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Continental collision
Continental collision - wikipedia Continental collision Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For general context , see Plate tectonics . Cartoon of a tectonic collision between two continents Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of Earth that occurs at convergent boundaries . Continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of subduction , whereby the subduction zone is destroyed , mountains produced , and two continents sutured together . Continental collision is known only to occur on Earth . Continental collision is not an instantaneous event , but may take several tens of millions of years before the faulting and folding caused by collisions stops . The collision between India and Asia has been going on for about 50 million years already and shows no signs of abating . Collision between East and West Gondwana to form the East African Orogen took about 100 million years from beginning ( 610 Ma ) to end ( 510 Ma ) . Collision between Gondwana and Laurasia to form Pangea occurred in a relatively brief interval , about 50 million years long . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subduction zone : the collision site 2 Deep subduction of continental crust 3 Orogeny and collapse 4 Far - field effects 5 Fossil collision zones 6 References 7 External links Subduction zone : the collision site ( edit ) The process begins as two continents ( different bits of continental crust ) , separated across a tract of ocean ( and oceanic crust ) , approach each other , while the oceanic crust is slowly consumed at a subduction zone . The subduction zone runs along the edge of one of the continents and dips under it , raising volcanic mountain chains at some distance behind it , such as the Andes of South America today . Subduction involves the whole lithosphere , the density of which is largely controlled by the nature of the crust it carries . Oceanic crust is thin ( ~ 6 km thick ) and dense ( about 3.3 g / cm3 ) , consisting of basalt , gabbro , and peridotite . Consequently , most oceanic crust is subducted easily at an oceanic trench . In contrast , continental crust is thick ( ~ 45 km thick ) and buoyant , composed mostly of granitic rocks ( average density about 2.5 g / cm3 ) . Continental crust is subducted with difficulty , but is subducted to depths of 90 - 150 km or more , as evidenced by ultra-high pressure ( UHP ) metamorphic suites . Normal subduction continues as long as the ocean exists , but the subduction system is disrupted as the continent carried by the downgoing plate enters the trench . Because it contains thick continental crust , this lithosphere is less dense than the underlying asthenospheric mantle and normal subduction is disrupted . The volcanic arc on the upper plate is slowly extinguished . Resisting subduction , the crust buckles up and under , raising mountains where a trench used to be . The position of the trench becomes a zone that marks the suture between the two continental terranes . Suture zones are often marked by fragments of the pre-existing oceanic crust and mantle rocks , known as ophiolites . Deep subduction of continental crust ( edit ) The continental crust on the downgoing plate is deeply subducted as part of the downgoing plate during collision , defined as buoyant crust entering a subduction zone . An unknown proportion of subducted continental crust returns to the surface as ultra-high pressure ( UHP ) metamorphic terranes , which contain metamorphic coesite and / or diamond plus or minus unusual silicon - rich garnets and / or potassium - bearing pyroxenes . The presence of these minerals demonstrate subduction of continental crust to at least 90 -- 140 km deep . Examples of UHP terranes are known from the Dabie -- Sulu belt of east - central China , the Western Alps , the Himalaya of India , the Kokchetav Massif of Kazakhstan , the Bohemian Massif of Europe , the North Qaidam of Northwestern China , the Western Gneiss Region of Norway , and Mali . Most UHP terranes consist of an imbricated sheets or nappes . The fact that most UHP terranes consist of thin sheets suggests that much thicker , volumetrically dominant tracts of continental crust are more deeply subducted . Orogeny and collapse ( edit ) Mountain formation by a reverse fault movement An orogeny is underway when mountains begin to grow in the collision zone . There are other modes of mountain formation and orogeny but certainly continental collision is one of the most important . Rainfall and snowfall increase on the mountains as these rise , perhaps at a rate of a few millimeters per year ( at a growth rate of 1 mm / year , a 5,000 m tall mountain can form in 5 million years , a time period that is less than 10 % of the life of a typical collision zone ) . River systems form , and glaciers may grow on the highest peaks . Erosion accelerates as the mountains rise , and great volumes of sediment are shed into the rivers , which carry sediment away from the mountains to be deposited in sedimentary basins in the surrounding lowlands . Crustal rocks are thrust faulted over the sediments and the mountain belt broadens as it rises in height . A crustal root also develops , as required by isostasy ; mountains can be high if underlain by thicker crust . Crustal thickening may happen as a result of crustal shortening or when one crust overthrusts the other . Thickening is accompanied by heating , so the crust becomes weaker as it thickens . The lower crust begins to flow and collapse under the growing mountain mass , forming rifts near the crest of the mountain range . The lower crust may partially melt , forming anatectic granites which then rise into the overlying units , forming granite intrusions . Crustal thickening provides one of two negative feedbacks on mountain growth in collision zones , the other being erosion . The popular notion that erosion is responsible for destroying mountains is only half correct - viscous flow of weak lower mantle also reduces relief with time , especially once the collision is complete and the two continents are completely sutured . Convergence between the continents continues because the crust is still being pulled down by oceanic lithosphere sinking in the subduction zone to either side of the collision as well as beneath the impinging continent . The pace of mountain building associated with the collision is measured by radiometric dating of igneous rocks or units that have been metamorphosed during the collision and by examining the record of sediments shed from the rising mountains into the surrounding basins . The pace of ancient convergence can be determined with paleomagnetic measurements , while the present rate of convergence can be measured with GPS . Far - field effects ( edit ) The effects of the collision are felt far beyond the immediate site of collision and mountain - building . As convergence between the two continents continues , the region of crustal thickening and elevation will become broader . If there is an oceanic free face , the adjacent crustal blocks may move towards it . As an example of this , the collision of India with Asia forced large regions of crust to move south to form modern Southeast Asia . Another example is the collision of Arabia with Asia , which is squeezing the Anatolian Plate ( present day Turkey ) . As a result , Turkey is moving west and south into the Mediterranean Sea and away from the collision zone . These far - field effects may result in the formation of rifts , and rift valleys such as that occupied by Lake Baikal , the deepest lake on Earth . Fossil collision zones ( edit ) Continental collisions are a critical part of the supercontinent cycle and have happened many times in the past . Ancient collision zones are deeply eroded but may still be recognized because these mark sites of intense deformation , metamorphism , and plutonic activity that separate tracts of continental crust having different geologic histories prior to the collision . Old collision zones are commonly called `` suture zones '' by geologists , because this is where two previous continents are joined or sutured together . References ( edit ) Ernst , W.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Preservation / exhumation of ultrahigh - pressure subduction complexes '' . Lithos. 92 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 321 -- 335 . Bibcode : 2006Litho ... 92 ... 321E . doi : 10.1016 / j. lithos. 2006.03. 049 . Ernst , W.G. ; Maruyama , S. Wallis ; Wallis , S. ( 1997 ) . `` Buoyancy - driven , rapid exhumation of ultrahigh - pressure metamorphosed continental crust '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 94 ( 18 ) : 9532 -- 9537 . Bibcode : 1997PNAS ... 94.9532 E . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.18. 9532 . O'Brien , P.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Subduction followed by collision ; Alpine and Himalayan examples '' . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 127 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 277 -- 291 . Bibcode : 2001PEPI ... 127 ... 277O . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9201 ( 01 ) 00232 - 1 . Toussaint , G. ; Burov , E. ; Avouac , J. - P. ( 2004 ) . `` Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone : A thermomechanical numerical model '' . Tectonics. 23 ( 6 ) : TC6003 . Bibcode : 2004Tecto ... 23.6003 T . doi : 10.1029 / 2003TC001604 . Song , S.G. ( 2014 ) . `` Continental orogenesis from ocean subduction , continent collision / subduction , to orogen collapse , and orogen recycling : The example of the North Qaidam UHPM belt , NW China '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 129 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 59 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2014ESRv ... 129 ... 59S . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2013.11. 010 . External links ( edit ) Where Continents Collide Dynamics of Continental Collision Zones The Wilson Cycle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_collision&oldid=804803860 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 07 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
list and briefly describe two types of collisional mountain belts
