Dakota and Tennessee ) require mutual consent ( in Tennessee it is needed only in certain circumstances ) for a no - fault divorce to be granted . No - fault grounds for divorce include incompatibility , irreconcilable differences , and irremediable breakdown of the marriage . At - fault divorce ( edit ) Fault divorces used to be the only way to break a marriage , and people who had differences , but did not qualify as `` at fault '' , only had the option to separate ( and were prevented from legally remarrying ) . However , there are ways ( defenses ) to prevent a fault divorce : Collusion Condonation Connivance Provocation Recrimination A defense is expensive , and not usually practical as eventually most divorces are granted . Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches . Jurisdiction ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Government does not have the authority to issue a divorce . The state has the only authority over issuing accepting a marriage , and issuing a divorce . This creates the question of which state can you get divorced in ? All states have rules for jurisdiction , which is typically a time frame the person filing the divorce has lived in the state . Most states require the person filing for a divorce to be a physical resident of the state for six months . Some states require twelve months and some states , like Nevada , only require six weeks . Without proper jurisdiction a state can not issue a divorce . Property division and spousal support ( edit ) States vary in their rules for division of assets in a divorce . The major difference is between states that use a community property system and states that do not . In community property states , community property belongs to the spouses equally . The following states use community property regimes : Arizona , California , Idaho , Louisiana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Washington , and Wisconsin . Alaskan law gives couples the option to create community property by written agreement . Most community property states start with the presumption that community assets will be divided equally , whereas `` equitable distribution '' states presume fairness may dictate more or less than half of the assets will be awarded to one spouse or the other . Commonly , assets acquired before marriage are considered individual , and assets acquired after , marital . Depending on the state , an equitable or equal division of assets is then sought . In some states , educational degrees earned during the marriage may be considered marital property . In such states , a resolution of the divorce will often entail payment from the educated spouse to the other spouse a share of their expected future earnings that are due to a degree they earned during the marriage , and may require the expertise of labor economists or other statistical and financial experts . Alimony , also known as ' maintenance ' or ' spousal support ' is still being granted in many cases , especially in longer term marriages . Alimony is more likely in cases where a spouse has remedial needs that must be met in order for the spouse to become fully employable , for example that one spouse gave up career opportunities or development in order to devote themselves to the family . Child support and custody ( edit ) In cases involving children , governments have a pressing interest in ensuring that disputes between parents do not spill over into the family courts . All states now require parents to file a parenting plan , or to decide on custody and visitation either by reaching a written agreement or in a court hearing , when they legally separate or divorce . The spouse given custody ( or the spouse with the greater share of residence time in the case of joint custody ) , may receive assets to compensate their greater child - care expenses . Alternatives to litigation ( edit ) Collaborative divorce ( edit ) Collaborative divorce ( uncontested divorce ) is becoming a popular method for divorcing couples to come to agreement on divorce issues . In a collaborative divorce , the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation , and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist and / or divorce coach ( es ) . The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests , but with complete information and full professional support . Once the collaborative divorce starts , the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding , should the collaborative law process end prematurely . Most attorneys who practice collaborative divorce claim that it can be substantially less expensive than other divorce methods ( regular divorce or mediation ) . However , should the parties not reach any agreements , any documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process can not later be used in further legal proceedings , as the collaborative process is confidential proceedings . Furthermore , there are no set enforceable time lines for completion of a divorce using collaborative divorce . Mediated divorce ( edit ) Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation that attempts to help opposing spouses find common ground during the divorce process . In a divorce mediation session , a mediator facilitates the discussion between the husband and wife by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences . At the end of the mediation process , the separating parties will have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that they can submit to the court . Parties to mediation do not need to retain attorneys . However , if the parties choose to retain attorneys their attorneys may be included in the mediation session . The mediator can provide both parties with information but will not offer advice to either . Divorce mediators may be attorneys , mental health professionals , or financial experts who have experience in divorce cases . Divorce mediation can be significantly less expensive than litigation . The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higher than that of adherence to court orders . Summary divorce ( edit ) Many states allow for couples to file for a summary divorce based upon a jointly filed divorce petition . A summary divorce means the spouses have discussed the terms required by state law to issue a divorce and they have reached an mutual agreement . Almost , every state allow for this type of `` uncontested '' divorce . An uncontested joint divorce petition will often save a divorcing couple both time and money . Federal laws relating to divorce ( edit ) Since the 1980s , federal legislation has been enacted affecting the rights and responsibilities of divorcing spouses . For example , federal welfare reform mandated the creation of child support guidelines in all 50 states in the 1980s . ERISA includes provisions for the division of qualified retirement accounts between divorcing spouses . The IRS established rules on ignoring alimony as a source of taxable income . Federal bankruptcy laws prohibit discharging in bankruptcy of alimony and child support obligations . COBRA allows a divorced spouse to obtain and maintain health insurance . Qualified domestic relations orders ( edit ) Main article : Qualified domestic relations order A `` qualified domestic relations order '' ( QDRO ) is an order that creates or recognizes the existence of an alternate payee 's right to receive , or assigns to an alternate payee the right to receive , all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to a participant under a retirement plan , and that includes certain information and meets certain other requirements . A domestic relations order is a judgment , decree , or order ( including the approval of a property settlement ) that is made pursuant to state domestic relations law ( including community property law ) and that relates to the provision of child support , alimony payments , or marital property rights for the benefit of a spouse , former spouse , child , or other dependent of a participant . A state authority , generally a court , must actually issue a judgment , order , or decree or otherwise formally approve a property settlement agreement before it can be a domestic relations order under ERISA . The mere fact that a property settlement is agreed to and signed by the parties will not , in and of itself , cause the agreement to be a domestic relations order . Statistics ( edit ) Probability of divorce is influenced by ethnicity and income Initiation ( edit ) According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review , women file slightly more than two - thirds of divorce cases in the US . There is some variation among states , and the numbers have also varied over time , with about 60 % of filings by women in most of the 20th century , and over 70 % by women in some states just after no - fault divorce was introduced , according to the paper . Custody ( edit ) In their 1997 study titled `` Child Custody Policies and Divorce Rates in the US , '' Kuhn and Guidubaldi find it reasonable to conclude that women anticipate advantages to being single , rather than remaining married . In their detailed analysis of divorce rates , Kuhn and Guidubaldi conclude that acceptance of joint physical custody may reduce divorce . States whose family law policies , statutes , or judicial practice encourage joint custody have shown a greater decline in their divorce rates than those that favor sole custody . Rates of divorce ( edit ) Marriage and divorce rates in the US 1990 - 2007 `` Rate of divorce '' usually refers to the number of divorces that occur in the population during a given period . However it is also used in common parlance to refer to the likelihood of a given marriage ending in divorce ( as opposed to the death of a spouse ) . In 2002 ( latest survey data as of 2012 ) , 29 % of first marriages among women aged 15 -- 44 were disrupted ( ended in separation , divorce or annulment ) within 10 years . Beyond the 10 - year window , population survey data is lacking , but forecasts and estimates provide some understanding . It is commonly claimed that half of all marriages in the United States eventually end in divorce , an estimate possibly based on the fact that in any given year , the number of marriages is about twice the number of divorces . Amato outlined in his study on divorce that in the late of 1990s , about 43 % to 46 % of marriages were predicted to end in dissolution . According to his research , there is only a small percentage of marriages end in permanent separation rather than divorce . Using 1995 data , National Survey of Family Growth forecast in 2002 a 43 % chance that first marriages among women aged 15 -- 44 would be disrupted within 15 years . More recently , having spoken with academics and National Survey of Family Growth representatives , PolitiFact.com estimated in 2012 that the lifelong probability of a marriage ending in divorce is 40 % -- 50 % . Variables that may affect rates of divorce include : race / ethnicity importance of religion to the couple divorce in family of origin timing of the first birth of any children ( before marriage , within 7 months , after 7 months , or never ) if one spouse has Generalized Anxiety Disorder A 2008 study by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce . Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth ( Cycle VI ) , the likelihood of divorce for interracial couples to that of same - race couples was compared . Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that , overall , interracial couples have higher rates of divorce , particularly for those that married during the late 1980s . The authors found that gender plays a significant role in interracial divorce dynamics : According to the adjusted models predicting divorce as of the 10th year of marriage , interracial marriages that are the most vulnerable involve White females and non-White males ( with the exception of White females / Hispanic White males ) relative to White / White couples . White wife / Black husband marriages are twice as likely to divorce by the 10th year of marriage compared to White / White couples . Conversely , White men / non-White women couples show either very little or no differences in divorce rates . Asian wife / White husband marriages show only 4 % greater likelihood of divorce by the 10th year of marriage than White / White couples . In the case of Black wife / White husband marriages , divorce by the 10th year of marriage is 44 % less likely than among White / White unions . Intermarriages that did not cross a racial barrier , which was the case for White / Hispanic White couples , showed statistically similar likelihoods of divorcing as White / White marriages . A 2011 study at the University of Iowa found that a woman 's loss of virginity before age 18 was correlated with a greater number of occurrences of divorce within the first 10 years of marriage . A 2012 study cited by Pew Research center found that an estimated 78 % of women with bachelor 's degrees , and 65 % of men with bachelor 's degrees who married between 2006 - 2010 can expect their marriages to last at least two decades . Women with a high school degree or less , on the other hand , face a meager 40 % probability of their marriages surviving the same period . Studies have shown that men who `` earn high incomes have a decreased probability of getting a divorce '' . However , higher income makes a woman 's chances of marriage less likely and it has no connection to possible divorces . In recent years , divorce rates have gone down due to education rates going up . This is because educated individuals make higher incomes in most cases , which result in less financial stress when couples set down to get married . Lower income couples value and respect marriage just as much as higher income couples , however lower income couples are more likely to get a divorce because of financial strains on their marriage . Having low income is not the only factor that can potentially lead to divorce . Religious beliefs , morals and compatibility all come into play when it comes to long term marital statuses . Divorce rate by state ( edit ) The following lists the number of divorces annually per 1,000 population in each state : State Marriage rate Divorce rate 1999 2000 2006 2008 2011 1999 2000 2006 2008 2011 2012 Alabama 10.6 9.8 10.8 10.1 9.4 9.8 6.1 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 4.3 5.4 Alaska 10.2 9.0 8.6 8.9 8.1 8.3 5.5 5.0 5.0 3.9 4.3 4.8 4.6 Arizona 10.0 8.8 8.2 7.5 7.5 6.6 6.9 6.2 4.6 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.7 Arkansas 15.3 14.4 14.8 15.4 14.3 14.3 6.9 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 5.3 6.2 California 7.9 6.3 6.4 5.8 6.5 6.2 4.3 -- -- -- -- - -- Colorado 9.8 9.0 8.2 8.3 8.2 7.9 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 -- Connecticut 7.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 Delaware 8.4 7.3 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 4.4 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.5 District of Columbia 8.2 6.1 6.6 4.9 6.2 5.1 4.5 3.2 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.4 Florida 10.9 9.9 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.1 Georgia 10.3 8.4 7.8 6.8 6.1 6.5 5.5 5.1 4.1 3.3 3.1 - 2.5 Hawaii 16.4 15.7 18.9 20.6 19.6 20.7 4.6 4.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 - 3.7 Idaho 13.9 13.1 12.1 10.8 11.2 10.9 6.5 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.3 Illinois 8.8 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2 6.6 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.9 Indiana 9.6 8.6 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8 -- -- -- -- -- - -- Iowa 9.0 7.7 7.9 6.9 7.1 6.9 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.4 3.1 Kansas 9.2 8.5 7.1 8.3 7.5 7.3 5.0 4.1 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.6 Kentucky 13.5 12.2 10.9 9.8 9.0 9.0 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.1 5.1 4.4 5.2 Louisiana 9.6 9.3 9.1 9.1 8.4 8.2 -- -- -- -- -- - -- Maine 9.7 8.7 8 . 8.8 8.6 8.4 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.6 Maryland 9.7 8.4 7.5 7.5 7.0 7.1 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.4 Massachusetts 7.9 7.1 6.2 5.8 6.2 5.9 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 Michigan 8.2 7.3 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.8 Minnesota 7.7 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 - 3.1 Mississippi 9.4 7.9 7.8 6.9 6.5 6.4 5.5 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.9 Missouri 9.6 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.2 3.9 4.0 Montana 8.6 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.2 5.1 4.8 2.8 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 Nebraska 8.0 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.5 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 Nevada 9.9 8.5 8.2 7.2 6.9 6.7 11.4 7.8 7.8 9.9 6.3 5.6 7.1 New Hampshire 9.5 8.3 7.9 9.4 8.4 8.3 4.7 4.2 5.1 4.8 4.4 2.9 4.3 New Jersey 7.6 6.5 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.4 New Mexico 8.8 8.8 8.0 8.0 7.6 7.9 4.9 6.6 4.6 5.1 4.9 3.3 4.4 New York 8.6 8.0 7.3 7.1 7.6 7.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.4 North Carolina 7.8 8.4 8.5 8.2 7.5 7.7 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.6 3.7 4.5 North Dakota 7.5 7.1 6.6 7.2 6.5 6.8 3.6 3.4 4.4 3.4 2.9 2.7 3.0 Ohio 9.0 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.2 7.0 4.7 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.4 4.0 Oklahoma 10.6 8.6 6.8 7.7 6.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- 5.2 -- Oregon 8.9 8.1 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.1 5.5 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.8 3.8 4.6 Pennsylvania 7.1 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.8 3.1 Rhode Island 8.1 7.3 7.5 7.6 8.1 7.7 3.7 3.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 South Carolina 15.9 11.9 10.2 10.6 9.9 9.3 4.5 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.4 South Dakota 11.1 9.9 9.1 9.4 8.9 8.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 Tennessee 13.9 15.5 14.7 15.5 13.5 13.1 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 5.1 Texas 10.5 9.9 9.1 9.4 9.1 8.4 5.5 5.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.2 3.9 Utah 11.2 10.7 9.6 10.8 10.2 10.4 5.1 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.2 3.7 4.1 Vermont 10.9 10.3 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.7 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.6 4.2 Virginia 11.4 10.2 9.2 8.8 8.8 8.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.2 Washington 9.5 7.7 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.5 5.9 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.1 4.6 West Virginia 7.2 6.1 7.5 8.7 7.9 8.1 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 Wisconsin 7.9 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.3 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.2 Wyoming 10.7 10.6 9.9 10.0 10.1 9.5 6.6 6.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 4.8 5.4 Includes annulments . Includes divorce petitions filed or legal separations for some counties or States . Marriage data includes nonlicensed marriages registered . See also ( edit ) Marriage in the United States Family structure in the United States Divorce demography Divorce of same - sex couples Divorce party Emancipation of minors Fear of commitment Implications of divorce Legal separation Men 's rights movement Relationship counseling Religion and divorce References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Danver , S.L. ( 2011 ) . Revolts , Protests , Demonstrations , and Rebellions in American History : An Encyclopedia . Revolts , Protests , Demonstrations , and Rebellions in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 221 - 0 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Hays , Elinor Rice . Morning Star : A Biography of Lucy Stone 1818 -- 1893 . Harcourt , Brace & World , 1961 . ISBN 978 - 1179374819 at p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Andrea ( 1994 ) . `` Lucy Stone : Speaking Out for Equality '' . The American Historical Review . 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 2167467 . Jump up ^ Donald E. Pitzer ( Spring 2014 ) . `` Why New Harmony is World Famous '' . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society . 26 ( 2 ) : 12 . Jump up ^ Elinor Pancoast and Ann E. Lincoln ( 1940 ) . The Incorrigible Idealist : Robert Dale Owen in America . Bloomington , Indiana : The Principia Press . p. 22 . OCLC 2000563 . Jump up ^ Kent 's Commentaries on American Law , p. 401 . Jump up ^ History Cooperative , `` The History of Divorce Law in the United States '' , http://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-divorce-law-in-the-usa/ , retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reno Divorce History , `` Laws of the Land '' , http://renodivorcehistory.org/themes/law-of-the-land/ , consulted July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Margorie Engel , Divorce Help Sourcebook , Visible Ink Press , 1994 , ISBN 9780810394803 , cited in `` The History of Divorce : How It Continues To Affect You , '' http://www.lifemanagement.com/fsa8.2.1137/ , retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Michael ( 6 July 2008 ) . `` The sordid history of divorce in N.Y. '' New York Daily News . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Treaster , Joseph B. ( 12 July 1986 ) . `` A Weekend in Haiti can Include a Divorce '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Michelle L. ( 2009 ) . `` Wrongs Committed During a Marriage : The Child that No Area of the Law Wants to Adopt '' . Wash . & Lee L. Rev. 66 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Report of Final Divorce Statistics , 1988 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Vital Statistice Report . 39 ( 12 ( supplement 2 ) ) . May 21 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( May 9 , 1996 ) . `` Influential Study on Divorce 's Impact Is Said to Be Flawed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Claire C. ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` The Divorce Surge Is Over , but the Myth Lives On '' . New York Times . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge says Brooklyn woman can use Facebook to serve divorce papers '' . abc13.com. 2015 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Punchlines : I now pronounce you Facebook divorced '' . Usatoday.com. 2015 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Law in the Fifty States , Chart 4 : Grounds for Divorce and Residency Requirements '' ( PDF ) . Family Law Quarterly . 45 ( 4 ) : 500 . Winter 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes , Sec . 125.020 '' . Nevada Legislature . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Section 32 - 701 -- Idaho State Legislature '' . legislature.idaho.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` SD House Votes Down Unilateral No - Fault Divorce Proposal KDLT.com South Dakota News - News , Sports , and Weather Sioux Falls South Dakota '' . Kdlt.com . March 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` For Married Couples '' . California Courts : Judicial Branch of California . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grounds for Divorce and Residency Requirements '' ( PDF ) . Family Law Quarterly . 45 ( 4 ) : 500 . Winter 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wex . `` Community property '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanza Loudenback ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` In 9 US states , a divorce means you 'll lose half of everything you own -- here 's why '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Community Property Division Worksheet '' . Sterling Law Offices , S.C . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hollander , Sophia . `` After Divorce , a Degree Is Costly '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joan B. ( July 1996 ) . `` A Decade of Divorce Mediation Research : Some Questions and Answers '' . Family Court Review ( 34 ) : 373 -- 385 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Marian ( 1 December 2014 ) . Mediation in Family Disputes : Principles of Practice . London : Routledge . pp. 1 -- 29 . ISBN 9781317098478 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California Summary Divorce Form '' ( PDF ) . California Courts . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Simplified Resolution Form '' ( PDF ) . Florida Courts . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QDRO 's - An Overview '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brinig , Margaret ; Douglas W. Allen ( 2000 ) . `` These Boots Are Made for Walking : Why Most Divorce Filers are Women '' . American Law and Economics Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 126 -- 129 . doi : 10.1093 / aler / 2.1. 126 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Richard ; John Guidubaldi ( October 23 , 1997 ) . `` Child Custody Policies and Divorce Rates in the US '' . 11th Annual Conference of the Children 's Rights Council . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` D Listing , Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandra A ; Martinez GM ; Mosher WD ; Abma JC ; Jones J ( November 2005 ) . Fertility , Family Planning , and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women : Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth ( PDF ) . Hyattsville , Maryland : US Department of Health and Human Services . pp. 17 , 90 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Percent of American Marriages End in Divorce - Fiction ! '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amato . `` Research on Divorce : Continuing Trends and New Developments '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . Jump up ^ PolitiFact New Jersey . `` Steve Sweeney claims two - thirds of marriages end in divorce '' . Truth - O - Meter . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohabitation , marriage , divorce , and remarriage in the United States . Hyattsville , Md. : Dept. of Health and Human Services , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , national Center for Health Statistics . 2002 . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 8406 - 0582 - X . ^ Jump up to : Bratter , Jenifer L. `` '' But Will It Last ? `` : Marital Instability among Interracial and Same - Race Couples '' . Family Relations . Blackwell Publishing . 57 : 160 -- 171 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3729.2008. 00491. x . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Women Who Lost Virginity Early More Likely To Divorce : New Study '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This subset of women has the best odds of making a marriage last '' . Quartz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Aughinbaugh , Alison ; Robles , Omar ; Sun , Hugette ( 2013 ) . `` Marriage and divorce : patterns by gender , race , and educational attainment '' . Monthly Lab. Rev. 136 : 1 . Jump up ^ Nakonezny , Paul A. , Robert D. Shull , and Joseph Lee Rodgers . `` The effect of no - fault divorce law on the divorce rate across the 50 states and its relation to income , education , and religiosity . '' Journal of Marriage and the Family ( 1995 ) : 477 - 488 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Jeremy ; Guner , Nezih ; Knowles , John A. ( 2003 ) . `` More on Marriage , Fertility , and the Distribution of Income * '' . International Economic Review . 44 ( 3 ) : 827 -- 862 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2354. t01 - 1 - 00091 . Jump up ^ Gibson - Davis , Christina M. ; Edin , Kathryn ; McLanahan , Sara ( 2005 ) . `` High hopes but even higher expectations : The retreat from marriage among low ‐ income couples '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 67 ( 5 ) : 1301 -- 1312 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3737.2005. 00218. x . Jump up ^ `` Divorce rates by State : 1990 , 1995 , and 1999 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . CDC.gov . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Cherlin , Andrew J. ( 2009 ) . The marriage - go - round : the state of marriage and the family in America today . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . DiFonzo , Herbie ( 1997 ) . Beneath the fault line : the popular and legal culture of divorce in twentieth - century America . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . Glass , Jennifer ; Levchak , Philip ( January 2014 ) . `` Red States , Blue States , and Divorce : Understanding the Impact of Conservative Protestantism on Regional Variation in Divorce Rates '' . American Journal of Sociology . The University of Chicago Press . 119 ( 4 ) : 1002 -- 1046 . doi : 10.1086 / 674703 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 674703 . Heath , Melanie ( 2012 ) . One marriage under God : the campaign to promote marriage in America . New York : New York University Press . Lester , David ( 1993 ) . `` Time - series versus regional correlates of rates of personal violence '' . Death Studies . 17 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0748 - 1187 . McLanahan , Sara ; Sandefur , Gary ( 1994 ) . Growing up with a single parent : what hurts , what helps . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . Mercer , Diana ; Pruett , Marsha Kline ( 2001 ) . Your Divorce Advisor : A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0684870687 . `` Marriage and Divorce '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Morowitz , Harold J. `` Hiding in the Hammond Report . '' Hospital Practice August 1975 ; 39 . Porter , Portia ( 2016 ) . Can You Stiff Your Divorce Lawyer : Tales of How Cunning Clients Can Get Free Legal Work , As Told by an Experienced Divorce Attorney . Cheetah Press . ISBN 978 - 0997555523 . Riessman , Catherine Kohler ( 1990 ) . Divorce talk : women and men make sense of personal relationships . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0813515025 . Stacey , Judith ( 1990 ) . Brave new families : stories of domestic upheaval in late twentieth century America . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0465007465 . History ( edit ) Blake , Nelson Manfred . The road to Reno : A history of divorce in the United States ( Greenwood Press , 1977 ) Chused , Richard H. Private acts in public places : A social history of divorce in the formative era of American family law ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 1994 ) Griswold , Robert L. `` The Evolution of the Doctrine of Mental Cruelty in Victorian American Divorce , 1790 - 1900 . '' Journal of Social History ( 1986 ) : 127 - 148 . in JSTOR Griswold , Robert L. Family and Divorce in California , 1850 - 1890 : Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities ( 1982 ) . May , Elaine Tyler . `` The Pressure to Provide : Class , Consumerism , and Divorce in Urban America , 1880 - 1920 . '' Journal of Social History ( 1978 ) : 180 - 193 . in JSTOR May , Elaine Tyler . Great expectations : Marriage and divorce in post-Victorian America ( 1980 ) Riley , Glenda . Divorce : an American tradition ( U of Nebraska Press , 1991 ) online Schweninger , Loren . Families in Crisis in the Old South : Divorce , Slavery , and the Law . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2012 . online External links ( edit ) `` Marriage and Divorce '' . National Center for Health Statistics , CDC . `` Marriage and divorce : patterns by gender , race , and educational attainment '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_United_States&oldid=845913237 '' Categories : Divorce in the United States Family law in the United States Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from April 2018 All articles to be merged Use mdy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 00 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was divorce legalized in the united states	[]	[]
-8793663166305476301	Dominique McElligott	Dominique McElligott - wikipedia Dominique McElligott Jump to : navigation , search Dominique McElligott McElligott in 2011 . ( 1986 - 03 - 05 ) 5 March 1986 ( age 31 ) Dublin , Ireland Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Dominique McElligott ( born 5 March 1986 ) is an Irish actress , who appears primarily in independent films . She starred in Moon ( 2009 ) and the RTÉ television series Raw before leaving to film Leap Year ( 2010 ) . From 2011 to 2012 , she played a lead role in the AMC series Hell on Wheels . In 2015 , she starred in ABC 's The Astronaut Wives Club . In 2016 , McElligott played Hannah Conway , wife of the Republican presidential nominee , in the fourth and fifth season of the Netflix show House of Cards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Dark Floors Emily 2008 Satellites & Meteorites Dr. Johnson 2009 Moon Tess Bell Leap Year Bride minor part 2011 The Guard Aoife O'Carroll 2011 Blackthorn Etta Place 2012 Not Fade Away Joy Dietz Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 02 On Home Ground Cora Collins 10 episodes 2005 Whiskey Echo Rachel Television film 2008 Being Human Lauren Episode : `` Pilot '' 2008 Raw Rebecca Marsh 6 episodes 2009 The Philanthropist Bella Olazabal 3 episodes 2011 -- 12 Hell on Wheels Lily Bell Main cast , 19 episodes 2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Louise Shepard Main cast 2016 -- 17 House of Cards Hannah Conway Main cast 2016 The Last Tycoon Kathleen Moore Main cast Note : the Bella Olazabal character was apparently dropped from The Philanthropist before it was aired . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dominique bounces back with bride role after Raw Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` AMC Pilot ' Hell On Wheels ' Finds Its Leads '' . Jump up ^ `` RAW star 's new show to air in US in June '' . 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Aolfe . `` Irish actress Dominique McElligott features in plum role on House of Cards season 4 '' . www.independent.ie . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Tycoon : Dominique McElligott to Star in Amazon Pilot - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique McElligott HELL ON WHEELS Interview '' . 5 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dominique McElligott . Dominique McElligott on IMDb VIAF : 103675703 LCCN : no2010015536 ISNI : 0000 0001 1953 756X GND : 14355543X SUDOC : 147404711 BNF : cb16172112c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominique_McElligott&oldid=791652495 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century Irish actresses Irish film actresses Irish television actresses People from Dublin ( city ) Actresses from Dublin ( city ) Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Русский Simple English Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 16 : 40 . About Wikipedia	who plays lily bell on hell on wheels	[]	[]
4953176526263141003	Charles M. Schwab	Charles M. Schwab - wikipedia Charles M. Schwab For the founder and chairman of the Charles Schwab Corporation brokerage firm , see Charles R. Schwab Charles M. Schwab Charles M. Schwab , 1918 Charles Michael Schwab ( 1862 - 02 - 18 ) February 18 , 1862 Williamsburg , Pennsylvania , U.S. September 18 , 1939 ( 1939 - 09 - 18 ) ( aged 77 ) Manhattan , New York City , U.S. Relatives Frank Perry ( great nephew ) Katy Perry ( great great niece ) Signature Charles Michael Schwab ( February 18 , 1862 -- September 18 , 1939 ) was an American steel magnate . Under his leadership , Bethlehem Steel became the second largest steel maker in the United States , and one of the most important heavy manufacturers in the world . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Charles Schwab , was born in Williamsburg , Pennsylvania , the son of Pauline ( née Farabaugh ) and John Anthony Schwab . All four of his grandparents were Roman Catholic immigrants from Germany . Schwab was raised in Loretto , Pennsylvania , which he considered his home town . He attended Saint Francis College ( now Saint Francis University ) , but left after two years and obtaining two certificates to find work in Pittsburgh . Career ( edit ) Schwab began his career as an engineer in Andrew Carnegie 's steelworks , starting as a stake - driver in the engineering corps of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Furnaces in Braddock , Pennsylvania . He was promoted often , including to the positions of general superintendent of the Homestead Works in 1887 and general superintendent of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in 1880 . In 1897 , at only 35 years of age , he became president of the Carnegie Steel Company . In 1901 , he helped negotiate the secret sale of Carnegie Steel to a group of New York -- based financiers led by J.P. Morgan . After the buyout , Schwab became the first president of the U.S. Steel Corporation , the company formed out of Carnegie 's former holdings . After several clashes with Morgan and fellow US Steel executive Elbert Gary , Schwab left USS in 1903 to run the Bethlehem Shipbuilding and Steel Company in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . The company had gained shipyards in California , Delaware , and New Jersey through its brief but fortunate involvement as one of the few solvent enterprises in United States Shipbuilding Company . Under his leadership ( and that of Eugene Grace ) , it became the largest independent steel producer in the world . A major part of Bethlehem Steel 's success was the development of the H - beam , a precursor of today 's ubiquitous I - beam . Schwab was interested in mass - producing the wide flange steel beam , but that was a risky venture that required raising capital and building a large new plant , all to make a product whose ability to sell was unproven . In his most famous remark , Schwab told his secretary , `` I 've thought the whole thing over , and if we are going bust , we will go bust big . '' In 1908 , Bethlehem Steel began making the beam , which revolutionized building construction and contributed to the age of the skyscraper . Its success helped make Bethlehem Steel the second - largest steel company in the world . Bethlehem , Pennsylvania was incorporated , virtually as a company town , by uniting four previous villages . In 1910 , Schwab broke the Bethlehem Steel strike by calling out the newly formed Pennsylvania State Police . Schwab successfully kept labor unions out of Bethlehem Steel throughout his tenure ( although Bethlehem Steel unionized in 1941 , two years after his death . Schwab in 1901 , at age 39 In 1911 , Bethlehem Steel formed a company soccer team known as Bethlehem Steel F.C. In 1914 Schwab took the team professional . Until its demise in 1930 , the team won eight league championships , six American Cups and five National Challenge Cups . It was considered among the greatest soccer teams in U.S. history . The company disbanded the team as a result of financial losses incurred during the internecine 1928 -- 1929 `` Soccer Wars '' between American Soccer League and United States Football Association and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 . During the first years of World War I , Bethlehem Steel had a virtual monopoly in contracts to supply the Allies with certain kinds of munitions . Schwab made many visits to Europe in connection with the manufacture and supply of munitions to the Allied governments , during this period . He circumvented American neutrality laws by funneling goods through Canada . On April 16 , 1918 , Schwab became Director General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation , a board granted by Congress with master authority over all shipbuilding in the United States . He was appointed over Charles Piez , the former general manager of the corporation . President Wilson had specifically asked Schwab to assume this responsibility . Schwab 's biggest change to the shipbuilding effort was to abandon the cost plus profit contracting system that had been in place up to that time and begin issuing fixed - price contracts . After America 's entry into the war , he was accused of profiteering but was later acquitted . Schwab was considered to be a risk taker and was highly controversial ( Thomas Edison once famously called him the `` master hustler '' ) . Schwab 's lucrative contract providing steel to the Trans - Siberian Railroad came after he provided a $200,000 `` gift '' to the mistress of the Grand Duke Alexis Aleksandrovich . His innovative ways of dealing with his staff are given a mention in Dale Carnegie 's most famous work , How to Win Friends and Influence People ( 1936 ) . In 1928 , Schwab was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal for `` outstanding services to the steel industry '' . In 1932 he was awarded the Melchett Medal by the British Institute of Fuel In 1982 , Schwab was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame . In 2011 Schwab was inducted into the inaugural class of the American Metal Market Steel Hall of Fame ( http://www.amm.com/HOF-Profile/CharlesSchwab.html ) for his lifelong work in the US steel industry . Personal Life ( edit ) Schwab married Emma Eurana Dinkey ( 1859 - 1939 ) on May 1 , 1883 . Mrs. Schwab had lived in Weatherly , Pennsylvania and donated $85,000 to build a school there . Schwab eventually became very wealthy . He moved to New York City 's Upper West Side , which at the time was considered the `` wrong '' side of Central Park , where he built `` Riverside '' , the most ambitious private house ever built in New York . The US $7 million 75 - room house , designed by French architect Maurice Hebert , combined details from three French chateaux on a full city block . After Schwab 's death , Mayor Fiorello La Guardia turned down a proposal to make Riverside the official mayoral residence , deeming it too grandiose . It was eventually razed and replaced by an apartment block . The main house , cascades , and gardens of `` Immergrün '' , Charles M. Schwab 's retreat in Loretto , Pennsylvania Schwab also owned a 44 - room summer estate on 1,000 acres ( 4 km ) in Loretto , Pennsylvania , called `` Immergrün '' ( German for `` evergreen '' ) . The house featured opulent gardens and a nine - hole golf course . Rather than raze the existing house , Schwab had the mansion moved 200 feet on rollers to a new location to make room for the new mansion . Schwab 's estate sold Immergrün after his death , and it is now Mount Assisi Friary on the grounds of Saint Francis University . Schwab became notorious for his `` fast lane '' lifestyle including opulent parties , high - stakes gambling , and a string of extramarital affairs producing at least one child out of wedlock . The affairs and the out - of - wedlock child soured his relationship with his wife . He became an international celebrity when he `` broke the bank '' at Monte Carlo and traveled in a $100,000 private rail car named `` Loretto '' . Even before the Great Depression , he had already spent most of his fortune , estimated at between $25 million and $40 million . Adjusted for inflation , that equates to between $500 million and $800 million in the first decade of the 21st century . The stock market crash of 1929 finished off what years of wanton spending had started . He spent his last years in a small apartment . He could no longer afford the taxes on `` Riverside '' and it was seized by creditors . He had offered to sell the mansion at a huge loss but there were no buyers . At his death ten years later , Schwab 's holdings in Bethlehem Steel were virtually worthless , and he was over US $300,000 in debt . Had he lived a few more years , he would have seen his fortunes restored when Bethlehem Steel was flooded with orders for war materiel . He was buried in Loretto at Saint Michael 's Cemetery in a private mausoleum with his wife . Schwab had no children by Eurana Dinkey , but had one daughter by a mistress . A bust - length portrait of Schwab painted in 1903 by Swiss - born American artist Adolfo Müller - Ury ( 1862 -- 1947 ) was formerly in the Jessica Dragonette Collection at the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming at Laramie , but has been donated to the National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. Müller - Ury also painted his nephew and namesake Charles M. Schwab ( son of his brother Joseph ) as a boy in a sailor suit around the same date . See also ( edit ) List of people on the cover of Time Magazine : 1920s : November 22 , 1926 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Local history including Men of Bethlehem at the Bethlehem Area Public Library '' . Bapl.org. April 16 , 1918 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived May 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charles M. Schwab Correspondence Finding Aid , 1891 , AIS. 1994.02 , Archives Services Center , University of Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ `` Forging America : The History of Bethlehem Steel - Chapter 5 - The Grace Period '' . The Morning Call . 2003 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SCHWAB CORNERS FOOTBALL STARS - Steel Man Gathers High - Class Soccer Team to Represent Bethlehem , Penn . '' The New York Times , August 2 , 1914 . PDF . Jump up ^ `` Makes Record in Soccer : Bethlehem Sets Mark by Winning Double Championship '' . The New York Times , July 23 , 1916 . PDF . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Francis J. , ed. ( 1921 ) . `` Schwab , Charles M . '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . New York : P.F. Collier & Son Company . Jump up ^ `` SCHWAB PLACED IN FULL CONTROL OF SHIPBUILDING '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1918 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Melchett Medal awarded to Charles M Schwab JTA archive 21 October 1932 retrieved 21 January 2015 Jump up ^ Laylo , Bob ( December 16 , 1990 ) . `` Weatherly Unsure Of Portrait 's Fate '' . Allentown Morning Call . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charles M. Schwab and his mansion '' . New York Social Diary . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History & Traditions : A Brief History of Saint Francis University '' . Saint Francis University . Jump up ^ North Carolina Transportation Museum : Rail Equipment Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . 1 Jump up ^ Town & Country , August 22 , 1903 , ' A Successful Portrait Painter ' , by S.E. L ( eisha ) , p. 21 ( reproduced ) Further reading ( edit ) James H. Bridge , 1903 . The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company . Arundel Cotter , 1916 . The Story of Bethlehem Steel . Arundel Cotter , 1921 . United States Steel : A Corporation with a Soul . Burton W. Folsom , Jr. , The Myth of the Robber Barons . Young America . Louis M. Hacker , 1968 . The World of Andrew Carnegie . Burton J. Hendrick , 1969 . The Life of Andrew Carnegie , 2 vols . 1st ed. , 1932 . Hessen , Robert , 1990 . Steel titan : the life of Charles M. Schwab , Pittsburgh , Pa. : University of Pittsburgh Press . Napoleon Hill , 1937 . Think and Grow Rich . Stewart H. Holbrook , 1953 . Age of the Moguls . Ida M. Tarbell , 1925 . The Life of Elbert H. Gary . Joseph Frazier Wall , 1970 . Andrew Carnegie . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Michael Schwab . Charles M. Schwab . Biography at Explore Pennsylvania History . Schwab biography at the Bethlehem website Beyond Steel : An Archive of Lehigh Valley Industry and Culture Loretto Railcar Restoration Charles M. Schwab Correspondence , Finding Aid for Correspondence Collection , 1891 , AIS. 1994.02 , Archives Services Center , University of Pittsburgh . Texts on Wikisource : `` Schwab , Charles M . '' . The Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1918 . `` Schwab , Charles M . '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Schwab , Charles Michael '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed . ) . 1922 . Newspaper clippings about Charles M. Schwab in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1880 -- 1899 Robert Henry Thurston ( 1880 - 82 ) E.D. Leavitt ( 1883 - 84 ) John Edson Sweet ( 1884 - 85 ) J.F. Holloway ( 1885 - 86 ) Coleman Sellers ( 1886 - 87 ) George Herman Babcock ( 1887 - 88 ) Horace See ( 1888 - 89 ) Henry R. Towne ( 1889 - 90 ) Oberlin Smith ( 1890 - 91 ) Robert W. Hunt ( 1891 - 92 ) Charles H. Loring ( 1892 - 93 ) Eckley B. Coxe ( 1893 - 94 ) Edward F.C. Davis ( 1894 - 95 ) Charles E. Billings ( 1895 - 96 ) John Fritz ( 1896 - 97 ) Worcester R. Warner ( 1897 - 98 ) Charles Wallace Hunt ( 1898 - 99 ) George W. Melville ( 1899 - 1900 ) 1900 -- 1919 Charles H. Morgan ( 1900 - 1901 ) Samuel T. Wellman ( 1901 - 1902 ) Edwin Reynolds ( 1902 - 1903 ) James M. Dodge ( 1903 - 1904 ) Ambrose Swasey ( 1904 - 1905 ) John R. Freeman ( 1905 - 1906 ) Frederick W. Taylor ( 1906 - 1907 ) F.R. Hutton ( 1907 - 1908 ) Minard L. Holman ( 1908 - 1909 ) Jesse M. Smith ( 1909 - 1910 ) George Westinghouse ( 1910 - 11 ) Edward D. Meier ( 1911 - 12 ) Alexander C. Humphreys ( 1912 - 13 ) William F.M. Goss ( 1913 - 14 ) James Hartness ( 1914 - 15 ) John A. Brashear ( 1915 - 16 ) David S. Jacobus ( 1916 - 17 ) Ira N. Hollis ( 1917 - 18 ) Charles T. Main ( 1918 - 19 ) Mortimer E. Cooley ( 1919 - 20 ) 1920 -- 1939 Fred J. Miller ( 1920 - 21 ) Edwin S. Carman ( 1921 - 22 ) Dexter S. Kimball ( 1922 - 23 ) John L. Harrington ( 1923 - 24 ) Fred R. Low ( 1924 - 25 ) William F. Durand ( 1925 - 26 ) William L. Abbott ( 1926 - 27 ) Charles M. Schwab ( 1927 - 28 ) Alex Dow ( 1928 - 29 ) Elmer A. Sperry ( 1929 - 30 ) Charles Piez ( 1930 - 31 ) Roy V. Wright ( 1931 - 32 ) Conrad N. Lauer ( 1932 - 33 ) A.A. Potter ( 1933 - 34 ) Paul Doty ( 1934 - 35 ) Ralph E. Flanders ( 1935 - 36 ) William L. Batt ( 1936 - 37 ) James H. Herron ( 1937 - 38 ) Harvey N. Davis ( 1938 - 39 ) Alexander G. Christie ( 1939 - 40 ) 1940 -- 1959 Warren H. McBryde ( 1940 - 41 ) William A. Hanley ( 1941 - 42 ) James W. Parker ( 1942 - 43 ) Harold V. Coes ( 1943 - 44 ) Robert M. Gates ( 1944 - 45 ) Alex D. Bailey ( 1945 - 46 ) D. Robert Yarnall ( 1946 - 47 ) Eugene W. O'Brien ( 1947 - 48 ) Ervin G. Bailey ( 1948 - 49 ) James M. Todd ( 1949 - 50 ) James D. Cunningham ( 1950 - 51 ) J. Calvin Brown ( 1951 - 52 ) Reginald J.S. Pigott ( 1952 - 53 ) Frederick S. Blackall Jr. ( 1953 - 54 ) Lewis K. Sillcox ( 1954 - 55 ) David W.R. Morgan ( 1955 - 56 ) Joseph W. Barker ( 1956 - 57 ) William F. Ryan ( 1957 - 58 ) James N. Landis ( 1958 - 59 ) Glenn B. Warren ( 1959 - 60 ) 1960 -- 1979 Walker L. Cisler ( 1960 - 61 ) William H. Bryne ( 1961 - 62 ) Clifford H. Shumaker ( 1962 - 63 ) Ronald B. Smith ( 1963 - 64 ) Elmer O. Bergman ( 1964 - 65 ) Henry N. Muller ( 1965 - 66 ) James H. Harlow ( 1966 - 67 ) Louis N. Rowley Jr. ( 1967 - 68 ) George F. Habach ( 1968 - 69 ) Donald E. Marlowe ( 1969 - 70 ) Allen F. Rhodes ( 1970 - 71 ) Kenneth A. Roe ( 1971 - 72 ) Richard G. Folsom ( 1972 - 73 ) Daniel C. Drucker ( 1973 - 74 ) Richard B. Robertson ( 1974 - 75 ) Charles L. Tutt , III ( 1975 - 76 ) Earle C. Miller ( 1976 - 77 ) Stothe P. Kezios ( 1977 - 78 ) Orval L. Lewis ( 1978 - 79 ) Donald N. Zwiep ( 1979 - 80 ) 1980 -- 1999 Charles E. Jones ( 1980 - 81 ) Robert B. Gaither ( 1981 - 82 ) Serge Gratch ( 1982 - 83 ) Frank M. Scott ( 1983 - 84 ) George Kotnick ( 1984 - 85 ) Leroy S. Fletcher ( 1985 - 86 ) Nancy D. Fitzroy ( 1986 - 87 ) Richard Rosenberg ( 1987 - 88 ) Ernest L. Daman ( 1988 - 89 ) Charles O. Velzy ( 1989 - 90 ) Arthur E. Bergles ( 1990 - 91 ) Nathan H. Hurt ( 1991 - 92 ) Joseph A. Falcon ( 1992 - 93 ) John H. Fernandes ( 1993 - 94 ) Paul J. Torpey ( 1994 - 95 ) Daniel T. Koenig ( 1995 - 96 ) Richard J. Goldstein ( 1996 - 97 ) Keith B. Thayer ( 1997 - 98 ) Winfred M. Phillips ( 1998 - 99 ) Robert E. Nickell ( 1999 - 2000 ) 2000 -- present John R. Parker ( 2000 - 2001 ) William A. Weiblen ( 2001 - 2002 ) Susan H. Skemp ( 2002 - 2003 ) Reginald I. Vachon ( 2003 - 2004 ) Harry Armen ( 2004 - 2005 ) Richard E. Feigel ( 2005 - 2006 ) Terry E. Shoup ( 2006 - 2007 ) Sam Y . Zamrik ( 2007 - 2008 ) Thomas M. Barlow ( 2008 - 2009 ) Amos E. Holt ( 2009 - 2010 ) Robert T. Simmons ( 2010 - 2011 ) Victoria Rockwell ( 2011 - 2012 ) Marc Goldsmith ( 2012 - 2013 ) Madiha Kotb ( 2013 - 2014 ) J. Robert Sims ( 2014 - 2015 ) BNF : cb16593944j ( data ) GND : 118795643 ISNI : 0000 0000 6674 584X LCCN : n90616421 NARA : 10570752 SNAC : w6tx3njr SUDOC : 168653982 VIAF : 3267088 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Schwab&oldid=854708370 '' Categories : American steel industry businesspeople 1862 births 1939 deaths American soccer chairmen and investors Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers American people of German descent People from Bethlehem , Pennsylvania Saint Francis University alumni Bethlehem Steel U.S. Steel 19th - century American businesspeople 20th - century American businesspeople Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Use mdy dates from September 2012 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Cyclopaedia of American Biography Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Malagasy Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	president of the largest steel company in 1923	[]	[]
2188638471933247387	Visa policy of Pakistan	Visa policy of Pakistan - wikipedia Visa policy of Pakistan Pakistan Visit visa in a Singaporean passport Entry stamp for Pakistan to a national of Singapore Exit stamp for Pakistan to a national of Singapore Visitors to Pakistan typically must obtain a visa from one of the Pakistani diplomatic missions . Pakistani missions abroad offer various categories of visas , with some travelers eligible for visa on arrival if traveling as part of a group tour , or for business . Pakistan does not offer visa - on - arrival for individual tourists , though nationals of some countries do not require a visa for travel to Pakistan . Pakistani visas are ranked by Wanderlust magazine as one of the top 5 hardest visas to obtain . Applicants must typically apply for visas in their country of origin , but may apply from a third country if they are legal permanent residents of that country . Contents 1 Visa policy map 2 Visa - free entry 3 Visa on arrival 3.1 Business visa 3.2 Tour group visa 4 Tourist visas 5 Diplomatic and service category passports 6 Mandatory registration 7 Special categories 7.1 Overseas Pakistani citizens and Persons of Pakistani Origin 7.2 Israeli passport holders 7.3 Indian passport holders 8 See also 9 References Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Pakistan Pakistan Visa free Business & group tourist visa on arrival Business visa on arrival Visa required Visa & mandatory police registration required Ineligible for tourist visa . All other visas require clearance from Ministry of Interior before issuance , and holders are subject to mandatory police registration . Visa - free entry ( edit ) Citizens from the following 5 countries holding ordinary passports do not require a visa for Pakistan . Maldives for stays of up to 3 months ; Nepal for stays of up to 1 month ; Samoa for stays of up to 1 month ; Tonga Trinidad and Tobago show Date of visa changes This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Cancelled : 1 October 2015 : Zambia January 2017 : Iceland Visa on arrival ( edit ) Business visa ( edit ) Citizens from the following 67 countries may obtain a visa on arrival when traveling on business for a maximum stay of 30 days , provided they have a local sponsor who must first obtain an approval from the immigration authorities at the intended port of arrival , and if they possess one of the following documents : recommendation letter from Chamber of Commerce & Industries ( CC&I ) in country of residence , invitation letter from business organization recommended by the concerned trade organization / association in Pakistan , or recommendation letter by Investor Consular of Board of Investment posted at Pakistan missions abroad . All European Union countries except Bulgaria and Croatia Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Canada Chile China Egypt Iceland Indonesia Iran Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Morocco New Zealand Norway Oman Philippines Sri Lanka Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United States Ukraine United Arab Emirates Vietnam The scheme was introduced in 2006 and it was announced in April 2014 that the policy will be replaced with reciprocal policy that will allow visa on arrival only for businessmen from countries that have the same policy for Pakistani businessmen . Tour group visa ( edit ) Citizens from the following 24 countries may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days , if they are travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator : Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Italy Japan Luxembourg Malaysia Netherlands Norway Portugal Singapore South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand United Kingdom United States Tourist visas ( edit ) Tourists visas are issued to nationals of 182 countries , excluding India . Visas are granted for 90 day stays , with two entries permitted . Tourist holders are allowed to overstay their visa period by 15 days , but are subject to an additional $10 fee . Overstays of longer periods are subjected to higher fees . Visa extensions for a maximum of 6 months are possible . In February 2018 Pakistan announced that it would begin issuing eVisas . Diplomatic and service category Passports ( edit ) Pakistan Visa free access for diplomatic and service category passports Visa free access for diplomatic passports Pakistan has visa - abolition agreements for holders of diplomatic and official passports from the following countries , who do not require visas for Pakistan : Algeria Argentina Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belgium ( diplomatic only ) Brazil ( diplomatic only ) Brunei China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt ( diplomatic only ) Finland ( diplomatic only ) Germany ( diplomatic only ) Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Libya Luxembourg ( diplomatic only ) Malta Mexico ( diplomatic only ) Morocco Netherlands ( diplomatic only ) Norway Philippines ( diplomatic only ) Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan ( diplomatic only ) Thailand ( diplomatic only ) Tunisia Turkey Vietnam Yemen Visa free agreement for diplomatic and special passports was signed with Cyprus in July 2017 and is yet to be ratified . Visa - free agreement for holders of diplomatic passports was signed with Turkmenistan in January 2018 and it is yet to be ratified . Mandatory registration ( edit ) Visitors from the following countries are obliged to register with the police upon arrival to Pakistan : Bangladesh Bhutan India Israel Nigeria Palestine Somalia Uganda Police registration is typically performed by hotel staff as part of the check - in process . In person visits to police stations are only required of visitors who choose not to stay in licensed hotels or hostels . Special categories ( edit ) Overseas Pakistani citizens and persons of Pakistani origin ( edit ) Visas are not required for holders of a Pakistan Origin Card ( POC , a National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistani ( NICOP ) , or any passport bearing a `` Visa exempt '' stamp by Pakistani authorities Nationals of Turkey holding a valid visa for the Schengen Area , United Kingdom or the United States , can obtain a visa on arrival . Israeli passport holders ( edit ) Pakistan does not bar Israeli citizens from traveling to Pakistan . Though Pakistan has no diplomatic mission in Israel , applicants for Pakistani visas can apply in a third country if they are legal permanent residents in that country . Israeli passport holders , along with Palestinian passport holders , are required to register their stay with local police authorities , unless granted a work visa . Indian passport holders ( edit ) Applications from Indian passport holders must be cleared directly from the Ministry of Interior , though they are not barred from visiting Pakistan despite being subject to additional regulations , including mandatory police registration , regardless of visa type . Foreigners of Indian origin are subject to this regulation as well . Indian nationals are also restricted in the availability of ports of entry to Pakistan , and instead must enter and leave the country via designated points , including the Wagah border , as well as through airports in Islamabad , Lahore , and Karachi . Indian nationals are typically required to enter and exit Pakistan through the same post , unless permission is sought in advance . Indian passport holders are not granted tourist visas , and are only permitted to apply for visas to visit family and friends , business visas , transit visas , and visas for religious pilgrimage . Six month business visas are granted to Indian passport holders , with multiple entries permitted . Indian passport holders are also ineligible for any visa extensions , though passport holders who stay longer than the time permitted by the visa are subject to a fee of 40 Rupees per day of overstay . See also ( edit ) Pakistan portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pakistan . Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens Pakistani passport References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 hardest - to - get visas and how to save money securing them '' . Wanderlust . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1975 - 1976 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=PK&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=IS&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C Jump up ^ `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` NA question hour : Reciprocal business visa policy on cards '' . The Express Tribune . 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ Pakistan contemplating to issue E-Visa soon , says Ahsan Jump up ^ Entry into Pakistan without Visa . List of Countries with whom Pakistan has Visa Abolition Aggrements Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=TR&AR=00&PASSTYPES=PASS&DE=PK&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Jump up to : `` Directorate General of Immigration & Passports , Ministry of Interior , Government of Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ http://www.dgip.gov.pk/Files/Visa.aspx Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana eSwatini Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands , Greenland Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty . Part of the Kingdom of Denmark , not part of the Schengen Area . Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Pakistan&oldid=860418663 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Policies of Pakistan Foreign relations of Pakistan Immigration to Pakistan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Incomplete lists from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how to get visa on arrival in pakistan	[]	[]
-8896133863372315978	Chara (alga)	Chara ( alga ) - wikipedia Chara ( alga ) Jump to : navigation , search Chara Temporal range : Silurian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Chara globularis Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Division : Charophyta Class : Charophyceae Order : Charales Family : Characeae Genus : Chara L. , 1753 Species See text Chara is a genus of charophyte green algae in the family Characeae . They are multicellular and superficially resemble land plants because of stem - like and leaf - like structures . They are found in fresh water , particularly in limestone areas throughout the northern temperate zone , where they grow submerged , attached to the muddy bottom . They prefer less oxygenated and hard water and are not found in waters where mosquito larvae are present . They are covered with calcium carbonate deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts . Cyanobacteria have been found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of Chara , where they may be involved in fixing nitrogen , which is important to plant nutrition . Light micrograph of unidentified cyanobacteria and other biofilm organisms growing as epiphytes on the surface of Chara species in a rice paddy in Louisiana , USA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Morphology 3 Reproduction 4 Species 5 Distribution 6 References Structure ( edit ) The branching system of Chara species is complex with branches derived from apical cells which cut off segments at the base to form nodal and internodal cells alternately . The main axes bear whorls of branches in a superficial resemblance to Equisetum . They are typically anchored to the littoral substrate by means of branching underground rhizoids . Chara plants are rough to the touch because of deposited calcium salts on the cell wall . The metabolic processes associated with this deposition often give Chara plants a distinctive and unpleasant smell of hydrogen sulfide . Morphology ( edit ) The plant body is a gametophyte . It consists of a main axis ( differentiated into nodes and internodes ) , dimorphic branches ( long branch of unlimited growth and short branches of limited growth ) , rhizoids ( multicellular with oblique septa ) and stipulodes ( needle shaped structures at the base of secondary laterals ) . Reproduction ( edit ) Light micrograph of a whole - mount slide of an oogonium ( or nucule ) and antheridium ( or globule ) of Chara ( conjoined monoecy ) Chara reproduces vegetatively and sexually . Vegetative reproduction takes place by tubers , amylum stars and secondary protonema . The fructifications for sexual reproduction are globule or antheridium ( male ) and nucule or archegonium ( female ) . The sex organs are multicellular and jacketed . The antheridia and archegonia may occur on separate plants ( dioecy ) , together on the same plant ( conjoined monoecy ) or separately on the same plant ( sejoined monoecy ) . After fertilization , the zygote develops into an oospore . Species ( edit ) Chara braunii ( ITIS ) Chara canescens ( ITIS ) Chara contraria ( ITIS ) opposite stonewort Chara corallina ( ITIS ) Chara elegans ( ITIS ) Chara excelsa ( ITIS ) Chara fibrosa ( ITIS ) Chara formosa ( ITIS ) Chara fragilis ( ITIS ) Chara globularis ( ITIS ) Chara hispida ( ITIS ) Chara hornemannii ( ITIS ) Chara intermedia ( ITIS ) Chara nataklys Chara sejuncta ( ITIS ) Chara virgata ( ITIS ) Chara vulgaris ( ITIS ) Chara zeylanica ( ITIS ) Chara connivens ( convergent stonewort ) Distribution ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) Chara has a cosmopolitan distribution , from 69 degrees north in northern Norway to about 49 degrees south in Kerguelen Islands ( Pal et al. , 1962 ) . About 27 species are found in India . There are about 40 species of Chara in Europe , where they are commonly found in the specific habitat - type designated as H3140 ( hard oligo - mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp h1 ) in the Natura 2000 plans of the European Union . Although this habitat is found all across Europe , it is threatened and to be protected and preserved . The Netherlands are home to 20 species of Chara , growing in lakes and ponds of the habitat - type H3140 . The H3140 habitats in the Netherlands , are considered important in the overall preservation efforts and therefore also for the Chara species in general . Denmark . Here , many former Chara habitats ( H3140 ) have been polluted by either toxins or excessive amounts of nutrients ( in particular phosphates and nitrogen ) , but a few large lakes and ponds remain . Chara is found growing in the very clean hard water lakes of Thy National Park like Nors Sø for example . Tissø lake ( fourth largest lake in Denmark ) is also a H3140 habitat and contains Chara species . Ireland : - Co . Galway . Eglinton Canal Chara virgata Kütz. , Chara rudis ( A. Braun ) Leonhardii and Nitella flexilis ( L . ) C. Agardh . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Palmer , Douglas ; et al. ( 2009 ) , Prehistoric Life : The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth ( first American ed . ) , Dorling Kindersley , p. 419 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5573 - 0 Jump up ^ Sims , G.K. and Dunigan , E.P. 1984 Diurnal and seasonal variations in nitrogenase activity ( C2H2 reduction ) of rice roots . Soil Biology and Biochemistry . 16 : 15 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Round , F.E. 1965. The Biology of the algae . Ernest Arnold . Jump up ^ Bryant , J. 2007 . The Stoneworts ( Chlorophyta . Charales ) in Guiry , M.D. , John , D.M. , Rindi , F. and McCarthy , T.K. 2007 . New Survey of Clare Island . Volume 6 : The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae . Royal Irish Academy Jump up ^ McCracken , M.D. ; Vernon , W.P. ; Arland , T.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Attempted Hybridization between Monoecious and Dioecious Clones of Chara '' . American Journal of Botany. 53 ( 9 ) : 937 -- 940 . doi : 10.2307 / 2439818 . JSTOR 2439818 . Jump up ^ Soni , N.K. Fundamentals of Botany Vol. 1 , Tata McGraw - Hill Education , p72 , ISBN 9780070681767 Jump up ^ H3140 - Hard oligo - mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp h1 . Archived December 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 3140 Hard oligo - mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp h1 . Archived December 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Danish Nature agency ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Natura 2000 basic analysis 2015 - 2021 for Hanstholm Reservatet , Hanstholm Knuden , Nors Sø and Vandet Sø Archived December 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Danish Nature Agency 2013 ( in Danish ) ISBN 978 - 87 - 7091 - 034 - 7 Jump up ^ Pybus , C. and O'Halloran , P. 2009 . Distribution of some submerged aquatic macrophytes in Eglinton Canal , Galway . Ir . Nat. J. 30 : 51 - 53 Taxon identifiers Wd : Q860112 EoL : 11583 EPPO : 1CRFG GBIF : 2637982 IRMNG : 1269812 ITIS : 9421 NCBI : 13778 NZOR : ebf15d8d - b6d7 - 4aa7 - bb83 - 1112a2651c29 uBio : 1113335 WoRMS : 394626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chara_(alga)&oldid=842789339 '' Categories : Plant type genera Charophyta genera Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Danish - language external links Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Magyar Polski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	number of tube cells in the nucule of chara	[]	[]
-1676754121885452941	Heart valve	Heart valve - wikipedia Heart valve Heart valves Valves of the heart in motion , the front wall of the heart is removed in this image . Details System Cardiovascular Identifiers MeSH D006351 FMA 7110 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart . The four valves are commonly represented in a mammalian heart that determines the pathway of blood flow through the heart . A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side . The four main valves in the heart are : The two atrioventricular ( AV ) valves , the mitral valve ( bicuspid valve ) , and the tricuspid valve , which are between the upper chambers ( atria ) and the lower chambers ( ventricles ) . The two semilunar ( SL ) valves , the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve , which are in the arteries leaving the heart . The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart ; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart . There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Atrioventricular valves 1.2 Semilunar valves 1.3 Development 2 Physiology 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Congenital heart disease 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of the heart valves Blood flow through the valves The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium . Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles , or the ventricles from a blood vessel . Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton . The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps , which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow . The mitral valve has two cusps , whereas the others have three . There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter . The pulmonary valve has left , right , and anterior cusps . The aortic valve has left , right , and posterior cusps . The tricuspid valve has anterior , posterior , and septal cusps ; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps . Atrioventricular valves ( edit ) Main articles : Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve 3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex , with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible . Due to missing data , the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible , but the openings are ; the pulmonary valve is not visible . On the left are two standard 2D views ( taken from the 3D dataset ) showing tricuspid and mitral valves ( above ) and aortal valve ( below ) . These are the mitral and tricuspid valves , which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole . They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae , which prevent the valves from inverting . The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve . Together , the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus . The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close . The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves , however , which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve . The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin , however , provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness . The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub , the first heart sound ( S1 ) . The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub , the second heart sound ( S2 ) . The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps . The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop 's mitre ( a type of hat ) . It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle . During diastole , a normally - functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood ( preloading ) . As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle , the mitral valve opens . Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle . Diastole ends with atrial contraction , which ejects the final 30 % of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle . This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume ( EDV ) , and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow . The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart . It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle , and stops the backflow of blood between the two . Semilunar valves ( edit ) Main articles : Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively . These are also called the `` semilunar valves '' . These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries , and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles . These valves do not have chordae tendineae , and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves . The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound . The aortic valve , which has three cusps , lies between the left ventricle and the aorta . During ventricular systole , pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta , the aortic valve opens , allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta . When ventricular systole ends , pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close . The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound . The pulmonary valve ( sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve ) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery , and has three cusps . Similar to the aortic valve , the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery . At the end of ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly , the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve . The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound . The right heart is a low - pressure system , so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound . However , it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation . Development ( edit ) See also : Heart development In the developing heart , the valves between the atria and ventricles , the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves , develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals . The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities . The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves . The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium . The semilunar valves ( the pulmonary and aortic valves ) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus . These thickenings are called endocardial cushions . The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk . Before it has split , four thickenings occur . There are anterior , posterior , and two lateral thickenings . A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract . As the septum forms , the two lateral thickenings are split , so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each ( an anterior or posterior , and half of each of the lateral thickenings ) . The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves . The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week . As they mature , they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral , and move slightly closer to the heart . Physiology ( edit ) In general , the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier -- Stokes equation , using boundary conditions of the blood pressures , pericardial fluid , and external loading as the constraints . The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier -- Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung . Wiggers diagram , showing various events during a cardiac cycle , with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves . This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above . MV : Mitral valve , TV : Tricuspid valve , AV : Aortic valve , Septum : Interventricular septum . Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram , dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be . The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D - loop , the blue line represents the lower loop . Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves The pressure drop , Δ p ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta ) p ) , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate , Q , through the valve : a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p ( \ displaystyle a ( ( \ partial ) Q \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + bQ ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ Delta ) p ) If : Inflow energy conserved Stagnant region behind leaflets Outflow momentum conserved Flat velocity profile Valves with a single degree of freedom Usually , the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the Euler equations . Equations for the aortic valve in this case : ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho ) \ left ( ( ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( u ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ right ) + ( ( \ partial ) p \ over ( \ partial ) x ) = 0 ) ∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( ( \ partial ) \ over ( \ partial ) x ) ( Au ) = 0 ) A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − ( 1 − Λ ( t ) ) x L ) 2 ( \ displaystyle A ( x , t ) = A_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - ( 1 - ( \ Lambda ) ( t ) ) ( x \ over ( L ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = ( A 0 − A ( L , t ) ) p ( L , t ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( L ) p ( x , t ) ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ , dx = ( A_ ( 0 ) - A ( L , t ) ) \ , p ( L , t ) ) where : u = axial velocity p = pressure A = cross sectional area of valve L = axial length of valve Λ ( t ) = single degree of freedom ; when Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ^ ( 2 ) ( t ) = ( A ( L , t ) \ over A_ ( 0 ) ) ) Atrioventricular valve Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves , and is primarily in two forms , either regurgitation , where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction , or stenosis , when a valve is narrow . Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions , allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction . This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency , mitral insufficiency , pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency . The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis , a narrowing of the valve . This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected , as in mitral valve stenosis , tricuspid valve stenosis , pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis . Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever . Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis , usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms . Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves . Another type of endocarditis which does n't provoke an inflammatory response , is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis . This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves . A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse , which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve . This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole . Disease of the heart valves can be congenital , such as aortic regurgitation or acquired , for example infective endocarditis . Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease , connective tissue disorders and hypertension . The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve , the type of disease , and the severity of the disease . For example , valvular disease of the aortic valve , such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation , may cause breathlessness , whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice . When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes , such as infective endocarditis , an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails , Janeway lesions , Osler nodes and Roth spots . A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow , and the development of heart failure . Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography , which is a form of ultrasound . Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired , or replaced with artificial heart valves . Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics . Congenital heart disease ( edit ) Main article : Congenital heart defect The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect ( CHD ) , called a bicuspid aortic valve . This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve . This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed , and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop . Less common CHD 's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia , and Ebstein 's anomaly . Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle . Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve . Ebstein 's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting . Function of heart valves Pericardial heart valves Bjork -- Shiley valve References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Heart Valves '' . American Heart Association , Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia . American Heart Association , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Pressure Gradients '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Cardiac Valve Disease '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 21 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Pulmonic Valve '' Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 29 - 0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses '' Jump up ^ S Nazari et al. : Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus . A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis . J Cardiovasc Surg ( Turin ) 2000 Apr ; 41 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 202 ( video ) ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 177 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 612 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Robbins SL , Abbas AK , Fausto N ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 406 -- 08 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertazzo , S. et al. Nano - analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification . Nature Materials 12 , 576 -- 83 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. Cardiovascular calcification : Orbicular origins . Nature Materials 12 , 476 -- 78 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves . Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital -- `` Mitral Valve Anatomy '' 3D , animated , rotatable heart valves ( Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required ) Transcatheter mitral valve implantation : Tendyne Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_valve&oldid=865365405 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Cardiac anatomy Heart valves Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are semilunar valves to be found in the mammalian heart	[]	[]
7731440288279933061	History of Antarctica	History of Antarctica - Wikipedia History of Antarctica Jump to : navigation , search For the natural history of the Antarctic continent , see Antarctica . Painting of James Weddell 's second expedition , depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy . The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent , known as Terra Australis , believed to exist in the far south of the globe . The term Antarctic , referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle , was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD . The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ) , if it existed , was a continent in its own right . In 1773 James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time but although they discovered nearby islands , they did not catch sight of Antarctica itself . It is believed he was as close as 150 mi ( 241.4 km ) from the mainland . In 1820 , several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent . A Russian expedition was led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev , a British expedition was captained by Edward Bransfield and an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer participated . The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis , a sealer , set foot on the ice . Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century , during the ' Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration ' . Many resulted in injury and death . Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14 , 1911 , following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early exploration 1.1 The search for Terra Australis Incognita 1.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence 1.3 The Antarctic Circle 1.4 First sighting 1.5 Early Exploration 2 Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 2.1 Origins 2.2 Early British expeditions 2.3 Expeditions from other countries 2.4 Race to the Pole 2.5 Further expeditions 3 Further exploration 3.1 By air 3.2 Overland crossing 4 Political history 4.1 British claims 4.2 Other European claims 4.3 South American involvement 4.4 Post war developments 4.5 Towards an international treaty 5 Recent history 6 Women in Antarctica 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early exploration ( edit ) The search for Terra Australis Incognita ( edit ) Main article : Terra Australis In 1570 a map by Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America . Note also the proposed landmasses surrounding the North Pole . In the Western world , belief in a Cold Land -- a vast continent located in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' out the northern lands of Europe , Asia and North Africa -- had existed for centuries . Aristotle had postulated a symmetry of the earth , which meant that there would be equally habitable lands south of the known world . The Greeks suggested that these two hemispheres , north and south , were divided by a `` belt of fire '' , due to the general observation that the climate got warmer and warmer the further south someone travelled , and no Europeans had gone past the equator to see that this was not the case . It was not until Prince Henry the Navigator began in 1418 to encourage the penetration of the torrid zone in the effort to reach India by circumnavigating Africa that European exploration of the southern hemisphere began . In 1473 Portuguese navigator Lopes Gonçalves proved that the equator could be crossed , and cartographers and sailors began to assume the existence of another , temperate continent to the south of the known world . The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold , and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist . Ferdinand Magellan , who passed through the Straits of Magellan in 1520 , assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land , and it appeared as such on a map by Ortelius : Terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita ( `` Southern land recently discovered but not yet fully known '' ) . Map from 1771 , showing `` Terres Australes '' label without any charted landmass . European geographers connected the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes , and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic , south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ) , a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics . The search for this great south land or Third World was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries . In 1599 , according to the account of Jacob le Maire , the Dutch Dirck Gerritsz Pomp observed mountainous land at latitude ( 64 ° ) . If so , these were the South Shetland Islands , and possibly the first European sighting of Antarctica ( or offshore - lying islands belonging to it ) . Other accounts , however , do not note this observation , casting doubt on their accuracy . It has been argued that the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla claimed to have sighted `` snow - covered mountains '' beyond the 64 ° S in 1603 , but this claim is not generally recognized . Quirós in 1606 took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo ( the New Hebrides ) and those he would discover `` even to the Pole '' . Francis Drake like Spanish explorers before him had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego . Indeed , when Schouten and Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615 , they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land . Finally , in 1642 Tasman showed that even New Holland ( Australia ) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent . Voyagers round the Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice - encumbered seas ; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle , or knew it , if they did . South of the Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) The visit to South Georgia by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence . Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' Roché Island ' , honouring the discoverer . James Cook was aware of la Roché 's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775 . Edmond Halley 's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52 ° S in January 1700 , but that latitude ( he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia ) was his farthest south . A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean - Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the `` South Land '' -- described by a half legendary `` sieur de Gonneyville '' -- resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54 ° 10 ′ S , and in the navigation of 48 ° of longitude of ice - cumbered sea nearly in 55 ° S in 1730 . In 1771 , Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of `` a very large continent . '' He lighted upon a land in 50 ° S which he called South France , and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent . He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land , and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation , but which was ultimately named after him . The Antarctic Circle ( edit ) Further information : Second voyage of James Cook James Cook 's 1777 South - Up map of South Georgia within the Antarctic Circle . The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple , the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769 . The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook . Sailing in 1772 with the Resolution , a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and the Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux , Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island , then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58 ° S , and then 30 ° eastward for the most part south of 60 ° S , a higher southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel . On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67 ° 15 ' S by 39 ° 35 ' E , where their course was stopped by ice . Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town , but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen , Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it . He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61 ° 52 ′ S by 95 ° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60 ° S to 147 ° E. On 16 March , the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific . In November 1773 , Cook left New Zealand , having parted company with the Adventure , and reached 60 ° S by 177 ° W , whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed . The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days , being compelled after reaching 67 ° 31 ′ S to stand north again in 135 ° W . A long detour to 47 ° 50 ′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego . Turning south again , Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109 ° 30 ′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71 ° 10 ′ S by 106 ° 54 ′ W . This point , reached on 30 January 1774 , was the farthest south attained in the 18th century . With a great detour to the east , almost to the coast of South America , the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment . In November 1774 , Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53 ° and 57 ° S to Tierra del Fuego ; then , passing Cape Horn on 29 December , he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia , and discovered the South Sandwich Islands ( named Sandwich Land by him ) , the only ice - clad land he had seen , before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55 ° and 60 ° . He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent . Cook 's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel , and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and of no economic value . First sighting ( edit ) Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen was one of the first to spot the continent of Antarctica . Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen was one of the first to spot the continent of Antarctica . The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith , who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819 . A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago , landed on King George Island , and claimed the new territories for Britain . The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person . It can , however , be narrowed down to three individuals . According to various sources , three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other : Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy ; Edward Bransfield , a captain in the Royal Navy ; and Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer out of Stonington , Connecticut . It is certain that the expedition , led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny , reached on 28 January 1820 a point within 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 '' S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 '' W / 69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W / - 69.35778 ; - 2.24722 that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf . On 30 January 1820 , Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula , the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland , while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820 . Von Bellingshausen 's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island , the first islands to be discovered south of the circle . Early exploration ( edit ) See also : List of Antarctic expeditions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first landing on the Antarctic mainland , was according to the American Captain John Davis , a sealer , who claimed to have set foot there on 7 February 1821 , though this is not accepted by all historians . In December 1821 , Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer looking for seal breeding grounds , sighted what is now known as the Antarctic Peninsula , located between 55 and 80 degrees west . In 1823 , James Weddell , a British sealer , sailed into what is now known as the Weddell Sea . Until , the twentieth century , most expeditions were for commercial purpose , to look for the prospects of seal and whale hunting . A piece of wood , from the South Shetland Islands , was the first fossil ever recorded from Antarctica , obtained during a private United States expedition during 1829 - 31 , commanded by Captain Benjamin Pendleton . Charles Wilkes , as commander of a United States Navy expedition in 1840 , discovered what is now known as Wilkes Land , a section of the continent around 120 degrees East . After the North Magnetic Pole was located in 1831 , explorers and scientists began looking for the South Magnetic Pole . One of the explorers , James Clark Ross , a British naval officer , identified its approximate location , but was unable to reach it on his 4 year - expedition from 1839 to 1843 . Commanding the British ships Erebus and Terror , he braved the pack ice and approached what is now known as the Ross Ice Shelf , a massive floating ice shelf over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high . His expedition sailed eastward along the southern Antarctic coast discovering mountains which were since named after his ships : Mount Erebus , the most active volcano on Antarctica , and Mount Terror . Map of exploration routes , 1911 . The first documented landing on the mainland of East Antarctica was at Victoria Land by the American sealer Mercator Cooper on 26 January 1853 . These explorers , despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration , were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and , rather , formed a broken line of discovered lands along the coastline of Antarctica . What followed this period of Antarctic interest is what historian H.R. Mill called ' the age of averted interest ' . Following the expedition South by the ships Erebus and Terror under James Clark Ross ( January , 1841 ) , he suggested that there were no scientific discoveries , or ' problems ' , worth exploration in the far South . It is considered that Ross ' influence , as well as the loss of the Franklin expedition in the Arctic , lead to disinterest in polar interest , particularly by the Royal Society - the organization that helped oversee many Arctic explorations , including those that would be made by Shackleton and Scott . However , in the following twenty years after Ross ' return , there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration . Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration ( edit ) The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration began at the end of the 19th century and closed with Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition in 1917 . During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries . Origins ( edit ) Dr. John Murray was the driving force behind the renewal of interest in Antarctic exploration at the beginning of the 20th century . The initial impetus for the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was a lecture given by Dr. John Murray entitled `` The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration '' , given to the Royal geographical Society in London , November 27 , 1893 . Murray advocated that research into the Antarctic should be organised to `` resolve the outstanding geographical questions still posed in the south '' . Furthermore , the Royal Geographic Society instated an Antarctic Committee shortly prior to this , in 1887 , which successfully encouraged many whalers to explore the Southern regions of the world and laid the groundwork for the lecture given by Murray . The Norwegian ship Antarctic was put ashore at Cape Adare , on January 24 , 1895 . In August 1895 the Sixth International Geographical Congress in London passed a general resolution calling on scientific societies throughout the world to promote the cause of Antarctic exploration `` in whatever ways seem to them most effective '' . Such work would `` bring additions to almost every branch of science '' . The Congress had been addressed by the Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevink , who had just returned from a whaling expedition during which he had become one of the first to set foot on the Antarctic mainland . During his address , Borchgrevink outlined plans for a full - scale pioneering Antarctic expedition , to be based at Cape Adare . Adrien de Gerlache , leader of the Belgian expedition . The Heroic Age was inaugurated by an expedition launched by the Belgian Geographical Society in 1897 ; Borchgrevink followed a year later with a privately sponsored British expedition . ( Some histories consider the Discovery expedition , which departed in 1901 , as the first proper expedition of the Heroic Age . ) The Belgian Antarctic Expedition was led by Belgian Adrian de Gerlache . In 1898 , they became the first men to spend winter on Antarctica , when their ship Belgica became trapped in the ice . They became stuck on 28 February 1898 , and only managed to get out of the ice on 14 March 1899 . During their forced stay , several men lost their sanity , not only because of the Antarctic winter night and the endured hardship , but also because of the language problems between the different nationalities . This was the first expedition to overwinter within the Antarctic Circle , and they visited the South Shetland Islands . Early British expeditions ( edit ) RRS Discovery carried an expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott in 1901 . The Southern Cross Expedition began in 1898 and lasted for two years . This was the first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland ( Cape Adare ) and was the first to make use of dogs and sledges . It made the first ascent of The Great Ice Barrier , ( The Great Ice Barrier later became formally known as the Ross Ice Shelf ) . The expedition set a Farthest South record at 78 ° 30 'S . It also calculated the location of the South Magnetic Pole . The Discovery Expedition was then launched , from 1901 -- 04 and was led by Robert Falcon Scott . It made the first ascent of the Western Mountains in Victoria Land , and discovered the polar plateau . Its southern journey set a new Farthest South record , 82 ° 17 'S . Many other geographical features were discovered , mapped and named . This was the first of several expeditions based in McMurdo Sound . Jameson Adams , Frank Wild and Eric Marshall ( left to right ) of the Nimrod Expedition plant the Union flag at their southernmost position . A year later , the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition was launched , headed by William Speirs Bruce . ' Ormond House ' was established as a meteorological observatory on Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and was the first permanent base in Antarctica . The Weddell Sea was penetrated to 74 ° 01 'S , and the coastline of Coats Land was discovered , defining the sea 's eastern limits . Ernest Shackleton , who had been a member of Scott 's expedition , organized and led the Nimrod Expedition from 1907 to 1909 . The expedition 's primary objective was of reaching the South Pole . Based in McMurdo Sound , the expedition pioneered the Beardmore Glacier route to the South Pole , and the ( limited ) use of motorised transport . Its southern march reached 88 ° 23 'S , a new Farthest South record 97 geographical miles from the Pole before having to turn back . During the expedition , Shackleton was the first to reach the polar plateau . Parties led by T.W. Edgeworth David also became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole . Expeditions from other countries ( edit ) Erich von Drygalski led the First German Antarctic Expedition in 1901 . The First German Antarctic Expedition was sent to investigate eastern Antarctica in 1901 . It discovered the coast of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land , and Mount Gauss . The expedition 's ship became trapped in ice , however , which prevented more extensive exploration . The Swedish Antarctic Expedition , operating at the same time worked in the east coastal area of Graham Land , and was marooned on Snow Hill Island and Paulet Island in the Weddell Sea , after the sinking of its expedition ship . It was rescued by the Argentinian naval vessel Uruguay . The French organized their first expedition in 1903 under the leadership of Jean - Baptiste Charcot . Originally intended as a relief expedition for the stranded Nordenskiöld party , the main work of this expedition was the mapping and charting of islands and the western coasts of Graham Land , on the Antarctic peninsula . A section of the coast was explored , and named Loubet Land after the President of France . A follow up trip was organized from 1908 -- 10 which continued the earlier work of the French expedition with a general exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea , and the discovery of islands and other features , including Marguerite Bay , Charcot Island , Renaud Island , Mikkelsen Bay , Rothschild Island . Race to the Pole ( edit ) Main articles : Terra Nova expedition and Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Terra Nova bore Robert Falcon Scott and his team on their ill - fated expedition to the South Pole . The prize of the Heroic age was to reach the South Pole . Two expeditions set off in 1910 to attain this goal ; a party led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram and Robert Falcon Scott 's British group from the Terra Nova . Amundsen succeeded in reaching the Pole on 14 December 1911 using a route from the Bay of Whales to the polar plateau via the Axel Heiberg Glacier . Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912 , 33 days after Amundsen . All five died on the return journey from the Pole , through a combination of starvation and cold . The Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station was later named after these two men . Further expeditions ( edit ) The Main Base Hut of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition The Australasian Antarctic Expedition took place between 1911 - 1914 and was led by Sir Douglas Mawson . It concentrated on the stretch of Antarctic coastline between Cape Adare and Mount Gauss , carrying out mapping and survey work on coastal and inland territories . Discoveries included Commonwealth Bay , Ninnis Glacier , Mertz Glacier , and Queen Mary Land . Major accomplishments were made in geology , glaciology and terrestrial biology . As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed by Frank Hurley . ( The Endurance trapped in pack ice . ) The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914 - 1917 was led by Ernest Shackleton and set out to cross the continent via the South pole . However , their ship , the Endurance , was trapped and crushed by pack ice in the Weddell Sea before they were able to land . The expedition members survived after a journey on sledges over pack ice , a prolonged drift on an ice - floe , and a voyage in three small boats to Elephant Island . Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean in an open boat called James Caird and made the first crossing of South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken . A related component of the Trans - Antarctic Expedition was the Ross Sea party , led by Aeneas Mackintosh . Its objective was to lay depots across the Great Ice Barrier , in order to supply Shackleton 's party crossing from the Weddell Sea . All the required depots were laid , but in the process three men , including the leader Mackintosh , lost their lives . Shackleton 's last expedition and the one that brought the ' Heroic Age ' to a close , was the Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition from 1921 - 1922 on board the ship Quest . Its vaguely defined objectives included coastal mapping , a possible continental circumnavigation , the investigation of sub-Antarctic islands , and oceanographic work . After Shackleton 's death on 5 January 1922 , Quest completed a shortened programme before returning home . Further exploration ( edit ) By air ( edit ) Sir Hubert Wilkins pioneered the exploration of the Arctic regions by aircraft . Pictured , his plane and encampment as part of the Detroit Arctic Expedition , 1926 . After Shackleton 's last expedition , there was a hiatus in Antarctic exploration for about seven years . From 1929 , aircraft and mechanized transportation were increasingly used , earning this period the sobriquet of the ' Mechanical Age ' . Hubert Wilkins first visited Antarctica in 1921 - 1922 as an ornithologist attached to the Shackleton - Rowett Expedition . From 1927 , Wilkins and pilot Carl Ben Eielson began exploring the Arctic by aircraft . On 15 April 1928 , only a year after Charles Lindbergh 's flight across the Atlantic , Wilkins and Eielson made a trans - Arctic crossing from Point Barrow , Alaska , to Spitsbergen , arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April , touching along the way at Grant Land on Ellesmere Island . For this feat and his prior work , Wilkins was knighted . With financial backing from William Randolph Hearst , Wilkins returned to the South Pole and flew over Antarctica in the San Francisco . He named the island of Hearst Land after his sponsor . US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s . He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on November 28 and 29 , 1929 , to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926 . Byrd 's explorations had science as a major objective and extensively used the aircraft to explore the continent . Captain Finn Ronne , Byrd 's executive officer , returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947 -- 1948 , with Navy support , three planes , and dogs . Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent , i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected . The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline , and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf , named by Ronne after his wife Edith Ronne . Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled -- more than any other explorer in history . Overland crossing ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary ( left ) with Rear - Admiral George J. Dufek at Scott Base just before the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition 's departure from the base . The 1955 -- 58 Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica , via the South Pole . Although supported by the British and other Commonwealth governments , most of the funding came from corporate and individual donations . It was headed by British explorer Dr Vivian Fuchs , with New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary leading the New Zealand Ross Sea Support team . After spending the winter of 1957 at Shackleton Base , Fuchs finally set out on the transcontinental journey in November 1957 , with a twelve - man team travelling in six vehicles ; three Sno - Cats , two Weasels and one specially adapted Muskeg tractor . On route , the team were also tasked with carrying out scientific research including seismic soundings and gravimetric readings . In parallel Hillary 's team had set up Scott Base -- which was to be Fuchs ' final destination -- on the opposite side of the continent at McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea . Using three converted Massey Ferguson TE20 tractors and one Weasel ( abandoned part - way ) , Hillary and his three men ( Ron Balham , Peter Mulgrew and Murray Ellis ) , were responsible for route - finding and laying a line of supply depots up the Skelton Glacier and across the Polar Plateau on towards the South Pole , for the use of Fuchs on the final leg of his journey . Other members of Hillary 's team carried out geological surveys around the Ross Sea and Victoria Land areas . Hillary 's party reached the South Pole on January 3 , 1958 , and was just the third ( preceded by Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912 ) to reach the Pole overland . Fuchs ' team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958 , where they met up with Hillary . Fuchs then continued overland , following the route that Hillary had laid and on 2 March succeeded in reaching Scott Base , completing the first overland crossing of the continent by land via the South Pole . Political history ( edit ) British claims ( edit ) As Under - Secretary of State for the Colonies , Leopold Amery aimed to assert British sovereignty over the entire continent of Antarctica . The United Kingdom reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the far South Atlantic in 1833 and maintained a continuous presence there . In 1908 , the British government extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over `` South Georgia , the South Orkneys , the South Shetlands , and the Sandwich Islands , and Graham 's Land , situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude , and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude '' . All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands . The motivation for this declaration lay in the need for regulating and taxing the whaling industry effectively . Commercial operators would hunt whales in areas outside of the official boundaries of the Falkland Islands and its dependencies and there was a need to close this loophole . In 1917 , the wording of the claim was modified , so as to , among other things , unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole ( thus encompassing all of the present - day British Antarctic Territory ) . The new claim covered `` all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude ; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude '' . Under the ambition of Leopold Amery , the Under - Secretary of State for the Colonies , Britain attempted to incorporate the entire continent into the Empire . In a memorandum to the governor - generals for Australia and New Zealand , he wrote that ' with the exception of Chile and Argentina and some barren islands belonging to France ... it is desirable that the whole of the Antarctic should ultimately be included in the British Empire . ' The first step was taken on 30 July 1923 , when the British government passed an Order in Council under the British Settlements Act 1887 , defining the new borders for the Ross Dependency - `` that part of His Majesty 's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas , which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency . '' The Order in Council then went on to appoint the Governor - General and Commander - in Chief of New Zealand as the Governor of the territory . In 1930 , the United Kingdom claimed Enderby Land . In 1933 , a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60 ° S and between meridians 160 ° E and 45 ° E to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory . Following the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , the government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand and Australia . This however had no bearing on the obligations of the Governor - General of both countries in their capacity as Governor of the Antarctic territories . Other European claims ( edit ) Discovery by Jules Dumont d'Urville of Adélie Land in 1840 . This served as a basis for the French claim to this region in 1924 . Meanwhile , alarmed by these unilateral declarations , the French government laid claim to a strip of the continent in 1924 . The basis for their claim to Adélie Land lay on the discovery of the coastline in 1840 by the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville , who named it after his wife , Adèle . The British eventually decided to recognize this claim and the border between Adélie Land and Australian Antarctic Territory was fixed definitively in 1938 . These developments also concerned Norwegian whaling interests , who wished to avoid the British taxation of whaling stations in the Antarctic and were concerned that they would be commercially excluded from the continent . The whale - ship owner Lars Christensen financed several expeditions to the Antarctic with the view to claim land for Norway and establish stations on Norwegian territory to gain better privileges . The first expedition , led by Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad , landed on Peter I Island in 1929 and claimed the island for Norway . On 6 March 1931 , a Norwegian royal proclamation declared the island under Norwegian sovereignty and on 23 March 1933 the island was declared a dependency . The 1929 expedition led by Hjalmar Riiser - Larsen and Finn Lützow - Holm named the continental land mass near the island as Queen Maud Land , named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales . The territory was explored further during the Norvegia expedition of 1930 -- 31 . Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20 ° W . Norwegian expedition landing on the Peter I Island in 1929 . Norway 's claim was disputed by Nazi Germany , which in 1938 dispatched the German Antarctic Expedition , led by Alfred Ritscher , to fly over as much of it as possible . The ship Schwabenland reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939 . During the expedition , an area of about 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) was photographed from the air by Ritscher , who dropped darts inscribed with swastikas every 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) . Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name New Swabia , but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the Second World War . On 14 January 1939 , five days prior to the German arrival , Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway , after a royal decree announced that the land bordering the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west and the Australian Antarctic Dependency in the east was to be brought under Norwegian sovereignty . The primary basis for the annexation was to secure the Norwegian whaling industry 's access to the region . In 1948 , Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to from 20 ° W to 45 ° E , and that the Bruce Coast and Coats Land were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory . South American involvement ( edit ) Omond House was built in 1904 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition as the first permanent base in Antarctica . It was later sold to Argentina . This encroachment of foreign powers was a matter of immense disquiet to the nearby South American countries , Argentina and Chile . Taking advantage of a European continent plunged into turmoil with the onset of the Second World War , Chile 's president , Pedro Aguirre Cerda declared the establishment of a Chilean Antarctic Territory in areas already claimed by Britain . Argentina had an even longer history of involvement in the Continent . Already in 1904 the Argentine government began a permanent occupation in the area with the purchase of a meteorological station on Laurie Island established in 1903 by Dr William S. Bruce 's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition . Bruce offered to transfer the station and instruments for the sum of 5.000 pesos , on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission . British officer William Haggard also sent a note to the Argentine Foreign Minister , Jose Terry , ratifying the terms of Bruce proposition . In 1906 , Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on South Orkney Islands . However , Haggard responded by reminding Argentina that the South Orkneys were British . The British position was that Argentine personnel was granted permission only for the period of one year . The Argentine government entered into negotiations with the British in 1913 over the possible transfer of the island . Although these talks were unsuccessful , Argentina attempted to unilaterally establish their sovereignty with the erection of markers , national flags and other symbols . Finally , with British attention elsewhere , Argentina declared the establishment of Argentine Antarctica in 1943 , claiming territory that overlapped with British ( 20 ° W to 80 ° W ) and the earlier Chilean ( 53 ° W to 90 ° W ) claims . In response to this and earlier German explorations , the British Admiralty and Colonial Office launched Operation Tabarin in 1943 to reassert British territorial claims against Argentine and Chilean incursion and establish a permanent British presence in the Antarctic . The move was also motivated by concerns within the Foreign Office about the direction of United States post-war activity in the region . A suitable cover story was the need to deny use of the area to the enemy . The Kriegsmarine was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points and as shelters for commerce raiders , U-boats and supply ships . Also , in 1941 , there existed a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the Falkland Islands , either as a base or to hand them over to Argentina , thus gaining political advantage for the Axis and denying their use to Britain . In 1943 , British personnel from HMS Carnarvon Castle removed Argentine flags from Deception Island . The expedition was led by Lieutenant James Marr and left the Falkland Islands in two ships , HMS William Scoresby ( a minesweeping trawler ) and Fitzroy , on Saturday January 29 , 1944 . Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island , where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags , and at Port Lockroy ( on February 11 ) on the coast of Graham Land . A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13 , 1945 , after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7 , 1944 . Symbols of British sovereignty , including post offices , signposts and plaques were also constructed and postage stamps were issued . Operation Tabarin provoked Chile to organize its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947 - 48 , where the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla personally inaugurated one of its bases . Following the end of the war in 1945 , the British bases were handed over to civilian members of the newly created Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( subsequently the British Antarctic Survey ) the first such national scientific body to be established in Antarctica . Post war developments ( edit ) Hut built at Hope Bay in 1903 . It was there that the only instance of shots fired in anger on the Continent occurred in 1952 . Friction between Britain and the Latin American states continued into the post war period . Royal Navy warships were despatched in 1948 to prevent naval incursions and in 1952 , an Argentine shore party at Hope Bay ( the British Base `` D '' , established there in 1945 , came up against the Argentine Esperanza Base , est. 1952 ) fired a machine gun over the heads of a British Antarctic Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe . The Argentines later extended a diplomatic apology , saying that there had been a misunderstanding and that the Argentine military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority . The United States became politically interested in the Antarctic continent before and during WWII . The United States Antarctic Service Expedition , from 1939 - 1941 , was sponsored by the government with additional support came from donations and gifts by private citizens , corporations and institutions . The objectives of the Expedition , outlined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , was to establish two bases : East Base , in the vicinity of Charcot Island , and West Base , in the vicinity of King Edward VII Land . After operating successfully for two years , but with international tensions on the rise , it was considered wise to evacuate the two bases . However , Immediately after the war , American interest was rekindled with an explicitly geopolitical motive . Operation Highjump , from 1946 - 1947 was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd Jr. and included 4,700 men , 13 ships , and multiple aircraft . The primary mission of Operation Highjump was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV , for the purpose of training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions and amplifying existing stores of knowledge of hydrographic , geographic , geological , meteorological and electromagnetic propagation conditions in the area . The mission was also aimed at consolidating and extending United States sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the Antarctic continent , although this was publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended . Towards an international Treaty ( edit ) The International Geophysical Year was pivotal in establishing a cooperative international framework in Antarctica , and led on to the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959 . Meanwhile , in an attempt at ending the impasse , Britain submitted an application to the International Court of Justice in 1955 to adjudicate between the territorial claims of Britain , Argentina and Chile . This proposal failed , as both Latin American countries rejected submitting to an international arbitration procedure . Negotiations towards the establishment of an international condominium over the continent first began in 1948 , involving the 7 claimant powers ( Britain , Australia , New Zealand , France , Norway , Chile and Argentina ) and the US . This attempt was aimed at excluding the Soviet Union from the affairs of the continent and rapidly fell apart when the USSR declared an interest in the region , refused to recognize any claims of sovereignty and reserved the right to make its own claims in 1950 . An important impetus toward the formation of the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959 , was the International Geophysical Year , 1957 - 1958 . This year of international scientific cooperation triggered an 18 - month period of intense Antarctic science . More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees , and participated in the cooperative effort . The British established Halley Research Station in 1956 by an expedition from the Royal Society . Sir Vivian Fuchs headed the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition , which completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica in 1958 . In Japan , the Japan Maritime Safety Agency offered ice breaker Sōya as the South Pole observation ship and Showa Station was built as the first Japanese observation base on Antarctica . France contributed with Dumont d'Urville Station and Charcot Station in Adélie Land . The ship Commandant Charcot of the French Navy spent nine months of 1949 / 50 at the coast of Adelie Land , performing ionospheric soundings . The US erected the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station as the first permanent structure directly over the South Pole in January 1957 . Finally , to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region , the United States , United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 . The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve , established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent . The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War . Recent history ( edit ) MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999 . She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg . A baby , named Emilio Marcos de Palma , was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978 , becoming the first baby born on the continent . He also was born farther south than anyone in history . On 28 November 1979 , an Air New Zealand DC - 10 on a sightseeing trip crashed into Mount Erebus on Ross Island , killing all 257 people on board . In 1991 a convention among member nations of the Antarctic Treaty on how to regulate mining and drilling was proposed . Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke and French Prime Minister Michel Rocard led a response to this convention that resulted in the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty , now known as the Madrid Protocol . All mineral extraction was banned for 50 years and the Antarctic was set aside as a `` natural reserve , devoted to peace and science '' . Børge Ousland , a Norwegian explorer , finished the first unassisted Antarctic solo crossing on January 18 , 1997 . On 23 November 2007 , the MS Explorer struck an iceberg and sank , but all on board were rescued by nearby ships , including a passing Norwegian cruise ship , the MS Nordnorge . Women in Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : Women in Antarctica First women at the South Pole are Pam Young , Jean Pearson , Lois Jones , Eileen McSaveney , Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill . Women were originally kept from exploring Antarctica until well into the 1950s . A few pioneering women visited the Antarctic land and waters prior to the 1950s and many women requested to go on early expeditions , but were turned away . Early pioneers such as Louise Séguin and Ingrid Christensen were some of the first women to see Antarctic waters . Christensen was the first woman to set foot on the mainland of Antarctica . The first women to have any fanfare about their Antarctic journeys were Caroline Mikkelsen who set foot on an island of Antarctica in 1935 , and Jackie Ronne and Jennie Darlington who were the first women to over-winter in Antarctica in 1947 . The first woman scientist to work in Antarctica was Maria Klenova in 1956 . Silvia Morella de Palma was the first woman to give birth in Antarctica , delivering 3.4 kg ( 7 lb 8 oz ) Emilio Palma at the Argentine Esperanza base 7 January 1978 . Women faced legal barriers and sexism that prevented most from visiting Antarctica and doing research until the late 1960s . The United States Congress banned American women from traveling to Antarctica until 1969 . Women were often excluded because it was thought that they could not handle the extreme temperatures or crisis situations . The first woman from the British Antarctic Survey to go to Antarctica was Janet Thomson in 1983 who described the ban on women as a `` rather improper segregation . '' Once women were allowed in Antarctica , they still had to fight against sexism and sexual harassment . However , a tipping point was reached in the mid 1990s when it became the new normal that women were part of Antarctic life . Women began to see a change as more and more women began working and researching in Antarctica . See also ( edit ) Antarctica portal History of Livingston Island List of Antarctic expeditions Research stations in Antarctica Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands List of Russian explorers Timeline of women in Antarctica Women in Antarctica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Alexander . ( 1771 ) . A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope . Two volumes . London . Jump up ^ Headland , Robert K. ( 1984 ) . The Island of South Georgia , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25274 - 1 Jump up ^ Cook , James . ( 1777 ) . A Voyage Towards the South Pole , and Round the World . Performed in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Adventure , In the Years 1772 , 1773 , 1774 , and 1775 . In which is included , Captain Furneaux 's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships . Volume II . London : Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell . ( Relevant fragment ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Polar Regions '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel . `` Antarctica -- past and present '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Guy G. Guthridge . `` Nathaniel Brown Palmer '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Palmer Station . ucsd.edu Jump up ^ Erki Tammiksaar ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Punane Bellingshausen '' ( Red Bellingshausen ) . Postimees . Arvamus . Kultuur ( in Estonian ) . 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Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 77 - 357245 - 4 . Jump up ^ Barczewski , pp. 19 -- 20 . ( Barczewski mentions a figure of 14 expeditions ) Jump up ^ Murray , John ( 1894 ) . The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration . London : The Geographical Journal , Vol. 3 , No. 1 . Jump up ^ Crane , David ( 2005 ) . Scott of the Antarctic : A Life of Courage , and Tragedy in the Extreme South . London : Harper Collins . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 715068 - 7 . Jump up ^ American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 1887 ) . The Exploration of the Antarctic Regions . New York : Science , Vol. 9 , No. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Bull '' . ^ Jump up to : Borchgrevink , Carstens ( 1901 ) . First on the Antarctic Continent . George Newnes Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 90 - 583841 - 0 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Borchgrevink , Carstens ( 1901 ) . First on the Antarctic Continent . George Newnes Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 90 - 583841 - 0 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Carsten Borchgrevink ( 1901 ) . `` First on the Antarctic continent : being an account of the British Antarctic expedition , 1898 - 1900 '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Max ( 2003 ) . The Last Great Quest . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 59 . ISBN 01 - 9280 - 483 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Mountaineering and Polar Collection -- Antarctica '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Explorers -- Adrien de Gerlache '' . South-pole.com . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Huntford ( Last Place on Earth ) pp. 64 -- 75 Jump up ^ R.K. Headland ( 1989 ) . Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events . Cambridge University Press . p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Expedition '' . Antarctic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Borchgrevink , Carsten Egeberg ( 1864 -- 1934 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Preston , pp. 57 -- 79 Jump up ^ Crane , p. 253 ( map ) ; pp. 294 -- 95 ( maps ) Jump up ^ Fiennes , p. 89 Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the Antarctic , Section 5 : The Voyage of the Scotia '' . Glasgow Digital Library . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Speak , pp. 82 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` William S. Bruce '' . South-Pole.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the Antarctic , Section 3 : Scott , Shackleton and Amundsen '' . Glasgow Digital Library . Retrieved 24 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Riffenburgh , pp. 309 -- 12 ( summary of achievements ) Jump up ^ Huntford ( Shackleton biography ) p. 242 ( map ) Jump up ^ `` Erich von Drygalski 1865 -- 1949 '' . South-pole.com . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Mill , pp. 420 -- 24 Jump up ^ Crane , p. 307 Jump up ^ Goodlad , James A. `` Scotland and the Antarctic , Section II : Antarctic Exploration '' . Royal Scottish Geographical Society . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Nordenskiöld 1869 -- 1928 '' . South-pole.com . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Barczewski , p. 90 Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 11 December 2003 ) . Exploring Polar Frontiers . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57 - 607422 - 0 . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . pp. 135 -- 139 Jump up ^ `` Jean - Baptiste Charcot '' . South-pole.com . Retrieved 24 September 2008 . ( Francais voyage ) Jump up ^ Mill , pp. 431 -- 32 Jump up ^ `` Jean - Baptiste Charcot '' . South-pole.com . Retrieved 24 September 2008 . ( Pourquoispas ? voyage ) Jump up ^ Amundsen , Vol I pp. 184 -- 95 ; Vol II , pp. 120 -- 134 Jump up ^ Huntford ( Last Place on Earth ) , pp. 446 -- 74 Jump up ^ `` Roald Amundsen '' . Norwegian Embassy ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Explorer and leader : Captain Scott '' . National Maritime Museum . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Navy Military History . History.navy.mil . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Friends of Ferguson Heritage - The Worst Journey in the World ^ Jump up to : International law for Antarctica , p. 652 , Francesco Francioni and Tullio Scovazzi , 1996 Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/imperial/1923/0974/latest/DLM1195.html Order in Council Under the British Settlements Act , 1887 ( 50 & 51 Vict c 54 ) , Providing for the Government of the Ross Dependency . Jump up ^ Antarctica and international law : a collection of inter-state and national documents , Volume 2 . pp. 143 . Author : W.M. Bush . Editor : Oceana Publications , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 379 - 20321 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 20321 - 9 Jump up ^ C2004C00416 / Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Dunmore , John ( 2007 ) . From Venus to Antarctica : The Life of Dumont D'Urville . Auckland : Exisle Publ . p. 209 . ISBN 9780908988716 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Mawson '' . Australian Government - Australian Arctic Division . Archived from the original on 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kyvik , Helga , ed. ( 2008 ) . Norge i Antarktis . Oslo : Schibsted Forlag . p. 52 . ISBN 82 - 516 - 2589 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om Bouvet - øya , Peter I 's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. ( bilandsloven ) '' ( in Norwegian ) . Lovdata . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dronning Maud Land '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Polar Institute . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gjeldsvik , Tore . `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Store norske leksikon ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Widerøe , Turi ( 2008 ) . `` Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land '' . Norsk Polarhistorie ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Murphy , 2002 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Murphy , 2002 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ `` Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten '' . Norsk Polarhistorie ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Escude , Carlos ; Cisneros , Andres . `` Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kieran Mulvaney ( 2001 ) . At the Ends of the Earth : A History of the Polar Regions . Island Press . pp. 124 -- 130 . Jump up ^ British Research Stations and Refuges - History Jump up ^ HMS Carnarvon Castle 1943 Jump up ^ Antarctica and the Arctic : the complete encyclopedia , Volume 1 , by David McGonigal , Lynn Woodworth , page 98 Jump up ^ Bertrand , Kenneth J. ( 1971 ) . Americans in Antarctica 1775 - 1948 . New York : American Geographical Society . Jump up ^ Kearns , David A. ( 2005 ) . `` Operation Highjump : Task Force 68 '' . Where Hell Freezes Over : A Story of Amazing Bravery and Survival . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 304 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34205 - 5 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Klaus Dodds ( 2012 ) . The Antarctic : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ M. Barré , K. Rawer : `` Quelques résultats d'observations ionosphériques effectuées près de la Terre Adélie '' . Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics volume 1 , issue 5 -- 6 ( 1951 ) , pp. 311 -- 314 . Jump up ^ `` South Pole 's first building blown up after 53 years '' . OurAmazingPlanet.com. 2011 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ ATS.aq Jump up ^ antarctica.org -- Science : in force ... Jump up ^ `` Bob Hawke : There is not one outstanding leader in the world '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Blackadder , Jesse ( 2015 ) . `` Frozen Voices : Women , Silence and Antarctica '' . In Hince , Bernadette ; Summerson , Rupert ; Wiesel , Arnan . Antarctica : Music , Sounds , and Cultural Connections ( PDF ) . Canberra : ANU Press . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Hulbe , Christina L. ; Wang , Weili ; Ommanney , Simon ( 2010 ) . `` Women in Glaciology , a Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Glaciology. 56 ( 200 ) : 947 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Blackadder 2015 , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` Women in Antarctica : Sharing this Life - Changing Experience '' , transcript of speech by Robin Burns , given at the 4th Annual Phillip Law Lecture ; Hobart , Tasmania , Australia ; 18 June 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Firsts '' . Antarctic Circle. 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Ariel ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` New Wikipedia Project Champions Women Scientists in the Antarctic '' . Mashable . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Amanda ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` This IEEE Fellow Blazed a Trail for Female Scientists in Antarctica '' . The Institute . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hament , Ellyn . `` A Warmer Climate for Women in Antarctica '' . Origins Antarctica : Scientific Journeys from McMurdo to the Pole . Exploratorium . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brueck , Hilary ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` Meet the All - Women Team heading to Antarctica This Year '' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Thomson : An ' Improper Segregation of Scientists ' at the British Antarctic Survey '' . Voices of Science . British Library . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , Cornelia ( 10 November 1998 ) . `` After a Struggle , Women Win A Place ' on the Ice ' ; In Labs and in the Field , a New Outlook '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Satchell , Michael ( 5 June 1983 ) . `` Women Who Conquer the South Pole ( continued ) '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . Retrieved 29 August 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Rejcek , Peter ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Women Fully Integrated Into USAP Over Last 40 Years '' . The Antarctic Sun . United States Antarctic Program . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Marler , Regina ( 2005 ) . `` Ice Queen '' . Advocate ( 952 ) : 77 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 -- via EBSCOhost . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading ( edit ) `` Working - Class Hero '' . Portland Magazine . 8 November 2012 . -- `` ' She 's just moored there at the dock in Bay Center , sitting in the mud , ' says Charles Lagerbom , Northport , Maine , resident and president of the Antarctican Society '' . The South Pole ; an account of the Norwegian Antarctic expedition in the `` Fram , '' 1910 -- 12 -- Volume 1 and Volume 2 at Project Gutenberg The Worst Journey in the World , Volumes 1 and 2 Antarctic 1910 -- 1913 at Project Gutenberg South : the story of Shackleton 's 1914 -- 1917 expedition at Project Gutenberg Anthony , Jason C. ( 2012 ) . Hoosh : roast penguin , scurvy day , and other stories of Antarctic cuisine . Lincoln , NB : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2666 - 1 . Robert Clancy , John Manning , Henk Brolsma : Mapping Antarctica : A Five Hundred Year Record of Discovery . Springer , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 4320 - 5 ( Print ) ; ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 4321 - 2 ( eBook ) Ivanov , L. General Geography and History of Livingston Island . In : Bulgarian Antarctic Research : A Synthesis . Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev . Sofia : St. Kliment Ohridski University Press , 2015 . pp. 17 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 954 - 07 - 3939 - 7 External links ( edit ) Early Antarctic Adventures ( State Library of New South Wales ) PCO : Antarctic History Antarctic Heritage Trust Surveying Antarctica , 1957 Big Dead Place Working - Class ' Hero ' after two decades of polar exploration . 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Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. 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Fuchs Messner Coordinates : 67 ° 15 ′ S 39 ° 35 ′ E / 67.250 ° S 39.583 ° E / - 67.250 ; 39.583 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antarctica&oldid=810642498 '' Categories : History of Antarctica Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 15 : 02 . 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5577188757129533261	List of political parties in Pakistan	List of political parties in Pakistan - wikipedia List of political parties in Pakistan This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Arif Alvi Parliament Senate Chairman : Sadiq Sanjrani Deputy Chairman : Saleem Mandviwalla National Assembly Speaker : Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker : Qasim Suri Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Imran Khan Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2018 2013 2008 General : 2018 2013 2008 Political parties Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas Pakistan is a multi-party democracy . The country has many political parties and it is common for the country to be ruled by a coalition government . The Parliament of Pakistan is bicameral , consisting of the National Assembly of Pakistan and the Senate . The main political parties in Pakistan are listed below in alphabetical order . Contents 1 Major parties 1.1 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 1.2 Pakistan Muslim League - N 1.3 Pakistan People 's Party 1.4 Awami National Party 1.5 Awami Workers Party ( AWP ) 1.6 Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan 1.7 Jamiat - e-Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 1.8 Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( MQM ) 1.9 Pakistan Awami Tehreek ( PAT ) 1.10 Tehreek e Islami 2 Popular political parties in Pakistan 3 Minor or regional parties 4 Senate 5 National Assembly 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Major parties ( edit ) Pakistan tehreek - e-Insaf ( edit ) Imran Khan Former Captain : Pakistan National Cricket Team Founder : Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre . Imran Khan leads Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) ( Pakistan Movement for Justice ) under the slogan : `` Change '' . On 25 April 1996 , in Lahore , the PTI , a social democratic and Third Way political movement , was founded by Imran Khan . The PTI boycotted the 2008 elections but became more politically active by 2011 . The PTI claims to represent all Pakistanis regardless of religion , ethnicity , language or residence . It aims to create a modern , egalitarian , Islamic democratic and Welfare state . The PTI promotes a nationalist agenda , arguing that Terrorism , Extremism and Radicalism have increased since Pakistan joined the War on Terror . The Party emerged as country 's second most popular party in 2013 elections . It is currently the ruling party in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province . In 2018 General Elections Imran Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan and PTI secure 116 seats in National Assemble and clean sweep KPK by taking 63 seats in Provincial Assembly. PTI is also ready to make Government in Punjab and collaborated Government in Balochistan . Pakistan Muslim League - N ( edit ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( پاکستان مسلم لیگ ( نون ) is a large Centre - Right , political party of Pakistan , tracing its history to the All - India Muslim League that played a central role in the creation of Pakistan under the leadership of Quaid - i - Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah . Pakistan Muslim League re-emerged onto the national political scene in Pakistan as part of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad coalition against the Pakistan Peoples Party in the elections held in 1988 . PML - N served two terms in the 1990s with Nawaz Sharif as the Prime Minister . His second term in office was cut short by a military coup d'etat led by General Musharraf . PML - N boycotted the general elections in 2002 . In the 2008 elections , PML - N formed government in the province of Punjab . In 2013 elections , the PML - N secured a majority in the National Assembly . It formed government in the center , Punjab and a coalition government in the province of Balochistan , followed by governments in Azad Jammu and Kashmir , and Gilgit - Baltistan . Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister for the third time in 2013 . Pakistan people 's party ( edit ) Asif Ali Zardari , former President of Pakistan and the leader of Pakistan Peoples Party . On 30 November 1967 , the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) , a democratic socialist party , was founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( 1928 - 1979 ) . The PPP ran in the 1970 general election with a socialist agenda of Roti , Kapra , Makan ( Food , clothes , shelter ) . It favoured ties with China over the Western nations and ruled Pakistan after the Fall of Dhaka . After completion of first parliamentary term , the PPP succeeded in the Elections of 1977 but were quickly overthrown by Zia ul Haq . Under Benazir Bhutto , the PPP became a secular party that promoted Social Liberalism as well as privatisation in order to secure funding from the US and the World Bank . From March 2008 to March 2013 , it was leading party of the ruling coalition . Party faced defeat in elections of 2013 . The PPP currently holds 41 senate seats and 42 national assembly seats . Awami National party ( edit ) In 1986 , the Awami National Party ( Popular National Party , ANP ) was founded by Abdul Wali Khan . It is a leftist , secular party that promotes Pashtun nationalism , democratic socialism , public sector government , and economic egalitarianism . It supports ties with Afghanistan , India , and historically the Soviet Union . The ANP held 7 seats in the senate and 3 seats in the National Assembly . Asfandyar Wali Khan , grandson of Bacha Khan is the incumbent president of the ANP . Between 2008 and 2013 , it was part of the ruling PPP led coalition . It performs well in Pashtun dominated areas in and around Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa and the Balochistan provinces . Awami workers party ( awp ) ( edit ) In November 2012 , the Awami Party , Labour Party and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left - wing politics alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan . The party 's programme was designed to bring together the disparate struggles of workers , peasants , students , women , ethnic , and religious minorities in Pakistan under the banner of a democratic socialist - feminist politics . AWP supports people 's struggles around the country , from working with peasants on land rights and water access in Buner , supporting the tenant farmer 's movement for land rights in Okara , organizing brick - kiln workers against bonded labor and wage abuse in Punjab , supporting the struggles of textile and power - loom workers in Faisalabad for human wages , social security and improvement in work conditions , organizing peasants and working classes against abuses by elites and for an equitable land distribution in Sindh , standing in solidarity with historically oppressed ethnic groups such as the Baloch , Hazara and multi-lingual communities of Gilgit - Baltistan , to the construction of alliances with trade unions against neoliberal privatization and contract labor across the country . AWP has organized resistance against forced evictions from slums in Islamabad and managed to secure a stay order from the Supreme Court of Pakistan to prevent any further demolitions of slums following the Capital Development Authority 's operation that razed the Katchi Abadi ( slum ) in Sector I - 11 . Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan ( edit ) The Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan was founded on 26 August 1941 in Lahore , the party was founded by Abul Ala Maududi , a Muslim theologian , and philosopher . It aims to create an Islamic democracy in Pakistan ruled under Sharia law . The JI elects its leader democratically ; Siraj ul Haq is the incumbent amir . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 , JI moved its base to West Pakistan . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 it opposed the independence of Bangladesh , and were in involved in various atrocities resulting in killings of thousands of west Pakistanis . In 1975 , it established an independent political party in Bangladesh , the Bangladesh Jamaat - e-Islami . JI now has its headquarters in Mansoorah , Lahore . JI has an association with international Muslim groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood . And also called as the peace keeping party of Pakistan . Jamiat - e-ulema - e-Islam ( F. ) ( edit ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( Assembly of Islamic Clergy , Fazl - ur - Rahman Group , JUI - F ) is an ultra-conservative religious and theocratic party which , in 2002 , formed a ruling coalition with Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and with the PML ( Q ) in Balochistan . It currently holds 15 seats in the National Assembly , 5 seats in the Senate , 17 seats in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 8 seats in the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan . Its economic policy is socialist and moderate . Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( MQM ) ( edit ) The Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( United National Movement , MQM ) was founded in 1978 by Altaf Hussain ( who went on , in 1984 , to found the Muhajir Quami Movement ) from the student organisation , the All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization ( APMSO ) . It is supported by the urban Muhajir community of Sindh . The MQM is socially liberal and democratic . In 1997 , the MQM officially removed the term Muhajir , which refers to Urdu - speaking Muslims and replaced it with Muttahida ( United ) . Between 1992 and 1999 , the Pakistan Army , in Operation Cleanup , attempted to suppress the MQM . On 11 September 2001 , the MQM condemned attacks by al - Qaida in the US with public demonstrations. Dr Farooq Staar MQM 2018 Pakistan Awami tehreek ( PAT ) ( edit ) The Pakistan Awami Tehrik ( Pakistan People 's Movement ) is a politically radical , ideologically centrist and religiously moderate political party . Populist sufi cleric Muhammad Tahir - ul - Qadri is its founding chairman . In 1990 , Pakistan Awami Tehrik ( PAT ) participated in the national elections just one year after it was founded . In 1991 , PAT and TNFJ ( Tehrik - e-Nifas - e-Fiqh - e-Jafria , a shia political group ) now known as Tehrik - e-Jafaria signed a ' Communique of Unity ' to promote social and religious harmony . PAT enjoys considerable support among religious but moderate lower middle class of the country . The party 's entire political influence is based on agitation and public demonstrations . Party 's vote bank and electoral power is considered to be limited unlike the PPP or PTI . Tehreek e Islami ( edit ) Tehreek e Islami is an Islamic revolutionary religious and political party of Pakistan . It was founded by the author and Islamic scholar Naeem Siddiqui in 1994 following his exodus from Jamaat - e-Islami ( JI ) in 1993 , after the failure of Jamaat e Islami in the politics of Pakistan . Its head office is in Karachi . Its objective is to make Pakistan an Islamic state , governed by Sharia law , through a gradual process . Tehreek e Islami strongly opposes capitalism , liberalism , socialism and secularism as well as economic practices such as offering bank interest . Like Jamaat - e-Islami and Tanzeem - e-Islami its members form an elite with `` affiliates '' and then `` sympathizers '' beneath them . The party leader is called an ameer . In 1996 , the party split into two groups , one group was led by Naeem Siddiqui himself while the coordinator of the other group was Hafeez ur Rehman Ahsan. Due to the endavour and mediation of some Arab based Pakistani friends both the groups were re-united in 1998 , he expressed the story of re-uninion in a letter to his friend Khwaja Maqbool Ellahi in 2001 by saying that our difference was unique and now our union is also very unique. . After the unity of both the groups of the tehreek e Islami Naeem Siddiqui became its spiritual and political Qauid ( leader ) . Popular political parties in Pakistan ( edit ) List Of Political Parties in Pakistan No . Name Abbreviation Symbol Foundation year Current leader ( s ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf PTI Bat Imran Khan Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) PML ( N ) Tiger 1988 Shahbaz Sharif Pakistan Peoples Party PPP Arrow 1967 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari , Asif Ali Zardari Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam JUI - F Book 1988 Maulana Fazl - ur - Rehman 6 Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan ( JI ) Balance 1941 Siraj ul Haq 7 Awami National Party ANP Lantern 1986 Asfandyar Wali Khan 8 Muttahida Quami Movement - Pakistan MQM - P Kite 2016 Khalid Maqbool 9 Pak Sarzameen Party PSP Dolphin 2016 Syed Mustafa Kamal 10 Awami Workers Party AWP Bulb 2012 Fanoos Gujjar Minor or regional parties ( edit ) Balawaristan National Front ( rizwan ) Communist Party of Pakistan Baloch Republican Party Hazara Democratic Party Balochistan National Movement Balochistan National Party ( Awami ) Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party Jamote Qaumi Movement Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz Jeay Sindh Quomi Mahaz Mazdoor Kisan Party ( MKP ) Majlis - e-Ahrar - e-Islam Mustaqbil Pakistan National Party National People 's Party ( NPP ) Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party ( PMKP ) Pakistan Women Muslim League ( first women 's political party in Pakistan ) Sindh Democratic Alliance Sindh National Front Pak Sarzameen Party Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party Sindh United Party Senate ( edit ) Party Seats Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 13 Pakistan Peoples Party 25 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 27 Awami National Party 6 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 5 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 8 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Balochistan National Party Awami Jamat - e-Islami Pakistan PkMAP Independents 10 Others 7 Total 104 National Assembly ( edit ) Affiliation Members Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 150 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 82 Pakistan People 's Party 53 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 6 Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal 12 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party National Peoples Party ( Pakistan ) Awami National Party Others 7 Independents 8 Total 342 Ruling coalition majority 176 Members of the PML ( N ) are marked in bold text Electoral history and performance of PML since 1985 ( show ) General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding chair of the party Parliamentary position 1985 46.4 % -- 96 / 200 members participated as non-partisan In alliance with Zia 1988 30.2 % 5,908,741 56 / 207 Fida Mohammad Khan In Opposition 1990 37.4 % 7,908,513 106 / 207 Nawaz Sharif In Government 1993 39.9 % 7,980,229 73 / 207 Nawaz Sharif In Opposition 1997 45.9 % 8,751,793 155 / 207 Nawaz Sharif In Government 2002 12.71 % 3,791,321 18 / 207 Javed Hashmi In Opposition 2008 19.6 % 6,781,445 91 / 342 Nisar Ali Khan In Opposition 2013 TBD TBD 186 / 342 Nawaz Sharif In Government Electoral history and performance of PPP since 1970 ( show ) General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding chair of the party Parliamentary position 1970 18.6 % 6,148,923 81 / 300 Zulfikar Bhutto In Government 1977 61.1 % 10,148,040 155 / 200 Zulfikar Bhutto Martial law in effect 1985 Non-participant -- -- Nusrat Isphani -- 1988 38.5 % 7,546,561 94 / 207 Benazir Bhutto In Government 1990 36.8 % 7,795,218 44 / 207 Benazir Bhutto In Opposition 1993 37.9 % 7,578,635 89 / 207 Benazir Bhutto In Government 1997 21.8 % 4,152,209 17 / 207 Benazir Bhutto In Opposition 2002 25.7 % 62 / 207 Amin Fahim In Opposition 2008 30.6 % 10,606,486 124 / 342 Benazir Bhutto Yousaf Raza Gillani In Government 2013 TBD TBD 44 / 272 Bilawal Bhutto In Opposition Electoral history and performance of JUI - F ( show ) General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding Convener of the party Parliamentary position 1988 1.8 % 360,526 7 / 207 Fazal - ur - Rehman In alliance with PPP 1990 2.9 % 622,214 6 / 207 Fazal - ur - Rehman In Opposition 1993 3.2 % 645,278 3 / 207 Fazal - ur - Rehman In alliance with PPP 1997 1.7 % 325,910 2 / 207 Fazal - ur - Rehman In Opposition 2002 11.3 % -- 63 / 272 Fazal - ur - Rehman In Opposition 2008 2.2 % 772,798 6 / 272 Fazal - ur - Rehman In alliance with PPP 2013 TBD TBD 10 / 272 Fazal - ur - Rehman In alliance with PML - N Electoral history and performance of ANP ( show ) General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding chair of the party Parliamentary position 1988 2.1 % 409,555 2 / 207 Abdul Ghaffar Khan In alliance with PPP 1990 1.7 % % 356,160 6 / 207 Abdul Ghaffar Khan In Opposition 1993 1.7 % 335,094 3 / 207 Abdul Vali Khan Remain in Neutrality 1997 1.9 % 357,002 10 / 207 Abdul Val Khan In Opposition 2002 1.0 % -- 0 / 272 Abdul Vali Khan -- 2008 2.0 % 700,479 10 / 272 Asfandyar Vali In alliance with PPP 2013 TBD TBD 1 / 272 Asfandyar Vali In Opposition Electoral history and performance of MQM ( show ) General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding Convener of the party Parliamentary position 1985 3.9 818,962 11 / 207 Altaf Hussain In alliance with Zia 1988 Non-participant -- 0 / 207 Imran Farooq -- 1990 5.5 % 1,172,525 15 / 207 Altaf Hussain In Opposition 1993 Non-participant -- 0 / 207 Altaf Hussain See : Operation Blue Fox 1997 4.0 % 764,207 12 / 207 Farooq Sattar In Opposition 2002 3.1 % -- 13 / 272 Farooq Sattar In alliance with Musharaf 2008 7.4 % 2,507,813 25 / 272 Babar Ghauri In alliance with PPP 2013 TBD TBD 18 / 272 Faisal Sabzwari In Opposition See also ( edit ) Pakistan portal Government Pakistan portal Politics of Pakistan List of political parties in Azad Kashmir List of ruling political parties by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan S.M. `` Pakistan 's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state . '' Pakistan Tribune 27 June 2012 . `` Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan 's creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state . '' Jump up ^ Michaelsen M. `` Pakistan 's dream catcher . '' Qantara 27 March 2012 . `` Iqbal 's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an Islamic social state . '' Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pakistan Tahreek e Insaaf '' Archived 2 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Insaf party website . Jump up ^ `` Senate position '' Government of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency Accessed 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's ' Gandhi ' party takes on Taliban , Al Qaeda '' . Christian Science Monitor. 5 May 2008 . Accessed 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbasi , Munawer Azeem Kashif ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Hundreds of homes reduced to dust '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Daily Times , Pakistan . 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : Human rights crisis in Karachi . '' Archived 4 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Amnesty International 1 February 1996 . Accessed 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haq F. `` Rise of the MQM in Pakistan : Politics of Ethnic Mobilisation . '' Asian Survey , University of California Press 1 November 1999 35 ( 11 ) p990 - 1004 doi = 10.1525 / as. 1995.35. 11.01 p00677 Accessed 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MQM is a liberal and democratic party : Altaf . '' Daily Times , Pakistan 26 May 2008 . Accessed 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Naeem Siddiqui , Pachpan Saala Refaqat ( urdu ) , Alfaisal Nashiran Lahore 2010 , p. 61 & p. 119 Jump up ^ Ibid p 78 Jump up ^ Ibid , p128 Jump up ^ Ibid , p128 Jump up ^ Ibid , p128 Jump up ^ GEMC ( ( Upddated ) ) . `` Election Results 2013 '' . Geo Election Monitoring Cell. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Irfan Ali Shaikh . `` Acid test for MQM '' . October 04 , 2002 . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Political parties in Pakistan . 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2927045951594315955	After the Rain (manga)	After the Rain ( manga ) - wikipedia After the Rain ( manga ) After the Rain Cover of the first volume of manga . 恋は雨上がりのように ( Koi wa Ameagari no You ni ) Genre Romance Manga Written by Jun Mayuzuki Published by Shogakukan English publisher Vertical Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Big Comic Spirits ( June 27 , 2014 - November 27 , 2015 ) Weekly Big Comic Spirits ( January 18 , 2016 - March 19 , 2018 ) Original run June 27 , 2014 -- March 19 , 2018 Volumes 10 Anime television series Directed by Ayumu Watanabe Written by Deko Akao Music by Ryo Yoshimata Japanese Letters Studio Wit Studio Licensed by Amazon Video ( streaming ) Original network Fuji TV ( Noitamina ) Original run January 12 , 2018 -- March 30 , 2018 Episodes 12 Live - action film Directed by Akira Nagai Written by Riko Sakaguchi Studio Toho Released May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Anime and Manga portal After the Rain ( 恋は雨上がりのように , Koi wa Ameagari no You ni ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Jun Mayuzuki . The series began serialization in Shogakukan 's Monthly Big Comic Spirits magazine in 2014 , before moving to the magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits in 2016 . Nine volumes have been published as of November 2017 . An anime television series adaptation by Wit Studio aired from January 12 to March 30 , 2018 , on the Noitamina programming block . A live - action film adaptation will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Vertical are releasing the manga in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.2. 1 Episode list 4 Notes 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) After the Rain tells the story of Akira Tachibana , a high school student working part - time at a family restaurant , who starts falling in love with the manager , a forty five year old divorcee with a young son . Akira struggles to determine why she is falling for Masami , and whether or not to reveal her feelings to him . Characters ( edit ) Akira Tachibana ( 橘あきら , Tachibana Akira ) Voiced by : Sayumi Watabe Played by : Nana Komatsu A young high - school student , with a sharp , piercing expression , that make many people , slightly wary of her . She used to be part of the Track team , before a leg injury forced her to give up running . Having fallen into a depression , she met Masami who acted in a kind and friendly manner , offering her a free coffee when she took shelter at the restaurant in the rain . This act of kindness , began her infatuation with him . Despite her cold , and inapproachable demeanor , she is actually rather timid and shy , especially , when it comes to Masami . Masami Kondo / Manager ( 近藤正己 / 店長 , Kondō Masami / Tenchō ) Voiced by : Hiroaki Hirata Played by : Yo Oizumi A 45 year old manager of a family restaurant . A kind , timid man , he is often criticized by his employees for being too weak . He is divorced and has a young son named Yuto . He is initially rather intimidated by Akira , whom he assumes actually hates him , while she , in fact , is merely staring at him in love . He is a fan of `` Pure Literature '' and loves reading books . Prior to becoming a restaurant manager , he wrote novels alongside his former college buddy and now - renowned writer Chihiro Kujo . Haruka Kyan ( 喜屋武はるか , Kyan Haruka ) Voiced by : Emi Miyajima Played by : Nana Seino Akira 's former buddy in the Track team , who remains steadfast in maintaining their friendship after Akira 's injury . Yui Nishida ( 西田ユイ , Nishida Yui ) Voiced by : Haruka Fukuhara Played by : Honoka Matsumoto Akira 's fellow crew at the Restaurant who has a blonde hair and cheerful personality . She has a crush on Takashi . Ryosuke Kase ( 加瀬亮介 , Kase Ryōsuke ) Voiced by : Tomoaki Maeno Played by : Hayato Isomura A chef in the restaurant who had a sexual interest in Akira . When he learnes about Akira 's infatuation with Masami , he blackmails her by forcing her to date him in order to keep her secret intact . Takashi Yoshizawa ( 吉澤タカシ , Yoshizawa Takashi ) Voiced by : Junya Ikeda Played by : Shono Hayama Akira 's classmate who had a crush on her . He also works on the restaurant with Akira as a kitchen staff . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN January 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 186728 - 5 September 25 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 94 - 719434 - 2 April 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 186868 - 8 September 25 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 94 - 719434 - 2 September 11 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 187200 - 5 December 18 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 94 - 719436 - 6 January 12 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 187417 - 7 December 18 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 94 - 719436 - 6 5 June 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 187629 - 4 6 October 12 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 187798 - 7 7 March 10 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 189389 - 5 8 July 12 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 189546 - 2 9 November 10 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 189656 - 8 10 April 27 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 09 - 189793 - 0 Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation was announced in March 2017 . It is directed by Ayumu Watanabe and written by Deko Akao , featuring animation by Wit Studio , character designs by Yuka Shibata and music by Ryo Yoshimata . The opening theme song is `` Nostalgic Rainfall '' by CHiCO with HoneyWorks , while the ending theme song is `` Ref : rain '' by Aimer . It aired from January 12 to March 30 , 2018 on Fuji TV 's Noitamina programming block . It ran for 12 episodes . Amazon streamed the series worldwide on their Amazon Video service . Episode list ( edit ) No . English title Original Japanese title Original air date `` The Sound of Rain '' `` Amaoto '' ( 雨音 ) January 12 , 2018 The story begins with Akira Tachibana listening music in her class . She is working at Cafe Restaurant Garden operated by her manager , Mr. Masami Kondo . One of the workers keep saying that Kondo is quite pathetic because he keeps apologizing to the customers . Tachibana takes the rest time at the employer room and found a boy sitting while doing his schoolwork . That boy was Kondo 's son named Yuto and Tachibana helps teaching him how to properly play his flute outside of the restaurant . She met her former Track club teammate Haruka and talk to her about the upcoming tournament . While watching Kondo hangs the cloth on the chair , she remembers the first time she visits the restaurant during the rainy day when Kondo treats her with a cup of coffee and doing some kind of magic trick and make a milk appears on his hand . She takes the Kondo 's cloth and sniff it with some kind of nostalgia until Kondo comes back and sees Tachibana sniffing the cloth . Tachibana awkwardly puts the cloth back and sit while blushing and eating the sandwich in front of Kondo . `` Rain Drops on Green Leaves '' `` Aoba Ame '' ( 青葉雨 ) January 19 , 2018 Normal business goes about at the cafe . Mr Kondo calls everyone and introduces a new part - timer , Yoshizawa , Tachibana 's classmate . It 's a slow day at the cafe so Yui asks Tachibana to name things that make her heart flutter to pass the time . While Tachibana 's thinking , she looks over to where Mr Kondo is and quickly changes the subject and heads on out to the dining area . A customer forgets his cellphone so Tachibana hands it over to Mr Kondo and the latter chases after the customer . Mr Kondo unable to chase after the customer , who 's riding a bike , decides to wait for him to come back . Tachibana standing beside him chases after the customer and was able to catch up with the customer giving him back his phone . Coming back , Tachibana collapses on the road and appears to be in pain . Mr Kondo and Tachibana head to a clinic nearby to get her ankle checked out . Leaving early , Tachibana recalls the events from earlier in the day . Mr Kondo calls Tachibana that night asking her if she 's alright . The next day Mr Kondo visits Tachibana to apologize to Tachibana 's mother regarding the previous day 's incident . Tachibana inadvertently confesses to Mr Kondo . Mr Kondo takes it as her not hating him instead of a love confession . `` Raining Tears '' `` Ame Shizuku '' ( 雨雫 ) January 26 , 2018 Tachibana dreams about the previous days events and contemplates if she should 've worded her confession differently . As Tachibana heads home from school , a junior classman and track team member notices her and persuades her to come to the field with her . As Tachibana watches from afar , she has a flashback of her running and celebrating with her friend . The track team invites Tachibana to a family restaurant but she declines . One of the members commented that Tachibana is currently working at a family restaurant and that they should go there . Tachibana blatantly says no but backtracks and says it 's far . She then abruptly leaves as rain start falling . While walking , Tachibana has flashbacks of how she injured her leg and how she came and met Mr Kondo as rain starts pouring heavily . Mr Kondo goes out for a smoke and notices someone from a distance . Tachibana shows up and confesses to Mr Kondo again . She then walks away as Mr Kondo stood at the door , shocked . The next day , Tachibana is back at work being her usual self . Mr Kondo drives Tachibana to the train station and they talk about her confession . `` Gentle Rain '' `` Sozoro Ame '' ( 漫ろ雨 ) February 2 , 2018 5 `` The Scent of Rain '' `` Kōu '' ( 香雨 ) February 9 , 2018 6 `` Fine Rain '' `` Sau '' ( 沙雨 ) February 16 , 2018 7 `` Heavy Rain '' `` Jin'u '' ( 迅雨 ) February 23 , 2018 8 `` Quiet Rain '' `` Seiu '' ( 静雨 ) March 2 , 2018 9 `` Rain of Sorrow '' `` Shūu '' ( 愁雨 ) March 9 , 2018 10 `` Sudden Shower '' `` Hakuu '' ( 白雨 ) March 16 , 2018 11 `` Passing Shower '' `` Sōu '' ( 叢雨 ) March 23 , 2018 12 `` After the Rain '' `` Tsuyu no Ato Saki '' ( つゆのあとさき ) March 30 , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Amazon Video . Reception ( edit ) The manga was ranked fourth in the 2016 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! guidebook . The manga was nominated for the ninth Manga Taishō Awards , and was ranked seventh . The manga has 2 million copies in print . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Koi wa Ameagari no You ni Manga Gets Live - Action Film in May '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` After the Rain Manga Listed From Vertical '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koi wa Ameagari no You ni TV Anime Reveals Main Cast , Opening Theme Artist , January 11 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Rain Vol. 1 '' . Vertical . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Rain Vol. 2 '' . Vertical . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 恋は雨上がりのように 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Koi wa Ameagari no You ni Romance Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koi wa Ameagari no You ni TV Anime Reveals New Visual , Main Staff '' . Anime News Network . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After the Rain Anime Listed With 12 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ストーりー ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 恋は雨上がりのように - フジテレビ ( in Japanese ) . Fuji TV . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! Reveals 2016 's Series Ranking for Male Readers '' . Anime News Network . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Manga Taisho Awards Nominate 11 Titles '' . Anime News Network . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satoru Noda 's Golden Kamuy Wins 9th Manga Taisho Award '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roundup of Newly Revealed Print Counts for Manga , Light Novel Series ( March - May 2018 ) '' . Anime News Network . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) After the Rain ( manga ) ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia After the Rain ( manga ) ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia After the Rain on IMDb noitaminA 2005 -- 2009 Honey and Clover Paradise Kiss Ayakashi : Samurai Horror Tales Jyu - Oh - Sei Honey and Clover II Hataraki Man Nodame Cantabile Mononoke Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture Hakaba Kitarō Library War Antique Bakery Nodame Cantabile : Paris Chapter Genji Monogatari Sennenki Eden of the East Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 Kūchū Buranko 2010 -- 2014 Nodame Cantabile : Finale House of Five Leaves The Tatami Galaxy Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture ( live - action ) Shiki Princess Jellyfish Fractale Wandering Son ( C ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day Bunny Drop No. 6 Un-Go Guilty Crown Thermae Romae Black Rock Shooter Kids on the Slope Tsuritama Moyashimon Returns Natsuyuki Rendezvous Psycho - Pass Robotics ; Notes Katanagatari Silver Spoon Galilei Donna Samurai Flamenco Silver Spoon 2 Ping Pong Nanana 's Buried Treasure Terror in Resonance Psycho - Pass 2 Your Lie in April 2015 -- present Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Punch Line Rampo Kitan : Game of Laplace Subete ga F ni Naru Erased Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Battery The Great Passage Scum 's Wish Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat Dive ! ! Inuyashiki After the Rain Wotakoi : Love is Hard for Otaku Banana Fish The Promised Neverland Films Eden of the East Compilation : Air Communication ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : The King of Eden ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : Paradise Lost ( 2010 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Library War : The Wings of Revolution ( 2012 ) Anohana the Movie : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2013 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Typhoon Noruda ( 2015 ) The Anthem of the Heart ( 2015 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Harmony ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Genocidal Organ ( 2017 ) The Night Is Short , Walk on Girl ( 2017 ) Lu Over the Wall ( 2017 ) Penguin Highway ( 2018 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress : Unato Decisive Battle ( 2018 ) Psycho - Pass : Sinners of the System ( 2019 ) Category Shogakukan Manga Award -- General 1950s Būtan by Noboru Baba ( 1955 ) Oyama no Kaba - chan by Eijo Ishida ( 1956 ) Manga Seminar on Biology and Biiko - chan by Osamu Tezuka ( 1957 ) Little Black Sambo and Shiawase no Ōji by Tarō Senba ( 1958 ) Korisu no Pokko by Jirō Ōta and Bonko - chan and Fuichin - san by Toshiko Ueda ( 1959 ) 1960s Science - kun no Sekai Ryokō by Reiji Aki ( 1961 ) Susume Roboketto and Tebukuro Tecchan by Fujiko Fujio ( 1962 ) Fight Sensei and Stop ! Nii - chan by Hisashi Sekitani ( 1963 ) Osomatsu - kun by Fujio Akatsuka ( 1964 ) Paki - chan to Ganta by Kazuo Maekawa ( 1965 ) Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae by Shotaro Ishinomori ( 1967 ) Animal 1 and Inakappe Taishō by Noboru Kawasaki ( 1968 ) Fire ! by Hideko Mizuno ( 1969 ) 1970s Glass no Shiro by Masako Watanabe and Gag Ojisan and Oya Baka Tengoku by Ryuzan Aki ( 1970 ) Hana Ichimonme by Shinji Nagashima and Minashigo Hutch by Tatsuo Yoshida ( 1971 ) Tōchan no Kawaii Oyome - san and Hashire ! Boro by Hiroshi Asuna ( 1972 ) Otoko Doahō Kōshien and Deba to Batto by Shinji Mizushima ( 1973 ) The Drifting Classroom by Kazuo Umezu ( 1974 ) Golgo 13 by Takao Saito ( 1975 ) Abu - san by Shinji Mizushima ( 1976 ) Notari Matsutarō by Tetsuya Chiba ( 1977 ) Haguregumo by George Akiyama ( 1978 ) Tosa no Ippon Tsuri by Yūsuke Aoyagi ( 1979 ) 1980s Hakatakko Junjō and Gangaragan by Hōsei Hasegawa and Jarinko Chie by Etsumi Haruki ( 1980 ) Sunset on Third Street by Ryōhei Saigan ( 1981 ) Tsuribaka Nisshi by Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami ( 1982 ) Hidamari no Ki by Osamu Tezuka ( 1983 ) Human Crossing by Masao Yajima and Kenshi Hirokane ( 1984 ) Bokkemon by Takashi Iwashige ( 1985 ) Oishinbo by Tetsu Kariya and Akira Hanasaki ( 1986 ) Hotel and Manga Nihon Keizai Nyumon by Shotaro Ishinomori ( 1987 ) Genji Monogatari by Miyako Maki ( 1988 ) Yawara ! by Naoki Urasawa ( 1989 ) 1990s F by Noboru Rokuda ( 1990 ) Kazoku no Shokutaku and Asunaro Hakusho by Fumi Saimon ( 1991 ) Okami - san by Ichimaru and Miyamoto kara Kimi e by Hideki Arai ( 1992 ) Kaze no Daichi by Nobuhiro Sakata and Eiji Kazama ( 1993 ) Bokkō by Hideki Mori ( 1994 ) Ron by Motoka Murakami and Gallery Fake and Tarō by Fujihiko Hosono ( 1995 ) Gekka no Kishi by Junichi Nōjō ( 1996 ) Azumi by Yū Koyama ( 1997 ) Aji Ichi Monme by Zenta Abe and Yoshimi Kurata ( 1998 ) 2000s Monster by Naoki Urasawa ( 2000 ) Heat by Buronson and Ryoichi Ikegami ( 2001 ) 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa ( 2002 ) Dr. Kotō Shinryōjo by Takatoshi Yamada ( 2003 ) Team Medical Dragon by Tarō Nogizaka and Akira Nagai ( 2004 ) A Spirit of the Sun by Kaiji Kawaguchi and Rainbow : Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin by George Abe and Masasumi Kakizaki ( 2005 ) Bengoshi no Kuzu by Hideo Iura ( 2006 ) Bambino ! by Tetsuji Sekiya and Kurosagi by Takeshi Natsuhara and Kuromaru ( 2007 ) Gaku : Minna no Yama by Shin'ichi Ishizuka ( 2008 ) Shinya Shokudō by Yarō Abe ( 2009 ) 2010s Ushijima the Loan Shark by Manabe Shōhei and Space Brothers by Chūya Koyama ( 2010 ) Kids on the Slope by Yūki Kodama ( 2011 ) I Am a Hero by Kengo Hanazawa ( 2012 ) Mogura no Uta by Noboru Takahashi ( 2013 ) Asahinagu by Ai Kozaki and Aoi Honō by Kazuhiko Shimamoto ( 2014 ) Umimachi Diary by Akimi Yoshida and Sunny by Taiyo Matsumoto ( 2015 ) Blue Giant by Shinichi Ishizuka and Jūhan Shuttai ! by Naoko Matsuda ( 2016 ) After the Rain by Jun Mayuzuki and Kūbo Ibuki by Kaiji Kawaguchi ( 2017 ) Wit Studio Television series Attack on Titan ( 2013 -- present ) Hozuki 's Coolheadedness ( 2014 ) The Rolling Girls ( 2015 ) Seraph of the End ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 ) The Ancient Magus ' Bride ( 2017 -- 2018 ) After the Rain ( 2018 ) Vinland Saga ( TBA ) Films Hal ( 2013 ) Attack on Titan ( 2014 -- 2018 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Laughing Under the Clouds Gaiden ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Pokémon the Movie : Everyone 's Story ( 2018 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress : Unato Decisive Battle ( TBA ) OVAs Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Ancient Magus ' Bride : Those Awaiting a Star ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=After_the_Rain_(manga)&oldid=842086857 '' Categories : Manga series 2014 manga 2018 anime television series Japanese films Live - action films based on manga NoitaminA Romance anime and manga Seinen manga Shogakukan manga Vertical ( company ) titles Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga Wit Studio Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Anime and manga article with malformed first and last infobox parameters Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Русский Svenska Tagalog 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 04 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	koi wa ameagari no you ni second season	[]	[]
5632064786475843056	Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education	Maharashtra state Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education - wikipedia Maharashtra state Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Jump to : navigation , search Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Logo of MSBSHSE Formation January 1 , 1966 ; 52 years ago ( 1966 - 01 - 01 ) Type State Governmental Board of Education Headquarters Pune , Maharashtra Official language Marathi & English Website mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education ( Marathi : महाराष्ट्र राज्य माध्यमिक आणि उच्च माध्यमिक शिक्षण मंडळ ) is a statutory and autonomous body established under the `` Maharashtra Secondary Boards Act '' 1965 ( amended in 1977 ) . Most important task of the board , among few others , is to conduct the SSC and HSC examinations . It is the most popular education board in terms of enrollment in high school in India only after the CBSE . It has been ranked 4th in the ' Futuristic Education Boards in India ' among more than 35 educational boards in the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 2.1 Divisional boards 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Board came into existence on January 1 , 1966 to regulate certain matters pertaining to secondary education in the state of Maharashtra , as `` Maharashtra State Secondary Education Boards '' . The act was amended in 1976 , and the name of the Board changed to its present name , `` Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education '' . Functions ( edit ) The board is responsible for formation , and implementation of the rules and regulations in accordance to the guidelines set by the state as well as central boards . It is also in charge , autonomously , of , and implementation of the syllabus / curriculum of all the grades , textbooks , exam schedule , and type . The board is also responsible for creation of textbooks , scoring of the centralised tests , and conducting examinations fairly and providing unbiased justice in the event of dispute . The Board conducts examination twice a year and the number of students appearing for the main examination is around 1,400,000 for Higher Secondary Certificate ( HSC ) and 1,700,000 for Secondary School Certificate ( SSC ) every year . The exams are usually held in the months of March , and October every year ; and results are given out usually in June , and January respectively . March marks the end of educational year , and June marks beginning of the new educational year in the state of Maharashtra . Divisional boards ( edit ) There are eight divisional boards with the state to represent the state board . Their duties include , but not limited to : Decide the schools / colleges to conduct the final exams . Appoint the paper setters , translaters , custodians ( of question papers , and blank and filled up answer papers ) , conductors ( transportation ) , and examiners ( paper checkers ) . There are nine divisional borads located at Amravati , Aurangabad , Kolhapur , Konkan , Latur , Mumbai , Nagpur , Nashik , and Pune . See also ( edit ) Boards of Education in India Secondary School Leaving Certificate ( SSLC ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/index.htm Jump up ^ `` Futuristic School Boards of India Rankings 2017 '' . ReTHINK INDIA. 2017 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/msbshse.htm Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/dutiessb.htm Jump up ^ `` Nearly 15 lakh candidates to take Maharashtra MSBSHSE Class 12 Board Exam 2017 today '' . India Today . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maharashtra State Board HSC , SSC 2017 exam dates released : Check here '' . India Today . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/dutiesdiv.htm External links ( edit ) Official website www.mahresult.nic.in ( hide ) School education in India Ministry of Human Resource Development Boards of education ( list ) National Central Board of Secondary Education Central Tibetan School Administration Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations National Institute of Open Schooling State Andhra Pradesh ( Secondary Intermediate ) Assam ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Bihar ( School Intermediate ) Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka ( Secondary Pre-University ) Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Telangana ( Secondary Intermediate ) Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Open Vocational Madrasah ) Schools ( list ) ( category ) By location Bangalore Chennai Gurgaon Hisar Hyderabad Jaipur Jamshedpur Kanpur Kolkata Kollam Lucknow Mumbai Patna Ranchi Rourkela Shillong Tiruchirappalli Thiruvananthapuram Udaipur Vatakara By type Railway Schools ( list ) DAV Public School ( list ) Ramakrishna Mission ( list ) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ( list ) Bal Bharati Public School ( list ) Delhi Public School ( list ) Saraswati Shishu Mandir ( list ) Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan ( list ) Sainik School ( list ) Kendriya Vidyalaya ( list ) Chinmaya Vidyalayas ( list ) Atomic Energy Central School ( list ) Vivekananda Vidyalaya ( list ) Ryan International Schools ( list ) Indian Army Public Schools ( list ) Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ( list ) Waldorf Schools ( India ) ( list ) List of boarding schools List of international schools By state Maharashtra Rajasthan Other topics All India Secondary School Examination Board examination Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Higher Secondary Examination Literacy in India Midday Meal Scheme National Council of Educational Research and Training Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_State_Board_of_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education&oldid=834068551 '' Categories : Education in Maharashtra State secondary education boards of India 1966 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles containing Marathi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 19 : 47 . 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-6182569454073796130	Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa	Mistry v interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa - wikipedia Mistry v interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa and Others is an important case in the South African law of medicine , constitutional law , constitutional litigation and criminal procedure . In the area of constitutional litigation , the court dealt with an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 of the Constitutional Court Rules , and held that the considerations relevant to deciding whether the certificate should be positive or negative are similar to those which should influence the court in deciding whether or not to grant leave to appeal to Supreme Court of Appeal ( SCA ) : The High Court is required in both instances to consider whether or not there are reasonable prospects of success ; and whether the issues raised are of sufficient substance to be dealt with by the SCA . It was appropriate , in other words , that an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 be dealt with in the same manner as a conventional application for leave to appeal . In both instances judgment on the application is required . The case is also important , in this area of the law , for its treatment of the power of the Constitutional Court to suspend a declaration of invalidity , in the interests of justice and good government , pending a correction of the invalid statute by the competent authority . As a general rule , the court held , it will not suspend an order of invalidity , with exceptions to be made only when the reasons are good and persuasive . The party requesting the suspension carries the burden of proof ; it must provide the court with reliable information to justify a suspension , indicating at the very least what negative consequences there may be for justice and good government of an immediately operational declaration of invalidity ; why other existing measures would not be an adequate alternative stop - gap ; what legislation on subject , if any , is in the pipeline ; and how much time would reasonably be required to adopt the corrective legislation . Contents 1 Facts 2 Judgment 2.1 Chaskalson 2.1. 1 Application for leave to appeal 2.2 Sachs 2.2. 1 Suspension of declaration of invalidity 2.2. 2 Retrospective effect 2.2. 3 Obiter 3 References 4 Sources Facts ( edit ) Section 28 ( 1 ) of the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act gave inspectors of medicines the authority to enter into and inspect any premises , place , vehicle , vessel or aircraft where such inspectors reasonably believed there were medicines or other substances regulated by the Act , and to seize any medicine or books , records or documents found in or upon such premises , place , vehicle , vessel or aircraft which appeared to afford evidence of a contravention of any provision of the Act . In short , this provision gave inspectors sweeping powers to search and seize without a warrant . Judgment ( edit ) Chaskalson ( edit ) Application for leave to appeal ( edit ) As to the application for leave to appeal , Chaskalson P held , and the other members of the court concurred , that the considerations relevant to deciding whether a certificate in terms of Rule 18 of the Constitutional Court Rules should be positive or negative were `` in many respects similar '' to those which should influence a court in deciding whether or not to grant leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal . In both instances , the High Court was required to consider whether or not there were `` reasonable prospects of success ; '' and whether the issues raised were `` of sufficient substance '' to be dealt with by the SCA . `` It is appropriate , therefore , '' Chaskalson concluded , that an application for a certificate in terms of Rule 18 should be dealt with in the same manner as a conventional application for leave to appeal . In both instances a judgment on the application is required . Having observed that `` the purpose of the certificate is to assist this Court in the decision that it has to make as to whether or not leave to appeal should be granted , '' Chaskalson held that , where the relevant constitutional issues had been fully traversed in the judgment in respect of which the certificate had been given , there might be no need for a detailed judgment on the certificate . Where , however , `` the application for a certificate raises issues which have not been fully canvassed in the judgment , or where the reasoning in the judgment is subjected to challenge which calls for comment , the judgment on the certificate may have to be more comprehensive . '' Ultimately , what was necessary was that the High Court to which the application had been made should consider the issues identified in Rule 18 ( e ) and give reasons for the findings made . Chaskalson applauded McLaren J for having done as much in the present matter . Sachs ( edit ) Sachs J held for a unanimous court that the existence of safeguards to regulate the way in which State officials may enter the private domains of ordinary citizens is one of the features that distinguish a constitutional democracy from a police state . Although , he wrote , there had been an admirable history of strong statutory controls over the powers of the police to search and seize , yet when it came to racially discriminatory laws and security legislation , vast and often unrestricted discretionary powers were conferred on officials and police . Furthermore , he observed , generations of systematised and egregious violations of personal privacy had established norms of disrespect for citizens that had seeped generally into the public administration , and had promoted among a great many officials habits and practices inconsistent with the standards of conduct now required by the Bill of Rights . The provision in the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act was found , accordingly , to be invalid . Suspension of declaration of invalidity ( edit ) Sachs turned next to the power of the Constitutional Court to suspend a declaration of invalidity , `` in the interests of justice and good government , '' pending correction of the constitutional defect in the legislation by Parliament . He held that a party wishing for the court to make such an order had to provide it with `` reliable information '' to justify its doing so . This information would necessarily depend for its detail on `` the nature of the law in question and the character of the defect to be corrected . '' As a general rule , however , a government organ or other party wishing to keep an unconstitutional provision alive should indicate , `` at least , '' the following : what the negative consequences for justice and good government of an immediately operational declaration of invalidity would be ; why other existing measures would not be an adequate alternative stop - gap ; what legislation on the subject , if any , was in the pipeline ; and how much time would reasonably be required to adopt corrective legislation . Parties interested in opposing such an order should be given an opportunity to motivate their opposition . Legal representatives should ensure that they have `` appropriate and timeous instructions '' on the matter ; they should `` not do their best while on their feet or else rely on a rushed telephone call at the tail - end of the hearing . '' In the present matter , counsel for the Minister of Health and Mr Coote ( the third and fourth respondents respectively ) had requested by letter some days after the conclusion of the hearing that the court receive written evidence as to why it was imperative that the court make a declaration of specified inconsistency , rather than one of general invalidity . No notice was given to the applicant who , on being informed of the request , had indicated strenuous opposition . The request was refused . `` These , '' Sachs held , are matters that should be addressed at the earliest opportunity . If , for example , it is necessary to adduce evidence , this can be done under the proviso to s 102 ( 1 ) of the interim Constitution prior to the referral of the matter to this Court . The issues should also be properly canvassed in the written arguments . `` Right at the end of the proceedings , '' the court 's attention had been drawn by counsel for the respondents to the fact that section 28 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Act was due to be amended by the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act . On this Sachs held as follows : Since we are not called upon to decide whether the new provisions relating to entry , search and seizure would be consistent with the Constitution and the principles outlined in the present judgment , I will say nothing further on the matter , and simply state that in my opinion there are no grounds upon which this Court could accede to the request by counsel to use its powers under s 98 ( 5 ) to suspend the effect of a declaration of invalidity pending correction of its defects . The order of invalidity , therefore , took immediate effect . Retrospective effect ( edit ) As to the power of the court to give retrospective effect to its order of invalidity , Sachs held that a general declaration of invalidity with retrospective effect would impact negatively on good government by rendering unlawful all searches conducted after the retrospective date specified . This could create considerable uncertainty regarding the validity of proceedings conducted on the basis of evidence obtained as a result of such searches . It could also give rise to delictual claims by persons subjected to searches and seizures after that date , adding further burdens to a health budget already under considerable strain . Obiter ( edit ) Although the provision in the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act was struck down , Sachs J made an obiter comment to the effect that Chapter 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act appeared to be in line with constitutional requirements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council and Others '' . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Para 6 . Jump up ^ Para 6 . Jump up ^ Para 6 . Jump up ^ Para 7 . Jump up ^ Para 7 . Jump up ^ s 98 ( 5 ) of the interim Constitution . Jump up ^ Para 37 . Jump up ^ Para 37 . Jump up ^ Para 37 . Jump up ^ Para 38 . Jump up ^ Para 39 . Jump up ^ Para 39 . Jump up ^ Para 41 . Sources ( edit ) LTC Harms Civil Procedure in the Superior Courts 3 ed ( 2003 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mistry_v_Interim_National_Medical_and_Dental_Council_of_South_Africa&oldid=852317395 '' Categories : South African case law 1998 in case law 1998 in South African law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with too few wikilinks from June 2013 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 03 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-9025710588846987152	O Brother, Where Art Thou?	O Brother , Where Art Thou ? - Wikipedia O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Jump to : navigation , search For the film soundtrack , see O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) . For the unrelated Simpsons episodes , see Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? and O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Coen Produced by Ethan Coen Written by Ethan Coen Joel Coen Based on The Odyssey by Homer Starring George Clooney John Turturro Tim Blake Nelson Charles Durning Michael Badalucco John Goodman Holly Hunter Music by T Bone Burnett Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Roderick Jaynes Tricia Cooke Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date October 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 19 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $26 million Box office $72 million O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is a 2000 crime comedy film written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen , and starring George Clooney , John Turturro , and Tim Blake Nelson , with John Goodman , Holly Hunter , and Charles Durning in supporting roles . The film is set in 1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression , and its story is a modern satire loosely based on Homer 's epic poem The Odyssey that incorporates mythology from the American South . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist is a director who wants to film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , a fictional book about the Great Depression . Much of the music used in the film is period folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The movie was one of the first to extensively use digital color correction to give the film an autumnal , sepia - tinted look . The film received positive reviews , and the soundtrack won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2001 using American folk music . The original band became popular after the film release . The country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film included John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . They joined together to perform the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 Soggy Bottom Boys 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three convicts , Ulysses Everett McGill , Pete Hogwallop , and Delmar O'Donnell , escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake . The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway . He tells them , among other prophecies , that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek . The trio make their way to the house of Wash , Pete 's cousin . They sleep in the barn , but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley , who , along with his men , torches the barn . Wash 's son helps them escape . They pick up Tommy Johnson , a young black man , who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar . In need of money , the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys . That night , the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police . Unbeknownst to them , the recording becomes a major hit . Near a river , the group hears singing . They see three women washing clothes and singing . The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness . Upon waking , Delmar finds Pete 's clothes lying next to him , empty except for a toad . Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad . Later , one - eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch , then mugs them and kills the toad . Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett 's home town . Everett confronts his wife Penny , who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead . He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip , her new `` suitor . '' They later see Pete working on a chain gang . Later that night , they sneak into Pete 's holding cell and free him . As it turns out , the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities . Under torture , Pete gave away the treasure 's location to the police . Everett then confesses that there is no treasure . He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married . Pete is enraged at Everett , because he had two weeks left on his original sentence , and must serve fifty more years for the escape . The trio stumble upon a rally of the Ku Klux Klan , who are planning to hang Tommy . The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy . However , Big Dan , a Klan member , reveals their identities . Chaos ensues , and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes , a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election . The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross , leaving it to fall on Big Dan . Everett convinces Pete , Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back . They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending , disguised as musicians . The group begins a performance of their radio hit . The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild . Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob . When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views , the crowd runs him out of town on a rail . Pappy O'Daniel , the incumbent candidate , seizes the opportunity , endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons . Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring . The next morning , the group sets out to retrieve the ring , which is at a cabin in the valley which Everett had earlier claimed was the location of his treasure . The police , having learned of the place from Pete , arrest the group . Dismissing their claims of having received pardons , Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged . Just as Everett prays to God , the valley is flooded and they are saved . Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by , and they return to town . However , when Everett presents the ring to Penny , it turns out it was not her ring , she does n't want that one , and she ca n't remember where she put the real ring . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill , a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license . He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden , though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries . He corresponds to Odysseus ( Ulysses ) in the Odyssey . John Turturro , as Pete Hogwallop , a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past . He believes in being true to one 's kin , even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him . He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant , where he will be the maître d ' . He agreed to go along with the breakout , though he only had two weeks left on his sentence . Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell , a small - time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City ; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty . Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett 's nonexistent money buying back his family farm , believing , `` You ai n't no kind of man if you ai n't got land . '' Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson , a skilled blues musician . He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys . He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar . He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson , a blues musician with a mysterious past , who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads ( a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson ) . Frank Collison as Washington B. `` Wash '' Hogwallop , Pete 's paternal cousin . He removes the escapees ' chains but later betrays the men to the police . John Goodman as Daniel `` Big Dan '' Teague , a one - eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar . He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally , but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross , which falls on him and the Klansmen . He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey . Holly Hunter as Penny , Everett 's ex-wife , who is fed up with Everett 's wheeling and dealing . She divorces him while he is in prison , telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train . She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back . She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey . ( Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife , as she rejected her many suitors , stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus ' return . ) Charles Durning as Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the incumbent Governor of Mississippi . He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers , who are depicted as simpletons . The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . ( Flensted - Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel . ) He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey . Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley , a ruthless rural sheriff who , with his bloodhound , pursues the trio for the duration of the film . It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate , and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson 's description of Satan : Cooley 's sunglasses evoke Satan 's `` big empty eyes . '' He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor . He intends to hang them nonetheless , but when the valley is flooded , he , his men , and his dog all drown . He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey . He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke . Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes , the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor . He travels the countryside with a dwarf , who depicts the `` little man '' , and a broom , with which he promises to `` sweep this state clean . '' He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan . He falsely identifies Everett , Pete , and Delmar as people of color because they darkened their faces to remain unseen when freeing Tommy . Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip , Penny 's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes 's election campaign . It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop , whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film . He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey . Michael Badalucco as George Nelson , a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called `` Baby Face . '' The real George Nelson died in 1934 , three years before the story is set . Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair , as suggested in the film . Stephen Root as Mr. Lund , the blind radio station manager who records Everett 's story in the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' and makes him known throughout the state . He corresponds to Homer . Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer , a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio 's adventure as well as several other incidents . He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey . Production ( edit ) The idea of O Brother , Where Art Thou ? arose spontaneously . Work on the script began in December 1997 , long before the start of production , and was at least half - written by May 1998 . Despite the fact that Ethan Coen described the Odyssey as `` one of my favorite storyline schemes , '' neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture . According to the brothers , Nelson ( who has a degree in classics from Brown University ) was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist ( a director ) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother , Where Art Thou ? that will be a `` commentary on modern conditions , stark realism , and the problems that confront the average man . '' Lacking any experience in this area , the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio . The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges 's film , including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir . The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges 's film . Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix , Arizona , to offer the lead role to Clooney . Clooney agreed to do the role immediately , without reading the script . He stated that he liked even the Coens ' least successful films . Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder . Unknown to Clooney , in his recording , Jack , a devout Baptist , omitted all instances of the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' from the Coens ' script , which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting . This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred . Other actors in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman ( three films ) , Holly Hunter ( two ) , Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning ( one film each ) . The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia - tinted look . Joel stated this was because the actual set was `` greener than Ireland . '' Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated , `` Ethan and Joel favored a dry , dusty Delta look with golden sunsets . They wanted it to look like an old hand - tinted picture , with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow . '' Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process , however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory , it became necessary to perform the process digitally . This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins , and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage , grass , trees , and bushes would be a lush green . It was filmed near locations in Canton , Mississippi and Florence , South Carolina in the summer of 1999 . After shooting tests , including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques , Deakins suggested digital mastering be used . Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine - tuning the look , mainly targeting the greens , making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files . This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means , narrowly beating Nick Park 's Chicken Run . O Brother , Where Art Thou ? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first - run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects . The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution , a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color , and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film . A major theme of the film is the connection between old - time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions , institutions , and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century . The Ku Klux Klan , at the time a political force of white populism , is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance . The character Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour , is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , one - time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state . W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business , and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show . In one campaign , W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom , an oft - used campaign device in the reform era , promising to sweep away patronage and corruption . His theme song had the hook , `` Please pass the biscuits , Pappy '' , emphasizing his connection with flour . While the film borrows from real - life politics , differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures . The O'Daniel of the movie used `` You Are My Sunshine '' as his theme song ( which was originally recorded by real - life Governor of Louisiana James Houston `` Jimmie '' Davis ) and Homer Stokes , as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel , portrays himself as the `` reform candidate '' , using a broom as a prop . Music ( edit ) See also : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) and Down from the Mountain Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film , not merely as a background or a support . Producer and musician T - Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases , and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced . Much of the music used in the film is period - specific folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The musical selection also includes religious music , including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel , most notably The Fairfield Four , an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film 's end . Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South : gospel , delta blues , country , swing and bluegrass . The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music ( `` O Death '' , `` Lonesome Valley '' , `` Angel Band '' , `` I Am Weary '' ) in contrast to bright , cheerful songs ( `` Keep On the Sunny Side '' , `` In the Highways '' ) in other parts of the film . The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski ( lead vocal on `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' ) , Nashville songwriter Harley Allen , and the Nashville Bluegrass Band 's Pat Enright . The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , both for the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on `` In the Jailhouse Now '' . `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' has five variations : two are used in the film , one in the music video , and two in the soundtrack album . Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back - to - back , and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse . Though the song received little significant radio airplay , it reached # 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002 . The version of `` I 'll Fly Away '' heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch ( as it is on the CD and concert tour ) , but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long - neck five - string banjo , recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19 , 2000 . It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide off its $26 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77 % based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Though not as good as Coen brothers ' classics such as Blood Simple , the delightfully loopy O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is still a lot of fun . '' The film holds an average score of 69 / 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film , saying all the scenes in the film were `` wonderful in their different ways , and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards : Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography . Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film . For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill , George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Soggy Bottom Boys ( edit ) The Soggy Bottom Boys is the musical group that the main characters form to serve as accompaniment for the film . The name is in homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys , a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs . In the film , the songs credited to the band are lip - synched by the actors , except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on `` In the Jailhouse Now . '' The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski ( guitar and lead vocals ) , Harley Allen , and Pat Enright . The band 's hit single is Dick Burnett 's `` Man of Constant Sorrow , '' a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life . After the film 's release , the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . This included Ralph Stanley , John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Data :O Brother Where Art Thou '' . The Numbers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Gray , Owen Robinson . A companion to the literature and culture of the American south . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22404 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lafrance , J.D. ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` The Coen Brothers FAQ '' ( PDF ) . pp. 33 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Menaker , Daniel ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` A Film Score Odyssey Down a Quirky Country Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR : Pioneering Bluegrass Musician Ralph Stanley '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` CGSociety -- The Colorists '' . The Colorists . The CGSociety . p. 3 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Filmed near locations in Canton , MS ; Florence , SC ; and Wardville , LA . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Grammy Awards -- Infoplease.com '' . 2001 Grammy Award Winners . Infoplease.com . February 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Flensted - Jensen , Pernille ( 2002 ) , `` Something old , something new , something borrowed : the Odyssey and O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , Classica Et Mediaevalia : Revue Danoise De Philologie , 53 : 13 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` The real king of delta blues - Tommy Johnson '' . Erinharpe.com . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blues Singers '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorin , Hillary ( August 4 , 2010 ) , `` Today in Texas History : Gov. Pappy O'Daniel resigns '' , The Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 2 , 2011 , Many cultural and political historians think the character Gov. Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel of Mississippi is based on the notorious Texas politician , Wilbert Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . Jump up ^ Conard , Mark T . The Philosophy of the Coen Brothers ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Datlow , Ellen ; Howard Waldrop ( 2003 ) . `` Howard Waldrop Interviewed '' . Readercon 15 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michel Ciment , Hubert Niogret. ( 1998 ) . The Logic of Soft Drugs . Positive . Jump up ^ Tim Blake Nelson Biography Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kari Molvar , `` '' Q&A : Tim Blake Nelson `` '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2001 . Retrieved December 26 , 2001 . , Brown Alumni Magazine ( March / April 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardin . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan 's Travels ( 1941 ) '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve . `` George Clooney : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zach . `` The Coen Brothers and George Clooney Uncover the Magic of ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' at 15th Anniversary Reunion '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert . `` Digital Domain '' . The Digital Domain : A brief history of digital film mastering -- a glance at the future . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou : Box office / business '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Bob ( October 2000 ) . `` Escaping from chains '' . American Cinematographer . Jump up ^ Crawford , Bill ( 2004 ) . Please Pass the Biscuits , Pappy : Pictures of Governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70575 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Pappy O'Daniel '' . Texas Treasures . Texas State Library . March 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Jesse ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Pass the Biscuits -- We 're living in Pappy O'Daniel's world '' . Reason . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boulard , Garry ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Following the Leaders '' . Gambit Weekly . Gambit Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` River of Song : The Artists '' . Louisiana : Where Music is King . The Filmmakers Collaborative & The Smithsonian Institution . 1998 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular ? '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( May 22 , 2000 ) . `` Talking with Joel and Ethan Coen about ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClatchy , Debbie ( June 27 , 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Appalachian Traditional Music '' . Appalachian Traditional Music -- A Short History . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soggy Bottom Boys Hit the Top at 35th CMA Awards '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Roger J. ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` '' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' entry page `` . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Charts -- Hot 100 -- Billboard 200 -- Music Genre Sales '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Kossoy Sisters , Where Art Thou Been ? '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Review '' . The Chicago Sun Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Temple Kirby , Jack ( 2006 ) . Mockingbird Song : Ecological Landscapes of the South . UNC Press . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3057 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rowell , Erica ( 2007 ) . The Brothers Grim : The Films of Ethan and Joel Coen . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 276 n. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0810858503 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` The Soggy Bottom Boys '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Man of Constant Sorrow ( trad. / The Stanley Brothers / Bob Dylan ) '' . Man of Constant Sorrow . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? on IMDb O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at AllMovie O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Box Office Mojo O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Rotten Tomatoes `` Coenesque : The Films of the Coen Brothers '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2003 . `` American Myth Today : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia Works by the Coen brothers Filmography Awards and nominations Frequent collaborators Films directed Blood Simple ( 1984 ) Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Burn After Reading ( 2008 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) True Grit ( 2010 ) Inside Llewyn Davis ( 2013 ) Hail , Caesar ! 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( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! 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7527430039276957416	Estates General (France)	Estates General ( France ) - wikipedia Estates General ( France ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2009 ) Opening of the Estates General on May 5 , 1789 in the Grands Salles des Menus - Plaisirs in Versailles . In France under the Old Regime , the Estates General ( French : États généraux ) or States - General was a legislative and consultative assembly ( see The Estates ) of the different classes ( or estates ) of French subjects . It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates ( clergy , nobility and commoners ) , which were called and dismissed by the king . It had no true power in its own right -- unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation -- instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king , primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy . The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards , but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution . It is comparable to similar institutions across Europe , such as the States General of the Netherlands , the Parliament of England , the Estates of Parliament of Scotland , the Cortes of Portugal or Spain , the Imperial Diet ( `` Reichstag '' ) of the Holy Roman Empire or Germanic Empire , the Diets ( German : Landtage ) of the `` Lands '' , and the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates . Contents 1 Origin 2 Rise and fall of power 3 Revival in 1560 -- 1614 4 1789 5 See also 6 References Origin ( edit ) A painting depicting the three classes In 1302 , expanding French royal power led to a general assembly consisting of the chief lords , both lay and ecclesiastical , and the representatives of the principal privileged towns , which were like distinct lordships . Certain precedents paved the way for this institution : representatives of principal towns had several times been convoked by the king , and under Philip III there had been assemblies of nobles and ecclesiastics in which the two orders deliberated separately . It was the dispute between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII which led to the States - General of 1302 ; the king of France desired that , in addition to the Great Officers of the Crown of France , he receive the counsel from the three estates in this serious crisis . The letters summoning the assembly of 1302 are published by M. Georges Picot in his collection of Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France . During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting subsidies . Over time subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation . In one sense , the composition and powers of the Estates General always remained the same . They always included representatives of the First Estate ( clergy ) , Second Estate ( the nobility ) , and Third Estate ( commoners : all others ) , and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown , to give aid and counsel . Their composition , however , as well as their effective powers , varied greatly at different times . In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries , the Estates General had only a limited elective element . The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords ( bishops and other high clergy ) who made up the Estates General were not elected by their peers , but directly chosen and summoned by the king . In the order of the clergy , however , since certain ecclesiastical bodies , e.g. abbeys and chapters of cathedrals , were also summoned to the assembly , and as these bodies , being persons in the moral but not in the physical sense , could not appear in person , their representative had to be chosen by the monks of the convent or the canons of the chapter . It was only the representation of the Third Estate which was furnished by election . Originally , the latter was not called upon as a whole to seek representation in the estates . It was only the bonnes villes , the privileged towns , which were called upon . They were represented by elected procureurs , who were frequently the municipal officials of the town , but deputies were often elected for the purpose . The country districts , the plat pays , were not represented . Even within the bonnes villes , the franchise was quite narrow . It was during the last thirty years of the 15th century that the Estates General became an entirely elective body and really representative of the whole nation as divided into three parts . This came about through various causes . On the one hand , the nobles and prelates who were summoned were not always inclined to attend the estates , so had themselves represented by an envoy , a procureur , as they had the right to do , and frequently the lords or prelates of the same district chose the same procureur to represent them . On the other hand , the Crown seems at that time to have felt the need of having the consent of representatives really expressing the will and feelings of all the orders , and especially of the Third Estate as a whole . The letters of summons to the Estates General of 1484 invited the ecclesiastics , nobles , and Third Estate to meet at the chief town of their bailliage or sénéchaussé and elect deputies . An intermediate form had been employed in 1468 when the prelates and lords had still been summoned personally , but the towns had each elected three deputies , an ecclesiastic , a noble and a burgess . At the estates of 1484 there seems to have been universal and direct suffrage for all the three orders . But the roturiers of the country districts could not in practice avail themselves of this power ; so the country communities and small towns spontaneously elected delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly . Thus a system of indirect election arose for the Third Estate which became confirmed and subsequently continued to be used . To a certain extent there were sometimes more than two degrees in the suffrage ; the delegates nominated by the country communities would gather together with the electors chosen by the neighbouring little town , and appoint with them new delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly of the bailliage . This ultimately became the system . For the clergy and nobles , the suffrage remained direct ; but as a rule only such ecclesiastics were admitted to the assembly of the bailliage as possessed a benefice , and only such lords as had a fief . Rise and fall of power ( edit ) The effective powers of the Estates General likewise varied over time . In the 14th century they were considerable . The king could not , in theory , levy general taxation . Even in the provinces attached to the domain of the Crown , he could only levy it where he had retained the haute justice over the inhabitants , but not on the subjects of lords having the haute justice . The privileged towns had generally the right of taxing themselves . To collect general taxes , the king required consent of the lay and ecclesiastical lords , and of the towns . This amounted to needing authorization from the Estates General , which only granted these subsidies temporarily for fairly short periods . As a result , they were summoned frequently and their power over the Crown became considerable . In the second half of the 14th century , however , certain royal taxes , levied throughout the Crown 's domain , tended to become permanent and independent of the vote of the estates . This sprang from many causes , but from one in particular ; the Crown endeavoured by transforming and changing the nature of the `` feudal aid '' to levy a general tax by right , on its own authority , in such cases as those in which a lord could demand feudal aid from his vassals . For instance , it was in this way that the necessary taxes were raised for twenty years to pay the ransom of King John II of France without a vote of the Estates General , although they met several times during this period . Custom confined this tendency . Thus during the second half of the 15th century the chief taxes , the taille , aids and gabelle became definitely permanent for the benefit of the Crown , sometimes by the formal consent of the Estates General , as in 1437 in the case of the aids . The critical periods of the Hundred Years ' War favoured the Estates General , though at the price of great sacrifices . Under the reign of King John II they had controlled , from 1355 to 1358 , not only the voting , but through their commissaries , the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes . In the first half of the reign of Charles VII they had been summoned almost every year and had dutifully voted subsidies . But when the struggle was over they renounced , through weariness and a longing for peace , their most precious right , the power of the purse . At the estates of 1484 , however , after the death of Louis XI , the Duke of Orleans sought to obtain the regency during the minority of Charles VIII , but the Estates sided with Charles 's sister Anne de Beaujeu and refused . Deputies of the three orders united their efforts in the hope of regaining the right of periodically sanctioning taxation . They voted the taille for two years only , at the same time reducing it to the amount it had reached at the end of the reign of Charles VII . They even demanded , and obtained , the promise of the Crown that they should be summoned again before the expiration of the two years . But the promise was not kept , and the Estates General were not summoned again until 1560 . There was thus a 76 - year interim , during which successive kings expanded the role of the centralised state through various means . Revival in 1560 -- 1614 ( edit ) The Estates General was revived in the second half of the 16th century because of scarcity of money and the quarrels and Wars of Religion . The estates of Orléans in 1560 , followed by those of Pontoise in 1561 , and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom , courage and efforts of the deputies , but on the whole were lacking in effect . Those of 1588 ended with a regular coup d'etat effected by Henry III , and the States summoned by the League , which sat in Paris in 1593 and whose chief object was to elect a Catholic king , were not a success . The Estates General again met in Paris in 1614 , on the occasion of the disturbances that followed the death of Henry IV ; however , though their minutes bear witness to their sentiments of exalted patriotism , dissensions between the three orders rendered them weak . They dissolved before completing their work and were not summoned again until 1789 . As to the question whether the Estates General formed one or three chambers for the purposes of their working , from the constitutional point of view the point was never decided . What the king required was to have the consent , the resolution of the three estates of the realm ; it was in reality of little importance to him whether their resolutions expressed themselves in common or separately . At the Estates General of 1484 the elections were made in common for the three orders , and the deputies also arrived at their resolutions in common . But after 1560 the rule was that each order deliberate separately ; the royal declaration of 23 June 1789 ( at the outbreak of the French Revolution ) even stated that they formed three distinct chambers . But Necker 's report to the conseil du roi according to which the convocation of 1789 was decided , said ( as did the declaration of 23 June ) , that on matters of common interest the deputies of the three orders could deliberate together , if each of the others decided by a separate vote in favour of this , and if the king consented . The working of the Estates General led to an almost exclusive system of deliberation by committees . There were , it is true , solemn general sessions , called séances royales , because the king presided ; but at these there was no discussion . At the first , the king or his chancellor announced the object of the convocation , and set forth the demands or questions put to them by the Crown ; at the other royal sessions each order made known its answers or observations by the mouth of an orateur elected for the purpose . But almost all useful work was done in the sections , among which the deputies of each order were divided . At the estates of 1484 they were divided into six nations or sections , corresponding to the six généralités then existing . Subsequently , the deputies belonging to the same gouvernement formed a group or bureau for deliberating and voting purposes . Certain questions , however , were discussed and decided in full assembly ; sometimes , too , the estates nominated commissaries in equal numbers for each order . But in the ancient Estates General there was never any personal vote . The unit represented for each of the three orders was the bailliage or sénéchaussé and each bailliage had one vote , the majority of the deputies of the bailliage deciding in what way this vote should be given . At the estates of the 16th century voting was by gouvernements , each gouvernement having one vote , but the majority of the bailliages composing the gouvernement decided how it should be given . The Estates General , when they gave counsel , had in theory only a consultative faculty . They had the power of granting subsidies , which was the chief and ordinary cause of their convocation . But it had come to be a consent with which the king could dispense , as permanent taxation became established . In the 16th century , however , the estates again claimed that their consent was necessary for the establishment of new taxation , and , on the whole , the facts seemed to be in favour of this view at the time . However , in the course of the 17th century the principle gained recognition that the king could tax on his own sole authority . Thus were established in the second half of the 17th century , and in the 18th , the direct taxes of the capitation and of the dixième or vingtième , and many indirect taxes . It was sufficient for the law creating them to be registered by the cours des aides and the parlements . It was only in 1787 that the parlement of Paris declared that it could not register the new taxes , the land - tax and stamp duty ( subvention territoriale and impôt du timbre ) , as they did not know whether they would be submitted to by the country , and that the consent of the representatives of the tax - payers must be asked . The Estates General had legally no share in the legislative power , which belonged to the king alone . The Estates of Blois demanded in 1576 that the king be bound to turn into law any proposition voted in identical terms by each of the three orders ; but Henry III would not grant this demand , which would not even have left him a right of veto . In practice , however , the Estates General contributed largely to legislation . Those who sat in them had at all times the right of presenting complaints ( doléances ) , requests and petitions to the king ; in this , indeed , consisted their sole initiative . They were usually answered by an ordonnance , and it is chiefly through these that we are acquainted with the activity of the estates of the 14th and 15th centuries . In the latest form , and from the estates of 1484 onwards , this was done by a new and special procedure . The Estates had become an entirely elective assembly , and at the elections ( at each step of the election if there were several ) the electors drew up a cahier de doléances ( statement of grievances ) , which they requested the deputies to present . This even appeared to be the most important feature of an election . The deputies of each order in every bailliage also brought with them a cahier des doléances , arrived at , for the third estate , by a combination of statements drawn up by the primary or secondary electors . On the assembly of the estates the cahiers of the bailliages were incorporated into a cahier for each gouvernement , and these again into a cahier general or general statement , which was presented to the king , and which he answered in his council . When the three orders deliberated in common , as in 1484 , there was only one cahier général ; when they deliberated separately , there were three , one for each order . The drawing up of the cahier general was looked upon as the main business ( le grand cause ) of the session . By this means the Estates General furnished the material for numerous ordonnances , though the king did not always adopt the propositions contained in the cahiers , and often modified them in forming them into an ordonnance . These latter were the ordonnances de reforme ( reforming ordinances ) , treating of the most varied subjects , according to the demands of the cahiers . They were not , however , for the most part very well observed . The last of the type was the grande ordonnance of 1629 ( Code Michau ) , drawn up in accordance with the cahiers of 1614 and with the observations of various assemblies of notables that followed them . The peculiar power of the Estates General was recognized , but was of a kind that could not often be exercised . It was , essentially , a constituent power . The ancient public law of France contained a number of rules called `` the fundamental laws of the realm '' ( lois fondamentales du royaume ) , though most of them were purely customary . Chief among these were rules that determined the succession to the Crown and rules forbidding alienation of the domain of the Crown . The king , supreme though his power might be , could not abrogate , modify or infringe them . But it was admitted that he might do so by the consent of the Estates General . The Estates could give the king a dispensation from a fundamental law in a given instance ; they could even , in agreement with the king , make new fundamental laws . The Estates of Blois of 1576 and 1588 offer entirely convincing precedents in this respect . It was universally recognized that in the event of the line of Hugh Capet becoming extinct , it would be the function of the States - General to elect a new king . The Estates General of 1614 proved the last for over a century and a half . A new convocation had indeed been announced to take place on the majority of Louis XIII , and letters were even issued in view of the elections , but this ended in nothing . Absolute monarchy progressively became definitely established , and appeared incompatible with the institution of the Estates General . Liberal minds , however , in the entourage of Louis , duc de Bourgogne , who were preparing a new plan of government in view of his expected accession to the French throne in succession to Louis XIV , thought of reviving the institution . It figures in the projects of Saint - Simon and Fénelon though the latter would have preferred to begin with an assembly of non-elected notables . But though St Simon stood high in the favor of the regent Orléans , the death of Louis XIV did not see a summoning of the Estates . 1789 ( edit ) Main article : Estates - General of 1789 Caricature on the Third Estate carrying the first and second estate on its back At the time of the revolution , the First Estate comprised 10,000 Catholic clergy and owned 5 -- 10 % of the lands in France -- the highest per capita of any estate . All property of the First Estate was tax exempt . The Second Estate comprised the nobility , which consisted of 400,000 people at the time , including women and children . Since the death of Louis XIV in 1715 , the nobles had enjoyed a resurgence in power . They had almost a monopoly over distinguished government service , higher church offices , army parliaments , and most other public and semipublic honors by the time of the revolution . Like the First Estate , they were not taxed by the principle of feudal precedent . The Third Estate comprised about 25 million people : the bourgeoisie , the peasants , and everyone else in France . Unlike the First and Second Estates , the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes , but the bourgeoisie found one way or another to be exempt from them . The heavy burden of the French government therefore fell upon the poorest in French society -- the peasantry , the working poor , and the farmers . There was much resentment from the Third Estate towards its superiors . In 1789 , the Estates General was summoned for the first time since 1614 . As Fénelon had wished in former days , an Assembly of Notables in 1787 ( which already displayed great independence ) preceded the Estates General session . According to the model of 1614 , the Estates General would consist of equal numbers of representatives of each Estate , but the Third Estate demanded , and ultimately received , double representation , which they already had in the provincial assemblies . When the Estates General convened in Versailles on 5 May 1789 , however , it became clear that the double representation was something of a sham : voting was to occur `` by orders '' , which meant that the collective vote of the 578 representatives of the Third Estate would be weighed the same as that of each of the other Estates . Royal efforts to focus solely on taxes failed totally . The Estates General reached an immediate impasse , debating ( with each of the three estates meeting separately ) its own structure rather than the nation 's finances . On 28 May 1789 , Abbé Sieyès moved that the Third Estate , now meeting as the Communes ( English : Commons ) , proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part , but not to wait for them . They proceeded to do so , completing the process on June 17 . Then they voted a measure far more radical , declaring themselves the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People '' . They invited the other orders to join them , but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation 's affairs with or without them . King Louis XVI of France tried to resist . When he shut down the Salle des États where the Assembly met , the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby tennis court , where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath ( 20 June 1789 ) , under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution . A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them , as did forty - seven members of the nobility . By 27 June the royal party had overtly given in , although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles . Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities . On 9 July the Assembly reconstituted itself as the National Constituent Assembly . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French States - General . States General of the Netherlands Estates General of French Canada The Estates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estates - General in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Kiser , Edgar ; April Linton ( Dec 2002 ) . `` The hinges of history : state - making and revolt in early modern France '' . American Sociological Review . 67 ( 6 ) : 889 -- 910 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088975 . JSTOR 3088975 . Jump up ^ Robin , Larsen and Levin . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . p. 42 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` States - General '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Diana Maury Robin , Anne R. Larsen and Carole Levin ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , Inc . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9772 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Click to see Category Tree for : ► Government of France BNF : cb119435223 ( data ) GND : 4071392 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2110 2231 LCCN : n50000770 SUDOC : 027381072 VIAF : 243440778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_General_(France)&oldid=847758464 '' Categories : Historical legislatures Kingdom of France 1302 establishments in France 1789 disestablishments in France Political history of the Ancien Régime Tricameral legislatures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the composition of the estate general of france	[ "In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General (French: États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates (clergy, nobility and commoners), which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation[1]—instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy.[2] The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards, but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution.[2]\n", "In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General (French: États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates (clergy, nobility and commoners), which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation[1]—instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy.[2] The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards, but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution.[2]\n", "In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General (French: États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates (clergy, nobility and commoners), which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation[1]—instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy.[2] The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards, but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution.[2]\n" ]	[ "clergy", "nobility", "commoners" ]