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Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County , California - wikipedia Los Angeles County , California `` LA County '' redirects here . For the equivalent of counties in Louisiana , see List of parishes in Louisiana . County in California , United States Los Angeles County , California County County of Los Angeles Images , from top down , left to right : Downtown Los Angeles in Winter of 2016 , Venice , Los Angeles during sunset , Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills , CA , Satellite picture of Santa Catalina Island , the Santa Monica Pier , Angeles National Forest , Vasquez Rocks , Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve , and the Hollywood Sign Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` L.A. County '' Location of the county in California California 's location in the contiguous United States Coordinates : 34 ° 3 ′ N 118 ° 15 ′ W  /  34.050 ° N 118.250 ° W  / 34.050 ; - 118.250 Coordinates : 34 ° 3 ′ N 118 ° 15 ′ W  /  34.050 ° N 118.250 ° W  / 34.050 ; - 118.250 Country United States State California Region Southern California Metro area Greater Los Angeles Formed February 18 , 1850 Named for The Los Angeles , which was named for Our Lady , Queen of the Angels County seat Los Angeles Largest city Los Angeles Incorporated cities 88 Government Type Council -- manager Body Board of Supervisors Board of Supervisors Supervisors ( show ) Hilda Solis Mark Ridley - Thomas Sheila Kuehl Janice Hahn Kathryn Barger Chief executive officer Sachi A. Hamai Area Total 4,751 sq mi ( 12,310 km ) Land 4,058 sq mi ( 10,510 km ) Water 693 sq mi ( 1,790 km ) Highest elevation 10,068 ft ( 3,069 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( April 1 , 2010 ) Total 9,818,605 Estimate ( 2017 ) 10,163,507 Density 2,100 / sq mi ( 800 / km ) Time zone Pacific Time Zone ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 90001 -- 90899 , 91001 -- 93599 Area codes 213 , 310 / 424 , 323 , 562 , 626 , 661 , 747 / 818 , 909 FIPS code 06 - 037 GNIS feature ID 277283 GDP $664 billion Primary Airport Los Angeles International Airport LAX ( Major / International ) Secondary Airport Hollywood Burbank Airport - BUR ( Regional ) Van Nuys Airport - VNY ( Regional ) Long Beach Airport - LGB ( Regional ) Interstates U.S. Routes State Routes Rapid Transit ( under construction ) Commuter Rail ( planned ) Website www.lacounty.gov Chamber of Commerce brochure , c. 1920 Los Angeles County , officially the County of Los Angeles , ( Spanish : Condado de Los Ángeles ) is the most populous county in the United States , with more than 10 million inhabitants as of 2017 . Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states . It is the third - largest metropolitan economy in the world , with a Nominal GDP of over $700 billion -- larger than the GDPs of Belgium , Saudi Arabia , Norway and Taiwan . It has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles ( 10,570 km ) , it is larger than the combined areas of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county is home to more than one - quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U.S. Its county seat , Los Angeles , is also its most populous city at about four million . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Lakes and reservoirs 2.2 Major divisions of the county 2.3 National protected areas 3 Demographics 3.1 Race and ancestry 3.2 2000 3.3 Income 3.4 Religion 4 Law , government and politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Politics 4.2. 1 Voter registration 4.2. 2 Overview 4.3 Legal system 5 Crime 5.1 Cities by population and crime rates 5.2 Other statistics 6 Economy 7 Education 7.1 Colleges 7.2 Universities 8 Sites of interest 8.1 Museums 8.2 Entertainment 8.3 Music venues 8.4 Amusement parks 8.5 Other attractions 8.6 Other areas 9 Transportation 9.1 Major highways 9.2 Air 9.3 Rail 9.4 Sea 10 Communities 10.1 Cities 10.2 Unincorporated areas 10.2. 1 Census designated places 10.2. 2 Other communities 10.3 Population ranking 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Changes in the borders of Los Angeles County over the years ( click on image for larger image ) See also : History of Los Angeles Los Angeles County is one of the original counties of California , created at the time of statehood in 1850 . The county originally included parts of what are now Kern , San Bernardino , Riverside and Orange counties . In 1851 and 1852 , Los Angeles County strechted from the coast to the border of Nevada . As the population increased , sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853 , Kern County in 1866 , and Orange County in 1889 . Geography ( edit ) Los Angeles Ventura Kern San Bernardino Orange Pacific Ocean Los Angeles and adjacent counties According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has an area of 4,751 square miles ( 12,310 km ) , of which 4,058 square miles ( 10,510 km ) is land and 693 square miles ( 1,790 km ) ( 15 % ) is water . Los Angeles County borders 70 miles ( 110 km ) of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges , valleys , forests , islands , lakes , rivers , and desert . The Los Angeles River , Rio Hondo , the San Gabriel River and the Santa Clara River flow in Los Angeles County , while the primary mountain ranges are the Santa Monica Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains . The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley , in the northeastern part of the county . Los Angeles at night . Aerial photo taken from San Pedro , looking North . Most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest , with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin , San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley . Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley , Pomona Valley , Crescenta Valley and Antelope Valley . The county is divided west - to - east by the San Gabriel Mountains , which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California , and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest . Most of the county 's highest peaks are in the San Gabriel Mountains , including Mount San Antonio 10,068 feet ( 3,069 m ) ) at the Los Angeles - San Bernardino county lines , Mount Baden - Powell 9,399 feet ( 2,865 m ) , Mount Burnham 8,997 feet ( 2,742 m ) and Mount Wilson 5,710 feet ( 1,740 m ) . Several lower mountains are in the northern , western , and southwestern parts of the county , including the San Emigdio Mountains , the southernmost part of Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra Pelona Mountains . Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island , which are part of the Channel Islands archipelago off the Pacific Coast . Lakes and reservoirs ( edit ) Baldwin Lake Bouquet Reservoir Castaic Lake Crystal Lake Elizabeth Lake Holiday Lake Hollywood Reservoir Hughes Lake Jackson Lake Las Virgenes Reservoir . Malibou Lake Morris Reservoir Munz Lakes Lake Palmdale Puddingstone Reservoir Pyramid Lake Quail Lake Silver Lake Reservoir Stone Canyon Reservoir Tweedy Lake Westlake in City of Westlake Village Lake Lindero Major divisions of the county ( edit ) East : Eastside , San Gabriel Valley , portions of the Pomona Valley West : Westside , Beach Cities South : South Bay , South Los Angeles , Palos Verdes Peninsula , Gateway Cities , Los Angeles Harbor Region North : San Fernando Valley , Crescenta Valley , portions of the Conejo Valley , portions of the Antelope Valley and Santa Clarita Valley Central : Downtown Los Angeles , Mid-Wilshire , Northeast Los Angeles National protected areas ( edit ) Angeles National Forest ( part ) Los Padres National Forest ( part ) Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area ( part ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Los Angeles County Los Angeles County had a population of 9,818,605 in the 2010 United States Census . The racial makeup of Los Angeles County was 4,936,599 ( 50 % ) White , 1,346,865 ( 13.7 % ) Asian , 856,874 ( 9 % ) African American , 72,828 ( 0.7 % ) Native American , 26,094 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 2,140,632 ( 21.8 % ) from other races , and 438,713 ( 4.5 % ) from two or more races . Non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321 , or 28 % of the population . Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889 ( 48 % ) ; 36 % of Los Angeles County 's population was of Mexican ancestry ; 3.7 % Salvadoran , and 2.2 % Guatemalan heritage . The county has a large population of Asian Americans , being home to the largest concentration of immigrants who are Burmese , Cambodian , Chinese , Filipino , Indian , Indonesian , Korean , Sri Lankan , Taiwanese , and Thai in the world . The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 ( 13.7 % ) Asians in Los Angeles County are 4.0 % Chinese , 3.3 % Filipino , 2.2 % Korean , 1.0 % Japanese , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.8 % Indian , and 0.3 % Cambodian . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 3,530 -- 1860 11,333 221.0 % 1870 15,309 35.1 % 1880 33,381 118.0 % 1890 101,454 203.9 % 1900 170,298 67.9 % 1910 504,131 196.0 % 1920 936,455 85.8 % 1930 2,208,492 135.8 % 1940 2,785,643 26.1 % 1950 4,151,687 49.0 % 1960 6,038,771 45.5 % 1970 7,041,980 16.6 % 1980 7,477,421 6.2 % 8,863,164 18.5 % 2000 9,519,338 7.4 % 9,818,605 3.1 % Est. 2017 10,163,507 3.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2010 -- 2015 Race and ancestry ( edit ) Population , race , and income ( 2011 ) Total population 9,787,747 White 5,126,367 52.4 % Black or African American 844,048 8.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native 49,329 0.5 % Asian 1,347,782 13.8 % Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 26,310 0.3 % Some other race 2,064,759 21.1 % Two or more races 329,152 3.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 4,644,328 47.5 % Per capita income $27,954 Median household income $56,266 Median family income $62,595 The racial makeup of the county is 48.7 % White , 11.0 % African American , 0.8 % Native American , 10.0 % Asian , 0.3 % Pacific Islander , 23.5 % from other races , and 4.9 % from two or more races. 44.6 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . The largest European - American ancestry groups are German ( 6 % ) , Irish ( 5 % ) , English ( 4 % ) and Italian ( 3 % ) . 45.9 % of the population reported speaking only English at home ; 37.9 % spoke Spanish , 2.22 % Tagalog , 2.0 % Chinese , 1.9 % Korean , 1.87 % Armenian , 0.5 % Arabic , and 0.2 % Hindi . The county has the largest Native American population of any county in the nation : according to the 2000 census , it has more than 153,550 people of indigenous descent , and most are from Latin America . As estimated by the Public Policy Institute of California in 2008 , Los Angeles County is home to more than one - third of California 's undocumented immigrants , who make up more than ten percent of the population . 2000 ( edit ) Map of Los Angeles County showing population density in 2000 by census tract At the census of 2000 , there were 9,519,338 people , 3,133,774 households , and 2,137,233 families residing in the county . The population density was 2,344 people per square mile ( 905 / km ) . There were 3,270,909 housing units at an average density of 806 per square mile ( 311 / km ) . There were 3,133,774 households out of which 37 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 48 % were married couples living together , 15 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 32 % were non-families. 25 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61 . In the county , the population was spread out with 28 % under the age of 18 , 10 % from 18 to 24 , 33 % from 25 to 44 , 19 % from 45 to 64 , and 10 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 32 years . For every 100 females , there were 97.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95.0 males . Income ( edit ) Percent of households with incomes above $150 k across LA County census tracts . The median personal earnings for all workers 16 and older in Los Angeles County are $30,654 , slightly below the US median ; earnings , however vary widely by neighborhood , race and ethnicity , and gender . The median income for a household in the county was $42,189 , and the median income for a family was $46,452 . Males had a median income of $36,299 versus $30,981 for females . The per capita income for the county was $20,683 . There are 14.4 % of families living below the poverty line and 17.9 % of the population , including 24.2 % of under 18 and 10.5 % of those over 64 . Los Angeles County has the highest number of millionaires of any county in the nation , totaling 261,081 households as of 2007 . The homeownership rate is 47.9 % , and the median value for houses is $409,300. 