-4536980901824878433	Atlanta Falcons	Atlanta Falcons - wikipedia Atlanta Falcons Jump to : navigation , search Atlanta Falcons Current season Established June 30 , 1965 ; 52 years ago ( June 30 , 1965 ) First season : 1966 Play in Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1966 -- present ) Eastern Conference ( 1966 ) Western Conference ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Red , Silver , White Mascot Freddie Falcon Personnel Owner ( s ) Arthur Blank CEO Rich McKay President Rich McKay General manager Thomas Dimitroff Head coach Dan Quinn Team history Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Team nicknames The Dirty Birds Grits Blitz ( 1977 defense ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1998 , 2016 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1980 , 1998 NFC South : 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 14 ) NFL : 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Georgia Dome ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then - owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons ' current home field is Mercedes - Benz Stadium , which opened in time for the 2017 season ; the team 's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50 - acre site in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Professional football comes to Atlanta 1.2 1966 -- 1977 : Early struggles 1.3 1978 -- 1989 1.4 1989 -- 1996 1.5 1997 -- 2000 : The Dan Reeves era 1.6 2001 -- 2006 1.7 2007 1.8 2008 -- 2014 : The Mike Smith era 1.8. 1 2008 1.8. 2 2009 1.8. 3 2010 1.8. 4 2011 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 1.8. 7 2014 1.9 2015 -- present : The Dan Quinn era 1.9. 1 2015 1.9. 2 2016 1.9. 3 2017 2 Stadiums 3 Logo and uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 New Orleans Saints 4.2 Carolina Panthers 5 Statistics 5.1 Season - by - season records 5.2 Record vs. opponents 5.3 Single game records 5.4 Single season records 5.5 Career records 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Starting quarterbacks 6.7 Draft history 7 Coaching staff 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Radio and television 8.1 Radio affiliates 8.1. 1 Georgia 8.1. 2 Alabama 8.1. 3 Mississippi 8.1. 4 South Carolina 8.1. 5 Tennessee 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Franchise history Further information : History of the Atlanta Falcons Professional Football comes to Atlanta Professional football first came to Atlanta in 1962 , when the American Football League staged two preseason contests , with one featuring the Denver Broncos vs. the Houston Oilers and the second pitting the Dallas Texans against the Oakland Raiders . Two years later , the AFL held another exhibition , this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers . In 1965 , after the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( then known simply as Atlanta Stadium ) was built , the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football . One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League , acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights . Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL . With everyone running in different directions , some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7 , 1965 , contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials . NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle , who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters , was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league 's claim on the city of Atlanta . He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues . By June 30 , the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL . The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30 , 1965 , when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41 - year - old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith , an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time , paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise . Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta . The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise , and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds . The Falcons drafted All - American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft , making him the first - ever Falcon . The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises . Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts , they still were not able to win right away . The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29 , 1965 . Miss Julia Elliott , a school teacher from Griffin , Georgia , was singled out from many people who suggested `` Falcons '' as the nickname for the new franchise . Elliott wrote : `` the Falcon is proud and dignified , with great courage and fight . It never drops its prey . It is deadly and has a great sporting tradition . '' 1966 -- 1977 : early struggles The Falcons had their first season in 1966 , and their first preseason game on August 1 , 1966 , losing to the Philadelphia Eagles . Under head coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular - season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants . The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins . The Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season , losing 20 -- 7 to the Miami Dolphins . The only two winning seasons in this twelve - year period were 1971 and 1973 . 1978 -- 1989 The Falcons ' defense taking on Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway during a 1985 game . In the 1978 season , the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time and won the Wild Card game against the Eagles 14 -- 13 . The following week , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 in the Divisional Playoffs . In the 1980 season , after a nine - game winning streak , the Falcons posted a franchise then - best record of 12 -- 4 and captured their first NFC West division title . The next week , their dream season ended at home with a loss to the Cowboys 30 -- 27 in the divisional playoffs . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Falcons made the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings , 30 -- 24 . Falcons coach Leeman Bennett was fired after the loss . The team would then have losing seasons for the next eight years . 1989 -- 1996 In 1989 , the Falcons drafted cornerback Deion Sanders in the first round , who helped them for the next four years , setting many records for the franchise . `` Neon Deion '' ( a.k.a. `` Prime Time '' ) had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league 's most anonymous franchises . Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams ( the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves ) while simultaneously playing in the NFL . The Falcons playing against the Los Angeles Rams during a 1991 away game . After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game , the Falcons ' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins . In 1991 , the Falcons drafted Brett Favre as the thirty - third overall pick . During his rookie season , he played in two games where he amassed a record of 4 passing attempts with 0 receptions and 2 interceptions . The following February , Favre was traded to the Green Bay Packers . In 1992 , the Atlanta Falcons opened a new chapter in their history moving into the newly constructed Georgia Dome , where the team has defeated all 31 other NFL teams at least during its time there . 1997 -- 2000 : the Dan Reeves era In 1998 , under recently acquired head coach Dan Reeves , quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson the `` Dirty Bird '' Falcons had their greatest season to date . On November 8 , they beat the New England Patriots 41 -- 10 , ending a streak of 22 losses at cold - weather sites . The team finished with a franchise - best 14 -- 2 regular season record and the NFC West division championship . On January 17 , 1999 , the Falcons upset the top - seeded Vikings at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in the NFC Championship Game 30 -- 27 , in an exciting overtime victory . However , in their first - ever Super Bowl appearance , they lost 34 -- 19 to the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII . In the second game of the Falcons 1999 season , running back Jamal Anderson , who had been a key player in the Falcons ' 1998 success , suffered a season - ending knee injury . The Falcons finished the season with a very disappointing 5 -- 11 regular season record . In 2000 , the Falcons suffered through another horrendous season finishing 4 -- 12 and once again missing the playoffs . 2001 -- 2006 In the 2001 NFL draft , the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers , acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver - return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ) . The Falcons finished the 2001 season with a record of 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Jessie Tuggle retired following 14 seasons in Atlanta . On December 6 , 2001 , Arthur M. Blank reached a preliminary agreement with the Falcons ' Taylor Smith to purchase the team . In a special meeting prior to Super Bowl XXXVI in New Orleans on February 2 , 2002 , NFL owners voted unanimously to approve the purchase . The 2002 season saw the Falcons return to the playoffs with a regular season record of 9 -- 6 -- 1 , tying the Pittsburgh Steelers . It was Vick 's first year as the starter , and the team , with newly acquired running back Warrick Dunn , delivered the Green Bay Packers their first home playoff loss ever . A 20 - 6 loss to the Donovan McNabb - led Philadelphia Eagles the following week , however , ended the Falcons ' season . On March 19 , 2003 , the Falcons presented their new logo . During the 2003 preseason Vick broke his leg and missed the first twelve games of the season . After losing 7 straight games , the decision was made to release head coach Dan Reeves . Wade Phillips acted as interim coach for the final 3 games . Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Vick , they ended up with a 5 -- 11 record that year . In 2004 , a new head coach , Jim L. Mora , was hired and Vick returned for the full season . The Falcons went 11 -- 5 , winning their third division title and earning a first - round bye into the playoffs . In the divisional playoffs , the Falcons defeated the St. Louis Rams , 47 -- 17 , in the Georgia Dome , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , which they lost to the Eagles , 27 -- 10 . The Falcons again fell short of achieving back - to - back winning seasons in 2005 , going 8 -- 8 . In 2006 , Michael Vick became the first quarterback in league history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season , with 1,039 . After finishing the season 7 -- 9 , however , coach Jim Mora was dismissed and Bobby Petrino , the University of Louisville 's football coach , replaced him . Before the 2007 season began , Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia . On December 10 , 2007 , Vick received a 23 - month prison sentence and was officially cut from the Atlanta roster . 2007 Main article : 2007 Atlanta Falcons season For the 2007 season , the Falcons were forced to start Joey Harrington at quarterback . On December 11 , 13 games into his first NFL season as head coach , Bobby Petrino resigned without notice to coach at the University of Arkansas , leaving the beleaguered players only a note in the locker room . Secondary Coach Emmitt Thomas was named interim coach for the final three games of the season on December 12 . The Falcons ended the year with a dismal 4 -- 12 record . 2008 -- 2014 : the Mike Smith era Mike Smith After the tumultuous and disappointing 2007 season , the Falcons made a number of moves , hiring a new General Manager and head coach , drafting a new starting quarterback , and signing a starting running back . On January 13 , 2008 , the Falcons named former Patriots director of college football scouting Thomas Dimitroff General Manager . On January 23 , Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coach and former linebackers coach for the 2000 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens Mike Smith was named the Falcons ' new head coach . Chargers back - up RB Michael Turner agreed to a 6 - year deal , $30 million deal on March 2 . On April 26 , Matt Ryan ( quarterback from Boston College ) was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL draft by the Falcons . 2008 Main article : 2008 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons finished the 2008 regular season with a record of 11 -- 5 , and the # 5 seed in the playoffs . On December 21 , 2008 , Atlanta beat the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 to clinch a wild card spot , earning a trip to the playoffs for the first time since 2004 . The Falcons would go on to lose in the wild - card round of the 2008 NFL playoffs to the eventual NFC champion Arizona Cardinals , 30 -- 24 . Matt Ryan started all 16 games in his rookie season and was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year . First - year head coach Mike Smith was named 2008 NFL Coach of the Year . 2009 Main article : 2009 Atlanta Falcons season Although they failed to make the playoffs in 2009 the team rallied to win their final three regular season games to record back - to - back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . The Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20 -- 10 in the final game of the season to improve their record to 9 -- 7 . Main article : 2010 Atlanta Falcons season In 2010 , with a regular season record of 13 -- 3 , the Falcons secured a third straight winning season , their fourth overall divisional title , and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however , the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 -- 21 . The Falcons scored 414 points -- the fifth-most in franchise history . The team sent an NFL - high and franchise - best nine players to the 2011 Pro Bowl . 2011 Main article : 2011 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons made a surprise trade up with the Cleveland Browns in the 2011 NFL draft to select Alabama wide receiver Julio Jones sixth overall . In exchange , the Falcons gave up their first - , second - and fourth - round draft picks in 2011 , and their first and fourth draft picks in 2012 . Jones , along with teammates Tony Gonzalez and Roddy White , have since been dubbed Atlanta 's `` Big Three '' ( based on their total number of reception yards ) . On August 30 , 2011 , Sports Illustrated senior writer Peter King , who correctly predicted the 2011 Super Bowl , made his predictions for the 2011 season and picked the Falcons to defeat the San Diego Chargers in the 2012 Super Bowl . The Falcons finished the season at 10 -- 6 , securing the fifth seed after a Week 17 beatdown of Tampa Bay in which the Falcons pulled their starters after leading 42 -- 0 just 23 minutes into the game . The Falcons then went on to play the New York Giants in a 2011 NFC Wild Card Game at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The first half was a defensive struggle , with the first points coming off of a safety by the Falcons , giving Atlanta a 2 -- 0 lead . In the 2nd quarter , though , Eli Manning connected with Hakeem Nicks for a short touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 2 Giants heading into the 2nd half . Then the Giants took control , as Manning threw for two more TD passes to Mario Manningham and Nicks and the defense completed its shutout of the Falcons to give the New York Giants the win , 24 -- 2 , and the Falcons their third straight playoff loss with Matt Ryan and Mike Smith . After the season Defense Coordinator Brian VanGorder accepted a coaching job at Auburn University , and the offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey took the head coaching job in Jacksonville . 2012 Main article : 2012 Atlanta Falcons season Atlanta exploded out of the gate , going a franchise best 8 -- 0 and remaining the last unbeaten team in the NFL that year . Their hopes to get an undefeated season came to an end with a 27 -- 31 loss to the division rival Saints . Julio Jones had a remarkable second year , grabbing 10 touchdowns and 1,198 yards . The Falcons finished the season 13 -- 3 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC playoffs . The Falcons played the Seattle Seahawks in their first playoff game . Although they went down 28 -- 27 with only 31 seconds left on the clock , Matt Ryan led the team to their first playoff victory , 30 -- 28 . It was the only playoff victory in the Mike Smith era . The Atlanta Falcons then advanced to face the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons seized control of the game early with a Matt Bryant field goal , a trio of Matt Ryan touchdown passes caught by Julio Jones and Tony Gonzalez coupled with outstanding defensive play . By the end of the half , the score was 24 -- 14 . The tides of the game began to shift in the second half as the 49ers rallied back with a pair of Frank Gore touchdown runs . Atlanta 's offense attempted to reply but were ultimately shut down by the 49er defense . A few series later , late in the 4th quarter with little time remaining , Atlanta found themselves in a 4th and 4 situation at the 10 - yard line . The Falcons needed just 10 more yards to secure victory and advance to their first Super Bowl berth in 14 years . Matt Ryan fired a pass to Roddy White which was ultimately broken up by inside linebacker NaVorro Bowman , resulting in a 28 -- 24 defeat . 2013 Main article : 2013 Atlanta Falcons season Following the success of the previous season , the Falcons were an expected Super Bowl contender . However , injuries hampered the team 's performance and the team finished the season 4 -- 12 . With that , the streak of consecutive winning seasons came to an end and Mike Smith had his first losing season as a head coach . Tony Gonzalez , in his final season in the NFL , was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a starter representing Team Rice . Following the conclusion of the 2012 season , director of player personnel Les Snead departed the team to join the St. Louis Rams and Dave Caldwell , assistant to general manager Thomas Dimitroff , left the team to join the Jacksonville Jaguars . Scott Pioli , former GM of the New England Patriots , was announced as the Falcons ' new assistant GM . Mike Smith was given a one - year extension on his contract as head coach . The Falcons had the 6th overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft with which they selected Jake Matthews , who played as offensive tackle for Texas A&M . 2014 Main article : 2014 Atlanta Falcons season Despite having another rough season , the Falcons still had an opportunity to qualify for the playoffs at the end of the regular season . The Falcons hosted the Carolina Panthers in their regular season finale , with the winners clinching the NFC South division . Unfortunately , the Falcons lost in a 34 -- 3 blowout as Matt Ryan threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns and got sacked six times . The Falcons finished the season 6 -- 10 , marking the second consecutive losing season for the team . The following day , Mike Smith was fired after seven seasons as head coach . The Falcons would soon hire Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Dan Quinn as the team 's 16th head coach . The Falcons had the 8th overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft with which they selected Vic Beasley , a defensive end from Clemson University . 2015 -- present : the Dan Quinn era 2015 Main article : 2015 Atlanta Falcons season Dan Quinn In February 2015 , the team was investigated by the NFL for alleged use of artificial crowd noise in the Georgia Dome . The Falcons lost a 2016 NFL Draft selection as a result of the league 's investigation . Dan Quinn 's first season saw a 5 -- 0 start , the team 's best start in four years . They would then struggle throughout the rest of the season by losing 8 of their last 11 games , resulting in an 8 -- 8 record . They did , however , give the Panthers their only regular season loss . The Falcons used their first - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft on safety Keanu Neal from the University of Florida . 2016 Main article : 2016 Atlanta Falcons season In the Falcons ' 25th and final season in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta lost their Week 1 game to the Buccaneers 24 -- 31 . The Falcons would then win their next four including one over the Panthers , when the franchise set new records . Matt Ryan threw for 503 yards , and Julio Jones caught twelve passes for 300 yards . With a 41 -- 13 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 15 , the Falcons improved to 9 -- 5 and secured their first winning season since 2012 . One week later , the Falcons defeated the Panthers in Charlotte , North Carolina and clinched their first NFC South division title since 2012 . In their last regular season game at the Georgia Dome , the Falcons defeated the New Orleans Saints , and secured an 11 -- 5 record and a first round bye . In the divisional round of the playoffs , Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36 -- 20 in the Georgia Dome , and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2017 . The Falcons defeated the Packers 44 -- 21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions . Atlanta was up 28 -- 3 late in the third quarter , and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points , with the last 6 in the first - ever overtime in the Super Bowl . The Patriots ' 25 - point comeback was the largest in Super Bowl history . In 2016 , the Falcons scored 540 points in the regular season , the seventh-most in NFL history , tied with the Greatest Show on Turf ( the 2000 St. Louis Rams ) . However , the Falcons defense gave up 406 points , 27th in the league . 2017 Main article : 2017 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons moved into their new home , the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , this season . Their first game ever played at the new stadium was a preseason loss to the Arizona Cardinals . The first regular season game at the new stadium was a rematch of the 2016 -- 17 NFC Championship , with Atlanta defeating Green Bay 34 -- 23 . Their first loss of the season was a 23 -- 17 home defeat to the Buffalo Bills in week 4 . The team returned to the playoffs with a 10 - 6 record ( albeit with a third - place finish in the NFC South ) . The Falcons defeated the Los Angeles Rams 26 - 13 in the Wild Card round , but their 2017 season came to an end a week later in the Divisional Playoff round at the hands of the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 15 - 10 . Stadiums Main article : Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Falcons have called three stadiums home in their 51 years of existence , and its third home in their history opened in the late summer of 2017 . The first was the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , sharing with the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball team until 1991 . In 1992 , the Georgia Dome was built , and the Falcons played there from its opening to the 2016 season . The Dome has been frequently used for college football , including Georgia State football and college bowl games such as the Peach Bowl . In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl , team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state - of - the - art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located . Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city 's hotel / motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium . Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed . The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that were n't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome . In addition , Blank 's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods . Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion , the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank . In March 2013 , the Atlanta City Council voted 11 -- 4 in favor of building the stadium . The retractable roof Mercedes - Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014 , and became the third home stadium for the Falcons and the first for the new Atlanta United FC Major League Soccer club upon opening in 2017 . Logo and uniforms Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1971 -- 1989 Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1997 -- 2002 The Atlanta Falcons ' colors are red , black , silver and white . When the team began play in 1966 , the Falcons wore red helmets with a black falcon crest logo . In the center of the helmet was a center black stripe surrounded by two gold stripes and two white stripes . These colors represented the two college rival schools in the state of Georgia ; rival schools Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( white and gold ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( red and black ) . Although the gold was removed after several seasons , the white remains to this day . They wore white pants and either black or white jerseys . At first , the falcon crest logo was also put on the jersey sleeves , but it was replaced by a red and white stripe pattern four years later . They switched from black to red jerseys in 1971 , and the club began to wear silver pants in 1978 . A prototype white helmet was developed for the team prior to the 1974 season , but was never worn . In 1990 , the uniform design changed to black helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The numbers on the white jerseys were black , but were changed to red in 1997 . ( The red numerals could be seen on the away jerseys briefly in 1990 . ) Both the logo and uniforms changed in 2003 . The logo was redesigned with red and silver accents to depict a more powerful , aggressive falcon , which now more closely resembles the capital letter F . Although the Falcons still wore black helmets , the new uniforms featured jerseys and pants with red trim down the sides . The uniform design consisted of either black or white jerseys , and either black or white pants . During that same year , a red alternate jersey with black trim was also introduced . The Falcons also started wearing black cleats with these uniforms . In 2004 , the red jerseys became the primary jerseys , and the black ones became the alternate , both worn with white pants . In select road games , the Falcons wear black pants with white jerseys . The Falcons wore an all - black combination for home games against their archrivals , the New Orleans Saints , winning the first two contests ( 24 -- 21 in 2004 and 36 -- 17 in 2005 ) , but losing 31 -- 13 in 2006 . The Falcons wore the all black combination against the New Orleans Saints for four straight seasons starting in 2004 , With the last time being in 2007 , losing 34 -- 14 . They wore the combination again in 2006 , against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2 . The Falcons won that game , 14 -- 3 . The Falcons also wore their all - black uniform in 2007 against the New York Giants , and in 2008 against the Carolina Panthers and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( for the second time ) . In the 1980s , the Falcons wore their white uniforms at home most of the time because of the heat . When the Falcons started playing in a dome , the team switched to their dark uniforms for home games but have worn their white uniforms at home a few times since switching to the dome . It was announced at the 2009 state of the franchise meeting that the Falcons would wear 1966 throwback uniforms for a couple games during the 2009 season . The Atlanta Falcons wore 1966 throwback jerseys for two home games in 2009 -- against the Carolina Panthers on September 20 and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 29 . The Falcons won both of those games . They donned the throwbacks again for 2 games in 2010 , against Baltimore and San Francisco , winning both of those games as well . Rivalries New Orleans Saints This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Saints rivalry In every season except for their debut season , the Falcons have shared a division with the New Orleans Saints ( first the NFC West , and now the NFC South ) . Over this time , a heated rivalry has developed between the two cities ' franchises . Atlanta leads the series 51 -- 45 . Carolina Panthers This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Panthers rivalry In addition , the Falcons share a similar , yet smaller , rivalry with the Carolina Panthers , with both teams having been in the NFC West from the Panthers ' founding in 1995 to the NFL realignment in 2002 , where they have been in the NFC South since then . The Falcons lead the series 27 -- 17 . Statistics Season - by - season records Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons seasons Record vs. opponents Includes postseason records Source : Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties Team Percent Last result Last date Last locale Postseason St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 14 15 0 . 483 W 38 -- 19 November 27 , 2016 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Baltimore Ravens 0 . 400 L 7 -- 29 October 19 , 2014 Baltimore , Maryland Buffalo Bills 7 5 0 . 583 L 17 -- 23 October 1 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Carolina Panthers 28 18 0 . 609 W 22 - 10 December 31 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Chicago Bears 13 14 0 . 481 W 23 -- 17 September 10 , 2017 Chicago , Illinois Cincinnati Bengals 5 8 0 . 385 L 10 -- 24 September 14 , 2014 Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland Browns 11 0 . 214 L 24 -- 26 November 23 , 2014 Georgia Dome Dallas Cowboys 11 14 0 . 440 W 27 - 7 November 12 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 0 -- 2 postseason Denver Broncos 6 8 0 . 429 W 23 -- 16 October 9 , 2016 Denver , Colorado 0 -- 1 postseason Detroit Lions 13 24 0 . 351 W 30 - 26 September 24 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Green Bay Packers 14 15 0 . 483 W 34 -- 23 September 17 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2 -- 2 postseason Houston Texans 0 . 500 W 48 -- 21 October 4 , 2015 Georgia Dome Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 14 0 . 125 L 21 -- 24 November 22 , 2015 Georgia Dome Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 W 23 -- 17 December 20 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 333 L 28 -- 29 December 4 , 2016 Georgia Dome San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 8 0 . 800 L 30 -- 33 ( OT ) October 23 , 2016 Georgia Dome St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 29 47 . 385 W 26 -- 13 January 6 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 2 -- 0 postseason Miami Dolphins 9 0 . 308 L 17 -- 20 October 15 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Minnesota Vikings 10 18 0 . 357 L 9 -- 14 December 3 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 1 -- 1 postseason New England Patriots 6 9 0 . 400 L 7 -- 23 October 22 , 2017 Foxborough , Massachusetts 0 -- 1 postseason New Orleans Saints 51 46 0 . 526 L 13 -- 23 December 24 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome 1 -- 0 postseason New York Giants 12 11 0 . 522 W 24 -- 20 September 20 , 2015 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 -- 1 postseason New York Jets 7 5 0 . 583 W 25 -- 20 October 29 , 2017 East Rutherford , New Jersey Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 7 0 . 500 W 35 -- 28 September 18 , 2016 Oakland , California Philadelphia Eagles 13 16 . 450 L 10 -- 15 January 13 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 -- 2 postseason Pittsburgh Steelers 13 . 156 L 20 -- 27 December 14 , 2014 Georgia Dome San Francisco 49ers 30 46 . 396 W 41 -- 13 December 18 , 2016 Georgia Dome 1 -- 1 postseason Seattle Seahawks 7 10 0 . 412 W 34 -- 31 November 20 , 2017 CenturyLink Field 2 -- 0 postseason Tampa Bay Buccaneers 25 24 0 . 510 W 24 - 21 December 18 , 2017 Raymond James Stadium Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans 7 7 0 . 500 W 10 -- 7 October 25 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee Washington Redskins 9 14 . 396 W 25 -- 19 ( OT ) October 11 , 2015 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Total 353 449 6 . 441 10 -- 12 (. 455 ) * Notes International Series Single game records Rushing : Michael Turner , 220 ( September 7 , 2008 ) Passing : Matt Ryan , 503 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : Wade Wilson , 5 ( December 13 , 1992 ) Receptions : William Andrews , 15 ( September 15 , 1981 ) Receiving yards : Julio Jones , 300 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Interceptions : Several Falcons , 2 , most recently Robert Alford , 2 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Field goals : Norm Johnson , 6 ( November 13 , 1994 ) Total touchdowns : T.J. Duckett , 4 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner 4 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Points scored : T.J. Duckett , 24 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner , 24 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Sacks : Adrian Clayborn , 6 ( November 13 , 2017 ) Single season records Passing attempts : 651 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing completions : 439 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing yards : 4,944 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 38 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing interceptions : 25 Bobby Hebert ( 1996 ) Completion percentage : 69.9 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing rating : 117.1 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Rushing attempts : 410 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing yards : 1,846 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Receiving catches : 136 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,871 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 Andre Rison ( 1993 ) Quarterback sacks : 16.5 John Abraham ( 2008 ) Pass interceptions : 10 Scott Case ( 1988 ) Field goal attempts : 40 Jay Feely ( 2002 ) Field goals made : 34 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Points : 158 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Total touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Career records Passing attempts : 5,064 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing completions : 3,288 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing yards : 37,701 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing touchdowns : 240 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing interceptions : 141 Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 85 ) Passing rating : 93.6 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Rushing attempts : 1,587 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards : 6,631 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards by a QB : 3,859 Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 60 Michael Turner ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Receiving catches : 808 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving yards : 10,863 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Quarterback sacks : 68.5 John Abraham ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Pass interceptions : 39 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Field goal attempts : 224 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Field goals made : 196 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Points : 892 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Total touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Pass interception return yards : 658 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Pass interception returned for touchdowns : 3 Deion Sanders ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and Kevin Mathis ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Punt return yards : 1,723 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Kickoff return yards : 5,489 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Longest punt : 75 John James ( 1972 -- 1981 ) and Harold Alexander ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Longest field goal : 59 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) and Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Players Current roster Atlanta Falcons roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Garrett Grayson 2 Matt Ryan 8 Matt Schaub Running backs 26 Tevin Coleman 24 Devonta Freeman 25 Terrence Magee Wide receivers 16 Reggie Davis 13 Devin Fuller 17 Marvin Hall 14 Justin Hardy 11 Julio Jones 12 Mohamed Sanu Tight ends 89 Alex Gray 81 Austin Hooper -- Logan Paulsen 85 Eric Saubert Offensive linemen 76 Daniel Brunskill T 75 Jamil Douglas G -- Brandon Fusco G 63 Ben Garland G 64 Sean Harlow G 67 Andy Levitre G 51 Alex Mack C 70 Jake Matthews T 68 Austin Pasztor T 74 Ty Sambrailo T 73 Ryan Schraeder T 71 Wes Schweitzer G Defensive linemen 95 Jack Crawford DT 96 Martin Ifedi DE 77 Joey Ivie DT 97 Grady Jarrett DT 55 J'Terius Jones DE 98 Takkarist McKinley DE 50 Brooks Reed DE 90 Derrick Shelby DE 93 Tani Tupou DT Linebackers 44 Vic Beasley OLB 59 De'Vondre Campbell OLB 45 Deion Jones MLB 42 Duke Riley OLB Defensive backs 23 Robert Alford CB 37 Ricardo Allen FS -- Justin Bethel CB 38 Marcelis Branch FS 39 Deante Burton CB 27 Damontae Kazee FS 41 Quincy Mauger SS 35 Leon McFadden CB 22 Keanu Neal SS 34 Brian Poole CB 21 Desmond Trufant CB 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson CB Special teams 3 Matt Bryant K 5 Matt Bosher P 47 Josh Harris LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 56 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers Atlanta Falcons Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Year inducted 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1967 1998 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1993 1999 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 2011 56 Chris Doleman DE 1994 -- 1995 2012 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2014 Brett Favre QB 1991 2016 5 Morten Andersen 1995 -- 2000 2006 -- 2007 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Year inducted Norm Van Brocklin Head Coach 1968 -- 1974 1971 Sanders and Humphrey are the only two players in the Hall of Fame that have been inducted based substantially on their service with the Falcons . Andersen spent eight of his 25 NFL seasons with the Falcons , and remains the team 's all - time scoring leader , but he also played his first 13 NFL seasons with the New Orleans Saints , also leading that team 's career scoring list . Retired numbers Atlanta Falcons retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 Ring of Honor The Atlanta Falcons organization does not officially retire jersey numbers , but considers certain players ' jerseys worthy of being honored . The Falcons Ring of Honor , which is featured in the rafters of the Georgia Dome , honors individual players . Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 28 Warrick Dunn RB 2002 -- 2007 2017 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 42 Gerald Riggs RB 1982 -- 1988 2013 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 2006 58 Jessie Tuggle LB 1987 -- 2000 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 78 Mike Kenn 1978 -- 1994 2008 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2008 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Starting quarterbacks Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks Draft history Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Main article : Atlanta Falcons draft history Main article : 1966 NFL expansion draft Coaching staff Head coaches Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons head coaches In their history , the Atlanta Falcons have had 15 head coaches . Coach Years Record Notes Norb Hecker 1966 -- 1968 4 -- 26 -- 1 (. 129 ) Fired after three games in 1968 . Norm Van Brocklin 1968 -- 1974 39 -- 48 -- 3 (. 433 ) Fired after eight games in 1974 . Marion Campbell 1974 -- 1976 6 -- 19 (. 240 ) Fired after five games in 1976 . Pat Peppler 1976 3 -- 6 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 46 -- 41 (. 529 ) Dan Henning 1983 -- 1986 22 -- 41 -- 1 (. 344 ) Marion Campbell 1987 -- 1989 11 -- 36 (. 234 ) Retired after 12 games in 1989 . Jim Hanifan 1989 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) Interim head coach . Jerry Glanville 1990 -- 1993 27 -- 37 (. 422 ) June Jones 1994 -- 1996 19 -- 29 (. 396 ) Dan Reeves 1997 -- 2003 49 -- 59 -- 1 (. 450 ) Wade Phillips 2003 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Interim head coach . Jim Mora 2004 -- 2006 26 -- 22 (. 542 ) Bobby Petrino 2007 3 -- 10 (. 231 ) Resigned after 13 games to take over Arkansas Razorbacks . Emmitt Thomas 2007 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 66 -- 46 (. 589 ) Dan Quinn 2015 -- present 19 -- 13 (. 594 ) Current staff Atlanta Falcons staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Arthur Blank President / CEO -- Rich McKay General Manager -- Thomas Dimitroff Assistant General Manager -- Scott Pioli Director of Pro Personnel -- Joel Collier Director , Football Operations -- Nick Polk Director of College Scouting -- Steve Sabo National Scout -- Ruston Webster National Scout -- Phil Emery Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dan Quinn Assistant Head Coach / Pass Game Coordinator / Wide Receivers -- Raheem Morris Assistant to the Head Coach -- Steve Scarnecchia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Steve Sarkisian Quarterbacks -- Greg Knapp Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Tight Ends -- Wade Harman Offensive Line -- Chris Morgan Assistant Offensive Line -- Kyle Flood Offensive Assistant -- Dave Brock Offensive Assistant -- Justin Outten Offensive Assistant - Chad Walker Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Marquand Manuel Pass Game Coordinator -- Jerome Henderson Defensive Line -- Bryant Young Linebackers -- Jeff Ulbrich Secondary -- Doug Mallory Defensive Assistant -- Charlie Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Jess Simpson Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith Armstrong Special Teams Assistant - Mayur Chaudhari Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Jesse Ackerman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jonas Beauchemin Assistnat Strength - Brandon Ireland → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Falcons ' flagship radio station is WZGC 92.9 The Game . Wes Durham , son of longtime North Carolina Tar Heels voice Woody Durham , is the Falcons ' play - by - play announcer , with former Atlanta Falcons QB and pro football veteran , Dave Archer serving as color commentator . In 2014 , The CW owned - and - operated station WUPA became the official television station of the Falcons , gaining rights to its preseason games , which are produced by CBS Sports . In the regular season , the team 's games are seen on Fox 's O&O affiliate WAGA . When the Falcons challenge an AFC team , CBS affiliate WGCL will air those games while Sunday night games are televised on WXIA , the local NBC affiliate . Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . Source : Georgia City Call sign Frequency Albany WSRA - AM 1250 AM Athens WRFC - AM 960 AM Atlanta WZGC - FM 92.9 FM Brunswick WSFN - AM 790 AM Clarkesville WDUN - FM 102.9 FM Columbus WDAK - AM 540 AM WBOJ 1270 AM Dalton WBLJ - AM 1230 AM Douglas WDMG - AM 860 AM Gainesville WDUN 550 AM Griffin WKEU - AM 1450 AM WKEU - FM 88.9 FM Hogansville WVCC - AM 720 AM Jesup WLOP - AM 1370 AM WIFO - FM 105.5 FM LaGrange WMGP - FM 98.1 FM Louisville WPEH - AM 1420 AM WPEH - FM 92.1 FM Macon WMAC - AM 940 AM Milledgeville WMVG - AM 1450 AM Newnan WCOH - AM 1400 AM Rome WATG - FM 95.7 FM Sandersville WJFL - FM 101.9 FM Savannah WSEG - AM 1400 AM WSEG - FM 104.3 FM Statesboro WPTB - AM 850 AM Swainsboro WJAT - AM 800 AM Thomaston WTGA - FM 101.1 FM Toccoa WNEG - AM 630 AM Valdosta WVGA 105.9 FM Vidalia WVOP - AM 970 AM Waycross WFNS - AM 1350 AM Alabama City Call sign Frequency Foley WHEP - AM 1310 AM Mississippi City Call sign Frequency Jackson WYAB - FM 103.9 FM South Carolina City Call sign Frequency Clemson WCCP - FM 104.9 FM Tennessee City Call sign Frequency Chattanooga WALV - FM 105.1 FM See also Atlanta portal National Football League portal Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Uniform Schedule '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Up : Team History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Atlanta Falcons Media Guide . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbuch , Bart ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Queens - born owner models Falcons after hometown team '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Corporate Headquarters and Training Facility '' . claycorp.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Nflteamhistory.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Blank buys Falcons from Smith family '' . December 17 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons unveil new logo '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons . March 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons : Thomas Dimitroff '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Coaches '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Recent news on Michael Turner -- Unsigned Free Agent -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan -- Atlanta Falcons -- 2015 Player Profile -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ Cox , Daniel ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Pro Bowl Breakdown : ST '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Singer , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta 's Jacquizz Rodgers emerging as Falcons top back '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - January 8th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers use opportunistic defense to crush Falcons , win NFC South '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Atlanta Falcons fire coach Mike Smith '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Dan Quinn named Atlanta Falcons head coach '' . SB Nation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` 2015 NFL Draft Results : Complete List of Picks , Analysis of Major Storylines '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` NFL investigating Atlanta Falcons for fake crowd noise at Georgia Dome '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta Falcons lose 2016 pick for pumping fake noise '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Tom Brady earns 4th Super Bowl MVP trophy with epic comeback '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons tied Greatest Show on Turf for record 7th most points scored ever '' . The Falcoholic . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Atlanta Falcons Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons , city officials agree on financing terms for new $1 billion stadium '' . ESPN.go.com . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saporta , Maria . `` New Falcons stadium cost ' rises up ' -- again -- another $100 million '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta City Council approves Falcons stadium funding '' . myfoxatlanta.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evolution of the Falcons ' colors . Atlanta Falcons . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons unveil new uniforms at fan rally '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons. April 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference. 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Head - to - Head Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick : Career Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Ring of Honor '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Atlanta Falcons Head Coaches '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` 92.9 / The Game becomes a Falcons affiliate '' . Radio & TV Talk with Rodney Ho . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Announce New Local TV Partner '' . atlantafalcons.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Radio Affiliate Stations '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves New Home In Chattanooga Is Brewer Media 's ESPN 105.1 The Zone '' . External links Media related to Atlanta Falcons at Wikimedia Commons Official website Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal 28 -- 3 Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1978 1991 1995 2002 2008 2011 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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8450159897211495279	Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000	Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 - wikipedia Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 Jump to : navigation , search Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 Other short titles William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act Long title An Act to combat trafficking in persons , especially into the sex trade , slavery , and involuntary servitude , to reauthorize certain Federal programs to prevent violence against women , and for other purposes . Nicknames Trafficking Victims Protection Act Enacted by the 106th United States Congress Effective October 28 , 2000 Codification Acts amended 2003 , 2006 , 2008 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3244 by Christopher H. Smith on November 8 , 1999 Passed the House on May 9 , 2000 ( Voice Vote ) Passed the Senate on July 27 , 2000 ( Unamious consent ) Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28 , 2000 The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 is a federal statute passed into law in 2000 by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Clinton . The law was later reauthorized by Presidents Bush and Obama . It has the ability to authorize protections for undocumented immigrants who are victims of severe forms of trafficking and violence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Amendments 2.1 Proposed 3 Determinations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Trafficking Victims Protection Act was subsequently renewed in 2003 , 2006 , 2008 ( when it was renamed the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 ) . The law lapsed in 2011 . In 2013 , the entirety of the Trafficking Victims Protection was attached as an amendment to the Violence Against Women Act and passed . There are two stipulations an applicant has to meet in order to receive the benefits of the T - Visa . First , a victim of trafficking must prove / admit to being a victim of a severe form of trafficking and second must be a part of the prosecution of his or her trafficker . This law does not apply to immigrants seeking admission to the United States for other immigration purposes . Since the law requires the applicant to become part of the prosecution of his or her trafficker , trafficked persons may be fearful of retaliation upon the self or the family and thus serves as a major deterrent to individuals even considering application . The law contains provisions for protection of those who are categorized as victims of human trafficking , primarily for sex , smuggling , and forced labor forms of exploitation . The TVPA allowed for the establishment of the Department of State 's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons , which coordinates with foreign governments to protect trafficking victims , prevent trafficking , and prosecute traffickers . Amendments ( edit ) Proposed ( edit ) Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2013 ( H.R. 3530 ; 113th Congress ) - this bill would establish in the Treasury the Domestic Trafficking Victims ' Fund into which such penalties shall be deposited and which shall be used in FY2015 - FY2019 to award grants or enhance victims ' programming under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 , the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 , and the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 . The bill would also amend the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 to direct the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) to make a determination , based on credible evidence , that a covered individual ( i.e. , a U.S. citizen or a permanent resident ) has been a victim of a severe form of trafficking . It was scheduled to be voted on in the House on May 20 , 2014 under a suspension of the rules . Human Trafficking Prevention Act ( H.R. 4449 ; 113th Congress ) - this bill would require regular training and briefings for some federal government personnel to raise awareness of human trafficking and help employees spot cases of it . Determinations ( edit ) On September 30 , 2017 , President Donald Trump made a Presidential determination under 22 U.S.C. § 7107 ( Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons ) . See also ( edit ) Bureau of International Labor Affairs Child Soldiers Prevention Act Human trafficking in the United States Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons United States Department of State References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siskin , Alison ; Wyler , Liana Sun ( Feb 2013 ) . `` Trafficking in Persons : US Policy and Issues for Congress '' . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Violence Against Women Act & Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorisation Act Passed '' . Not For Sale . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us . '' U.S. Department of State . Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons , n.d. Web . 01 Apr. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 3530 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Next week : Lawmakers to debate defense and drones '' . The Hill . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` House passes bills to prevent human trafficking '' . The Hill . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4449 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Determination With Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons '' . JURIST . United States : JURIST Legal News & Research Services , Inc . University of Pittsburgh School of Law . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Determination for the Secretary of State with Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE , FORCED LABOR , and SEX TRAFFICKING STATUTES ENFORCED at the Department of Justice National Geographic September 2003 pp 23 . List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000&oldid=811938833 '' Categories : United States federal criminal legislation United States federal immigration and nationality legislation Human trafficking in the United States 2000 in American law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	victims of trafficking and violence protection act 2000	[]	[]
-8681559863809612673	Ain't Nothin' Goin' On but the Rent	Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' on but the Rent - wikipedia Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' on but the Rent Jump to : navigation , search `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' On but the Rent '' Single by Gwen Guthrie from the album Good to Go Lover Released 1986 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Gwen Guthrie Producer ( s ) Gwen Guthrie Gwen Guthrie singles chronology `` Just for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' On but the Rent '' ( 1986 ) `` Seventh Heaven '' ( 1986 ) `` Just for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' On but the Rent '' ( 1986 ) `` Seventh Heaven '' ( 1986 ) `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' On but the Rent '' is a song by American singer Gwen Guthrie . Released as a single in 1986 on Polydor Records , the song became the biggest hit of Guthrie 's career , and the song 's title became a semi-popular catchphrase among many women throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 References to other songs 3 Covers and pop culture references 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Charts ( edit ) The song was a major hit in the U.S. on both sides of Atlantic , mostly in dance clubs and on the radio , charting moderately on the US pop chart ( reaching # 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) , but faring better on the R&B chart where it spent one week at # 1 and on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart where it spent two weeks at the top . The song was also successful in parts of Europe , reaching # 5 on the UK Singles Chart . It also reached # 1 in New Zealand . References to other songs ( edit ) The song contains apparent references to at least three other songs : The line `` Ai n't nothing goin ' on now , but the rent - uh '' appears in the 1972 James Brown hit `` Get on the Good Foot -- Pt. 1 '' . The line `` You got to have a J-O-B if you want to be-with - me '' is set to a melody line that recurs throughout `` Doctor Love '' , a 1977 disco hit by First Choice . The line `` Nothing from nothing leaves nothing '' is taken from Billy Preston 's 1974 hit song of the same name . Covers and pop culture references ( edit ) The song has been referenced numerous times in popular culture , including songs with similar messages , such as Destiny 's Child 's `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , and by Eddie Murphy in one of his stand - up comedy shows . The last stanza of Blackstreet 's song `` No Diggity '' uses the title line . Rapper Foxy Brown released a cover version of the song , titled `` JOB '' , which also featured Mýa . It appeared on Brown 's 1999 album Chyna Doll . The song was also used in the 8th episode of Rupaul 's Drag Race Season 5 , when contestants Alyssa Edwards and Ivy Winters had to lip sync to it to avoid elimination . See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 1986 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1986 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hard ' Rain ' Falls On Women '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gwen Guthrie ; Songwriter , Singer of Dance Hits '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' on But the Rent was a major hit on both sides '' . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco 1974 - 2003 , ( Record Research Inc . ) Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info from chartstats.com External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Nothin%27_Goin%27_On_but_the_Rent&oldid=803866037 '' Categories : 1986 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Gwen Guthrie 1986 songs Polydor Records singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 04 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who sang nothing going on but the rent	[]	[]
-2149173548713491867	List of lakes by area	List of lakes by area - wikipedia List of lakes by area `` Largest lakes '' redirects here . For the largest lakes by volume , see List of lakes by volume . For lakes on bodies other than Earth , see List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System . This is a list of terrestrial lakes with a surface area of more than approximately 2,000 square kilometres ( 800 sq mi ) , ranked by area . This list does not include reservoirs and lagoons . The area of some lakes can vary considerably over time , either seasonally or from year to year . This is especially true of salt lakes in arid climates . Contents 1 List of lakes 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 Further reading 5 External links List of lakes ( edit ) Continent color Africa Asia Europe North America South America Antarctica Name Countries with shoreline Area Length Maximum depth Water volume Thumbnail ( same scale for all lakes ) Notes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Caspian Sea * Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran 7011371000000000000 ♠ 371,000 km ( 143,000 sq mi ) 7006119900000000000 ♠ 1,199 km ( 745 mi ) 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 m ( 3,363 ft ) 7013782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) Despite its name , the Caspian Sea is often regarded as the world 's largest lake , though it contains an oceanic basin ( contiguous with the world ocean until 11 million years ago ) rather than being entirely over continental crust . 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Superior Canada United States 7010821000000000000 ♠ 82,100 km ( 31,700 sq mi ) 7005616000000000000 ♠ 616 km ( 383 mi ) 7002406300000000000 ♠ 406.3 m ( 1,333 ft ) 7013121000000000000 ♠ 12,100 km ( 2,900 cu mi ) Largest of the Great Lakes by volume , having more water than the other four combined . The largest freshwater lake by surface area . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Victoria Uganda Kenya Tanzania 7010688700000000000 ♠ 68,870 km ( 26,590 sq mi ) 7005322000000000000 ♠ 322 km ( 200 mi ) 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 m ( 276 ft ) 7012275000000000000 ♠ 2,750 km ( 660 cu mi ) The largest lake by area in Africa . 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Huron Canada United States 7010596000000000000 ♠ 59,600 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) 7005332000000000000 ♠ 332 km ( 206 mi ) 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 m ( 751 ft ) 7012354000000000000 ♠ 3,540 km ( 850 cu mi ) Contains Manitoulin Island , the world 's largest lake island . 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Michigan United States 7010580000000000000 ♠ 58,000 km ( 22,000 sq mi ) 7005494000000000000 ♠ 494 km ( 307 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7012490000000000000 ♠ 4,900 km ( 1,200 cu mi ) Largest lake contained within one country . 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tanganyika Burundi Tanzania Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7010326000000000000 ♠ 32,600 km ( 12,600 sq mi ) 7005676000000000000 ♠ 676 km ( 420 mi ) 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 m ( 4,820 ft ) 7013189000000000000 ♠ 18,900 km ( 4,500 cu mi ) Longest freshwater lake in the world and second - largest by volume . 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Baikal Russia 7010315000000000000 ♠ 31,500 km ( 12,200 sq mi ) 7005636000000000000 ♠ 636 km ( 395 mi ) 7003163700000000000 ♠ 1,637 m ( 5,371 ft ) 7013236000000000000 ♠ 23,600 km ( 5,700 cu mi ) Deepest lake in the world and largest volume freshwater lake in the world . 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Great Bear Lake Canada 7010310000000000000 ♠ 31,000 km ( 12,000 sq mi ) 7005373000000000000 ♠ 373 km ( 232 mi ) 7002446000000000000 ♠ 446 m ( 1,463 ft ) 7012223600000000000 ♠ 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely within Canada 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Malawi Malawi Mozambique Tanzania 7010295000000000000 ♠ 29,500 km ( 11,400 sq mi ) 7005579000000000000 ♠ 579 km ( 360 mi ) 7002706000000000000 ♠ 706 m ( 2,316 ft ) 7012840000000000000 ♠ 8,400 km ( 2,000 cu mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Great Slave Lake Canada 7010270000000000000 ♠ 27,000 km ( 10,000 sq mi ) 7005480000000000000 ♠ 480 km ( 300 mi ) 7002614000000000000 ♠ 614 m ( 2,014 ft ) 7012156000000000000 ♠ 1,560 km ( 370 cu mi ) Deepest lake in North America 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Erie Canada United States 7010257000000000000 ♠ 25,700 km ( 9,900 sq mi ) 7005388000000000000 ♠ 388 km ( 241 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7011489000000000000 ♠ 489 km ( 117 cu mi ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Winnipeg Canada 7010245140000000000 ♠ 24,514 km ( 9,465 sq mi ) 7005425000000000000 ♠ 425 km ( 264 mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 m ( 118 ft ) 7011283000000000000 ♠ 283 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Ontario Canada United States 7010189600000000000 ♠ 18,960 km ( 7,320 sq mi ) 7005311000000000000 ♠ 311 km ( 193 mi ) 7002244000000000000 ♠ 244 m ( 801 ft ) 7012163900000000000 ♠ 1,639 km ( 393 cu mi ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Ladoga Russia 7010181300000000000 ♠ 18,130 km ( 7,000 sq mi ) 7005219000000000000 ♠ 219 km ( 136 mi ) 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 m ( 750 ft ) 7011908000000000000 ♠ 908 km ( 218 cu mi ) Largest lake in Europe 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Balkhash * Kazakhstan 7010164000000000000 ♠ 16,400 km ( 6,300 sq mi ) 7005605000000000000 ♠ 605 km ( 376 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011106000000000000 ♠ 106 km ( 25 cu mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Vostok Antarctica 7010125000000000000 ♠ 12,500 km ( 4,800 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 -- 1,000 m ( 3,000 -- 3,300 ft ) 7012540000000000000 ♠ 5,400 ± 1,600 km ( 1,300 ± 380 cu mi ) Largest lake in Antarctica 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Onega Russia 7009970000000000000 ♠ 9,700 km ( 3,700 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 m ( 417 ft ) 7011285000000000000 ♠ 285 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Titicaca Bolivia Peru 7009837200000000000 ♠ 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7011893000000000000 ♠ 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Largest lake in South America . Has a smaller surface area than the world 's largest man - made reservoir , Lake Volta , which has a surface area of 7009848200000000000 ♠ 8,482 km ( 3,275 sq mi ) . 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Nicaragua Nicaragua 7009826400000000000 ♠ 8,264 km ( 3,191 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011108000000000000 ♠ 108 km ( 26 cu mi ) Largest lake in Central America 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Athabasca Canada 7009785000000000000 ♠ 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) 7005335000000000000 ♠ 335 km ( 208 mi ) 7002243000000000000 ♠ 243 m ( 797 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Taymyr Russia 7009699000000000000 ♠ 6,990 km ( 2,700 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7010128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 km ( 3.1 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely north of the Arctic Circle 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Turkana * Ethiopia Kenya 7009640500000000000 ♠ 6,405 km ( 2,473 sq mi ) 7005248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 154 mi ) 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 m ( 358 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) Largest permanent desert lake and the world 's largest alkaline lake . 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Reindeer Lake Canada 7009633000000000000 ♠ 6,330 km ( 2,440 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 m ( 1,106 ft ) 7010952500000000000 ♠ 95.25 km ( 22.85 cu mi ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Issyk - Kul * Kyrgyzstan 7009620000000000000 ♠ 6,200 km ( 2,400 sq mi ) 7005182000000000000 ♠ 182 km ( 113 mi ) 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 m ( 2,192 ft ) 7012173800000000000 ♠ 1,738 km ( 417 cu mi ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Urmia * Iran 7009600100000000000 ♠ 6,001 km ( 2,317 sq mi ) 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130 km ( 81 mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 m ( 52 ft ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Vänern Sweden 7009554500000000000 ♠ 5,545 km ( 2,141 sq mi ) 7005140000000000000 ♠ 140 km ( 87 mi ) 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 m ( 348 ft ) 7011153000000000000 ♠ 153 km ( 37 cu mi ) Largest lake in the European Union 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Winnipegosis Canada 7009540300000000000 ♠ 5,403 km ( 2,086 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 m ( 59 ft ) 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Albert Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009529900000000000 ♠ 5,299 km ( 2,046 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 m ( 190 ft ) 7011280000000000000 ♠ 280 km ( 67 cu mi ) 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Mweru Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009512000000000000 ♠ 5,120 km ( 1,980 sq mi ) 7005131000000000000 ♠ 131 km ( 81 mi ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 m ( 89 ft ) 7010380000000000000 ♠ 38 km ( 9.1 cu mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Nettilling Canada 7009506600000000000 ♠ 5,066 km ( 1,956 sq mi ) 7005113000000000000 ♠ 113 km ( 70 mi ) 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 m ( 433 ft ) Lake is on Baffin Island and is the largest lake on an island . 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Nipigon Canada 7009484300000000000 ♠ 4,843 km ( 1,870 sq mi ) 7005116000000000000 ♠ 116 km ( 72 mi ) 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 m ( 541 ft ) 7011248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 59 cu mi ) 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Manitoba Canada 7009470600000000000 ♠ 4,706 km ( 1,817 sq mi ) 7005225000000000000 ♠ 225 km ( 140 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft ) 7010141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 km ( 3.4 cu mi ) 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Great Salt Lake * United States 7009466200000000000 ♠ 4,662 km ( 1,800 sq mi ) 7005121000000000000 ♠ 121 km ( 75 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010189200000000000 ♠ 18.92 km ( 4.54 cu mi ) Largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere ; Largest non-Great Lake in the United States . 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Qinghai Lake * China 7009448900000000000 ♠ 4,489 km ( 1,733 sq mi ) ( 2007 ) 7001328000000000000 ♠ 32.8 m ( 108 ft ) 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Saimaa Finland ≈ 4,400 km ( 1,700 sq mi ) 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 m ( 269 ft ) 7010360000000000000 ♠ 36 km ( 8.6 cu mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lake of the Woods Canada United States 4,350 km ( 1,680 sq mi ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ 110 km ( 68 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7010194000000000000 ♠ 19.4 km ( 4.7 cu mi ) Most islands of any lake , with around 14,632 in total . 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Khanka China Russia 4,190 km ( 1,620 sq mi ) 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90 km ( 56 mi ) 7001106000000000000 ♠ 10.6 m ( 35 ft ) 7010183000000000000 ♠ 18.3 km ( 4.4 cu mi ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Sarygamysh Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 3,955 km ( 1,527 sq mi ) 7005125000000000000 ♠ 125 km ( 78 mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 m ( 130 ft ) 7010685600000000000 ♠ 68.56 km ( 16.45 cu mi ) 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Dubawnt Canada 3,833 km ( 1,480 sq mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Van * Turkey 3,755 km ( 1,450 sq mi ) 7005119000000000000 ♠ 119 km ( 74 mi ) 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 m ( 1,480 ft ) 7011607000000000000 ♠ 607 km ( 146 cu mi ) 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Peipus Estonia Russia 3,555 km ( 1,373 sq mi ) 7001153000000000000 ♠ 15.3 m ( 50 ft ) 7010250000000000000 ♠ 25 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Uvs * Mongolia Russia 3,350 km ( 1,290 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Poyang China 3,210 km ( 1,240 sq mi ) 7005170000000000000 ♠ 170 km ( 110 mi ) 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 m ( 82 ft ) 7010252000000000000 ♠ 25.2 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tana Ethiopia 3,200 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 m ( 49 ft ) 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Amadjuak Canada 3,115 km ( 1,203 sq mi ) 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Melville Canada 3,069 km ( 1,185 sq mi ) 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Bangweulu Zambia 3,000 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75 km ( 47 mi ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m ( 13 ft ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Dongting China 2,820 km ( 1,090 sq mi ) 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Khövsgöl Mongolia 2,760 km ( 1,070 sq mi ) 7005136000000000000 ♠ 136 km ( 85 mi ) 7002267000000000000 ♠ 267 m ( 876 ft ) 7011480700000000000 ♠ 480.7 km ( 115.3 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Tonlé Sap Cambodia 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010800000000000000 ♠ 80 km ( 19 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Kivu Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7004890000000000000 ♠ 89 km ( 55 mi ) 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 m ( 1,570 ft ) 7011500000000000000 ♠ 500 km ( 120 cu mi ) 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wollaston Canada 2,681 km ( 1,035 sq mi ) 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 m ( 318 ft ) 7010398000000000000 ♠ 39.8 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Alakol * Kazakhstan 2,650 km ( 1,020 sq mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 m ( 177 ft ) 7010586000000000000 ♠ 58.6 km ( 14.1 cu mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Iliamna United States 2,622 km ( 1,012 sq mi ) 7005124000000000000 ♠ 124 km ( 77 mi ) 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 m ( 988 ft ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Hulun China 2,339 km ( 903 sq mi ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Mistassini Canada 2,335 km ( 902 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 m ( 600 ft ) 7011150000000000000 ♠ 150 km ( 36 cu mi ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Edward Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda 2,325 km ( 898 sq mi ) 7004770000000000000 ♠ 77 km ( 48 mi ) 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 m ( 367 ft ) 7010395000000000000 ♠ 39.5 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Mai - Ndombe Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,300 km ( 890 sq mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Nueltin Canada 2,279 km ( 880 sq mi ) 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144 km ( 89 mi ) 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Tai China 2,250 km ( 870 sq mi ) 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Southern Indian Lake Canada 2,247 km ( 868 sq mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 m ( 98 ft ) 7010234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 km ( 5.6 cu mi ) 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Chany Russia 2,000 km ( 770 sq mi ) 7004910000000000000 ♠ 91 km ( 57 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft ) * denotes saline lake . Source for the 20 largest lakes ( and their areas ) : This list excludes seasonal lakes such as Lake Eyre ( max area 9500 km2 ) , Mar Chiquita Lake ( Córdoba ) ( max area 6000 km2 ) and Lake Torrens ( max area 5745 km2 ) . See also ( edit ) List of lakes by volume List of lakes by depth List of largest lakes of Europe Aral Sea , formerly the fourth largest lake in the world , with an area of 68,000 km ( 26,300 sq mi ) Lake Urmia , formerly the twenty - ninth largest lake in the world , with an area of 5,200 km ( 2,000 sq mi ) Lake Michigan - Huron Notes and references ( edit ) Note : Lake areas may slightly vary depending on the sources . Notes ^ Jump up to : Although Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are usually considered distinct , sometimes they are regarded as a single lake known as Lake Michigan -- Huron . When treated as a single entity , it is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world , at 117,400 km ( 45,300 sq mi ) . References Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Historical Estimates of Limnicity '' . Encyclopedia of inland waters ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0120884623 . Table 1 : The world 's lakes > 2000 km in area , arranged in decreasing order of lake area . See also Lakes ( Formation , Diversity , Distribution ) Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ; Martin M. Kaufman . Physical geography : great systems and global environments . Table 16.2 : Great lakes of the world by lake type . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 399 . ISBN 0521764289 . Jump up ^ van der Leeden , Frits ; Troise , Fred L. ; Todd , David Keith , eds. ( 1991 ) . The water encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Chelsea , Mich. : Lewis . pp. 198 -- 200 . ISBN 9780873711203 . Jump up ^ `` Plume over the Caspian Sea '' . NASA . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Caspian Sea '' . Britannica . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Endorheic Lakes '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ DuMont , H.J. `` The Caspian Lake : History , biota , structure , and function '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Limnology and Oceanography . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Planet Earth And the New Geoscience ( 2003 : 154 ) . Victor Schmidt , William Harbert , University of Pittsburgh Jump up ^ David Lees in Canadian Geographic writes , `` Contrary to popular belief , the largest lake in the world is not Lake Superior but mighty Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is a single hydrological unit linked at the Straits of Mackinac . '' Lees , David . `` High and Dry '' Canadian Geographic ( May / June 2004 ) pp. 94 - 108 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep Straits of Mackinac . '' Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . `` Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing : Hydrological Models Archived 2010 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... '' NOAA , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake , as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac . '' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , `` Hydrological Components '' Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior Archived 2008 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... August 2007 . p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lake in the World '' . geology.com . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html Great Lakes Factsheet No. 1 US Environmental Protection Agency website retrieved September 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes : Basic Information : Physical Facts '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Superior Pursuit : facts about the Greatest Great Lake - Minnesota Sea Grant . University of Minnesota . Jump up ^ `` WorldAtlas.com : Lake Victoria '' . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manitoulin Island website '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Tanganyika at Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Baikal , World 's Largest Freshwater Body '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plate 18 . Large Lakes '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WorldAtlas.com : Great Slave Lake '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater Ecoregions of the World : Lake Ladoga '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Omo Valley in Ethiopia , Lake Turkana '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes on Islands '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lakes ( Area ) '' . LakeNet . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Largest lakes of the former USSR , Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0419239200 . North America : Physical features , The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge ( 2011 ) . ISBN 0312643020 . External links ( edit ) `` Large Lakes of the World '' . FactMonster . Pearson Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_area&oldid=853451712 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Lists by area Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 22 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the largest freshwater lakes is in which continent	[]	[]
1409453254397991964	Conflict resolution	Conflict resolution - Wikipedia Conflict resolution For other uses , see Conflict resolution ( disambiguation ) . For conflict resolution between editors of Wikipedia , see Wikipedia : Dispute resolution . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Alternative dispute resolution Arbitration Conciliation Mediation Negotiation Collaborative law Conflict resolution Dispute resolution Lawyer - supported mediation Party - directed mediation Restorative justice Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution . Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of the group ( e.g. , intentions ; reasons for holding certain beliefs ) and by engaging in collective negotiation . Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed . Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict , with beliefs , perspectives , understandings and attitudes . Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict , the emotional energy . Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act , their behavior . Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist , including negotiation , mediation , mediation - arbitration , diplomacy , and creative peacebuilding . The term conflict resolution may also be used interchangeably with dispute resolution , where arbitration and litigation processes are critically involved . The concept of conflict resolution can be thought to encompass the use of nonviolent resistance measures by conflicted parties in an attempt to promote effective resolution . Contents 1 Theories and models 1.1 Dual concern model 2 Conflict resolution curve 3 Political conflict resolution in practice 4 Culture - based 5 In animals 6 Education 7 Conflict management 7.1 Counseling 7.1. 1 Steps to conflict resolution in the classroom 8 See also 8.1 Organizations 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Theories and models ( edit ) Dual concern model ( edit ) The dual concern model of conflict resolution is a conceptual perspective that assumes individuals ' preferred method of dealing with conflict is based on two underlying themes or dimensions : concern for self ( assertiveness ) and concern for others ( empathy ) . According to the model , group members balance their concern for satisfying personal needs and interests with their concern for satisfying the needs and interests of others in different ways . The intersection of these two dimensions ultimately leads individuals towards exhibiting different styles of conflict resolution . The dual model identifies five conflict resolution styles / strategies that individuals may use depending on their dispositions toward pro-self or pro-social goals . Avoidance conflict style Characterized by joking , changing or avoiding the topic , or even denying that a problem exists , the conflict avoidance style is used when an individual has withdrawn in dealing with the other party , when one is uncomfortable with conflict , or due to cultural contexts . During conflict , these avoiders adopt a `` wait and see '' attitude , often allowing conflict to phase out on its own without any personal involvement . By neglecting to address high - conflict situations , avoiders risk allowing problems to fester or spin out of control . Yielding conflict style In contrast , yielding , `` accommodating '' , smoothing or suppression conflict styles are characterized by a high level of concern for others and a low level of concern for oneself . This passive pro-social approach emerges when individuals derive personal satisfaction from meeting the needs of others and have a general concern for maintaining stable , positive social relationships . When faced with conflict , individuals with a yielding conflict style tend to harmonize into others ' demands out of respect for the social relationship . Competitive conflict style The competitive , `` fighting '' or forcing conflict style maximizes individual assertiveness ( i.e. , concern for self ) and minimizes empathy ( i.e. , concern for others ) . Groups consisting of competitive members generally enjoy seeking domination over others , and typically see conflict as a `` win or lose '' predicament . Fighters tend to force others to accept their personal views by employing competitive power tactics ( arguments , insults , accusations or even violence ) that foster intimidation . Conciliation conflict style The conciliation , `` compromising '' , bargaining or negotiation conflict style is typical of individuals who possess an intermediate level of concern for both personal and others ' outcomes . Compromisers value fairness and , in doing so , anticipate mutual give - and - take interactions . By accepting some demands put forth by others , compromisers believe this agreeableness will encourage others to meet them halfway , thus promoting conflict resolution . This conflict style can be considered an extension of both `` yielding '' and `` cooperative '' strategies . Cooperation conflict style Characterized by an active concern for both pro-social and pro-self behavior , the cooperation , integration , confrontation or problem - solving conflict style is typically used when an individual has elevated interests in their own outcomes as well as in the outcomes of others . During conflict , cooperators collaborate with others in an effort to find an amicable solution that satisfies all parties involved in the conflict . Individuals using this type of conflict style tend to be both highly assertive and highly empathetic . By seeing conflict as a creative opportunity , collaborators willingly invest time and resources into finding a `` win - win '' solution . According to the literature on conflict resolution , a cooperative conflict resolution style is recommended above all others . This resolution may be achieved by lowering the aggressor 's guard while raising the ego . Conflict resolution curve ( edit ) There are many examples of conflict resolution in history , and there has been a debate about the ways to conflict resolution : whether it should be forced or peaceful . Conflict resolution by peaceful means is always a better option . The conflict resolution curve derived from an analytical model offers a peaceful solution by motivating conflicting entities . Forced resolution of conflict might invoke another conflict in future . Conflict resolution curve ( CRC ) separates conflict styles into two separate domains : domain of competing entities and domain of accommodating entities ( Image of CRC ) . There is a sort of agreement between targets and aggressors on this curve . Their judgements of badness compared to goodness of each other are analogous on CRC . So , arrival of all conflicting entities to some negotiable points on CRC is important before peace building . CRC does not exist ( i.e. , singular ) in reality if the chance of aggression of the aggressor is certain . Under such circumstances it might lead to apocalypse with mutual destruction . The curve explains why nonviolent struggles ultimately toppled repressive regimes from power and sometimes forced leaders to change the nature of governance . Also , this methodology has been applied to capture the conflict styles in Korean Peninsula and dynamics of negotiation process . Political conflict resolution in practice ( edit ) Moshe Dayan and Abdullah el Tell reach a ceasefire agreement during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War in Jerusalem on 30 November 1948 Wars may occur between parties who contest an incompatibility . The nature of an incompatibility can be territorial or governmental , but a warring party must be a `` government of a state or any opposition organization or alliance of organizations that uses armed force to promote its position in the incompatibility in an intrastate or an interstate armed conflict '' . Wars can conclude with a peace agreement , which is a `` formal agreement ... which addresses the disputed incompatibility , either by settling all or part of it , or by clearly outlining a process for how ... to regulate the incompatibility . '' A ceasefire is another form of agreement made by warring parties ; unlike a peace agreement , it only `` regulates the conflict behaviour of warring parties '' , and does not resolve the issue that brought the parties to war in the first place . Peacekeeping measures may be deployed to avoid violence in solving such incompatibilities . Beginning in the last century , political theorists have been developing the theory of a global peace system that relies upon broad social and political measures to avoid war in the interest of achieving world peace . The Blue Peace approach developed by Strategic Foresight Group facilitates cooperation between countries over shared water resources , thus reducing the risk of war and enabling sustainable development . Conflict resolution is an expanding field of professional practice , both in the U.S. and around the world . The escalating costs of conflict have increased use of third parties who may serve as a conflict specialists to resolve conflicts . In fact , relief and development organizations have added peace - building specialists to their teams . Many major international non-governmental organizations have seen a growing need to hire practitioners trained in conflict analysis and resolution . Furthermore , this expansion has resulted in the need for conflict resolution practitioners to work in a variety of settings such as in businesses , court systems , government agencies , nonprofit organizations , and educational institutions throughout the world . Culture - based ( edit ) Conflict resolution as both a professional practice and academic field is highly sensitive to cultural practices . In Western cultural contexts , such as Canada and the United States , successful conflict resolution usually involves fostering communication among disputants , problem solving , and drafting agreements that meet underlying needs . In these situations , conflict resolvers often talk about finding a mutually satisfying ( `` win - win '' ) solution for everyone involved . In many non-Western cultural contexts , such as Afghanistan , Vietnam , and China , it is also important to find `` win - win '' solutions ; however , the routes taken to find them may be very different . In these contexts , direct communication between disputants that explicitly addresses the issues at stake in the conflict can be perceived as very rude , making the conflict worse and delaying resolution . It can make sense to involve religious , tribal , or community leaders ; communicate difficult truths through a third party ; or make suggestions through stories . Intercultural conflicts are often the most difficult to resolve because the expectations of the disputants can be very different , and there is much occasion for misunderstanding . In animals ( edit ) Conflict resolution has also been studied in non-humans , including dogs , cats , monkeys , snakes , elephants , and primates . Aggression is more common among relatives and within a group than between groups . Instead of creating distance between the individuals , primates tend to be more intimate in the period after an aggressive incident . These intimacies consist of grooming and various forms of body contact . Stress responses , including increased heart rates , usually decrease after these reconciliatory signals . Different types of primates , as well as many other species who live in groups , display different types of conciliatory behavior . Resolving conflicts that threaten the interaction between individuals in a group is necessary for survival , giving it a strong evolutionary value . These findings contradict previous existing theories about the general function of aggression , i.e. creating space between individuals ( first proposed by Konrad Lorenz ) , which seems to be more the case in conflicts between groups than it is within groups . In addition to research in primates , biologists are beginning to explore reconciliation in other animals . Until recently , the literature dealing with reconciliation in non-primates has consisted of anecdotal observations and very little quantitative data . Although peaceful post-conflict behavior had been documented going back to the 1960s , it was not until 1993 that Rowell made the first explicit mention of reconciliation in feral sheep . Reconciliation has since been documented in spotted hyenas , lions , bottlenose dolphins , dwarf mongoose , domestic goats , domestic dogs , and , recently , in red - necked wallabies . Education ( edit ) Universities worldwide offer programs of study pertaining to conflict research , analysis , and practice . Conrad Grebel University College at the University of Waterloo has the oldest - running peace and conflict studies ( PACS ) program in Canada . PACS can be taken as an Honors , 4 - year general , or 3 - year general major , joint major , minor , and diploma . Grebel also offers an interdisciplinary Master of Peace and Conflict Studies professional program . The Cornell University ILR School houses the Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution , which offers undergraduate , graduate , and professional training on conflict resolution . It also offers dispute resolution concentrations for its MILR , JD / MILR , MPS , and MS / PhD graduate degree programs . At the graduate level , Eastern Mennonite University 's Center for Justice and Peacebuilding offers a Master of Arts in Conflict Transformation , a dual Master of Divinity / MA in Conflict Transformation degree , and several graduate certificates . EMU also offers an accelerated 5 - year BA in Peacebuilding and Development / MA in Conflict Transformation . Additional graduate programs are offered at Georgetown University , Johns Hopkins University , Creighton University , the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , and Trinity College Dublin . George Mason University 's School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution offers BA , BS , MS , and PhD degrees in Conflict Analysis and Resolution , as well as an undergraduate minor , graduate certificates , and joint degree programs . Nova Southeastern University also offers a PhD in Conflict Analysis & Resolution , in both online and on - campus formats . Conflict resolution is a growing area of interest in UK pedagogy , with teachers and students both encouraged to learn about mechanisms that lead to aggressive action and those that lead to peaceful resolution . The University of Law , one of the oldest common law training institutions in the world , offers a legal - focused masters degree in Conflict Resolution as an LL. M. ( Conflict resolution ) . Tel Aviv University offers two graduate degree programs in the field of conflict resolution , including the English - language International Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation , allowing students to learn in a geographic region which is the subject of much research on international conflict resolution . The Nelson Mandela Center for Peace & Conflict Resolution at Jamia Millia Islamia University , New Delhi , is one of the first centers for peace and conflict resolution to be established at an Indian university . It offers a two - year full - time MA course in Conflict Analysis and Peace - Building , as well as a PhD in Conflict and Peace Studies . Conflict management ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conflict management refers to the long - term management of intractable conflicts . It is the label for the variety of ways by which people handle grievances -- standing up for what they consider to be right and against what they consider to be wrong . Those ways include such diverse phenomena as gossip , ridicule , lynching , terrorism , warfare , feuding , genocide , law , mediation , and avoidance . Which forms of conflict management will be used in any given situation can be somewhat predicted and explained by the social structure -- or social geometry -- of the case . Conflict management is often considered to be distinct from conflict resolution . In order for actual conflict to occur , there should be an expression of exclusive patterns which explain why and how the conflict was expressed the way it was . Conflict is often connected to a previous issue . Resolution refers to resolving a dispute to the approval of one or both parties , whereas management is concerned with an ongoing process that may never have a resolution . Neither is considered the same as conflict transformation , which seeks to reframe the positions of the conflict parties . The role of culture is not always fully appreciated and must be taken into account . In a piece on `` the ocean model of civilization '' , Prof Nayef Al - Rodhan argues that greater transcultural understanding is critical for global security because it diminishes ' hierarchies ' and alienation , and avoids dehumanization of the ' other ' . Counseling ( edit ) When personal conflict leads to frustration and loss of efficiency , counseling may prove helpful . Although few organizations can afford to have professional counselors on staff , given some training , managers may be able to perform this function . Nondirective counseling , or `` listening with understanding '' , is little more than being a good listener -- something every manager should be . Sometimes simply being able to express one 's feelings to a concerned and understanding listener is enough to relieve frustration and make it possible for an individual to advance to a problem - solving frame of mind . The nondirective approach is one effective way for managers to deal with frustrated subordinates and coworkers . There are other , more direct and more diagnostic , methods that could be used in appropriate circumstances . However , the great strength of the nondirective approach lies in its simplicity , its effectiveness , and that it deliberately avoids the manager - counselor 's diagnosing and interpreting emotional problems , which would call for special psychological training . Listening to staff with sympathy and understanding is unlikely to escalate the problem , and is a widely - used approach for helping people cope with problems that interfere with their effectiveness in the workplace . Steps to conflict resolution in the Classroom ( edit ) Step 1 : Clarifying and focusing : problem ownership Negative feelings such as annoyance , anger and discomfort can interfere with understanding exactly what is wrong in situations of confrontation and how to set things right again . Gaining a bit of distance from negative feelings is exactly what such moments call for , especially on the part of the person with ( presumably ) the greatest maturity . Problem ownership is defined as deciding who should take ownership of the behavior or conflict in the issue ( Gordon , 2003 ) . The main person who is bothered by the root problem is also the `` owner '' of the problem , and thus the owner of a problem needs to be the one who takes primary responsibility for solving the issue . Identifying ownership makes a difference in how behavior is dealt with , as well as how the problem is effectively solved . It is important to ask clarifying questions to really understand the root causes of the conflict . Step 2 : Active listening Several strategies help with distinguishing who has a problem with a behavior and who takes ownership . One of those strategies is active listening . Active listening is attending carefully to all aspects of what a student says and attempting to understand or empathize as much as one can ( Seifert & Sutton ) . Active listening consists of continually asking questions in order to test your understanding . It also requires giving encouragement to the student by letting them tell their story , and paraphrasing what the student says so you can form an unbiased conclusion . It is key not to move too quickly at solving the problem by just giving advice , instructions , or scolding . Responding too soon with solutions can shut down the student 's communication and leave you with inaccurate impressions of the source or nature of the problem ( Seifert & Sutton ) . Step 3 : Assertive discipline and I - messages Once you , as the teacher , have taken in the student 's point of view , form your comments around how the student 's behavior affects your role . Your comments should be assertive , emphasize I - messages , and encourage the student to think about the effects of his or her behavior . They should not be passive , apologetic , hostile or aggressive , but matter - of - fact , such as , `` Charlie , you are talking while I am talking . '' The comments should emphasize I - messages that focus on how the behavior is affecting the teacher 's teaching and the other students ' learning ( Seifert & Sutton ) . An example of this would be , `` You are making it hard for me to focus on teaching this math lesson . '' Lastly , you should ask the student more open - ended questions that make him or her think about the consequences of his or her behavior , such as , `` How do the other kids feel when you yell in the middle of class ? '' ( Seifert & Sutton ) . The comments should encourage the student to think about the effects of his or her actions on others -- - a strategy that in effect encourages the student to consider the ethical implications of the actions ( Gibbs , 2003 ) . Instead of simply saying , `` When you cut in line ahead of the other kids , that was not fair to them '' , you can try asking , `` How do you think the other kids feel when you cut in line ahead of them ? '' Step 4 : Negotiation Seifert and Sutton state that the first three steps describe desirable ways of handling situations that are specific and last for only a short time . These steps by themselves could potentially not be enough when conflicts persist over extended periods of time . Often it is better to negotiate a solution in these situations . Negotiating is defined as methodically deliberating various options and deciding on one if possible ( Seifert & Sutton ) . Even though negotiation demands time and energy , it often demands less time or effort ultimately than continuing to cope with the problem . The results of negotiation can be valuable to everyone involved in the situation . Various experts on conflict resolution have suggested different ways to negotiate with students about problems that are continual ( Seifert & Sutton ) . The theories differ in specifics , but typically are generally similar to the steps we previously discussed : Determine what the problem is -- involves active listening Discuss and share possible solutions , consider their efficacy Attempt to reach a consensus : Total agreement on the subject will not always be possible , but should be set as your end goal Assess the success of the decision : Renegotiation might be necessary . See also ( edit ) Civil resistance Conflict continuum Conflict early warning Conflict management Conflict resolution research Conflict style inventory Conflict transformation Cost of conflict Creative peacebuilding Dialogue Fair fighting Family therapy Gunnysacking Interpersonal communication Let the Wookiee win Nonviolent Communication Organizations ( edit ) Center for the Study of Genocide , Conflict Resolution , and Human Rights Conscience : Taxes for Peace not War is a London organisation that promotes peacebuilding as an alternative to military security Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research Peninsula Conflict Resolution Center Search for Common Ground is one of the world 's largest non-government organisations dedicated to conflict resolution Seeds of Peace develops and empowers young leaders from regions of conflict to work towards peace through coexistence United Network of Young Peacebuilders ( UNOY ) is a global NGO and youth network dedicated to the role of youth in peacebuilding and conflict resolution University for Peace is a United Nations mandated organization and graduate school dedicated to conflict resolution and peace studies Uppsala Conflict Data Program is an academic data collection project that provides descriptions of political violence and conflict resolution Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , in Chinese culture , reasons for avoidance include sustaining a good mood , protecting the avoider , and other philosophical and spiritual reasonings ( Feng and Wilson 2011 ) . 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Ethology. 104 : 126 -- 147 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1998. tb00057. x . Aureli , Filippo and Frans B.M. de Waal , eds. 2000 . Natural Conflict Resolution . University of California Press , Berkeley , CA . de Waal , Frans B.M. 2000 . Primates -- -- A natural heritage of conflict resolution . Science 289 : 586 -- 590 . Hicks , Donna . 2011 . Dignity : The Essential Role It Plays in Resolving Conflict . Yale University Press Silk , Joan B ( 2002 ) . `` The form and function of reconciliation in primates '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 31 : 21 -- 44 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 31.032902. 101743 . Weaver , Ann ; de Waal , Frans B.M. ( 2003 ) . `` The mother - offspring relationship as a template in social development : reconciliation in captive brown capuchins ( Cebus apella ) '' . Journal of Comparative Psychology . 117 : 101 -- 110 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7036.117. 1.101 . Palagi , Elisabetta ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) '' . American Journal of Primatology. 62 : 15 -- 30 . doi : 10.1002 / ajp. 20000 . PMID 14752810 . Palagi , Elisabetta ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Aggression and reconciliation in two captive groups of Lemur catta '' . International Journal of Primatology. 26 : 279 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / s10764 - 005 - 2925 - x . Lorenzen , Michael . 2006 . Conflict Resolution and Academic Library Instruction . LOEX Quarterly 33 , no . 1 / 2 : 6 -- 9 , 11 . Winslade , John & Monk , Gerald . 2000 . Narrative Mediation : A New Approach to Conflict Resolution . Jossey - Bass Publishers , San Francisco . Bar - Siman - Tov , Yaacov ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation . Oxford University Press Tesler , Pauline. 2001 , 2008 . Collaborative Law : Achieving Effective Resolution in Divorce without Litigation ( American Bar Association ) . Tesler , Pauline and Thompson , Peggy. 2006 . Collaborative Divorce : The Revolutionary New Way to Restructure Your Family , Resolve Legal Issues , and Move On with Your Life ( Harper Collins ) . Kellett , Peter M. ( 2007 ) . Conflict Dialogue . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0930 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter T. Coleman ( 2011 ) . The Five Percent : Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 921 - 2 . Caraccilo , Dominic J. `` Beyond Guns and Steel : A War Termination Strategy '' , Santa Barbara , California : PSI , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39149 - 1 . Michal Alberstein , Amy Cohen , Hanan Mandel , Orna Rabinovitch - Eini , Jay Rothman , Amira Schiff and Ephraim Tabory , eds. ( 2013 ) . International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution . ISSN 2211 - 9965 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Shair - Rosenfield , Sarah ; Wood , Reed M. ( May 2017 ) . `` Governing well after war : how improving female representation prolongs post-conflict peace '' . The Journal of Politics . Chicago Journals . doi : 10.1086 / 691056 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution at George Mason University TruceWorks.com a non-profit conflict resolution service Intelligent Power and Conflict Resolution Lecture at Department of Political Science , University of the Punjab , the Quaid - é - Azam Campus , Lahore Employee conflict resolution at Curlie Party - Directed Mediation : Helping Others Resolve Differences by Gregorio Billikopf . Free book PDF download , at the University of California Party - Directed Mediation : Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals by Gregorio Billikopf , free complete book download , from Internet Archive ( 3rd Edition , multiple file formats including PDF , EPUB , and others ) Conflict Resolution training at Michigan State University Search for Common Ground Beyond Intractability CR Info The Conflict Resolution Information Source The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy Peace Education Foundation Intelligent Power , Conflict Resolution , Complexity and International Trade Lecture at Institute of Business Administration , City Campus , Karachi Conflict Management Articles - A collection of Conflict Management Articles Archival audio of a panel on storytelling , peace , and conflict resolution Conflict Gateway a collection of free conflict resolution articles and training materials . Comisión Nacional de Acceso a Justicia Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación Argentina . 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-4959535445500270711	RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)	RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 Broadcast from February 2 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) -- March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) Judges RuPaul Santino Rice Merle Ginsberg Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 9 Winner BeBe Zahara Benet Origin Minneapolis , Minnesota . Runner - up Nina Flowers Chronology Season 1 ▶ The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , later referred to as The Lost Season , premiered in the United States on February 2 , 2009 , on VH - 1 . Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008 . The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics , was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign , joined the Logo Drag Race tour , and won a cash prize of $20,000 . One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul 's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show 's official website . The results were announced in early September 2008 . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Cover Girl '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . This season and season one of All - Stars are the only seasons to not feature the `` Snatch Game . '' The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet , with Nina Flowers being the runner - up . In late 2013 , Logo re-aired the first season , which was titled RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Lost Season Ru - Vealed , and featured commentary from RuPaul . Nina Flowers , Shannel and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of All Stars . Nina and Tammie placed 9 / 10th overall together and Shannel finished in 3rd / 4th with fellow season 2 contestant Jujubee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 28 Minneapolis , Minnesota Winner Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez 34 Bayamón , Puerto Rico Runner - up Rebecca Glasscock Javier Rivera 26 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 3rd Place Shannel Bryan Watkins 29 Las Vegas , Nevada 4th Place Ongina Ryan Ong Palao 26 Los Angeles , California 5th Place Jade David Sotomayor 25 Chicago , Illinois 6th Place Akashia Eric Flint 24 Cleveland , Ohio 7th Place Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 29 Long Beach , California 8th Place Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Victor Bowling 39 Raleigh , North Carolina 9th Place Jump up ^ Jade Sotomayor is simply known as Jade on the show . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 8 9 BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE BTM2 WIN Winner Guest Nina Flowers WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE Runner - up Miss C Rebecca Glasscock SAFE SAFE SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM2 Eliminated Guest Shannel SAFE SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Ongina SAFE WIN SAFE WIN ELIM Z ! Guest Jade SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Akashia BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Z ! Guest Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker ELIM Z ! Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was the runner - up of RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was eliminated without qualifying to lip - sync in the finale . The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers . The contestant won a challenge . The contestant received judges critiques but was ultimately chosen to be safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . Lip - syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Akashia vs . Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' ( RuPaul ) Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Akashia vs . Tammie Brown `` We Break the Dawn '' ( Michelle Williams ) Tammie Brown Akashia vs . Shannel `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( Whitney Houston ) Akashia Jade vs . Rebecca Glasscock `` Would I Lie To You ? '' ( Eurythmics ) Jade 5 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Ongina `` Stronger '' ( Britney Spears ) Ongina 6 Rebecca Glasscock vs . Shannel `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' ( Mary Mary ) Shannel 8 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Nina Flowers `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' '' ( RuPaul ) Nina Flowers The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip - sync . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Drag On A Dime '' February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) The nine contestants arrive in full drag and size up the competition . They are then immediately thrusted into a car wash photo shoot , portraying sex appeal while posing with two men , with Mike Ruiz as their photographer . The first challenge involved them making an outfit out of thrift store clothes and accessories from a 99 cent store . At the judging session , which included Bob Mackie , Santino Rice , Mike Ruiz , Merle Ginsberg , and Ru herself as judges , the contestants are judged on their outfits and photos . Guest Judges : Bob Mackie and Mike Ruiz Mini-Challenge : Sexy car wash photo shoot Main Challenge : Making an outfit out of thrift store clothes Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Bottom Two : Akashia & Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Lip - sync Song : `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' by RuPaul Eliminated : Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Girl Groups '' February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) The eight remaining contestants were given a mini-challenge in which they acted out certain emotions and took pictures of themselves with a digital camera . RuPaul then deemed Akashia and Ongina the winners and made them the group leaders in the next challenge , a girl group battle . The groups were each responsible for their own hair , makeup , costumes , and choreography and they each had to perform to a Destiny 's Child song . Guest Judges : Frank Gatson and Michelle Williams Mini-Challenge : Act out certain emotions Mini-Challenge Winners : Akashia & Ongina Main Challenge : Destiny 's Child girl group battle Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Akashia & Tammie Brown Lip - sync Song : `` We Break the Dawn '' by Michelle Williams Eliminated : Tammie Brown `` Queens of All Media '' February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) This week 's challenge was to channel Oprah Winfrey . Each contestant was allowed to pick a costume from a bin supplied for them , choose a costume they brought , or make their own on the spot . The challenge was in three parts , representing three stages of Oprah 's career . The first task was a newscaster challenge where they had to read mock news stories from a teleprompter . The next task was to try to sell products , reminiscent of Oprah on her `` My Favorite Things '' specials . The third task was to interview Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott . Guest judges : Howard Bragman and Debra Wilson Main Challenge : Channeling Oprah in three stages of her career : A mock interview , selling products , and interview 2 people Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Akashia & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` The Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston Eliminated : Akashia `` Mac Viva - Glam Challenge '' February 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) For the mini-challenge , RuPaul paired everyone up and gave each person 30 minutes to do their partner 's makeup , with Jade being declared the winner . The main challenge involved the girls putting together a commercial for Mac 's Viva Glam makeup , a cosmetics line which Ru has once modeled for . The winner of the challenge would become the new face of Viva Glam . The girls are told they must use the commercial to explain who they are as queens , to explain why they are beautiful , and to inform people of Viva Glam 's help for those living with HIV . Guest judges : Gordon Espinet and Jenny Shimizu Mini-Challenge : Give your partner a 30 minute makeover Mini-Challenge Winner : Jade Main Challenge : Mac - Viva Glam commercial Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Jade & Rebecca Glasscock Lip - sync Song : `` Would I Lie To You ? '' by The Eurythmics Eliminated : Jade 5 5 `` Drag School of Charm '' March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) For the episode 's mini-challenge , Ru brought in five female fighters to put them through an exercise and endurance challenge . The last person standing would win the challenge , which was Rebecca . Ru then told the contestants that their main challenge would be for each of them to make over one of the fighters in their own image and teach them the secrets of drag . Rebecca , who won the mini-challenge , got to select her partner and whom the others had to work with . They must also coach the fighters on how to give a lip sync performance , which they would have to do to Beyoncé 's , `` Freakum Dress '' . Guest judges : Lucy Lawless and Robin Antin Mini-Challenge : Outlast your opponents in an endurance challenge Mini-Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Main Challenge : Transforming a female fighter in their own image Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Bottom Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Ongina Lip - sync Song : `` Stronger '' by Britney Spears Eliminated : Ongina 6 6 `` Absolut Drag Ball '' March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ( March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ) The contestants met Ru on the runway for a vogue battle mini-challenge , which Nina won . For their main challenge , each contestant has to come up with three looks : Swimsuit , Executive Realness , and Evening Wear . Ru also informed the girls that Absolut was sponsoring the event and thus , they had to each portray one of four pre-selected flavors : citron , mandarin , mango , and raspberry . As the winner of the mini-challenge , Nina selected her flavor and paired everyone else up . Ru later revealed that they must use their assigned fruits as part of their runway presentation . Guest judges : Jeffrey Moran and María Conchita Alonso Mini-Challenge : Vogue battle Mini-Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Main Challenge : Drag Ball featuring three different looks - swimsuit , executive realness , and evening wear Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Rebecca Glasscock & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' by Mary Mary Eliminated : Shannel 7 7 `` Extra Special Edition '' March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ( March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ) In this episode , RuPaul took a look back through the first season . Clips included unaired audition videos from the contestants who made it and some who did n't , backstage antics , and an inside look at the final three . Among those who did n't make it , Raven , Pandora Boxx , Sahara Davenport , Nicole Paige Brooks , Detox , Naysha Lopez , and Alaska were featured . Merle Ginsberg and Santino Rice were also on hand to deliver their Top 10 picks for the most memorable fashions of the season . 8 8 `` Grand Finale '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) Merle and Santino came in to inform the final three that their last challenge would be to appear in RuPaul 's latest video for her song , `` Cover Girl ( Put The Bass In Your Walk ) . '' They would do a group dance , record a verse with rapper Cazwell , and film a solo for Ru 's video . To get them prepared , choreographer Ryan Heffington took the final three through the planned dance routine . None of them adapted easily , but Rebecca in particular , struggled with the dancing required . Afterward , each queen got an impromptu sit - down with Ru . Main Challenge : Recording a verse and filming a spot for RuPaul 's latest video `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' Eliminated : Rebecca Glasscock Top Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Nina Flowers Lip Sync Song : `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' by RuPaul Runner - up : Nina Flowers Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season One : BeBe Zahara Benet 9 9 `` Re-United ! '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) The nine contestants gathered once again to chat about the season behind them and their current lives with RuPaul , Merle , and Santino with questions from the viewers . Miss Congeniality : Nina Flowers Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Gentlemen , Re-Start Your Engines ... and May the Best Woman Win ... Again ! '' . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Callie , dear ... '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race Facebook page . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Callie , dear ... Jump up ^ `` Abut '' . Ongina Facebook page . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . NewNowNext.com ( Logo TV / Viacom International . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( U.S. ) RuPaul 's Drag Race on IMDb ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U Snatch Game Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_1)&oldid=801053840 '' Categories : RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons 2009 American television seasons Logo original programs Cross-dressing in television LGBT - related reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won season one of rupaul's drag race	[ "\n\nRuPaul's Drag Race\n\n\nSeason 1\n\n\nBroadcast from\nFebruary 2 (2009-02-02) – March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23)\n\n\nJudges\nRuPaul\nSantino Rice\nMerle Ginsberg\n\n\nHost(s)\nRuPaul\n\n\nBroadcaster\nLogo\n\n\nCompetitors\n9\n\n\nWinner\n\n\nBeBe Zahara Benet\n\n\n\n\n\nOrigin\nMinneapolis, Minnesota.\n\n\n\n\n\nRunner-up\n\n\nNina Flowers\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\nSeason 1\n▶\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "BeBe Zahara Benet" ]
1524143620171721281	The Proud Family Movie	The Proud family Movie - wikipedia The Proud family Movie The Proud Family Movie DVD cover Genre Comedy Animated Based on The Proud Family by Bruce W. Smith Written by Calvin Brown , Jr . Ralph Farquhar John Patrick White Stiles White Directed by Bruce W. Smith Starring Kyla Pratt Tommy Davidson Paula Jai Parker Jo Marie Payton Tara Strong Orlando Brown Soleil Moon Frye Jeff Bennett Alisa Reyes Omarion LisaRaye McCoy Arsenio Hall Theme music composer Elik Alvarez Frank Fitzpatrick Freddy Sheinfeld Original language ( s ) English Spanish Production Producer ( s ) Bruce W. Smith Willard Carroll Ralph Farquhar Editor ( s ) Brandy Hammes Running time 91 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Hyperion Pictures Jambalaya Studio Distributor Buena Vista Television Release Original network Disney Channel Original release August 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) Chronology Preceded by The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19 , 2005 . The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series , The Proud Family . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver , the great - great - grandson of George Washington Carver , trying to generate a super ' Gnome Warrior ' , a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors , but it disintegrates . The scene then turns to Penny Proud , who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville , California , and fails her driver 's ed . She and her friends are excited to be a part of 15 Cent 's ( Sticky 's cousin and parody of 50 Cent ) dance group , Spare Change . When 15 Cent drives her home , Oscar Proud , her over-protective father , gets mad when he finds them kissing . After Oscar gives her the worst grounding of her life , and essentially forbids her from ever becoming an adult , Penny wishes he was n't her father , to which he states he wished he never had her as a daughter . This marks the culmination of their relationship as seen over the entire series . Oscar has invented an everlasting multiplying formula that was supposed to make his Proud Snacks tastier , but it instead causes the snack to expand and explode . As he is hauled away from his presentation , he proclaims that his formula has no expiration date . Dr. Carver , overhears Oscar 's ranting , plots to get Oscar 's formula since he has never gotten his experiment to stabilized . Disguising himself , Carver invites the Proud family to Legume Island . Trudy forces Oscar , Sugar Mama , and Penny to go in hopes they will re-bond . The family meets the inhabitants of the island , short peanut creatures called the Genomes . Carver tries to negotiate obtaining the formula from Oscar by offering him $10 million . However , a G - nome named Wally convince Oscar not to . When Oscar refuses ( who does n't have the formula with him ) , Carver constructs evil peanut clones of his family from DNA snatched from them while they were partying . Oscar runs away and tries explaining to his family , but they do n't believe him . The clones get a mix - up when the real Penny comes with them back to the mainland to search for the formula ; Penny 's clone remains with the original family . Penny soon enjoy the free life which the clones allowed her , in spite of their bizarre personalities and Oscar 's clone becoming a celebrity , but quickly tires of it . She discovers that Cashew , a G - nome she befriended earlier on the island , had stowed away ; he wanted to see what it was like to have a ' real family ' . He also reveals to her the true nature of the clones . At that moment , Wally leads the Prouds and the Penny clone on a perilous journey to the other side of the island , where he claims there is someone who can answer their questions . Along the way , the Penny clone proves to be the kind of daughter Oscar desires -- obedient . When they meet the person Wally wanted them to meet , he turns out to be the real Dr. Carver . Dr. Carver explains that he moved to the island and began his goal on cloning technology and created the friendly island creatures , but wanted someone to inherit all that he learned and cloned himself , it was a success but the clone went sizzling crisp in the sun one day and turned evil . Donning a disguise of his original form , the clone took over the island and forced the G - nomes to work for him ( excluding Wally ) and began using Carver 's peanut research for world domination . Oscar realizes his formula is the key and tells the family he had left it in a necklace for Penny 's birthday , which she opened back home . Her clone informs the other clones , who took the formula . Penny and Cashew gather her friends to go back to Legume Island and rescue the family . They steal 15 Cent 's yacht to get there , but Penny accidentally sinks it . The Carver clone has already prepared to leave to take over the world with his Super G - nomes . The clones attack Penny and her friends and family , but she convinces the Oscar clone to help - by bribing him with hot dogs which he had become obsessed with earlier - and he defeats the rest of the clones . Dr. Carver unleashes a sea creature on them but the original Dr. Carver recognizes the monster as Bobo , a former experiment that went bad and convinces it to being good . Seeing the Carver clone making his getaway , the original Dr. Carver reveals a possible solution - a container of gas that could instantly turn solid peanuts into peanut butter . Penny takes the gas , boards the clone 's airship , and battles him with help from Oscar , who para-sails up using one of Sugar Mama 's giant underwear . Just as Penny is on the verge of releasing the gas , Dr. Carver offers her to join him and live a free life , without rules or responsibilities . However , Penny retorts that , even though they are n't the perfect one , her family is who she cares about and unleashes the gas , foiling the clone 's plot and destroying the army . The clone , having only been hit slightly by the gas , turns back into a peanut and falls into the ocean . Oscar then gives Penny her birthday necklace , stating that he now knows she 's mature enough that she is ready to make her own decisions , and finally accepts her for who she is , and they then make up on national TV . 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back - up dancers and the crowd loves them . On Legume Island , the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends ' song has been popular for five weeks ( 35 days ) in a row . In an extended ending , the scene fast - forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family , Penny is receiving her driver 's license and helps Oscar by driving through town advertising his new drink Pork - Nut - o - Rade , but Puff drank it back home earlier , turning him into a large and rampaging monster . He chases them around the world up to China , until Suga Mama , who also drank the concoction , takes him home . Voice cast ( edit ) Kyla Pratt -- Penny Proud Tommy Davidson -- Oscar Proud Paula Jai Parker -- Trudy Proud Jo Marie Payton -- Suga Mama Tara Strong -- Bebe Proud / Cece Proud / Cashew Orlando Brown -- Sticky Webb Jeff Bennett -- Mr. Bufferman Soleil Moon Frye -- Zoey Howser Alisa Reyes -- LaCienega Boulevardez Karen Malina White -- Dijonay Jones Omarion -- 15 Cent LisaRaye McCoy -- Choreographer Arsenio Hall -- Dr. Carver / Bobby Proud Jeremy Suarez -- Wally Carlos Alazraqui -- Puff / Board Member Billy West - Board Member / Cab Driver Carlos Mencia - Felix Boulevardez Maria Canals - Sunset Boulevardez Alvaro Guttierez -- Papi Phil LaMarr -- Dr. Carver in Disguise / Board Member Aries Spears -- Wizard Kelly / Board Member Keith David -- Bebe Proud Clone Kevin Michael Richardson -- Mangler Mania / Bobo the Sea Beast Masi Oka - Japanese Kid / Announcer Soundtrack ( edit ) The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez , Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel . The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick , Jorge Corante , Robyn Johnson , Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston , along with covers of calypso songs . The songs featured in the film are : `` Blowin ' Up the Spot '' - Performed by Omarion Grandberry ( Instrumental only ) `` Right Here '' - Performed by ' Jhené Ako ' `` Boom Boom Boom '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` If I Ruled the World '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` Looking for the Perfect Beat '' - Performed by Afrika Bambaatta & the Soulsonic Force `` Together Makes it Better '' - Performed by Kyla Pratt ( Penny Proud ) , Alisa Reyes ( LaCienga Boulevardez ) , Karen Malina White ( Dijonay Jones ) and Soleil Moon Frye ( Zoey ) Release ( edit ) The Proud Family Movie was shown on Disney Channel on August 19 , 2005 and was released on DVD December 6 , 2005 with an extended ending . The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28 , 2016 , as part of Disney Channel 's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film , Adventures in Babysitting . External links ( edit ) Official website The Proud Family Movie on IMDb The Proud Family Movie at AllMovie The Proud Family Movie at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce W. Smith Films directed Bébé 's Kids ( 1992 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Television The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) Da Boom Crew ( 2004 ) Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Freaky Friday ( 2018 ) Upcoming Descendants 3 ( 2019 ) Kim Possible ( 2019 ) Disney home entertainment animated features Sequels and other follow - ups The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure ( 2001 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Brother Bear 2 ( 2006 ) The Fox and the Hound 2 ( 2006 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Films based on TV series Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade ( 2003 ) Recess : All Growed Down ( 2003 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) TV series pilots and compilations Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken ( 1995 ) Mighty Ducks the Movie : The First Face - Off ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Halloween ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Original stories Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Spin - offs Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) Adaptations Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Disney Sing - Along Songs series ( 1986 -- 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Proud_Family_Movie&oldid=856193837 '' Categories : 2005 television films 2005 animated films Films directed by Bruce W. Smith American television films American animated films Fantasy - comedy films Films based on television series Disney Channel Original Movie films 2000s American animated films American films Films about vacationing Films about cloning Films set on islands African - American animated films American television series finales Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who plays 15 cent in the proud family movie	[ "Omarion – 15 Cent" ]	[ "Omarion" ]
2119624550651625591	Spanish colonization of the Americas	Spanish colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Spanish colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` Conquista '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquista ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Flag of Spanish conquistadors with crown of Castile on a red flag , used by Hernán Cortés , Francisco Pizarro and others The Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by its administrators and missionaries . The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions . Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries , the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands , half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ) . It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ) , a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) . In the early 19th century , the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas , except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were finally given up in 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific . Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governing 2.1 Dominions 2.1. 1 North 2.1. 2 South 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests ( edit ) Iberian territory of Crown of Castile ... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile ( New Spain and Philippines ) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile ( Perú , New Granada and Río de la Plata ) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile , Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand , King of Aragon , pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy . Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs , they remained separate kingdoms . The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West . The funding came from the queen of Castile , so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile . In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories , authority for expeditions of discovery , conquest , and settlement resided in the monarchy . West Indies ( edit ) Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories , and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys . He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage . After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people , the town of Isabella was begun in 1493 , on his second voyage . In 1496 his brother , Bartholomew , founded Santo Domingo . By 1500 , despite a high death rate , there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area . The local Taíno people continued to resist , refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages . The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest . In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present - day Guajira peninsula . Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas , in 1501 by Franciscan friars , but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people , it had to be refounded several times , until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569 . The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year . There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of Mexico For more details on this topic , see Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala . Spanish Conquest of Mexico , meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortes ' invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions . Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Spanish conquest of Guatemala , the war of Mexico 's west , and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations . But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532 . The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés . The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick , from 1519 to 1521 , and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl . These polities allied against the Aztec empire , to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest , leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign , from 1551 to 1697 , against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America . When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22 , 1519 , marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region . The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade , with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established by Charles V in 1535 with the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy . Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas . In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization . The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated , such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region . The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542 . The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . Río de la Plata and Paraguay ( edit ) European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 . Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned . A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) . He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . New Granada ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543 , six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia , conquered the Muisca Confederation , and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ) . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command . It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá , and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela . The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru . The crown established the audiencia in 1549 . Ultimately , the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739 . After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s , the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia . Governing ( edit ) Main articles : Viceroyalty of New Spain , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital , México City ) , and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital , Lima ) . In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital , Bogotá ) , and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital , Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru . This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system , raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency . Dominions ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) . He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current United States because he led the first European expedition to Florida , which he named . North ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821 , then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida , Spain 's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States . Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) Captaincy General of Guatemala South ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence Spanish colonialization in the Americas . During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain , assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain . The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence . They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry , mostly Spanish or Portuguese ) , bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country . In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ) , and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ) . In 1810 Mexico declared independence , with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade . In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War . The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico . These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas . The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts . All of the colonies , except Cuba and Puerto Rico , attained independence by the 1820s . The British Empire offered support , wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas . In 1898 , the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain , ending the Spanish colonial era . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States . The United States took occupation of Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States , now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory . Demographic impact ( edit ) It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824 , with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence . In Hispaniola , the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509 . Although population estimates vary , Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas , the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492 . The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century . In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century . The overwhelming cause of decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline . Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) . See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ida Altman , S.L. Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Sucre State Government : Cumaná in History ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tibesar , A.S. ( 1957 ) . `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola , 1505 -- 1559 '' . The Americas . 13 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 389 . doi : 10.2307 / 979442 . JSTOR 979442 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain , The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan . Washington DC : Carnegie Institution . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , The War for Mexico 's West . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2010 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell , Soldiers , Indians , and Silver : North America 's Last Frontier War . Tempe : Center for Latin America Studies , Arizona State University 1975 . First published by University of California Press 1952 . Jump up ^ Clements Markham , The Conquest of New Granada ( 1912 ) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas , José Ignacio . The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff , Martin A. 1963 . Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations . University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49 : 155 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Powers , Stephen . 1875 . `` California Indian Characteristics '' . Overland Monthly 14 : 297 -- 309 . on - line Jump up ^ Cook 's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh : `` The first ( factor ) was the food supply ... The second factor was disease ... A third factor , which strongly intensified the effect of the other two , was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian . He was driven from his home by the thousands , starved , beaten , raped , and murdered with impunity . He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases , but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food , clothing , and shelter . The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible , and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident . '' Cook , Sherburne F. 1976b . The Population of the California Indians , 1769 -- 1970 . University of California Press , Berkeley p. 200 Further reading ( edit ) Brading , D.A. , The First America : the Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 -- 1867 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 ) . Clark , Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America : 1513 -- 1587 ( McFarland & Company , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5909 - 4 Elliott , J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 -- 1830 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) Hanke , Lewis . The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1965 ) . Haring , Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America ( London : Oxford University Press , 1947 ) Kamen , Henry . Empire : How Spain Became a World Power , 1492 -- 1763 ( HarperCollins , 2004 ) Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( Vol. 1 . London : Macmillan , 1918 ) Portuondo , María M. Secret Science : Spanish Cosmography and the New World ( Chicago : Chicago UP , 2009 ) . Restall , Matthew and Felipe Fernández - Armesto . The Conquistadors : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Thomas , Hugh . Rivers of Gold : the rise of the Spanish Empire , from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 ) Weber , David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America ( Yale University Press , 1992 ) Historiography ( edit ) Alejandro Cañeque . `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291 , DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Weber , David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands : Retrospect and Prospect . '' Journal of the Southwest ( 1987 ) : 331 -- 363 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America ( Edward Gaylord Bourne , 1904 ) ' Spain in America ' The Spanish Borderlands ( Herbert E. Bolton , 1921 ) ' The Spanish Borderlands ' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Conquistadores Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - 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language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 16 : 00 . 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9194280048530475553	Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics	Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Venues Bolshoy Ice Dome Shayba Arena Dates 8 -- 23 February 2014 Competitors 468 from 14 nations ← 2010 2018 → Men 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! Sweden 03 ! Finland Women 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! United States 03 ! Switzerland Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The ice hockey competitions of the 2014 Winter Olympics were played at two venues , located 300 meters from each other , within the Olympic Park in Sochi , Russia . The Bolshoy Ice Dome , which seats 12,000 , resembles a Fabergé egg . The Shayba Arena , seating 7,000 , is a moveable structure that will be used after the games in another Russian city . Both venues are international sized ( 60 meters by 30 meters ) . Twelve teams competed in the men 's tournament and eight teams in the women 's . The tournaments began 8 February 2014 . The women 's concluded on 20 February and the men 's on 23 February . Canada went undefeated throughout both the men and women 's tournaments and repeated as gold medalists , after winning both tournaments on home soil in Vancouver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Medal table 1.2 Medalists 2 Men 's tournament 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Participating nations 3 Women 's tournament 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Participating nations 4 References 5 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada 0 0 Sweden 0 0 United States 0 0 Finland 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 Total 6 Medalists ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's details Canada ( CAN ) Jamie Benn Patrice Bergeron Jay Bouwmeester Jeff Carter Sidney Crosby Drew Doughty Matt Duchene Ryan Getzlaf Dan Hamhuis Duncan Keith Chris Kunitz Roberto Luongo Patrick Marleau Rick Nash Corey Perry Alex Pietrangelo Carey Price Patrick Sharp Mike Smith Martin St. Louis P.K. Subban John Tavares Jonathan Toews Marc - Édouard Vlasic Shea Weber Sweden ( SWE ) Daniel Alfredsson Nicklas Bäckström Patrik Berglund Alexander Edler Oliver Ekman - Larsson Jhonas Enroth Jimmie Ericsson Jonathan Ericsson Loui Eriksson Jonas Gustavsson Carl Hagelin Niklas Hjalmarsson Marcus Johansson Erik Karlsson Niklas Kronwall Marcus Krüger Gabriel Landeskog Henrik Lundqvist Gustav Nyquist Johnny Oduya Daniel Sedin Jakob Silfverberg Alexander Steen Henrik Tallinder Henrik Zetterberg Finland ( FIN ) Juhamatti Aaltonen Aleksander Barkov Mikael Granlund Juuso Hietanen Jarkko Immonen Jussi Jokinen Olli Jokinen Leo Komarov Sami Lepistö Petri Kontiola Lauri Korpikoski Lasse Kukkonen Jori Lehterä Kari Lehtonen Olli Määttä Antti Niemi Antti Pihlström Tuukka Rask Tuomo Ruutu Sakari Salminen Sami Salo Teemu Selänne Kimmo Timonen Ossi Väänänen Sami Vatanen Women 's details Canada ( CAN ) Meghan Agosta - Marciano Gillian Apps Mélodie Daoust Laura Fortino Jayna Hefford Haley Irwin Brianne Jenner Rebecca Johnston Charline Labonté Geneviève Lacasse Jocelyne Larocque Meaghan Mikkelson Caroline Ouellette Marie - Philip Poulin Lauriane Rougeau Natalie Spooner Shannon Szabados Jenn Wakefield Catherine Ward Tara Watchorn Hayley Wickenheiser United States ( USA ) Kacey Bellamy Megan Bozek Alexandra Carpenter Julie Chu Kendall Coyne Brianna Decker Meghan Duggan Lyndsey Fry Amanda Kessel Hilary Knight Jocelyne Lamoureux Monique Lamoureux Gisele Marvin Brianne McLaughlin Michelle Picard Josephine Pucci Molly Schaus Anne Schleper Kelli Stack Lee Stecklein Jessie Vetter Switzerland ( SUI ) Janine Alder Livia Altmann Sophie Anthamatten Laura Benz Sara Benz Nicole Bullo Romy Eggimann Sarah Forster Angela Frautschi Jessica Lutz Julia Marty Stefanie Marty Alina Müller Katrin Nabholz Evelina Raselli Florence Schelling Lara Stalder Phoebe Stanz Anja Stiefel Nina Waidacher Teemu Selanne , at age 43 years and 234 days , became the oldest ice hockey player to win an Olympic medal , by being part of Team Finland 's bronze . He also holds the Olympic record for total ice hockey points , upping it to 43 . He also shares the record for most appearances in ice hockey at the Olympics , with 2014 being his 6th Olympics . In a drug test at the Olympics , Nicklas Bäckström 's A-sample indicated doping pseudoephedrine and he was prevented from playing in the final . The B - sample , analyzed after the final , also showed values above the allowed limit . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament The tournament featured 12 countries , 9 qualifying through the IIHF World Ranking , and 3 through subsequent qualifying tournaments . The format was the same as 2010 ; there were three groups of 4 to determine seeding , with four rounds of elimination games . Each group winner received a bye into the second round , along with the best second place team while the remaining eight teams played a qualification game . Each quarter - final winner advanced to the semis with the winners playing for the gold medal , and the losers the bronze . The NHL has agreed to allow its players to participate in the tournament . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's qualification Qualification for the men 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . The top nine teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , while all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining three spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The twelve nations played in three pools . Group A Group B Group C Russia Slovakia United States Slovenia Finland Canada Norway Austria Czech Republic Sweden Switzerland Latvia Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament The women 's tournament ran from 8 to 20 February . Eight nations contested the gold . A new format was introduced , with the top 4 ranked teams in group A , with the next four in group B . The bottom two group A teams played the top 2 teams in group B in the quarter finals , where the winners played either the first or second place team in group A . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's qualification Qualification for the women 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 IIHF Women 's World Championships . The top five teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , Russia gained direct entry by being host and all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining two spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The eight nations played in two pools . On December 6 , 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations resulting in the team being disqualified . Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later . Group A Group B Canada Finland Switzerland United States Russia Sweden Germany Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bolshoy Ice Dome -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com. 21 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shayba Arena -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big ice in Sochi 2014 '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Oklobzija ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Teemu Selanne ends Olympic career a medalist '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dave Lozo ( 22 February 2014 ) . `` Olympic Hockey 2014 : Finnish Flash Teemu Selanne Cements His Legacy '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 events in IIHF program '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Sochi in the final stretch , a review of the venues at IIHF.com . Events at the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Sochi ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828550555 '' Categories : 2014 Winter Olympics events Ice hockey at the Olympic Games 2014 in ice hockey Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics International ice hockey competitions hosted by Russia 2013 -- 14 in Russian ice hockey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Infobox Olympic event using medalist parameter without NOC parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the gold metal for men's ice hockey in 2014	[ "\n\nEvent\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\n\n\nMen's\ndetails\n Canada (CAN)\nJamie Benn\nPatrice Bergeron\nJay Bouwmeester\nJeff Carter\nSidney Crosby\nDrew Doughty\nMatt Duchene\nRyan Getzlaf\nDan Hamhuis\nDuncan Keith\nChris Kunitz\nRoberto Luongo\nPatrick Marleau\nRick Nash\nCorey Perry\nAlex Pietrangelo\nCarey Price\nPatrick Sharp\nMike Smith\nMartin St. Louis\nP. K. Subban\nJohn Tavares\nJonathan Toews\nMarc-Édouard Vlasic\nShea Weber\n Sweden (SWE)\nDaniel Alfredsson\nNicklas Bäckström\nPatrik Berglund\nAlexander Edler\nOliver Ekman-Larsson\nJhonas Enroth\nJimmie Ericsson\nJonathan Ericsson\nLoui Eriksson\nJonas Gustavsson\nCarl Hagelin\nNiklas Hjalmarsson\nMarcus Johansson\nErik Karlsson\nNiklas Kronwall\nMarcus Krüger\nGabriel Landeskog\nHenrik Lundqvist\nGustav Nyquist\nJohnny Oduya\nDaniel Sedin\nJakob Silfverberg\nAlexander Steen\nHenrik Tallinder\nHenrik Zetterberg\n Finland (FIN)\nJuhamatti Aaltonen\nAleksander Barkov\nMikael Granlund\nJuuso Hietanen\nJarkko Immonen\nJussi Jokinen\nOlli Jokinen\nLeo Komarov\nSami Lepistö\nPetri Kontiola\nLauri Korpikoski\nLasse Kukkonen\nJori Lehterä\nKari Lehtonen\nOlli Määttä\nAntti Niemi\nAntti Pihlström\nTuukka Rask\nTuomo Ruutu\nSakari Salminen\nSami Salo\nTeemu Selänne\nKimmo Timonen\nOssi Väänänen\nSami Vatanen\n\n\nWomen's\ndetails\n Canada (CAN)\nMeghan Agosta-Marciano\nGillian Apps\nMélodie Daoust\nLaura Fortino\nJayna Hefford\nHaley Irwin\nBrianne Jenner\nRebecca Johnston\nCharline Labonté\nGeneviève Lacasse\nJocelyne Larocque\nMeaghan Mikkelson\nCaroline Ouellette\nMarie-Philip Poulin\nLauriane Rougeau\nNatalie Spooner\nShannon Szabados\nJenn Wakefield\nCatherine Ward\nTara Watchorn\nHayley Wickenheiser\n United States (USA)\nKacey Bellamy\nMegan Bozek\nAlexandra Carpenter\nJulie Chu\nKendall Coyne\nBrianna Decker\nMeghan Duggan\nLyndsey Fry\nAmanda Kessel\nHilary Knight\nJocelyne Lamoureux\nMonique Lamoureux\nGisele Marvin\nBrianne McLaughlin\nMichelle Picard\nJosephine Pucci\nMolly Schaus\nAnne Schleper\nKelli Stack\nLee Stecklein\nJessie Vetter\n Switzerland (SUI)\nJanine Alder\nLivia Altmann\nSophie Anthamatten\nLaura Benz\nSara Benz\nNicole Bullo\nRomy Eggimann\nSarah Forster\nAngela Frautschi\nJessica Lutz\nJulia Marty\nStefanie Marty\nAlina Müller\nKatrin Nabholz\nEvelina Raselli\nFlorence Schelling\nLara Stalder\nPhoebe Stanz\nAnja Stiefel\nNina Waidacher\n\n" ]	[ "Canada" ]
-7366463947931934432	Charlotte's Web	Charlotte 's Web - wikipedia Charlotte 's Web Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Charlotte 's Web ( disambiguation ) . Charlotte 's Web First edition Author E.B. White Illustrator Garth Williams Cover artist Garth Williams Country United States Language English Genre Children 's Publisher Harper & Brothers Publication date 1952 Pages 192 Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published in October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live . Written in White 's dry , low - key manner , Charlotte 's Web is considered a classic of children 's literature , enjoyable to adults as well as children . The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often cited example of rhythm in writing , as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly listed the book as the best - selling children 's paperback of all time . Charlotte 's Web was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 . Paramount released a direct - to - video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , in the U.S. in 2003 ( Universal released the film internationally ) . A live - action film version of E.B. White 's original story was released in 2006 . A video game based on this adaption was also released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 History 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Video game 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot summary After her father spares the life of a piglet from slaughtering it as runt of the litter , a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly , naming him Wilbur . On greater maturity , Wilbur is sold to Fern 's uncle , Homer Zuckerman , in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals , until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte , living on a web overlooking Wilbur 's enclosure . Upon Wilbur 's discovery that he is intended for slaughter , she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life . Accordingly , she secretly weaves praise of him into her web , attracting publicity among Zuckerman 's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention . As time passes , more inscriptions appear on Charlotte 's webs , increasing his renown . Therefore , Wilbur is entered in the county fair , accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton , whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages . There , Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her unborn offspring , and Wilbur , despite winning no prizes , is later celebrated by the fair 's staff and visitors ( thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him ) . Exhausted apparently by laying eggs , Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly after Wilbur 's departure . Having returned to Zuckerman 's farm , Wilbur guards Charlotte 's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching . The three smallest remain , however . Pleased at finding new friends , Wilbur names the spiderlings Joy , Nellie , and Aranea , and the book concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years . Characters Wilbur is a rambunctious pig , the runt of his litter . He is often strongly emotional . Charlotte A. Cavatica , or simply Charlotte , is a spider who befriends Wilbur . In some passages , she is the heroine of the story . John Arable : Wilbur 's first owner . Fern Arable , John 's daughter , who adopts Wilbur in his infancy , and later visits him . She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation . Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food . He serves as a somewhat caustic , self - serving comic relief to the plot . Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern . Like Templeton , he is a source of comic relief . Homer Zuckerman is Fern 's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn . He has a wife , Edith , and an assistant named Lurvy . Other animals in Zuckerman 's barn , with whom Wilbur converses , are a disdainful lamb , a talkative goose , and an intelligent `` old sheep '' . Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern 's age , of whom Fern becomes fond . Dr. Dorian is the family physician / psychologist consulted by Fern 's mother and something of a wise old man character . Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur 's rival at the fair . History White 's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day , in 1952 , E. B. White handed her a new manuscript , the only version of Charlotte 's Web then in existence , which she read soon after and enjoyed . Charlotte 's Web was published three years after White began writing it . Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948 , an account of his own failure to save a sick pig ( bought for butchering ) , Charlotte 's Web can be seen as White 's attempt `` to save his pig in retrospect '' . White 's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written : `` I have n't told why I wrote the book , but I have n't told you why I sneeze , either . A book is a sneeze '' . When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte , he called her Charlotte Epeira ( after Epeira sclopetaria , the Grey Cross spider , now known as Larinioides sclopetarius ) , before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was Aranea . In the novel , Charlotte gives her full name as `` Charlotte A. Cavatica '' , revealing her as a barn spider , an orb - weaver with the scientific name Araneus cavaticus . The arachnid anatomical terms ( mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine ) and other information that White used , came mostly from American Spiders by Willis J. Gertsch and The Spider Book by John Henry Comstock , both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact . White incorporated details from Comstock 's accounts of baby spiders , most notably the `` flight '' of the young spiders on silken parachutes . White sent Gertsch 's book to illustrator Garth Williams . Williams ' initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman 's face , and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead . White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard ( which later became the third chapter ) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page . White 's publishers were at one point concerned with the book 's ending and tried to get White to change it . Charlotte 's Web has become White 's most famous book ; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel , which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes . Reception Charlotte 's Web was generally well - reviewed when it was released . In The New York Times , Eudora Welty wrote , `` As a piece of work it is just about perfect , and just about magical in the way it is done . '' Aside from its paperback sales , Charlotte 's Web is 78th on the all - time bestselling hardback book list . According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation ( see below ) , the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages . It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953 , losing to Secret of the Andes by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal . In 1970 , White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , a major prize in the field of children 's literature , for Charlotte 's Web , along with his first children 's book , Stuart Little , published in 1945 . Seth Lerer , in his book Children 's Literature , finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity , and compares her to other female characters in children 's literature such as Jo March in Little Women and Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden . Nancy Larrick brings to attention the `` startling note of realism '' in the opening line , `` Where 's Papa going with that Ax ? '' Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story , and calls Garth Williams ' illustrations full of `` sensitivity , warmth , humor , and intelligence . '' Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams ' illustrations inspired and influenced her . There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded . Newsweek writes that White reads the story `` without artifice and with a mellow charm , '' and that `` White also has a plangency that will make you weep , so do n't listen ( at least , not to the sad parts ) while driving . '' Joe Berk , president of Pathway Sound , had recorded Charlotte 's Web with White in White 's neighbor 's house in Maine ( which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience ) and released the book in LP . Bantam released Charlotte 's Web alongside Stuart Little on CD in 1991 , digitally remastered , having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount . In 2005 , a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders ( each representing Charlotte 's child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen ) with accompanying letters ; they ended up visiting a large number of parks , monuments , and museums , and were hosted by and / or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then - First Lady Laura Bush . In 2003 Charlotte 's Web was listed at number 170 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' A 2004 study found that Charlotte 's Web was a common read - aloud book for third - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . '' It was one of the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . Its awards and nominations include : Newbery Honor Book ( 1953 ) Horn Book Fanfare ( 1953 ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal ( 1970 ) ( awarded to White for his children 's books : Charlotte 's Web and Stuart Little ) Massachusetts Children 's Book Award ( 1984 ) Adaptations Film The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers . In 2003 , a direct - to - video sequel of that film , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , was released by Paramount Pictures . In 2006 , Paramount Pictures , with Walden Media , Kerner Entertainment Company , and Nickelodeon Movies , produced a live - action / animated adaptation starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte , released on December 15 , 2006 . Stage Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) A musical production was created with music and lyrics by Charles Strouse . Video game Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega , and released on December 12 , 2006 , for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 and PC . See also United States portal Children 's literature portal List of best - selling books The Tale of Little Pig Robinson `` Low THC cannabis ( '' Charlotte 's web `` ) Death in children 's literature References Jump up ^ `` Private Tutor '' . Factmonster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte A. Cavatica : Bloodthirsty , Wise And True '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Ursula ( 1974 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Stuart , Wilbur , Charlotte : A Tale of Tales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Authors & illustrators : E.B. White : AUTHOR NOTE : A Letter from E.B. White '' . harpercollinschildrens.com . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( January 1948 ) . `` Death of a Pig '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weales , Gerald ( 1970 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Designs of E.B. White '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun . `` A book is a sneeze '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Scott ( 1984 ) . E.B. White : A Biography . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01771 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeyer , Peter F. ( 1991 ) . `` Charlotte , Arachnida : The Scientific Sources '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 19 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 231 . ISSN 0147 - 2593 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 1995.0034 . ^ Jump up to : Elledge ( 1984 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ; Dorothy Lobrano Guth ( ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Letters of E.B. White . Harper and Row . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 014601 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White ( 1976 ) , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Garfield , Henry ( May 2007 ) . `` E.B. White 's Web '' . Bangor - Metro . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , October 19 , 1952 Jump up ^ Lerer , Seth ( 2008 ) . Children 's Literature . University of Chicago Press . pp. 249 -- 251 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 47300 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larrick , Nancy ( 1982 ) . A Parent 's Guide to Children 's Reading ( Fifth ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Westminster Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 32705 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Henry ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bluthenthal , Diana Cain ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Katrine ; Marc Peyser ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) . `` For Little Pitchers With Big Ears '' . Newsweek . New York ( 24 ) : 79 . ISSN 0028 - 9604 . ^ Jump up to : Schnol , Janet ; Joanne Tangorra ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Bantam Releases CD / Cassette of E.B. White Titles '' . Publishers Weekly . 238 ( 46 ) : 32 . ISSN 0000 - 0019 . Jump up ^ Worldly Web : A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading , meeting new people , and experiencing new adventures . Readers Digest 2007 - 06 - 13 , page found 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 ¬ -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / rt. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . School Library Journal `` A Fuse # 8 Production '' blog . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery Medal Home Page , American Library Association Jump up ^ Book awards : A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book Jump up ^ Massachusetts Children 's awards Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Further Reading Griffith , John W. ( 1993 ) . Charlotte 's web : a pig 's salvation . New York : Twayne . ISBN 0805788123 . Neumeyer , Peter F. ; Williams , Garth ; White , E.B. ( 1994 ) . The annotated Charlotte 's web . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060243872 . White , E.B. ( 2007 ) . Some pig ! : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060781610 . White , E.B. ( 2008 ) . Wilbur 's adventure : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060781644 . Sims , Michael ( 2011 ) . The story of Charlotte 's web : E.B. White 's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 9780802777546 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlotte 's Web Charlotte 's Web home page at publisher 's site E.B. White 's Charlotte 's Web ( 1952 ) Films Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Other Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Pigs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_Web&oldid=802160836 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American children 's novels Fictional spiders Fictional pigs Books about friendship Newbery Honor - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Works by E.B. White Harper & Brothers books American novels adapted into films Children 's novels about animals Pigs in literature 1952 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 10 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the pig in charlotte's web	[ "Charlotte's Web is a children's novel by American author E. B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams; it was published in October 15, 1952, by Harper & Brothers. The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur (such as \"Some Pig\") in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live." ]	[ "Wilbur" ]
1090408542115012679	Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom	Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History ( hide ) Social Feminist history History of feminism Women 's history American British Canadian German Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim countries US Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) ( show ) Amazon Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Hip hop Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Multicultural Black Chicana White Indigenous Native American Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) ( show ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts ( show ) Antifeminism Bicycling Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Equality Embedded feminism Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminazi Feminism in culture Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men and feminism Meninism Movement African - American woman suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Networked feminism Oedipus complex Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification State feminism Straw feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender and transsexual people War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory ( show ) Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist ... anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fpda geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics political ecology political theory pornography psychology revisionist mythology science fiction sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology thealogy womanist theology By country ( show ) Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Republic of the Congo Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Mali Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Syria South Africa South Korea Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States Feminist movement History of women Lists and categories ( show ) Lists Articles Feminists by nationality Literature American feminist literature Feminist comic books Conservative feminisms Countries by women 's average years in school Ecofeminist authors Feminist art critics Feminist economists Feminist philosophers Feminist poets Feminist rhetoricians Jewish feminists Muslim feminists Feminist parties Suffragists and suffragettes Women 's rights activists Women 's studies journals Women 's suffrage organizations Categories Women 's rights by country Feminists by nationality Feminism portal WSPU poster by Hilda Dallas , 1909 . Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to give women the right to vote . It finally succeeded through two laws in 1918 and 1928 . It became a national movement in the Victorian era . Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act . In 1872 the fight for women 's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . As well as in England , women 's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum . The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906 . It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of all politics , including the militant suffragette campaigns . Lobbying did take place quietly . In 1918 , a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918 , enfranchising all men , as well as all women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications . In 1928 , the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act giving the vote to all women over the age of 21 on equal terms with men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early suffragist societies 3 The formation of a national movement 3.1 Women 's political groups 3.1. 1 The Primrose League 3.1. 2 The Women 's Liberal Associations 3.2 Pressure groups 3.3 Pankhursts and suffragettes 4 First World War 4.1 Parliament expands suffrage 1918 5 Women in prominent roles 6 Legacy 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 Primary sources 12 External links Background ( edit ) Until the 1832 Great Reform Act specified ' male persons ' , a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership , although this was rare . In local government elections , single women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 . This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women . By 1900 , more than 1 million single women were registered to vote in local government elections in England . Both before and after the 1832 Reform Act there were some who advocated that women should have the right to vote in parliamentary elections . After the enactment of the Reform Act enactment the MP Henry Hunt argued that any woman who was single , a tax payer and had sufficient property should be allowed to vote . One such wealthy woman , Mary Smith , was used in this speech as an example . The Chartist Movement , which began in the late 1830s , has also been suggested to have included supporters of female suffrage . There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett , one of the authors of the People 's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign 's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter . Although there were female Chartists , they largely worked toward universal male suffrage . At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote . There is a poll book from 1843 which clearly shows thirty women 's names among those who voted . These women were playing an active role in the election . On the roll , the wealthiest female elector was Grace Brown , a butcher . Due to the high rates that she paid , Grace Brown was entitled to four votes . Lilly Maxwell made a high - profile vote in Britain in 1867 after the Great Reform Act of 1832 . Maxwell , a shop owner , met the property qualifications that otherwise would have made her eligible to vote had she been male . In error , however , her name had been added to the election register and on that basis she succeeded in voting in a by - election -- her vote however was later declared illegal by the Court of Common Pleas . The case , however , gave women 's suffrage campaigners great publicity . Outside pressure for women 's suffrage was at this time diluted by feminist issues in general . Women 's rights were becoming increasingly prominent in the 1850s as some women in higher social spheres refused to obey the gender roles dictated to them . Feminist goals at this time included the right to sue an ex-husband after divorce ( achieved in 1857 ) and the right for married women to own property ( fully achieved in 1882 after some concession by the government in 1870 ) . The issue of parliamentary reform declined along with the Chartists after 1848 and only reemerged with the election of John Stuart Mill in 1865 . He stood for office showing direct support for female suffrage and was an MP in the run up to the second Reform Act . Early suffragist Societies ( edit ) In the same year that John Stuart Mill was elected ( 1865 ) , the first Ladies Discussion Society was formed , debating whether women should be involved in public affairs . Although a society for suffrage was proposed , this was turned down on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists . However , later that year Leigh Smith Bodichon formed the first Women 's Suffrage Committee and within a fortnight collected 1,500 signatures in favour of female suffrage in advance to the second Reform Bill . The Manchester Society for Women 's Suffrage was founded in February 1867 . Its secretary , Lydia Becker , wrote letters both to Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and to The Spectator . She was also involved with the London group , and organised the collection of more signatures . However , in June the London group split , partly a result of party allegiance , and partly the result of tactical issues . Conservative members wished to move slowly to avoid alarming public opinion , while Liberals generally opposed this apparent dilution of political conviction . As a result , Helen Taylor founded the London National Society for Women 's Suffrage which set up strong links with Manchester and Edinburgh . In Scotland one of the earliest societies was the Edinburgh National Society for Women 's Suffrage . Although these early splits left the movement divided and sometimes leaderless , it allowed Lydia Becker to have a stronger influence . The suffragists were known as the parliamentaries . In Ireland , the Dublin Women 's Suffrage Association was established in 1874 . As well as campaigning for women 's suffrage , it sought to advance women 's position in local government . In 1898 , it changed its name to the Irish Women 's Suffrage and Local Government Association . The formation of a National movement ( edit ) Women 's political groups ( edit ) A handbill complaining about sexual discrimination during the movement . Although women 's political party groups were not formed with the aim to achieve women 's suffrage , they did have two key effects . Firstly , they showed women who were members to be competent in the political arena and as this became clear , secondly , it brought the concept of female suffrage closer to acceptance . The Primrose League ( edit ) The Primrose League was set up to promote Conservative values through social events and supporting the community . As women were able to join , this gave females of all classes the ability to mix with local and national political figures . Many also had important roles such as bringing voters to the polls . This removed segregation and promoted political literacy amongst women . The League , however , did not promote women 's suffrage as one of its objectives . The women 's Liberal associations ( edit ) Although there is evidence to suggest that they were originally formed to promote female franchise ( the first being in Bristol in 1881 ) , WLAs often did not hold such an agenda . They did , however , operate independently from the male groups . They became more active when they came under the control of the Women 's Liberal Federation , and canvassed all classes for support of women 's suffrage and male domination . There was significant support for woman suffrage in the Liberal Party , which was in power after 1905 , but a handful of leaders , especially H.H. Asquith , blocked all efforts in Parliament . Pressure groups ( edit ) The campaign first developed into a national movement in the 1870s . At this point , all campaigners were suffragists , not suffragettes . Up until 1903 , all campaigning took the constitutional approach . It was after the defeat of the first Women 's Suffrage Bill that the Manchester and London committees joined together to gain wider support . The main methods of doing so at this time involved lobbying MPs to put forward Private Member 's Bills . However such bills rarely pass and so this was an ineffective way of actually achieving the vote . In 1868 , local groups amalgamated to form a series of close - knit groups with the founding of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage ( NSWS ) . This is notable as the first attempt to create a unified front to propose women 's suffrage , but had little effect due to several splits , once again weakening the campaign . Famous WSPU poster 1914 Up until 1897 , the campaign stayed at this relatively ineffective level . Campaigners came predominantly from the landed classes and joined together on a small scale only . However , 1897 saw the foundation of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) by Millicent Fawcett . This society linked smaller groups together and also put pressure on non-supportive MPs using various peaceful methods . Pankhursts and suffragettes ( edit ) Founded in 1903 , the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts , Emmeline Pankhurst ( 1858 -- 1928 ) , and her daughters Christabel Pankhurst ( 1880 -- 1958 ) and Sylvia Pankhurst ( 1882 -- 1960 ) . It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades . This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement . While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament , the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue ; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign . The WSPU , in contrast to its allies , embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue , even to the detriment of its own aims . The Cat and Mouse Act was passed by Parliament in an attempt to prevent suffragettes becoming martyrs in prison . It provided the release of those whose hunger strikes and forced feeding had brought them sickness , as well as their re-imprisonment once they had recovered . The result was even greater publicity for the cause . The tactics of the WSPU included shouting down speakers , hunger strikes , stone - throwing , window - smashing , and arson of unoccupied churches and country houses . Historian Martin Pugh says , `` militancy clearly damaged the cause . '' Whitfield says , `` the overall effect of the suffragette militancy , however , was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage . '' Historian Harold Smith , citing historian Sandra Holton , has argued that by 1913 WSPU gave priority to militancy rather than obtaining the vote . Their battle with Liberals have become a , `` kind of holy war , so important that it could not be called off even if continuing it prevented suffrage reform . This preoccupation with the struggle distinguished the WSPU from that by the NUWSS , which remained focused on obtaining women 's suffrage . '' Smith concludes : Although non-historians often assumed the WSPU was primarily responsible for obtaining women 's suffrage , historians are much more skeptical about its contribution . It is generally agreed that the WSPU revitalize the suffrage campaign initially , but that it is escalation of militancy after 1912 impeded reform . Recent studies have shifted from claiming that the WSPU was responsible for women 's suffrage to portraying it as an early form of radical feminism that sought to liberate women from male - centered gender system . First World war ( edit ) The greater suffrage efforts halted with the outbreak of World War I. While some activity continued , with the NUWSS continuing to lobby peacefully , Emmeline Pankhurst , convinced that Germany posed a danger to all humanity , persuaded the WSPU to halt all militant suffrage activity . Parliament expands suffrage 1918 ( edit ) During the wars select group of parliamentary leaders decided on a policy that would expand the suffrage to all men , and to most women . Prime Minister Asquith , an opponent , was replaced in late 1916 by David Lloyd George , a longtime supporter of woman suffrage . During the war , a serious shortage of able - bodied men ( `` manpower '' ) occurred , and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles . With the approval of the labour unions , `` dilution '' was agreed upon . Complicated factory jobs handled by skilled men were diluted or simplified so that they could be handled by less skilled men and women . The result was a large increase in women workers , concentrated in munitions industries of highest priority to winning the war . This led to a new view of what a woman was capable of doing , at the same time the anti-suffrage hostility caused by pre-war militant tactics declined . All the major women 's groups strongly supported the war effort . Pacifism existed on the left of politics , especially in the trade unions , but did not play a major role in creating opposition to women 's suffrage . Until now suffrage was based on occupational qualifications of men . Millions of women were now meeting those occupational qualifications , which in any case were so old - fashioned that the consensus was to remove them . For example , a male voter who joined the Army might lose the right to vote , which was an intolerable result . In early 1916 , suffragist organizations privately agreed to downplay their differences , and resolve that any legislation increasing the number of votes should also enfranchise women . Local government officials proposed a simplification of the old system of franchise and registration , and the Labour cabinet member in the new coalition government , Arthur Henderson , called for universal suffrage , with an age cutoff of 21 for men and 25 for women . Most male political leaders showed anxiety about having a female majority in the new electorate . Parliament turned over the issue to a new Speakers Conference , a special committee from all parties from both houses , chaired by the Speaker . They began meeting in October 1916 , in secret . A majority of 15 to 6 supported votes for some women ; by 12 to 10 , it agreed on a higher age cut off for women . Women leaders accepted a cutoff age of 30 in order to get the vote for most women . Finally in 1918 , Parliament passed an act granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were householders , the wives of householders , occupiers of property with an annual rent of £ 5 , and graduates of British universities . About 8.4 million women gained the vote . In November 1918 , the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into the House of Commons . By 1928 the consensus was that votes for women had been successful . With the Conservative Party in full control in 1928 , it passed the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act that extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21 , granting women the vote on the same terms as men . Women in prominent roles ( edit ) WSPU founders Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst was a key figure gaining intense media coverage of the women 's suffrage movement . Pankhurst , alongside her two daughters , Christabel and Sylvia , founded and led the Women 's Social and Political Union , an organisation which was focused on direct action to win the vote . Her husband , Richard Pankhurst , also supported women suffrage ideas since he was the author of the first British woman suffrage bill and the Married Women 's Property Acts in 1870 and 1882 . After her husband 's death , Emmeline decided to move to the forefront of the suffrage battle . Along with her two daughters , Christabel Pankhurst and Sylvia Pankhurst , she joined the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . With her experience with this organisation , Emmeline founded the Women 's Franchise League in 1889 and the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) in 1903 . Frustrated with years of government inactivity and false promises , the WSPU adopted a militant stance , which was so influential it was later imported into suffrage struggles worldwide , most notably by Alice Paul in the United States . After many years of struggle and adversity , women finally gained suffrage but Emmeline died shortly after this . Another key figure was Millicent Fawcett . She had a peaceful approach to issues presented to the organisations and the way to get points across to society . She supported the Married Women 's Property Act and the social purity campaign . Two events influenced her to become even more involved : her husband 's death and the division of the suffrage movement over the issue of affiliation with political parties . Millicent , who supported staying independent of political parties , made sure that the parts separated came together to become stronger by working together . Because of her actions , she was made president of the NUWSS . In 1910 -- 1912 , she supported a bill to give vote rights to single and widowed females of a household . By supporting the British in World War I , she thought women would be recognised as a prominent part of Europe and deserved basic rights such as voting . Millicent Fawcett came from a radical family . Her sister was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson an English physician and feminist , and the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain . Elizabeth was elected mayor of Aldeburgh in 1908 and gave speeches for suffrage . Emily Davies became an editor of a feminist publication , Englishwoman 's Journal . She expressed her feminist ideas on paper and was also a major supporter and influential figure during the twentieth century . In addition to suffrage , she supported more rights for women such as access to education . She wrote works and had power with words . She wrote texts such as Thoughts on Some Questions Relating to Women in 1910 and Higher Education for Women in 1866 . She was a large supporter in the times where organisations were trying to reach people for a change . With her was a friend named Barbara Bodichon who also published articles and books such as Women and Work ( 1857 ) , Enfranchisement of Women ( 1866 ) , and Objections to the Enfranchisement of Women ( 1866 ) , and American Diary in 1872 . Legacy ( edit ) Whitfield concludes that the militant campaign had some positive effects in terms of attracting enormous publicity , and forcing the moderates to better organize themselves , while also stimulating the organization of the antis . He concludes : The overall effect of the suffragette militancy , however , was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage . For women to gain the right to vote it was necessary to demonstrate that they had public opinion on their side , to build and consolidate a parliamentary majority in favour of women 's suffrage and to persuade or pressure the government to introduce its own franchise reform . None of these objectives was achieved . To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Women being given the right to vote , a statue of Millicent Fawcett is to be erected in Parliament Square , London . Timeline ( edit ) A suffragette arrested in the street by two police officers in London in 1914 1818 : Jeremy Bentham advocates female suffrage in his book A Plan for Parliamentary Reform . The Vestries Act 1818 allowed some single women to vote in parish vestry elections 1832 : Great Reform Act -- confirmed the exclusion of women from the electorate . 1851 : The Sheffield Female Political Association is founded and submits a petition calling for women 's suffrage to the House of Lords . 1864 : The first Contagious Disease Act is passed in England , which is intended to control venereal disease by having prostitutes and women believed to be prostitutes be locked away in hospitals for examination and treatment . When information broke to the general public about the shocking stories of brutality and vice in these hospitals , Josephine Butler launched a campaign to get them repealed . Many have since argued that Butler 's campaign destroyed the conspiracy of silence around sexuality and forced women to act in protection of others of their gender . In doing so , clear linkages emerge between the Suffrage movement and Butler 's campaign . 1865 : John Stuart Mill elected as an MP showing direct support for women 's suffrage . 1867 : Second Reform Act -- Male franchise extended to 2.5 million 1869 : Municipal Franchise Act gives single women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections . 1883 : Conservative Primrose League formed . 1884 : Third Reform Act -- Male electorate doubled to 5 million 1889 : Women 's Franchise League established . 1894 : Local Government Act ( women who owned property could vote in local elections , become Poor Law Guardians , act on School Boards ) 1894 : The publication of C.C. Stopes 's British Freewomen , staple reading for the suffrage movement for decades . 1897 : National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies NUWSS formed ( led by Millicent Fawcett ) . 1903 : Women 's Social and Political Union WSPU is formed ( led by Emmeline Pankhurst ) 1904 : Militancy begins . Emmeline Pankhurst interrupts a Liberal Party meeting . February 1907 : NUWSS `` Mud March '' -- largest open air demonstration ever held ( at that point ) -- over 3000 women took part . In this year , women were admitted to the register to vote in and stand for election to principal local authorities . 1907 : The Artists ' Suffrage League founded 1907 : The Women 's Freedom League founded 1908 : in November of this year , Elizabeth Garrett Anderson , a member of the small municipal borough of Aldeburgh , Suffolk , was selected as mayor of that town , the first woman to so serve . 1907 , 1912 , 1914 : major splits in WSPU 1905 , 1908 , 1913 : Three phases of WSPU militancy ( Civil Disobedience ; Destruction of Public Property ; Arson / Bombings ) 5 July 1909 : Marion Wallace Dunlop went on the first hunger strike -- was released after 91 hours of fasting 1909 The Women 's Tax Resistance League founded September 1909 : Force feeding introduced to hunger strikers in English prisons 1910 : Lady Constance Lytton disguised herself as a working class seamstress , Jane Wharton , and was arrested and endured force feeding that cut down her life span considerably February 1910 : Cross-Party Conciliation Committee ( 54 MPs ) . Conciliation Bill ( that would enfranchise women ) passed its 2nd reading by a majority of 109 but Asquith refused to give it more parliamentary time November 1910 : Herbert Henry Asquith changed Bill to enfranchise more men instead of women 18 November 1910 : Black Friday October 1912 : George Lansbury , Labour MP , resigned his seat in support of women 's suffrage February 1913 : David Lloyd George 's house burned down by WSPU ( despite his support for women 's suffrage ) . April 1913 : Cat and Mouse Act passed , allowing hunger - striking prisoners to be released when their health was threatened and then re-arrested when they had recovered 4 June 1913 : Emily Davison walked in front of , and was subsequently trampled and killed by , the King 's Horse at The Derby . 13 March 1914 : Mary Richardson slashed the Rokeby Venus painted by Diego Velázquez in the National Gallery with an axe , protesting that she was maiming a beautiful woman just as the government was maiming Emmeline Pankhurst with force feeding 4 August 1914 : World War declared in Britain . WSPU activity immediately ceased . NUWSS activity continued peacefully -- the Birmingham branch of the organisation continued to lobby Parliament and write letters to MPs . 1918 : The Representation of the People Act of 1918 enfranchised women over the age of 30 who were either a member or married to a member of the Local Government Register . About 8.4 million women gained the vote . November 1918 : the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into Parliament . 1928 : Women received the vote on the same terms as men ( over the age of 21 ) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928 . See also ( edit ) Feminism in the United Kingdom Lobbying in the United Kingdom The Women 's Library ( London ) -- holds an extensive collection of material relating to the women 's suffrage movement List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists Timeline of women 's suffrage Alice Paul Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Anti-suffragism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) NUWSS Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780748626724 . ^ Jump up to : Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 9780748626724 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's rights '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Act Gave Women the Right to Vote in Britain ? '' . Synonym . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Female Suffrage before 1918 '' , The History of the Parliamentary Franchise , House of Commons Library , 1 March 2013 , pp. 37 -- 9 , retrieved 16 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Women voted 75 years before they were legally allowed to in 1918 '' . The Telegraph . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh ( 2000 ) . The March of the Women : A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women 's Suffrage , 1866 - 1914 . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820775 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh National Society for Women 's Suffrage '' . 1876 . Jump up ^ Martin Roberts ( 2001 ) . Britain , 1846 - 1964 : The Challenge of Change . Oxford UP . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jane Marcus , Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ England , Historic . `` The Struggle for Suffrage Historic England '' . historicengland.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lisa Tickner ( 1988 ) . The Spectacle of Women : Imagery of the Suffrage Campaign 1907 - 14 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Pugh 2012 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Bob Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . Heinemann . pp. 152 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Harold L. Smith ( 2014 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign 1866 - 1928 2nd edition . Routledge . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2014 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign 1866 - 1928 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Arthur Marwick , A history of the modern British Isles , 1914 - 1999 : circumstances , events and outcomes ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 ) , pp 43 - 45 Jump up ^ Millicent Garrett Fawcett ( 2011 ) . The Women 's Victory - and After : Personal Reminiscences , 1911 - 1918 . Cambridge UP . pp. 140 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Fawcett , Millicent Garrett . The Women 's Victory -- and After . p. 170 . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Malcolm Chandler ( 2001 ) . Votes for Women C. 1900 - 28 . Heinemann . p. 27 . Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 15 - 38 Jump up ^ Diane Atkinson The Purple , White and Green : Suffragettes in London , Museum of London , 1992 , p 7 Jump up ^ The Time 100 : Emmeline Pankhurst Jump up ^ `` The Early Suffrage Societies in the 19th century - a timeline '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ A biography of Millicent Garrett Fawcett Jump up ^ A biography of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Jump up ^ A biography of Emily Davies Jump up ^ A biography of Barbara Bodichon Jump up ^ Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragette and equal rights campaigner Millicent Fawcett to be first woman statue in Parliament Square a century after she dedicated her life to getting British women the right to vote '' . Daily Mail . 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent 2014 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Mayall 2000 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/timeline/g4_timeline.htm Jump up ^ Purvis 1995 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 -- Woman 's Hour -- Women 's History Timeline : 1910 -- 1919 Jump up ^ Rowland , Peter ( 1978 ) . David Lloyd George : a biography . Macmillan . p. 228 . Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 7 - 12 Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 15 - 38 Further reading ( edit ) Cowman , Krista ( 2004 ) . `` Mrs. Brown is a Man and a Brother ! '' : Women in Merseyside 's Political Organisations , 1890 -- 1920 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 853 - 23748 - 8 . Crawford , Elizabeth ( 1999 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement : A Reference Guide 1866 -- 1928 . London : UCL Press . Crossley , Nick , et al. `` Covert social movement networks and the secrecy - efficiency trade off : The case of the UK suffragettes ( 1906 -- 1914 ) . '' Social Networks 34.4 ( 2012 ) : 634 - 644 . online Crawford , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland : A Regional Survey . Routledge . Gavron , Sarah . `` The making of the feature film Suffragette . '' Women 's History Review 24.6 ( 2015 ) : 985 - 995 . Seabourne , Gwen . `` Deeds , Words and Drama : A Review of the Film Suffragette . '' Feminist Legal Studies 24.1 ( 2016 ) : 115 - 119 . Griffin , Ben ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain : Masculinity , Political Culture and the Struggle for Women 's Rights . Cambridge University Press . Jenkins , Lyndsey . Lady Constance Lytton : Aristocrat , Suffragette , Martyr ( Biteback Publishing , 2015 ) . Kent , Susan Kingsley ( 2014 ) ( 1987 ) . Sex and Suffrage in Britain , 1860 -- 1914 . Princeton Legacy Library . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Mayall , Laura E. Nym ( 2000 ) . `` Defining Militancy : Radical Protest , the Constitutional Idiom , and Women 's Suffrage in Britain , 1908 -- 1909 '' . The Journal of British Studies . 39 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 371 . JSTOR 175976 . Mayhall , Laura E. Nym . The Militant Suffrage Movement : Citizenship and Resistance in Britain , 1860 - 1930 ( Oxford UP , 2003 ) online Nelson , Carolyn Christensen , ed. ( 2004 ) . Literature of the Women 's Suffrage Campaign in England . Broadview Press . Pugh , Martin ( 2012 ) . State and Society : A Social and Political History of Britain Since 1870 ( 4th ed . ) . London and New York : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 780 - 93041 - 1 . Pugh , Martin . The March of the Women : A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women 's Suffrage , 1866 - 1914 ( Oxford UP , 2000 ) online Purvis , June ( 1995 ) . `` The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain '' . Women 's History Review . 4 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 133 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612029500200073 . Purvis , June ( 2013 ) . `` Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain : some reflections '' . Women 's History Review . 22 ( 4 ) : 576 -- 590 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2012. 751768 . Purvis , Jane ; Sandra , Stanley Holton , eds. ( 2000 ) . Votes For Women . London : Routledge. ; 12 essays by scholars Smith , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign , 1866 -- 1928 ( Revised 2nd ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 408 - 22823 - 4 . Wallace , Ryland ( 2009 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Wales , 1866 -- 1928 . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 708 - 32173 - 7 . Whitfield , Bob ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 -- 1931 . Oxford : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 32717 - 0 . Wingerden , Sophia A. van ( 1999 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Britain , 1866 -- 1928 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 66911 - 2 . Primary sources ( edit ) Lewis , J. , ed . Before the Vote Was Won : Arguments for and Against Women 's Suffrage ( 1987 ) McPhee , C. and A. Fitzgerald , eds . The Non -- Violent Militant : Selected Writings of Teresa Billington - Greig ( 1987 ) Marcus , J. , ed . Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 1987 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom . The struggle for democracy -- information on the suffragettes at the British Library learning website https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/womens-suffrage.html Sources for the Study of Women 's Suffrage in Sheffield , UK produced by Sheffield City Council 's Libraries and Archives . Gladstone , William Ewart ( 1892 ) . Female suffrage . A letter from the Right Hon . W.E. Gladstone . London : John Murray . Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Electoral reform in the United Kingdom Reform Acts Parliamentary England and Wales , 1832 Scotland , 1832 Ireland , 1832 England and Wales , 1867 Scotland , 1868 Ireland , 1868 Municipal Scotland , 1833 England and Wales , 1835 Ireland , 1840 Representation of the People Acts 1884 1918 1928 1948 1949 1969 1981 1985 2000 Other related Acts Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 Parliamentary Elections Act 1868 Ballot Act 1872 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883 Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 House of Commons ( Redistribution of Seats ) Act 1949 Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 Electoral Administration Act 2006 Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 Related topics Unreformed House of Commons Chartism Reform Club Carlton Club Rotten and pocket boroughs Women 's suffrage Wales United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=810419117 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom Women 's rights in the United Kingdom Political history of the United Kingdom First - wave feminism Emmeline Pankhurst Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Hrvatski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 03 : 36 . 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7762923353573611797	Land Rover Discovery Sport	Land Rover Discovery Sport - wikipedia Land Rover Discovery Sport This article is about compact SUV . For the mid-size SUV , see Land Rover Discovery . Land Rover Discovery Sport Overview Manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover Production 2014 -- present Assembly Halewood Body & Assembly , Liverpool , England Changsu , China Itatiaia , Brazil Designer Gerry McGovern Body and chassis Class Subcompact luxury extended length Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Platform Jaguar Land Rover D8 Related Range Rover Evoque Jaguar E-Pace Powertrain Engine 2015MY 2.0 L EcoBoost I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.2 L Duratorq I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) 2016MY 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) Transmission 6 -- speed Getrag M66EH50 manual 9 -- speed ZF 9 - HP automatic Wheelbase 2,741 mm ( 107.9 in ) Length 4,590 mm ( 180.7 in ) Width 2,069 mm ( 81.5 in ) wing mirrors folded Height 1,724 mm ( 67.9 in ) Kerb weight 1,744 -- 1,839 kg ( 3,845 -- 4,054 lb ) Chronology Predecessor Land Rover Freelander The Land Rover Discovery Sport ( codename L550 ) is a high end off - road , subcompact luxury SUV produced by British automotive company Jaguar Land Rover under their Land Rover marque . It replaces the Land Rover Freelander in a revised Land Rover range of vehicles , with Discovery joining Range Rover as a sub-brand . The Discovery Sport went on sale during September 2014 , with first deliveries in early 2015 . The new Discovery sub-brand , to be focused on leisure vehicles , will feature two models initially , the compact Discovery Sport and the larger Discovery ( sold as the LR4 in North America ) . The Discovery Sport is based on the Land Rover LR - MS platform , customised for off - road applications , and is powered by a range of four cylinder petrol and diesel engines . The Discovery Sport is available in five and seven seat layouts . Contents 1 Conception 2 Exterior 3 Chassis 4 Engines 5 Transmission 6 Interior 7 Production 8 Worldwide Sales 9 References 10 External links Conception ( edit ) The Discovery Sport represents the third generation of compact SUV produced by Land Rover and replaced the Freelander . Although the Freelander model range had been a successful way to enable Land Rover to move into the medium SUV market , the company felt that the Freelander brand was tainted with memories of unreliability , and that the Discovery brand was more prestigious . The first generation , the Freelander , was introduced by Land Rover in 1997 following a study that revealed market demand for an SUV smaller than the Discovery and Range Rover models . The original Freelander was developed during the period when Land Rover formed part of the Rover Group , and used engines , transmissions and other components from other Rover Group and BMW models , including the K - series petrol engines and L - Series diesel engines , and a floorpan based on that of the Austin Maestro . The BMW M47 diesel engine replaced the L - Series diesel engine in 2001 , following its adaptation to suit transverse applications and off - road use . The Freelander 2 , sold as the LR2 in North America , was introduced in 2006 during Ford 's ownership of Land Rover . The second generation Freelander was built on the Ford EUCD platform , using a Ford Duratorq four cylinder diesel engine , and initially the Volvo B6324S six cylinder petrol engine . The six cylinder petrol engine was replaced for the 2013 model year by a more economical Ford EcoBoost four cylinder 2.0 - litre turbocharged petrol engine . The Ford petrol and diesel four cylinder engines were carried over for the Discovery Sport 's first model year . The future design direction of the Discovery sub-brand was initially previewed in the form of the Land Rover Discovery Vision concept , shown at the 2014 New York International Auto Show , and it was during the show that Gerry McGovern announced the Land Rover Discovery Sport would be the first new model in the enlarged Discovery family . The sub-brand will be used in the same way as Range Rover , but will be used on leisure and family orientated models , with Range Rover models focusing on the luxury market segment . The Discovery Sport shares several design cues with the larger Discovery Vision concept , though the concept vehicle is closer in size to the current Discovery 4 model . Exterior ( edit ) Land Rover Discovery Sport SE Tech wagon ( UK ) The Discovery Sport was styled by Gerry McGovern , who was responsible for the design of the original Freelander model . McGovern left Land Rover for Ford in 1999 , before returning as Director of Advanced Design in 2004 . He was promoted to Design Director when Geoff Upex retired in 2006 , and has been responsible for design of all three current Range Rover models . His predecessor , Upex , was responsible for the Freelander 2 design . The Discovery Sport features a steel monocoque , the bonnet , wings , roof and tailgate are made from aluminium and a panoramic glass sunroof is available either as standard or as an optional extra depending on model variant . A powered tailgate can also be specified as an option , featuring remote control operation . In certain markets , the bonnet is fitted with an airbag to improve pedestrian survivability in the event of a collision . The airbag is mounted in a panel at the trailing edge of the bonnet panel and protects a pedestrian 's head from striking the base of the windscreen . Chassis ( edit ) The Discovery Sport is of unibody construction , unlike the larger full size Discovery model which features a traditional body - on - frame . The platform used for the Discovery Sport is the Land Rover LR - MS platform , shared with the Range Rover Evoque and derived from the Ford EUCD platform , but with 90 % of components redesigned from scratch to meet Land Rover 's specific demands , primarily related to off - road use . The Discovery Sport includes further changes to the platform in comparison with the Evoque , with a new compact multi-link suspension design to permit the folding rear seats and spare wheel well in the boot space , without requiring an unduly high and impractical load floor . The front suspension is a MacPherson strut design carried over from the Range Rover Evoque largely unchanged , and features steel lower and aluminium upper control arms . Off - road performance remains broadly similar to the Freelander 2 model , ground clearance is 212 millimetres ( 8.3 in ) , the same as the Freelander 2 and wading depth is 600 millimetres ( 2.0 ft ) , an improvement of 100 millimetres ( 3.9 in ) . The approach angle for the Discovery Sport is 25 ° and the ramp angle is 21 ° , reductions of 6 ° and 2 ° respectively , when compared to the Freelander 2 . The departure angle remains unchanged at 31 ° . The Discovery Sport features removable components on the lower sections of the front bumper which improves the approach angle . The braking system comprises disc brakes all round , with 325 millimetres ( 12.8 in ) discs at the front and 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) at the rear , the brakes are servo assisted and an anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) is fitted . The braking system also features an emergency brake force assistance system to reduce stopping distances in an emergency , stability aides , and an autonomous emergency braking system . The Discovery Sport , when tested by Euro NCAP in December 2014 , was awarded a five star safety rating , and based on its score , was ranked as the safest vehicle in its class , the Small Off - Road class . Electric power steering is fitted , with 2.43 turns lock to lock and a turning circle of 11.86 metres ( 38.9 ft ) . The electric power steering system allows the Discovery Sport to feature an automatic parking system . The Discovery Sport will initially be sold with alloy wheels ranging from 18 inches ( 460 mm ) to 20 inches ( 510 mm ) in diameter . Various emergency spare wheels options are available depending on vehicle configuration : a full - size spare wheel mounted internally under the floor of the trunk , or if the 5 + 2 seating option is fitted it will be a ' space - saver ' spare wheel mounted on the underside of the car , directly under the boot . It is not possible to have a factory - fitted tow bar with a spare wheel on 5 + 2 seat vehicles as they mount in the same place under the vehicle , so a tyre repair system of sealant and a compressor is supplied instead . Engines ( edit ) Jaguar Land Rover Ingenium engine The Discovery Sport was initially powered by the same engine range that features in the outgoing Freelander 2 model for the first model year , the Ford EcoBoost four cylinder 2.0 - litre turbocharged petrol engine producing 240 PS ( 180 kW ; 240 hp ) ( the only engine option for North America ) and the Ford Duratorq four cylinder 2.2 - litre turbocharged diesel engine , producing either 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) or 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 190 hp ) . The engines sourced from Ford were replaced by engines from Jaguar Land Rover 's new Ingenium engine line from late 2015 . The Ingenium family is a range of modular four cylinder turbocharged engines of 2.0 - litre capacity , built around individual 500cc cylinders . The family is produced in both petrol and diesel variants , and could also be produced in 3 , 5 and 6 cylinder options in future , depending on demand and requirements . The range was designed from the outset to accommodate different hybrid power systems , and it is expected that there will be a plug - in hybrid variant . The Ingenium engine range can be configured to deliver different power outputs , and the most fuel efficient Discovery Sport eD4 model is powered by a 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) 2.0 - litre four cylinder turbocharged diesel engine in a front wheel drive only configuration . This model is planned to have CO emissions of 119 g / km and fuel economy of up to 24.2 km / L ( 68 mpg ; 57 mpg ) . The engines in the Discovery Sport are mounted transversely , which creates additional interior space . Transmission ( edit ) ZF 9 - HP48 sectioned gearbox The Discovery Sport is manufactured with either a 9 -- speed ZF 9 - HP automatic gearbox or a 6 -- speed Getrag M66EH50 manual gearbox , both of which are also available on the Range Rover Evoque . Two different all - wheel drive systems are available . The standard system is the Haldex Traction fifth generation system from BorgWarner . Optional is the new Land Rover Active Driveline system , which is manufactured by GKN Driveline and reduces parasitic load by 75 % when compared with the Haldex system in an effort to increase economy and reduce CO emissions . The Active Driveline system works by disconnecting all of the major all wheel drive components from the gearbox , rather than at the central coupling . The system also features torque vectoring to direct power to individual wheels . Neither system has a low range transfer box , although the ZF 9 - HP features a special very low ratio first gear which is used only when the vehicle is off - road or otherwise needed . For on - road use , the vehicle will normally start in second gear . The Discovery Sport will be available in a two - wheel drive version , in which only the front wheels are driven . The Terrain Response System , which configures the vehicle for off - road use , is deleted . This version will be the most fuel efficient and least polluting model in the range , and together with the more fuel efficient Jaguar XE models , will assist Jaguar Land Rover in meeting European Union emissions directives . Interior ( edit ) Interior Discovery Sport showing seven seats The interior of the Discovery Sport is available in a seven - seat ( referred to as five plus two ) configuration , with the front row featuring two seats and three seats on the second row . The second row seats slide and recline , and fold in a 60 : 40 configuration , folding forward to allow access to a third row of two seats where fitted . The third row of seats are not intended for full - time usage , and are described by Land Rover as being suitable for children up to the age of 15 and occasional adult use . They fold flat into the floor of the trunk when not in use . Isofix mounting points for child safety seats are fitted as standard . The central console features an 8 inches ( 20 cm ) touch screen allowing access to in car entertainment , satellite navigation and vehicle settings . The system , shared with the Jaguar XE , allows smartphone connectivity and some models will allow the owner to control the vehicle remotely , pre-heating the interior or unlocking the car using a smartphone application . Production ( edit ) The Discovery Sport is manufactured at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood Body & Assembly facility , in Halewood , Liverpool , United Kingdom , alongside the Range Rover Evoque . Engines supplied by Ford are manufactured at two sites - the Duratorq diesel engine is manufactured at the Ford Dagenham plant in the United Kingdom , the Ecoboost petrol engine is manufactured at the Ford Valencia Plant in Spain . The Jaguar Land Rover Ingenium engines , which will replace the Ford sourced engines later in 2015 , will be manufactured at Jaguar Land Rover 's Engine Manufacturing Centre in Wolverhampton , United Kingdom . Transmissions for the Discovery Sport will be manufactured by ZF at their Gray Court , South Carolina facility , and by Getrag Ford Transmissions at their Cologne , Germany plant . Four wheel drive components are manufactured by Haldex in Landskrona , Sweden or by GKN in Köping , Sweden and Birmingham , United Kingdom . Worldwide sales ( edit ) In 2016 it became the best selling Land Rover model . Year Sales 2014 83 2015 69,501 2016 122,460 Total 192,044 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siu , Jason . `` Evoque , Discovery Sport Performance Models Possible '' AutoGuide.com News `` . Autoguide.