42.2 % of housing units are in multi-unit structures . Los Angeles County has the largest number of homeless people , with `` 48,000 people living on the streets , including 6,000 veterans . '' , in 2010 . As of 2017 the number of homeless in the county of Los Angeles increased to nearly 58,000 . Religion ( edit ) In 2000 , there were hundreds of Christian churches , 202 Jewish synagogues , 145 Buddhist temples , 48 Muslim mosques , 44 Bahai worship centers , 37 Hindu mandirs , 28 Tenrikyo churches and fellowships , 16 Shinto worship centers , and 14 Sikh gurdwaras in the county . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles has approximately 5 million members and is the largest diocese in the United States . Law , government and politics ( edit ) Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Los Angeles County The Government of Los Angeles County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution , California law and the Charter of the County of Los Angeles . Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of local governments such as the Government of Los Angeles County . The county 's voters elect a governing five - member Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors . The small size of the board means each supervisor represents over 2 million people . The board operates in a legislative , executive , and quasi-judicial capacity . As a legislative authority , it can pass ordinances for the unincorporated areas ( ordinances that affect the whole county , like posting of restaurant ratings , must be ratified by the individual city ) . As an executive body , it can tell the county departments what to do , and how to do it . As a quasi-judicial body , the Board is the final venue of appeal in the local planning process , and holds public hearings on various agenda items . As of 2008 , the Board of Supervisors oversees a $22.5 billion annual budget and approximately 100,000 employees . The county government is managed on a day - to - day basis by a Chief Executive Officer and is organized into many departments , each of which is enormous in comparison to equivalent county - level ( and even many state - level ) departments anywhere else in the United States . Some of the larger or better - known departments include : The Grand Avenue entrance of the Stanley Mosk Courthouse . Los Angeles County Department of Consumer and Business Affairs -- offers consumers in the county a variety of services including : consumer and real estate counseling , mediation , and small claims counseling investigates consumer complains , real estate fraud and identity theft issues . The department also provides small business certifications and helps entrepreneurs navigate the process of opening a business . Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services -- administers foster care Los Angeles County Fire Department -- provides firefighting services for the unincorporated parts of Los Angeles County , as well as 58 cities . Los Angeles County Department of Health Services -- operates several county hospitals and a network of primary care clinics , Los Angeles County Department of Public Health - administers public health programs including STD programs , smoking cessation , and restaurant inspection . In the majority of the county LACDPH puts letter grades relating to the food cleanliness and safety of a restaurant in the front window of restaurants . Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services -- administers many federal and state welfare programs Los Angeles County Department of Public Works -- operates countywide flood control system , constructs and maintains roads in unincorporated areas Los Angeles County District Attorney -- prosecutes criminal suspects . Los Angeles County Office of the Public Defender -- Defends indigent people accused of criminal offenses . Los Angeles County Probation Department Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department -- provides law enforcement services for the unincorporated parts of Los Angeles County , as well as 42 cities . The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority , despite its name , is not a County department . Technically it is a state - mandated county transportation commission that also operates bus and rail . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Los Angeles County Los Angeles County vote by party in presidential elections Year GOP DEM Others 2016 22.41 % 769,743 71.76 % 2,464,364 5.83 % 200,201 2012 27.83 % 885,333 69.69 % 2,216,903 2.48 % 78,831 2008 28.82 % 956,425 69.19 % 2,295,853 1.99 % 65,970 35.60 % 1,076,225 63.10 % 1,907,736 1.30 % 39,319 2000 32.35 % 871,930 63.47 % 1,710,505 4.19 % 112,719 30.96 % 746,544 59.34 % 1,430,629 9.70 % 233,841 29.04 % 799,607 52.54 % 1,446,529 18.43 % 507,267 46.88 % 1,239,716 51.89 % 1,372,352 1.23 % 32,603 1984 54.50 % 1,424,113 44.35 % 1,158,912 1.14 % 29,889 1980 50.18 % 1,224,533 40.15 % 979,830 9.67 % 235,822 1976 47.78 % 1,174,926 49.69 % 1,221,893 2.53 % 62,258 1972 54.75 % 1,549,717 42.04 % 1,189,977 3.20 % 90,676 1968 47.65 % 1,266,480 46.02 % 1,223,251 6.33 % 168,251 1964 42.52 % 1,161,067 57.43 % 1,568,300 0.06 % 1,551 1960 49.45 % 1,302,661 50.25 % 1,323,818 0.30 % 8,020 1956 55.38 % 1,260,206 44.29 % 1,007,887 0.32 % 7,331 1952 56.21 % 1,278,407 42.71 % 971,408 1.09 % 24,725 1948 46.51 % 804,232 47.00 % 812,690 6.48 % 112,160 1944 42.68 % 666,441 56.75 % 886,252 0.57 % 8,871 1940 40.58 % 574,266 58.13 % 822,718 1.29 % 18,285 1936 31.62 % 357,401 67.00 % 757,351 1.39 % 15,663 1932 38.55 % 373,738 57.19 % 554,476 4.27 % 41,380 1928 70.22 % 513,526 28.71 % 209,945 1.07 % 7,830 1924 65.51 % 299,675 7.33 % 33,554 27.16 % 124,228 1920 69.10 % 178,117 21.59 % 55,661 9.31 % 23,992 1916 50.59 % 135,554 42.58 % 114,070 6.83 % 18,297 1912 1.32 % 2,181 33.34 % 55,110 65.34 % 108,005 1908 56.77 % 41,483 30.21 % 22,076 13.02 % 9,518 1904 66.50 % 32,507 20.52 % 10,030 12.98 % 6,346 1900 55.10 % 19,200 37.76 % 13,158 7.15 % 2,490 1896 49.62 % 16,891 47.13 % 16,043 3.25 % 1,108 1892 44.89 % 10,226 35.64 % 8,119 19.47 % 4,434 Voter registration ( edit ) Population and registered voters Total population 9,787,747 Registered voters 4,865,403 49.7 % Democratic 2,486,479 51.1 % Republican 1,048,507 21.6 % Democratic -- Republican spread + 1,437,972 + 29.5 % Independent 109,055 2.2 % Green 24,534 0.5 % Libertarian 25,808 0.5 % Peace and Freedom 24,950 0.5 % Americans Elect 2,583 0.1 % Other 262,180 5.4 % No party preference 881,307 18.1 % Overview ( edit ) Los Angeles County has voted for the Democratic candidate in most of the presidential elections in the past four decades , and has gone Democratic in every election since 1988 . However , it did vote twice for Dwight Eisenhower ( 1952 , 1956 ) , Richard Nixon ( 1968 , 1972 ) , and Ronald Reagan ( 1980 , 1984 ) the latter two of whom were Californians . From 1920 to 1984 it was a bellwether county that always voted for the eventual national winner . It voted against the national popular vote winner in 1988 and 2004 . In 2008 and 2012 approximately 69 % of the electorate voted for Democrat Barack Obama . In 2016 , Democrat Hillary Clinton won 71 % of the vote , marking the largest percentage of the electorate ever won by a single candidate in the county . In the United States House of Representatives , Los Angeles County is split between 18 congressional districts : In the California State Senate , Los Angeles County is split between 15 legislative districts : In the California State Assembly , Los Angeles County is split between 24 legislative districts : On November 4 , 2008 , Los Angeles County was almost evenly split over Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same - sex marriages . The county voted for the amendment 50.04 % with a margin of 2,385 votes . Legal system ( edit ) Further information : Superior Court of Los Angeles County The Los Angeles Superior Court , is the county 's court of general jurisdiction , while the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California may hear cases where federal jurisdiction is present . Both are headquartered in a large cluster of government buildings in the city 's Civic Center . Historically , the courthouses were county - owned buildings that were maintained at county expense , which created significant friction since the trial court judges , as officials of the state government , had to lobby the county Board of Supervisors for facility renovations and upgrades . In turn , the state judiciary successfully persuaded the state Legislature to authorize the transfer of all courthouses to the state government in 2008 and 2009 ( so that judges would have direct control over their own courthouses ) . Courthouse security is still provided by the county government under a contract with the state . Unlike the largest city in the United States , New York City , all of the city of Los Angeles and most of its important suburbs are located within a single county . As a result , both the county superior court and the federal district court are respectively the busiest courts of their type in the nation . Many celebrities like O.J. Simpson have been seen in Los Angeles courts . In 2003 , the television show Extra ( based in nearby Glendale ) found itself running so many reports on the legal problems of local celebrities that it spun them off into a separate show , Celebrity Justice . State cases are appealed to the Court of Appeal for the Second Appellate District , which is also headquartered in the Civic Center , and then to the California Supreme Court , which is headquartered in San Francisco but also hears argument in Los Angeles ( again , in the Civic Center ) . Federal cases are appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , which hears them at its branch building in Pasadena . The court of last resort for federal cases is the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington , D.C. Crime ( edit ) The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense . show Population and crime rates Population 9,787,747 Violent crime 54,747 5.59 Homicide 699 0.07 Forcible rape 2,114 0.22 Robbery 24,528 2.51 Aggravated assault 27,406 2.80 Property crime 155,583 15.90 Burglary 50,558 5.17 Larceny - theft 144,589 14.77 Motor vehicle theft 46,710 4.77 Arson 2,815 0.29 Cities by population and crime rates ( edit ) show Cities by population and crime rates City Population Violent crimes Violent crime rate per 1,000 persons Property crimes Property crime rate per 1,000 persons Agoura Hills 20,667 12 0.58 236 11.42 Alhambra 84,469 149 1.76 1,919 22.72 Arcadia 57,295 57 0.99 1,388 24.23 Artesia 16,793 60 3.57 262 15.60 Avalon 3,795 13 3.43 64 16.86 Azusa 47,111 220 4.67 1,204 25.56 Baldwin Park 76,644 261 3.41 1,585 20.68 Bell 36,062 225 6.24 662 18.36 Bellflower 77,886 304 3.90 1,802 23.14 Bell Gardens 42,769 125 2.92 728 17.02 Beverly Hills 34,677 89 2.57 1,081 31.17 Bradbury 1,067 0 0.00 10 9.37 Burbank 105,057 243 2.31 2,493 23.73 Calabasas 23,442 13 0.55 238 10.15 Carson 93,233 520 5.58 2,709 29.06 Cerritos 49,856 120 2.41 1,870 37.51 Claremont 35,469 40 1.13 901 25.40 Commerce 13,035 112 8.59 1,010 77.48 Compton 98,057 1,218 12.42 2,399 24.47 Covina 48,588 151 3.11 1,651 33.98 Cudahy 24,201 151 6.24 347 14.34 Culver City 39,528 179 4.53 1,760 44.53 Diamond Bar 56,470 55 0.97 952 16.86 Downey 113,628 381 3.35 3,537 31.13 Duarte 21,673 71 3.28 507 23.39 El Monte 115,356 395 3.42 2,230 19.33 El Segundo 16,931 38 2.24 595 35.14 Gardena 59,802 287 4.80 1,321 22.09 Glendale 194,902 233 1.20 3,043 15.61 Glendora 50,903 59 1.16 1,293 25.40 Hawaiian Gardens 14,493 69 4.76 193 13.32 Hawthorne 85,692 637 7.43 2,181 25.45 Hermosa Beach 19,830 54 2.72 678 34.19 Hidden Hills 1,887 0 0.00 2.12 Huntington Park 59,079 373 6.31 1,917 32.45 Industry 222 68 306.31 1,110 5,000.00 Inglewood 111,488 780 7.00 2,673 23.98 Irwindale 1,447 15 10.37 243 167.93 La Canada Flintridge 20,584 12 0.58 324 15.74 La Habra Heights 5,413 6 1.11 44 8.13 Lakewood 81,382 227 2.79 2,062 25.34 La Mirada 49,312 98 1.99 776 15.74 Lancaster 159,155 859 5.40 3,498 21.98 La Puente 40,479 121 2.99 521 12.87 La Verne 31,575 50 1.58 823 26.06 Lawndale 33,312 167 5.01 397 11.92 Lomita 20,591 95 4.61 391 18.99 Long Beach 469,893 2,705 5.76 14,131 30.07 Los Angeles 3,855,122 18,547 4.81 87,478 22.69 Lynwood 70,908 541 7.63 1,373 19.36 Malibu 12,854 15 1.17 329 25.60 Manhattan Beach 35,719 62 1.74 855 23.94 Maywood 27,850 175 6.28 286 10.27 Monrovia 37,199 81 2.18 948 25.48 Montebello 63,538 146 2.30 1,775 27.94 Monterey Park 61,270 75 1.22 1,022 16.68 Norwalk 107,295 433 4.04 2,609 24.32 Palmdale 155,294 812 5.23 3,393 21.85 Palos Verdes Estates 13,661 6 0.44 136 9.96 Paramount 54,997 244 4.44 1,536 27.93 Pasadena 139,382 433 3.11 3,379 24.24 Pico Rivera 63,988 261 4.08 1,780 27.82 Pomona 151,511 1,021 6.74 5,055 33.36 Rancho Palos Verdes 42,335 35 0.83 498 11.76 Redondo Beach 67,856 190 2.80 1,596 23.52 Rolling Hills 1,891 0 0.00 27 14.28 Rolling Hills Estates 8,202 9 1.10 129 15.73 Rosemead 54,656 143 2.62 913 16.70 San Dimas 33,923 51 1.50 668 19.69 San Fernando 24,039 77 3.20 380 15.81 San Gabriel 40,376 88 2.18 550 13.62 San Marino 13,364 13 0.97 183 13.69 Santa Clarita 179,248 342 1.91 2,742 15.30 Santa Fe Springs 16,492 99 6.00 1,272 77.13 Santa Monica 91,215 395 4.33 3,398 37.25 Sierra Madre 11,098 0.36 112 10.09 Signal Hill 11,198 43 3.84 536 47.87 South El Monte 20,452 88 4.30 399 19.51 South Gate 95,966 553 5.76 2,545 26.52 South Pasadena 26,045 27 1.04 443 17.01 Temple City 36,148 38 1.05 354 9.79 Torrance 147,851 190 1.29 2,690 18.19 Vernon 114 27 236.84 311 2,728.07 Walnut 29,658 37 1.25 382 12.88 West Covina 107,861 281 2.61 3,224 29.89 West Hollywood 34,971 338 9.67 1,642 46.95 Westlake Village 8,406 0.36 154 18.32 Whittier 86,740 247 2.85 2,502 28.84 Other statistics ( edit ) Crime in 2008 ( reported by the sheriff 's office or police ) Assaults : 5452 Auto thefts : 7727 Burglaries : 5254 Murders : 568 ( 5.7 per 100,000 ) Rapes : 582 Robberies : 2210 Thefts : 9682 Crime in 2013 Homicides : 386 Thefts : 54,971 Burglaries : 17,606 Car Thefts : 15,866 Robberies : 10,202 Violent Crimes : 20,318 Rapes : 843 Assaults : 8,976 Murders : 297 Economy ( edit ) See also : Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Employment by industry in Los Angeles County ( 2015 ) Los Angeles County is commonly associated with the entertainment and digital media industry ; all six major film studios -- Paramount Pictures , 21st Century Fox , Sony , Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , and Walt Disney Studios -- are located within the county . Numerous other major industries also define the economy of Los Angeles County , including international trade supported by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach , music recording and production , aerospace and defense , fashion , and professional services such as law , medicine , engineering and design services , financial services and more . High - tech sector employment within Los Angeles County is 368,500 workers , and manufacturing employment within Los Angeles County is 365,000 workers . The following major companies have headquarters in Los Angeles County : Burbank Walt Disney Co Cerritos CareMore Isuzu Motors America Memorex RazorUSA Beverly Hills Live Nation Entertainment , Inc El Segundo Konami Mattel , Inc Glendale Avery Dennison Corp . Hawthorne Space X La Mirada Makita Los Angeles AECOM CBRE Group Dollar Shave Club Fandango , Inc . Farmers Insurance Group The Honest Company ICANN Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co . Snapchat Universal Pictures Long Beach Molina Healthcare Monrovia Trader Joe 's Palmdale Delta Scientific Rosemead Edison International Santa Clarita Princess Cruise Lines Honda Racing Santa Monica Activision Blizzard Hulu Riot Games TrueCar Torrance American Honda Motor Co . Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. Inc . Westlake Village Dole Food Company Woodland Hills Farmers Insurance Exchange Health Net Inc . Education ( edit ) The Los Angeles County Office of Education provides a supporting role for school districts in the area . The county office also operates two magnet schools , the International Polytechnic High School and Los Angeles County High School for the Arts . There are a number of private schools in the county , most notably those operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese . Colleges ( edit ) Antelope Valley College , Lancaster Art Center College of Design , Pasadena The Art Institute of California - Los Angeles ( AICALA ) , Santa Monica California Institute of the Arts , Santa Clarita Cerritos College , Norwalk Citrus College , Glendora Claremont McKenna College , Claremont Claremont School of Theology , Claremont College of the Canyons , Santa Clarita DeVry University , Long Beach and West Hills ( Los Angeles ) East Los Angeles College , Monterey Park El Camino College , Torrance Fuller Theological Seminary , Pasadena Glendale Community College , Glendale Harvey Mudd College , Claremont Hebrew Union College , Los Angeles ITT Technical Institute , Culver City , San Dimas , Sylmar ( Los Angeles ) , Torrance , and West Covina Life Pacific College , San Dimas Long Beach City College , Long Beach Los Angeles City College ( LACC ) , Los Angeles Los Angeles Harbor College , Los Angeles Los Angeles Mission College , Sylmar ( Los Angeles ) Los Angeles Music Academy College of Music , Pasadena Los Angeles Pierce College ( Pierce ) , Woodland Hills Los Angeles Southwest College , Los Angeles Los Angeles Trade Technical College ( LATTC ) , Los Angeles Los Angeles Valley College , Valley Glen ( Los Angeles ) The Master 's College , Santa Clarita Mount St. Mary 's College , Los Angeles Mt . San Antonio College , Walnut Mt . Sierra College , Monrovia Occidental College ( Oxy ) , Eagle Rock ( Los Angeles ) Otis College of Art and Design , Westchester ( Los Angeles ) Pacific Oaks College , Pasadena Pasadena City College , Pasadena Pepperdine University , Malibu Pitzer College , Claremont Pomona College , Claremont Rio Hondo College , Whittier Santa Monica College ( SMC ) , Santa Monica Scripps College , Claremont West Los Angeles College , Culver City Whittier College , Whittier Wyoming Technical Institute ( WyoTech ) , Long Beach Universities ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln University ( ALU ) , Los Angeles Alliant International University ( AIU ) , Alhambra American Jewish University ( AJULA ) , Los Angeles Azusa Pacific University , Azusa Biola University , La Mirada California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) , Pasadena California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , ( Cal Poly Pomona ) , Pomona California State University , Dominguez Hills ( CSUDH ) , Carson California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) , Long Beach California State University , Los Angeles ( CSULA ) , Los Angeles California State University , Northridge ( CSUN ) , Northridge ( Los Angeles ) Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science ( Los Angeles ) Claremont Graduate University ( CGU ) , Claremont Loyola Law School , ( Downtown Los Angeles ) Loyola Marymount University ( LMU ) , Westchester ( Los Angeles ) National University , Los Angeles and Woodland Hills Pepperdine University , Malibu Southern California University of Health Sciences , Whittier Southern California Institute of Architecture ( SCI - Arc ) , Los Angeles Southwestern University School of Law , Los Angeles University of Antelope Valley ( UAV ) , Lancaster University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , Westwood ( Los Angeles ) University of La Verne , La Verne University of Southern California ( USC ) , Los Angeles University of the West ( UWest ) , Rosemead Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) , Pomona Woodbury University , Burbank Sites of Interest ( edit ) L.A. County Fair at dusk , 2008 Photo of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art during its 2005 Ancient Egypt exhibit . The county 's most visited park is Griffith Park , owned by the city of Los Angeles . The county is also known for the annual Rose Parade in Pasadena , the annual Los Angeles County Fair in Pomona , the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the Los Angeles Zoo , the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , the La Brea Tar Pits , the Arboretum of Los Angeles , and two horse racetracks and two car racetracks ( Pomona Raceway and Irwindale Speedway ) , also the RMS Queen Mary located in Long Beach , and the Long Beach Grand Prix , and miles of beaches -- from Zuma to Cabrillo . Venice Beach is a popular attraction where its Muscle Beach used to find throngs of tourists admiring `` hardbodies '' . Today , it is more arts - centered . Santa Monica 's pier is a well known tourist spot , famous for its ferris wheel and bumper car rides , which were featured in the introductory segment of the television sitcom Three 's Company . Further north in Pacific Palisades one finds the beaches used in the television series Baywatch . The fabled Malibu , home of many a film or television star , lies west of it . In the mountain , canyon , and desert areas one may find Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park , where many old Westerns were filmed . Mount Wilson Observatory in the San Gabriel Mountains is open for the public to view astronomical stars from its telescope , now computer - assisted . Many county residents find relaxation in water skiing and swimming at Castaic Lake Recreation Area -- the county 's largest park by area -- as well as enjoying natural surroundings and starry nights at Saddleback Butte State Park in the eastern Antelope Valley -- California State Parks ' largest in area within the county . The California Poppy Reserve is located in the western Antelope Valley and shows off the State 's flower in great quantity on its rolling hills every spring . Museums ( edit ) Armory Center for the Arts , Pasadena , California Battleship USS Iowa , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro SS Lane Victory , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro , just south of the USS Iowa California African American Museum California Science Center , Los Angeles ( formerly the Museum of Science and Industry ) The Broad Hammer Museum Huntington Library , San Marino Long Beach Museum of Art in the historic Elizabeth Milbank Anderson residence Los Angeles Children 's Museum Los Angeles County Fire Museum , in Bellflower Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Mid-City , Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1950 ) ; The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1980 ) Museum of Jurassic Technology , Culver City Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach Museum of Neon Art Museum of the American West ( Gene Autry Museum ) , in Griffith Park Museum of Tolerance Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Pasadena Museum of California Art , in Pasadena J. Paul Getty Center , Brentwood ( Ancient Roman , Greek , and European Renaissance Art ) J. Paul Getty Villa , Pacific Palisades , Getty 's original house George C. Page Museum at La Brea Tar Pits Santa Monica Museum of Art , Santa Monica ( Contemporary art ) Norton Simon Museum , Pasadena ( 19th - and early 20th - century art ) Skirball Cultural Center , Los Angeles Southwest Museum Entertainment ( edit ) Pacific Park Six