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Land Rover . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Rover Discovery Sport '' ( PDF ) . Land Rover USA . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mike ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` 2015 Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dobie , Stephen ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Meet the Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Top Gear . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holder , Jim ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` 2015 Land Rover Discovery Sport revealed '' . What Car ? . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover Discovery Sport debuts at New Mexico spaceport '' . Autoweek. 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover Announces Discovery Sport L550 '' . Whitley , Coventry , UK . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Discovery Sport : The most capable , versatile premium compact SUV '' ( Press release ) . Land Rover . 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , James . `` The M47R Diesel Engine '' . Rover 75 and MG ZT : The Complete Story . ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Chris ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Land Rover Freelander 2.2 TD4 ( 2006 ) '' . Car . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` McGovern heads Land Rover design studio '' . Autocar. 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bickerstaffe , Simon ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Range Rover Evoque '' . European Automotive Engineers Cooperation ( EAEC ) . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best in Class Cars of 2014 '' . Euro NCAP . December 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaguar Land Rover Powers Up New Ingenium Engine Family '' ( Press release ) . Jaguar Land Rover . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Range Rover Evoque - Vehicle Specifications and Pricing '' . Land Rover . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` GKN Driveline helps the 2014 Range Rover Evoque achieve greater agility with superior fuel economy '' ( Press release ) . GKN. 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRANKFURT MOTOR SHOW : Tech leap for Range Rover Evoque '' . motoring.com.au. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bickerstaff , Simon ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Land Rover introduces on - demand all - wheel drive '' . Automotive Engineer . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom : Dagenham Engine Plant '' . Ford . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain : Valencia Engine Plant '' . Ford . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEW WORLD NOVELTY '' . ZF Friedrichshafen . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.tatamotors.com/investors/jlr-volumes.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land Rover Discovery Sport . 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-8314578910555438736	Denmark	Denmark - Wikipedia Denmark Sovereign state and Scandinavian country in northern Europe For other uses , see Denmark ( disambiguation ) . Kingdom of Denmark Kongeriget Danmark ( Danish ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Der er et yndigt land There is a lovely country Kong Christian stod ved højen mast King Christian stood by the lofty mast Location of the Kingdom of Denmark : Greenland , the Faroe Islands ( circled ) , and Denmark . Location of Denmark proper ( dark green ) , in Europe ( dark grey ) and in the European Union ( light green ) Capital and largest city Copenhagen 55 ° 43 ′ N 12 ° 34 ′ E / 55.717 ° N 12.567 ° E / 55.717 ; 12.567 Official languages Danish Recognised regional languages Faroese Greenlandic German Religion Church of Denmark Demonym Danish Dane Countries Autonomous constituent countries Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Margrethe II Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen Legislature Folketing History Consolidation c. 8th century Constitutional Act 5 June 1849 The unity of the Realm 24 March 1948 Area Denmark 42,933 km ( 16,577 sq mi ) ( 130th ) Faroe Islands 1,393.4 km ( 537.99 sq mi ) Greenland 2,166,086 km ( 836,330 sq mi ) Population April 2018 estimate 5,785,864 ( 112th ) Faroe Islands 50,498 Greenland 55,860 Density ( Denmark ) 134.76 / km ( 349.0 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $286.766 billion ( 52nd ) Per capita $49,883 ( 19th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $340.982 billion ( 34th ) Per capita $59,314 ( 6th ) Gini ( 2015 ) 28.8 low HDI ( 2015 ) 0.925 very high 5th Currency Danish krone ( DKK ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the right Calling code 3 calling codes ( show ) + 45 ( Denmark ) + 298 ( Faroe Islands ) + 299 ( Greenland ) ISO 3166 code DK Internet TLD 3 TLDs ( show ) . dk ( Denmark ) . fo ( Faroe Islands ) . gl ( Greenland ) Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced ( ˈdanmɑɡ ) ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , is a Nordic country and a sovereign state . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , it is south - west of Sweden and south of Norway , and bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark proper consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5,781,190 ( as of 2018 ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 . The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several cessions of territory to Sweden . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the 1864 Second Schleswig War . Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940 , a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945 . An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century , Denmark introduced social and labour - market reforms in the early 20th century that created the basis for the present welfare state model with a highly developed mixed economy . The Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849 , ending the absolute monarchy , which had begun in 1660 . It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy . The government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen , the nation 's capital , largest city and main commercial centre . Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm , devolving powers to handle internal affairs . Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948 ; in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009 . Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community ( now the EU ) in 1973 , maintaining certain opt - outs ; it retains its own currency , the krone . It is among the founding members of NATO , the Nordic Council , the OECD , OSCE , and the United Nations ; it is also part of the Schengen Area . Denmark is considered to be one of the most economically and socially developed countries in the world . Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the country ranks highly in some metrics of national performance , including education , health care , protection of civil liberties , democratic governance , prosperity and human development . The country ranks as having the world 's highest social mobility , a high level of income equality , is the country with the lowest perceived level of corruption in the world , the fifth-most developed in the world , has one of the world 's highest per capita incomes , and one of the world 's highest personal income tax rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Viking and Middle Ages 2.3 Early modern history ( 1536 -- 1849 ) 2.4 Constitutional monarchy ( 1849 -- present ) 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Ecology 3.3 Environment 4 Administrative divisions 4.1 Regions 4.2 Greenland and the Faroe Islands 5 Politics 5.1 Government 5.2 Law and judicial system 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Science and technology 6.2 Public policy 6.3 Energy 6.4 Transport 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 7.2 Religion 7.3 Education 7.4 Health 7.5 Ghettos 8 Culture 8.1 Media 8.2 Music 8.3 Architecture and design 8.4 Literature and philosophy 8.5 Painting and photography 8.6 Cuisine 8.7 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Main article : Etymology of Denmark The etymology of the word Denmark , and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom , is a subject which attracts debate . This is centred primarily on the prefix `` Dan '' and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the - `` mark '' ending . Most handbooks derive the first part of the word , and the name of the people , from a word meaning `` flat land '' , related to German Tenne `` threshing floor '' , English den `` cave '' . The - mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland ( see marches ) , with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig . The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones , which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old ( c. 955 ) and Harald Bluetooth ( c. 965 ) . The larger stone of the two is popularly cited as Denmark 's `` baptismal certificate '' ( dåbsattest ) , though both use the word `` Denmark '' , in the form of accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ `` tanmaurk '' ( ( danmɒrk ) ) on the large stone , and genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ `` tanmarkar '' ( pronounced ( danmarkaɽ ) ) on the small stone . The inhabitants of Denmark are there called `` tani '' ( ( danɪ ) ) , or `` Danes '' , in the accusative . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Denmark See also : History of Greenland and History of the Faroe Islands Prehistory ( edit ) The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000 -- 110,000 BC . Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC . The Nordic Bronze Age ( 1800 -- 600 BC ) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds , which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot . During the Pre-Roman Iron Age ( 500 BC -- AD 1 ) , native groups began migrating south , and the first tribal Danes came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age , in the Roman Iron Age ( AD 1 -- 400 ) . The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark , and Roman coins have been found in Denmark . Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North - West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron . The tribal Danes came from the east Danish islands ( Zealand ) and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic . Historians believe that before their arrival , most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes . The Jutes migrated to Great Britain eventually , some as mercenaries by Brythonic King Vortigern , and were granted the south - eastern territories of Kent , the Isle of Wight and other areas , where they settled . They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons , who formed the Anglo - Saxons . The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes . A short note about the Dani in `` Getica '' by the historian Jordanes is believed to be an early mention of the Danes , one of the ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended . The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king . A new runic alphabet was first used around the same time and Ribe , the oldest town of Denmark , was founded about AD 700 . Viking and Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Viking Age and Kalmar Union The Ladby ship , the largest ship burial found in Denmark From the 8th to the 10th century the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings . They colonised , raided , and traded in all parts of Europe . The Danish Vikings were most active in the eastern and southern British Isles and Western Europe . They conquered and settled parts of England ( known as the Danelaw ) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 , and France where Danes and Norwegians founded Normandy with Rollo as head of state . More Anglo - Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark than in England . Larger of the two Jelling stones , raised by Harald Bluetooth Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings ( reges ) . Under the reign of Gudfred in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the lands of Jutland , Scania and the Danish islands , excluding Bornholm . The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to Gorm the Old , who established his reign in the early 10th century . As attested by the Jelling stones , the Danes were Christianised around 965 by Harald Bluetooth , the son of Gorm . It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising Christian power in Europe , the Holy Roman Empire , which was an important trading area for the Danes . In that case , Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke . In the early 11th century , Canute the Great won and united Denmark , England , and Norway for almost 30 years with a Scandinavian army . Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages , Denmark also included Skåneland ( the areas of Scania , Halland , and Blekinge in present - day south Sweden ) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia , as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig - Holstein in northern Germany . In 1397 , Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden , united under Queen Margaret I . The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union . However , even from the start , Margaret may not have been so idealistic -- treating Denmark as the clear `` senior '' partner of the union . Thus , much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union , with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly . The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523 , as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm . The Protestant Reformation spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s , and following the Count 's Feud civil war , Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536 . Later that year , Denmark entered into a union with Norway . Early modern history ( 1536 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Denmark -- Norway and Danish colonial empire The Battle of Öland during the Scanian War , between an allied Dano - Norwegian - Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy , 1 June 1676 After Sweden permanently broke away from the personal union , Denmark tried on several occasions to reassert control over its neighbour . King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 1611 -- 1613 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union . The war led to no territorial changes , but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark , an amount known as the Älvsborg ransom . King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses , most notably Glückstadt ( founded as a rival to Hamburg ) and Christiania . Inspired by the Dutch East India Company , he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony , but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India 's Coromandel Coast . Denmark 's large colonial aspirations were limited to a few key trading posts in Africa and India . The empire was sustained by trade with other major powers , and plantations -- ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation . In the Thirty Years ' War , Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter . The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade , occupy , and pillage Jutland , forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war . Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions , but King Gustavus Adolphus ' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark 's influence in the region was declining . In 1643 , Swedish armies invaded Jutland and claimed Scania in 1644 . In the Denmark -- Norway union , Denmark was the dominant partner , and eventually gained rule over Norway and Norwegian dependencies ( Faroe Islands , Iceland and Greenland ) . In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro , Denmark surrendered Halland , Gotland , the last parts of Danish Estonia , and several provinces in Norway . In 1657 , King Frederick III declared war on Sweden and marched on Bremen - Verden . This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered both Jutland , Funen , and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658 , which gave Sweden control of Scania , Blekinge , Trøndelag , and the island of Bornholm . Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having wrecked Denmark and in August 1658 , he began a two - year - long siege of Copenhagen but failed to take the capital . In the following peace settlement , Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm . Denmark tried to regain control of Scania in the Scanian War ( 1675 -- 1679 ) but it ended in failure . After the Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 21 ) , Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein - Gottorp in the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg and the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo , respectively . Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its neutral status allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars . In the Napoleonic Wars , Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia , Sweden , and Prussia . The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807 , in one case carrying off the Danish fleet , in the other , burning large parts of the Danish capital . This led to the so - called Danish - British Gunboat War . British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union 's economy and in 1813 Denmark -- Norway went bankrupt . The union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 ; the Danish monarchy `` irrevocably and forever '' renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king . Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland ( which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944 ) , the Faroe Islands and Greenland , all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries . Apart from the Nordic colonies , Denmark continued to rule over Danish India from 1620 to 1869 , the Danish Gold Coast ( Ghana ) from 1658 to 1850 , and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917 . Constitutional monarchy ( 1849 -- present ) ( edit ) The National Constitutional Assembly was convened by King Frederick VII in 1848 to adopt the Constitution of Denmark . A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s ; after the European Revolutions of 1848 , Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849 . A new constitution established a two - chamber parliament . Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Habsburg Austria in what became known as the Second Schleswig War , lasting from February to October 1864 . Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia . This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial loss that had begun in the 17th century . After these events , Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe . Industrialisation came to Denmark in the second half of the 19th century . The nation 's first railroads were constructed in the 1850s , and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark 's lack of natural resources . Trade unions developed starting in the 1870s . There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities , and Danish agriculture became centred on the export of dairy and meat products . Denmark maintained its neutral stance during World War I. After the defeat of Germany , the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig - Holstein to Denmark . Fearing German irredentism , Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a plebiscite ; the two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920 , respectively . On 10 July 1920 , Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark , thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres ( 1,538 sq mi ) . In 1939 Denmark signed a 10 - year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940 and the Danish government quickly surrendered . World War II in Denmark was characterised by economic co-operation with Germany until 1943 , when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent many of its officers to Sweden , which was neutral . The Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to evacuate several thousand Jews and their families to safety in Sweden before the Germans could send them to death camps . Some Danes supported Nazism by joining the Danish Nazi Party or volunteering to fight with Germany as part of the Frikorps Danmark . Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944 ; Germany surrendered in May 1945 ; in 1948 , the Faroe Islands gained home rule ; in 1949 , Denmark became a founding member of NATO . Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 . Denmark was a founding member of European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) . During the 1960s , the EFTA countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven , as opposed to the Inner Six of what was then the European Economic Community ( EEC ) . In 1973 , along with Britain and Ireland , Denmark joined the European Economic Community ( now the European Union ) after a public referendum . The Maastricht Treaty , which involved further European integration , was rejected by the Danish people in 1992 ; it was only accepted after a second referendum in 1993 , which provided for four opt - outs from policies . The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in a referendum in 2000 . Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self - determination in 2009 . Neither the Faroe Islands nor Greenland are members of the European Union , the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986 , in both cases because of fisheries policies . Constitutional change in 1953 led to a single - chamber parliament elected by proportional representation , female accession to the Danish throne , and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark . The centre - left Social Democrats led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the 20th century , introducing the Nordic welfare model . The Liberal Party and the Conservative People 's Party have also led centre - right governments . In recent years the right - wing populist Danish People 's Party has emerged as a major party -- becoming the second - largest following the 2015 general election -- during which time immigration and integration have become major issues of public debate . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Denmark Also related : Geography of the Faroe Islands and Geography of Greenland A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands Located in Northern Europe , Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland and 443 named islands ( 1,419 islands above 100 square metres ( 1,100 sq ft ) in total ) . Of these , 74 are inhabited ( January 2015 ) , with the largest being Zealand , the North Jutlandic Island , and Funen . The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country , in the Baltic Sea . Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges ; the Øresund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden ; the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand ; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen . Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands . The four cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand ; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland ; and Odense on Funen . A map showing major urban areas , islands and connecting bridges The country occupies a total area of 42,924 square kilometres ( 16,573 sq mi ) The area of inland water is 700 km ( 270 sq mi ) , variously stated as from 500 -- 700 km ( 193 -- 270 sq mi ) . Lake Arresø northwest of Copenhagen is the largest lake . The size of the land area can not be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline , and because of human land reclamation projects ( to counter erosion ) . Post-glacial rebound raises the land by a bit less than 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) per year in the north and east , extending the coast . A circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would be 234 kilometres ( 145 miles ) in diameter with a circumference of 742 km ( 461 mi ) . It shares a border of 68 kilometres ( 42 mi ) with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 8,750 km ( 5,437 mi ) of tidal shoreline ( including small bays and inlets ) . No location in Denmark is farther from the coast than 52 km ( 32 mi ) . On the south - west coast of Jutland , the tide is between 1 and 2 m ( 3.28 and 6.56 ft ) , and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) stretch . Denmark 's territorial waters total 105,000 square kilometres ( 40,541 square miles ) . Denmark 's northernmost point is Skagen 's point ( the north beach of the Skaw ) at 57 ° 45 ' 7 '' northern latitude ; the southernmost is Gedser point ( the southern tip of Falster ) at 54 ° 33 ' 35 '' northern latitude ; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8 ° 4 ' 22 '' eastern longitude ; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15 ° 11 ' 55 '' eastern longitude . This is in the archipelago Ertholmene 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) north - east of Bornholm . The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres ( 281 mi ) , from north to south 368 kilometres ( 229 mi ) . Bay of Aarhus viewed from southern Djursland The country is flat with little elevation , having an average height above sea level of 31 metres ( 102 ft ) . The highest natural point is Møllehøj , at 170.86 metres ( 560.56 ft ) . A sizeable portion of Denmark 's terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy , with large dunes in northern Jutland . Although once extensively forested , today Denmark largely consists of arable land . It is drained by a dozen or so rivers , and the most significant include the Gudenå , Odense , Skjern , Suså and Vidå -- a river that flows along its southern border with Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories , both well to the west of Denmark : Greenland , the world 's largest island , and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean . These territories are self - governing and form part of the Danish Realm . Climate ( edit ) Denmark has a temperate climate , characterised by mild winters , with mean temperatures in January of 1.5 ° C ( 34.7 ° F ) , and cool summers , with a mean temperature in August of 17.2 ° C ( 63.0 ° F ) . The most extreme temperatures recorded in Denmark , since 1874 when recordings began , was 36.4 ° C ( 97.5 ° F ) in 1975 and − 31.2 ° C ( − 24.2 ° F ) in 1982 . Denmark has an average of 179 days per year with precipitation , on average receiving a total of 765 millimetres ( 30 in ) per year ; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest . The position between a continent and an ocean means that weather often changes . Because of Denmark 's northern location , there are large seasonal variations in daylight . There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8 : 45 am and sunset 3 : 45 pm ( standard time ) , as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4 : 30 am and sunset at 10 pm ( daylight saving time ) . show Climate data for Denmark ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) ( 34.2 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) − 1.3 ( 29.7 ) − 0.2 ( 31.6 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) − 0.3 ( 31.5 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 66 ( 2.6 ) 50 ( 1.97 ) 43 ( 1.69 ) 37 ( 1.46 ) 53 ( 2.09 ) 68 ( 2.68 ) 77 ( 3.03 ) 91 ( 3.58 ) 62 ( 2.44 ) 83 ( 3.27 ) 75 ( 2.95 ) 61 ( 2.4 ) 765 ( 30.12 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1mm ) 18 15 13 11 13 13 14 16 14 17 20 17 181 Mean monthly sunshine hours 47 71 146 198 235 239 232 196 162 111 58 45 1,739 Source : Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut Ecology ( edit ) Further information : List of forests in Denmark , List of mammals of Denmark , and List of birds of Denmark The Danish landscape is characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts . Beech trees are common throughout Denmark , especially in the sparse woodlands . Denmark belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and can be subdivided into two ecoregions : the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests . Almost all of Denmark 's primeval temperate forests have been destroyed or fragmented , chiefly for agricultural purposes during the last millennia . The deforestation has created large swaths of heathland and devastating sand drifts . In spite of this , there are several larger second growth woodlands in the country and , in total , 12.9 % of the land is now forested . Norway spruce is the most widespread tree ( 2017 ) , being important in the production of Christmas trees . Roe deer occupy the countryside in growing numbers , and large - antlered red deer can be found in the sparse woodlands of Jutland . Denmark is also home to smaller mammals , such as polecats , hares and hedgehogs . Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country . Large marine mammals include healthy populations of Harbour porpoise , growing numbers of pinnipeds and occasional visits of large whales , including blue whales and orcas . Cod , herring and plaice are abundant fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry . Environment ( edit ) Land and water pollution are two of Denmark 's most significant environmental issues , although much of the country 's household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled . The country has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation ; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973 . To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol . However , the national ecological footprint is 8.26 global hectares per person , which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010 . Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land , which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark ( 115.8 kilograms ( 255 lb ) meat annually per capita ) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries . In December 2014 , the Climate Change Performance Index for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table , explaining that although emissions are still quite high , the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies . Denmark has an outstanding performance in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 4 out of 180 countries in 2016 . This recent and significant increase in ranking and performance is mostly due to remarkable achievements in energy efficiency and reductions in CO2 emission levels . A future implementation of air quality improvements are expected . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations ' Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Denmark performs best ( i.e. lowest ranking ) are sanitation ( 12 ) , water resource management ( 13 ) and health impacts of environmental issues ( 14 ) , followed closely by the area of biodiversity and habitat . The latter are due to the many protection laws and protected areas of significance within the country even though the EPI is not considering how well these laws and regulations are affecting the current biodiversity and habitats in reality ; one of many weaknesses in the EPI . Denmark performs worst ( i.e. highest ranking ) in the areas of environmental effects of fisheries ( 128 ) and forest management ( 96 ) . The very poor ranking in the fisheries area are due to alarmingly low and continually rapidly declining fish stocks , placing Denmark among the worst performing countries of the world . Denmark 's territories , Greenland and the Faroe Islands , kill approximately 650 whales per year . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Regions of Denmark and Municipalities of Denmark Midtjylland Nordjylland Syddanmark Hovedstaden Sjælland Denmark , with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres ( 16,639 sq mi ) , is divided into five administrative regions ( Danish : regioner ) . The regions are further subdivided into 98 municipalities ( kommuner ) . The easternmost land in Denmark , the Ertholmene archipelago , with an area of 39 hectares ( 0.16 sq mi ) , is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence . The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the 16 former counties . At the same time , smaller municipalities were merged into larger units , reducing the number from 270 . Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 to give them financial and professional sustainability , although a few exceptions were made to this rule . The administrative divisions are led by directly elected councils , elected proportionally every four years ; the most recent Danish local elections were held on 19 November 2013 . Other regional structures use the municipal boundaries as a layout , including the police districts , the court districts and the electoral wards . Regions ( edit ) The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils , each with forty - one councillors elected for four - year terms . The councils are headed by regional district chairmen ( regionsrådsformanden ) , who are elected by the council . The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the national health service , social services and regional development . Unlike the counties they replaced , the regions are not allowed to levy taxes and the health service is partly financed by a national health care contribution until 2018 ( sundhedsbidrag ) , partly by funds from both government and municipalities . From 1 January 2019 this contribution will be abolished , as it is being replaced by higher income tax instead . The area and populations of the regions vary widely ; for example , the Capital Region , which encompasses the Copenhagen metropolitan area with the exception of the subtracted province East Zeeland but includes the Baltic Sea island of Bornholm , has a population three times larger than that of North Denmark Region , which covers the more sparsely populated area of northern Jutland . Under the county system certain densely populated municipalities , such as Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg , had been given a status equivalent to that of counties , making them first - level administrative divisions . These sui generis municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms . Danish name English name Admin . centre Largest city ( populous ) Population ( January 2017 ) Total area ( km2 ) Hovedstaden Capital Region of Denmark Hillerød Copenhagen 1,807,404 2,568.29 Midtjylland Central Denmark Region Viborg Aarhus 1,304,253 13,095.80 Nordjylland North Denmark Region Aalborg Aalborg 587,335 7,907.09 Sjælland Region Zealand Sorø Roskilde 832,553 7,268.75 Syddanmark Region of Southern Denmark Vejle Odense 1,217,224 12,132.21 Source : Regional and municipal key figures Greenland and the Faroe Islands ( edit ) Further information : The unity of the Realm Kunoy island , Faroe Islands The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises , in addition to Denmark proper , two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean : Greenland and the Faroe Islands . They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century ; however , due to their separate historical and cultural identities , these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields . Home rule was granted to the Faroe Islands in 1948 and to Greenland in 1979 , each having previously had the status of counties . Greenland and the Faroe Islands have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively self - governing in regards to domestic affairs . High Commissioners ( Rigsombudsmand ) act as representatives of the Danish government in the Faroese Løgting and in the Greenlandic Parliament , but they can not vote . The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government , while the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self - determination . Country Population ( 2015 ) Total area Capital Local parliament Premier Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaat ) 56,114 2,166,086 km ( 836,330 sq mi ) Nuuk Inatsisartut Kim Kielsen Faroe Islands ( Føroyar ) 49,079 1,399 km ( 540.16 sq mi ) Tórshavn Løgting Aksel V. Johannesen Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Denmark See also : Politics of the Faroe Islands and Politics of Greenland Queen Margrethe II Lars Løkke Rasmussen The Queen of Denmark and her Prime Minister Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the Constitution of Denmark . First written in 1849 , it establishes a sovereign state in the form of a constitutional monarchy , with a representative parliamentary system . The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State ( privy council ) . In practice , the duties of the Monarch are strictly representative and ceremonial , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other Government ministers . The Monarch is not answerable for his or her actions , and their person is sacrosanct . Hereditary monarch Queen Margrethe II has been head of state since 14 January 1972 . Government ( edit ) Main articles : Folketing and Cabinet of Denmark The Danish Parliament is unicameral and called the Folketing ( Danish : Folketinget ) . It is the legislature of the Kingdom of Denmark , passing acts that apply in Denmark and , variably , Greenland and the Faroe Islands . The Folketing is also responsible for adopting the state 's budgets , approving the state 's accounts , appointing and exercising control of the Government , and taking part in international co-operation . Bills may be initiated by the Government or by members of parliament . All bills passed must be presented before the Council of State to receive Royal Assent within thirty days in order to become law . Christiansborg Palace houses the Folketing , the Supreme Court , and Government offices . Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage . Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties , with a 2 % electoral threshold . Danes elect 175 members to the Folketing , with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each -- 179 members in total . Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years , but it is within the powers of the Prime Minister to ask the Monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed . On a vote of no confidence , the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign . The Government of Denmark operates as a cabinet government , where executive authority is exercised -- formally , on behalf of the Monarch -- by Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers , who head ministries . As the executive branch , the Cabinet is responsible for proposing bills and a budget , executing the laws , and guiding the foreign and internal policies of Denmark . The position of prime minister belongs to the person most likely to command the confidence of a majority in the Folketing ; this is usually the current leader of the largest political party or , more effectively , through a coalition of parties . A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a cabinet on its own ; Denmark has often been ruled by coalition governments , themselves sometimes minority governments dependent on non-government parties . Following a general election defeat , in June 2015 Helle Thorning - Schmidt , leader of the Social Democrats ( Socialdemokraterne ) , resigned as Prime Minister . She was succeeded by Lars Løkke Rasmussen , the leader of the Liberal Party ( Venstre ) . Rasmussen became the leader of a cabinet that , unusually , consisted entirely of ministers from his own party . In the next cabinet , created November 2016 , there are several political parties represented . Law and judicial system ( edit ) Main articles : Law of Denmark and Courts of Denmark See also : Crime in Denmark Denmark has a civil law system with some references to Germanic law . Denmark resembles Norway and Sweden in never having developed a case - law like that of England and the United States nor comprehensive codes like those of France and Germany . Much of its law is customary . The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration . Articles sixty - two and sixty - four of the Constitution ensure judicial independence from government and Parliament by providing that judges shall only be guided by the law , including acts , statutes and practice . The Kingdom of Denmark does not have a single unified judicial system -- Denmark has one system , Greenland another , and the Faroe Islands a third . However , decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts . The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Denmark Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs . In recent years , Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing , whaling , and geopolitical concerns . The foreign policy of Denmark is substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union ( EU ) ; Denmark joined the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , the EU 's predecessor , in 1973 . Denmark held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions , most recently from January to June 2012 . Following World War II , Denmark ended its two - hundred - year - long policy of neutrality . It has been a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) since 1949 , and membership remains highly popular . As a member of Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid . In 2015 , Denmark contributed 0.85 % of its gross national income ( GNI ) to foreign aid and was one of only six countries meeting the longstanding UN target of 0.7 % of GNI . The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid , with the aid usually administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The organisational name of Danish International Development Agency ( DANIDA ) is often used , in particular when operating bilateral aid . Military ( edit ) See also : Danish Defence and Military history of Denmark Danish MP - soldiers conducting advanced law enforcement training Denmark 's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence ( Danish : Forsvaret ) . The Minister of Defence is commander - in - chief of the Danish Defence , and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad . During peacetime , the Ministry of Defence employs around 33,000 in total . The main military branches employ almost 27,000 : 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army , 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force ( all including conscripts ) . The Danish Emergency Management Agency employs 2,000 ( including conscripts ) , and about 4,000 are in non-branch - specific services like the Danish Defence Command and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service . Furthermore , around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard . Denmark is a long - time supporter of international peacekeeping , but since the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the War in Afghanistan in 2001 , Denmark has also found a new role as a warring nation , participating actively in several wars and invasions . This relatively new situation has stirred some internal critique , but the Danish population has generally been very supportive , in particular of the War in Afghanistan . The Danish Defence has around 1,400 staff in international missions , not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1 . Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) , with IFOR , and now SFOR . Between 2003 and 2007 , there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq . Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF . These initiatives are often described by the authorities as part of a new `` active foreign policy '' of Denmark . Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economy of Denmark and List of companies of Denmark Lego bricks are produced by The Lego Group , headquartered in Billund . Denmark has a developed mixed economy that is classed as a high - income economy by the World Bank . It ranks 18th in the world in terms of GDP ( PPP ) per capita and 6th in nominal GDP per capita . Denmark 's economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World . It is the 13th most competitive economy in the world , and 8th in Europe , according to the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 . Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world . The country ranks highest in the world for workers ' rights . GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009 . The country has a market income inequality close to the OECD average , but after public cash transfers the income inequality is very low . According to the International Monetary Fund , Denmark has the world 's highest minimum wage . As Denmark has no minimum wage legislation , the high wage floor has been attributed to the power of trade unions . For example , as the result of a collective bargaining agreement between the 3F trade union and the employers group Horesta , workers at McDonald 's and other fast food chains make the equivalent of US $ 20 an hour , which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States , and have access to five weeks ' paid vacation , parental leave and a pension plan . Union density in 2015 was 68 % . Denmark is a leading producer of pork , and the largest exporter of pork products in the EU . Once a predominantly agricultural country on account of its arable landscape , since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its industrial base so that by 2006 industry contributed about 25 % of GDP and agriculture less than 2 % . Major industries include iron , steel , chemicals , food processing , pharmaceuticals , shipbuilding and construction . The country 's main exports are : industrial production / manufactured goods 73.3 % ( of which machinery and instruments were 21.4 % , and fuels ( oil , natural gas ) , chemicals , etc . 26 % ) ; agricultural products and others for consumption 18.7 % ( in 2009 meat and meat products were 5.5 % of total export ; fish and fish products 2.9 % ) . Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39 % of GNP foreign debt or more than DKK 300 billion . Denmark is a member of the European Single Market . A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of mercantilism and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s . Even when other countries , such as Germany and France , raised protection for their agricultural sector because of increased American competition resulting in much lower agricultural prices after 1870 , Denmark retained its free trade policies , as the country profited from the cheap imports of cereals ( used as feedstuffs for their cattle and pigs ) and could increase their exports of butter and meat of which the prices were more stable . Today , Denmark is part of the European Union 's internal market , which represents more than 508 million consumers . Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union ( EU ) members and by EU legislation . Support for free trade is high among the Danish public ; in a 2007 poll 76 % responded that globalisation is a good thing . 70 % of trade flows are inside the European Union . As of 2014 , Denmark 's largest export partners are Germany , Sweden , the United Kingdom and Norway . Denmark 's currency , the krone ( DKK ) , is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM . Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro , the country follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro . The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support adopting the euro , but as yet a new referendum has not been held , despite plans ; scepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong . Denmark is home to many multinational companies , among them : A.P. Møller - Mærsk ( international shipping ) , Arla Foods ( dairy ) , Lego Group ( toys ) , Danfoss ( industrial services ) , Carlsberg Group ( beer ) , Vestas ( wind turbines ) , and the pharmaceutical companies Leo Pharma and Novo Nordisk . Science and technology ( edit ) See also : Internet in Denmark With an investment of 8.5 million euros over the ten - year construction period , Denmark confirms participation in E-ELT . Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement , and has been involved internationally from the very start of the scientific revolution . In current times , Denmark is participating in many high - profile international science and technology projects , including CERN , ITER , ESA , ISS and E-ELT . In the 20th century , Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector . Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world , the Maersk Triple E class , and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines . In the software and electronic field , Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of Nordic Mobile Telephones , and the now - defunct Danish company DanCall was among the first to develop GSM mobile phones . Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities . Danish engineers are world - leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and , since 2000 , the Danish biotech company Novozymes , the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch based bioethanol , has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol . Medicon Valley , spanning the Øresund Region between Zealand and Sweden , is one of Europe 's largest life science clusters , containing a large number of life science companies and research institutions located within a very small geographical area . Danish - born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world 's programming languages : Anders Hejlsberg ( Turbo Pascal , Delphi , C# ) ; Rasmus Lerdorf ( PHP ) ; Bjarne Stroustrup ( C++ ) ; David Heinemeier Hansson ( Ruby on Rails ) ; Lars Bak , a pioneer in virtual machines ( V8 , Java VM , Dart ) . Physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau is the first person to stop light , leading to advances in quantum computing , nanoscale engineering and linear optics . Public policy ( edit ) See also : Flexicurity and Taxation in Denmark Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government welfare provisions . Like other Nordic countries , Denmark has adopted the Nordic Model , which combines free market capitalism with a comprehensive welfare state and strong worker protection . As a result of its acclaimed `` flexicurity '' model , Denmark has the most free labour market in Europe , according to the World Bank . Employers can hire and fire whenever they want ( flexibility ) , and between jobs , unemployment compensation is very high ( security ) . Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs . No restrictions apply regarding overtime work , which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day , 365 days a year . Denmark has a competitive corporate tax rate of 22 % and a special time - limited tax regime for expatriates . The Danish taxation system is broad based , with a 25 % value - added tax , in addition to excise taxes , income taxes and other fees . The overall level of taxation ( sum of all taxes , as a percentage of GDP ) is estimated to be 46 % in 2011 . As of 2014 , 6 % of the population was reported to live below the poverty line , when adjusted for taxes and transfers . Denmark has the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the OECD , below the 11.3 % OECD average . The share of the population reporting that they feel that they can not afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average . With an employment rate of 72.8 % , Denmark ranks 7th highest among the OECD countries , and above the OECD average of 66.2 % . The number of unemployed people is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015 . The number of people in the working age group , less disability pensioners etc. , will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000 , and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000 ; part - time jobs are included . Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour , for instance for factory and service jobs , including hospital nurses and physicians , the annual average working hours have risen , especially compared with the recession 1987 -- 1993 . Increasingly , service workers of all kinds are in demand , i.e. in the postal services and as bus drivers , and academics . The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment ( the maximum benefit is at 90 % of the wage ) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund , which is almost always -- but need not be -- administered by a trade union , and the previous payment of contributions . However , the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation , and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions . There is no taxation , however , on proceeds gained from selling one 's home ( provided there was any home equity ( friværdi ) ) , as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0 % . Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Denmark Middelgrunden , an offshore wind farm near Copenhagen Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009 . Denmark is a long - time leader in wind power : In 2015 wind turbines provided 42.1 % of the total electricity consumption . in May 2011 Denmark derived 3.1 % of its gross domestic product from renewable ( clean ) energy technology and energy efficiency , or around € 6.5 billion ( $9.4 billion ) . Denmark is connected by electric transmission lines to other European countries . On 6 September 2012 , Denmark launched the biggest wind turbine in the world , and will add four more over the next four years . Denmark 's electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid . Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems ( V2G ) and plug - in vehicles in the transport sector . The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency ( IRENA ) . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Denmark Great Belt Fixed Link , The East Bridge as seen from Zealand Copenhagen Airport is the largest airport in Scandinavia and 15th - busiest in Europe . Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark , most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link , which connects Zealand and Funen . It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway . The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Schenker Rail for freight trains . The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark . The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various , international ferry links . Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link , connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link , will start in 2015 . Copenhagen has a rapid transit system , the Copenhagen Metro , and an extensive electrified suburban railway network , the S - train . In the four largest cities -- Copenhagen , Aarhus , Odense , Aalborg -- light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020 . Cycling in Denmark is a very common form of transport , particularly for the young and for city dwellers . With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km and an estimated 7,000 km of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes , Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure . Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport . Because of the high registration tax ( 150 % ) , VAT ( 25 % ) , and one of the world 's highest income tax rates , new cars are very expensive . The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership . In 2007 , an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles . However , this has had little effect , and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars , as the cost for older cars -- including taxes -- keeps them within the budget of many Danes . As of 2011 , the average car age is 9.2 years . With Norway and Sweden , Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier . Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia 's busiest passenger airport , handling over 25 million passengers in 2014 . Other notable airports are Billund Airport , Aalborg Airport , and Aarhus Airport . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Denmark Population by ancestry ( Q1 2016 ) People of Danish origin ( 88.67 % ) Immigrant ( 9.47 % ) Descendant of an immigrant ( 2.86 % ) The population of Denmark , as defined by Statistics Denmark , was estimated in January 2017 to be 5,748,769 . The median age is 41.4 years , with 0.97 males per female . The total fertility rate is 1.73 children born per woman ; despite the low birth rate , the population is still growing at an average annual rate of 0.22 % . The World Happiness Report frequently ranks Denmark 's population as the happiest in the world . This has been attributed to the country 's highly regarded education and health care systems , and its low level of income inequality . Denmark is an historically homogeneous nation . However , as with its Scandinavian neighbours , Denmark has recently transformed from a nation of net emigration , up until World War II , to a nation of net immigration . Today , immigration to Denmark consists particularly of asylum seekers and persons who arrive as family dependants . In addition , Denmark annually receives a number of citizens from Western countries , notably Nordic countries , the EU , and North America , who seek residency to work or study for a definite period of time . Recently , substantial numbers of workers -- several tens of thousands -- from the new EU accession countries , especially Poland and the Baltic nations , have arrived to perform menial labour in construction , agriculture , consumer industries , and cleaning . Overall , the net migration rate in 2015 was 2.2 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population , comparable to the United Kingdom and well below other North European countries , except the Baltic states . There are no official statistics on ethnic groups , but according to 2016 figures from Statistics Denmark , approximately 86.9 % of the population was of Danish descent , defined as having at least one parent who was born in Denmark and has Danish citizenship . The remaining 13.1 % were of a foreign background , defined as immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants . With the same definition , the most common countries of origin were Poland , Turkey , Germany , Iraq , Romania , Syria , Somalia , Iran , Afghanistan , and Balkan states . Largest cities in Denmark ( as of 1 January 2016 ) Copenhagen Aarhus Rank Core City Region Urban Population Municipal Population view talk Odense Aalborg Copenhagen Capital Region of Denmark 1,280,371 591,481 Aarhus Central Denmark Region 264,716 330,639 Odense Region of Southern Denmark 175,245 198,972 Aalborg North Denmark Region 112,194 210,316 5 Esbjerg Region of Southern Denmark 72,151 115,748 6 Randers Central Denmark Region 62,342 97,520 7 Kolding Region of Southern Denmark 59,712 91,695 8 Horsens Central Denmark Region 57,517 87,736 9 Vejle Region of Southern Denmark 54,862 111,743 10 Roskilde Region Zealand 50,046 86,207 Source : Statistics Denmark Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Denmark Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark . Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively . German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County ( now part of the Region of Southern Denmark ) , which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles . Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic ( Nordic ) branch of the Indo - European languages , along with Icelandic , Norwegian , and Swedish . There is a limited degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Danish is more distantly related to German , which is a West Germanic language . Greenlandic or `` Kalaallisut '' belongs to the Eskimo -- Aleut languages ; it is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada , such as Inuktitut , and entirely unrelated to Danish . A large majority ( 86 % ) of Danes speak English as a second language , generally with a high level of proficiency . German is the second-most spoken foreign language , with 47 % reporting a conversational level of proficiency . Denmark had 25,900 native speakers of German in 2007 ( mostly in the South Jutland area ) . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Denmark Christianity is the dominant religion in Denmark . In January 2017 , 75.9 % of the population of Denmark were members of the Church of Denmark ( Den Danske Folkekirke ) , the officially established church , which is Protestant in classification and Lutheran in orientation . This is down 1.0 % compared to the year earlier and 1.9 % down compared to two years earlier . Despite the high membership figures , only 3 % of the population regularly attend Sunday services and only 19 % of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life . Church of Denmark year population members percentage 5,135,409 4,584,450 89.3 % 2000 5,330,500 4,536,422 85.1 % 2005 5,413,600 4,498,703 83.3 % 5,534,738 4,479,214 80.9 % 2015 5,659,715 4,400,754 77.8 % 2016 5,707,251 4,387,571 76.9 % 2017 5,748,769 4,361,518 75.9 % Statistical data : 1984 , 1990 -- 2017 , Source : Kirkeministeriet Roskilde Cathedral has been the burial place of Danish royalty since the 15th century . In 1995 it became a World Heritage Site . The Constitution states that a member of the Royal Family must be a member of the Church of Denmark , though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths . In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church : Roman Catholicism , the Reformed Church and Judaism , although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially . Until the 1970s , the state formally recognised `` religious societies '' by royal decree . Today , religious groups do not need official government recognition , they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition . Denmark 's Muslims make up approximately 3.7 % of the population and form the country 's second largest religious community and largest minority religion . The Danish Foreign Ministry estimates that other religious groups comprise less than 1 % of the population individually and approximately 2 % when taken all together . According to a 2010 Eurobarometer Poll , 28 % of Danish citizens polled responded that they `` believe there is a God '' , 47 % responded that they `` believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' and 24 % responded that they `` do not believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . Another poll , carried out in 2009 , found that 25 % of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God , and 18 % believe he is the saviour of the world . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Denmark The oldest surviving Danish lecture plan dated 1537 from the University of Copenhagen The Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the Ministry of Education and administered by local municipalities . Folkeskole covers the entire period of compulsory education , encompassing primary and lower secondary education . Most children attend folkeskole for 10 years , from the ages of 6 to 16 . There are no final examinations , but pupils can choose to go to a test when finishing ninth grade ( 14 -- 15 years old ) . The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended . Pupils can alternatively attend an independent school ( friskole ) , or a private school ( privatskole ) , such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools . Following graduation from compulsory education , there are several continuing educational opportunities ; the Gymnasium ( STX ) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science , Higher Technical Examination Programme ( HTX ) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasises on subjects in economics . Higher Preparatory Examination ( HF ) is similar to Gymnasium ( STX ) , but is one year shorter . For specific professions , there is vocational education , training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship . The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95 % and tertiary enrollment and completion rates of 60 % . All university and college ( tertiary ) education in Denmark is free of charges ; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses . Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants , known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte ( SU ) , which provides fixed financial support , disbursed monthly . Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark . Many programmes may be taught in the English language , the academic lingua franca , in bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , doctorates and student exchange programmes . Health ( edit ) See also : Health care in Denmark As of 2015 , Denmark has a life expectancy of 80.6 years at birth ( 78.6 for men , 82.5 for women ) , up from 76.9 years in 2000 . This ranks it 27th among 193 nations , behind the other Nordic countries . The National Institute of Public Health of the University of Southern Denmark has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy ; this includes smoking , alcohol , drug abuse and physical inactivity . Although the obesity rate is lower than in North America and most other European countries , the large number of Danes becoming overweight is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of DKK 1,625 million . In a 2012 study , Denmark had the highest cancer rate of all countries listed by the World Cancer Research Fund International ; researchers suggest the reasons are better reporting , but also lifestyle factors like heavy alcohol consumption , smoking and physical inactivity . Denmark has a universal health care system , characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and , for most of the services , run directly by the regional authorities . One of the sources of income is a national health care contribution ( sundhedsbidrag ) ( 2007 -- 11 : 8 % ; ' 12 : 7 % ; ' 13 : 6 % ; ' 14 : 5 % ; ' 15 : 4 % ; ' 16 : 3 % ; ' 17 : 2 % ; ' 18 : 1 % ; ' 19 : 0 % ) but it is being phased out and will be gone from January 2019 , with the income taxes in the lower brackets being raised gradually each year instead . Another source comes from the municipalities that had their income taxes raised by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007 , a contribution confiscated from the former county tax to be used from 1 January 2007 for health purposes by the municipalities instead . This means that most health care provision is free at the point of delivery for all residents . Additionally , roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state , such as physiotherapy . As of 2012 , Denmark spends 11.2 % of its GDP on health care ; this is up from 9.8 % in 2007 ( US $3,512 per capita ) . This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries . Ghettos ( edit ) Denmark is the only country to officially use the word ' ghetto ' in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas . Since 2010 , the Danish Ministry of Transport , Building and Housing publishes the ghettolisten ( List of ghettos ) which in 2018 consists of 25 areas . As a result , the term is widely used in the media and common parlance . The legal designation is applied to areas based on the residents ' income levels , employment status , education levels , criminal convictions and ' non-Western ' ethnic background . In 2017 , 8.7 % of immigrants in Denmark were non-Western immigrants or their descendants . The population proportion of ' ghetto residents ' with non-Western background was 66.5 % . In 2018 , the government has proposed measures to solve the issue of integration and to rid the country of ' parallel societies and ghettos by 2030 ' . The measures focus on physical redevelopment , control over who is allowed to live in these areas , crime abatement and education . These policies have been criticized for undercutting ' equality before law ' and for portraying immigrants , especially Muslim immigrants , in a bad light . While some proposals like restricting ' ghetto children ' to their homes after 8 p.m. have been rejected for being too radical , most of the 22 proposals have been agreed upon by a parliamentary majority . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Denmark See also : LGBT rights in Denmark Denmark shares strong cultural and historic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Norway . It has historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world . In 1969 , Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography , and in 2012 , Denmark replaced its `` registered partnership '' laws , which it had been the first country to introduce in 1989 , with gender - neutral marriage . Modesty and social equality are important parts of Danish culture . Statue of philosopher Søren Kierkegaard The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) , Ludwig A. Colding 's ( 1815 -- 88 ) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy , and the contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr ( 1885 -- 1962 ) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement . The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 -- 1875 ) , the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 -- 55 ) , the short stories of Karen Blixen ( penname Isak Dinesen ) , ( 1885 -- 1962 ) , the plays of Ludvig Holberg ( 1684 -- 1754 ) , and the dense , aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein ( 1905 -- 96 ) , have earned international recognition , as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen ( 1865 -- 1931 ) . From the mid-1990s , Danish films have attracted international attention , especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier . A major feature of Danish culture is Jul ( Danish Christmas ) . The holiday is celebrated throughout December , starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions , culminating with the Christmas Eve meal . There are five Danish heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe : Christiansfeld , a Moravian Church Settlement , the Jelling Mounds ( Runic Stones and Church ) , Kronborg Castle , Roskilde Cathedral , and The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand . Media ( edit ) Main articles : Cinema of Denmark and Television in Denmark Danish mass media date back to the 1540s , when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news . In 1666 , Anders Bording , the father of Danish journalism , began a state paper . In 1834 , the first liberal , factual newspaper appeared , and the 1849 Constitution established lasting freedom of the press in Denmark . Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century , usually tied to one or another political party or trade union . Modernisation , bringing in new features and mechanical techniques , appeared after 1900 . The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901 , more than doubling to 1.2 million in 1925 . The German occupation during World War II brought informal censorship ; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis . During the war , the underground produced 550 newspapers -- small , surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance . Director Lars von Trier , who co-created the Dogme film movement Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of product due largely to funding by the state - supported Danish Film Institute . There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema : erotic melodrama of the silent era ; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s ; and lastly , the Dogme 95 movement of the late 1990s , where directors often used hand - held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big - budget studios . Danish films have been noted for their realism , religious and moral themes , sexual frankness and technical innovation . The Danish filmmaker Carl Th . Dreyer ( 1889 -- 1968 ) is considered one of the greatest directors of early cinema . Other Danish filmmakers of note include Erik Balling , the creator of the popular Olsen - banden films ; Gabriel Axel , an Oscar - winner for Babette 's Feast in 1987 ; and Bille August , the Oscar - , Palme d'Or - and Golden Globe - winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988 . In the modern era , notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier , who co-created the Dogme movement , and multiple award - winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn . Mads Mikkelsen is a world - renowned Danish actor , having starred in films such as King Arthur , Casino Royale , the Danish film The Hunt , and the American TV series Hannibal . Another renowned Danish actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau is internationally known for playing the role of Jaime Lannister in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations . In printed media JP / Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media , between them , control the largest newspapers Politiken , Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands - Posten and major tabloids B.T. and Ekstra Bladet . In television , publicly owned stations DR and TV 2 have large shares of the viewers . DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV - series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Gråbøl . In radio , DR has a near monopoly , currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels , competing only with local stations . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Denmark A sample from Carl Nielsen 's Wind Quintet with the theme from Min Jesus , lad mit hjerte få Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions . The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world 's oldest orchestras . Denmark 's most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen , especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet , while the Royal Danish Ballet specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville . Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians , and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired an international reputation . The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of note internationally , including MØ , Aqua , Lukas Graham , D-A-D , Oh Land , The Raveonettes , Michael Learns to Rock , King Diamond , Alphabeat , Kashmir , Mew and Volbeat , among others . Lars Ulrich , the drummer of the band Metallica , has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen is the largest music festival in Northern Europe since 1971 and Denmark has many recurring music festivals of all genres throughout , including Aarhus International Jazz Festival , Skanderborg Festival , The Blue Festival in Aalborg , Esbjerg International Chamber Music Festival and Skagen Festival among many others . Architecture and design ( edit ) Main articles : Architecture of Denmark and Danish design Grundtvig 's Church in Copenhagen . An example of expressionist architecture . Denmark 's architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque , then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country . From the 16th century , Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark , initially to improve the country 's fortifications , but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style . During the 17th century , many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style , both in the capital and the provinces . Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style . A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th - century National Romantic style . The 20th century brought along new architectural styles ; including expressionism , best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen - Klint , which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions ; and Nordic Classicism , which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century . It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture . This , in turn , has evolved into more recent world - class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon 's Sydney Opera House and Johan Otto von Spreckelsen 's Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris , paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad . Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century , originating in Denmark . Danish design is typically applied to industrial design , furniture and household objects , which have won many international awards . The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide . Danish design is also a well - known brand , often associated with world - famous , 20th - century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen , Finn Juhl , Hans Wegner , Arne Jacobsen , Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton . Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel ( 1923 -- 2003 ) in the area of industrial design , Jens Quistgaard ( 1919 -- 2008 ) for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher ( 1903 -- 1985 ) who had a classical approach to furniture design . Literature and philosophy ( edit ) Main articles : Danish literature and Danish philosophy A portrait of Hans Christian Andersen ( 1836 ) , by Christian Albrecht Jensen The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century . Saxo Grammaticus , normally considered the first Danish writer , worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history ( Gesta Danorum ) . Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages . With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed . In the late 19th century , literature was seen as a way to influence society . Known as the Modern Breakthrough , this movement was championed by Georg Brandes , Henrik Pontoppidan ( awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature ) and J. P. Jacobsen . Romanticism influenced the renowned writer and poet Hans Christian Andersen , known for his stories and fairy tales , e.g. The Ugly Duckling , The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen . In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature . Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories . Other Danish writers of importance are Herman Bang , Gustav Wied , William Heinesen , Martin Andersen Nexø , Piet Hein , Hans Scherfig , Klaus Rifbjerg , Dan Turèll , Tove Ditlevsen , Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg . Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy . Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard , the creator of Christian existentialism . Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers , including Harald Høffding , who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism . Among Kierkegaard 's other followers include Jean - Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard 's views on the individual , and Rollo May , who helped create humanistic psychology . Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig , whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark , and who is also influential for his theological and historical works . Painting and photography ( edit ) Main articles : Danish art and Photography in Denmark Woman in front of a Mirror , ( 1841 ) , by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands , the 15th - and 16th - century church frescos , which can be seen in many of the country 's older churches , are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters . The Danish Golden Age , which began in the first half of the 19th century , was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism , typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard . Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz , Christen Købke , Martinus Rørbye , Constantin Hansen , and Wilhelm Marstrand . In 1871 , Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia 's most successful artists ' colonies specialising in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy . Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna , they were soon joined by P.S. Krøyer , Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen . All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people . Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen , Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen , and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard , Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst . Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture , inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area . These include impressionism and the modernist styles of expressionism , abstract painting and surrealism . While international co-operation and activity has almost always been essential to the Danish artistic community , influential art collectives with a firm Danish base includes De Tretten ( 1909 -- 1912 ) , Linien ( 1930s and 1940s ) , COBRA ( 1948 -- 51 ) , Fluxus ( 1960s and 1970s ) , De Unge Vilde ( 1980s ) and more recently Superflex ( founded in 1993 ) . Most Danish painters of modern times have also been very active with other forms of artistic expressions , such as sculpting , ceramics , art installations , activism , film and experimental architecture . Notable Danish painters from modern times representing various art movements include Theodor Philipsen ( 1840 -- 1920 , impressionism and naturalism ) , Anna Klindt Sørensen ( 1899 -- 1985 , expressionism ) , Franciska Clausen ( 1899 -- 1986 , Neue Sachlichkeit , cubism , surrealism and others ) , Henry Heerup ( 1907 -- 1993 , naivism ) , Robert Jacobsen ( 1912 -- 1993 , abstract painting ) , Carl Henning Pedersen ( 1913 -- 2007 , abstract painting ) , Asger Jorn ( 1914 -- 1973 , Situationist , abstract painting ) , Bjørn Wiinblad ( 1918 -- 2006 , art deco , orientalism ) , Per Kirkeby ( b . 1938 , neo-expressionism , abstract painting ) , Per Arnoldi ( b . 1941 , pop art ) , Michael Kvium ( b . 1955 , neo-surrealism ) and Simone Aaberg Kærn ( b . 1969 , superrealism ) . Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today . Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century . Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad , participating in key exhibitions around the world . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Danish cuisine Smørrebrød -- a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies The traditional cuisine of Denmark , like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany , consists mainly of meat , fish and potatoes . Danish dishes are highly seasonal , stemming from the country 's agricultural past , its geography , and its climate of long , cold winters . The open sandwiches on rye bread , known as smørrebrød , which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch , can be considered a national speciality when prepared and decorated with a variety of fine ingredients . Hot meals traditionally consist of ground meats , such as frikadeller ( meat balls of veal and pork ) and hakkebøf ( minced beef patties ) , or of more substantial meat and fish dishes such as flæskesteg ( roast pork with crackling ) and kogt torsk ( poached cod ) with mustard sauce and trimmings . Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters . Since around 1970 , chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced gourmet cooking , largely influenced by French cuisine . Also inspired by continental practices , Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high - quality local produce known as New Danish cuisine . As a result of these developments , Denmark now have a considerable number of internationally acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded Michelin stars . This includes Geranium and Noma in Copenhagen . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Denmark Michael Laudrup , named the best Danish football player of all time by the Danish Football Association Sports are popular in Denmark , and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety . The national sport is football , with over 320,000 players in more than 1600 clubs . Denmark qualified six times consecutively for the European Championships between 1984 and 2004 , and were crowned European champions in 1992 ; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter - final of the 1998 World Cup . Notable Danish footballers include Allan Simonsen , named the best player in Europe in 1977 , Peter Schmeichel , named the `` World 's Best Goalkeeper '' in 1992 and 1993 , and Michael Laudrup , named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Association . There is much focus on handball , too . The women 's national team celebrated great successes during the 1990s . On the men 's side , Denmark has won eight medals -- two gold ( in 2008 and 2012 ) , three silver ( in 2011 , 2013 and 2014 ) and three bronze ( in 2002 , 2004 and 2006 ) -- the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history . In recent years , Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation , with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in 2005 and 2006 . Other popular sports include golf -- which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic ; tennis -- in which Denmark is successful on a professional level ; basketball -- Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in 1951 ; rugby -- the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950 ; hockey -- often competing in the top division in the Men 's World Championships ; rowing -- Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four , having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals ; and several indoor sports -- especially badminton , table tennis and gymnastics , in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals . Denmark 's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing , canoeing , kayaking , and many other water - themed sports . See also ( edit ) Index of Denmark - related articles Denmark gives its name to the Danian Age of the Paleocene Epoch of geological time Outline of Denmark Denmark portal Faroe Islands portal Greenland portal European Union portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kong Christian has equal status as a national anthem but is generally used only on royal and military occasions . ^ Jump up to : The Kingdom of Denmark 's territory in continental Europe is referred to as `` Denmark proper '' ( Danish : egentlig Danmark ) , `` metropolitan Denmark '' , or simply Denmark . In this article , usage of `` Denmark '' excludes Greenland and the Faroe Islands . Jump up ^ Faroese is co-official with Danish in the Faroe Islands . Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland . German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark . Jump up ^ The Faroe Islands became the first territory to be granted home rule on 24 March 1948 . Greenland also gained autonomy on 1 May 1979 . ^ Jump up to : This data is for Denmark proper only . For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles . Jump up ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna , but is not a separate currency . Jump up ^ Other time zones used in Greenland and the Faroe Islands include : WET , EGT , WGT and AST . Marginal DST time zones , offset by one hour , include : GMT , EGST , WGST , ADT Jump up ^ The TLD . eu is shared with other European Union countries . Greenland (. gl ) and the Faroe Islands (. fo ) have their own TLDs . Jump up ^ Danish : Kongeriget Danmark , pronounced ( ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ ) ( listen ) . See also : The unity of the Realm Jump up ^ The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country , in the Baltic Sea . Jump up ^ Denmark has a codified constitution . Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40 % of the electorate through a referendum . Jump up ^ The Constitution refers to `` the King '' ( Danish : kongen ) , rather than the gender - neutral term `` monarch '' . In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy , this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet . Jump up ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit , while acknowledging that democracy is difficult to measure , listed Denmark 5th on its index of democracy . Jump up ^ The Faroese declined membership in 1973 ; Greenland chose to leave the EEC in 1985 , following a referendum . Jump up ^ As measured in official development assistance ( ODA ) . Denmark , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and the United Kingdom exceeded the United Nations ' ODA target of 0.7 % of GNI . Jump up ^ The Church of Denmark is the established church ( or state religion ) in Denmark and Greenland ; the Church of the Faroe Islands became an independent body in 2007 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Not one but two national anthems '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stone et al. 2008 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Area by region -- StatBank Denmark -- data and statistics '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Population at the first day of the quarter by municipality , sex , age , marital status , ancestry , country of origin and citizenship '' . Statistics Denmark . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . January 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Keyfigures by Statistics Faroe Islands '' . Hagstova Føroya . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Population '' . Statistics Greenland . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denmark '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark in numbers 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Denmark . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Melnick , Meredith ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Denmark Is Considered The Happiest Country . You 'll Never Guess Why '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Index 2014 '' ( PDF ) . The Economist / Economist Intelligence Unit . 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 2013 Legatum Prosperity Index TM : Global prosperity rising while US and UK economies decline . Legatum Institute , 29 October 2013 . Archived 6 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Denmark Country Profile : Human Development Indicators '' . United Nations Development Programme . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dave Serchuk . Happy Country = Social Mobility ? Forbes . 12 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 2001 '' . The World Bank . 1997 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danish Tax System '' . Aarhus University . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristian Andersen Nyrup , Middelalderstudier Bog IX . Kong Gorms Saga Jump up ^ Indvandrerne i Danmarks historie , Bent Østergaard , Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2007 , ISBN 978 - 87 - 7674 - 204 - 1 , pp. 19 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : J. de Vries , Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch , 1962 , 73 ; N. Å . Nielsen , Dansk etymologisk ordbog , 1989 , 85 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Navneforskning , Københavns Universitet `` Udvalgte stednavnes betydning '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 27 January 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Heather ( 2008 ) . Old Norse - Icelandic Literature : A Short Introduction . John Wiley & Sons . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 77683 - 4 . Jump up ^ The dative form tąnmarku ( pronounced ( danmarkʊ ) ) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone . Jump up ^ Michaelsen ( 2002 ) , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , Poul Otto ( May 2003 ) . `` Denmark : History , Prehistory '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Busck and Poulsen ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Jordanes ( 22 April 1997 ) . `` The Origin and Deeds of the Goths , chapter III '' . Charles C. Mierow ( trans . ) . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Busck and Poulsen ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Michaelsen ( 2002 ) , pp. 122 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : * Lund , Niels ( May 2003 ) . `` Denmark -- History -- The Viking Age '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Archived from the original on 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Berend , Nora ( 22 November 2007 ) . `` Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy : Scandinavia , Central Europe and Rus ' c. 900 -- 1200 '' . Cambridge University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stone et al. 2008 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Lauring , Palle ( 1960 ) A History of the Kingdom of Denmark , Host & Son Co. : Copenhagen , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Kalmarkriget 1611 -- 1613 '' . Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ; Shadle , Robert , eds. ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism . Greenwood Publishing Group . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Parker , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Parker , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Stone et al. 2008 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` League of Armed Neutrality '' . Oxford Reference . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenssen - Tusch , Georg Friedrich ( 1852 ) . Zur Regierungsgeschichte Friedrich VI . Königs von Dänemark , Herzogs von Schleswig , Holstein und Lauenburg ( in German ) . Verlag Schröder . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Dörr , Oliver ( 2004 ) . Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung : eine Auswahl für Studium und Praxis . Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck . p. 101 . ISBN 3 - 16 - 148311 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tellier , Luc - Normand ( 2009 ) . Urban world history an economic and geographical perspective . Québec : Presses de l'Université du Québec . p. 457 . ISBN 9782760522091 . Jump up ^ Rugg , Andy . `` Traitor Danes : most soldiers return heroes , but this lot came home total zeroes '' . Copenhagen Post . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finland : Now , the Seven and a Half '' . Time . 7 April 1961 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ David Arter ( 2006 ) . Democracy in Scandinavia : Consensual , Majoritarian Or Mixed ? . Manchester University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 7047 - 1 . Jump up ^ Administrative divisions -- Denmark The World Factbook . Access date : 14 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Landet i tal -- Største øer '' . National Survey and Cadastre of Denmark . 23 September 2003 . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Statistikbanken.dk/bef4 Jump up ^ `` Nature & Environment '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Archived from the original on 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Nationalencyklopedin , ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Nyt højeste punkt i Danmark '' ( in Danish ) . Danish Geodata Agency . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Normals for Denmark '' . Danish Meteorological Institute . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Figures , labelled in Danish : First plot is the whole country ; Nedbør = Precipitation , Nedbørdage = Precipitation days ( > 1 mm ) , ( Dag / Middel / Nat ) temp. = ( Daytime / Average / Nighttime ) temperature , Solskinstimer = Hours of sunshine . Jump up ^ `` Vejrekstremer i Danmark ( Weather extremes in Denmark ) '' ( in Danish ) . Danish Meteorological Institute ( DMI ) . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The weather cross -- the four corners of autumn weather '' . Danish Meteorological Institute . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copenhagen , Denmark -- Sunrise , sunset , dawn and dusk times for the whole year '' . Gaisma . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C Michael . `` Ecoregions of Denmark '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Christian Lundmark . `` Forests and forestry in Denmark -- Thousands of years of interaction between man and nature '' ( PDF ) . Danish Ministry of the Environment Nature Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forest area ( % of land area ) '' . worldbank.org . The World Bank . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Animals in Denmark '' . listofcountriesoftheworld.com. 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bird list of Denmark '' . Netfugl.dk . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . It involves all category A , B and C birds recorded in Denmark ( according to SU / BOURC / AERC standard ) . Jump up ^ Byskov , Søren . `` Theme : Herring , cod and other fish -- 1001 Stories of Denmark '' . The Heritage Agency of Denmark . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The law of environmental damage : liability and reparation . Marie - Louise Larsson . ^ Jump up to : `` Denmark '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 '' . Global Footprint Network . 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ WWF ( 2014 ) : Living Planet Report . Jump up ^ AMI ( 2012 ) ; preliminary data for 2011 Jump up ^ Jan Burck ; Franziska Marten ; Christoph Bals . `` The Climate Change Performance Index : Results 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Germanwatch . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nor does the EPI gauge how well the biodiversity is faring compared to a pristine situation . Jump up ^ This is 128 out of only 136 countries , as only 136 countries are represented in this area of the EPI report . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Report '' . EPI Report . Yale University . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ EPI ( 2016 ) : Denmark Archived 23 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Almost Saving Whales : The Ambiguity of Success at the International Whaling Commission ( Full Text ) - Ethics & International Affairs '' . Ethics & International Affairs . 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of whales slaughtered in Faroe Island 's annual killing '' . The Independent . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Kjær , Jonas ( 15 November 2006 ) . `` Christiansø betaler ikke sundhedsbidrag '' . dr.dk ( in Danish ) . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Denmark : Regions , Municipalities , Cities & Major Urban Areas -- Statistics and Maps on City Population . ^ Jump up to : The Danish Regions -- in Brief ( 3rd revised edition . ed . ) . Copenhagen : Danske Regioner. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7723 - 471 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Tasks in Denmark '' . Danske Regioner . Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ The working autonomies in Europe -- Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker ( GFBV ) . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The unity of the Realm Archived 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- Statsministeriet -- stm.dk . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Act on the Faroese authorities acquisition of affairs and fields '' ( Lov om de færøske myndigheders overtagelse af sager og sagsområder ) . retsinformation.dk ( in Danish ) . 24 June 2005 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lov om Grønlands Selvstyre ( in Danish ) . Retsinformation.dk . `` I erkendelse af , at det grønlandske folk er et folk i henhold til folkeretten med ret til selvbestemmelse , bygger loven på et ønske om at fremme ligeværdighed og gensidig respekt i partnerskabet mellem Danmark og Grønland . Jump up ^ Tschentscher , Axel . `` The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 88 '' . Servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The executive power is vested in the King . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 3 . Jump up ^ `` The body of Ministers shall form the Council of State , in which the Successor to the Throne shall have a seat when he is of age . The Council of State shall be presided over by the King ... '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 17 . Jump up ^ The Monarchy today -- The Danish Monarchy ( kongehuset.dk ) . Access date : 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` The King shall not be answerable for his actions ; his person shall be sacrosanct . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Bill passed by the Parliament shall become law if it receives the Royal Assent not later than thirty days after it was finally passed . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 22 . Jump up ^ `` ICL -- Denmark -- Constitution -- Section 31 . Elections '' . unibe.ch . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jørgensen 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` A Minister shall not remain in office after the Parliament has passed a vote of no confidence in him . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 15 . Jump up ^ `` Radikale ved historisk skillevej '' . Berlingske Tidende. 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Orfield , Lester Bernhardt Orfield ( 2002 ) . The Growth of Scandinavian Law . Union , N.J. : Lawbook Exchange . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 180 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The administration of justice shall always remain independent of the executive power . Rules to this effect shall be laid down by Statute ... '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Sections / Articles 62 and 64 . Jump up ^ Gammelgaard & Sørensen 1998 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Behringer , Ronald M. ( September 2005 ) . `` Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda '' . Nordic International Studies Association / SAGE Publications . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish Presidency of the European Union 2012 '' . European Union . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Government of the United States . `` US Department of State : Denmark '' . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Preliminary ODA Figures '' ( PDF ) . Paris : OECD. 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunnar Olesen ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Denmark as a warring nation : A bracket that should be closed '' ( in Danish ) . The council for international conflict resolution ( RIKO ) . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lasse Lavrsen ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Danmark er en krisnation '' ( in Danish ) . Information . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forsvarsministerens Verdenskort '' . Ministry of Defense of Denmark . 27 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , , A.L. ( 1996 ) . Bosnia : What Every American Should Know . New York : Berkley Books . Jump up ^ Phillips , R. Cody . Bosnia - Hertsegovinia : The U.S. Army 's Role in Peace Enforcement Operations 1995 -- 2004 . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 70 - 97 - 1 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark follows UK Iraq pullout '' . Al Jazeera English . 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks Radio -- Danmark mister flest soldater i Afghanistan '' . Dr.dk. 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Country and Lending Groups . World Bank . Accessed on 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on 14 April 2015 . Accessed on 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries , GDP per capita ( current US $ ) , World Bank . Accessed on 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Country Ratings '' , 2012 Index of Economic Freedom . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Freedom of the World : 2011 Annual Report Complete Publication ( 2.7 MB ) '' ( PDF ) . freetheworld.com . Fraser Institute . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 '' . World Economic Forum . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ UNESCO 2009 Global Education Digest , Shared fourth with Finland at a 30.3 % ratio . Graph on p28 , table on p194 . Jump up ^ Kevin Short ( 28 May 2014 ) . The Worst Places On The Planet To Be A Worker . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Joumard , Mauro Pisu , Debbie Bloch ( 2012 ) . `` Tackling income inequality . The role of taxes and transfers '' ( PDF ) . OECD . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ioana Neamtu and Niels Westergaard - Nielsen ( March 2013 ) . `` Sources and impact of rising inequality in Denmark '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2010 Edition '' . IMF . 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liz Alderman and Steven Greenhouse ( 27 October 2014 ) . Living Wages , Rarity for U.S. Fast - Food Workers , Served Up in Denmark . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ On Sweden and Denmark , see Anders Kjellberg and Christian Lyhne Ibsen `` Attacks on union organizing : Reversible and irreversible changes to the Ghent - systems in Sweden and Denmark '' in Trine Pernille Larsen and Anna Ilsøe ( eds . ) ( 2016 ) Den Danske Model set udefra ( The Danish Model Inside Out ) -- komparative perspektiver på dansk arbejdsmarkedsregulering , Copenhagen : Jurist - og Økonomforbundets Forlag ( pp. 292 ) Jump up ^ An Overview of Danish Pork Industry : Integration and Structure by Karen Hamann -- The Institute for Food Studies & Agroindustrial Development . Access date : 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark : Economy '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statens Gæld og Låntagning '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Denmark . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mathias , Peter and Polard , Sidney ( eds . ) ( 1989 ) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 50718 - 0 . Jump up ^ Why Denmark Loves Globalisation , Time Magazine Jump up ^ `` Denmark and the euro '' . Danmarks Nationalbank. 17 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark to have second referendum on euro '' . 22 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The largest companies by turnover in Denmark '' . largestcompanies.com . Nordic Netproducts AB . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark Confirms Participation in E-ELT '' . ESO Announmentes . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novozymes , the world 's leading provider of enzymes to the biofuels industry '' . Canadian Biomass Magazine . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The surprising ingredients of Swedish success -- free markets and social cohesion '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Economic Affairs . 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Good Reasons to Invest in Denmark '' . Investindk.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's best business environment '' . Investindk.com . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Business Environment , Invest in Denmark Jump up ^ `` Skattetrykket '' . Danish Ministry of Taxation . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights : DENMARK OECD Social Indicators '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Madsen , Bjarne ; Svend Lundtorp ( 2006 ) . Arbejdsmarkedet på Sjælland og øerne i 2015 . Akf forlaget . p. 10 . ISBN 87 - 7509 - 801 - 6 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Statistikbanken.dk , tables AB513+ BESK11 + 12 + 13 . Jump up ^ Nüchel , Jens ; Lars Erik Skovgaard ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` Danskere arbejder mere og mere '' . Business.dk . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bonde , Annette ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Virksomheder foretrækker tysk arbejdskraft '' . Business.dk . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Danish Economic Council Spring Report 2008 English Summary , p. 11 '' . Dors.dk . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis for Denmark '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 15 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Denmark Crude Oil Production and Consumption by Year ( Thousand Barrels per Day ) -- indexmundi . Jump up ^ Wind energy in Denmark breaking world records The Copenhagen Post , Retrieved 17 . January 2016 . Jump up ^ Denmark Invests the Most in Clean Energy per GDP Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . -- yourolivebranch.org . Retrieved 3 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Plug - in and Electrical Vehicles '' . EnergyMap.dk . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Global support for International Renewable Energy Agency growing fast '' . IRENA. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Group Annual Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . cph.dk . Copenhagen Airports A / S. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark - Germany undersea Fehmarn tunnel gets go - ahead '' . BBC News . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ring 3 summary report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cykelruter og regioner '' ( in Danish ) . Visitdenmark.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vi cykler til arbejde 2011 '' ( in Danish ) . Dansk Cyklist Forbund . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyske miljøzoner sender gamle biler til Danmark '' . Politiken.dk ( in Danish ) . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transport '' . Statistical Yearbook 2012 ( PDF ) . dst.dk . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Helliwell , John ; Layard , Richard ; Sachs , Jeffrey ( eds . ) . `` World Happiness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Sustainable Development Solutions Network . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Helliwell , John ; Layard , Richard ; Sachs , Jeffrey World Happiness Report . The Earth Institute at Columbia University , p. 8 . See also : World Happiness Report 2013 , p. 23. ; Denmark Is Considered The Happiest Country . You 'll Never Guess Why . Huffington Post . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Buce ( 8 June 2011 ) . The Happiest Countries in the World . The Atlantic . Retrieved 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ Taylor , Jerome ( 1 August 2006 ) . `` Denmark is the world 's happiest country -- official -- Europe , World '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denmark : Integrating Immigrants into a Homogeneous Welfare State '' . Migration Policy Institute . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ For comparisons and developments see : `` Denmark -- Migration Profiles '' ( PDF ) . UNICEF. 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Statistics on migration only includes people changing citizenship and does not always provide a realistic picture of migration pressure . In Denmark , 5 % of the population were non-citizens in 2005 , which is a relatively high figure . See `` Counting Immigrant and Expatriates in OECD Countries : A New Perspective '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 21 October 2005 : 119 -- 120 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . for example . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , M. Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( 16th ed . ) . Dallas , Texas : SIL International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55671 - 216 - 6 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Language '' . The Nordic Council . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Europeans and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Eurobarometer . European Commission . February 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Folkekirkens medlemstal '' . www.km.dk . Jump up ^ Denmark -- Constitution -- Part I -- Section 4 ( State Church ) : `` The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark , and , as such , it shall be supported by the State . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Denmark -- Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor '' . International Religious Freedom Report 2009 . U.S. Department of State . 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Manchin , Robert ( 21 September 2004 ) . `` Religion in Europe : Trust Not Filling the Pews '' . Gallup Poll . Gallup . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Steve . `` Religiosity Highest in World 's Poorest Nations '' . Gallup . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Church membership 1984 Danmarks statistik ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Denmark -- Constitution -- Part II -- Section 6 . Jump up ^ Denmark -- Constitution -- Part VII -- Section 70 : `` No person shall for reasons of his creed or descent be deprived of access to complete enjoyment of his civic and political rights , nor shall he for such reasons evade compliance with any common civic duty . '' ^ Jump up to : Freedom of religion and religious communities in Denmark -- The Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs -- May 2006 Jump up ^ Denmark country profile - ( Euro-Islam.info ) and Muslimpopulation.com -- Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Denmark '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2006 . Retrieved 8 February 2006 . -- From the Danish Foreign Ministry . Archive retrieved on 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Eurobarometer , biotechnology , page 204 '' ( PDF ) . Fieldwork : Jan -- Feb 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Poll performed in December 2009 among 1114 Danes between ages 18 and 74 , Hver fjerde dansker tror på Jesus Archived 25 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( One in four Danes believe in Jesus ) , Kristeligt Dagblad , 23 December 2009 ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Danish Education System '' . Danish Ministry for Children , Education and Gender Equality . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Education Policy Outlook : Denmark '' ( PDF ) . OECD . p. 4 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Noack ( 4 February 2015 ) . Why Danish students are paid to go to college . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Study in Denmark , official government website on international higher education in Denmark '' . Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy '' . World Health Organization . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brønnum - Hansen , Knud Juel , Jan Sørensen , Henrik ( 2007 ) . Risk factors and public health in Denmark -- Summary report ( PDF ) . København : National Institute of Public Health , University of Southern Denmark . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7899 - 123 - 2 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obesity -- Adult prevalence '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Denmark the cancer capital of the world ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Data for cancer frequency by country '' . WCRF. 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Profiles of Health Care Systems '' ( PDF ) . The Commonwealth Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nielson , Emil Gjerding . `` In Danish ' ghettos ' , immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Denmark 's Plan To Rid Country Of ' Ghettos , ' Some Immigrants Hear ' Go Home ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Denmark , Harsh New Laws for Immigrant ' Ghettos ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime '' . BBC News . 2018 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial , Reuters . `` Denmark to school ' ghetto ' kids in democracy and Christmas '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what we know about Denmark 's ' ghetto plan ' '' . 2018 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` What to Know About Denmark 's Plan to End Immigrant `` Ghettos '' `` . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' No ghettos in 2030 `` : Denmark 's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark -- An Overview '' . 22 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheila Rule : `` Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark '' -- New York Times . Published : 2 October 1989 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Same - Sex Marriage FAQ '' . Marriage.about.com. 17 June 2003 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rainbow wedding bells : Denmark allows gay marriage in church '' . RT . 7 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` Denmark passes bill allowing gays to marry in church '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Denmark -- Language , Culture , Customs and Etiquette . From Kwintessential Archived 10 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark : Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List ( 8 ) '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth E. Olson , The history makers : The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965 ( LSU Press , 1966 ) pp 50 -- 64 , 433 Jump up ^ `` Carl Dreyer : Day of Wrath , Ordet , Gertrud '' . Bright Lights Film Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Robert ( 16 February 1997 ) . `` The Passion of Joan of Arc '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 1 July 2013 ... Carl Theodor Dreyer ( 1889 -- 1968 ) , the Dane who was one of the greatest early directors . Jump up ^ TNS - Gallup meter Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; Television station viewer statistics , figures for July 2012 ( week 28 ) . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial radio '' . Danish Agency for Culture . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Danish Orchestra '' . The Royal Danish Theatre . Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Festivalguide Gaffa ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Musikfestivaler i Danmark VisitDenmark ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ `` '' Danish Architecture : An Overview `` '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . , Visit Denmark . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Architecture `` '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . , Embassy of Denmark , Hanoi . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danish by Design '' , DDC . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wall Paintings in Danish Churches from Panoramas.dk . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Adopting the Biblia pauperum approach , they present many of the most popular stories from the Old and New Testaments . Jump up ^ Art Encyclopedia : Skagen . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Funish Art Colony '' Archived 18 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Johannes Larsen Museet . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The Bornholm School from the Rough Guide to Denmark . Archived 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Contemporary Danish Photography . From Photography - Now Archived 7 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` new nordic recipes '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIF specialforbunds medlems '' ( in Danish ) . Danmarks Idrætsforbund. 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Laudrup bedste spiller gennem tiderne '' . DBU. 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Team rankings '' . European Handball Federation . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Om DIF -- Medlemstal '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . ( in Danish ) , The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark Jump up ^ Profile Denmark , Fiba.com . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bath , Richard ( ed . ) The Complete Book of Rugby ( Seven Oaks Ltd , 1997 ISBN 1 - 86200 - 013 - 1 ) p66 . Archived from July 2007 and Retrieved June 2012 . Bibliography Stone , Andrew ; Bain , Carolyn ; Booth , Michael ; Parnell , Fran ( 2008 ) . Denmark ( 5th ed . ) . Footscray , Victoria : Lonely Planet . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 669 - 4 . ( in Danish ) Busck , Steen and Poulsen , Henning ( ed . ) , `` Danmarks historie -- i grundtræk '' , Aarhus Universitetsforlag , 2002 , ISBN 87 - 7288 - 941 - 1 Gammelgaard , Frederik ; Sørensen , Niels ( 1998 ) . Danmark -- en demokratisk stat ( in Danish ) . Alinea . ISBN 87 - 23 - 00280 - 8 . Jørgensen , Gitte ( 1995 ) . Sådan styres Danmark ( in Danish ) . Flachs . ISBN 87 - 7826 - 031 - 0 . ( in Danish ) Michaelsen , Karsten Kjer , `` Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid '' , Politikens Forlag ( 1 . bogklubudgave ) , 2002 , ISBN 87 - 00 - 69328 - 6 ( in Swedish ) Nationalencyklopedin , vol. 4 , Bokförlaget Bra Böcker , 2000 , ISBN 91 - 7024 - 619 - X . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDenmarkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Denmark.dk `` Denmark '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Denmark entry at Encyclopædia Britannica . A guide to Danish Culture at Denmark.net . Denmark at UCB Libraries GovPubs . Denmark at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Denmark profile from the BBC News . Tourism portal at VisitDenmark . Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures . Government Stm.dk -- official Danish government web site um.dk -- official Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark web site Statistics Denmark ( DST ) -- Key figures from the Danish bureau of statistics . `` Regions of Denmark '' . Statoids . Maps Wikimedia Atlas of Denmark Geographic data related to Denmark at OpenStreetMap Satellite image of Denmark at the NASA Earth Observatory . Trade World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Denmark News and media Google news Denmark History of Denmark : Primary Documents ( in Danish ) Krak printable mapsearch ( in Swedish ) ( in English ) Ministry of the Environment National Survey and Cadastre Old Denmark in Cyberspace -- Information about Denmark -- the Danes at the Wayback Machine ( archived 8 February 2006 ) Other Vifanord.de -- library of scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries . Articles related to Denmark Denmark articles Part of the Kingdom of Denmark History Archaeology Viking Age Kalmar Union Reformation Danevirke Denmark -- Norway Danish Empire Colonization of the Americas Golden Age Scandinavian Monetary Union Postal history Skåneland Slesvig - Holsten Duchy of Holstein Duchy of Schleswig World War II Rescue of the Danish Jews Geography Birds Cities Danish straits Extreme points Geography Forests Islands Lakes Mammals Mountains and hills Regions Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Municipalities Current cabinet Constitution Courts Elections Folketing ( Danish Parliament ) Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Monarchy The unity of the Realm Prime Minister Military Political parties Economy OMX Copenhagen 20 2000s property bubble Energy Flexicurity Krone ( currency ) National Bank Stock Exchange Taxation Communications Tourism Transport Society Danes Demographics Education Immigration Health care Languages Culture Art Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Jante Law Literature Modern Breakthrough Media Music People Photography Prostitution Public holidays Religion Sport Symbols Coat of arms Flag National ( civic ) anthem Royal anthem Outline Index Portal Geographic locale Places adjacent to Denmark Faroe Islands Norwegian Sea Norway Skagerrak Kattegat Sweden United Kingdom North Sea Denmark Øresund Sweden North Sea Wadden Sea Netherlands Germany Baltic Sea Poland Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . 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3429126521544636341	Show Me the Way to Go Home	Show me the way to go home - wikipedia Show me the way to go home `` Show Me the Way to Go Home '' is a popular song written in 1925 by the pseudonymous `` Irving King '' ( the English songwriting team James Campbell and Reginald Connelly ) . The song is said to have been written on a train journey from London by Campbell and Connelly . They were tired from the traveling and had a few alcoholic drinks during the journey , hence the lyrics . The song is in common use in England , Ireland , Scotland , Wales and North America . Contents 1 Publication 2 Popular culture 2.1 Literature 2.2 Film 2.3 Television 2.4 Football 3 Recordings 4 References Publication ( edit ) The music and lyrics were written in 1925 by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly . They self - published the sheet music and it became their first big success , selling 2 million copies and providing the financial basis of their publishing firm , Campbell , Connelly & Co . Campbell and Connelly published the sheet music and recorded the song under the pseudonym `` Irving King '' . The song was recorded by several artists in the 1920s , including radio personalities The Happiness Boys , Vincent Lopez and his Orchestra , and the California Ramblers . Throughout the twentieth into the twenty - first century it has been recorded by numerous artists . Popular culture ( edit ) A parody popular on Midwest American campuses in the 1950s went Indicate the way to my abode I 'm fatigued and I want to retire I imbibed a few about sixty minutes ago And it percolated right through my cerebellum Wherever I may perambulate O'er land or sea or atmospheric vapor You will always hear me rendering this melody Indicate the way to my abode '' or Indicate the way to my abode I 'm fatigued and I want to retire I had a spot of beverage sixty minutes ago And it went right to my cranium Wherever I may perambulate On land , or sea or atmospheric vapour You can always hear me crooning the melody Indicate the way to my abode Some similar versions substitute `` terra firma '' for land and / or `` aqueous precipitate '' for foam . Literature ( edit ) Referenced several times in Norman Mailer 's 1948 novel The Naked and the Dead . George Orwell references the song in his 1934 novel Burmese Days . Brick , a main character of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , sings this song toward the end while drinking liquor , leaving out the line `` And it 's gone right to my head '' and the last two lines due to dialogue between other characters . Albert Wendt references the song , slightly and purposefully revising it in his first novel , Sons For the Return Home ( 1973 ) In the Truman Capote short story , A Christmas Memory ( 1956 ) , the character , Miss Sook , sings the line `` Show me the way to go home . '' In Terry Pratchett 's novel Maskerade , the witches hear this song being sung by a neighbour taking an evening bath , and are surprised when he switches from English to Italian when he thinks he is being overheard . When he believes the coast is clear , he switches back to English . Film ( edit ) The first two lines of the song are shown on screen in King Vidor 's silent film , The Crowd ( 1928 ) after a scene where John goes to borrow some liquor from Bert but decides to stay and drink and dance with Bert and the two women at Bert 's house instead of going home to spend Christmas Eve with his wife and her family . This song was the basis for a 1932 Screen Songs animated short by Fleischer Studios . In the movie Hell Below ( 1933 ) , it is sung by Lt. JG `` Brick '' Walters , played by Robert Young . On a street scene in Beauty for Sale ( 1933 ) , a strolling trio of youths sing it . Sung by the cast in Husbands ( 1970 ) Famously used in the popular 1975 thriller film Jaws , the song was sung by the three principal characters Brody ( Roy Scheider ) , Quint ( Robert Shaw ) , and Hooper ( Richard Dreyfuss ) , and their rhythmic thumping of the table prevents them from hearing the shark ramming the boat before it has severely damaged the hull . Oliver Statham sings it as he completes a record - breaking cave dive in The Underground Eiger ( 1979 ) , a British documentary . In a stolen car scene from Eat My Dust ! ( 1976 ) starring Ron Howard . It is sung by an old man in the jail in A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) when Paul is picked up by his brother . In the Woody Allen film Cassandra 's Dream ( 2007 ) , Terry ( Colin Farrell ) and Ian ( Ewan McGregor ) sing this song on the maiden voyage of their boat . In the opening scene of Piranha 3D ( 2010 ) , Richard Dreyfuss ( reprising / spoofing his character of Matt Hooper from Jaws ) listens to this song as well as singing along . Television ( edit ) In the premiere episode of the World War II TV show Combat ! , `` Forgotten Front '' , Albert Paulsen plays a captured German soldier who shows his love for American music by singing this song . In an episode of Family Guy ( `` Mind Over Murder '' ) , where Stewie is intoxicated and singing this song . The character Harry Hewitt sings a portion of this song in a drunken stupor in an early episode of Coronation Street , transmitted in early 1961 . Davy Jones sings this during the `` Listen To The Band / Chaos '' segment of The Monkees TV special 331⁄3 Revolutions per Monkee ( NBC , 1968 . ) In an episode of Red Dwarf ( `` Thanks for the Memory '' ) , the main characters get drunk after finding a planet with a breathable atmosphere , afterwards singing the song while piloting a shuttle back to the ship , altering the words `` And it 's gone right to my head '' with `` To celebrate Rimmer 's death '' ( BBC2 , 1988 . ) In the Babylon 5 episode `` Meditations on the Abyss '' , Garibaldi is singing this to himself while he is very drunk . In the English dub version of Ghost Stories , one of the main characters uses this song as a chant to trap a ghost . In a season 3 episode of Lost ( `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' ) , Sawyer sings this while paddling a boat with Kate back to the main island . In the final episode of The Heavy Water War , Julie sings this song at a farewell party for the Norwegians . In the English dub of the Pokémon episode `` Showdown at the Po - ké Corral '' , James says `` Show me the way to go home . I 'm tired and I want to go to bed . '' In the NCIS episode `` Third Wheel '' , the song is repeated many times by a guest character named Philip Brooks . At the end of the episode , Brooks finally convinced Fornell and Gibbs to join in . Football ( edit ) Supporters of Wimbledon FC / AFC Wimbledon have sung an adapted version reflecting their team spending 25 years away from their Plough Lane home stadium : ' Show Me The Way To Plough Lane ' Theme Parks At Universal Studios Florida , in the WIzarding World of Harry Potter Diagon Alley , there is a window of animated shrunken heads . They banter with each other and often break into `` Show Me The Way To Go Home '' . It is also one of the spots where you can use an interactive wand and use the Silencio wand movement to make them stop singing and make muffled sounds as if they suddenly ca n't move their lips . It is located across from Borgin & Burke 's gift shop and next to the Dystal Phaelanges skeleton display . This along with several other design details throughout the Harry Potter themed section are a tribute to the former Jaws attraction which closed on January 2 , 2012 and was replaced by Diagon Alley in 2014 . Recordings ( edit ) Frank Crumit recorded a version of the song in 1926 . Julie London recorded a version of the song for her 1968 album Easy Does It . Jefferson Starship covered the song live during shows of their Acoustic Explorer / Acoustic Shuttlecraft incarnation in 1996 -- 1998 . Emerson , Lake & Palmer included their version of the song on their 1977 album Works Volume II . Shai Hulud sings the song as a group as the hidden track on their album Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion . Bono , the lead singer of the band U2 , used the song several times whilst in the guise of the stage character Macphisto in the band 's Zoo TV Tour in 1992 - 93 . Squalus covered the song on their 2017 album The Great Fish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.J. Kennedy ( 4 November 2011 ) . The Man Who Wrote the Teddy Bears ' Picnic : How Irish - Born Lyricist and Composer Jimmy Kennedy Became One of the Twentieth Century 's Finest Songwriters . AuthorHouse . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4678 - 8569 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Marvin E. Paymer ; Don E. Post ( 1999 ) . Sentimental Journey : Intimate Portraits of America 's Great Popular Songs , 1920 - 1945 . Noble House Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881907 - 09 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howard T. Weiner ( 6 November 2008 ) . Early Twentieth - Century Brass Idioms : Art , Jazz , and Other Popular Traditions . Scarecrow Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6246 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Crumit Collection 1925 - 1934 ( COMPLETE ) '' . 78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Show_Me_the_Way_to_Go_Home&oldid=864408919 '' Categories : Folk songs Songs about alcohol Emerson , Lake & Palmer songs Songs written by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly 1925 songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 01 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	jaws show me the way to go home lyrics	[]	[]