Flags Magic Mountain Raging Waters Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Universal Studios Hollywood Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Descanso Gardens Dodger Stadium Exposition Park Farmers Market The Forum Griffith Park Griffith Observatory Huntington Botanical Gardens La Brea Tar Pits Music Center Olvera Street Staples Center Third Street Promenade Venice Beach Los Angeles Zoo Music venues ( edit ) Disney Concert Hall California Plaza , comprising One California Plaza and Two California Plaza Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts The Forum Disney Concert Hall Greek Theatre House of Blues Sunset Strip Pantages Theatre Hollywood Bowl Hollywood Palladium John Anson Ford Amphitheatre The Orpheum Theatre The Roxy Theatre Royce Hall ( UCLA ) The Music Box El Rey Theatre Staples Center The Troubadour The Wiltern Whisky a Go Go Amusement parks ( edit ) Universal Studios Hollywood Raging Waters Six Flags Magic Mountain Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Pacific Park Other attractions ( edit ) U.S. Bank Tower Wilshire Grand Tower Central Los Angeles Library Watts Towers Wayfarers Chapel Fo Guang Shan Hsi Lai Temple Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels Queen Mary Other areas ( edit ) Angeles National Forest Ridge Route Angeles National Forest Mount Wilson Observatory Malibu Creek State Park Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park Plant 42 's Blackbird Airpark and Heritage Airpark Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve Cortes Bank Santa Catalina Island Mojave Desert Saddleback Butte State Park Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Los Angeles Major highways ( edit ) I - 5 I - 5 Bus . I - 10 I - 105 I - 110 I - 210 I - 405 I - 605 I - 710 US 101 SR 1 SR 2 SR 14 SR 18 SR 19 SR 22 SR 23 SR 27 SR 39 SR 47 SR 57 SR 60 SR 66 SR 71 SR 72 SR 90 SR 91 SR 103 SR 107 SR 110 SR 118 SR 126 SR 134 SR 138 SR 170 SR 210 SR 213 SR 710 Air ( edit ) Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ) , located in the Westchester district , is the primary commercial airport for commercial airlines in the county and the Greater Los Angeles Area . LAX is operated by Los Angeles World Airports ( LAWA ) , an agency of the City of Los Angeles . Other important commercial airports in Los Angeles County include : Long Beach Municipal Airport operated by the City of Long Beach . Bob Hope Airport in Burbank , operated by the Burbank - Glendale - Pasadena Airport Authority . The following general aviation airports also are located in Los Angeles County : County operated airports ( Department of Public Works , Aviation Division ) Compton / Woodley Airport in Compton . San Gabriel Valley Airport in El Monte . Brackett Field in La Verne . Whiteman Airport in Pacoima . General William J. Fox Airfield in Lancaster . City operated airports Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys , also operated by LAWA. Van Nuys Airport sees significant executive jet air traffic . LA / Palmdale Regional Airport in Palmdale . The airport is a separate facility on the grounds of Air Force Plant 42 . Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica , which has major executive jet traffic . Hawthorne Municipal Airport , also known as Jack Northrop Field , in Hawthorne . Zamperini Field in Torrance . The U.S. Air Force operates three airports in Los Angeles County : Portions of Edwards Air Force Base , located at the northern edge of the county . Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale , sharing runways with LA / Palmdale Regional . The non-flying Los Angeles Air Force Base in El Segundo . Rail ( edit ) Los Angeles is a major freight - railroad transportation center , largely due to the large volumes of freight moving in and out of the county 's sea port facilities . The ports are connected to the downtown rail yards and to the main lines of Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe headed east via a grade - separated , freight rail corridor known as the Alameda Corridor . Passenger rail service is provided in the county by Amtrak , Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metrolink . Amtrak has the following intercity Amtrak service at Union Station in the city of Los Angeles : The Pacific Surfliner to Santa Barbara , San Luis Obispo , and San Diego . The Coast Starlight to Seattle . The Southwest Chief to Chicago . The Sunset Limited to New Orleans and Orlando . Union Station is also the primary hub for Metrolink commuter rail , which serves much of the Greater Los Angeles Area . Light rail , subway ( heavy rail ) , and long - distance bus service are all provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( Metro ) . Sea ( edit ) The county 's two main seaports are the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach . Together they handle over a quarter of all container traffic entering the United States , making the complex the largest and most important port in the country , and the third - largest port in the world by shipping volume . The Port of Los Angeles is the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast , handling more than 1 million passengers annually . The Port of Long Beach is home to the Sea Launch program , which uses a floating launch platform to insert payloads into orbits that would be difficult to attain from existing land - based launch sites . Ferries link the Catalina Island city of Avalon to the mainland . Communities ( edit ) Cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Los Angeles County , California There are 88 incorporated cities in Los Angeles County . According to the 2016 Estimate , the most populous are : Largest cities , 2016 Estimate City Population Los Angeles 3,976,322 Long Beach 470,130 Glendale 200,831 Santa Clarita 181,972 Lancaster 160,106 Palmdale 157,356 Pomona 152,494 Torrance 147,195 Pasadena 142,059 El Monte 115,807 Downey 113,267 West Covina 107,847 Norwalk 106,178 Burbank 104,447 Unincorporated areas ( edit ) Census designated places ( edit ) Acton Agua Dulce Alondra Park Altadena Avocado Heights Castaic Charter Oak Citrus Del Aire Desert View Highlands East Los Angeles East Pasadena East Rancho Dominguez East San Gabriel East Whittier Elizabeth Lake Florence - Graham Green Valley Hacienda Heights Hasley Canyon La Crescenta - Montrose Ladera Heights Lake Hughes Lake Los Angeles Lennox Leona Valley Littlerock Marina del Rey Mayflower Village North El Monte Quartz Hill Rose Hills Rowland Heights San Pasqual South Monrovia Island South San Gabriel South San Jose Hills South Whittier Stevenson Ranch Sun Village Topanga Val Verde Valinda View Park - Windsor Hills Vincent Walnut Park West Athens West Carson West Rancho Dominguez West Puente Valley West Whittier - Los Nietos Westmont Willowbrook Other communities ( edit ) Agoura Antelope Acres Athens Bassett Big Mountain Ridge Big Pines Big Rock Boiling Point Bouquet Canyon Castaic Junction City Terrace Del Sur Del Valle Florence Gorman Juniper Hills Kinneloa Mesa Llano Pearblossom Two Harbors Universal City Valyermo Centennial ( planned for 70,000 ) . See : Los Angeles Almanac MAP : Unincorporated Areas and Communities of Los Angeles County See also : List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles Population ranking ( edit ) The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Los Angeles County . † county seat Rank City / Town / etc . Municipal type Population ( 2010 Census ) † Los Angeles City 3,792,621 Long Beach City 462,257 Glendale City 191,719 Santa Clarita City 176,320 5 Lancaster City 156,633 6 Palmdale City 152,750 7 Pomona City 149,058 8 Torrance City 145,438 9 Pasadena City 137,122 10 East Los Angeles CDP 126,496 11 El Monte City 113,475 12 Downey City 111,772 13 Inglewood City 109,673 14 West Covina City 106,098 15 Norwalk City 105,549 16 Burbank City 103,340 17 Compton City 96,455 18 South Gate City 94,396 19 Carson City 91,714 20 Santa Monica City 89,736 21 Whittier City 85,331 22 Hawthorne City 84,293 23 Alhambra City 83,089 24 Lakewood City 80,048 25 Bellflower City 76,616 26 Baldwin Park City 75,390 27 Lynwood City 69,772 28 Redondo Beach City 66,748 29 Florence - Graham CDP 63,387 30 Pico Rivera City 62,942 31 Montebello City 62,500 32 Monterey Park City 60,269 33 Gardena City 58,829 34 Huntington Park City 58,114 35 South Whittier CDP 57,156 36 Arcadia City 56,364 37 Diamond Bar City 55,544 38 Paramount City 54,098 39 Hacienda Heights CDP 54,038 40 Rosemead City 53,764 41 Glendora City 50,073 42 Cerritos City 49,041 43 Rowland Heights CDP 48,993 44 La Mirada City 48,527 45 Covina City 47,796 46 Azusa City 46,361 47 Altadena CDP 42,777 48 Bell Gardens City 42,072 49 Rancho Palos Verdes City 41,643 50 La Puente City 39,816 51 San Gabriel City 39,718 52 Culver City City 38,883 53 Monrovia City 36,590 54 Willowbrook CDP 35,983 55 Temple City City 35,558 56 Bell City 35,477 57 Manhattan Beach City 35,135 58 Claremont City 34,926 59 West Hollywood City 34,399 60 Beverly Hills City 34,109 61 San Dimas City 33,371 62 Lawndale City 32,769 63 Westmont CDP 31,853 64 La Verne City 31,063 65 Walnut City 29,172 66 Maywood City 27,395 67 South Pasadena City 25,619 68 West Whittier - Los Nietos CDP 25,540 69 Cudahy City 23,805 70 San Fernando City 23,645 71 Calabasas City 23,058 72 Valinda CDP 22,822 73 Lennox CDP 22,753 74 West Puente Valley CDP 22,636 75 West Carson CDP 21,699 76 Duarte City 21,321 77 South San Jose Hills CDP 20,551 78 Agoura Hills City 20,330 79 Lomita City 20,256 80 La Cañada Flintridge City 20,246 81 South El Monte City 20,116 82 La Crescenta - Montrose CDP 19,653 83 Hermosa Beach City 19,506 84 Castaic CDP 19,015 85 Stevenson Ranch CDP 17,557 86 El Segundo City 16,654 87 Artesia City 16,522 88 Santa Fe Springs City 16,223 89 Walnut Park CDP 15,966 90 Vincent CDP 15,922 91 Avocado Heights CDP 15,411 92 East Rancho Dominguez CDP 15,135 93 East San Gabriel CDP 14,874 94 Hawaiian Gardens City 14,254 95 Palos Verdes Estates City 13,438 96 San Marino City 13,147 97 Commerce City 12,823 98 Malibu City 12,645 99 Lake Los Angeles CDP 12,328 100 Sun Village CDP 11,565 101 View Park - Windsor Hills CDP 11,075 102 Signal Hill City 11,016 103 Sierra Madre City 10,917 104 Quartz Hill CDP 10,912 105 Citrus CDP 10,866 106 Del Aire CDP 10,001 107 East Whittier ( formerly East La Mirada until 2012 ) CDP 9,757 108 Charter Oak CDP 9,310 109 Marina del Rey CDP 8,866 110 West Athens CDP 8,729 111 Alondra Park CDP 8,592 112 Topanga CDP 8,289 113 Westlake Village City 8,270 114 South San Gabriel CDP 8,070 115 Rolling Hills Estates City 8,067 116 Acton CDP 7,596 117 South Monrovia Island CDP 6,777 118 Ladera Heights CDP 6,498 119 East Pasadena CDP 6,144 120 West Rancho Dominguez CDP 5,669 121 Mayflower Village CDP 5,515 122 La Habra Heights City 5,325 123 Avalon City 3,728 124 North El Monte CDP 3,723 125 Agua Dulce CDP 3,342 126 Rose Hills CDP 2,803 127 Val Verde CDP 2,468 128 Desert View Highlands CDP 2,360 129 San Pasqual CDP 2,041 130 Rolling Hills City 1,860 131 Hidden Hills City 1,856 132 Elizabeth Lake CDP 1,756 133 Leona Valley CDP 1,607 134 Irwindale City 1,422 135 Littlerock CDP 1,377 136 Hasley Canyon CDP 1,137 137 Bradbury City 1,048 138 Santa Susana ( mostly in Ventura County ) CDP 1,037 139 Green Valley CDP 1,027 140 Lake Hughes CDP 649 141 Industry City 219 142 Vernon City 112 See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of museums in Los Angeles List of museums in Los Angeles County , California List of school districts in Los Angeles County , California List of schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles County , California Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population . Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow . Jump up ^ Only larceny - theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . California State Association of Counties . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Supervisors '' . County of Los Angeles . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mount San Antonio in the San Gabriel Mountains , on border with San Bernardino County . Jump up ^ Sea level at the Pacific Ocean . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why LA County '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County '' . lacounty.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : Los Angeles County , California ; UNITED STATES '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-galperin-gop-tax-plan-20171129-story.html Jump up ^ `` Newsroom : Population : Census Bureau Releases State and County Data Depicting Nation 's Population Ahead of 2010 Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coy , Owen C. ; Ph. D. ( 1923 ) . California County Boundaries . Berkeley : California Historical Commission . p. 140 . ASIN B000GRBCXG . Jump up ^ https://www.mapofus.org/california/ Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County , California '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census P.L. 94 - 171 Summary File Data '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Trinidad , Elson ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` L.A. County is the Capital of Asian America '' . KCET . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forstall , Richard L. , ed . ( March 27 , 1995 ) . `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B02001 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B03003 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19301 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19013 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19113 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This included over 65,000 Arabs and 75,000 Iranian , who many people would not count as White . See `` 2000 Census fact sheet table '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 ... For a clear discussion of Arabs being counted as white , see Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2000 Census . Jump up ^ `` Language Map Data Center '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hans ; Hill , Laura ( July 2011 ) . `` Illegal Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Publications . Public Policy Institute of California . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd - Sharps , A Portrait of Los Angeles County : Los Angeles County Human Development Report 2017 - 2018 . Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` California Boasts Most Millionaires '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Los Angeles Confronts Homelessness Reputation '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Elizabeth ; Emerling , Jennifer ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` A Haven for the Homeless '' . U.S. New & World Report . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Selected Non-Christian Religious Traditions in Los Angeles County : 2000 Prolades.com Jump up ^ California Government Code § 23004 Jump up ^ William T Fujioka , `` Department Section , '' County of Los Angeles , Annual Report 2007 - 2008 , 4 . Jump up ^ David Leip . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : California Secretary of State . February 10 , 2013 - Report of Registration . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Archived July 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Counties by County and by District '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- County '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- County '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Vote : 2008 General Election '' Archived October 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A look at your Superior Court , Public Information Office , Los Angeles Superior Court Jump up ^ `` LA Court '' . lasuperiorcourt.org . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Attorney General , Department of Justice , State of California . Table 11 : Crimes -- 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Justice , Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime in the United States , 2012 , Table 8 ( California ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City data -- Los Angeles County , CA '' . analyzed data from numerous sources . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kator , Zabi . `` Is Security in Los Angeles getting better or worse '' . guardNOW Security Services . guardNOW Security Services . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kator , Zabi . `` Los Angeles Security & Crime Statistics '' . guardNOW Security Services . guardNOW Security Services . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawren ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) . `` LA Tech Report examines the regional high tech ecosystem '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lawren ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Manufacturing employment & competitiveness in CA - New LAEDC report '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia.com , `` Dole gets ready to turn first shovel of headquarters dirt : plans are set to go to Westlake Village City Council '' . ( Dole Food Co. Inc . Los Angeles Business Journal . January 31 , 1994 . Retrieved on September 27 , 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Home , LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT MUSEUM '' . LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT MUSEUM . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jon Gertner ( 2007 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Playing Sim City for Real '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles County , California . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Los Angeles County , California . 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Yankees–Red Sox rivalry
Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry - wikipedia Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry New York Yankees Boston Red Sox First meeting April 26 , 1901 Oriole Park , Baltimore , MD Orioles 10 , Americans 6 Latest meeting October 9 , 2018 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , NY Red Sox 4 , Yankees 3 Next meeting April 16 , 2019 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , NY Statistics Meetings total 2,257 Regular season series Yankees , 1,202 -- 1,018 -- 14 Postseason results Yankees , 12 - 11 Largest victory Yankees , 22 -- 1 ( 2000 ) Red Sox , 17 -- 1 ( 2005 ) Longest win streak Yankees , 12 ( 1936 ; 1952 -- 1953 ) Red Sox , 17 ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Current win streak Red Sox , 2 Post-season history 1999 AL Championship Series : Yankees defeat Red Sox , 4 -- 1 2003 AL Championship Series : Yankees defeat Red Sox , 4 -- 3 2004 AL Championship Series : Red Sox defeat Yankees , 4 -- 3 2018 AL Division Series : Red Sox defeat Yankees , 3 -- 1 The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) rivalry between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox . The two teams have competed in MLB 's American League ( AL ) for over 100 seasons and have since developed one of the fiercest rivalries in American sports . In 1919 , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold star player Babe Ruth to the Yankees , which was followed by an 86 - year period in which the Red Sox did not win a World Series . This led to the popularization of a superstition known as the `` Curse of the Bambino '' , which was one of the most well - known aspects of the rivalry . The rivalry is often a heated subject of conversation , especially in the home region of both teams , the Northeastern United States . Until the 2014 season , every season 's postseason had featured one or both of the AL East rivals since the inception of the wild card format and the resultant additional Division Series ; they have faced each other in the AL Championship Series ( ALCS ) three times . The Yankees won twice , in 1999 and 2003 ; while the Red Sox won in 2004. . The two teams have also met once in the AL Division Series ( ALDS ) , in 2018 , with Boston winning 3 - 1 , a series which included a 16 - 1 Red Sox win in Game 3 at Yankee Stadium , the most lopsided postseason loss for the Yankees in their history . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox ( then known as the Americans ) won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The Yankees and the Red Sox finished tied for first in 1978 ; subsequently , the Yankees won a high - profile tie - breaker game for the division title . The first - place tie came after the Red Sox had a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , in the 2004 ALCS , the Yankees ultimately lost a best - of - 7 series after leading 3 -- 0 . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a series . The Red Sox went on to win the World Series , effectively ending the 86 - year - old curse . This match - up is regarded by some sports journalists as the greatest rivalry in sports . Games between the two teams often generate considerable interest and receive extensive media coverage , including being broadcast on national television . National carriers of Major League Baseball coverage , including Fox / FS1 , ESPN and MLB Network carry most of the games in the rivalry across the nation by default , regardless of team standings or playoff implications . Yankees -- Red Sox games are some of the most - watched MLB games each season . Outside of baseball , the rivalry has led to violence between fans , along with attention from politicians and other athletes . Contents 1 Background 2 Early history : Glory of the Red Sox 3 Babe Ruth sold to Yankees 4 Curse of the Bambino 4.1 1920s and 1930s : First Yankees dynasty 4.2 1940s -- 1960s : Teddy Ballgame , Joltin ' Joe the Yankee Clipper 4.3 1961 -- 1980 : Milestones , fights , close finishes , and the Bucky Dent game 5 1980s and early 1990s 5.1 1980s : No championships 5.2 1990 -- 1995 6 1996 -- 2003 : Yankees dominance and first postseason meetings 6.1 Late 1990s : Yankees dynasty 6.1. 1 1999 ALCS : First postseason meeting 6.2 2001 -- 2003 : Unbalanced schedule 6.2. 1 2003 ALCS 7 2004 -- 16 : The curse is broken 7.1 2004 : Red Sox win World Series 7.1. 