8123486857549436342	I'd Love to Change the World	I 'd Love to Change the World - wikipedia I 'd Love to Change the World `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Single by Ten Years After from the album A Space in Time B - side `` Let the Sky Fall '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' single Genre Blues rock folk rock psychedelic rock Length 3 : 44 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Alvin Lee Producer ( s ) Chris Wright Ten Years After singles chronology `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' is a song by the British blues rock band Ten Years After . Written by Alvin Lee , it is the lead single from the band 's 1971 album A Space in Time . It is the band 's only Top 40 hit , peaking at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and their most popular single . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Release and reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background and composition ( edit ) The song was written and sung by Alvin Lee . It discusses the confused state of the world , covering a wide variety of societal complaints , until it finally addresses the Vietnam War . The song features a folk - inspired chord pattern to support the melody . Release and reception ( edit ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was the band 's highest charting single . It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971 . When it was released , `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was a staple of both FM and AM radio , a rarity for the time . Billy Walker of Sounds wrote that the `` acoustic guitar , echoing vocals , and electric guitar build up the tempo with very good cool electric passages by Alvin ( Lee ) , and while there 's nothing new developing it 's a very nice track '' . Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic highlighted Lee 's guitar work as the `` most expressive -- and most tasteful -- electric guitar performance of his career '' , and added `` if there is a single song that can describe the overall vibe of the counterculture in 1969 / 1970 , this may very well be it . The band and Lee never quite matched the song 's supple power in their later efforts , but this song is representation enough of their awesome artistry . '' Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic about Lee 's philosophical stance , finding it `` cautious '' and `` dumb '' : `` Fellow seems to believe that if you ' tax the rich to feed the poor ' you soon run out of rich , with dire consequences . '' Christgau later said the lyrics took a cowardly position that `` epitomized the political reaction of English blues rock '' during the 1970s . Personnel ( edit ) Alvin Lee -- guitar and vocals Leo Lyons -- bass Ric Lee -- drums Chick Churchill -- keyboards Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 40 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles 28 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` I 'd Love to Change the World review '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years After Awards '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Billy ( 28 August 1971 ) . `` Ten Years After Today '' . Sounds . Spotlight Publications . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) . `` Ten Years After '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the ' 70s . Ticknor and Fields . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 026 - X . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( October 14 , 1971 ) . `` Consumer Guide ( 19 ) '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( 27 December 1976 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 11 / 27 / 71 '' . Cashbox Magazine , Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Fisher , Joseph P. ; Flota , Brian ( 2011 ) . The Politics of Post-9 / 11 Music : Sound , Trauma , and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 1409427846 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ten Years After Chick Churchill Ric Lee Marcus Bonfanti Colin Hodgkinson Alvin Lee Leo Lyons Joe Gooch Studio albums Ten Years After Stonedhenge Ssssh Cricklewood Green Watt A Space in Time Rock & Roll Music to the World Positive Vibrations About Time Now Evolution Live albums Undead Recorded Live Live at the Fillmore East 1970 Roadworks Live at Fiesta City Compilation albums Double Deluxe Ten Years After Classic Performances Goin ' Home Alvin Lee and Company Greatest Hits Profile Ten Years After Timewarps The Collection At Their Peak Universal Music Co . Portfolio - A History The Collection Essential Pure Blues I 'm Going Home Premium Gold Collection The Best of Very Best Ten Years After Album Ever Ten Years After Anthology Singles `` Love Like a Man '' `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Love_to_Change_the_World&oldid=833623749 '' Categories : 1971 singles Ten Years After songs Protest songs Songs of the Vietnam War Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang i want to change the world	[ "Alvin Lee – guitar and vocals\nLeo Lyons – bass\nRic Lee – drums\nChick Churchill – keyboards" ]	[ "Alvin Lee" ]
4757093584374604449	James Dewar	James Dewar - wikipedia James Dewar Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Dewar , see James Dewar ( disambiguation ) . Sir James Dewar Sir James Dewar FRS ( 1842 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1842 Kincardine - on - Forth , Scotland 27 March 1923 ( 1923 - 03 - 27 ) ( aged 80 ) London , England Nationality Scottish / British Alma mater University of Edinburgh Known for Liquid oxygen Liquid hydrogen Awards Hodgkins gold medal ( Smithsonian Institution ) Lavoisier Medal ( French Academy of Sciences ) Albert Medal ( Royal Society of Arts ) Rumford Medal ( 1894 ) Franklin Medal ( 1919 ) Scientific career Fields Physics Chemistry Institutions Royal Institution Peterhouse , Cambridge Doctoral advisor Lord Playfair Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE ( 20 September 1842 -- 27 March 1923 ) was a Scottish chemist and physicist . He is probably best known today for his invention of the vacuum flask , which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases . He was also particularly interested in atomic and molecular spectroscopy , working in these fields for more than 25 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Family 4 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 5 Honours and awards 6 Character 7 Selected publications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) James Dewar was born in Kincardine , Perthshire ( now in Fife ) in 1842 , the youngest of six boys of Thomas Dewar , a vintner , and his wife , Ann Dewar . James was educated at Kincardine Parish School and then Dollar Academy . He lost his parents when he was 15 , soon after leaving the Academy , but was still able to attend University of Edinburgh . There he studied chemistry under Lyon Playfair ( later Baron Playfair ) and became Playfair 's personal assistant . Dewar also studied under August Kekulé at Ghent . Career ( edit ) In 1875 , Dewar was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge , becoming a fellow of Peterhouse . He became a member of the Royal Institution and later , in 1877 , replaced Dr. John Hall Gladstone in the role of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry . Dewar was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902 , as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London 's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives . Whilst he was serving on the Committee on Explosives , Frederick Augustus Abel and he developed cordite , a smokeless gunpowder alternative . In 1867 Dewar described several chemical formulas for benzene . One of the formulae , which does not represent benzene correctly and was not advocated by Dewar , is sometimes still called Dewar benzene . In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , his proposer being his former mentor , Lyon Playfair . His scientific work covers a wide field -- his earlier papers cover a wide range of topics : organic chemistry , hydrogen and its physical constants , high - temperature research , the temperature of the Sun and of the electric spark , spectrophotometry , and the chemistry of the electric arc . With professor J.G. McKendrick , of Glasgow , he investigated the physiological action of light and examined the changes that take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence . With professor G.D. Liveing , one of his colleagues at Cambridge , he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations , the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous elements separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures ; he was joined by professor J.A. Fleming , of University College London , in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures . Sir James Dewar at work His name is most widely known in connection with his work on the liquefaction of the so - called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching absolute zero . His interest in this branch of physics and chemistry dates back at least as far as 1874 , when he discussed the `` Latent Heat of Liquid Gases '' before the British Association . In 1878 , he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then - recent work of Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet , and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus . Six years later , again at the Royal Institution , he described the researches of Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski , and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air . Soon afterward , he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent , before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites ; about the same time , he also obtained oxygen in the solid state . James Dewar 's vacuum flask in the museum of the Royal Institution By 1891 , he had designed and built , at the Royal Institution , machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities , and towards the end of that year , he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet . About 1892 , the idea occurred to him of using vacuum - jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases -- the Dewar flask ( otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask ) -- the invention for which he became most famous . The vacuum flask was so efficient at keeping heat out , it was found possible to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods , making an examination of their optical properties possible . Dewar did not profit from the widespread adoption of his vacuum flask -- he lost a court case against Thermos concerning the patent for his invention . While Dewar was recognised as the inventor because he did not patent his invention , no way to stop Thermos from using the design was possible . He next experimented with a high - pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule -- Thomson effect , and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine . Using this machine in 1898 , liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time , solid hydrogen following in 1899 . He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas , helium , which condenses into a liquid at − 268.9 ° C , but owing to a number of factors , including a short supply of helium , Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium , in 1908 . Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures -- Dewar was nominated several times , but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize . In 1905 , he began to investigate the gas - absorbing powers of charcoal when cooled to low temperatures and applied his research to the creation of high vacuum , which was used for further experiments in atomic physics . Dewar continued his research work into the properties of elements at low temperatures , specifically low - temperature calorimetry , until the outbreak of World War I . The Royal Institution laboratories lost a number of staff to the war effort , both in fighting and scientific roles , and after the war , Dewar had little interest in restarting the serious research work that went on before the war . Shortages of scholars necessarily compounded the problems . His research during and after the war mainly involved investigating surface tension in soap bubbles , rather than further work into the properties of matter at low temperatures . Family ( edit ) He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871 . They had no children . Helen was sister - in - law to both Charles Dickson , Lord Dickson and James Douglas Hamilton Dickson . His nephew , Dr Thomas William Dewar FRSE ( 1861 -- 1931 ) was an amateur artist , who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar . He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar as mentioned as executor in James Dewar 's will , ultimately replaced `` unopposed '' by Dewar 's wife . Royal Institution Christmas Lectures ( edit ) Dewar was invited to deliver several Royal Institution Christmas Lectures : A Soap Bubble ( 1878 ) Atoms ( 1880 ) Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science ( 1883 ) The Story of a Meteorite ( 1885 ) The Chemistry of Light and Photography ( 1886 ) Clouds and Cloudland ( 1888 ) Frost and Fire ( 1890 ) Air : Gaseous and Liquid ( 1893 ) Christmas Lecture Epilogues ( 1912 ) Honours and awards ( edit ) A street sign in the Kings Buildings complex in Edinburgh in memory of James Dewar Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the Swedish Academy , he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death , in Britain and overseas . The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford ( 1894 ) , Davy ( 1909 ) , and Copley Medal ( 1916 ) medals upon him for his work , as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901 . In 1899 , he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC , for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air . In 1904 , he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences , and in 1906 , he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of the Italian Society of Sciences . He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900 -- 1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh , and in 1908 , he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts . A lunar crater was named in his honour . A street within the Kings Buildings complex ( a group of science buildings linked to Edinburgh University ) was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century . Character ( edit ) Portrait by René le Brun , Comte de L'Hôpital , in the collection of the Royal Society of Chemistry Dewar 's irascibility was legendary . Rowlinson ( 2012 ) called him `` ruthless '' , particularly with his colleague Siegfried Ruhemann . Selected publications ( edit ) George Downing Liveing ; James Dewar ( 1915 ) . Collected Papers on Spectroscopy . University press . , G.D. Living and J. Dewar , Cambridge University Press , 1915 Pippard , Brian . 1993 . `` Siegfried Ruhemann ( 1859 - 1943 ) , F.R.S. 1914 - 1923 . '' Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 76 . Rowlinson , Sir J.S. 2012 . Sir James Dewar , 1842 -- 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . See also ( edit ) Timeline of low - temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Dewar , James ( DWR875J ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Dewar , James ( 1867 ) `` On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol , and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons , '' Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6 : 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Baker and Rouvray , Journal of Chemical Education , 1978 , vol. 55 , p. 645 . Jump up ^ `` ABSOLUTE ZERO - PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY ( full length ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James , Frank . `` Dewar , James '' . Chemistry Explained . Advameg Inc . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://kincardinehistory.com/?page_id=191 Jump up ^ `` Dr Thomas William Dewar ( 1861 - 1931 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . secure.findagrave.com . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sir James Dewar 1842 - 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist , by Sir JS Rawlinson Jump up ^ `` Library and Archive Catalogue '' . Royal Society . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Pippard 1993 ; Salzman 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , H.E. ; Perkin , A.G. ; Armstrong , Henry E. ( 1928 ) . `` Obituary of James Dewar '' . Journal of the Chemical Society : 1056 -- 1076 . doi : 10.1039 / JR9280001056 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Bellis , Mary , `` Inventors Sir James Dewar '' from about.com Meiklejohn , William , `` Tulliallan : Four lads o ' pairts : Sir James Dewar ( 1842 -- 1923 ) '' from the Kincardine Local History Group Sella , Andrea ( August 2008 ) . `` Dewar 's Flask '' . Chemistry World : 75 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Sloane , Thomas O'Conor ( 1900 ) . Liquid Air , and the Liquefaction of Gases . Henley . , Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases , Norman W. Henley and Co. , New York , 1900 , second edition ( extensive description of Dewar 's work on the liqufaction of gases ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Dewar . Wikisource has original works written by or about : James Dewar Fullerian Professorships Brief biography from the Royal Institution of Great Britain Brief biography and picture Another brief biography `` Archival material relating to James Dewar '' . UK National Archives . Correspondence with H.A. Kamerlingh Onnes , Dewar 's competitor in the race to liquid helium . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Dewar , Sir James '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 137 . ( hide ) Copley Medallists ( 1901 -- 1950 ) Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 1901 ) Joseph Lister ( 1902 ) Eduard Suess ( 1903 ) William Crookes ( 1904 ) Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1905 ) Élie Metchnikoff ( 1906 ) Albert A. Michelson ( 1907 ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1908 ) George William Hill ( 1909 ) Francis Galton ( 1910 ) George Darwin ( 1911 ) Felix Klein ( 1912 ) Ray Lankester ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1914 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1915 ) James Dewar ( 1916 ) Pierre Paul Émile Roux ( 1917 ) Hendrik Lorentz ( 1918 ) William Bayliss ( 1919 ) Horace Tabberer Brown ( 1920 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1921 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1922 ) Horace Lamb ( 1923 ) Edward Albert Sharpey - Schafer ( 1924 ) Albert Einstein ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1926 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1927 ) Charles Algernon Parsons ( 1928 ) Max Planck ( 1929 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1930 ) Arthur Schuster ( 1931 ) George Ellery Hale ( 1932 ) Theobald Smith ( 1933 ) John Scott Haldane ( 1934 ) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ( 1935 ) Arthur Evans ( 1936 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1937 ) Niels Bohr ( 1938 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 1939 ) Paul Langevin ( 1940 ) Thomas Lewis ( 1941 ) Robert Robinson ( 1942 ) Joseph Barcroft ( 1943 ) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ( 1944 ) Oswald Avery ( 1945 ) Edgar Douglas Adrian ( 1946 ) G.H. Hardy ( 1947 ) Archibald Hill ( 1948 ) George de Hevesy ( 1949 ) James Chadwick ( 1950 ) BNF : cb16637701m ( data ) GND : 11609530X ISNI : 0000 0001 0717 8678 LCCN : n97803643 SNAC : w6x34z61 SUDOC : 085101087 VIAF : 10588893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Dewar&oldid=840734269 '' Categories : 1842 births 1923 deaths People from Kincardine People educated at Dollar Academy Fellows of Peterhouse , Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Cordite Scottish chemists Scottish inventors Scottish physicists Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Recipients of the Copley Medal Knights Bachelor Golders Green Crematorium Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the race to liquefy helium	[ "He next experimented with a high-pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule–Thomson effect, and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine. Using this machine in 1898, liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time, solid hydrogen following in 1899. He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas, helium, which condenses into a liquid at −268.9 °C, but owing to a number of factors, including a short supply of helium, Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium, in 1908. Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures – Dewar was nominated several times, but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize.[6]" ]	[ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" ]
-3209936903311896795	Puppy Dog Pals	Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Jump to : navigation , search Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Stephanie Arnett Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 15 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Home media 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister named Hissy , and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a black pug with a blue collar . He is the leader of the two and is Rolly 's older brother . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a fawn pug with a red collar . He is n't as smart as Bingo , and is very silly . He is Bingo 's younger brother . In `` Bob Loves Mona '' , he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find . Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an inventor . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . These episodes are : `` A Pyramid Scheme '' , `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , `` Bob Loves Mona '' , `` Puzzling Pugs '' , `` A Seat at the Theatre '' , and `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' , She is the first and currently only female character to sing . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F. '' . Later in the series , he is updated by Bob in `` Go , Dog , Go ! '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 When Bob runs out of ice , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob 's package that was lost at sea . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams ( story ) Michael Olson and Harland Williams Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe 's Hanukkah party . 21a `` Puggy - ology '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly help Bob 's younger sister look for historical items . 21b `` Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun '' Trevor Wall Jean Ansolabehere Bill Breneisen February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who 's been making noises in their house . 22a `` The Great Pug - scape '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Kris Wimberly March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA 0.71 After Hissy gets a time out , Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment . 22b `` Luck of the Pug - ish '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Kelly James March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA 0.76 The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four - leaf clover to bring Bob good luck . 23a `` The Great Shirt Rescue '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Rudi Bloss March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA 0.84 When Bob loses his lucky shirt , the pugs stage a heist to get it back . 23b `` A Pugtastic Day with Grandma '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller ( story ) Michael Olson Carole Holliday March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 0.89 The pugs stay at Bob 's Mom 's house while he goes out of town . Home media ( edit ) Region Title Episode ( s ) Season Running time Released Ref . Going on a Mission ! 6 183 minutes April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual in Animation Steve C. Meyers Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Allyson Bosch Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Screener / Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Muppet Babies Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Rolie Polie Olie Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=843373796 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Animated duos American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows English - language television programs Fictional cats Fictional dogs Preschool education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voices captain dog in puppy dog pals	[ "\nCupcake (voiced by Jill Talley) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly. She is the main antagonist of the series.\nRufus (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake. He cannot speak much except growl and mutter. He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times, but in \"Haunted Howl-O-Ween\", he helped them instead.\nCaptain Dog (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the star of the pups' favorite television show.\nFrank Exposition (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly's missions. In \"A Pyramid Scheme\" he gets tangled in ribbons, which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy.\nEsther Exposition (voiced by Cheri Oteri) is Frank's wife. In \"Hissy's Big Day\", she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who didn’t appear again until \"The Great Pug-scape\".\nDaisy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) is a kind German Shepherd. She first appeared in \"History Mystery\". She appeared again in \"A Very Pug Christmas\".\nBulworth (voiced by Huey Lewis) is the junkyard dog.\nHedgie the Hedgehog (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is a hedgehog who first appeared in “Winter Wonder Pug”.\nThe Go-Long Retriever (voiced by Harland Williams) is the toy stick and one of Bob's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of. It doesn't say anything other than \"Play fetch with me!\"\nJohnathan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's wisecracking seagull friend.\nCagey (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store, but is now Chloe’s pet.\nCrumpet (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the royal Corgi dog.\nWhaley (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall.\nDallie (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a dalmatian.\nJackie (voiced by Jill Talley) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna.\nNelly (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a bluebird who appears in \"Polly Wants A Pug\". She appears again in \"Winter Wonder-Pug\".\nMiss Mudge (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is Snowflake's owner.\nGuard Dog (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth.\nChloe (voiced by Emma Shannon) is a little girl who is Bob's neighbor.\nChloe's Mom (voiced by Tara Strong) is Chloe's mom.\nBob's Mom (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is an old lady who appears in three episodes: \"Special Delivery\" , \"Your Royal Pug-Ness\", and “A Pug-Tastic Day with Grandma”.\nBizzy the Beaver (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a beaver who lives in the forest.\nStrider the Sheepdog (voiced by Mo Collins) is a fast-talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes, \"Counting Sheep\" and \"Rhapsody in Pug\".\nShockero (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a lavender Scotty dog.\nBark Knight (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Captain Dog's sidekick.\nTitus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a leopard who now owns Hissy's squeaky toy.\nHarriet (voiced by Mo Collins) is a smart African elephant.\nBarry (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a giraffe who let Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy ride on his head.\nQuinty Mcsquinty (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol' Snapper.\nOl' Snapper (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a turtle mistaken as a monster.\nBaby (barks provided by Jessica DiCicco) is a huge Great Dane puppy.\nQueen Kazoo (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is the star of Bob's favorite play.\nBaboo (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Queen Kazoo's dog.\n" ]	[ "Patrick Warburton" ]
-286316574976242511	The Secret Scripture (film)	The Secret Scripture ( film ) - wikipedia The Secret Scripture ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Scripture Theatrical release poster Directed by Jim Sheridan Produced by Noel Pearson Written by Jim Sheridan Johnny Ferguson Starring Vanessa Redgrave Rooney Mara Eric Bana Theo James Aidan Turner Jack Reynor Music by Brian Byrne Cinematography Mikhail Krichman Edited by Dermot Diskin Production company Ingenious Senior Film Fund Voltage Pictures Ferndale Films Distributed by Vertigo Releasing Release date 10 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) ( TIFF ) 19 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) ( Ireland ) Running time 108 minutes Country Ireland Language English The Secret Scripture is an Irish film , directed by Jim Sheridan , from a screenplay by Sheridan and Johnny Ferguson , which is based on the 2008 novel of the same name The Secret Scripture by Sebastian Barry . The film stars Vanessa Redgrave , Rooney Mara , Eric Bana , Theo James , Aidan Turner , and Jack Reynor . The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released in the Republic of Ireland and the UK by Vertigo Releasing on 19 May 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film alternates between the early years of World War II and the end of the 20th century . Rose McNulty ( Vanessa Redgrave ) has been a patient in the Sligo Regional Mental Hospital for over 60 years since being accused of murdering her baby in 1942 . The facility is scheduled for demolition . Dr. William Grene ( Eric Bana ) is a psychiatrist who , at the request of local Catholic Church , is evaluating whether Rose should be transferred or released . He grew up in the area and has returned to sell his parents ' home . Rose is adamant that she did not kill her baby and tells her story to William using the pages of a Bible on which she has written and drawn an account of her life before her incarceration . Around 1940 , Rose ( Rooney Mara ) , an orphaned young woman , evacuates from Northern Ireland to live with her aunt in the Irish Republic , which is a neutral country . There , seemingly without any intent , she attracts the interest of many of the local men . She has a brief flirtation with Michael McNulty ( Jack Reynor ) , a Protestant who sympathizes with the British war effort and soon leaves to join the RAF . She tries to avoid the inappropriate attention of the local Catholic priest , Father Gaunt ( Theo James ) . She dances with Jack Conroy ( Aidan Turner ) , one of a group of anti-British Catholics . After a fight between Father Gaunt and Jack , to prevent trouble her aunt sends Rose to live in a deserted farmhouse outside the village . One day a plane crashes nearby and Rose discovers the pilot hanging from a tree , trapped in his parachute . She cuts him down , discovers it is Micheal and shelters him while he recovers , hiding him from the anti-British locals . They grow close and just as he is about to leave they confess their love , have sex , and are quickly married by the local Protestant pastor . Before Michael can leave , the anti-British locals seize him from Rose 's cottage and later kill him . Father Gaunt , knowing that Rose had slept with Michael , writes a damning report of Rose 's mental health , stating she suffers from `` nymphomania '' . With the permission of her aunt , her only living relative , she is incarcerated in a local mental hospital and where subjected to both insulin shock treatment ( insulin coma therapy ) and later , electric shock therapy ( ECT or electroconvulsive therapy ) . She discovers that she is pregnant and learns that babies born to single women are given up for adoption or spend heir entire lives within the institution . She escapes to the beach . Pursued by Father Gaunt , she swims to a cove where she gives birth . The policeman in pursuit in a boat with Gaunt can see Rose striking the ground with a rock and believes that she is killing her newborn son . In the present William reveals to Rose 's nurse ( Susan Lynch ) that his own father tried to tell him something about his parentage on his deathbed . He reads a passage from Rose 's writing that suggests the baby was born in spring and an official document states 1 May 1942 , the same day he was born . Searching his parents ' papers , he finds a letter to him from his father revealing that he was indeed adopted and his real parents are Rose and Michael McNulty . William returns to the mental asylum and shows Rose the letter . William takes Rose to his family home . Cast ( edit ) Vanessa Redgrave as Old Roseanne McNulty Rooney Mara as Young Roseanne McNulty Eric Bana as Dr. William Grene Theo James as Father Gaunt Aidan Turner as Jack Conroy Jack Reynor as Michael McNulty Susan Lynch as Nurse Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as McCabe Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was revealed that Jessica Chastain and Vanessa Redgrave had been cast in the film , with Noel Pearson producing the film , and Thaddeus O'Sullivan directing the film from a screenplay by Johnny Ferguson . In March 2014 , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , and Jeremy Irons , were cast in the film . In July 2014 , it was revealed that Rooney Mara had been cast in the film , replacing Chastain with Jim Sheridan replacing O'Sullivan as director . In August 2014 , it was revealed that Theo James , Eric Bana , Jack Reynor were in talks to co-star in the film . In August 2015 , it was revealed that Brian Byrne had composed the score for the film . Filming ( edit ) Filming was originally slated to begin in May and September 2014 . Principal photography began on 13 January 2015 and concluded on 6 March . During production of the film , Rooney Mara , Theo James , Eric Bana , Susan Lynch , Antony Acheampong and Vanessa Redgrave , were spotted filming . Release ( edit ) In February 2014 , Voltage Pictures began selling distribution rights to the film at the Berlin Film Festival . In November 2014 , Relativity Media acquired U.S distribution rights to the film . In January 2016 , the first image of Rooney Mara and Jack Reynor was released . In May 2016 , Sheridan announced the film had been removed from Relativity Media , and it would be sold to a different distributor . The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was scheduled to be released in the United Kingdom on 24 March 2017 . It was later pushed back to 19 May 2017 . It was released in the United States on 13 October 2017 , in a limited release and through video on demand by Vertical Entertainment . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , reviews of the film have generally been mixed to negative . It currently has an approval rating of 33 % , based on 36 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . On Metacritic the film has a score of 42 out of 100 score , based on 7 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Berlin : Jessica Chastain 's ' Secret Scripture ' Finds a Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Luke ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Two more names added to ' Secret Scripture ' '' . Sligoweekender.ie . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Rooney Mara Signs on For Jim Sheridan 's ' Secret Scripture ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Theo James , Eric Bana and Jack Reynor Join Rooney Mara in ' Secret Scripture ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Byrne Scoring Jim Sheridan 's ' The Secret Scripture ' '' . FilmMusicreporter.com. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Berlin : Jessica Chastain 's ' Secret Scripture ' Finds a Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Rooney Mara Signs on For Jim Sheridan 's ' Secret Scripture ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Tom ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Jim Sheridan 's The Secret Scripture Begins Shooting '' . TheMovieBit.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture ' Movie Photos : Theo James , Rooney Mara And Cast Bring Characters To Life For Jim Sheridan Film '' . Fashionnstyle.com. 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` If you thought the American Sniper ' baby ' was freaky , check out the one Rooney Mara uses in new suspense thriller The Secret Scripture ! '' . Daily Mail . 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Redgrave and Eric Bana wrap up warm in quilted jackets as they film scenes for upcoming thriller The Secret Scripture '' . Daily Mail . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Berlin : Jessica Chastain 's ' Secret Scripture ' Set to Shoot in May in Ireland '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jermey ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` Relativity , Voltage privy to The Secret Scripture '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Niall ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` IRISH FILM PREVIEW -- JIM SHERIDAN 'S THE SECRET SCRIPTURE '' . Scannian.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Esther ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Internet forcing filmmakers like Jim Sheridan to adapt '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 Line - Up Includes ' Nocturnal Animals , ' ' La La Land , ' ' American Pastoral , ' and More '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture to go on nationwide cinema release in March following ADIFF Irish Premiere '' . Irish Film Board . 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture '' . Launching Films . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Rooney Mara is suspected of murder in the haunting Secret Scripture trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Scripture reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Secret Scripture on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Jim Sheridan My Left Foot ( 1989 ) The Field ( 1990 ) In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) The Boxer ( 1997 ) In America ( 2002 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) Dream House ( 2011 ) The Secret Scripture ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Scripture_(film)&oldid=823982823 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films Irish films Films based on Irish novels Films shot in Ireland Films directed by Jim Sheridan Vertigo Films films Voltage Pictures films Vertical Entertainment films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the movie the secret scripture about	[]	[]
-276076025520531647	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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6209877921362837003	Big hair	Big hair - wikipedia Big hair Jump to : navigation , search Dolly Parton in 1983 . Big hair is a hairstyle that emphasizes large volume or largely styled hair , especially when those styles make the hair occupy a large amount of space above and around the head . The label `` big hair '' for such styles originated in the late 1970s , when these styles were beginning a period of popularity . Similar styles have become fashionable at various periods in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Techniques 3 Naturally voluminous hair 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Tom Bailey of the Thompson Twins , 1986 Actresses like Raquel Welch , Brigitte Bardot and Jane Fonda became big - haired icons in the early sixties through seventies . Women 's hairstyles labelled as `` big hair '' became fashionable during this period , with a poster of actress Farrah Fawcett becoming an iconic example . The fashion persisted with certain regional subcultures in the southern United States , and the styles are sometimes also associated with female country music performers . It is also associated with the exaggerated stereotypical femininity associated with drag queens and similar gender performers . For both genders , big hair became popular in the 1980s . The term is also used in the punk , glam , goth and alternative cultures and is particularly associated with fashion of the 1970s , 1980s , and early 1990s , or inspired by the period . From these origins , big hair became a feature of a number of Japanese street and alternative fashions , including Harajuku and ganguro . In the mid-1980s , rising pop star Madonna also had big hair when posing for Time Magazine photographed by Francesco Scavullo . Soon , many women emulated her look , making her one of the most iconic celebrities in 1980s fashion . Techniques ( edit ) Depending on the specific style , hairstyles in the big hair categories may require a number of styling , cutting , or treatment techniques . Styling of punk and alternative big hair styles often requires backcombing ( teasing ) and the liberal application of styling aids such as hair spray and hair gel , often in combination with the use of hair dryers . Crimping irons , perms , hair rollers , or other techniques may also be required . Naturally voluminous hair ( edit ) Singer Annie Khalid Many people of various ethnicities throughout the world have naturally voluminous hair . For these people , `` big hair '' is not a deliberate fashion statement requiring any particular technique to achieve , but rather the default state of their hair . Some 60 percent of the world 's population has naturally curly hair , which tends to be more voluminous than straight hair . Big hair is commonly seen as artificial or trendy by white people , of whom only 15 percent have curly hair . This has often led to misunderstandings and even discrimination based on hair texture . In 2013 , for example , 12 - year - old Vanessa VanDyke was threatened with expulsion for wearing her hair in its natural state . School officials claimed her voluminous hair was a `` distraction . '' In some Asian communities where the majority of people have straight hair , voluminous curly or afro - textured hair may also be seen as an oddity . Big Hair , Do n't Care , a children 's book by Crystal Swain - Bates and Megan Bair , was published by Goldest Karat Publishing in 2013 . The book is designed to improve self - esteem and confidence among children with naturally voluminous hair . See also ( edit ) Afro Beehive ( hairstyle ) Natural hair movement Frizz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big hair '' , entry in Merriam - Webster Online , accessed March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beauty Launchpad. ( 2013 , November 21 ) . Hair Through History : 9 Hairstyles that Defined the 1960 's . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 , from ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Boldrini , Giovanna. 7 Big - Haired Beauties Of The 60s and 70s Will Make You Yearn For The Past ! ! Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Dana . ( 2013 ) . 1960s Hair Icons Who Taught Us Everything About Big Hair . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Innes - Smith , below Jump up ^ Skip Hollandsworth , `` Hooray for Big Hair '' , Texas Monthly , December 1992 , pp. 122 et . seq . Jump up ^ `` ... tits , big hair , lots of make - up and a dick '' , Kate Bornstein , interview by Shannon Bell , in `` Kate Bornstein : A Transgender Transsexual Postmodern Tiresias '' , Mental Backup p. 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/11/90s-hair-photos_n_4418268.html Jump up ^ James Innes - Smith , Big Hair ( Bloomsbury USA , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 58234 - 449 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Tiffany Godoy and Ivan Vartanian , Style Deficit Disorder : Harajuku Street Fashion - Tokyo ( Chronicle Books , 2007 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 5796 - 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Innes - Smith , above Jump up ^ `` The Curly Hair Gene : Fact or Fiction ? '' . Naturally Curly . Jump up ^ `` Genes and Hair Curl '' . GB HealthWatch . Jump up ^ `` Florida school threatens to expel student over ' natural hair ' '' . MSNBC . November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sintumuang , Kevin ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` The Curly Cue '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Social Experiment : The Superficiality of the Chinese Culture '' . Chocolate Chick in China : The Adventures of an English Teacher in China . April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swain - Bates , Crystal ; Bair , Megan ( 2013 ) . Big Hair , Do n't Care . Goldest Karat Publishing . ISBN 9781939509109 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big hair . 1960s bouffant hairstyles Infographics explaining hair facts - http://www.architeqtsalon.com/blog/funhairfacts Human hair List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bangs Bald Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curly hair Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Hair crimping Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kinky hair Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag ( Shaggy hair ) Shape - Up Shimada Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Straight hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Neckbeard Shenandoah ( Chin curtain ) Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair ( Kinky hair ) Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Frizz Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_hair&oldid=801590007 '' Categories : 1970s fashion 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 1980s fads and trends Gothic fashion Hairstyles Punk fashion Japanese fashion Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had the biggest hair in the 80s	[]	[]
-7698553989408631219	Vint Cerf	Vint Cerf - wikipedia Vint Cerf Vint Cerf Vint Cerf at the Royal Society admissions day in 2016 Vinton Gray Cerf ( 1943 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1943 ( age 75 ) New Haven , Connecticut , U.S. Citizenship American Alma mater Stanford University UCLA Known for TCP / IP Internet Society Awards ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal ( 1997 ) National Medal of Technology ( 1997 ) Marconi Prize ( 1998 ) Prince of Asturias Award ( 2002 ) Turing Award ( 2004 ) Presidential Medal of Freedom ( 2005 ) Japan Prize ( 2008 ) Harold Pender Award ( 2010 ) Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering ( 2013 ) ForMemRS ( 2016 ) Scientific career Fields Telecommunications Institutions IBM , International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad , UCLA , Stanford University , DARPA , MCI , CNRI , Google , Thesis Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( 1972 ) Doctoral advisor Gerald Estrin Website research.google.com/pubs/author32412.html Signature Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS , ( / sɜːrf / ; born June 23 , 1943 ) is an American Internet pioneer , who is recognized as one of `` the fathers of the Internet '' , sharing this title with TCP / IP co-inventor Bob Kahn . His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded , repeatedly , with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology , the Turing Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering . In the early days , Cerf was a manager for the United States ' Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) funding various groups to develop TCP / IP technology . When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s , Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system ( MCI Mail ) connected to the Internet . Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start . He waited a year before stepping forward to join the ICANN Board , and eventually became chairman . He was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012 , and in August 2013 he joined the Council on CyberSecurity 's Board of Advisors . Cerf is active in many organizations that are working to help the Internet deliver humanitarian value to the world . He is supportive of innovative projects that are experimenting with new approaches to global problems , including the digital divide , the gender gap , and the changing nature of jobs . Cerf is also known for his sartorial style , typically appearing in a three - piece suit -- a rarity in an industry known for its casual dress norms . Contents 1 Life and career 2 Awards and honors 3 See also 4 Partial bibliography 4.1 Author 4.2 Co-author 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) Vinton Cerf in Vilnius , September 2010 Cerf was born in New Haven , Connecticut , the son of Muriel ( née Gray ) , a housewife , and Vinton Thurston Cerf , an aerospace executive . Cerf went to Van Nuys High School in California along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker ; he wrote the former 's obituary . Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet . While in high school , Cerf worked at Rocketdyne on the Apollo program , including helping to write statistical analysis software for the non-destructive tests of the F - 1 engines . Cerf 's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM , where he worked for two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN . He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972 . During his graduate student years , he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin , worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet , the predecessor to the Internet , and `` contributed to a host - to - host protocol '' for the ARPANet . While at UCLA , he also met Bob Kahn , who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture . After receiving his doctorate , Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972 -- 1976 , where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP / IP protocol suite with Kahn . Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976 , where he stayed until 1982 . Cerf playing Spacewar ! on the Computer History Museum 's PDP - 1 , ICANN meeting , 2007 As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982 to 1986 , Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail , the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet . In 1986 , he joined Bob Kahn at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives as its vice president , working with Kahn on Digital Libraries , Knowledge Robots , and gigabit speed networks . It was during this time , in 1992 , that he and Kahn , among others , founded the Internet Society ( ISOC ) to provide leadership in education , policy and standards related to the Internet . Cerf served as the first president of ISOC . Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy . In this role , he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective . Previously , he served as MCI 's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology , leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks , including Internet - based solutions for delivering a combination of data , information , voice and video services for business and consumer use . During 1997 , Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University , a university for the education of the deaf and hard - of - hearing . Cerf himself is hard of hearing . He has also served on the university 's Board of Associates . Cerf , as leader of MCI 's internet business , was criticized due to MCI 's role in providing the IP addresses used by Send-Safe.com , a vendor of spamware that uses a botnet in order to send spam . MCI refused to terminate the spamware vendor . At the time , Spamhaus also listed MCI as the ISP with the most Spamhaus Block List listings . Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since October 2005 . In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society , encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence , environmentalism , the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model . Since 2010 , Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development , a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available . Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) in 1999 , and served until November 2007 . He was chairman from November 2000 to his departure from the Board . Cerf was a member of Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov 's IT Advisory Council ( from March 2002 -- January 2012 ) . He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group , the political risk consultancy . Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet , together with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other NASA laboratories . It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet , using radio / laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradations including variable delay and disruption caused , for example , by celestial motion . On February 7 , 2006 , Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation 's hearing on network neutrality . Speaking as Google 's Chief Internet Evangelist , Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation , broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of bandwidth . Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global ( Civilian Research and Development Foundation ) and was on the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats ( IMPACT ) International Advisory Board . Cerf is chairman of the board of trustees of ARIN , the Regional Internet Registry ( RIR ) of IP addresses for United States , Canada , and part of the Caribbean . Until Fall 2015 , Cerf chaired the board of directors of StopBadware , a non-profit anti-malware organization that started as a project at Harvard University 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society . Cerf is on the board of advisors to The Liquid Information Company Ltd of the UK , which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the Mac OS X utility called ' Liquid ' . Vint Cerf is a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board . During 2008 Cerf chaired the Internationalized domain name ( IDNAbis ) working group of the IETF . In 2008 Cerf was a major contender to be designated the US 's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama . Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley , the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world , along with Al Gore and Tim Berners - Lee . From 2009 -- 2011 , Cerf was an elected member of the Governing Board of the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel ( SGIP ) . SGIP is a public - private consortium established by NIST in 2009 and provides a forum for businesses and other stakeholder groups to participate in coordinating and accelerating development of standards for the evolving Smart Grid . Cerf was elected to a two - year term as President of the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) beginning July 1 , 2012 . In 2015 Cerf co-founded ( with Mei Lin Fung ) , and is currently chairman of , People - Centered Internet ( PCI ) . On January 16 , 2013 , US President Barack Obama announced his intent to appoint Cerf to the National Science Board . Cerf is also among the 15 members of governing council of International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . In June 2016 his work with NASA led to Delay - tolerant networking being installed on the International Space Station with an aim towards an Interplanetary Internet . Awards and honors ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush Cerf and Bulgarian President Parvanov being awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees , including doctorates , from the University of the Balearic Islands , ETHZ in Zurich , Switzerland , Capitol College , Gettysburg College , Yale University , George Mason University , Marymount University , Bethany College ( Kansas ) , University of Pisa , University of Rovira and Virgili ( Tarragona , Spain ) , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden ) , University of Twente ( Netherlands ) , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Tsinghua University ( Beijing ) , Brooklyn Polytechnic , UPCT ( University of Cartagena , Spain ) , Zaragoza University ( Spain ) , University of Reading ( United Kingdom ) , Royal Roads University ( Canada ) , MGIMO ( Moscow State University of International Relations ) , Buenos Aires Institute of Technology ( Argentina ) , Polytechnic University of Madrid , Keio University ( Japan ) , University of South Australia ( Australia ) , University of St Andrews ( Scotland ) , University of Pittsburgh and Gallaudet University ( United States ) . Other awards include : ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA Prince of Asturias award for science and technology Fellow of the IEEE , 1988 , `` for contributions and leadership in the design , development , and application of internet protocols '' Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , 1994 , for `` vision and leadership in the design , implementation , evolution , and dissemination of the TCP / IP computer communication protocol suite '' Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award , 1996 SIGCOMM Award for `` contributions to the Internet ( spanning ) more than 25 years , from development of the fundamental TCP / IP protocols '' . Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute , in 1996 . In December 1997 he , along with his partner Robert E. Kahn , was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton , `` for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking . '' He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000 In 2000 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum `` for his contributions to computer architecture , operating systems , and software engineering . '' Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science ( AWIS ) in 2000 . Cerf was awarded the Award of Technology from the Telluride Tech Festival in 2002 , also known as the Tesla Festival since the world 's first AC hydro - power power plant was built in Telluride in 1891 by L.L. Nunn who purchased the generator and plans from George Westinghouse and Tesla . Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004 , for their `` pioneering work on internetworking , including ... the Internet 's basic communications protocols ... and for inspired leadership in networking . '' In November 2005 , Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet . He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006 Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication ( STC ) in May 2006 He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008 . Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008 . Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject `` Resolved : Online Communities are Real Communities . '' The motion passed . In celebration of the five year - anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site , and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable . In May 2011 , he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as `` ( ... ) a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society , in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing . In 2012 he was inducted as a Pioneer into the Internet Hall of Fame In 2013 , Cerf was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . In 2013 , Cerf presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture In 2014 , Cerf was awarded the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st class for his role in invention of TCP / IP by president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves In 2014 , Cerf was awarded Officer of the French Légion d'honneur Cerf was elected a Foreign Member of The UK Royal Society in 2016 In 2018 , Cerf was named the recipient of Benjamin Franklin Medal See also ( edit ) List of pioneers in computer science Partial bibliography ( edit ) Cerf at 2007 Los Angeles ICANN meeting Vint Cerf , before his talk in memory of Dr. John Niparko at the 2017 MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology in Baltimore Author ( edit ) Zero Text Length EOF Message ( RFC 13 , August 1969 ) IMP - IMP and HOST - HOST Control Links ( RFC 18 , September 1969 ) ASCII format for network interchange ( RFC 20 , October 1969 ) Host - host control message formats ( RFC 22 , October 1969 ) Data transfer protocols ( RFC 163 , May 1971 ) PARRY encounters the DOCTOR ( RFC 439 , January 1973 ) ' Twas the night before start - up ( RFC 968 , December 1985 ) Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group , RFC 1109 , August 1989 Internet Activities Board , RFC 1120 , September 1989 Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network , RFC 1167 , July 1990 Networks , Scientific American Special Issue on Communications , Computers , and Networks , September 1991 Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities , October 1991 A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY , RFC 1607 , April 1 , 1994 An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems , Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols , RFC 1790 , April 1995 I REMEMBER IANA , RFC 2468 , October 17 , 1998 Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research ( CSCR , RFC 1217 , April 1 , 1999 The Internet is for Everyone , RFC 3271 , April 2002 Co-author ( edit ) Vinton Cerf , Robert Kahn , A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication ( IEEE Transactions on Communications , May 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Y . Dalal , C. Sunshine , Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program ( RFC 675 , December 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Jon Postel , Mail transition plan ( RFC 771 , September 1980 ) Vinton Cerf , K.L. Mills Explaining the role of GOSIP , RFC 1169 , August 1990 Clark , Chapin , Cerf , Braden , Hobby , Towards the Future Internet Architecture , RFC 1287 , December 1991 Vinton Cerf et al. , A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X. 500 Directory Service , RFC 1430 , February 1993 Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn , Al Gore and the Internet , 2000 - 09 - 28 Vinton Cerf et al. , Internet Radio Communication System July 9 , 2002 , U.S. Patent 6,418,138 Vinton Cerf et al. , System for Distributed Task Execution June 3 , 2003 , U.S. Patent 6,574,628 Vinton Cerf et al. , Delay - Tolerant Networking Architecture ( Informational Status ) , RFC 4838 , April 2007 Cerf writes under the column name `` CERF 'S UP '' , and Cerf 's car has a vanity plate ( registration ) `` CERFSUP '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 2016 ) . `` Dr Vint Cerf ForMemRS '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where : `` All text published under the heading ' Biography ' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . '' -- `` Royal Society Terms , conditions and policies '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's curriculum vitae as of February 2001 , attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet , from ICANN 's website Jump up ^ `` Governing Council - IIIT Hyderabad '' . www.iiit.ac.in . Jump up ^ Gore Deserves Internet Credit , Some Say , a March 1999 Washington Post article ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's up at Google , from the Google Press Center ^ Jump up to : Cerf , Vinton ( 1972 ) . Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( PhD thesis ) . University of California , Los Angeles . OCLC 4433713032 . Jump up ^ ( see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived June 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News ) , Cerf is willing to call himself one of the internet fathers , citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title . Jump up ^ Cerf , V.G. ( 2009 ) . `` The day the Internet age began '' . Nature . 461 ( 7268 ) : 1202 -- 1203 . doi : 10.1038 / 4611202a . PMID 19865146 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Turing Award , list of recipients '' . Awards.acm.org . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal '' . Ieee.org . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cerf wins Turing Award February 16 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients from the White House website Jump up ^ ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President Archived May 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from the ACM website Jump up ^ `` Advisory Board '' Archived September 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Council on CyberSecurity website . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internet pioneer Vint Cerf looks to the future '' , Todd Bishop , Seattle P-I , July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . `` Google 's Vint Cerf warns of ' digital Dark Age ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Richard ( September 18 , 2000 ) . `` Lending An Ear -- Health , Real People Stories '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf Biography '' . BookRags.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wientjes , Greg ( 2011 ) . Creative Genius in Technology : Mentor Principles from Life Stories of Geniuses and Visionaries of the Singularity . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1463727505 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA School of Engineering Alumnus Chosen for Prestigious Turing Award '' . UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science . Spring 2005 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet predecessor turns 30 '' . CNN . 1999 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNET PIONEERS CERF AND KAHN TO RECEIVE ACM TURING AWARD '' . ACM. 2005 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dr. Vinton G. Cerf Appointed to Gallaudet University 's Board of Trustees Archived August 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , from that university 's website Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf -- Father of the Internet , Vinton Cerf '' . Deafness.about.com . August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Associates '' . Gallaudet University . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 19 , 2005 ) . `` Re : ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWilliams , Brian ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Protest brewing against Internet pioneer '' . Spam Kings Blog . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph , August 2007 Jump up ^ `` ICANN Board of Directors -- Vinton G. Cerf '' . Icann.org . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eurasia Group '' . Eurasia Group . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The InterPlaNetary Internet Project IPN Special Interest Group '' . Ipnsig.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SEA 's Board of Advisors . sefora.org Jump up ^ `` Govt red tape adds to security threats '' , Vivian Yeo , ZDNet , October 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIN Announces Newly Elected Board of Trustees '' . Arin.net . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . StopBadware . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard 's Berkman Center and the Oxford Internet Institute Unveil StopBadware.org Backed by Google , Lenovo , Sun ; Consumer Reports WebWatch Takes Unpaid Special Advisor Role '' . StopBadware . January 23 , 2006 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Liquid Information Company '' . Liquid.info . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CuriosityStream Advisory Board '' . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IDNAbis WG '' . Tools.ietf.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 best jobs Obama has yet to fill -- Craig Gordon and Ben Smith '' . Politico.Com . December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Ben - Horin ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright : Campus Party , Silicon Valley Tech Festival Rocks NASA '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Launched ; Governing Board Elected '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President '' . ACM . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Economies grow far better with inclusivity and compromise '' . DailyNation . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Council '' . International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Erin ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Space Internet Technology Debuts on the International Space Station '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , website news archive , last accessed June 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf M.S. ' 70 , PhD ' 72 UCLA Alumni '' . Alumni.ucla.edu . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIGCOMM Awards '' . Sigcomm.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Science and Technology Policy The White House '' . Ostp.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Medals of Science and Technology Foundation '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf '' . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ACM : Fellows Award / Vinton G. Cerf '' . amturing.acm.org . June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISOC - Bulgaria : IT - delegation in Sofia '' . Isoc.bg . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2008 ( 24th ) Japan Prize Laureate Jump up ^ MINUTES OF THE FLOOR MEETING OF THE YALE POLITICAL UNION . Yale.edu , April 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ FiveYear . `` Vint Cerf 's Top YouTube Videos '' . Youtube . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton G. Cerf , who developed together with Robert E. Kahn the TCP / IP protocol was awarded as a HPI Fellow on May 25th 2011 . The HPI award is a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' `` HPI Fellows & Guests '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ British Computer Society . `` Vint Cerf named BCS Distinguished Fellow '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2012 Inductees , Internet Hall of Fame website . Last accessed April 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Winners Announced '' Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Jump up ^ `` 62nd Bernard Price Memorial Lecture '' . South African Institute of Electrical Engineers ( SAIEE ) . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bearers of decorations -- Vinton Gray Cerf '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf Appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honor '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf '' . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas C Greene ( 2000 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Net builders Kahn , Cerf recognise Al Gore : Grateful for the inventor 's genius '' . The Register ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Traceability , Vint Cerf , Association for Computing Machinery ' Communications ' ( August 2018 , V61 , No. 8 , p7 , DOI : 10.1145 / 3235764 ) Further reading ( edit ) Cerf , Vinton G. ( April 24 , 1990 ) , Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf , Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute Cerf , Vinton ( May 17 , 1999 ) , Dr. Vinton Cerf : An Interview Conducted by David Hochfelder , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vint Cerf Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vint Cerf . Bio at Google Vint Cerf on the ICANN wiki Dr. Vint Cerf on `` Reinventing the Internet '' ( YouTube ) . Internet Society . ( May 13 , 2013 ) Vint Cerf at TED Appearances on C - SPAN Awards and achievements Preceded by Tadahiro Sekimoto IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal with Bob Kahn Succeeded by Richard Blahut Internet Hall of Fame Pioneers 2012 Paul Baran Vint Cerf Danny Cohen Steve Crocker Donald Davies Elizabeth J. Feinler Charles Herzfeld Robert Kahn Peter T. Kirstein Leonard Kleinrock John Klensin Jon Postel Louis Pouzin Lawrence Roberts 2013 David Clark David Farber Howard Frank Kanchana Kanchanasut J.C.R. Licklider Bob Metcalfe Jun Murai Kees Neggers Nii Quaynor Glenn Ricart Robert Taylor Stephen Wolff Werner Zorn 2014 Douglas Engelbart Susan Estrada Frank Heart Dennis Jennings Rolf Nordhagen Radia Perlman Global connectors 2012 Randy Bush Kilnam Chon Al Gore Nancy Hafkin Geoff Huston Brewster Kahle Daniel Karrenberg Toru Takahashi Tan Tin Wee 2013 Karen Banks Gihan Dias Anriette Esterhuysen Steve Goldstein Teus Hagen Ida Holz Qiheng Hu Haruhisa Ishida Barry Leiner George Sadowsky 2014 Dai Davies Demi Getschko Masaki Hirabaru Erik Huizer Steve Huter Abhaya Induruwa Dorcas Muthoni Mahabir Pun Srinivasan Ramani Michael Roberts Ben Segal Douglas Van Houweling 2017 Nabil Bukhalid Ira Fuchs Shigeki Goto Mike Jensen Ermanno Pietrosemoli Tadao Takahashi Florencio Utreras Jianping Wu Innovators 2012 Mitchell Baker Tim Berners - Lee Robert Cailliau Van Jacobson Lawrence Landweber Paul Mockapetris Craig Newmark Ray Tomlinson Linus Torvalds Phil Zimmermann 2013 Marc Andreessen John Perry Barlow Francois Fluckiger Stephen Kent Anne - Marie Eklund Löwinder Henning Schulzrinne Richard Stallman Aaron Swartz Jimmy Wales 2014 Eric Allman Eric Bina Karlheinz Brandenburg John Cioffi Hualin Qian Paul Vixie 2017 Jaap Akkerhuis Yvonne Marie Andres Alan Emtage Ed Krol Tracy LaQuey Parker Craig Partridge A.M. Turing Award laureates 1960s Alan Perlis ( 1966 ) Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 1967 ) Richard Hamming ( 1968 ) Marvin Minsky ( 1969 ) 1970s James H. Wilkinson ( 1970 ) John McCarthy ( 1971 ) Edsger W. Dijkstra ( 1972 ) Charles Bachman ( 1973 ) Donald Knuth ( 1974 ) Allen Newell / Herbert A. Simon ( 1975 ) Michael O. Rabin / Dana Scott ( 1976 ) John Backus ( 1977 ) Robert W. Floyd ( 1978 ) Kenneth E. Iverson ( 1979 ) 1980s Tony Hoare ( 1980 ) Edgar F. Codd ( 1981 ) Stephen Cook ( 1982 ) Ken Thompson / Dennis Ritchie ( 1983 ) Niklaus Wirth ( 1984 ) Richard Karp ( 1985 ) John Hopcroft / Robert Tarjan ( 1986 ) John Cocke ( 1987 ) Ivan Sutherland ( 1988 ) William Kahan ( 1989 ) 1990s Fernando J. Corbató ( 1990 ) Robin Milner ( 1991 ) Butler Lampson ( 1992 ) Juris Hartmanis / Richard E. Stearns ( 1993 ) Edward Feigenbaum / Raj Reddy ( 1994 ) Manuel Blum ( 1995 ) Amir Pnueli ( 1996 ) Douglas Engelbart ( 1997 ) Jim Gray ( 1998 ) Fred Brooks ( 1999 ) 2000s Andrew Yao ( 2000 ) Ole - Johan Dahl / Kristen Nygaard ( 2001 ) Ron Rivest / Adi Shamir / Leonard Adleman ( 2002 ) Alan Kay ( 2003 ) Vint Cerf / Bob Kahn ( 2004 ) Peter Naur ( 2005 ) Frances E. Allen ( 2006 ) Edmund M. Clarke / E. Allen Emerson / Joseph Sifakis ( 2007 ) Barbara Liskov ( 2008 ) Charles P. Thacker ( 2009 ) 2010s Leslie G. Valiant ( 2010 ) Judea Pearl ( 2011 ) Shafi Goldwasser / Silvio Micali ( 2012 ) Leslie Lamport ( 2013 ) Michael Stonebraker ( 2014 ) Martin Hellman / Whitfield Diffie ( 2015 ) Tim Berners - Lee ( 2016 ) John L. 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Mahadevan Gil McVean Russell Morris Luke O'Neill Simon Peyton Jones Jonathon Pines Jim Prosser Sriram Ramaswamy Caroline Series Ted Shepherd Alison Smith David Wales Philip Withers Paul Workman Honorary Adair Turner Foreign Robert Cava Vint Cerf Mark Davis Jennifer Doudna Gerd Faltings John Hayes Svante Pääbo Pasko Rakic Rino Rappuoli Ellen Williams ACM DL : 81385601636 BNF : cb15972669z ( data ) DBLP : c / VintonGCerf ISNI : 0000 0000 7850 7187 LCCN : n78091536 MGP : 23037 NKC : js20081124001 NLA : 35884604 SNAC : w6st7vsj VIAF : 16036488 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vint_Cerf&oldid=853658512 '' Categories : 1943 births American computer scientists American software engineers Draper Prize winners Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Google employees Internet pioneers Internet Society people Living people Foreign Members of the Royal Society Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences National Medal of Technology recipients People from New Haven , Connecticut Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st Class Stanford University alumni Technology evangelists Turing Award laureates UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Van Nuys High School alumni Engineers from Connecticut Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Biography with signature Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 BLP articles lacking sources from June 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with ACM - DL identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with DBLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is known as the father of the internet	[ "Vinton Gray Cerf[2] ForMemRS,[1] (/sɜːrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American Internet pioneer, who is recognized as one of[7] \"the fathers of the Internet\",[8] sharing this title with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn.[9][10] His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology,[2] the Turing Award,[11] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[12] the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.\n", "Vinton Gray Cerf[2] ForMemRS,[1] (/sɜːrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American Internet pioneer, who is recognized as one of[7] \"the fathers of the Internet\",[8] sharing this title with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn.[9][10] His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology,[2] the Turing Award,[11] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[12] the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.\n" ]	[ "Vinton Gray Cerf", "Bob Kahn" ]
705490212343757821	Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom	Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search SPECS average speed cameras above a motorway Temporary roadside speed limit enforcement Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to attempt to persuade road vehicle users to comply with the speed limits in force on the UK 's roads . Methods used include those for detection and prosecution of contraventions such as roadside fixed speed cameras , average speed cameras , and police - operated LIDAR speed guns or older radar speed guns . Vehicle activated signs and Community Speed Watch schemes are used to encourage compliance . Some classes of vehicles are fitted with speed limiters and intelligent speed adaptation is being trialled in some places on a voluntary basis . During 2006 / 7 a total of 1.75 million drivers had their licenses endorsed with 3 penalty points and £ 114 million was raised from fines ; an ' e-petition ' to ban speed cameras during 2007 received 28,000 signatures . The Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured at camera sites . The British Medical Journal recently reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment . In May 2010 the new Coalition government pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras and cut the Road Safety Grant from £ 95 million to £ 57 million . Opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association said that use of speed cameras was supported by 75 % of their members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 Methods 2.1 Fixed instantaneous speed cameras 2.2 Police operated equipment 2.3 Average speed cameras 2.4 Vehicle activated signs 2.5 Community Speed Watch 2.6 Speed limiters 2.7 Speed triggered traffic lights 2.8 Intelligent speed adaptation 3 Effectiveness 3.1 Speed cameras 3.2 Vehicle activated signs 4 History 4.1 Historical methods 4.1. 1 Time and distance 4.1. 2 Pacing 4.2 Early years 4.3 Electronic aids 4.4 1991 -- March 2007 Speed cameras 4.5 April 2007 -- present 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Rationale ( edit ) Enforcement is used to increase compliance with speed limits . One of the main motivations for enforcement is to reduce road casualties , particularly at accident blackspots . For 2008 , `` exceeding the speed limit '' was reported as one of the contributory factors in 5 % of all casualty collisions ( 14 % of fatal collisions resulting in 15 % of all deaths ) . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimates that a pedestrian has a 90 % chance of surviving being hit by a car at 20 mph , falling to 50 % chance at 30 mph and to 10 % at 40 mph . The government noted that the change from `` mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries '' takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph . One third of drivers thought that the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph was 50 % or less . Parliament noted that most deaths of pedestrian occurred in urban areas ( where the speed limit ranges from 20 -- 40 mph ) . A 2003 survey of drivers for the Department for Transport found that 58 % break speed limits on 30 mph roads and 25 % break them by more than 5 mph . 57 % break speed limits on motorways and 20 % break them by more than 10 mph . In 2002 the Select Committee on Transport stated that `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding them '' . Groups most likely to speed excessively are those driving in a work related capacity , members of high income households and young males . Motorcyclists also frequently speed as do HGV drivers commonly on single carriageway main roads where their speed limit is 50 mph . Methods ( edit ) Gatso speed camera There are many methods used by authorities , in places where the speed limits are not generally observed , to attempt to achieve greater compliance . These methods generally fall into one of two categories : to attempt to identify drivers or vehicles that are breaking the speed limit for the purposes of prosecution , to remind vehicle users what the speed limit is , and that it should be obeyed . There are several types of speed camera in use . Speed cameras must be calibrated and certified before the images from it are acceptable to the court , including the cameras used in police vehicles . Owners of vehicles photographed may be contacted with a ' Notice of Intended Prosecution ' ( NIP ) requiring them to provide the name and address of the driver . If they do not provide this information they may receive a Court summons for ' Failing to Furnish Driver Details ' . `` Higher speeds '' result in prosecution by way of a ' Conditional Offer Fixed Penalty ' which can be settled by accepting a £ 100 fine and three penalty points . `` Excessive speed offences '' are automatically sent to the court . Fixed instantaneous speed cameras ( edit ) These cameras are installed beside a road and record the instantaneous speed of vehicles and a photograph of vehicles that have been identified as breaking the speed limit . There are two types commonly in use : Gatso cameras , which take a photograph of the rear of the vehicle after the vehicle has passed , Truvelo / D - cam digital cameras which use infrared to take a picture of a vehicle as it approaches , which includes an image of the driver . These cameras then transmit the image and speed to the authorities virtually instantly . Police operated equipment ( edit ) Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution . These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles . Average speed cameras ( edit ) Known as the SPECS system , these cameras measure average speeds over a known or measured distance . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) Vehicle activated sign Vehicle activated signs that illuminate to indicate to a driver that they are exceeding the speed limit -- these do not result in the issuance of a penalty , merely serve as a warning . Community speed Watch ( edit ) Community Speed Watch is a partnership between local people , the Police , the Fire Service and local councils . Volunteers spend a short time each week monitoring speeds and noting number plates . Those identified as speeding are sent a warning letter and the police will take further action if the same vehicle is identified as speeding three times . Community Speed Watch is only permitted for speed limits of 40 mph or below . Junior Speed Watch works in a similar way but involves schoolchildren . Speed limiters ( edit ) Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means . New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows . Buses and coaches : 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) HGVs : 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Mopeds : 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds . These devices do not enforce speed limits as they do not adapt to speed limit changes . Speed triggered traffic lights ( edit ) Swindon council is planning to install equipment on some of their traffic light systems so that they will turn to red early if a car is detected travelling above a preset speed on the approach . A Swindon councillor is reported to have said that `` the whole key is to monitor driver behaviour without beating them over the head '' and that `` it may annoy them , but I think eventually people will work out that if they maintain a constant speed at or around the speed limit then actually their journey times will be much shorter because they wo n't be getting delayed by traffic lights '' . The RAC Foundation gave a cautious welcome to the trial . Similar systems are already in use in Spain and Portugal . Intelligent speed adaptation ( edit ) A trial of intelligent speed adaptation is available in London . Drivers can install free software in their TomTom GPS sat - nav units to provide a warning if they are exceeding the speed limit . In addition a ' voluntary ISA ' system which uses technology installed in the vehicle which makes it difficult to accidentally accelerate beyond the speed limit is being developed . This technology is expected to be available on a voluntary basis with no current plans for vehicles to be required to be fitted with it . Effectiveness ( edit ) Speed cameras ( edit ) In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved `` virtually complete compliance '' on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras , across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI ( Killed / Seriously Injured ) figures have fallen by an average of 65 % . In 2003 the British Medical Journal reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment . In February 2005 the British Medical Journal again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties , noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups . In 2003 Northumbria Police 's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras did n't reduce casualties but did raise revenue -- an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties . In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four - year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras . The Times reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still ' impressive ' . A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK 's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75 % of their members . In 2010 Journalist Quentin Willson writing in The Mirror said `` Do n't listen to the shameless tosh coming out of safety camera partnerships '' and suggested that speed cameras were `` useless '' . There is also evidence against the efficacy of speed cameras . Within four years of Swindon abandoning the use of fixed speed cameras , arguing that the cost did not represent an effective way to reduce road accidents , the town was the safest town to drive in the UK , based on accident rates per 1,000 registered vehicles : a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation , Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety , alongside close working with the police . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) The MP Angela Watkinson stated in parliament that vehicle activated signs were more effective than speed cameras -- Department for Transport figures show that each vehicle - activated sign is estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents per year compared to 2.2 for speed cameras . Jim Fitzpatrick the Under - Secretary of State for Transport questioned her source . Following the decision by Portsmouth City Council to remove all their speed cameras , a councillor stated that the evidence is that vehicle activated signs are at least as effective at reducing traffic speeds as speed cameras and at one - tenth of the cost . In 2006 Transport Minister Stephen Ladyman issued a retraction accepting that VAS were indeed ten times more cost effective than cameras . ( 1 ) . The data behind this came from the Transport Research Laboratory report TRL548 from 2003 , which was commissioned by the Department for Transport but was not included in their earlier figures . ( 2 ) History ( edit ) Historical methods ( edit ) Time and distance ( edit ) Before the availability of such technology the police would time drivers over a known distance to calculate their speed . Pacing ( edit ) The police would sometimes follow the target vehicle at a constant distance , and use the speed reading from their own calibrated speedometer as evidence of the speed of the vehicle being followed . Early years ( edit ) The Highway Act 1835 allowed cart owners to be traced when it introduced the offence of ' Negligence causing damage to person or goods being conveyed on the highway ' , not having the owners name painted on the side of a cart , and refusing to give the owner 's name . The early Locomotive Acts between 1866 and 1896 effectively calmed self - propelled traffic by requiring that a man walked in front of each vehicle with a red flag , and so the imposed speed limits of 2 miles per hour ( 3.2 km / h ) and 4 miles per hour ( 6.4 km / h ) did not require enforcing . The first person to be convicted of speeding in the UK was Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent , who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) , thus exceeding the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph ( 3.2 km / h ) . He was fined one shilling plus costs . The Automobile Association was formed in 1905 to help motorists avoid police speed traps . In 1906 Earl Russell , an early motoring enthusiast , compared ' speed traps ' to ' highway robbery ' in Parliament : `` Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages '' . In 1910 in legal test case ( ' Betts - v - Stevens ' ) involving an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist the Chief Justice , Lord Alverston , ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap then that person would have committed the offence of ' obstructing an officer in the course of his duty ' under the Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885 . Subsequently , the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car which showed a visible AA Badge unless there was a speed trap nearby , on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute . All speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 because ' the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt ' . Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937 . Electronic aids ( edit ) By the late 1980s traffic police were being issued with Laser speed guns which enabled them to measure the speed of a vehicle more precisely . 1991 -- March 2007 speed cameras ( edit ) Traffic sign used to inform of an area in which speed cameras are used The first speed camera was installed in 1991 . A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes . The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras . A Statutory instrument , ' The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 ' was approved in May 1992 coming into force 1 July 1992 allowing for unattended traffic cameras to be used for prosecution of speeding offences . The Gatsometer BV Type 24 was approved in June 1992 . The LTI 20.20 , a police operated LIDAR speed gun received type approval in 1993 . The charity Brake was formed in 1995 to support traffic victims and campaign for effective enforcement of speed limits . The charity RoadPeace was founded in 1990 and has since actively campaigned to increase the number of speed cameras . In 1991 the government launched a major TV campaign ' Kill your speed , not a child ' with the budget rising from an initial £ 1m to £ 3.5 m in 1997 . Research published in February 1999 showed that cameras reduce drivers ' speeds markedly and were perceived to be reasonably effective . Safety Camera Partnerships were introduced by the Department for Transport in December 1999 with eight initial trial areas . In 1999 income from penalties for offences recorded by cameras was approaching £ 100 million . In 1999 there was an increase in road fatalities for only the second time in 10 years ( the previous time being in 1997 ) . In March 2000 the government launched a new road - safety strategy that would focus specifically on speed aiming to reduce road fatalities and serious injuries by 40 % , and by 60 % for children by 2010 ( compared to the average of 1994 -- 8 ) . A similar level of 10 - year casualty reduction had been consistently achieved over each of the previous eight years . Safe Speed was founded to challenge this strategy and campaign against the crack - down on speed . In April 2000 two motorists caught speeding and challenged the Road Traffic Act 1988 which required the registered keeper of a vehicle to identify the driver at a particular time as being in contradiction to the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that it amounted to a ' compulsory confession ' , also that since the camera partnerships included the police , local authorities , Magistrates Courts Service ( MCS ) and Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial . Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR ) , and the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) . In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver . During 2001 The Road Vehicles ( Display of Registration Marks ) Regulations 2001 made it illegal to alter , rearrange or misrepresent the letters or numbers on a registration plate ( number plate ) , with a maximum fine of up to £ 1000 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 introduced registration for number plate suppliers , regulate the specifications for registration plates and provided new ' Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc . ' The Transport Research Laboratory published a report on traffic management at major motorway road works in January 2004 . Safe Speed received a copy of the then unpublished report and claimed that it showed that fixed cameras increased the risk of injury accidents 55 per cent at road works and by 31 per cent on open motorways , also that fatal and serious crashes were 32 per cent more likely where cameras were being operated ' . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed , the average being reduced by 5 -- 6 mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit by 80 % or more in some areas . Gatso speed camera on a dual carriageway showing characteristic road markings In March 2005 a BBC program Inside Out demonstrated how the LTI 20.20 LIDAR speed gun , of which 3,500 were in use in the UK , could create exaggerated reading . Errors came from two sources . ' Sweep errors ' were as a result of the camera not measuring the distance to a fixed point on the vehicle but instead being ' swept ' along the side of the vehicle . This was demonstrated by sweeping the target along a wall which was recorded as moving at 58 mph . Another way of achieving a bogus reading was where the laser reflected off a wing mirror , hit a stationary reflective object and then returned reflecting off the mirror a second time . In July 2005 the Department for Transport blocked the installation of nearly 500 new speed cameras over concerns that partnerships have failed to consider alternatives . A 2006 report from the Department for Transport estimated that ' exceeding the speed limit ' was a fact in 12 % of fatal road crashes and 5 % of all casualty crashes . In the year 2006 / 2007 1.75 million drivers had 3 points put on their licenses and a total of £ 114 million of fines were issued . The 2006 AA road map controversially included the location for thousands of speed cameras -- the first time such information was available in that form . A trial of number - plate displaying Vehicle activated signs in 2006 at roadworks on the M42 motorway resulted in half of the speeding traffic slowed down , compared to a third who responded to normal speed cameras . As of April 2006 there were thirty eight Safety Camera Partnerships in England and Wales covering forty - one police force areas out of a total of forty - three . The Road Safety Act 2006 introduced new legislation relating to Road safety grants , the application of surplus income from safety camera enforcement and regualation relating to fixed fines . From April 2007 authorities received a ' Road Safety Grant ' which was no longer related to the number of fines issued locally and was instead given directly to those Local Authorities responsible for road safety regardless or not of whether they operate traffic enforcement cameras . During 2007 a e-petition to ban speed cameras organised by Safe Speed received 28,000 signatures . April 2007 -- present ( edit ) Funding for Safety Camera Partnership changed in April 2007 and has subsequently come from Department for Transport as ' Road Safety Grants ' rather than being directly linked to money raised locally from fines as it had been previously . Swindon in Wiltshire switched off their 5 fixed cameras in July 2009 , with the intention of replacing them with vehicle activated speed warning signs . They thus became the first local council with no fixed cameras , although the police will continue to use their mobile speed cameras to enforce speed limits . In the nine months following the switch - off there was a small reduction in casualty rates between similar periods before and after the switch off ( Before : 1 fatal , 1 serious and 13 slight accidents . Afterwards : no fatalities , 2 serious and 12 slight accidents ) . The journalist George Monbiot claimed that the results were not statistically significant , highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33 % reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68 % reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years . A report by ICM Research ( an Opinion poll research organisation ) sponsored by motor insurance company LV in 2010 indicated that 1 % of accidents are caused by drivers braking and then accelerating near speed cameras and that this would equates to a total of some 28,000 accidents across the country . A spokesman said that speed cameras ' impair driving ability or at the least concentration on the road ' . In May 2010 the new Coalition government said that the ' Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over ' and that the new government ' pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras ' . In July Mike Penning , the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £ 95 million to £ 57 million saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures . It is estimated that as a result the Treasury is now distributing £ 40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year . The cuts include a 27 % to the revenue grant used for camera maintenance and education programs and 100 % to the capital grant used for road safety measures such as the installation of fixed cameras , speed humps and pedestrian crossings . Brake warned that by removing ring - fencing the cuts could in reality be larger . Penning later said `` road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . '' In June 2010 it was announced that 9 of Somerset 's 26 fixed speed cameras were to be switched off . In July 2010 , the BBC announced that the Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership was to be wound up , and that no speed camera would be operated in the South West from the following year unless funding was provided by the government . Also in July 2010 one - fifth of the speed cameras in Northamptonshire were switched off -- the council would not reveal which of its 42 cameras remained active , and others announced plans to review camera provision . and a total of four other counties ; Buckinghamshire , Lancashire , Dorset and Essex announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras ; All the Oxfordshire speed cameras were switched off on 1 August 2010 . Later in August an Oxford Mail report challenged a claim by Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership that speed offences had increased since the switch - off , stating that they have received data showing that speed offences actually fell by 4 per - cent when compared the figures since the switch - off to those of 2008 -- 9 . In September , Oxfordshire 's Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership reported that the number of drivers speeding past the county 's deactivated speed cameras had increased by up to 88 % . Following lobbying by road safety groups and by local residents it was announced in November that they would be reinstated . The Oxfordshire cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them . Following rule changes on the threshold for offering `` Speed Awareness Courses '' as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers , and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as for the fine revenues , the partnership will be able to fund their operations from course fees . Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on , the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same -- at 13 -- and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70 , resulting from 62 crashes -- 2 more than when the cameras were still operating . There were no fatalities during either period . Also in August Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts In July 2010 , some opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk by the removal of speed cameras . The AA agreed saying adding that cameras were supported by the majority of motorists . In October 2010 Wiltshire switched off its remaining speed cameras , both fixed and mobile . Speed limit enforcement will continue to be provided in the county by Wiltshire 's traffic police and Community Speed Watch . In December 2010 , Portsmouth City Council decided to end its membership of the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Road Safety Partnership , and to remove all its speed cameras . In 2017 fines issued by courts for the most serious speeding offences have increased to better reflect the seriousness of the offence . On April 24 , 2017 new rules came into force which see the maximum fine for being caught speeding increase by 150 per cent to £ 2,500 from £ 1,000 for the most serious offenders . The minimum penalty for speeding remains a £ 100 fine and 3 penalty points added to your licence . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 45 `` Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 per cent of all accidents . However , the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident . It was reported in 14 per cent of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities , 15 per cent of all deaths '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 181 `` Speed limiter settings lowered to 70 mph for new buses and coaches and to 60 mph for HGVs . '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 179 `` Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 106 table 2 References ( edit ) Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section Department for Transport ( 2008 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Other references for article Jump up ^ `` Accident blackspot gets mobile speed camera '' . A MOBILE speed camera is being set up at an accident black spot in Worcestershire this week . A speed camera van will enforce the 60mph speed limit on the A46 Sedgeberrow bypass , near Evesham , due to the high number of collisions and speeding problems on the road ^ Jump up to : `` The consequences of speed '' . Parliament . Hit by a car at 40 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 30 mph , about half of pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 20 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will survive ... in other words , as the DTLR notes : `` The change from mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph '' . A considerable number of drivers are unaware of this . A survey undertaken for Brake found than one third of drivers thought that `` the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph ( was ) 50 % or less Jump up ^ `` The Green Flag Report on Safe Driving 2004 PART TWO -- Speed '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report -- Introduction '' . Parliament . The problem is that : `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits Jump up ^ `` LIST OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 ( Section 20 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` I have received the Notice of Intended Prosecution -- what happens now ? '' . South Yorkshire Safety Camera Partnership . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` Speed Watch '' . Community Speed Watch gives local people the ability to actively get involved in road safety . A Community Speed Watch can be set up in any village , small town , or urban area , governed by either a 30 or 40 miles per hour speed limit , to discourage drivers and motorcyclists from driving faster than the set speed limit . Community Speed Watch is a partnership between the Community , the Police , Fire Service , Parish Council , and County Council , with an aim to tackle the problem of speeding motorists , therefore improving the quality of life of the local residents . A Speed Watch consists of local residents , who are willing to volunteer a small amount of time each week to monitor speeds with speed detection equipment . Persistent offenders will receive a second warning letter , and on a third occasion , offenders can expect further action by police Jump up ^ `` CHILDREN HAVE `` SELFISH '' DRIVERS IN THEIR SIGHTS `` . West Midlands Police . CHILDREN and police in Birmingham have joined forces to launch the region 's first junior Speed Watch scheme . Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO SPEED LIMITER REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Swindon traffic lights to slow speeding drivers '' . BBC . 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent speed adaptation '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ `` Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT '' . A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city Jump up ^ `` Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % Jump up ^ SM Christie ; RA Lyons ; FD Dunstan & SJ Jones in Injury Prevention . `` Are mobile speed cameras effective ? A controlled before and after study '' . British Medical Journals . p. vol 9 pages 302 -- 306 ( 2003 ) . Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes . Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites . A 500 - metre route method was used to investigate the effect within strata of time after intervention , time of day , speed limit , and type of road user injured . The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced Jump up ^ Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties : systematic review '' ( PDF ) . British Medical Journal . 330 ( 12 February ) : 331 -- 334 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.38324.646574.AE . PMC 548724 . PMID 15653699 . Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties . The level of evidence is relatively poor , however , as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential confounders . Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future . Jump up ^ `` Cameras are for cash '' . The Journal . 25 October 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2005 ) . `` The National Safety Camera Programme : Four Year Evaluation Report '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 16 December 2005 ) . `` Speed camera benefits overrated '' . The Times . London . The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 per cent and mobile cameras by 35 per cent . It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain . But once the regression to the mean was taken into account , fixed cameras were found to reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873 , or 24 per cent for fixed and 17 per cent for mobile cameras . While still impressive , these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures . Jump up ^ `` RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit '' . BBC News . 24 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed camera support ' at all - time high ' '' . Admiral . Support for speed cameras is running at an all - time high , a poll by the AA has suggested . According to the motoring organisation 's survey of members in October , 75 % now believe that the use of speed cameras is ' acceptable ' -- including 30 % who believe their use is ' very acceptable ' . This compares with a 69 % approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year , and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices , the AA says . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` risk '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Do n't believe the hype on usless speed cams '' . Daily Mirror. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/news/9604736.Town_tops_league_for_safest_driving/ Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras / Vehicle - activated Signs '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Angela Watkinson : The cost of a speed camera , including installation , is about £ 50,000 , whereas the cost of a vehicle - activated sign is only £ 1,000 . The Department for Transport 's own figures say that 2.2 accidents are estimated to be prevented by a speed camera in one year , whereas vehicle - activated signs are estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents . Does the Minister therefore agree that the Department 's own figures show that not only are vehicle - activated signs more effective in improving road safety , but they are very much better value for money ? Will he consider introducing a policy that vehicle - activated signs should be given preference over speed cameras wherever the location is appropriate ? Jim Fitzpatrick : The decision about which type of camera to deploy and where is very much a matter for local road safety partnerships , which receive £ 110 million extra a year to do that . I am not sure where the hon . Lady found her figures . The four - year independent evaluation report on the 4,100 speed camera sites , published in 2005 , recorded a 42 per cent . reduction in serious crashes a year , meaning 100 fewer deaths and 1,600 fewer seriously injured -- as opposed to the two or three that she mentions . Our figures are at variance and I would be happy to discuss them with her , because I know that the objective for the whole House is to reduce the numbers needlessly killed or seriously injured on our roads . ^ Jump up to : `` City to scrap its speed cameras '' . The News . Johnston Press Digital Publishing . 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SPEED LIMIT ( POLICE METHODS ) '' . 9 November 1936 . The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis informs me that the method of enforcing the speed limit in built - up areas which is usually employed and was employed in this case is for the traffic patrols to follow for a reasonable distance the vehicle which they suspect of exceeding the limit , and to time it by means of the speedometer in the police car . In the instructions issued to police , special stress is laid on the necessity for keeping as far as possible at an even distance behind the vehicle which is being followed . Jump up ^ `` Motoring firsts '' . National Motoring Museum . Jump up ^ Adam Hart Davis . `` The Eureka Years '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` US History , Criminal Justice , The first speeding ticket '' . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . The AA . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR CAR LEGISLATION '' . Hansard. 16 July 1907 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . The noble Earl said : My Lords , in 1905 , a very important and influential Royal Commission was appointed to consider the subject of motor cars , and what legislation was desirable when the Act at that time existing , and which was limited to three years , expired . That Commission held a great many sittings and examined a great many witnesses ; it was extremely painstaking in its work , and presented a very carefully considered and somewhat voluminous Report ... I regard the abolition of the speed limit as the most important recommendation of the Royal Commission ... Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... I am entirely in sympathy with what the noble Earl said with regard to police traps . In my opinion they are manifestly absurd as a protection to the public , and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ JA Coutts , ' Obstructing the Police ' ( 1956 ) 19 MLR 411 Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic -- 1900 -- 1929 '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Drivers face breakdown nightmare after AA staff ballot for first strike in 105 years '' . The Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` New Motoring Law '' . The Times . 1 December 1930 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . It is sufficient to say that the reason why the speed limit was abolished was not that anybody thought the abolition would tend to the greater security of foot passengers , but that the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt Jump up ^ `` Road Safety History 1922 -- 1937 '' . RoadSafetyUK . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Pensioner booked for speeding ... in a 1923 Model T Ford that does n't even have a speedo '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Booker , Christopher ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` Speed cameras : the twisted truth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . In 1992 the police were given a new weapon when the first speed cameras were installed in west London . Trials on the M40 had shown just how frequently drivers broke the limit , when cameras capable of taking 400 snapshots on each roll of film had used up their quota in 40 minutes . Jump up ^ `` SPEED AND RED - LIGHT ( SAFETY ) CAMERA FUNDING -- NETTING - OFF ARRANGEMENTS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Fighting for your rights -- the ABD -- The bigger picture '' . Top Gear. 12 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 '' . Jump up ^ `` Radar speed measuring device approval '' . Jump up ^ `` Light beam speed measuring device approval 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` Speed enforcement '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` RoadPeace Founder and Chair '' . RoadPeace . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Roadpeace steps up campaigning '' . PR Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Traffic victims ' charity Roadpeace is spearheading a campaign to increase the number of speed cameras on Britain 's roads . Jump up ^ `` The effects of speed cameras : how drivers respond '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport ( UK ) . February 1999 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Speed Camera Funding -- eight pilot schemes announced '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The national safety camera programme '' ( PDF ) . In 2000 , the Government published the ten - year road safety strategy . This set out casualty reduction targets for 2010 . These were : By 2010 we want to achieve ( compared with the average for 1994 -- 98 ) : 40 % reduction in the number of people killed or seriously injured in road collisions 50 % reduction in the number of children killed or seriously injured 10 % reduction in the slight casualty rate , expressed as the number of people slightly injured per 100million vehicle kilometres Jump up ^ Transport Statistics Great Britain : 2007 Edition ( Report ) . Department for Transport . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Halloran and Francis v . The United Kingdom '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the Legal Spacing and Letter Style on Number Plates '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle crime '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 -- The Act introduced the registration of motor salvage dealers and number plate suppliers , together with the Vehicle Identity Check scheme . These measures will make it harder for thieves to sell on stolen vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 S38 : Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` SPECS -- The Facts '' . A77safetygroup . Figures have shown that , across the route , vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed . Average speeds typically reduced by 5 - 6mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit reduced by 80 % or more in some areas . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Speed Cameras '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 15 July 2005 ) . `` Speed camera U-turn as 500 sites rejected '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ David Robinson ; Richard Campbell . `` Contributory factors to road accidents '' . Road Casualties Great Britain : 2005 . UK Department for Transport . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Philip 's Complete Road Atlas Britain 2010 . Philip 's . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera fines reach £ 114.6 m '' . BBC News . 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Speed camera fines rose to £ 114.6 m last year even though fewer fixed penalty notices were issued to motorists , a survey has indicated . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Steve ( 26 June 2005 ) . `` AA causes fury by publishing its first - ever map of speed cameras '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . A controversial decision by the AA to publish its first map of speed traps has provoked a storm of protest from safety experts , who accuse the organisation of encouraging motorists to break the law . Jump up ^ Ben Webster ( 4 August 2006 ) . `` Speed camera that tells you off but does n't take away your cash '' . London : The Times . Jump up ^ `` Areas covered by the Safety Camera Funding Scheme '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety Act 2006 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Safety cameras '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Retrieved 26 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkup , James ; Millward , David ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Anger as fines from speed cameras soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . More than 28,000 people have signed a Downing Street petition calling for speed cameras to be scrapped and Mr Smith said that public anger had forced the Department for Transport `` into retreat '' on the issue Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Fixed speed cameras in Swindon have been switched off , making the borough council the first English local authority to abandon their use ... the council will continue as normal in their mobile speed camera enforcement across Swindon where necessary ... Any assumption that speed cameras will no longer be used in Swindon is plainly incorrect . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , David ( 7 August 2010 ) . `` Speed camera switch - off sees fewer accidents '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Boy Racers '' . George Monbiot . Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over : Tories pledge to halt rise of speed cameras , road pricing and cowboy clampers '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Treasury set to cash in on speeding fines '' . The Telegraph . London . The decision to reduce the Road Safety Grant £ 95 million to £ 57 million this year means that the Government could raise as much as £ 40 million more from speeding fines than it hands back to local authorities to reduce death and injury on the country 's roads . Jump up ^ `` Brake warns Government on road safety funding bombshell '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions , Tuesday 7 September 2010 -- Roads : Safety '' . We have also lifted restrictions on how local government spends its money by removing ring - fences ... The fact that certain grants have been chosen for reduction over others does not mean that the Government expect there to be a direct correlation between grant reductions and local authority budget changes . For example , road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras in Somerset are to be removed '' . BBC News . 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras '' . BBC News . 22 July 2010 . No speed cameras will operate in the South West next year , unless the government comes forward with more funding , police have warned . Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership is being wound up with the loss of about 40 jobs . Jump up ^ `` One in five speed cameras turned off as council looks to cut costs '' . Northampton Chronicle . Johnston Publishing . 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera turn - off starts '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Oxfordshire pulled the plug on its network of 72 devices after the ConDems axed funding by 40 % . Buckinghamshire is to follow suit . Northamptonshire turned off eight of its 42 speed cameras and Somerset nine of its 26 , sparking worries crashes could increase . Jump up ^ `` Plan to return Oxfordshire 's speed cameras '' . BBC . 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera data ' misleading ' '' . Oxford Mail . Newsquest Media Group . 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Oxfordshire speeding increase after cameras turned off '' . BBC News . 10 August 2010 . The number of drivers speeding past Oxfordshire 's deactivated speed cameras has increased by up to 88 % , a road safety partnership claim . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Speed cameras to go back on '' . Oxford Mail . 2 November 2010 . OXFORDSHIRE 'S speed cameras are set to be switched on , it has emerged today , three months after they were turned off ^ Jump up to : `` Oxfordshire 's speed cameras to be switched back on '' . News Oxford . BBC . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras will stay in Gloucestershire -- but no more maintenance '' . This is Gloucestershire . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . SPEED cameras in Gloucestershire will not be switched off -- but highway bosses say maintenance will become less frequent . As Oxfordshire 's speed cameras were turned off to save cash , Gloucestershire County Council confirmed the county 's 28 cameras would remain in action . The cameras were due to be updated to a new digital format , but after cuts of £ 7million were imposed by the coalition Government , the council was forced to abandon the plan . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera cuts ' mean disaster ' '' . BBC News . 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras no longer operating in Wiltshire '' . ThisIsWiltshire.co.uk . Newsquest Media Group . 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The UK 's new speeding fines explained '' . www.saga.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Luke John ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Drivers WARNED that speeding fines set to skyrocket NEXT WEEK '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Speeding penalties - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . ( hide ) Driving in the United Kingdom Main topics Approved Driving Instructor British land speed record Driving examiner ( United Kingdom ) The Highway Code Driving licence in the United Kingdom List of UK driving licence endorsements Road signs in the United Kingdom Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Road speed limits in the United Kingdom United Kingdom traffic laws Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions Acts Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 Motor Car Act 1903 Road Traffic Act 1934 Organisations British School of Motoring Disabled Motoring UK Driver and Vehicle Agency Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Driving Standards Agency Institute of Advanced Motorists Motor Insurers ' Bureau Safe Speed Safety Camera Partnership Driving test Hazard Perception Test United Kingdom driving test Schemes National Driver Offender Retraining Scheme Pass Plus Young Driver Schemes TV & Entertainment Britain 's Worst Driver Clarkson 's Car Years Driven ( TV series ) Driving School Fifth Gear For The Love Of Cars Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld Sniff Petrol Top Gear ( 1977 TV series ) Top Gear ( 2002 TV series ) Offences Causing bodily harm by wanton or furious driving Causing death by dangerous driving Dangerous driving DR10 Further reading ( edit ) Home Office approved speed detection devices -- March 2007 Handbook of Rules and Guidance for the National Safety Camera Programme for England and Wales for 2006 / 07 Department for Transport Transport , Local Government and the Regions -- Ninth Report , Road Traffic Speed . Parliament 2002 Note that the layout of the table of contents is odd , the actually contents are off to the far right hand side of the page . TRL511 : The relationship between speed and accidents of rural single - carriageway roads 2002 -- registration required TRL421 : The effects of drivers ' speed on the frequency of road accidents 2000 -- registration required TRL215 : Review of traffic calming schemes in 20 mph zones 1996 -- registration required Debate in the Commons about use of plain clothes police to enforce speed limits 1935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_speed_limit_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811302206 '' Categories : Transport policy in the United Kingdom Roads in the United Kingdom Driving in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 EngvarB from April 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first speed camera introduced in the uk	[ "The first speed camera was installed in 1991.[42] A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes.[41] The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras.[43]" ]	[ "1991" ]
-718605932066415892	Indian national calendar	Indian national calendar - wikipedia Indian national calendar Mohar of Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka era 1685 ( AD 1763 ) The Indian national calendar , sometimes called the Shalivahana Shaka calendar . It is used , alongside the Gregorian calendar , by The Gazette of India , in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India . The Saka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus . Nyepi , the `` Day of Silence '' , is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali . Nepal 's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar . Prior to colonization , the Philippines used to apply the Saka calendar as well as suggested by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . The term may also ambiguously refer to the Hindu calendar ; the Shalivahana era is also commonly used by other calendars . The historic Shalivahana era calendar is still widely used . It has years that are solar Contents 1 Calendar structure 2 Adoption 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Calendar structure ( edit ) The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar . # Month ( Sanskrit ) Length Start date ( Gregorian ) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac ( Sanskrit ) Chaitra 30 / 31 March 22 / 21 Aries Meṣa Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo simha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22 , except in leap years , when it has 31 days and starts on March 21 . The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days , to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time . The names of the months are derived from older , Hindu lunisolar calendars , so variations in spelling exist , and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to . Years are counted in the Saka era , which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era . To determine leap years , add 78 to the Saka year -- if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar , then the Saka year is a leap year as well . Its structure is just like the Persian calendar . Adoption ( edit ) Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . Other members of the Committee were : A.C. Banerjee , K.K. Daftari , J.S. Karandikar , Gorakh Prasad , R.V. Vaidya and N.C. Lahiri . It was Saha 's effort , which led to the formation of the Committee . The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study , which could be adopted uniformly throughout India . It was a mammoth task . The Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country . There were thirty different calendars . The task was further complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars . India 's first prime minister , Jawaharlal Nehru , in his preface to the Report of the Committee , published in 1955 , wrote : `` They ( different calendars ) represent past political divisions in the country ... Now that we have attained Independence , it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic , social , and other purposes , and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem . '' Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879 , Saka Era , or 22 March 1957 . However , government officials seem to largely ignore the New Year 's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar . See also ( edit ) Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat History of calendars Saka era Bengali calendar , a related Indic calendar Persian calendar Indian New Year 's days Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika Ritu ( Indian season ) Kollam era the Malayalam calendar Tamil calendar List of calendars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government Holiday Calendar '' . Govt. of India Official website . Jump up ^ Meghnad Saha Archived 2015 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu '' New Year 's Day and related issues Report of the Calendar Reform Committee ( New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , 1955 ) -- online link . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History by E.G. Richards ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286205 - 1 ) , 1998 , pp. 184 -- 185 . External links ( edit ) Calendars and their History ( by L.E. Doggett ) Indian Calendars ( by Leow Choon Lian , pdf , 1.22 mb ) Positional astronomy in India Indian National Calendar abstract National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar Nearly universal Gregorian In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í Badí ' Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Gaelic Germanic heathen Georgian Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Hijri modern Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Coptic Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tōnalpōhualli Xiuhpōhualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene anthropological Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian historiographical Darian Martian Dreamspell New Age Discordian ' Pataphysical Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_national_calendar&oldid=865326072 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Indian culture National symbols of India Months of the Hindu calendar Time in India 1957 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 06 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when is the new year day celebrated according to the indian national calendar	[ "\n\n\n#\n\nMonth (Sanskrit)\n\nLength\n\nStart date (Gregorian)\n\nTropical zodiac\n\nTropical zodiac (Sanskrit)\n\n\n1\n\nChaitra\n30/31\nMarch 22/21\nAries\nMeṣa\n\n\n2\n\nVaishākha\n31\nApril 21\nTaurus\nVṛṣabha\n\n\n3\n\nJyēshtha\n31\nMay 22\nGemini\nMithuna\n\n\n4\n\nĀshādha\n31\nJune 22\nCancer\nKarkata\n\n\n5\n\nShrāvana\n31\nJuly 23\nLeo\nsimha\n\n\n6\n\nBhaadra\n31\nAugust 23\nVirgo\nKanyā\n\n\n7\n\nĀshwin\n30\nSeptember 23\nLibra\nTulā\n\n\n8\n\nKārtika\n30\nOctober 23\nScorpio\nVṛścik‌‌‌a\n\n\n9\n\nAgrahayana\n30\nNovember 22\nSagitarius\nDhanur\n\n\n10\n\nPausha\n30\nDecember 22\nCapricorn\nMakara\n\n\n11\n\nMāgha\n30\nJanuary 21\nAquarius\nKumbha\n\n\n12\n\nPhalguna\n30\nFebruary 20\nPisces\nMīna\n\n" ]	[ "March 22/21" ]
1543796048394686426	Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom	Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom `` + 44 '' redirects here . For the band , see + 44 ( band ) . United Kingdom telephone numbers Location of the United Kingdom Location Country United Kingdom Continent Europe Regulator Ofcom Type Open NSN length 7 , 9 , 10 Typical format various , see text Numbering plan The National Telephone Numbering Plan Last updated 13 December 2013 Access codes Country calling code + 44 International call prefix 00 Trunk prefix 0 List of United Kingdom dialing codes Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK government 's Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) . For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan , known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan , which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations . The numbers are of variable length . Local numbers are supported from land - lines , or numbers can be dialled with a ' 0 ' - lead prefix that denotes either a geographical region or another service . Cell phone numbers have their own prefixes which are not geographical and are completely portable between providers . Contents 1 Structure 2 Format 2.1 Geographic numbering 2.1. 1 Standard geographic numbers 2.1. 1.1 Four - digit area codes 2.1. 1.2 Three - digit area codes 2.1. 1.3 Two - digit area codes 2.1. 1.4 Five - digit area codes 2.1. 2 National dialling only ranges 2.2 Mobile telephones 2.3 Pagers and personal numbering 2.4 Non-geographic numbering 2.4. 1 Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate 2.4. 2 Corporate and VoIP numbering 2.4. 3 Freephone numbers 2.4. 4 Fixed - rate or special - rate services 2.4. 5 Other 08xx number ranges 2.4. 6 Premium rate content services ( PRS and SES ) 3 Crown dependencies 3.1 Guernsey 3.2 Jersey 3.3 Isle of Man 4 Fictitious numbers 5 Special service numbers 5.1 Emergency services and helplines 5.2 Speaking clock 5.3 Automated services and access codes 6 History 7 Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories 7.1 North American Numbering Plan 7.2 Others 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Since 28 April 2001 , almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . The overall structure of the UK 's National Numbering Plan is : Prefix Service type 00 International 01 Geographic area codes . 02 Geographic area codes ( introduced in 2000 ) . 03 Non-geographic numbers charged at standard geographic area code rates ( introduced 2007 ) . 04 Reserved . 05 Corporate numbering and VoIP services ( some VoIP services use 08 or geographic numbers ) . Freephone ( toll free ) on 0500 until June 2017 . 06 Was reserved for possible use by personal numbering ( PNS ) instead of 070 following consumer confusion with mobile phones . 07 Mostly for mobile phones on 071xx , 072xx , 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx , and 079xx . Personal numbering on 070 . Pagers on 076xx . 08 Freephone ( toll free ) on 080 , and Special Services ( formerly known as local and national rate ) on 084 and 087 . 09 Premium Rate services ( PRS ) . A short sample of geographic numbers , set out in the officially approved ( Ofcom ) number groups : Number Location ( 020 ) xxxx xxxx London ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx Coventry ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx Cardiff ( 0113 ) xxx xxxx Leeds ( 0114 ) xxx xxxx Sheffield ( 0121 ) xxx xxxx Birmingham ( 0117 ) xxx xxxx Bristol ( 0131 ) xxx xxxx Edinburgh ( 0141 ) xxx xxxx Glasgow ( 0151 ) xxx xxxx Merseyside ( 0161 ) xxx xxxx Greater Manchester ( 01642 ) xxxxxx Teesside ( 01223 ) xxxxxx Cambridge ( 01257 ) xxxxxx Chorley ( 01382 ) xxxxxx Dundee ( 01386 ) xxxxxx Evesham ( 01935 ) xxxxxx Yeovil ( 01865 ) xxxxxx Oxford ( 01772 ) xxxxxx Preston ( 01792 ) xxxxxx Swansea ( 01204 ) xxxxx Bolton ( 0153 96 ) xxxxx Sedbergh ( 0169 77 ) xxxx Brampton In the United Kingdom , area codes are two , three , four , or , rarely , five digits long ( after the initial zero ) . Regions with shorter area codes , typically large cities , permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits . Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long . The total number of digits is ten , but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits ( after the initial zero ) . The `` area code '' is also referred to as an `` STD ( code ) '' ( subscriber trunk dialling ) or a `` dialling code '' in the UK . The code allocated to the largest population is ( 020 ) for London . The code allocated to the largest area is ( 028 ) for all of Northern Ireland . The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies -- Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man -- even though they are not part of the UK itself . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows : Number length 10 digits 9 digits 7 digits 4 digits 3 digits Number formats ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx ( 011x ) xxx xxxx ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx 03xx xxx xxxx 055 xxxx xxxx 056 xxxx xxxx 070 xxxx xxxx 07624 xxxxxx 076 xxxx xxxx 07xxx xxxxxx 0800 xxx xxxx 08xx xxx xxxx 09xx xxx xxxx ( 0169 77 ) xxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxx 0500 xxxxxx 0800 xxxxxx 0800 1111 0845 46 4x 1470 1471 1475 1477 1571 999 112 111 123 101 118 105 Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number ( NSN ) length as 10 or 9 digits . The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10 , 9 or 7 digits . The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits . The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only . There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits . Geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom Standard geographic numbers ( edit ) Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits . Four - digit area codes ( edit ) Four - digit area codes have either six - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five - and six - digit subscriber numbers . ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx This is the format used by most areas . It has a four - digit area code ( after the initial zero ) and a six digit subscriber number , and is known as 4 + 6 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Just short of 581 areas use this format , and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998 . Almost all ( 01xxx ) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers , but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length ( see next section ) . 01224 Aberdeen 22 = AB 01244 Chester 24 = CH 01382 Dundee 38 = DU 01387 Dumfries ( mixed ) 38 = DU local numbers can not begin with 3 01452 Gloucester 45 = GL 01472 Grimsby 47 = GR 01473 Ipswich 47 = IP 01429 Hartlepool 42 = HA 01482 Hull 48 = HU 01539 Kendal ( mixed ) 53 = KE local numbers can not begin with 4 , 5 or 6 01582 Luton 58 = LU 01670 Morpeth 67 = MP 01697 Brampton , North West ( mixed ) 69 = NW local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01733 Peterborough 73 = PE 01736 Penzance 73 = PE 01772 Preston 77 = PR 01792 Swansea 79 = SW 01793 Swindon 79 = SW 01854 Ullapool 85 = UL 01947 Whitby 94 = WH Six of the four - digit area codes are known as `` mixed '' areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five - digit area codes . This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four - digit area codes , e.g. in the 01387 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five - digit area code ; likewise in the 01946 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five - digit area code . ( 01xxx ) xxxxx This is used for forty smaller towns which have a mixture of six and five digit local numbers , each type allocated in specific DE blocks * ; e.g. in the 01647 area code numbers beginning 24 and 61 have five digits ( 24xxx and 61xxx ; known as 4 + 5 format ) whereas all other DE blocks * within that area code have six digit numbers . The number of places with five digit subscriber numbers and an 01xxx area code has declined rapidly in recent decades . There were 511 ranges allocated across 56 different area codes in January 1998 . The Big Number Change removed many , especially in Northern Ireland , and by July 2005 there were only 329 ranges in 42 codes . By April 2010 this had reduced to 324 ranges in 40 codes , with still the same number in November 2012 . The 40 area codes are listed in the table below . * A DE block is a block of numbers where ( taking the area code and the subscriber number together ) the initial 0 and the next six digits after it are the same for all the subscriber numbers in the block . ( These area codes , like many others , were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . ) 01204 Bolton 20 = BO 61 - 64 01208 Bodmin 20 = BO 72 - 79 01254 Blackburn 25 = BL 51 - 57 , 59 01276 Camberley 27 = CR 20 - 29 , 31 - 38 , 61 - 66 01297 Axminster 29 = AX 20 - 24 , 32 - 35 01298 Buxton 29 = BX 22 - 28 , 70 - 74 , 77 - 79 , 83 - 85 01363 Crediton 36 = CN 82 - 85 01364 Ashburton , Devon 36 = DN 72 , 73 01384 Dudley 38 = DU 70 , 74 - 79 01386 Evesham 38 = EV 40 , 41 , 45 , 47 - 49 01404 Honiton 40 = HO 41 - 47 01420 Alton , Hampshire 42 = HA 22 , 23 , 80 - 89 01460 Chard , Ilminster 46 = IM 30 , 52 - 55 , 57 , 61 - 68 , 72 - 78 01461 Gretna 46 = GN 40 01480 Huntingdon 48 = HU 52 01488 Hungerford 48 = HU 71 - 73 01524 Lancaster ( mixed ) 52 = LA 32 - 37 , 39 , 60 - 69 local numbers can not begin with 2 01527 Redditch 60 - 69 01562 Kidderminster 56 = KM 60 , 66 - 69 01566 Launceston 56 = LN 86 01595 Lerwick 56 = LW 86 01606 Northwich , Winsford 60 = NO 40 - 49 , 74 - 77 , 79 01629 Matlock 62 = MA 55 - 57 01635 Newbury 63 = NE 30 - 39 , 40 - 49 01647 Moretonhampstead 64 = MH 24 , 61 01659 Sanquhar , Nithsdale 65 = NL 50 , 58 , 66 , 67 , 74 01695 Skelmersdale / Ormskirk 50 - 54 01726 St Austell 72 = SA 61 , 63 - 69 , 70 - 77 01744 St Helens 74 = SH 20 - 29 01750 Selkirk 75 = SK 20 - 23 , 32 , 42 , 52 , 62 , 76 , 82 01768 Penrith ( mixed ) 76 = PN 882 , 883 , 884 , 886 , 887 , 888 local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01827 Tamworth 82 = TA 50 - 59 , 60 - 69 01837 Okehampton 52 - 55 , 82 , 83 , 89 01884 Tiverton 88 = TV 32 - 35 , 38 01900 Workington 90 = WO 61 - 68 , 85 01905 Worcester 90 = WO 20 - 29 01935 Yeovil 93 = YE 83 01946 Whitehaven ( mixed ) 94 = WH 61 - 68 local numbers can not begin with 7 01949 Whatton 94 = WH 20 , 21 , 81 01963 Wincanton 96 = WN 23 , 31 - 34 01995 Garstang , Wyre 99 = WY 61 Three - digit area codes ( edit ) Three - digit area codes always have seven - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1 . ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s , and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham and south - eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 1x1 ( after the initial zero ) and a seven digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 0121 Birmingham formerly 021 ( 2 = B) 0131 Edinburgh formerly 031 ( 3 = E ) 0141 Glasgow formerly 041 ( 4 = G ) 0151 Liverpool formerly 051 ( 5 = L ) 0161 Manchester formerly 061 ( 6 = M ) 0171 Used for Inner London from 1990 until 2000 0181 Used for Outer London from 1990 until 2000 0191 County of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham , south - eastern Northumberland formerly 091 ( 9 = tYne ) ( 011x ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities and towns moved to brand - new three - digit area codes . Five of these were moved in 1995 as a part of PhONEday , with Reading then following a year later . At the time of the change , an extra digit was added to the subscriber number . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 11x , with a seven - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . The first three digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . The former Reading area code had already been changed once , by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 0113 Leeds formerly 0532 ( 53 = LE ) 0114 Sheffield formerly 0742 ( 74 = SH ) 0115 Nottingham formerly 0602 ( 60 = NO ) 0116 Leicester formerly 0533 ( 53 = LE ) 0117 Bristol formerly 0272 ( 27 = BR ) 0118 Reading formerly 0734 , then 01734 ( 73 = RE ) Two - digit area codes ( edit ) Two - digit area codes always have eight - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 02 . ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx This is the newest geographic number format . It is used for the third tier of large cities and for Northern Ireland , and was formed as a part of the Big Number Change in 2000 . The new area code is much shorter than the old one , and begins 02 unlike the previous 01 area codes . Numbers in these five areas are commonly misquoted , e.g. London as 0207 or Cardiff as 02920 . The numbers consist of a two - digit area code matching the pattern 02x , and an eight - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 2 + 8 format . The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . At the time of the change , the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London , those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits , and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits . All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change , one that added a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero , as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Location Number Formerly 020 London ( 020 ) 3xxx xxxx New since 2005 ( 020 ) 7xxx xxxx 0171 ( 1995 - 2000 ) 071 ( 1990 - 95 ) 01 ( 1960s - 1990 ) ( 020 ) 8xxx xxxx 0181 ( 1995 - 2000 ) 081 ( 1990 - 95 ) 01 ( 1960s - 1990 ) 023 Southampton ( 023 ) 8xxx xxxx 01703 ( 70 = SO ) Portsmouth ( 023 ) 9xxx xxxx 01705 ( 70 = PO ) 024 Coventry ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx 01203 ( 20 = CO ) 028 Northern Ireland ( 028 ) 25xx xxxx Ballymena ( 01266 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 28xx xxxx Larne ( 01574 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 37xx xxxx Armagh ( 01861 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 71xx xxxx Derry ( 01504 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 82xx xxxx Omagh ( 01662 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 90xx xxxx Belfast ( 01232 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 92xx xxxx Lisburn ( 01846 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 95xx xxxx Belfast New number range 029 Cardiff ( 029 ) 2xxx xxxx 01222 ( 22 = CA ) Five - digit area codes ( edit ) Five - digit area codes have either five - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of four - and five - digit subscriber numbers . Five - digit area codes always share their first four digits with four - digit area codes . ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx and ( 01xx xx ) xxxx This is the oldest geographic number format and is used for twelve smaller towns and villages where the subscriber number is either five or ( in one area code ) four digits long . These are known as 5 + 5 and 5 + 4 format . Therefore , the STD code and the subscriber number does not always total ten digits after the initial zero trunk code . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . The number of places using these two formats has declined rapidly in recent decades and Brampton is the last place in the UK with four - digit local numbers . 0138 73 Langholm 0152 42 Hornby 0153 94 Hawkshead 0153 95 Grange - over-Sands 0153 96 Sedbergh 0169 73 Wigton 0169 74 Raughton Head 0169 77 Brampton 0176 83 Appleby 0176 84 Pooley Bridge 0176 87 Keswick 0194 67 Gosforth The above twelve area codes and their six ' parent ' area codes ( 01387 , 01524 , 01539 , 01697 , 01768 and 01946 ) are known as ' Mixed ' areas due to multiple area codes sharing the same SABC digits ( i.e. the initial zero and the following four digits ) . National dialling only ranges ( edit ) These ranges have subscriber numbers beginning with the digits `` 0 '' or `` 1 '' , e.g. : 0169 77 0xxxx Brampton 01332 050xxx Derby 01382 006xxx Dundee 0141 005 xxxx Glasgow 0117 101 xxxx Bristol 0118 00x xxxx Reading 020 0003 xxxx London Currently , these numbers are mostly used as the termination points for non-geographic numbers , and by some automated systems such as alarms . As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled . These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges , and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK . Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider , general - purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage . In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits , the area code must always be dialled , even from within the same geographic exchange . Accordingly , if these numbers are eventually released for general use , Ofcom proposes completely removing the ability to dial locally without the area code in areas affected . This occurred on 1 November 2012 for the 01202 area code , which covers Bournemouth . Recently , the carrier TalkTalk have inadvertently released parts of the 020 0011 range to the general public , with these numbers currently being in use . For example , the charity Give a Car used the number 020 0011 1664 for a while , but recently switched to a proper London number . Mobile telephones ( edit ) 07xxx xxxxxx -- mobile phones and WiFi numbers . Individual mobile phone companies are allocated different ranges within the 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx and 079xx area codes . Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements , such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778 . 073xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2014 ) 074xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2009 ) 075xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since May 2007 ) 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones on the Isle of Man 077xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 03xx and 04xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 078xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 05xx , 06xx and 08xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 079xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 09xx -- mostly EE ( formerly Orange and one2one ) ) 07911 2xxxxx 07911 8xxxxx WiFi numbers ( e.g. 3G / LTE - enabled tablet computers ) Since the advent of Mobile number portability , mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone -- only the original operator . Pagers and personal Numbering ( edit ) 07x xxxx xxxx -- pagers and personal numbering ( PNS ) . 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar - looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers . 070 xxxx xxxx Personal numbering 076 xxxx xxxx Pagers ( excluding 07624 , used for mobile phones on the Isle of Man ) Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone - paid Services Authority . Non-geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate ( edit ) 03xx xxx xxxx -- `` UK - wide '' numbering . On 27 July 2006 , Ofcom announced that companies will soon be able to use an `` 03 '' non-geographic number , in place of other non-geographic numbers ( such as 0870 or 0845 numbers ) . Callers would be charged at the same rate as if they were calling a geographic number ( 01 or 02 ) . This means that customers who are benefiting from inclusive minutes on mobile phone or landline calling plans would also be able to call these numbers using their inclusive minutes . On 13 February 2007 , Ofcom released more details on their plans for the 03 range and announced that allocations of 03 numbers to providers would begin in March 2007 . Whilst 01 , 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages , currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers . Three different ranges of numbers were announced ; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations , those beginning 033x , which are available for allocation to anyone , and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively . Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use . 030x xxx xxxx For qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations as defined by Ofcom 033x xxx xxxx For any end user 034x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 084x numbers 037x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 087x numbers Corporate and VoIP Numbering ( edit ) 05x xxxx xxxx -- Corporate and VoIP numbering . Unlike 03 numbers there is no uniform pricing for 05 numbers ; BT charge a number of different rates depending on the number dialled . Some are charged at geographic rate , others not . Other operators are not required to charge the same rates as BT for calling 05 numbers . 055 xxxx xxxx Corporate Numbering ( but also used by BT for its Broadband Voice service ) 056 xxxx xxxx Allocated by Ofcom for LIECS ( Location Independent Electronic Communications Services ) , e.g. VoIP services Freephone numbers ( edit ) 0500 xxxxxx -- Freephone services allocated before 1999 . Until July 2017 , the 0500 range was used for some freephone services which were originally provided by Mercury Communications Ltd ( now Cable & Wireless Worldwide ) . These numbers were different from the rest of the 05 range in that they are only 9 digits in length after the 0 trunk code , e.g. 0500 007 007 ( National Savings and Investments ) , 0500 2 88 2 91 ( BBC Radio 2 , 88 to 91 FM ) , 0500 600 600 ( Crimewatch ) , 0500 600 700 ( Watchdog ) , and 0500 909 693 ( BBC Radio 5 Live , 909 and 693 kHz ) . Numerous universities , government departments , airlines , banks and businesses also used these numbers . They were allocated before the general trend of using longer numbers started in 1997 and long before the rest of the 05 range was assigned to corporate and VoIP numbering after 2000 . 0500 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , up to 40p per minute from mobile . The range was withdrawn by Ofcom in July 2017 as a result of a series of consultations starting from 2012 0800 xxxxxx , 0800 xxx xxxx and 0808 xxx xxxx -- Freephone services . 0800 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , and was up to 40p per minute from mobile , until July 2015 when calls to 080 numbers from mobiles became free . Calls to certain charity and similar services were always free from most mobiles . 0808 9xx xxxx numbers are used by freephone internet services . 0800 xxx xxxx 0808 xxx xxxx There is one short `` special '' number in this range , 0800 1111 for Childline . Additionally , numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not - for - profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones . A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles , but this varies by network . Fixed - rate or special - rate services ( edit ) 084x xxx xxxx and 087x xxx xxxx -- Non-geographic fixed - rate , or special - rate services . With the exception of 080x freephone numbers , 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates , with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco . This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber , but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services , such as fax - to - email , virtual office applications , call queuing , voicemail and easy number redirection . None of these call management services is exclusive to 08xx numbers , and they could be provided on any number range . 0845 xxx xxxx Special Services basic rate Up to 5p a minute , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0844 00x xxxx Special Services basic rate Non-BT Discount Scheme -- Internet Services incorporating unmetered access up to and including 5p for BT customers 0844 01x xxxx to 0844 09x xxxx currently unused 0844 1xx xxxx currently unused 0844 2xx xxxx to 0844 9xx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0843 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g. always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0842 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g. always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . There were a few short `` special '' number in this range , such as 0845 46 47 for NHS Direct ; this was closed in 2014 and replaced by NHS 111 except in Wales , where the transition took place in 2015 . 0870 xxx xxxx Non-Geographic Number Up to 8p a minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend ( charged at no more than the caller would pay for a call to a Geographic Number ) from landline ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0871 0xx xxxx Special Services higher rate Internet Services metered access , up to and including 10p / minute for BT customers . 0871 1xx xxxx currently unused 0871 2xx xxxx to 0871 9xx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0872 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0873 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . The usage of 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers is regulated by PhonepayPlus . There is widespread confusion about the cost of calling 084 and 087 numbers . They often do not qualify for discounts and bundled minutes , and can be prohibitively expensive when called from mobiles and payphones . Many major companies persist in misdescribing them as `` Local Rate '' , `` Lo Call '' ( often as ' locall rate ' which can be easily misread as ' local rate ' ) or `` National Rate '' for which the Advertising Standards Authority can take action . In the future , it is likely that users of 084 and 087 numbers will have to declare the service charge element of the call cost when advertising their phone number , whilst telecoms companies will need to inform their customers about their access charge for calling each number range . Additionally , the EU Consumer Rights Directive requires that many entities that held 084 and 087 numbers will no longer be allowed to use them . The directive bans the usage of numbers that cost more than calling a geographic number for customer service and complaints lines , and other such purposes . From 1 July 2015 , the charge for calls to 084 , 087 , 09 and 118 numbers will be split into two parts : An access charge ( payable to the company you make your phone calls with - e.g. BT , EE , Sky , etc . ) and a service charge ( the part of the call that goes to the company offering the service ) . A list of these new access charges can be found here , which is updated regularly with new information when available . Source : ( 1 ) Other 08xx number ranges ( edit ) 08xx xxx xxxx -- Internet for schools and Inbound routing codes . 0820 xxx xxxx Special Services : Internet for schools 0899 9xx xxxx Inbound routing codes Premium rate content services ( prs and ses ) ( edit ) 09xx xxx xxxx -- Premium Rate Content Services Numbers in the 09xx range are charged at the highest rates of any calls within the United Kingdom , and are controlled by various regulations regarding their use . The regulator is Phone - paid Service Authority formally known as PhonepayPlus , formerly known as ICSTIS ( and they also cover 070 ( PNS ) , 0871 , 0872 , 0873 and 118xxx ( DQ ) services ) . There are a large number of charge bands , some with high pence - per - minute rates , others with a high fixed - price for the entire call . 090x xxx xxxx Premium rate content services ( PRS ) 0908 xxx xxxx 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) ( not available for new allocations ) 091x xxx xxxx Premium rate non-content services ( PRS ) 098x xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) The earlier unused 092x xxx xxxx - 099x xxx xxxx allocation for `` Broadband Internet Services '' no longer exists and was removed from the number plan in 2005 . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although calls from UK landlines to landlines in the islands are charged at the same rate as those to other UK landlines ( i.e. they are not treated as international calls ) , calls may be excluded from calling plans offering unlimited UK fixed line calls . Mobile operators may also charge more for calls to the islands and these calls are usually excluded from calling plans . Calls and SMS messages sent to island mobile phone numbers are not charged at the same rate as calls to UK mobile phone numbers . Guernsey ( edit ) This area code is used for the Bailiwick of Guernsey , i.e. including Alderney and Sark . ( 01481 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 48 = GU ( 01481 ) 822xxx Fixed line ( Alderney ) ( 01481 ) 823xxx ( 01481 ) 824xxx ( 01481 ) 832xxx Fixed line ( Sark ) ( 01481 ) 833xxx 07781 xxxxxx Sure mobile phones and pagers 07839 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile phones 07911 xxxxxx Wave Telecom mobile phones , not for UK Jersey ( edit ) ( 01534 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 53 = JE 07509 xxxxxx Jersey Telecom mobile phones and pagers 07797 xxxxxx 07937 xxxxxx 07700 xxxxxx Sure mobile network 07829 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile network Several Jersey companies also have non-geographic numbers allocated . Isle of Man ( edit ) ( 01624 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 62 = MA 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones and paging services 07524 xxxxxx Mobile phones additional capacity 07924 xxxxxx On the Isle of Man , both fixed ( 01624 ) and mobile phone ( 07624 ) numbers can be dialled locally in the six - digit format . Fictitious numbers ( edit ) Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films , so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed , and receiving unwanted calls . This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555 . In most of the large cities with three - digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved , usually all the numbers starting with the digits 496 . For fictitious numbers in other areas the area code 01632 is reserved ; this code is not in use , although 0632 was used for Newcastle upon Tyne until the late 1980s ( 63 = NE ) and briefly reallocated for use by premium rate services in the 1990s . There are also reserved ranges for fictitious mobile , freephone , and premium rate numbers . The Post Office even produced dial centre labels for use in advertisements and film / TV with a mythical exchange called VINcent plus four digits . The numerical equivalent of VIN was 846 and all the caller got was the speaking clock ( i.e. 846 is also numerical equivalent of TIM ) in the big city `` Director '' areas . At around the same time as the other Big Number Change changes , Ofcom revised their recommendations to update the prefixes , add additional areas , and increase the size of the allocation from 10 to 1000 numbers per block . Those changes are listed in the Big Number Change article . In Coronation Street , the fictional Manchester suburb of Weatherfield uses the unallocated range ( 0161 ) 715 xxxx . Special service numbers ( edit ) Emergency services and helplines ( edit ) The UK has two free emergency numbers -- the traditional 999 , which is still widely used , and the EU standard 112 , which can be used in all member states of the European Union . Both 999 and 112 are used to contact all emergency services : Police , Fire Service , Ambulance Service , and Coastguard . ( Standard advice for Mountain Rescue or Cave Rescue is to ask the emergency operator for the police , who oversee the communication with these two services . ) Both numbers can be called from mobile phones with the keylock on , or without entering the PIN where that would otherwise be required . Although some mobile phones allow emergency calls to be attempted without a SIM card , at present the UK networks reject such calls . Since November 2009 , an emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset . Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout ; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service . The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006 . In Wales , the scheme was taken forward by all four police forces , who adopted the number for non-emergency calls on a permanent basis in early 2009 . In England the scheme was on trial until 2012 , when it was adopted nationwide and the cost to call changed from 10p per call to 15p per call . In Northern Ireland , the number was introduced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in March 2014 . The operator is obtained via 100 from landlines , while directory enquiries , formerly 192 , is now provided in the 118xxx range , e.g. 118 212 , 118 800 , 118 500 , 118 118 , by different companies . International Operator assistance is reached through 155 . From early 2010 , the pan-European 116 number range came into use for social helplines . The first three numbers allocated were Missing People using 116 000 for a missing children helpline , the NSPCC ChildLine on 116 111 , and Samaritans using 116 123 for an emotional support helpline . A recent consultation for the numbers 116 106 and 116 117 has yet to see any result . The National Health Service ( NHS ) can be reached on 111 for non-emergency calls ( from landlines and mobiles only ) . In other European countries the number 116 117 is used for a similar purpose . Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts . Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits , namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales . Speaking clock ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123 . Before this , exchanges in `` Director '' areas ( Birmingham , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Liverpool , London and Manchester ) dialled 846 ( TIM ) , later changing to 123 , and main exchanges in `` non-Director '' areas originally used `` 952 '' , later changing to `` 80 '' with the introduction of STD and eventually to `` 8081 '' as other recorded services were introduced on 80X1 codes . Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123 -- such as customer services or voicemail etc . Automated services and access codes ( edit ) Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers ' own functionality ; some of the most well - known are codes for use with Caller Display : 141 Withhold number when normally released 1470 Release number when normally withheld 1471 Call return caller may press 3 to return call on most networks 1475 1471 erasure removes details of last call from 1471 service . May need to be prefixed with 1470 if number is normally withheld 1477 Automatic Call Trace Stores number ( even if withheld ) of nuisance caller at terminating exchange for subsequent investigation and enforcement , but service is seldom enabled by default 1571 Voicemail service For people who do not have answering machines . If there is a new message , the dial tone will be stuttered . # 31 # Withhold number 141 equivalent for use on mobile networks Many fixed line telephone subscribers , e.g. BT , Virgin Media , SkyTalk Sky , TalkTalk and PlusNet have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ( `` busy '' ) or not answered within a given time . This can be accessed by calling 1571 . For fixed line users , it is possible to override the carrier pre-selection ( CPS ) on a per - call basis , dialling a special code before the number , e.g. 1280 for BT , 1664 for LowerCall , or 1844 for Daisy . Ofcom defines the range for these as : `` 124 to 140 , 143 to 146 , 148 to 149 , 160 to 169 , and 181 to 189 inclusive . Numbers of up to 5 - digits used to access an Indirect Access Provider ( ' Type B Access Codes ' ) '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories ( edit ) Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan . These calls are treated as international calls . Below are the access codes for the overseas territories : North American Numbering Plan ( edit ) See also : North American Numbering Plan Anguilla + 1 - 264 Bermuda + 1 - 441 British Virgin Islands + 1 - 284 Cayman Islands + 1 - 345 Montserrat + 1 - 664 Turks and Caicos Islands + 1 - 649 Others ( edit ) British Antarctic Territory + 44 ( Shared with the UK ) British Indian Ocean Territory + 246 Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + 500 Gibraltar + 350 Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha + 290 Ascension Island + 247 Akrotiri and Dhekelia + 357 ( Shared with Cyprus ) Pitcairn Islands + 64 ( Shared with New Zealand ) See also ( edit ) Big Number Change List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom Telephone number Telephone number portability Telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in Ireland UK telephone code misconceptions -- includes the common `` 0207 '' and `` 0208 '' misconceptions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 7 for two special 08xx numbers ; 9 in some 01xxx areas , one 01xxxx area , all 0500 numbers , and some 0800 numbers ; 10 in all other areas Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0500 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday . No new 0500 number ranges were released after PhONEday . Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0800 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday . All new 0800 number ranges released after PhONEday have ten digits after the 0 trunk code . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone area codes '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Co . Londonderry - UK Codes - The Phone Book from BT '' . British Telecom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdunast , Howard ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` BT 's Response to the Consultation by OFTEL on Proposals to Publish a National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . British Telecommunications PLC . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 7 : ' 01697 -- Brampton should be 016977 ; not 01697 ' . Jump up ^ Director General of Telecommunications ( 9 July 2003 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 20 shows Brampton listed as 0169 77 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Only BT and Kingston Communications ( Hull ) are obliged to ensure that their customers can dial all numbers within the UK . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Ofcom Geographic telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic telephone numbers '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 0200 Numbers and 0201 Numbers '' . UK Area Codes and Phone Number Information . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Conditions regulating Sexual Entertainment Services '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Ofcom introduces UK - wide 03 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Contacting Ofcom '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ BT . `` ( Section 2 , Part 11 ) 05xx Numbers '' . BT Price List . British Telecommunications PLC . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Telecoms numbering : 0500 Freephone numbers withdrawn '' . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Proposal for the withdrawal of 0500 Freephone telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vodafone ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Free - to - caller charity numbers '' ( PDF ) . Vodafone Limited . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ O. `` Free numbers '' . Telefónica UK Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin . `` Freephone numbers and Charity Helplines '' . Virgin Mobile Telecoms Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Free to Call Helpline Services '' ( PDF ) . Everything Everywhere Limited . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Orange make it free to call '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Free Charity and Helpline Calls '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DWP ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` Free mobile calls for benefit claimants starting from 18 January 2010 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Free numbers of Department of Work and Pensions '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : PP . `` PhonepayPlus - the UK premium rate phone number and service regulator '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Emap Active Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . the claim `` Lo - call '' was misleading , because calls to 0870 numbers were not charged at a low rate as implied . Jump up ^ ASA ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Windsor Telecom plc '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . we told Windsor Telecom to stop describing 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' Jump up ^ ASA ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` NET Homeworkers '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We therefore concluded that the description of the ' 0845 ' number as a ' local rate ' call was misleading . Jump up ^ ASA ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Datel Group plc '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We told Max TV not to describe calls to 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' calls . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Langley Miniature Models '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Authority considered that the description `` National Rate Calls '' for an 0870 number was misleading and likely to confuse consumers . The Authority told the advertisers not to refer to 0870 numbers as ' national rate ' . Marketing communications should also state that the price of calls originating from non-BT call providers varies . Jump up ^ ASA ( 20 September 2006 ) . `` British Sky Broadcasting Ltd t / a Sky Travel Shop '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Because most UK callers now paid more for calls to non-geographic 0870 numbers than for calls to geographic national destinations , we considered that the term `` national rate '' was inaccurate . Jump up ^ ASA ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Men at Work Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ( we ) ruled that the costs of making calls to such numbers ( 0870 ) should be stated in the ad . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Hanging on the telephone . On and on and on '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Stop the call confusion '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 2 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Committee of Advertising Practice ( CAP ) ... has told advertisers who quote 084 and 087 numbers ... that they must not describe calls to those numbers as being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate ... On their introduction , calls to 084 ( 5 ) numbers were charged at the BT standard local rate and those to 087 ( 0 ) numbers were charged at BT standard national rate . Calls made from other phone companies were often more expensive . BT has abolished its standard rate for the majority of its customers , making the description of calls being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate meaningless for them . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Advertising 0845 and 087 numbers '' . CAP Alerts . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable 08 numbers : General '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Chargeable 0845 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable ( 0842 ) 0843 and 0844 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Premium - rate Services : 09 , 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ BIS . `` Consumer Rights Directive '' . Department for Business , Innovation & Skills . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ EU . `` Directive 2011 / 83 / EU on Consumer Rights '' ( PDF ) . European Union . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ JCRA ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Jersey telephone number allocations '' . Jersey Competition Regulatory Authority . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 1 June 1999 ) . `` Numbers Used For Drama . ca . 1999 '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 38 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 October 2004 ) . `` Telephone Numbers for drama purposes ( TV , Radio etc ) revised 2004 '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Phil ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Phone numbers '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Code and number blocks - 1600 00 to 1799 99 '' ( XLS ) . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Mountain Rescue '' . Mountainrescuescotland.org. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` contact cave rescue The Cave Rescue Organisation '' . Cro.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Police Service of Northern Ireland '' . www.psni.police.uk . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Finnigan , Lexi ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` New national phone line launched for power cuts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim ( 29 June 2001 ) . `` BT to offer free voicemail from Monday '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Other telephone features '' ( PDF ) . Telephone price guide . Virgin Media . 20 October 2006 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . p. 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) UK Numbering Policy section of Ofcom 's website UK National Telephone Numbering Plan ( PDF ) UK Future Numbering Plan from Ofcom 's website Ofcom - Telephone Area Code Tool - UK dialling code lookup Ralph Adam , ' Send a boy -- or dial it yourself ? numbering for the information society ' , Aslib Proceedings , 51 : 1 , January 1999 ( subscription required ) UK telephone numbering plan in detail UK area codes list UK free phone numbers UK phone codes Regular Expressions for Validating and Formatting GB Telephone Numbers The first 25 years of STD code changes summarised ( PDF ) UK British Telecom White Pages Directory ( phonenumbercustomerservice.co.uk UK Phone Number Directory ) Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Number plan List of dialling codes Non-geographic numbers Number changes All - figure dialling Area name changes Big Number Change Code misconceptions PhONEday Special numbers 100 101 105 111 112 116000 116111 116123 118xxx 123 141 1471 150 155 1571 1572 999 Notes Numbers above can be dialled only from within the United Kingdom . Numbers below can be dialled within the United Kingdom by prefixing with a 0 or with + 44 , and from outside the United Kingdom by prefixing with + 44 . Geographic area codes 113 114 115 116 117 118 1200 1202 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 121 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1239 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1248 1249 1250 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 131 1320 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1332 1333 1334 1335 1337 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1366 1367 1368 1369 1371 1372 1373 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1386 1387 13873 1388 1389 1392 1394 1395 1397 1398 1400 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 141 1420 1422 1423 1424 1425 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1499 1501 1502 1503 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 151 1520 1522 1524 15242 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 15394 15395 15396 1540 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1586 1588 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1597 1598 1599 1600 1603 1604 1606 1608 1609 161 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1628 1629 1630 1631 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1641 1642 1643 1644 1646 1647 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1659 1661 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1680 1681 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1694 1695 1697 16973 16974 16977 1698 1700 1702 1704 1706 1707 1708 1709 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1732 1733 1736 1737 1738 1740 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 17683 17684 17687 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1782 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1803 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1827 1828 1829 1830 1832 1833 1834 1835 1837 1838 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1847 1848 1851 1852 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1892 1895 1896 1899 1900 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 1909 191 1920 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1928 1929 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1937 1938 1939 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 19467 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1962 1963 1964 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1975 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 20 23 24 28 29 Non-geographic prefixes charged at geographic rate 300 302 303 306 308 330 331 332 333 342 343 344 345 370 371 372 373 Personal , pager , VoIP and corporate numbering 55 56 70 76 Mobile telephone prefixes 71xx 72xx 73xx 74xx 75xx 7624 77xx 78xx 79xx Non-geographic prefixes that are free - to - caller 500 800 808 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 842 843 844 845 870 871 872 873 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 911 912 913 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge used for Adult services 908 909 982 983 984 989 Telephone numbers in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Science and technology in the United Kingdom Companies Infrastructure providers Arqiva Babcock International BT Wholesale and Ventures Openreach Interxion TelecityGroup Telehouse Europe Service providers Current Andrews & Arnold Asda Mobile BT Group BT Consumer BT Business and Public Sector BT Global Services EE Plusnet Claranet Colt Group The Co-operative Cable & Wireless Communications Delight Mobile Family Mobile Inmarsat KCOM Group Eclipse Internet Lebara Mobile Lycamobile Mapesbury Communications O2 ( UK ) Giffgaff Sky Sky Broadband Talkmobile TalkTalk Group AOL Broadband TalkTalk Business TalkTalk Mobile TalkTalk TV Telecom Plus Tesco Mobile Three SMARTY Tru Virgin Media Virgin Media Business Virgin Mobile UK Vodafone Vodafone UK Voipfone WightFibre Zen Internet Defunct Atlantic Telegraph Company Be Un Limited Bonelli 's Electric Telegraph Company Cable & Wireless plc Cable & Wireless Worldwide Dolphin Telecom Electric Telegraph Company Energis General Post Office Ionica London and Provincial District Telegraph Company Mercury Communications Mobile by Sainsbury 's National Telephone Company NTL Orange UK Ovivo Post Office Telecommunications Pipex Rabbit Stan Mobile Tiscali UK T - 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4373503142482605204	The New Legends of Monkey	The New Legends of Monkey - wikipedia The New Legends of Monkey The New Legends of Monkey Genre Fantasy Adventure Based on Journey to the West by Wu Cheng - en Written by Jacquelin Perske Craig Irvin Samantha Strauss Directed by Gerard Johnstone Starring Chai Hansen Luciane Buchanan Josh Thomson Emilie Cocquerel Country of origin Australia New Zealand Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Rachael Gardner Robin Scholes Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) See - Saw Films Jump Film and TV Release Original network ABC Me TVNZ Netflix Original release 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) -- present ( present ) The New Legends of Monkey is a television series inspired by Monkey , a Japanese production from the 1970s and 80s which garnered a cult following in New Zealand , Australia , the U.K. and South Africa . The Japanese production was based on the 16th - century Chinese novel Journey to the West . The show is a co-production between ABC Me , TVNZ , and Netflix , and consists of ten episodes . The New Legends of Monkey premiered on 28 January 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The new series follows a young monk , escorted by a group of gods , on a journey across an ancient and fantastical land now ruled by evil demons to collect lost scrolls of wisdom . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Chai Hansen as Monkey Luciane Buchanan as Tripitaka Josh Thomson as Pigsy Emilie Cocquerel as Sandy Recurring ( edit ) Jarred Blakiston as Font Demon Josh McKenzie as Davari Jordan Mooney as Raxion Rachel House as Monica Daniel Watterson as Shaman Bryony Skillington as Princess Locke JJ Fong as Lusio Jayden Daniels as Gaxin Chelsie Preston Crayford as Gwen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Hope Must Never Die '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) After a demon steals a magical crown from warrior monks , an orphaned girl flees the monastery in a quest to awaken the long - petrified Monkey King . `` The Edge Of Nowhere '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Tripitaka learns a troubling legend about Monkey , but the pair gains a surprising new ally before setting out to find the seven sacred scrolls . `` The Journey Begins '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) A demon jeopardizes the trio 's quest before it even begins . Tripitaka makes a startling discovery about Pigsy , who makes a momentous decision . `` The Monkey King Returns '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin & Jacquelin Perske 29 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) An eccentric clan of loyal Monkey King zealots guides the group toward a sacred scroll 's hiding place , but booby traps and betrayal await them . 5 `` The Breaking Ground '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 30 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) A shaman uses trance - like mind games to trick the gods into translating divine scrolls , sending Monkey dangerously far into his own subconscious . 6 `` A Crown Does Not Make You '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 31 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) Trapped in the depths of his mind , Monkey relives terrible events of centuries before , when his arrogance led to tragedy and his banishment . 7 `` Until I Met You '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin 1 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) The shaman hires nightmarish forest dwellers to hunt the group down . A foe from Monkey 's past sows seeds of doubt in Tripitaka 's mind . 8 `` A Part Of You That 's Missing '' Gerard Johnstone Samantha Strauss 2 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Tripitaka leaves the quest to find her mother but faces even greater peril . Monkey and Pigsy strike a bargain with the demon hounding them . 9 `` In Search Of Tripitaka '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 3 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) With help from an unlikely ally , Monkey and Pigsy infiltrate Jade Mountain to help Tripitaka thwart the fiendish plans of demon master Davari . 10 `` A Hero To Save Us All '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 4 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) As Davari 's quest for immortality nears fruition , Tripitaka races to unlock a secret that could destroy the demon 's hold on power . Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes debuted in Australia on 28 January as a single 90 - minute telemovie . Subsequent episodes of the ten - episode series were released daily until 4 February 2018 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2018 New Zealand Television Awards Best Children 's Program ( nominated ) Best Cinematography : DJ Stipsen ( nominated ) Best Original Score : Peter van der Fluit ( nominated ) Best Costume Design : Liz McGregor ( nominated ) Best Make - up Design : Susie Glass , Jacqueline Leung , Joe Whelan ( nominated ) 8th AACTA Awards Best Children 's Program ( nominated ) Best Costume Design in Television : Liz McGregor ( nominated ) 18th Annual Screen Producers Australia ( SPA ) Awards Children 's Series Production of the Year ( nominated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lodderhouse , Diana ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw & Jump Team On ' Legend Of The Monkey ' For ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New Legends of Monkey ( 2017 ) - The Screen Guide - Screen Australia '' . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw 's ' Legend of the Monkey ' Swings Into Production for ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : The New Legends of Monkey : episode guide '' . www.australiantelevision.net . External links ( edit ) The New Legends of Monkey on IMDb ABC local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Anh 's Brush with Fame ( since 2016 ) Catalyst ( since 2001 ) Cleverman ( since 2016 ) Compass ( since 1988 ) The Ex-PM ( since 2016 ) Gardening Australia ( since 1990 ) Get Krack ! n ( since 2017 ) Glitch ( since 2015 ) Gruen ( since 2008 ; intermittently ) Janet King ( since 2014 ) Julia Zemiro 's Home Delivery ( since 2013 ) The Letdown ( since 2016 ) Rage ( since 1987 ) Rake ( since 2010 ) Ronny Chieng : International Student ( since 2016 ) Rosehaven ( since 2016 ) Think Tank ( since 2018 ) Upper Middle Bogan ( since 2013 ) Utopia ( since 2014 ) The Weekly with Charlie Pickering ( since 2015 ) News 7.30 ( since 2011 ) ABC News ( since 1956 ) ABC News at Noon ( since 2005 ) News Breakfast ( since 2008 ) Australian Story ( since 1996 ) The Drum ( since 2014 ) Foreign Correspondent ( since 1992 ) Four Corners ( since 1961 ) Insiders ( since 2001 ) Landline ( since 1992 ) Media Watch ( since 1989 ; intermittently ) Offsiders ( since 2006 ) Q&A ( since 2008 ) Weekend Breakfast ( since 2012 ) Sport ABC Sport Wu Cheng'en 's Journey to the West Characters Sun Wukong Tang Sanzang Zhu Bajie Sha Wujing Red Boy Baigujing Princess Iron Fan Others Films The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1927 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1941 ) Alakazam the Great ( 1960 ) Havoc in Heaven ( 1961 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1966 ) The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1967 ) Doraemon : The Record of Nobita 's Parallel Visit to the West ( 1988 ) A Chinese Odyssey ( 1995 ) A Chinese Tall Story ( 2005 ) Saiyūki ( 2007 ) Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen ( 2007 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons ( 2013 ) The Monkey King ( 2014 ) Monkey King : Hero Is Back ( 2015 ) The Monkey King 2 ( 2016 ) A Chinese Odyssey Part Three ( 2016 ) Journey to the West : The Demons Strike Back ( 2017 ) Wu Kong ( 2017 ) The Monkey King 3 ( 2018 ) Sequels A Supplement to the Journey to the West ( c. 1640 ) TV Gokū no Daibōken ( 1967 ) Monkey ( 1978 ) Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger ( 1978 ) Journey to the West ( 1986 and 1999 ) Journey to the West ( 1996 ) Journey to the West II ( 1996 ) Monkey Magic ( 1998 ) Journey to the West -- Legends of the Monkey King ( 1999 ) Shinzo ( 2000 ) Sunny Piggy ( 2000 ) The Monkey King ( 2001 ) The Monkey King : Quest for the Sutra ( 2002 ) Saiyūki ( 2006 ) Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2011 ) A Korean Odyssey ( 2017 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) Stage Monkey : Journey to the West ( play ) Manga and Comics Dragon Ball Saiyūki Patalliro Saiyuki Monkey Typhoon Saint The Monkey King Xin American Born Chinese Games Ether Saga Online Enslaved : Odyssey to the West Fantasy Westward Journey Ganso Saiyūki : Super Monkey Daibōken Legend of Wukong Monkey Hero Monkey Magic Saiyuki : Journey West SonSon Westward Journey Online II Whomp ' Em Yūyūki Literature Monkey ( 1942 novel ) Griever : An American Monkey King in China ( 1986 novel ) Tripmaster Monkey ( 1989 novel ) Four Great Classical Novels Places Gao Village Gao Village Arc Mount Huaguo Shuilian Cave Tepe Narenj Other List of media adaptations of Journey to the West Monkey King Festival Ruyi Jingu Bang Journey to the West ( album ) Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical Bobby Kennedy for President The Letdown A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain The Who Was ? Show Cooking on High Amazing Interiors Magic for Humans Explained The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Marching Orders Afflicted Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment Stay Here Follow This The Innocents Ghoul Paradise PD Treehouse Detectives Norm Macdonald Has a Show The Dragon Prince Hilda The Good Cop YG Future Strategy Office ReBoot : The Guardian Code Élite Dancing Queen The Haunting of Hill House Sunderland Till I Die Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Legends_of_Monkey&oldid=866408206 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television series debuts Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Australian fantasy television series English - language television programs Demons in television Fairies and sprites in television Netflix original programming Television programs based on Journey to the West TVNZ 1 programmes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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-2241262598083594613	Moving (1988 film)	Moving ( 1988 film ) - wikipedia Moving ( 1988 film ) Moving Theatrical release poster Directed by Alan Metter Produced by Stuart Cornfeld Written by Andy Breckman Starring Richard Pryor Beverly Todd Dave Thomas Dana Carvey Randy Quaid Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Alan Balsam Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date March 4 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 04 ) Running time 89 minutes Language English Box office $10,815,378 Moving is a 1988 American comedy film starring Richard Pryor as Arlo Pear , a father moving his family cross-country . Other notable appearances in the film include Randy Quaid as an annoying neighbor , Dana Carvey as a man with multiple personalities hired to drive Pryor 's car , Rodney Dangerfield as an embezzling loan officer , musician Morris Day , and WWF wrestler King Kong Bundy as a monstrous mover . The movie is also the film debut of Stacey Dash , as Arlo 's daughter Casey . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 4 DVD 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Arlo Pear ( Pryor ) is a transportation engineer living in the New Jersey suburbs . One day he goes to work and meets a new female co-worker , and when both of them attempt to enter their keys in the same office doorknob , Arlo guesses what has happened and confronts his boss , Roy Hendersen . He learns that his company has merged with another , and now Arlo is out of a job . He ends the meeting by telling off his boss and in his state of anger , he flips Roy off using his index , rather than his middle , finger . Arlo 's wife Monica tries to defuse the situation by telling her husband that she can get him a job at her father 's mustard plant , at least until something better comes along . Knowing a job in his own field would better suit him , Arlo refuses . His attempts to find work are futile until he receives a phone call from another engineering firm , due to Roy 's influence . The firm all but hires him over the phone , and Arlo is excited -- until he finds out that his new job will be in Boise , Idaho . With some hesitation , Arlo takes the job . Arlo breaks the news to his family first over dinner by telling them he has a new job , but holds off until telling them of the move until towards the end of the conversation , prompting angry responses from both his wife and his daughter Casey . The family uses a `` swear jar '' to collect cash penalties for the use of obscenities in the house , and Casey puts cash in the jar as she makes her feelings known . Shortly afterwards , Monica retrieves her purse and withdraws a large sum of cash , ordering their twin sons Randy and Marshall to leave the room , implying that her own use of profanity will cost her dearly . However , Monica calms down later that evening and agrees to the move , but Casey is much less willing to concede , even going so far as to sabotage their attempts to sell their home . Casey relents after offering her parents a solution : she will agree to the move if they let her finish out the school year and graduate at her present school . They agree , the house sells , and they make arrangements for her to stay with family friends until then . Monica and Arlo find a suitable house owned by retirees in Boise and agree to buy it , even though the retirees jest with the Pears that they are `` taking everything with us '' , when referring to the appliances and fixtures in the house . They hire a moving company , but find the moving team shady and decide to go with another company . To their surprise , the same shady movers from the first company show up , revealing to the Pears that they now work for the second company . They hire the initially squeaky - clean Brad Williams to drive Arlo 's black Saab 900 to Boise . More disaster follows for the Pears . They arrive in Boise to find their new house stripped of not only its cabinetry and appliances , but its doors , stairs , and swimming pool - revealing that the sellers were indeed serious when they said that they were `` taking everything with us '' . The movers made an unscheduled stop in New Orleans for Mardi Gras . Brad reveals himself to have multiple personality disorder and delivers the Saab in a stripped and wrecked heap . Arlo 's job is eliminated on his first day in a highly publicized news conference . To top it all off , his new neighbor is revealed to be the twin brother of Frank Crawford , the shell - shocked Vietnam War veteran who lived next door to them in New Jersey . Like Frank , Cornell Crawford has the same anti-social tendencies as his brother , including mowing his grass with a monstrous contraption powered by a V8 engine . Arlo snaps . He threatens the sellers of his new home with violence if they do not restore it . He tracks down the moving team on the highway and makes short work of them physically after they arrive at his home . He finds his new boss and manages to save his job . He orders Brad to leave after delivering the Saab or face certain death . And when Cornell Crawford gets ready to mow his grass , he is interrupted by Pear , who tells him to put his contraption back in the garage and invest in a `` human - sized mower '' . As Cornell says `` who 's going to make me '' , he is answered with ferocious barking from Flipper , the Pears ' normally hopelessly lazy dog , apparently at the end of his own rope from all the moving mess . Cornell immediately backs off , obviously alarmed , and expresses his admiration for his new neighbors . The film ends with Arlo replying to his new neighbor by flipping him his index finger , and the surprise arrival of Casey , who was tired of being separated from her family and joined them out West . Cast ( edit ) Richard Pryor as Arlo Pear Beverly Todd as Monica Pear Stacey Dash as Casey Pear Randy Quaid as Frank and Cornell Crawford Dave Thomas as Gary Marcus Dana Carvey as Brad Williams King Kong Bundy as Gorgo Ji - Tu Cumbuka as Edwards Robert LaSardo as Perry Morris Day as Rudy Rodney Dangerfield as Loan Broker Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . A negative one came from the Los Angeles Times , which stated that the film `` is pretty flat as a comedy but is of interest as a case study in sociology , as the Pears could just as easily be white as black . There 's a certain irony that a comedy of errors , even a disappointing one , is set against the perfection of an idealized backdrop of a fully and harmoniously racially integrated society . '' The newspaper also noted that , due to its heavy language , `` ( the film 's ) R rating is appropriate . '' Janet Maslin , The New York Times ' film critic , provided a positive notice and stated that `` Pryor presides over Moving with Cosbyesque geniality '' and that he `` does a lot to make ( the film ) funny . '' As of May 17 , 2014 , the film has no official score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 3 reviews ( one of three reviews on the site was positive , while the other two reviews were negative ) . Box office ( edit ) The film debuted at No. 4 . It was a failure at the box office , grossing US $ 10,815,378 . DVD ( edit ) The film was released on DVD as of August 22 , 2006 , as part of a double feature , packaged with Greased Lightning . Both movies are on the same side of a single disc . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Kevin ( March 7 , 1988 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : All Packed Up , ' Moving ' Goes Nowhere , Despite Richard Pryor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( March 5 , 1988 ) . `` Film : ' Moving , ' With Richard Pryor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Deborah ( March 8 , 1988 ) . `` WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : Disney Loses One to ' Moving ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Moving ( 1988 film ) Moving on IMDb Moving at AllMovie Moving at Rotten Tomatoes Moving at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Alan Metter The Winds of Whoopie ( 1983 ) Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( 1985 ) Back to School ( 1986 ) Moving ( 1988 ) Cold Dog Soup ( 1990 ) Working Tra $ h ( 1990 ) Police Academy : Mission to Moscow ( 1994 ) Billboard Dad ( 1998 ) Passport to Paris ( 1999 ) The Growing Pains Movie ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moving_(1988_film)&oldid=845195588 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1980s comedy films 1980s road movies American comedy films American films American road movies Films scored by Howard Shore Films set in Idaho Films set in New Jersey Films shot in Idaho Screenplays by Andy Breckman Warner Bros. films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 03 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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-2380069325758204193	Shape of You	Shape of You - wikipedia Shape of You Jump to : navigation , search For the Beverley Knight song , see Shape of You ( Reshaped ) . `` Shape of You '' Single by Ed Sheeran from the album ÷ Released 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop dancehall tropical house Length 3 : 53 Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Steve Mac Johnny McDaid Kandi Burruss Tameka Cottle Kevin Briggs Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Steve Mac Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Shape of You '' on YouTube `` Shape of You '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran . It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ ( 2017 ) , along with `` Castle on the Hill '' . The dancehall - infused pop song was written by Ed Sheeran together with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , with additional writing credits given to Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs as Sheeran had incorporated an interpolation of the TLC 's song `` No Scrubs '' into `` Shape of You '' . The song was produced by Sheeran and Mac . `` Shape of You '' peaked at number - one on the singles charts of 44 countries , including the US Billboard Hot 100 ( later becoming the best performing song of 2017 ) , as well as the UK , Australian and Canadian singles charts . It has stayed at number one for a record - tying 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 , as well as 14 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and 12 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . On 21 September 2017 it became the most streamed song on Spotify , with over 1.32 billion streams . It was the best - selling song of 2017 in the UK . The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music videos 6 Remixes 7 Legacy 8 Formats and track listings 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Sales and certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) The song was the last song written for Sheeran 's third album ÷ . On 6 January 2017 , when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show , Sheeran revealed that `` Shape of You '' had originally been written with Rihanna in mind . As he had already written all the songs he wanted for the album , the song was therefore not intended to be included in the album . It was conceived as a duet between Rihanna and Rudimental , but the head of the record label convinced him to keep the song for himself . He said : `` ( ' Shape of You ' ) is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , and we were writing this song and I was like ' this would really work for Rihanna , ' '' he explained . `` And then I started singing lyrics like ' putting Van The Man on the jukebox ' and I was like ' well she 's not really going to sing that , is she ? ' And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me . '' According to Sheeran , Steve Mac started the song - writing session by playing the opening notes of the song on the keyboard . Sheeran then joined in , adding percussion by tapping on the guitar , layering it onto the track . On the writing of the song , he said that he tried to keep the music `` more stripped '' instead of something more elaborate : `` I 'm an acoustic artist , first and foremost . And when I play live , I ca n't replicate these things , I have n't got all the other musicians . '' Sheeran said he wanted an R&B feel to the song , therefore he adjusted the original tune , adding an interpolation of `` No Scrubs '' onto part of the melody . He also revealed that the original lyrics did not end with the words `` the shape of you '' in the chorus , but during the writing of the song , McDaid thought that the lyrics `` I 'm in love with your body '' sounded objectifying , and the lyrics was therefore adjusted . Promotion ( edit ) On 4 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a six - second teaser video of a blue background to social media , with lyrics `` the club is n't the best place to find a lover '' , which is the first line of `` Shape of You '' . To further tease the release , Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public . Composition ( edit ) `` Shape of You '' is a pop , dancehall and tropical house song with `` strummy acoustics . '' In the song , Sheeran sings over a marimba - fueled percussive sway about a budding romance . `` The club is n't the best place to find a lover , so the bar is where I go / Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow '' , he sings . `` Come over and start up a conversation with just me / And trust me I 'll give it a chance . '' According to NT News , the song `` tells the story of loved ( or lusted ) up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots . '' `` Shape of You '' is written in the key of C ♯ minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute . The song is composed in common time ( time ) , and follows a basic chord progression of C ♯ m -- F ♯ m -- A -- B ( i -- iv -- VI -- VII ) , and Sheeran 's vocals span from G ♯ to G ♯ . The song 's lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song `` No Scrubs '' , particularly in the pre-chorus line , `` Boy , let 's not talk too much / Grab on my waist and put that body on me . '' As a result , the composers of `` No Scrubs '' , Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , were awarded co-writing credits on `` Shape of You '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said , `` ' Shape of You ' is trickier , a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of ' Caribbean music ' . '' Billboard 's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying , `` ' Shape of You ' does n't quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune . But that almost serves as an indication of what the `` Thinking Out Loud '' singer has been up to during his hiatus : creating music that still feels like Sheeran , just with a new twist . '' Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review , stating that the song `` is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex ... a lot of it . It kind of slaps , though you ca n't really picture Sheeran ever saying ' put that body on me ' to a real human woman . '' News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song `` Cheap Thrills '' by Sia . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` Shape of You '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January , selling 227,000 combined units in its first week . Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song `` Castle on the Hill '' , making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions . `` Shape of You '' debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind `` Castle on the Hill '' . The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400,000 units . The song remained at number one in its second week , selling 139,000 . It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and a further week at the top after a week 's interruption by Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' . In July 2017 , the song reached 184 million in streams , making it the most - streamed song in the UK of all time . It was the nation 's highest selling and most streamed track of 2017 with 787,000 copies sold and 248 million streams throughout the year , to produce a combined sales of 3.2 million . It is the 3rd best - selling single in the United Kingdom regarding combined sales and streaming equivalent as of September 19 , 2017 . The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 240,000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US , becoming Sheeran 's first number one song in the country . Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100 , with `` Castle on the Hill '' also debuting at number six . `` Shape of You '' topped the Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks . In its fourth week at number one , the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one single on the chart ( after 2015 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' ) . On 6 May 2017 , it fell to number two on the Hot 100 , being displaced by `` Humble '' by Kendrick Lamar . On the issue date , 2 September 2017 , `` Shape of You '' spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100 , tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes ' `` How Do I Live '' and `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey . The following week , `` Shape of You '' spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10 , breaking the 20 - year - old record . On Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , `` Shape of You '' became Sheeran 's first number one on a Dance / EDM chart ( his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance / Mix Show Airplay ) in the United States . Afterwards , the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue , his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart , when he was a featured artist on Rudimental 's `` Lay It All on Me '' , which peaked at No. 38 in 2016 . By August 2017 , `` Shape of You '' was the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 2.3 million copies sold , the only one to sell over two million . It is also the most streamed song with 799.7 million combined audio and video streams . The song became the number one song of the year on Billboard Hot 100 in 2017 , and the second best - selling song in the US after `` Despacito '' with over 2.5 million copies sold . It debuted at number one in France , and was later certified diamond there . According to Pure Charts , in the first half of the year 2017 , the song reached 631,000 units ( 105,000 sales and 526,000 units from streams ) and as of September 2017 , it exceeds 812,109 units ( 707,109 from streams ) . In Australia , the song stayed at No. 1 for 15 weeks , breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' . In doing this , it also broke ABBA 's record of fourteen weeks at number one , which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia 's official charts . `` Shape of You '' was also Australia 's highest selling song of 2017 with 630,000 copies sold by the end of the year . The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart 's inception on 12 June 2017 . It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . Worldwide , the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017 . It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017 , reaching 1,318,420,396 streams overtaking Drake 's `` One Dance '' . Music videos ( edit ) On 5 January 2017 , to accompany the song 's release , a lyric video for `` Shape of You '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel with `` Castle on the Hill '' . As of February 2018 , the official lyric video has amassed over 750 million views on YouTube . On 30 January 2017 , the song 's official music video , starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryūta ( credited as `` Yama '' ) , was released on Sheeran 's channel . It was shot on location in Seattle , and was directed by Jason Koenig . On 8 May 2017 , 97 days after its release , it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube , and as of February 2018 , the music video has amassed over 3.2 billion views on the site . and is the site 's third most - watched video . Remixes ( edit ) The official remix of `` Shape of You '' features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy . The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy 's live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017 . Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017 . On the same date , various remixes of the song were released on digital music services . Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony . `` I 've got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting '' , he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show . `` One that gets debuted at the Brits , which I think people will go a bit nuts for . '' He added , `` It 's something that I think nobody is expecting . I think it 'll be decent . '' In the United States , `` Shape of You '' has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers , prompting several of them to create their own versions . One DJ , Joe `` Maz '' Masurka , told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response : `` I absolutely love the track , so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows . Ed is a genius ; best song in the last few years . I 've been playing it literally everywhere I 've been booked since about mid-January : Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas , E11even and Ora in Miami , Parq in San Diego , Premier Atlantic City ... the dance floor loves it . '' A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion & Lennox was released on 17 March 2017 . Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of `` Shape Of You '' during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards , followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert 's song `` XO Tour Llif3 '' . Legacy ( edit ) It was one of the few songs used in Youtube 's 2017 Rewind . The song is also used in an episode in the French version of Skam . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 Digital download ( Galantis remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Galantis remix ) -- 3 : 15 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 Digital download ( Stormzy remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Stormzy remix ) -- 3 : 51 Digital download ( Major Lazer remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Major Lazer remix featuring Nyla & Kramium ) -- 3 : 12 Digital download ( Latin remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox ) -- 3 : 57 German CD single `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 Promotional single ( Wale remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Wale remix ) -- 4 : 02 Promotional single ( Remixes ) `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins remix ) -- 6 : 09 `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins radio edit ) -- 3 : 20 `` Shape of You '' ( Promo Only Jack Wins intro edit ) -- 3 : 47 `` Shape of You '' ( Decoy remix ) -- 2 : 55 Promotional single ( DJ Mike D remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D radio edit ) -- 3 : 51 `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D mixshow edit ) -- 4 : 17 Promotional single `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 `` Shape of You '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 53 Digital download ( Yxng Bane remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( Yxng Bane remix ) -- 4 : 25 Digital download ( NOTD remix ) `` Shape of You '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 10 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Rokstone Studios ( London ) and Gingerbread Man Studios ( Suffolk and London ) Mixed at The Mixsuite ( South London and Los Angeles ) Mastered at Metropolis Mastering ( London ) Management Published by Ed Sheeran Limited and Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( UK ) Limited , Spirit B Unique Music / Polar Patrol administered by Kobalt Music Publishing Ltd . ( PRS ) and Rokstone Music Limited administered under exclusive license to Universal Music Publishing Limited Personnel Ed Sheeran -- songwriter , lead vocals , background vocals , co-producer , guitars , percussion Johnny McDaid -- songwriter Steve Mac -- songwriter , producer , keyboards Dann Pursey -- engineering Chris Laws -- engineering , drums Joe Rubel -- engineering Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing Geoff Swan -- mixing assistant Michael Freeman -- mixing assistant Wayne Hernandez -- background vocals Travis Cole -- background vocals Geo Gabriel -- background vocals Stuart Hawkes -- mastering Credits and personnel adapted from ÷ album liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) Brazil Hot Streaming ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay Chart ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG Lista ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 17 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 800,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 360,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250.000 Germany ( BVMI ) 4 × Platinum 1,600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Diamond 500.000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 150,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Diamond 100,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 South Korea ( Gaon ) N / A 1,936,653 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 7 × Platinum 210,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 5 × Platinum 1,787.000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 8.000. 000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref ( s ) Italy 6 January 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner United Kingdom Asylum United States 10 January 2017 Atlantic Various 10 February 2017 Digital download Galantis remix and Acoustic Asylum 24 February 2017 Stormzy remix and Major Lazer remix Germany CD single Original United Kingdom 17 March 2017 Digital download Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox Various 11 August 2017 Yxng Bane remix 1 September 2017 NOTD remix See also ( edit ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Argentina ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 Wallonia number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one songs of the 2010s ( Czech Republic ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Hungary ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 2010s List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard On - Demand Songs of 2017 List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of most liked YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom List of most viewed YouTube videos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ÷ ( Deluxe ) by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes . 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Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Philippines Launches First National Charts '' . Billboard . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran song ' Shape of You ' hits one billion streams on Spotify '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' : One Billion Spotify Plays '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea . `` Hear Ed Sheeran 's ' Castle on the Hill , ' ' Shape of You ' '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Official Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kautman , Gil . `` Ed Sheeran Gets His ' Rocky ' On in Boxing - Focused ' Shape of You ' Video '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha . `` Ed Sheeran Transforms Into a Boxer in Love for `` Shape of You '' Music Video `` . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Shares New Video for `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Moment Ed Sheeran Brought Out Stormzy At The 2017 BRIT Awards '' . Capital XTRA. 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) Lyrics '' . Genius . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Drops Stormzy & Major Lazer Remixes of ' Shape of You ' : Listen '' . Billboard. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Has Become a Rare Two - Week No. 1 on Dance Club Songs '' from Billboard ( 16 March 2017 ) Jump up ^ YouTube Spotlight ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) , YouTube Rewind : The Shape of 2017 # YouTubeRewind , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Music from Skam France S1E02 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Shape of You : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Galantis Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Acoustic ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Major Lazer Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Latin Remix ) ( feat . Zion & Lennox ) '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( 2 - Track ) -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Wale Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Remixes ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( DJ Mike D Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Yxng Bane Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( NOTD Remix ) '' . iTunes Store . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ÷ ( CD ) . Ed Sheeran . Asylum Records / Atlantic Records . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . 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Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Greek ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales , 4 February 2017 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Shape of You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 12 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Ed Sheeran '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 20 de Enero al 26 de Enero ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 11 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201706 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 02 -- 2017.18. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Ukraine Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 21 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . 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Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saiba qual a música mais tocada em 2017 nas rádios brasileiras '' . Billboard Brasil. 2 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2017 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest. bizz . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 RIM Charts Highlights '' . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslisten 2017 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norge . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones + Streaming Anual 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Shape Of You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape of You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Select 2018 年月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon ) . Jump up ^ `` ko : 2017 년 총결산 Download Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2018 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape Of You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Enter Shape of You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You RadioDate '' . Radio airplay fm. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases -- Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics New York Times video and text analysis of song Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Stormzy Discography Studio albums Gang Signs & Prayer ( 2017 ) Singles `` Know Me From '' `` Big for Your Boots '' `` Cold '' Featured singles `` Good Goodbye '' `` Power '' Other songs `` Shape of You '' `` Shut Up '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_You&oldid=828253716 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Dancehall songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Reggae fusion songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Songs written by Johnny McDaid Songs written by Steve Mac Songs about sexuality Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Tameka Cottle Tropical house songs Songs written by Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs Songs written by Kandi Burruss Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 13 : 33 . 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-4608339809634340672	Gang of Eight (intelligence)	Gang of Eight ( intelligence ) - wikipedia Gang of Eight ( intelligence ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gang of Eight ( disambiguation ) . The Gang of Eight is a colloquial term for a set of eight leaders within the United States Congress who are briefed on classified intelligence matters by the executive branch . Specifically , the Gang of Eight includes the leaders of each of the two parties from both the Senate and House of Representatives , and the chairs and ranking minority members of both the Senate Committee and House Committee for intelligence as set forth by 50 U.S.C. § 3093 ( c ) ( 2 ) . Under normal conditions , the President of the United States is required by Title 50 U.S.C. § 3091 ( a ) ( 1 ) to `` ensure that the congressional intelligence committees are kept fully and currently informed of the intelligence activities of the United States , including any significant anticipated intelligence activity as required by ( the ) title . '' However , under `` extraordinary circumstances '' , when the President thinks `` it is essential to limit access '' to information about a covert action , 50 U.S.C. § 3093 ( c ) ( 2 ) allows the President to limit reporting to the Gang of Eight . The individuals are sworn to secrecy and there is no vote process . In the spring of 2013 , the intelligence `` Gang of Eight '' was often confused with the immigration `` Gang of Eight '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 U.S. Government 2.1 Warrantless electronic surveillance 3 Members 4 See also 5 Popular culture 5.1 The West Wing 5.2 Other Movies and TV Shows 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The term `` Gang of Eight '' gained wide currency in the coverage of the Bush administration 's NSA warrantless surveillance controversy , in the context that no members of Congress other than the Gang of Eight were informed of the program , and they were forbidden to disseminate knowledge of the program to other members of Congress . The Bush administration has asserted that the briefings delivered to the Gang of Eight sufficed to provide Congressional oversight of the program and preserve the checks and balances between the executive and legislative branches . US government ( edit ) Warrantless electronic surveillance ( edit ) The non-partisan Congressional Research Service released a legal analysis on January 18 , 2006 , concluding that the Bush administration 's refusal to brief any members of Congress on the warrantless domestic spying program other than the Gang of Eight is `` inconsistent with the law '' . Former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales repeatedly made references to the `` Gang of Eight '' when being questioned about the warrantless surveillance / domestic spying while testifying at the Justice Department Oversight hearing held July 24 , 2007 . Members ( edit ) Under the `` gang of eight '' system , the executive branch of the United States discloses highly sensitive intelligence information to the following positions within the US congress : United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : Devin Nunes ( R , CA - 22 ) : ( Chair ) Adam Schiff ( D , CA - 28 ) : ( Ranking member ) United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence : Richard Burr ( R , NC ) : ( Chair ) Mark Warner ( D , VA ) : ( Vice Chairman ) Leadership in the United States House of Representatives : Paul Ryan ( R , WI - 1 ) : ( Speaker of the House ) Nancy Pelosi ( D , CA - 12 ) : ( Minority leader ) Leadership in the United States Senate : Mitch McConnell ( R , KY ) : ( Majority leader ) Chuck Schumer ( D , NY ) : ( Minority leader ) See also ( edit ) United States Senate Majority Leader United States Senate Minority Leader Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Popular culture ( edit ) The West Wing ( edit ) The Gang of Eight appeared in the Season Three finale of the political drama The West Wing . President Bartlet was staging an assassination of a foreign leader who was discovered to be behind several terrorist attacks , including a failed attack on the Golden Gate Bridge . The Gang of Eight on The West Wing consisted of the Majority and Minority Leaders from both the House and the Senate as well as the Chairman and Ranking Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees . The Gang of Eight on The West Wing differed from the real world 's Gang of Eight as the Speaker of the House ( portrayed in the fourth and fifth seasons of the show by actor John Goodman ) was not a member . Other Movies and TV Shows ( edit ) Commander in Chief References ( edit ) Jump up ^ President 's Memorandum Limiting Executive Agency Disclosures to Congress , October 05 , 2001 , FAS Jump up ^ Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance To Gather Foreign Intelligence Information Archived December 29 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 18 , 2006 , Senator Patrick Leahy Jump up ^ M20060118 - CRS Statutory Procedures Brief for Congress , January 18 , 2006 , Congressional Research Service Jump up ^ Report Questions Legality of Briefings on Surveillance , January 19 , 2006 , The New York Times Jump up ^ Congressional Agency Questions Legality of Wiretaps , January 19 , 2006 , The Washington Post Jump up ^ WALTER PINCUS ( 2 Mar 2010 ) . `` House votes to revise intelligence disclosure rules for president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 26 Jan 2017 . External links ( edit ) Scalable Context Timeline : Bush Administration Broke Law in Failing to Properly Inform Congress of Domestic Surveillance Program , History Commons 50 U.S.C. § 3091 50 U.S.C. § 3093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang_of_Eight_(intelligence)&oldid=801650040 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government United States government secrecy Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the gang of eight in washington	[]	[]