1 2004 ALCS : The curse is broken 7.2 2005 -- 2009 : Yankees , Red Sox win titles 7.3 2010 -- 2012 : Yankees fall short , Red Sox collapse 7.4 2013 -- 2016 : Red Sox champions again 8 2017 -- present : Rebirth of the rivalry 9 Season - by - season results 10 Geography 11 Violence over rivalry 12 Rivalry outside of baseball 12.1 Politics 12.2 Other sports 13 Broadcasts on television 13.1 Ratings 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) Since before the start of the American Revolution , Boston and New York City have shared a rivalry as cities . For more than a century after its founding , Boston was arguably the educational , cultural , artistic , and economic power in the United States . Boston 's location as the closest American port to Europe and its concentration of elite schools and manufacturing hubs helped maintain this position for several decades . During this time period , New York was often looked down upon as the upstart , over-populated , dirty cousin to aristocratic and clean Boston . In the 19th century , however , New York 's economic power outpaced Boston 's , fueled by possession of the terminus of the Erie Canal , which spurred massive growth in the manufacturing , shipping , insurance and financial services businesses . Another factor was its more rapid population expansion in comparison to that of Boston , driven by the growth of these industries , by New York 's popularity as an immigration port of entry , and enhanced by a larger population base , even prior to the construction of the Canal -- on the eve of the Revolution , New York , with 30,000 people , had nearly twice the population of Boston , with about 16,000 . By the start of the 20th century the original dynamic , centered on Boston , had completely shifted as New York , particularly Wall Street , became the focus of American capitalism . The cities even played two different versions of early baseball . The `` Massachusetts Game , '' as it was called , was played on a field with four bases and with home plate in the middle ; whereas , the `` New York Game , '' popularized by the New York Knickerbocker Club , was played on a diamond with three bases . The `` New York Game '' spread throughout the nation after the American Civil War and became the foundation for the modern game of basesball . Early history : glory of the Red Sox ( edit ) Babe Ruth , prior to his trade to the Yankees The Red Sox were one of the most successful teams in baseball from 1901 to 1918 . They won the inaugural World Series in 1903 ( as the Boston Americans ; the team changed its name to Red Sox in 1908 ) and four more between 1912 and 1918 . In 1901 , the Yankees , then known as the Baltimore Orioles , played in Maryland for two seasons before moving north . The two teams had their first meeting while the Yankees franchise was in Baltimore on April 26 , 1901 , the inaugural year of the American League . On May 7 , 1903 , both teams played for the first time after the franchise moved to New York and became the Highlanders , in reference to playing games in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan . The game was marked by a fight when Boston pitcher George Winter was knocked down . Boston would eventually go on to win the pennant and the inaugural 1903 World Series . The 1904 season featured the teams facing each other on opening day . Later in the season , the Highlanders , led by pitcher Jack Chesbro in his record - setting 41 game - winning season , met the Boston Americans in the season 's final game to decide the American League pennant winner . Chesbro threw a wild pitch in the top of the ninth inning , allowing the winning run to score from third base , and Boston won the game , and the pennant . The New York Giants , who had already clinched the National League pennant , refused to play in the 1904 World Series because of a perception of the `` Junior Circuit '' as being inferior ( and because of alleged animosity between American League founder and first president , Ban Johnson , and the hierarchy of the Giants , owner John T. Brush and his team 's Hall of Fame coach , player - manager John McGraw ) ; thus , there was no World Series that year . Not until 2004 would the Red Sox again defeat the Yankees in a title - deciding game . Years later , on April 11 , 1912 , the Highlanders debuted their pinstripes in a game against Boston , by then known as the Red Sox . Nine days later , Boston opened Fenway Park with a game against the Highlanders , who had left their home field of Hilltop Park to play in the newly - rebuilt Polo Grounds ; soon thereafter , in 1913 , the team changed dropped the nickname Highlanders in favor of Yankees . Tris Speaker hit an RBI single in the bottom of the eleventh to give the Red Sox a 7 -- 6 victory . Boston 's victory in their first game at the new park failed to become front - page news , however , due to the coverage being devoted to the days - prior sinking of the Titanic . The 1912 team would go on to win a team record 105 games and their second World Series title , defeating the New York Giants . Six years later , the Chicago Cubs scored two runs off of Babe Ruth in game 4 of the Series , snapping his then record World Series scoreless inning streak at ​ 29 ⁄ innings . The Red Sox won the game , 2 -- 1 , and went on to capture their fifth Series title , their third in four years , and fourth in seven years . The Yankees would however receive one notable moment of glory against the Red Sox during this era . On April 24 , 1917 Yankees pitcher George Mogridge threw a no - hitter at Fenway Park , the first in the ballpark 's history and first in Yankees history . Babe Ruth sold to Yankees ( edit ) Harry Frazee , the owner of the Red Sox , sold Ruth to the Yankees . This began the `` Curse of the Bambino '' . In 1916 , Harry Frazee purchased the Red Sox , on credit , for $500,000 . Despite Ruth 's success with the Red Sox , owner and Broadway producer Frazee lost his patience with Ruth , who had threatened to hold out in lieu of a larger contract and become a distraction . After the Red Sox finished sixth in the American League in 1919 , Frazee , needing money to finance a Broadway musical , No , No Nanette , ( Ruth was sold to the Yankees in 1919 . `` No , No Nanette '' was produced by Frazee in 1925 , six years later . Aside from Frazee 's involvement in both events , they had nothing to do with each other ) . sold pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth to the Yankees . Frazee received $125,000 and a loan of $300,000 -- secured on Fenway Park , the Red Sox ' home stadium -- for Ruth , despite Ruth having set the record for home runs with 29 in 1919 . This began a series of deals with the Yankees that resulted in a long period of mediocrity for the Red Sox while the Yankees began their dynasty . Ruth 's arrival in New York simultaneously launched the Yankees dynasty while ravaging the Red Sox . While the Red Sox ' five World Series titles were a record at the time , 1918 would be the team 's last championship for 86 years . Meanwhile , Ruth 's home run - hitting prowess anchored the Yankees line - up , which became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' in the late 1920s . The Yankees reached the World Series seven times during Ruth 's New York years , winning four . This abrupt reversal of fortunes for the Red Sox marked the beginning of the supposed `` Curse of the Bambino . '' But it was not the Ruth deal alone that reversed the fortunes of both clubs . Frazee also sold many other players to the Yankees . Robert W. Creamer reported that `` ( the ) loan was made and relations between the two clubs continued to be cordial , with Frazee sending player after player to the Yankees over the next few seasons for more and more cash . This was no accident . Frazee and Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert were friends , and American League president Ban Johnson 's attempts to drive Frazee out of the game had caused the five teams loyal to Johnson to make no deals with the Red Sox as long as Frazee owned the club , leaving only the Yankees and White Sox as trading partners . When the White Sox ' reputation was destroyed in the Black Sox Scandal , Frazee 's only option for trades was to deal with the Yankees . The Red Sox soon became a baseball disaster area , finishing dead last nine times in eleven seasons . '' Among others , Wally Schang , Everett Scott , Carl Mays , Waite Hoyt , Joe Bush and Sam Jones went from the Sox to the Yankees in the next one to three years , along with Ed Barrow , the former Red Sox manager who became the Yankees ' general manager and empire - builder for the first quarter - century of the Yankees ' dynasty . Scott , a former Red Sox team captain , actually took the reins as Yankee captain from Ruth when he arrived and in doing so became the only player in history to be named captain for both teams . Curse of the Bambino ( edit ) From 1920 through 2003 , the Yankees won 26 World Series championships and 39 pennants , compared to only four pennants for the Red Sox . In every year that the Red Sox won the pennant -- 1946 , 1967 , 1975 and 1986 -- they lost the World Series 4 -- 3 , leaving them with no World Series titles . During this time , the Red Sox finished second in the standings to the Yankees on twelve occasions -- in 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1949 , 1977 , 1978 , and every year from 1998 to 2003 . During the 84 - year period , the Yankees finished with a better regular - season record than the Red Sox 66 times , leading one sportswriter to quip that the Yankees ' rivalry with the Red Sox was much like the rivalry `` between a hammer and a nail . '' The Yankees finished second in the standings to the Red Sox twice , in 1986 and 1995 . 1920s and 1930s : first Yankees dynasty ( edit ) Just two years after Ruth 's sale , he went on to have a record setting season -- statistically , one of the greatest in major league history for a batter . This propelled the Yankees to win their first pennant and face their cross-town rival . Ruth got hurt during the Series , and the Yankees eventually dropped the last three games , losing the Series 5 -- 3 to the Giants in the last ever best - of - nine Series . Both the Yankees and Giants would play in the 1922 World Series as well , a series that would be the Yankees ' last in the two teams ' shared stadium at the Polo Grounds , as the Giants served the Yankees an eviction notice after the 1921 season . The Yankees moved across the Harlem River to the Bronx into Yankee Stadium . On April 18 , 1923 , the Yankees opened their new home against the Red Sox . Over 74,200 people watched the Yankees defeat the Red Sox , 4 -- 1 , in the first game played at the stadium . Babe Ruth hit the new stadium 's first home run , christening the stadium as `` The House that Ruth Built . '' Ruth would finish the year with a . 393 batting average , The 1923 World Series resulted in the Yankees winning their first title . Of the 24 players on the Yankees , 11 previously played for the Red Sox . Several lesser known moments in the rivalry occurred during the 1930s . Pitcher Red Ruffing was traded in 1930 from the Red Sox to the Yankees . Ruffing , who had limited success with the Red Sox , would go on to a Hall of Fame career with the Yankees winning 6 World Series with them . On August 12 , 1934 , then the largest crowd in the history of Fenway Park , 46,766 , witnessed Babe Ruth 's final game at Fenway Park in a Yankees uniforme . On May 30 , 1938 , before 83,533 spectators at Yankee Stadium , Yankees outfielder Jake Powell and Red Sox player - manager Joe Cronin fought on the field and beneath the stands . Both players were fined and suspended for 10 games . The Yankees and Red Sox would finish first and second in the League respectively that year as well as the following . The Yankees went on to sweep the Chicago Cubs in the World Series and the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series a year later . 1940s -- 1960s : teddy ballgame , joltin ' Joe the Yankee clipper ( edit ) The rivalry intensified in 1941 when Ted Williams of the Red Sox batted . 406 , becoming the last player to bat over . 