4242525139455773119	United States Declaration of Independence	United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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-8166684582033092855	Social inhibition	Social inhibition - wikipedia Social inhibition Jump to : navigation , search Social inhibition is a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction . With a high level of social inhibition , situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions . Social inhibition is related to behavior , appearance , social interactions , or a subject matter for discussion . Related processes that deal with social inhibition are social evaluation concerns , anxiety in social interaction , social avoidance , and withdrawal . Also related are components such as cognitive brain patterns , anxious apprehension during social interactions , and internalizing problems . It also describes those who suppress anger , restrict social behavior , withdraw in the face of novelty , and have a long latency to interact with strangers . Individuals can also have a low level of social inhibition , but certain situations may generally cause people to be more or less inhibited . Social inhibition can be reduced by the use of drugs including alcohol . Major signs of social inhibition in children are cessation of play , long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person , signs of fear and negative affect , and security seeking . Also in high level cases of social inhibition , other social disorders can emerge through development , such as social anxiety disorder and social phobia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Over the lifespan 2.1 Infants and children 2.2 Adolescence 2.3 Adulthood 3 In different contexts 3.1 In schools 3.2 In the workplace 4 In psychological disorders 4.1 Depression 4.2 Fear 4.3 Social phobia 4.4 Social anxiety disorder 5 Reduction 5.1 Alcohol consumption 5.2 Power 6 Increase 6.1 Power 6.2 Biological factors 6.3 Personality traits 7 Clinical levels 7.1 Measures 7.2 Treatments 8 See also 9 References Background ( edit ) Social inhibition can range from normal reactions to social situations to a pathological level , associated with psychological disorders like social anxiety or social phobia . Life events are important and are related to our well - being and inhibition levels . In a lab study conducted by Buck and colleagues , social inhibition in everyday life was reviewed . Researchers observed how individuals interacted and communicated about different stimuli . In this study , there were female participants called `` senders '' who viewed twelve emotionally loaded stimuli . There were also participants in the study called `` received '' who had to guess which stimuli was viewed by the senders . The senders were either alone , with a friend , or with a stranger while viewing the slides . The results of the study revealed that being with a stranger had inhibitory effects on communication , whereas being with a friend had facilitative effects with some stimuli and inhibitory effects with others . The results show how anyone can be inhibited in daily life , with strangers or even friends . Inhibition can also be determined by one 's sensitivity levels to different social cues throughout the day . Gable and colleagues conducted a study in which they examined different events participants would record at the end of their day . Participants were also measured on the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system . The results revealed that individuals with more sensitivity on the behavioral inhibition system reported having more negative effects from daily events . Expression can also be inhibited or suppressed because of anxiety to social situations or simple display rules . Yarczower and Daruns ' study about social inhibition of expression defined inhibition of expression as a suppression of one 's facial behavior in the presences of someone or a perceived anxious situation . They addressed the display rules we all learn as children ; we are told what expressions are suitable for what situations . Then as age increases we are socialized into not expressing strong facial emotions . However , leaving the face with a reduced expression hinders communication . In turn this makes the face a less reliable social cue during social interactions . Friedmen and Miller - Herringer bring these nonverbal expressions to the next level by studying individuals that have a greater level of emotional suppression . They state that without proper emotional expression social interactions can be much more difficult because others may not understand another individual 's emotional state . This being said , there are also four commonly seen irrational cognitive patterns involved in social inhibition . The first pattern centers on self - esteem and perfectionism . In these cases , an individual would inhibit themselves though self - criticism ; they want to do everything the `` right '' way . The second pattern deals with unrealistic approval needs ; here individuals want to gain the approval of others and will fear rejection if they express too much . In the third pattern , unrealistic labeling of aggressive and assertive behavior depicts how many individuals that inhibit themselves may feel as though aggression or assertiveness is bad . They believe if they express these behaviors they will receive a negative label . The last pattern discusses criticism of others , this pattern is a spin - off from the first . They will be highly critical of others much like they are to themselves . Shyness is another factor that is a part of social inhibition . Shyness is associated with low emotional regulations and high negative emotions . In many cases shy individuals have a greater change of social inhibition . Although social inhibition is a common part of life , individuals can also have high levels of inhibition . Social Inhibition on higher levels can sometimes be a precursor to disorders such as Social Anxiety Disorder . Essex and colleagues found that some early risk factors may play a role in having chronically high inhibition . In this study , mothers , teachers , and the child reported on the child 's behavioral inhibition . The factors that were found to be contributors to social inhibition were female gender , exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period , and early manifestation of behavioral inhibition . In severe cases , clinical treatment , such as therapy , may be necessary to help with social inhibition or the manifesting social disorder . Over the lifespan ( edit ) Social inhibition can develop over a lifespan . Children can be withdrawn , adolescents can have anxiety to social situations , and adults may have a hard time adjusting to social situations which they have to initiate on their own . To be inhibited can change and be different for many . In many cases , inhibition can lead to other social disorders and phobias . Infants and children ( edit ) In infants and children , social inhibition is characterized by a temperament style that will have children responding negatively and withdrawing from unfamiliar people , situations and objects . In addition to cessation of play , inhibited children may display long latencies to approaching an unfamiliar person , signs of fear and negative affect , and security seeking . Avoiding behavior can be seen at a very young age . In one study , Fox and colleagues found that even at four months of age some infants had negative responses to unfamiliar visual and audio stimuli . The study was longitudinal ; therefore , follow ups revealed that half the infants who had high negative responses continued to show behavioral inhibition through the age of two . Fox 's longitudinal study reported that the expression of behavioral inhibition showed a small degree of continuity . Over time , the toddlers who were quiet and restrained continued the trend into childhood by being cautious , quiet , and socially withdrawn . The uninhibited control group of the same ages continued to interact easily with unfamiliar people and situations . There has also been a link between inhibition at childhood age with social disorders in adolescents and adulthood . Schwartz and Kagan found that in a longitudinal study from ages two to thirteen , sixty - one percent of teens who had inhibitor traits as toddlers reported social anxiety symptoms as adolescents , compared to twenty - seven percent of adolescents who were uninhibited in earlier life . However , not every child that has some withdrawn or inhibited behavior will be inhibited as an adolescent or manifest a social disorder . The caregiver alone is not solely responsible for inhibition in children ; however , in some cases it can be a factor . Caregivers can affect the inhibition levels of their child by exposing the child to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period . In addition , in some situations the child may simply have early manifestation of behavioral inhibition . There seems to be no parenting style that researchers agree on to be the best to combat social inhibition . Park and Crinic say that a sensitive , accepting , overprotective parenting is best to reduce the negative behaviors because it will allow the child to be themselves without judgment . However , Kagan hypothesized that firm parenting styles are better suited for socially inhibited children . Researchers supporting sensitive parenting believe that too firm of a parenting style will send a message to children that says they need to change . Adolescence ( edit ) Social inhibition has been widely studied in children ; however , research on how it develops through adolescence and adulthood is not as prevalent , although anxiety - related social problems are most commonly seen in adolescents . Many of the behavioral traits are the same in adolescence as they are in childhood : withdrawing from unfamiliar people , situations and objects . However , it has been tested that adolescents are more aware of their social situations and are more likely to be inhibited in public settings . Researchers found younger individuals to be more likely to differentiate between public and private settings when inquiring about potentially embarrassing issues . It is also thought that inhibition is in many ways addressed in childhood and adolescence simply because schools facilitate interactions with others . As an adult , the same facilitating circumstance may not occur unless the individual prompts them on their own . Gest states that adults do not have as may casual peer interactions and friendship opportunities that guide and support relationships unless they facilitate them on their own . Adolescent research has also shown that social inhibition is associated with a more negative emotional state in young men than women . This is in contrast to a study that measured inhibition levels through self reports from the adolescent and their parents . West and Newman found that young American Indian women and their parents reported higher levels of inhibition than young American Indian men ; in addition , the parental reports also predicted social anxiety in young American Indian women over young American Indian men . In this same study , relationship development with peers was investigated over time . West and Newman stated that low levels of behavioral inhibition had an association with early social and school situations and that were related to greater levels of socially mediated anxiety , especially negative evaluation of fear by peers . This study then speculates about the possibility that adolescents and children who have a generally positive social experience will be more aware of the status of these positive relationships , therefore more anxious about failure in their social domain . Other studies also discussed how in many cases , early behavioral inhibition is a risk factor for the development of chronic high school - age inhibition and possible social anxiety disorder . Although social inhibition can be a predictor of other social disorders there is not an extremely large portion of adolescents who have developed an anxiety disorder and also had a history of inhibition in childhood . Besic and Kerr believes that appearance can be a factor for social inhibition . In their study they hypothesized that a way to handle difficult situations with behavioral inhibition was to present an off - putting appearance . They examined `` radical '' crowds , such as those labeled as goths and punks and if their appearances fulfilled a functions for their inhibition . They state that a radical style could be used to draw away the social boundaries and relieve them of pressures or expectations to interact in unfamiliar situations with unfamiliar peers . Another possibility is that an individual may be self - handicapping to ensure that they will not have to interact with unfamiliar peers . The results revealed that radicals were significantly more inhibited than other groups . However , there are other inhibited individuals in other social classifications . The highest inhibited radical was no more inhibited than the highest inhibited individual in other groups . Adulthood ( edit ) Adult cases of social inhibition are hard to come by simply because many see it as something that happens through development . Although research is lacking , developmental considerations suggest there may be a stronger association between behavioral inhibition and peer relations in adulthood . One researcher says this lack of information may be because adults are not put in as many socially interactive situations that would guide them through the situation . It would seem that adults have an increased responsibility to initiate or structure their own social peer relationships ; this is where social inhibition could have a more problematic role in adulthood than in childhood . One study that did contribute to adult research used questionnaires to study both clinical and nonclinical adults . Like in adolescence , behavioral inhibition was also found to be associated with anxiety disorders in adulthood . In addition the study found that childhood inhibition was specifically a factor in a lifetime diagnosis of social phobia . Gest also measured adult peer relations , and to what degree they had a positive and active social life . For example , researchers wanted to know if they participated in any recreational activities with others , how often they met with others , and if they had any close confiding relationships . The participants were rated on a 5 - point scale on each peer relationship they disclosed . The results revealed that social inhibition had nothing to do with popularity , however it was correlated with peer relations in both genders and emotional stress in only men . A similar study found that some shy men had a low occupational status at age forty because they entered their career later in life . However , another researcher has commented on this giving this example , perhaps remaining at home longer allows young adults to accumulate educational and financial resources , before moving out and becoming more independent . Additionally it was found that young adults who were inhibited as children were less likely to move away from their families . There is also some discussion of the inhibition through generations and children mirroring their parents . Results indicated that children whose birth mothers met criteria for the diagnosis of social phobia showed elevated levels of observed behavioral inhibition . Social inhibition can decrease with age due to cognitive deficits that can occur in old age . Age - related deficits have an effect on older adults ' ability to differentiate between public and private settings when discussing potentially embarrassing issues , leading them to discuss personal issues in inappropriately public situations . This suggests that deficits in inhibitory ability that lead to inappropriateness are out of the individual 's control . In different contexts ( edit ) In schools ( edit ) Schools can be a place for children to facilitate different social interactions ; however , it can also uncover social and school adjustment problems . Coplan claims that Western children with inhibition problems may be at a higher risk of developmental problems in school . Although social inhibition may be a predictor of social and school adjustment problems in children , Chen argues that the effect of social inhibition on school adjustment differs between Western cultures and Chinese culture . Chen found that in Chinese children , behavioral inhibition was associated with greater peer liking , social interaction , positive school attitudes , and school competence and fewer later learning problems , which is also different from western cultures . In other studies , researchers such as Oysterman found there to be difficulties in adjustment in children that were experiencing inhibition . In Western cultures , these difficulties are seen more because of the emphasis on social assertiveness and self - expression as traits that are valued in development . In other cultures children are sometimes expected to be inhibited . This does not contrast other cultures in which other cultures were children are socialized and assert themselves . Despite these differences there are also similarities between gender . Boys were more antagonistic in peer interaction and seemed to have more learning problems in school . Girls were more cooperative in peer interaction and had a more positive outlook on school . They formed more affiliations with peers , and performed more completely in school . Other researchers like Geng have looked to understand social inhibition , effortful control , and attention in school . In Geng 's study , gender came in to play with high socially inhibited girls being extremely aware of their surroundings , possibly paying too much attention to potentially anxious situations . It is well known in a large number of research studies social inhibition had been linked to other anxiety disorders . However Degnan and colleagues believe that being able to regulate your effortful control may serve to reduce the anxiety the comes from inhibition . Nesdale and Dalton investigated inhibition of social group norms in school children between the ages of seven and nine . In schools there becomes an increase in social in - groups and out - groups as children increase in age . This study created different in - groups or exclusive groups and out - groups or inclusive groups . The results showed that students in the inclusive group liked all students more , while students in the exclusive group like their group over other groups . This study could help in the future to facilitate school peer groups more efficiently . In the workplace ( edit ) Social inhibition can manifest in all social situations and relationships . One place that we can see the effects of social inhibition is in the workplace . Research has shown that social inhibition can actually affect the way that one completes a given amount of work In one experiment , participants completed a task in a laboratory setting , varying whether or not another individual was present in the room with the participants while they attempted to complete the task . The results showed that when another individual was present in the room the person focused on completing the experimental task decreased their body movements , hand movements , and vocalization , even though the other person did not speak to or even look at the participant . This suggests that just the mere presence of another person in a social situation can inhibit an individual . However , although the individual in charge of completing the experimental task was socially inhibited by the presence of another person in the laboratory , there were no significant links between their social inhibition when completing the task and improved performance on said task . These findings suggest that an individual may socially inhibit themselves in the work place if another person is also in the room , however , such inhibition does not suggest that the inhibited individual is actually performing the duties assigned to them with more accuracy or focus . In psychological disorders ( edit ) Depression ( edit ) Links between social inhibition and depression can be found in individuals who experienced social inhibited behaviors during childhood . Researchers from the United Kingdom conducted a study in an attempt to explain possible links between social inhibition in infancy and later signs of depression . The researchers based their study on previous information from literature acknowledging that there are social and non-social forms of inhibition , and that social inhibition is significantly related to early social fears . The researchers hypothesized that social inhibition in childhood would be linked to higher levels of depression in later years . Participants completed a number of questionnaires about their experiences if social inhibition in childhood and their current levels of depression . Results showed a significant relationship between depression and recalled social fears , or , social inhibitions during childhood . Furthermore , the researchers related their findings to another study conducted by Muris et al. , in 2001 which found that there is an association between social inhibition and depression in adolescents . The study compared adolescents who were not inhibited to those who are , and found that `` adolescents experiencing high levels of behavioral inhibition were more depressed than their counterparts who experienced intermediate or low levels of behavioral inhibition '' . Another study set out to examine the link between social inhibition and depression , with the basis for their study being that social inhibition ( which they explain as a part of type D personality , or distressed personality ) is related to emotional distress The researchers explain that a major factor related to social inhibition is the inhibited individual not expressing their emotions and feelings , a factor that the researchers cite in relation to the link between social inhibition and depression . Overall , the results of the study show that social inhibition ( as a factor of type D personality ) predicts depression , regardless of the baseline depression level of the individual . Significantly , this study was conducted with young , healthy adults , as opposed to working with those in self - help groups or with individuals who have a preexisting medical or psychological condition . Fear ( edit ) Social inhibition can be effected by fear responses that one has in the early `` toddler years '' of their lives . In 2011 , researchers Elizabeth J. Kiel and Kristin A. Buss examined `` how attention toward an angry - looking gorilla mask in a room with alternative opportunities for play in 24 - month - old toddlers predicted social inhibition when children entered kindergarten '' . In the study , the researchers specifically looked at the toddlers ' attention to threat and their fear of novelty in other situations . The researchers paid special attention to these two factors due to previous research suggesting that `` sustained attention to putatively threatening novelty relates to anxious behavior in the first 2 years of life '' . Also , it has been found in earlier research conducted by Buss and colleagues that no matter the differences , individual responses to novelty during early childhood can be related to later social inhibition . These results already link fear responses , particularly in children , to social inhibition , mainly such inhibition that manifests later on in the individual 's life . Overall , the researchers based their experiment on the notion that the more time a toddler spends being attentive towards a novel potential threat the greater the chance that they will experience issues with the regulation of distress , which can predict anxious behavior such as social inhibition . Through a study intended to further connect and understand links between fear and late social inhibitions , the researchers conducted a study where they worked with 24 - month - old toddlers . They placed the toddlers in a room called the `` risk room '' which is set up with a number of play areas for the toddlers to interact with , with one of those areas being a potentially threatening stimulus , in this case , an angry looking gorilla mask . The children are left alone , with only their primary caregiver sitting in the corner of the room , to explore the play areas for three minutes , and then the experimenter returns and instructs the toddler to interact with each of the play areas . The purpose of this was to allow for other experimenters to code the reactions of the toddler to the stimuli around him or her , paying special attention to their attention to threat , their proximity to the threat , and their fear of novelty . The results of this study indicate that attention to threat ( attention given , by the toddler to the feared stimuli ) predicts social inhibition in kindergarten . Further , if the child approaches the feared stimuli , the relation to later social inhibition is not significant . When a child 's behavior is to keep more than two feet away from the threatening stimulus , their behavior can be seen as linked to later social inhibition . Another important factor that the researchers found when looking at the prediction of social inhibition is the child paying a significant amount of attention to a feared or threatening stimuli in the presence of other , enjoyable activities . Mainly , if the child 's duration of attention to the threatening stimuli is significant even when there are other enjoyable activities available for them to interact with , the link to later social inhibition is stronger due to the fact that `` toddler - aged children have increased motoric skill and independence in exploring their environments ; so they are capable of using more sophisticated distraction techniques , such as involvement with other activities '' ( Kopp , 1982 PG 199 ) . In another study looking at social inhibition and fear , the researchers made the distinction between different forms of inhibition . Mainly looking at behavioral inhibition the researchers separated the category into two subcategories , social behavioral inhibition and non-social behavioral inhibition . The researchers cite an experiment conducted by Majdandzic and Van den Boom where they used a laboratory setting to attempt to elicit fear in the children . They did this by using both social and non-social stimuli . What Majdandizic and Van der Boom found was a variability in the way that fear was elicited in the children when using either the social or non-social stimuli . Essentially , this study realized that there is a correlation between social stimuli producing fear expressions in children , whereas non-social stimuli is not correlated to fear . This can be evidence of social inhibition due to the social stimuli that result in fear expressions in children . The researchers of the current study took the results from the Majdandizic and Van der Boom study and expanded on their work by looking at variability in fear expressions in both socially inhibited children and non-socially inhibited children . What they found was that mainly socially inhibited children have effects such as shyness and inhibition with peers , adults , and in performance situations , as well as social phobia and separation anxiety . The stronger link with fear reactions comes mainly from those children who were non-socially behaviorally inhibited . While these results go against previous findings , what the researchers were eager to stipulate was that `` the normative development of fear in children have indicated that many specific fears ( e.g. , fear of animals ) decline with age , whereas social fears increase as children get older '' . Social phobia ( edit ) Social inhibition is linked to social phobia , in so much as social inhibition during childhood can be seen as a contributing factor to developing social phobia later on in life . While social inhibition is also linked to social anxiety , it is important to point out the difference between social anxiety and social phobia . Social anxiety is marked by a tendency to have high anxiety before a social interaction , but not experience the avoidance of the social activity that is associated with social phobia . Social phobia and social inhibition are linked in a few different ways , one being physiologically . When one is experiencing extreme levels of inhibition they can suffer from symptoms such as accelerated heart rate , increased morning salivary cortisol levels , and muscle tension in their vocal cords . These symptoms are also reported by those with social phobia , which indicates that both social inhibition and social phobia interact with the sympathetic nervous system when the individual encounters a stressful situation . Further , it is suggested throughout literature that social inhibition during childhood is linked to later social phobia . Beyond that research has indicated that continuity in inhibition plays an important role in the later development of social phobia . Continuity of social inhibition means someone experiencing social inhibition for a number of year continuously . The research explains work done with young teenagers , which found that the teenagers who had been classified as inhibited 12 years earlier were significantly more likely to develop social phobia than young teenagers who were not classified as inhibited . This research pertains to the link between social inhibition and generalized social phobia , rather than specific phobias . When looking at continuity in social inhibition some research offers reasoning as to why the social inhibition may continue long enough to be a predictor of social phobia . Researchers have suggested that if the early childhood relationships are not satisfactory they can influence the child to respond to situations in certain inhibitory ways . When this happens it is often then associated with poor self - evaluation for the child , which can lead to increased social inhibition and social phobia . Also , if a child is neglected or rejected by their peers , rather than by their caregiver , they often develop a sense of social failure , which often extends into social inhibition , and later social phobia . Interestingly , the link between social inhibition and social phobia is somewhat exclusive , when testing for a possible link between non-social inhibition and social phobia no predictive elements were found . It is particularly social inhibition that is linked to social phobia . The research also suggests that social inhibitions can be divided between different kinds of social fears , or different patterns of inhibition can be seen in individuals . The researchers suggest that certain patters , or certain social fears , can be better predictors of social phobia than others . Mainly , the researchers suggest that there can be different patterns of social inhibition in relation to an unfamiliar object or encounter . These specific patterns should be looked at in conjunction with motivation and the psychophysiological reaction to the object or encounter to determine the specific patterns that are the better predictors of social phobia . Another study aimed to examine the link between social inhibition and social phobia also found that social phobia is linked to the social phobic being able to recall their own encounters with social inhibition during childhood . The social phobic participants were able to recall social and school fears from their childhood , but they also were able to recall sensory - processing sensitivity which indicates that the social phobic participants in the study were able to recall having increased sensitivity to the situations and behaviors around them . Another study explains that social phobia itself has a few different ways it can manifest . The study aims at understanding the link between social inhibition and social phobia , as well as depression in social phobia . What the study found was an important link connecting the severity of social inhibition during childhood to the severity of social phobia and factors of social phobia in later years . Severe social inhibition during childhood can be related to lifetime social phobia . Further , the researchers point out that inhibition during childhood is significantly linked to avoidant personality disorder in social phobia as well as childhood inhibition linked with major depressive disorder in social phobia that spans across the individual 's lifetime . A major suggestion related to the results of the study suggested that while inhibition can be a general predictor of risk factors related to social phobia , it may not be a specific predictor of social phobia alone . Social anxiety disorder ( edit ) Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a fear of scrutiny or disapproval from others . Individuals believe this negative reaction will bring about rejections . Individuals with social anxiety disorder have stronger anxious feeling over a long period of time and are more anxious more often . In many cases , researchers have found that social inhibition can be a factor in developing other disorders such as social anxiety disorder . Being inhibited does not mean that an individual will develop another disorder ; however , Clauss and colleagues conducted a study to measure the association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety disorder . The results of the study discovered that 15 % of all children have behavioral inhibition and about half of those children will eventually develop social anxiety disorder . This is why behavioral inhibition is seen as a larger risk factor . That being said , Lim and colleagues researched the differences between early and late onset of social anxiety disorder and its relation to social inhibition . Through the duration of their study , they found those diagnosed as early onset had complaints other than ones about social anxiety symptoms . Early onset individuals would frequently have more severe symptoms and higher levels of behavioral inhibition . Additional behavioral inhibition was more severe especially in social and school situations with only the early onset cases . Lorian and Grisham researched the relationship between behavioral inhibition , risk - avoidance , and social anxiety symptoms . They found that all three factors correlated with each other and risk avoidance is potentially a mechanism linked to an anxiety pathology . Reduction ( edit ) Alcohol consumption ( edit ) Social inhibition can be lowered by a few different factors , one of them being alcohol . Alcohol consumption can be seen to lower inhibitions in both men and women . Social inhibitions generally act to control or affect the way that one conducts themselves in a social setting . By lowering inhibitions alcohol can work to increase social behaviors either negatively or positively . Importantly , one must remember that the higher the dosage of alcohol , the greater the damage it will cause to inhibitory control . By lowering inhibitions , alcohol can cause social behaviors such as aggression , self disclosure , and violent acts . Researchers have suggested that situational cues used to inhibit social behaviors are not perceived the same way after someone consumes enough alcohol to qualify them as drunk : `` interacting parties who are impaired by alcohol are less likely to see justifications for the other 's behavior , are thus more likely to interpret the behavior as arbitrary and provocative , and then , having less access to inhibiting cues and behavioral standards , are more likely to react extremely . '' This idea of increased extreme social behaviors is believed to come as a result of lowered inhibitions after consuming alcohol . Alcohol can lower inhibitions for a number of reasons , it can reduce one 's self - awareness , impair perceptual and cognitive functioning , allows for instigator pressures to have more influence over an individual , and can reduce one 's ability to read inhibitory social cues and standards of conduct . When attempting to examine the effects that alcohol consumption has on social inhibition researchers found that after being provoked sober individuals used inhibiting cues , such as the innocence of the instigator and the severity of the retaliation to control their response to the aggressive provocation . However , the researchers found that an intoxicated individual did not have these same inhibitions and , as a result , exhibited more extreme behaviors of retaliated aggression to the provocation without processing information they would normally consider about the situation . On average , drunken individuals exhibited more aggression , self - disclosure , risk taking behaviors , and laughter than sober individuals . Extreme behaviors are not as common in sober individuals because they are able to read inhibitory cues and social conduct norms that drunken individuals are not as inclined to consider . These negative social behaviors , then , are a result of lowered social inhibitions . Alcohol consumption also has the ability to lower inhibitions in a positive way . Research has been conducted looking at the way an intoxicated person is more inclined to be helpful . Researchers were of the same opinion that alcohol lowers inhibitions and allows for more extreme behaviors , however , they tested to see if this would be true for more socially acceptable situations , such as helping another person . The researchers acknowledged that , generally , an impulse to help another is initiated but then inhibitions will cause the potential helper to consider all factors going into their decision to help or not to help such as , lost time , boredom , fatigue , monetary costs , and possibility of personal harm . The researchers suggest that while one may be inhibited and therefore less likely to offer help when completely sober , after consuming alcohol enough damage will be done to their inhibitory functioning to actually increase helping . While this suggestion differs from socially negative behaviors that are seen after social inhibitions have been lowered , it is consistent with the idea that alcohol consumption can lower inhibitions and , as a result , produce more socially extreme behaviors when compared to a sober counterpart . Alcohol consumption can lower social inhibitions in both men and women , producing social behaviors not typical in the individuals ' day - to - day sober lives . For example , in social settings women will tend to be uncomfortable with sexual acts and provocations as well as feeling uncomfortable in social settings that are generally male dominated such as strip clubs or bars . However , consumption of alcohol has been seen to lower these inhibitions , making women feel freer and more ready to participate socially in events and behaviors that they would normally feel inhibited from participating in if they were sober . As an example , women participating in bachelorette parties generally consume copious amounts of alcohol for the event . As a result , the females feel less inhibited and are more likely to then engage in behavior that they would normally view as deviant or inappropriate . In an examination of bachelorette parties it was found that when those attending the party consumed only a couple of drinks behavior minimally reflected any alcohol consumption , assuming that the party guests were still socially inhibited and less inclined to perform deviant behaviors . Similarly , `` levels of intoxication were correlated with the atmosphere of the party , such that parties with little or no alcohol were perceived as less ' wild ' than parties a lot of alcohol consumption . '' Conceivably , the bachelorette parties show tendencies of `` wild '' behavior after excessive alcohol consumption , which consequently lowers the inhibitions of the consumers . When surveyed a number of women who had attended a bachelorette party , or had one in their honor , in the past year reported that their behavior when under the influence of alcohol was different from their behavior when sober . One party guest reported : `` People drink ... to lose inhibitions and stuff that is done ... I would never do sober . It lowers inhibitions - that is the main point of it . '' These reports suggest that `` alcohol was used to lower inhibitions about being too sexual , about the risk of being perceived as promiscuous , or about being sexual in public . Women commented that they felt freer to talk about sex while under the influence of alcohol , to flirt with male strangers , or to dance with a male stripper . '' The research collected surrounding women and their alcohol consumption in these settings provide examples of the reduction of social inhibitions in relation to excess alcohol consumption Power ( edit ) Social inhibitions can also be reduced by means unrelated to an actual substance . Another way that social inhibition can be decreased is by the attainment of power . Research has examined the way that having either elevated or reduced power effects social interactions and well - being in social situations . Such research has shown a relationship between elevated power and decreased social inhibitions . This relationship of those with elevated power and those with reduced power can be seen in all forms of social interactions , and is marked by elevated power individuals often having access to resources that the reduced power individuals do not have . Decreased social inhibition is seen in those with elevated power for two main reasons , one being that they have more access to resources , providing them with comforts and stability . The second reason is that their status as a high power individual often provides the powerful individual a sense of being above social consequences , allowing them to act in ways that a reduced power individual may not . The elevated power individuals will experience reduced social inhibition in various ways , one being that they are more likely to approach , rather than avoid , another person . Also , with the reduced inhibition associated with high power individuals , they are more likely to initiate physical contact with another person , enter into their personal space , and they are more likely to indicate interest in intimacy . High power people tend to be socially disinhibited when it comes to sexual behavior and sexual concepts . Consistent with this expectation , a study working with male and female participants found that when the male and female felt equally powerful they tended to interact socially with one another in a disinhibited manner . Further , the research suggests that as a result of their reduced social inhibition , powerful individuals will be guided to behave in a way that fits with their personality traits in a social situation in which they feel powerful . Similarly , in a laboratory study it was found that when one person in a group feels powerful their reduced social inhibition can result in decreased manners . The study found that , when offered food , the powerful individual is more likely to take more than the other individuals in the room . This can be seen as the powerful individual exhibiting reduced social inhibitions , as they reduce their attention to common social niceties such as manners and sharing . Increase ( edit ) Power ( edit ) Certain factors can increase social inhibition in individuals . Increased inhibitions can occur in different situations and for different reasons . One major factor that contributes to the increase of social inhibition is power . Reduced power is linked to an array of negative affect , one of which being increased social inhibitions . Power , in this instance , can be defined as a fundamental factor in social relationships that is central to interactions , influencing behavior and emotional display . Further , power is such an essential factor in social relationships because power determines who is the giver and who is the receiver in the exchange of rewards and resources . Power is present in all social relationships , not just typical hierarchical establishments such as in employment or school settings . Power , then , is related to increased social inhibitions when an individual feels that they are in a powerless or diminished power position . Those who are deemed to be high in power are generally richer in resources and freedom , as well as decreased levels of social inhibition , whereas those who are deemed to be low in power are generally low in resources , constrained , and prone to experiencing increased social inhibition . Research shows that individuals who are considered to be low in power experience more social threats and punishments , and generally have less access to social resources . As a result of this these individuals are prone to developing more sensitivity to criticism from others , and are more susceptible to accepting when someone constrains them . These factors contribute to increasing social inhibition in those individuals . Similarly , studies have shown that the absence of power can heighten the processes associated with social inhibition . Experiments on the interaction between power and inhibition have shown that when participants are in a situation where they perceive more punishments and threats their cognition and behavior will show more signs of social inhibition related affect . Environments which distinguish the differences between the powerful and the powerless can lead to the social inhibition of the power reduced individuals as a response to their social interactions with the heightened power individuals . Some of the social inhibited behaviors that a low - power individual will experience in these social situations will be embarrassment and fear and they may even go on to feel guilt , sadness , and shame ( C. Anderson , Langner , & Keltner ) . Further , low power individuals can be seen socially inhibiting themselves in ways that can , in the end , favor the high - power individuals . These can include inhibiting themselves from providing input on ideas , hesitating in normal speech , and even increasing their facial muscle actions in order to keep themselves from displaying emotions . When the low - power individuals are in a social situation with a high - power individual they will also commonly exhibit social inhibition by inhibiting their postural constriction and reducing their gestures ( Ellyson & Dovidio ) . Researchers have generalized these suggestions of interaction between a high - power individual and low - power individuals to say that these expressions of social inhibition are expected to carry over into all areas of social interaction for the low - power individual . That is to say that low - power individuals will not only exhibit social inhibition when in the presence of a high - power individual . They will continue to be socially inhibited in all social aspects of their lives as a result of their low - power status . Further , low - power individuals tend to devote increased attention to the actions and behaviors of others . Biological factors ( edit ) Another possible explanation for increased social inhibition has to do with biological factors . A study of brain activity in those who rate high on the scale for social inhibition showed a number of brain areas that are related to the heightened inhibitions . In their study the researchers aimed to find the link between socially inhibited individuals and an over activation of the cortical social brain network . The researchers did this by examining the brain activity of individuals who rate high in social inhibition as they respond to video clips of facial and bodily expressions that were potentially threatening . What the researchers found was that those who rate high in social inhibition show an overactive orbitofrontal cortex , left temporo - parietal junction , and right extrastriate body area . When the threat - related activity was being presented to the participants , these areas of the brain showed increased activity in comparison to those who do not rate high for social inhibition . What the researchers speculate is that , in this instance , hyperactivity in these brain structures does not mean better functioning . Further , `` the orbitofrontal cortex is connected with areas that underlie emotional function and empathy '' . This relates to one 's ability to stimulate how another person feels in their own facial displays . The over activity and decreased function of these brain structures can affect individuals by increasing social inhibition and behaviors related to social inhibition . Personality traits ( edit ) Further , there is speculation that social inhibition can also be increased by the type of personality an individual has and behaviors that those individuals inherently display . Namely , those who are dependent and reassurance seeking are more commonly likely to display increased social inhibition . Clinical levels ( edit ) Although social inhibition can occur as part of ordinary social situations , a chronically high level of social inhibition may lead some individuals to develop other social or anxiety disorders that would also need to be handled clinically . Through childhood , adolescence , and adulthood , clinical levels of social inhibition can be measured . Social inhibition can be a precursors for other social disorders that can develop in adolescence or adulthood . Measures ( edit ) There are many implications for the diagnoses of social inhibition , however there are many cost - efficient ways to measure and treat this social disorder . One measure that has reliably assess the traits of social inhibition is the seven - item inhibition scale of the Type D Scale -- 14 . Another measure is the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System ( BIOS ) . In clinical trials this measure is to be used for children completed by parents , teachers , and clinicians . Other scales are the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire ( BIQ ) , Behavioral Inhibition Instrument ( BII ) , the Behavioral Inhibition Scale ( BIS ) , The Preschool Behavioral Inhibition Scale ( P - BIS ) , and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale for children ages 3 -- 6 . There are also many versions of these scales that are specifically for parents , teachers , or even the child or possibly an inhibited individual to take . There are also times when these measures are grouped together ; in many cases the Behavioral Inhibition System scale and Behavioral Activation System scale are used together . These two measure are the most widely used and together they consist of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales that deal with reward response and fun seeking . The Behavioral Paradigm System is an observation system that allows measurements of behavioral inhibition in systematic natural environments . With this system researchers will observe cessation of play and vocalization , long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person , signs of fear and negative affect , and security seeking in environments such as classrooms , playgrounds , and in home settings . This paradigm was followed by many adaptations , one specifically was the adaptation of the Observational Paradigm . In an additional study by Ballespi and colleagues the paradigm was changed to be more suitable for a school environment . The adapted paradigm met three important criteria , the tests were suitable for a school environment , there had to be materials for the test that could be transported easily , and the observation of behavioral inhibition signs had to have the potential to be seen in a short period of time . Ballespi and colleagues discussed one of the most recent measurement systems in the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System . This new system will allow clinicians to provide a quick measure for behavioral inhibition . This system is used during the first meeting with the child . In this first meeting , the child will be exposed to a strange , unfamiliar situation . The scale will then be completed after the therapist has time to observe the child in an interview setting . Researchers want to find a way to have an actual measure for inhibition , however this is difficult . There is a difference in observations , a parent or teachers is going to observe the child over long periods of time in several natural situations . The parents do not actually observe the child but instead rate the behavior inhibition on the ideas they have formed about the child . The clinician will not have all this information and will base his or her first measure on observation alone ; they measure state while parents and teachers measure traits . This is where the differences come up in measure however after several visits the measures of the clinicians , teachers , and parents become more similar . Treatments ( edit ) Treatments used for social inhibition are primarily assertive trainings introduced by therapies . These treatments are about teaching the inhibited individual to express and assert their feeling instead of inhibiting them . Assertiveness training is an important operation for behavioral therapist because it can help with behavioral issues , as well as interpersonal inadequacies , and anxiety in adults . In some cases this training can go by a different name because assertiveness is sometimes categorized by aggression therefore it can also be called appropriate expression training . In one study discussing assertive training Ludwig and Lazarus found irrational cognitive patterns that inhibited individuals have to deal with and how to overcome them . The four patterns are self - criticism / Perfectionism , unrealistic approval needs , unrealistic labeling of aggression / assertive behavior , and criticism of others . There are three different phases that work to combat the irrational cognitive patterns and inhibitory actions during social situations . These phases are meant to be actively practiced . The individual will receive homework assignments , and have to do role - playing exercises to overcome their inhibitions . The first phase discussed was about talking more . Ludwig states that there can not just be an increase in talking but also an increase in expressing and talking about how one feels . The point of this phase is to get an individual talking no matter how ridiculous or trivial it may seem . Phase two is about dealing with the responses that come from talking more . When an inhibited individual starts talking more they may become embarrassed . However , with positive reactions from others they will learn that being embarrassed about some of the comments made is not devastating , and in turn the individual may talk and act more freely . In addition to the positive feedback the individual will review particularly embarrassing moment to assess why they were embarrassed to help combat those thoughts . If the inhibited person can understand the irrational thoughts they will eventually feel less embarrassed and act more freely . Role playing is also a way to help the individual understand different social behaviors . Mirroring is a way some therapist will show the client their own behavior . The last phase deals with additional strategies that can help through social situation such as expressing disagreement , dealing with interruptions , initiating more conversations topics , and more self - disclosure . Ludwig and colleagues also make sure to explain that no one should compulsively apply these behavioral techniques in all situations . An individual should not go over board using them ; additionally there are times when initiating some conversation topics and talking more are inappropriate . Group therapies are also used in the treatment using assertiveness . Hedquist and Weinhold investigated two group counseling strategies with socially anxious and unassertive college students . The first strategy is a behavioral rehearsal group , which aims to assist members to learn more efficient responses in social situations . This was to be accomplished by rehearsing several difficult social situations . The second strategy was a social learning group that was about honesty about everything ; any withholding behaviors were seen as being dishonest . Another rule was every individual had to take responsibility for everything that said . The results of this study showed that both strategies helped significantly in treating the anxiety and unassertiveness . See also ( edit ) Attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder Avoidant personality disorder Sexual inhibition Social anxiety Social facilitation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Denollet , J. ( 2013 ) . Interpersonal sensitivity , social inhibition , and Type D personality : How and when are they associated with health ? Comment on Marin and Miller ( 2013 ) . 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( 2006 ) . `` Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective - taking '' . Neuropsychologia , 44 , 374 - 383 Jump up ^ Adolphs , R. ( 2002b ) . `` Neural systems for recognizing emotion '' . Current Opinion Neurobiology , 12 , 169 - 177 Jump up ^ The Effect of Behavioral Inhibition and Approach on Normal Social Functioning. ( 2010 ) . Individual Differences Research , 8 ( 4 ) , 246 - 256 . Jump up ^ Levinson , C.A. , Rodebaugh , T.L. , & Frye , T. ( 2011 ) . An examination of the factor , convergent , and discriminant validity of the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System Scales . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 33 ( 1 ) , 87 - 100 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 010 - 9202 - 9 Jump up ^ Bjørnebekk , G. ( 2009 ) . Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scales -- Norwegian Version . doi : 10.1037 / t05759 - 000 Jump up ^ Ballespí , S. , Jané , M. , & Riba , M. ( 2012 ) . `` The Behavioural Inhibition Scale for children aged 3 to 6 ( BIS 3 - 6 ) : Validity based on its relation with observational measures '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 34 ( 4 ) , 487 - 496 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 012 - 9305 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Hedquist , F.J. , & Weinhold , B.K. ( 1970 ) . Behavioral group counseling with socially anxious and unassertive college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 17 ( 3 ) , 237 - 242 . doi : 10.1037 / h0029245 Jump up ^ Phillips , D.R. , & Groves , G.A. ( 1979 ) . Assertive training with children . Psychotherapy : Theory , Research & Practice , 16 ( 2 ) , 171 - 177 . doi : 10.1037 / h0086044 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_inhibition&oldid=808311860 '' Categories : Shyness Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 03 : 01 . 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8639011491602089092	Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory	Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl David Seltzer Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a candy land with a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , gummy bears , candy canes , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Golden Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for chocolate bars and Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner ( Augustus Gloop ) , Ursula Reit ( Mrs. Gloop ) , Gene Wilder ( Willy Wonka ) Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone ( Sam Beauregard ) , Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregard ) , Roy Kinnear ( Henry Salt ) , Julie Dawn Cole ( Veruca Salt ) , Dodo Denny ( Mrs. Teevee ) , Paris Themmen ( Mike Teevee ) , Peter Ostrum ( Charlie Bucket ) , Jack Albertson ( Grandpa Joe ) Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Walker Edmiston as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson ( voice , uncredited ) Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 44 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are as follows : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want it Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer up , Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want it Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=856695786 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical fantasy films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	willy wonka and the chocolate factory 1971 cast charlie	[ "Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket" ]	[ "Peter Ostrum" ]
635724680088526182	It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year	It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year - wikipedia It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year ( disambiguation ) . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Song by Andy Williams from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album Released October 14 , 1963 Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Edward Pola and George Wyle `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song Content 2 Other notable versions 3 Use in advertising and parodies 4 References 5 External links Song content ( edit ) The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season , focusing primarily on get - togethers between friends and families . Among the activities included in the song is the telling of `` scary ghost stories , '' a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse , but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Other activities mentioned include hosting parties , spontaneous visits from friends , universal social gaiety , spending time with loved ones , sledding for children , roasting marshmallows , sharing stories about previous Christmases , and singing Christmas carols in winter weather . In a 2005 interview , Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' : `` George Wyle , who is a vocal director , who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests , he wrote a song just for the show -- I think the second Christmas show we did -- called `` Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . So I did that , you know , every Christmas , and then other people started doing it . And then suddenly it 's become -- not suddenly but over 30 years -- it 's become a big standard . I think it 's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now . '' In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28 , 2009 , the list of the `` Top 10 Holiday Songs ( Since 2001 ) '' places the Williams recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' at No. 5 . 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs , and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty - five songs that were ranked that year , it gained steam over the next ten years , reaching No. 18 in 2002 , No. 13 in 2003 , and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010 . The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012 . Other notable versions ( edit ) Johnny Mathis recorded a version . Amy Grant recorded a version in 1992 . 1999 : Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album , Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas . Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America , as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . 2003 / 2004 : Williams re-records song in a shorter , more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas 2006 : Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat recorded a version for the album The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas . 2007 Patti LaBelle released her version of the song on her second Christmas Album , Miss Patti 's Christmas . 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album , What a Night ! A Christmas Album . This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album , Home for Christmas . This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart . Use in advertising and parodies ( edit ) For years , the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain 's annual back to school advertising campaign . In the commercials , the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow . The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film , `` Jingle All the Way '' . Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007 , thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer , reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts , also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200 . It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002 . BarlowGirl 's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House : An Oprah Winfrey Special . In the Autumn and early winter of 2011 , Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams - like voice actor , with lyrics modified to promote the sale event . A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort 's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort 's theme parks . The song also played by Ellen DeGeneres during the segment of ' 12 Days of Giveaways `` . The song was spoofed again by The Coca - Cola Company in a Sprite Cranberry commercial in 2017 . The spoof 's title was called It 's the Thirstiest Time of the Year . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve , By Jeffrey Peterson , Deseret News Thursday , Dec. 23 2010 Jump up ^ Told After Supper , Jerome K. Jerome Jump up ^ Williams , Andy . Interviewed by Karen Herman . Archive of American Television , A Program of the Television Academy Foundation . emmytvlegends.org , 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Cheer '' . Billboard. 2009 - 11 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' Tops List `` . findarticles.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting ) '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs -- `` Santa Claus Is Coming To Town '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sleigh Ride '' Tops ASCAP 's List of Most - Played Holiday Songs in 2010 `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mp3lemon.ws/song/504289/01_-_Andy_Williams_-_The_Most_Wonderful_Time_Of_The_Year Jump up ^ `` Harry Connick , Jr . Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116705/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Banderas set for Christmas ad '' . Metro. 2 Nov 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Williams obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special '' . YouTube . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year&oldid=815792987 '' Categories : 1963 songs American Christmas songs Andy Williams songs Songs with lyrics by Edward Pola Songs with music by George Wyle Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the most wonderful time of the year	[ "\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle. It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album, The Andy Williams Christmas Album. However, the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams' record label (Columbia Records) that year, as they instead opted to promote his cover of \"White Christmas\" as the official promo single from the album.[1]" ]	[ "Andy Williams" ]
-6945758428298116814	Buffalo Bills	Buffalo Bills - wikipedia Buffalo Bills Jump to : navigation , search For the American bison hunter , see Buffalo Bill . For other uses , see Buffalo Bills ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Buffalo Bulls , the collegiate team of the State University of New York at Buffalo . Buffalo Bills Current season Established October 28 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( October 28 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in New Era Field Orchard Park , New York Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Royal Blue , Red , White , Navy Blue Fight song `` Shout '' , among others Mascot Billy Buffalo Personnel Owner ( s ) Terrence and Kim Pegula CEO Terrence Pegula President Russ Brandon General manager Brandon Beane Head coach Sean McDermott Team history Buffalo Bills ( 1960 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) AFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 2 ) 1964 , 1965 Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Division championships ( 10 ) AFL East : 1964 , 1965 , 1966 AFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Playoff appearances ( 18 ) AFL : 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 NFL : 1974 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2017 Home fields War Memorial Stadium ( 1960 -- 1972 ) New Era Field ( 1973 -- present ) The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo -- Niagara Falls metropolitan area . The Bills compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park , New York . The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York ( the New York Giants and New York Jets play at MetLife Stadium , located in East Rutherford , New Jersey ) . The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford , New York , an eastern suburb of Rochester , New York . The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL -- NFL merger for the 1970 season . The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships ( `` back - to - back '' American Football League Championships ) . The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games . The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team 's founding in 1960 , until his death in 2014 at the age of 95 . After his death , Wilson 's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula , which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8 , 2014 . The Bills formerly possessed the longest active playoff drought in any of the four major professional sports in North America : they did not qualify to play in the NFL playoffs from 1999 until 2017 and were the last NFL team ( and last team in the major North American professional sports leagues overall ) to last compete in the playoffs in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional Rivalries 3.1. 1 Miami Dolphins 3.1. 2 New England Patriots 3.1. 3 New York Jets 3.2 Other rivalries 3.2. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.2. 2 Tennessee Titans 3.2. 3 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 4 Dallas Cowboys 4 Playoffs 5 Players 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients 5.3 Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame 5.4 Pro Football Hall Of Fame 5.5 All - time first round draft picks 5.6 Recent Pro Bowl selections 5.7 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers 6 Coaches of note 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Current roster 8 Radio and television 9 Training camp sites 10 Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band 11 Supporters 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Buffalo Bills and List of Buffalo Bills seasons The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965 , but the club has yet to win a league championship since . Once the AFL -- NFL merger took effect , the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city ; they followed the Buffalo All - Americans , a charter member of the league . Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All - Americans ( by that point renamed the Bisons ) folded in 1929 ; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger , following the Indians / Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills , originally the Bisons , in the late 1940s in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons , which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company . The winning entry suggested Bills , reflecting on the famous western frontiersman , Buffalo Bill Cody . Carrying the `` frontier '' theme further , the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was `` opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York . '' When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960 , the name of the city 's earlier pro football entry was adopted . After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s , the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s , a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships ; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls , records in both categories that still stand . The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady , along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s , prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016 , a 17 - year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time it was broken when the Bills secured a wild - card berth on December 31 , 2017 . On October 8 , 2014 , Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners ' meetings , becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Bills logo , 1962 -- 1973 The Bills ' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time . The team 's original colors were Honolulu blue , silver and white , and the helmets were silver with no striping . There was no logo on the helmet , which displayed the players ' numbers on each side . In 1962 , the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet . In 1962 , the team 's colors also changed to red , white , and blue . The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white `` LSU '' stripes on the shoulders . the helmets were white with a red center stripe . The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes , two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping . By 1965 , red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets . The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973 , the last year of the standing buffalo helmet . The blue pants remained through 1985 . The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white . The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn . The newer emblem , which is still the primary one used by the franchise , was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974 . In 1984 , the helmet 's shell color was changed from white to red , primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time , the Baltimore Colts , the Miami Dolphins , and the New England Patriots , who all also wore white helmets at that point . Ferguson said `` Everyone we played had white helmets at that time . Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field . '' ( The Patriots now use a silver helmet , the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South , and the New York Jets , who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season , have since switched back to white helmets . ) In 2002 , under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe , the Bills ' uniforms went through radical changes . A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color , and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color . Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels . The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers . The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue , two nickel , two royal blue , two white stripes , and white face mask . A new logo , a stylized `` B '' consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top , was proposed and had been released ( it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale ) , but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo . The helmet logo adopted in 1974 -- a charging royal blue bison , with a red streak , white horn and eyeball -- remained unchanged . In 2005 , the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform . The Bills usually wore the all - blue combination at home and the all - white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms . They stopped wearing blue - on - white after 2006 , while the white - on - blue was not worn after 2007 . For the 2011 season , the Bills unveiled a new uniform design , an updated rendition of the 1975 -- 83 design . This change includes a return to the white helmets with `` charging buffalo '' logo , and a return to royal blue instead of navy . Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s , but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years . On November 6 , 2011 , against the New York Jets , the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986 . Since 2011 , the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set . The Bills ' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league 's new uniform contract with Nike . The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3 , 2012 . On November 12 , 2015 , the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL 's Color Rush uniform initiative , with Buffalo wearing an all - red combination for the first time in team history . A notable use of the Bills ' uniforms outside of football was in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , when the United States men 's national junior ice hockey team wore Bills - inspired uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29 , 2017 . Rivalries ( edit ) The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents , and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ( a former divisional rival ) , Kansas City Chiefs , Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans , Cleveland Browns , and Dallas Cowboys . They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions . Divisional rivalries ( edit ) Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Dolphins rivalry This is often considered Buffalo 's most famous rivalry . Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League , the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams . The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match - up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL - record 20 straight wins against a single opponent . Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo 's franchise quarterback , and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s , the Bills became dominant in the 1990s . Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick / Brady - led Patriots , but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills , coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo 's primary rival . Miami leads the overall series 60 - 47 - 1 as of 2017 , but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3 - 1 . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL - AFL merger . After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England , the Patriots have dominated the AFC East , including the Bills . The Bills - Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29 - 5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach . This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo 's most hated rival . Overall , the Patriots lead the series 72 - 43 - 1 as of 2017 . The rivalry is also notable as numerous players , including Drew Bledsoe , Doug Flutie , Lawyer Milloy , Brandon Spikes , Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers . New York Jets ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Jets rivalry The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York , though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL . Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York , it is not as intense as the Bills ' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots , and the teams ' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low - key annoyance for each other when not playing one another . Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity , but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons . Buffalo leads the series 61 - 54 as of 2017 , including a playoff win in 1981 . Other rivalries ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other , despite never being in the same division . This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015 , and again in 2017 . The teams have played three playoff games against each other , including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL 's ( later AFC ) representative in the first Super Bowl , with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl . Buffalo currently leads the series 26 - 21 - 1 . Tennessee Titans ( edit ) The Tennessee Titans , formerly the Houston Oilers , were another fellow rival from the AFL , sharing extended history with the Bills as well . The Oilers were a divisional rival before the NFL - AFL merger as part of the AFL East Division . Matchups were intense in the 1990s with quarterback Warren Moon leading the Oilers against Jim Kelly 's Bills . Memorable playoff moments between the teams include The Comeback , in which the Frank Reich - led Bills overcame a 35 - 3 deficit to stun the Oilers 41 - 38 in 1992 , and the Music City Miracle , in which the now - Titans scored on a near - last - minute kickoff return with a controversial lateral pass to stun the Bills 22 - 16 in 1999 . The Music City Miracle was notable for being Buffalo 's last playoff appearance until 2017 . The Titans currently lead the series 28 - 17 Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972 , match - ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland . Like the Bills - Jets rivalry , the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games . However , there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014 . The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns . The Browns currently lead the series 12 - 9 , including a playoff win in 1990 , though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series . The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills ' predecessors in the All - America Football Conference , playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL . The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC , leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959 . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s . Playoffs ( edit ) 1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff : Boston Patriots 26 , Buffalo Bills 8 1964 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 20 , San Diego Chargers 7 1965 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 23 , San Diego Chargers 0 1966 AFL Championship : Kansas City Chiefs 31 , Buffalo Bills 7 1974 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 32 , Buffalo Bills 14 1980 Divisional Playoffs : San Diego Chargers 20 , Buffalo Bills 14 1981 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 31 , New York Jets 27 1981 Divisional Playoffs : Cincinnati Bengals 28 , Buffalo Bills 21 1988 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 17 , Houston Oilers 10 1988 AFC Championship : Cincinnati Bengals 21 , Buffalo Bills 10 1989 Divisional Playoffs : Cleveland Browns 34 , Buffalo Bills 30 1990 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 44 , Miami Dolphins 34 1990 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 51 , Los Angeles Raiders 3 Super Bowl XXV : New York Giants 20 , Buffalo Bills 19 1991 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 37 , Kansas City Chiefs 14 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 10 , Denver Broncos 7 Super Bowl XXVI : Washington Redskins 37 , Buffalo Bills 24 1992 AFC Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 41 , Houston Oilers 38 1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 24 , 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3 1992 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 29 , Miami Dolphins 10 Super Bowl XXVII : Dallas Cowboys 52 , Buffalo Bills 17 1993 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 29 , Los Angeles Raiders 23 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 30 , Kansas City Chiefs 13 Super Bowl XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys 30 , Buffalo Bills 13 1995 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 37 , Miami Dolphins 22 1995 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 40 , Buffalo Bills 21 1996 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 30 , Buffalo Bills 27 1998 Wild Card Game : Miami Dolphins 24 , Buffalo Bills 17 1999 Wild Card Game : Tennessee Titans 22 , Buffalo Bills 16 2017 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 10 , Buffalo Bills 3 Playoff record : 14 wins , 16 losses Players ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Buffalo Bills retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Notes 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 96 Previously worn by Joe Ferguson , QB , 1973 -- 84 ; and Daryle Lamonica , QB , 1963 -- 66 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 99 Previously worn by Tom Day , DE , 1961 -- 68 ; Dave Foley , OT , 1972 -- 77 ; Gene Grabosky , OT , 1960 ; and Scott Hutchinson , DE , 1978 -- 80 , 1983 The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history : No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith . Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history , the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation . Unofficially retired : 32 O.J. Simpson , RB , 1969 -- 77 34 Thurman Thomas , RB , 1988 -- 99 ; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist , RB , 1962 -- 64 Reduced circulation : 44 Elbert Dubenion , WR , 1960 -- 68 66 Billy Shaw , OG , 1961 -- 69 83 Andre Reed , WR , 1985 -- 99 ( Lee Evans III wore # 83 by special permission ) Since the earliest days of the team , the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player . The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number , and it was not supposed to represent any specific person , but the ' spirit of the team . ' In the first three decades of the team 's existence , the number 31 was only seen once : in 1969 , when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game , equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36 . The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James ( J.D. ) Williams wore it for his first two seasons . Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp , but is apparently now in general circulation ; Brandon Tate currently wears the number . Number 1 has also only rarely been used , for reasons never explained . Kicker Mike Hollis , who played one season for the Bills in 2002 , was the most recent to wear the number . Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients ( edit ) 1986 -- Ben Williams 1987 -- Joe DeLamielleure 1988 -- Steve Freeman 1989 -- Jerry Butler 1990 -- Tim Vogler 1991 -- Joe Ferguson 1992 -- Ken Jones 1993 -- Booker Edgerson 1994 -- George `` Butch '' Byrd 1995 -- Tony Greene 1996 -- Frank Lewis 1997 -- Steven Paganelli 1996 -- Roland Hooks 1997 -- Jim Ritcher , Charley Ferguson 1998 -- Stew Barber , Ed Rutkowski 1999 -- Fred Smerlas , Reggie McKenzie 2000 -- Darryl Talley , Ernie Warlick 2001 -- Steve Tasker , Kent Hull 2002 -- Don Beebe 2003 -- Thurman Thomas 2004 -- Paul Maguire 2005 -- Frank Reich 2006 -- Phil Hansen 2007 -- Lou Piccone , Denny Lynch 2008 -- Mark Kelso 2009 -- Andre Reed 2010 -- Ruben Brown 2011 -- Scott Norwood Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame ( edit ) Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Inducted No . Name Position Tenure 1980 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1984 15 Jack Kemp QB 1962 -- 1969 1985 -- Pat McGroder Contributor GM 1961 -- 1983 70 Tom Sestak DT 1962 -- 1968 1988 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1989 -- Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Owner 1959 -- 2014 1992 12 The 12th Man Fans 1960 -- present 1993 44 Elbert Dubenion WR 1960 -- 1968 1994 58 Mike Stratton LB 1962 -- 1972 1995 12 Joe Ferguson QB 1973 -- 1984 -- Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 1997 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 1998 20 Robert James CB 1969 -- 1974 1999 -- Edward Abramoski Trainer 1960 -- 1996 2000 61 Bob Kalsu 1968 26 George Saimes 1963 -- 1969 2001 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 76 Fred Smerlas DT 1979 -- 1989 2002 67 Kent Hull 1986 -- 1996 2003 56 Darryl Talley LB 1983 -- 1994 51 Jim Ritcher C / G 1980 -- 1993 2005 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2006 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2007 89 Steve Tasker WR 1986 -- 1997 2008 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 24 Booker Edgerson DB 1962 -- 1969 2011 90 Phil Hansen DE 1991 -- 2001 2012 -- Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2014 -- Van Miller Broadcaster 1960 -- 1971 1977 -- 2003 2015 -- Lou Saban Coach 1962 -- 1965 1972 -- 1976 2017 34 Cookie Gilchrist RB 1962 -- 1964 Pro Football Hall Of Fame ( edit ) Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1985 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1999 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 2002 80 James Lofton WR 1989 -- 1992 2003 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 2003 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2007 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 2009 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2014 81 Terrell Owens WR 2009 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Position Tenure Inducted Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 2001 Ralph Wilson Owner 1959 -- 2014 2009 Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2015 All - time first round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills first - round draft picks Recent Pro Bowl selections ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl selections CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : Collegiate Sports Video Association Henry Kunttu ( 2013 ) Coaches of note ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Buffalo Bills staff Front Office Owner / CEO -- Terry Pegula Owner -- Kim Pegula President -- Russ Brandon General Manager -- Brandon Beane Assistant General Manager -- Joe Schoen Vice President of Player Personnel -- Vacant College Scouting Director -- Terrance Gray Senior VP of Football Administration -- Jim Overdorf Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Lake Dawson Director of Pro Personnel -- Malik Boyd Head Coach -- Head Coach -- Sean McDermott Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Brian Daboll Quarterbacks -- David Culley Running Backs -- Kelly Skipper Wide Receivers -- Terry Robiskie Tight Ends -- Rob Boras Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Juan Castillo Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Dees Offensive Assistant -- Chad Hall Offensive Assistant -- Shea Tierney Offensive Assistant -- William Vlachos Offensive Assistant / Defense Special Projects -- Marc Lubick Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Leslie Frazier Defensive Line -- Bill Teerlinck Assistant Defensive Line -- Aaron Whitecotton Linebackers -- Bob Babich Defensive Backs -- John Butler Safeties -- Bobby Babich Defensive Assistant -- Jim Salgado Defensive Quality Control -- John Egorugwu Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Danny Crossman Assistant Special Teams -- Matt Smiley Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Eric Ciano Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Hal Luther Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Oszvart Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Loecher Assistant Strength and Conditioning - Will Greenberg → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Buffalo Bills roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 AJ McCarron 2 Nathan Peterman Running backs 39 Travaris Cadet 42 Patrick DiMarco FB 36 Aaron Green -- Chris Ivory 26 Taiwan Jones 25 LeSean McCoy 45 Marcus Murphy Wide receivers 13 Kelvin Benjamin 19 Quan Bray -- Kaelin Clay 16 Malachi Dupre 18 Andre Holmes 11 Zay Jones 89 Brandon Reilly -- Rod Streater Tight ends 85 Charles Clay 80 Jason Croom 88 Khari Lee 84 Nick O'Leary 82 Logan Thomas 89 Keith Towbridge Offensive linemen -- Russell Bodine C 73 Dion Dawkins T 62 Vladimir Ducasse G 72 Ryan Groy G 64 Richie Incognito G 61 Josh James T 68 Conor McDermott T 76 John Miller G 79 Jordan Mills T -- Marshall Newhouse T 60 Adam Redmond C 74 De'Ondre Wesley T 70 Eric Wood C Defensive linemen 75 Cap Capi DE 94 Rickey Hatley DT 55 Jerry Hughes DE 90 Shaq Lawson DE 97 Marquavius Lewis DE -- Star Lotulelei DT -- Trent Murphy DE -- Owa Odighizuwa DE 92 Adolphus Washington DT 95 Kyle Williams DT 54 Eddie Yarbrough DE Linebackers 57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB 50 Ramon Humber OLB 44 Deon Lacey OLB 58 Matt Milano OLB -- Julian Stanford OLB 40 Tanner Vallejo MLB 53 Xavier Woodson - Luster MLB Defensive backs -- Rafael Bush FS 41 Breon Borders CB -- Vontae Davis CB -- Phillip Gaines CB 23 Micah Hyde SS 31 Dean Marlowe FS -- Kelcie McCray SS -- L.J. McCray FS 30 Lafayette Pitts CB 21 Jordan Poyer FS 27 Tre'Davious White CB Special teams 7 Cory Carter P 69 Reid Ferguson LS 4 Steven Hauschka K 6 Colton Schmidt P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 29 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 69 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills broadcasters See also : Buffalo Bills Radio Network The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR , AM 550 in Buffalo . John Murphy is the team 's current play - by - play announcer ; he was a color commentator alongside , and eventually succeeded , longtime voice Van Miller after Miller 's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season . Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst . The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate , CJCL 590AM ( The Fan ) in Toronto . As of early 2012 , it is composed mostly of WGR , Entercom 's sister stations WCMF ( 96.5 FM ) and WROC - AM 950 in Rochester , and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany . Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media , who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season , leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse , Binghamton , and Erie . ( The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications . ) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide . During the preseason , most games are televised on Buffalo 's ABC affiliate , WKBW - TV channel 7 , with several other affiliates in western New York . These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse , WICU in Erie , WHAM - TV in Rochester , and for a period , CITY - TV in Toronto . CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games ; the play - by - play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone . WHAM - TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter . Since 2008 , preseason games have been broadcast in high definition . Beginning in the 2016 season , as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise , the Buffalo Sabres , most team - related programming , including studio programming and the coach 's show , was re-located to MSG Western New York -- a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership . Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW . In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN , WKBW - TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest , with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ - TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013 . Training camp sites ( edit ) 1960 -- 1962 Roycroft Inn , East Aurora , New York 1963 -- 1967 Camelot Hotel , Blasdell , New York 1968 -- 1980 Niagara University , Lewiston , New York 1981 -- 1999 State University of New York at Fredonia , Fredonia , New York 2000 -- present , St. John Fisher College , Pittsford , New York Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band ( edit ) The Bills ' official mascot is Billy Buffalo , an eight - foot tall , anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey `` number '' BB . The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders . The Bills operated a cheerleading squad named the Buffalo Jills from 1967 to 1985 ; from 1986 to 2013 , the Jills operated as an independent organization sponsored by various companies , most recently by Citadel Broadcasting . The Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions . The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle , in which the Jills allege they were employees , not independent contractors , and are seeking back pay . Complicating matters is that Citadel 's buyer , Cumulus Media , declared bankruptcy and sought to discharge its remaining Bills - related debts in January 2018 . The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline ( the others being the Baltimore Ravens , Washington Redskins , New York Jets , Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks ) . Since the last game of the 2013 season , this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline , known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion . The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School , the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years . The Bills have several theme songs associated with them . One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit `` Shout '' , recorded by Scott Kemper , which served as the Bills ' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s . It was officially replaced circa 2000 with `` The Power of the Bills '' , although `` Shout '' remains in use . The Bills ' unofficial fight song , `` Go Bills '' , was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game . Supporters ( edit ) The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills . It has over 200 chapters across North America , Europe and Oceania . Also notable is the Bills Mafia , a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010 ; the phrase `` Bills Mafia '' had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole , and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia . Outsiders often treat the Bills ' fan base in derogatory terms , especially since the 2010s , in part because of negative press coverage of select fans ' wilder antics . Bills fans have been noted as much for their boisterous behavior as they have for their generosity ; after the Bills received help in breaking their 17 - year playoff drought on a last - minute Cincinnati Bengals victory , Bills fans crowdfunded the charities of Bengals players Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd with tens of thousands of dollars as a gesture of thanks . The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman , who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s . Berman often uses the catchphrase `` No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills ! '' Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009 . The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert , a South Buffalo native , who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show , Meet the Press . ( His son , Luke , is also a notable fan of the team . ) CNN 's Wolf Blitzer , also a Buffalo native , has proclaimed he is also a fan , as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor . ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan , dating to his time attending Ithaca College . Actor Nick Bakay , a Buffalo native , is also a well - known Bills fan ; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10 . Character actor William Fichtner , raised in Cheektowaga , is a fan , and did a commercial for the team in 2014 . In 2015 , Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances , `` Four Falls of Buffalo '' . Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team . Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra - printed sportswear ; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick - and - mortar storefront , it chose Western New York as its first location . In popular culture ( edit ) Buffalo 's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin 's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty ! on the track `` How To Meet A Girl . '' On the track , Martin simulates chatter about football at a party , and one `` partier '' expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami -- at the time of the album 's release , the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills . In the 1996 X-Files episode `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' , the titular character , a member of a shadowy government cabal , states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives . The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct - to - TV movie Second String , and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66 . Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills . Because of this , references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , in which Cain played the title character . In the first episode of season four , titled `` Lord of the Flys '' , Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself . In a later episode , he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills . In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock , titled `` 100 '' , Alec Baldwin 's character Jack Donaghy discovers that , in an alternate future , he would not only be wealthier and more successful , but he would also be the owner of a `` New York football team . '' He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets , but the Buffalo Bills . The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers , the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons , in the playoffs . In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled `` 3 Acts of God '' , Peter Griffin -- along with his family and friends -- attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which the Bills win . The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C.J. Spiller guest starring as themselves . Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended , almost always as members of the Republican Party . The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp , who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971 -- two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades , serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996 . Kemp 's backup , Ed Rutkowski , served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987 . Former tight end Jay Riemersma , defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress , though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races . Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office , although both have declined all requests to date . See also ( edit ) New York portal National Football League portal List of American Football League players Major North American professional sports teams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Bills put charge in new uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp '' . Buffalo Bills . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Bills sale to Terry , Kim Pegula unanimously approved '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bills clinch first playoff spot since ' 99 with Ravens loss '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bills End Their Playoff Drought , and Tears Flow '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : History of NFL franchises , 1920 -- present '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : Ferrara , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` A look back at Bills uniform changes '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gene ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bills logo was artist 's crowning achievement '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original AFL Decals '' . www.remembertheafl.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` April 5 in Bills history : Charging Buffalo introduced as Bills logo '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch : NFL archival treasures '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Untold uniform stories : Fergie behind helmet color change '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion forward : Bills unveil brand - new uniforms for 2011 '' . National Football League . June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chris ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike unveils new NFL uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jets and Bills unveil ' Color Rush ' unis Thursday '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey unveils Bills - themed jersey for world junior outdoor game in Buffalo '' . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Miami Dolphins Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots named as Bills biggest rival '' . 247Sports.com . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New York Jets Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ Galliford , Brian ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Bills vs. Chiefs 2014 : seventh straight year of Buffalo - Kansas City matchup '' . Buffalo Rumblings . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Kansas City Chiefs Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Matt ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Bills vs. Titans Classic : The Comeback '' . Buffalo Rumblings . SB Nation . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` Still not buying Music City Miracle '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Wawrow , John ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Wycheck on Bills bandwagon 18 years after Music City Miracle '' . The Associated Press . WRALSportsFan.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Tennessee Titans Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . ^ Jump up to : Warsinskey , Tim ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills series has seen it all : A championship , a fired coach and blizzard '' . The Plain Dealer . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ `` Twitter oils Rust Belt rivalry between Bills , Browns '' . Football Insiders . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ NFL Record and fact Book ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 833 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` The untouchable numbers '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sambrotto , Anthony ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bruce Smith humbled , appreciative as 78 is officially retired '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Mark ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` The billboard : A daily dose from Bills training camp '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bills Pro Football Hall of Fame Players '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CSVA ( @ CSVA ) ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Congratulations to Chad Bunn from BYU and Henry Kunttu from the Buffalo Bills. The newest CSVA Hall of Fame inductees ! # CSVATAMPA2013 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wide - ranging deal will keep Sabres -- and other Pegula Sports & Entertainment content -- on MSG '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Whither the weather coverage in Western New York ? '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp History '' . Jump up ^ `` Associated Press News '' . bigstory.ap.org . Jump up ^ Davis , Henry ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Judge Decides Jills Lawsuit Employees Not Independent Contractors '' . Buffalo News . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Seeks To Cancel WLUP / WKQX LMA Purchase ; And Chicago PBP Deals '' from Radio Insight ( January 19 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski - Radlich , Jane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` With no Jills to lead cheers , the job of drumming up fan excitement falls to the Stampede '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills drumline led by Jordan Elbridge , family , friends . Syracuse.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Shei , Tim ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` He makes you want to ' Shout ! ' : Meet singer of famous Bills jingle '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mooshil , Maria ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` 10 more things to know about Bears fight song '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bills Backers info page on BuffaloBills.com Jump up ^ BillsMafia information page . Jump up ^ `` Brawls , Balls , and Beer : A Year at The Ralph with Bills Mafia '' . Sports . Jump up ^ Besecker , Aaron ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Bengals QB Andy Dalton 's foundation buys billboards to say ' thank you ' to Bills fans '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Clark , Dave ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Buffalo Bills fans also generous with Tyler Boyd 's charity '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm a Fan : Wolf Blitzer '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` What It Means to Be a Bills Fan '' . BuffaloBills.com . September 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bill ( 11 October 2014 ) . `` Buffalo Bills This Is Our Time 2014 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Zubaz opens chain 's first brick - and - mortar store at Fashion Outlets '' . 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bills make primetime appearance on Family Guy '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buffalo Bills . Official website Voices of Oklahoma interview with former tight end Reuben Gant , June 16 , 2010 Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right The `` Forward Lateral '' Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Pegula Sports and Entertainment Founded in 2011 Teams Buffalo Sabres ( NHL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Buffalo Bills ( NFL ) ( 2014 -- present ) Buffalo Bandits ( NLL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Buffalo Beauts ( NWHL ) ( 2017 -- present ) Rochester Americans ( AHL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Venues HarborCenter KeyBank Center ( operator ) New Era Field ( primary lessee ) Blue Cross Arena ( primary lessee ) People Terrence Pegula Kim Pegula Russ Brandon Other Holdings / Brands Black River Entertainment Black River Publishing Sound Stage Studio MSG Western New York § PicSix Creative ADPRO Sports Impact Sports Performance 716 Food and Sport One Buffalo psentertainment.com onebuffalo.com § Joint venture with The Madison Square Garden Company Sports teams based in New York State Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Buffalo Bisons Rochester Red Wings Syracuse Chiefs EL Binghamton Rumble Ponies NYPL Auburn Doubledays Batavia Muckdogs Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees Tri-City ValleyCats ALPB Long Island Ducks CanAm Rockland Boulders EPBL Plattsburgh Redbirds Sullivan Explorers ACBL Hampton Whalers NYCBL Cortland Crush Genesee Rapids Hornell Dodgers Olean Oilers Rochester Ridgemen Rome Generals Sherrill Silversmiths Syracuse Salt Cats Syracuse Spartans Wellsville Nitros PGCBL Jamestown Jammers Elmira Pioneers Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks PBL Jamestown Jackals WNY Thundersnow NAPB Albany Patroons Rochester Razorsharks IBA Schenectady Legends Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL Buffalo Bills AFL Albany Empire AAL Rochester Kings WFA New York Knockout New York Sharks EFL Watertown Red & Black GDFL Albany Metro Mallers Hockey NHL Buffalo Sabres New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Binghamton Devils Rochester Americans Syracuse Crunch Utica Comets ECHL Adirondack Thunder NWHL Buffalo Beauts FHL Watertown Wolves OJHL Buffalo Jr . Sabres Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC NASL New York Cosmos WPSL United FC Binghamton Empire United Long Island Fury New York Athletic Club New York Fury PDL F.A. Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester Lancers Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District Buffalo All - Americans / Buffalo Bisons / Buffalo Rangers Defunct National Football League club ( 1915 -- 1929 ) Based in Buffalo , New York The franchise Franchise All - Americans Players Bisons Players Rangers Players Owners Barney Lepper Warren D. Patterson Frank McNeil Tommy Hughitt Head coaches Tommy Hughitt Walt Koppisch Jim Kendrick Dim Batterson Al Jolley Stadiams Buffalo Baseball Park Canisius College Bison Stadium Seasons 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1929 Lore Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup Staley Swindle Buffalo Bills New York Pro Football League Sports in Buffalo Professional Buffalo 716ers Buffalo Bandits Buffalo Beauts Buffalo Bills Buffalo Bisons Buffalo Sabres Buffalo Wings FC Buffalo Collegiate Buffalo Bulls Buffalo State Bengals Canisius Golden Griffins Erie Kats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bills&oldid=832160822 '' Categories : Pegula Sports and Entertainment Buffalo , New York sports navigational boxes Buffalo Bills National Football League teams American Football League teams American football in Buffalo , New York American football teams in New York ( state ) Western New York Sports clubs established in 1960 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when have the bills been in the playoffs	[]	[]

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