400 in a season . Despite his accomplishment , Williams lost the AL MVP race to the Yankees ' Joe DiMaggio , who holds the record for a hitting streak , with 56 straight games with a hit . Williams later reminisced about his rivalry with DiMaggio saying `` DiMaggio was the greatest all - around player I ever saw . His career can not be summed up in numbers and awards . It might sound corny , but he had a profound and lasting impact on the country . '' Both teams almost swapped the two players . In 1947 , Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail were rumored to have verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Williams , but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra and the deal fell through . Joe DiMaggio 's younger brother Dom would play for the Red Sox his entire career during the 1940s . The Red Sox won 15 games in a row in 1946 . They were unstoppable and were in first place all but two days in the season , and would play in their first World Series game since 1918 , having finished ahead of the Yankees in the American League for the first time since selling Babe Ruth . Since the Red Sox last pennant in 1918 , the Yankees had won 14 pennants and 10 World Series . Boston would eventually lose the Series 4 -- 3 to the St. Louis Cardinals . Former Yankees manager Joe McCarthy came out of retirement after a feud with Yankees ownership to sign with the Red Sox as their manager in 1948 . Both the Yankees and the Red Sox were involved in a tight pennant race with the Cleveland Indians until the final weekend . The Red Sox eliminated the Yankees in the final series at Fenway Park , overcoming four DiMaggio hits in the final game to tie Cleveland for the pennant . The situation forced the first - ever one - game playoff in AL history , which the Indians won 8 -- 3 at Fenway Park and preventing the first all - Boston World Series , as the Indians went on to defeat the Boston Braves in the Series . A year later , the Red Sox entered the final series of the season at Yankee Stadium needing only one win over the Yankees to advance to the World Series . The Red Sox found themselves up by one game with two games left . The Sox lost 5 -- 3 on the last day of the season after falling 5 -- 4 the previous day , resulting in the Yankees winning their 16th American League pennant . The Yankees went on to defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1949 World Series for their 12th championship . The 1951 season opened up at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees defeated the Red Sox , which was PA announcer Bob Sheppard first game . Sheppard would go on to serve PA duties at Yankee Stadium for another 56 years . On September 28 of that year , Yankees pitcher Allie Reynolds pitched a no - hitter against the Red Sox . A year later , Red Sox outfielder Jimmy Piersall and Yankees second baseman Billy Martin exchanged insults before a game in Boston , and ended up fighting in the tunnel under the stands . The fight was eventually broken up by Yankees coaches Bill Dickey and Oscar Melillo , and Boston starting pitcher Ellis Kinder . Piersall changed out of his bloody shirt and promptly fought with teammate Maury McDermott . The Red Sox won 5 -- 2 with Piersall sitting the game out . The Yankees won five consecutive World Series titles from 1949 to 1953 , breaking their previous streak of four straight titles from 1936 to 1939 . They would also go on to win 14 AL pennants in 16 years from 1949 - 1964 . 1961 -- 1980 : Milestones , fights , close finishes , and the Bucky Dent game ( edit ) Mickey Mantle ( right ) and Roger Maris ( left ) chased Babe Ruth 's single season home run record in 1961 . Maris broke the record on the final day of the season against the Red Sox . Bucky Dent hit the home run that won the AL East in a one - game playoff for the Yankees at Fenway Park in 1978 , but he was fired as manager of the Yankees there in 1990 . The 1961 season saw the chase of Babe Ruth 's 1927 single season home run record by Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle . Both Maris and Mantle would continue to reach the home run record until Mantle got injured late in the season , leaving Maris to reach the record . On the last day of the season , Maris broke the record with his 61st home run of the year off Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard at Yankee Stadium . Former Hall of Fame shortstop for the Yankees , Phil Rizzuto , called the shot in what was one of his first games as an announcer . The Yankees won the game 1 -- 0 to win their 26th American League pennant and then to win their 19th World Series title . The next year , the Red Sox had been in the middle of a streak of eight straight losing seasons . The team was so bad , that after a 13 - 3 loss to the Yankees on July 26 , Red Sox ace Gene Conley got off the bus and attempted to leave the country and go to Israel . Conley was denied his request because he did not have a passport . Nonetheless , Conley stayed away from the team for three days . In 1967 , Red Sox pitcher Billy Rohr came within a single strike of a no - hitter at Yankee Stadium . Elston Howard hit a two - out , two - strike single in the ninth to break the no - hit bid . Rohr completed the one - hitter , but ultimately finished his career with only two wins , both coming against the Yankees . Later that year , Red Sox third baseman Joe Foy hit a grand slam during the first game of a two - game series . In the second game , Yankees pitcher Thad Tillotson threw two brushback pitches at Foy before beaning him in the batting helmet . In the next inning , Red Sox pitcher Jim Lonborg beaned Tillotson . Both pitchers yelled at each other , and then a brawl ensued . During the fight , Red Sox outfielder Reggie Smith picked up and body - slammed Tillotson to the ground . Two months later , both teams were involved in the longest game ever played ( by innings ) at Yankee Stadium . New York recorded a 20 - inning 4 -- 3 victory over Boston . Earlier that year on August 3 , the Yankees traded Howard to the Red Sox to help bolster their team during the pennant race . When Howard returned to Yankee Stadium in a Red Sox uniform , the Yankees fans gave him a standing ovation . Boston would be led by Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski 's historic season winning the batting triple crown , leading the Red Sox to the pennant in what was a dream year for the Sox . Howard 's contribution would be instrumental in the 1967 World Series , but he and Yastrzemski would lose to Bob Gibson and the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three . In 1973 , the American League adopted the designated hitter rule . On April 6 , opening the season at Fenway Park , Ron Blomberg of the Yankees became the first designated hitter in Major League history . Red Sox pitcher Luis Tiant walked Blomberg in his first plate appearance of the game . Later that year at Fenway Park , with the score tied 2 -- 2 in the top of the ninth , Yankees catcher Thurman Munson attempted to score from third base on a missed bunt by Gene Michael . He crashed into Red Sox catcher Carlton Fisk resulting in a fight with Munson punching Fisk in the face . The rivalry intensified in the 1970s with the fans too , as just a year later in 1974 at Fenway Park , Yankees first baseman Chris Chambliss was struck in the right arm with a dart thrown from the stands after hitting an RBI ground - rule double . Two years later , Yankees outfielder Lou Piniella would crash into Fisk feet first in an attempt to score in the sixth inning of a game at Yankee Stadium . The two benches cleared while Piniella and Fisk brawled at home plate . After the fight apparently died down and order appeared to be restored , Sox pitcher Bill Lee and Yankees third baseman Graig Nettles and center fielder Mickey Rivers began to exchange words , resulting in another fight . Lee suffered a separated left shoulder from the tilt and missed the next 51 games of the 1976 season . He would continue to pitch until 1982 . The 1976 season saw the Yankees win the pennant , but lose to the Big Red Machine in the 1976 World Series , just like the Red Sox had done a year prior in the 1975 World Series in which Carlton Fisk hit his famous home run off of the left field foul pole at Fenway Park . After the Yankees ' loss to the Reds , owner George Steinbrenner committed to sign marquee free agent Reggie Jackson to help win a championship . The Yankees , Red Sox , and Baltimore Orioles would battle each other the entire year in the division race . The Yankees would win the division for the second year in a row , while the Orioles and Red Sox finished tied for second , ​ 2 ⁄ games behind the Yankees . Jackson 's entry onto the Yankees initially had caused a lot of friction on them . In the middle game of what would prove to be a three - game series sweep by the Red Sox at Fenway Park , Yankees manager Billy Martin pulled Reggie Jackson off the field in mid-inning for failing to hustle on a ball hit to the outfield . The extremely angry and highly animated Martin had to be restrained by coaches Yogi Berra and Elston Howard from getting into a fistfight with Jackson in the dugout during the nationally televised game . Eventually , emotions calmed down for the season and the Yankees came together to recapture the pennant and defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1977 World Series , their first since 1962 . In 1978 , the Red Sox , led by Jim Rice , Carl Yastrzemski , Fred Lynn and catcher Carlton Fisk , and managed by future Yankees coach Don Zimmer , were looking good for the World Series for the second time in the decade . They led the Yankees in the standings by 14 games in mid-July , with less than three months to go in the regular season . The Yankees turned their season around just as the Red Sox started to collapse . By September 7 , the Yankees had whittled down the 14 - game deficit to only four games , just in time for a four - game series at Fenway Park in Boston . The Yankees won all four games in the series by a combined score of 42 -- 9 . This series became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' . On September 16 , the Yankees held a ​ 3 ⁄ - game lead over the Red Sox , but the Sox won 12 of their next 14 games to overcome that deficit and finish in a first - place tie with the Yankees . A tie - breaker game was scheduled in Boston to determine who would win the AL East pennant for 1978 . Boston pitted former Yankees pitcher Mike Torrez against the Yankees ' Cy Young Award winner , Ron Guidry , who took a 24 -- 3 record into the game . The Sox were beating Guidry 2 -- 0 in the top of the seventh inning when light - hitting Yankees shortstop Bucky Dent hit a two - out , three - run home run over Fenway Park 's Green Monster to take a 3 -- 2 lead . It was only his fifth home run of the season . The Yankees later led 5 -- 2 and held on to win 5 -- 4 when Yastrzemski popped out with runners on first and third , ending the Red Sox ' season . Yankees closer Goose Gossage notched his 27th save of the season . Gossage would later comment years later about how he was spat on at Fenway Park and had beer thrown in his face . `` There is no rivalry in sports that rivals the Yankees -- Red Sox ... that playoff game in ' 78 -- it felt like the playoffs and World Series were exhibition games after that . '' The headline in The Boston Globe the next day summed it all up : `` Destiny 5 , Red Sox 4 . '' New York went on to defeat the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series for their second straight championship . 1980s and early 1990s ( edit ) Roger Clemens played for both the Red Sox and the Yankees . Wade Boggs played primarily for the Red Sox , but he also played for the Yankees . He played in a World Series with both the Red Sox and Yankees . Buck Showalter and Butch Hobson made their managerial debuts against each other in 1992 . Both were fired during or as a result of the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike . 1980s : no championships ( edit ) The 1980s is the only decade in which neither the Yankees nor the Red Sox won a World Series . Although both teams went to a World Series during that decade , the Red Sox were not serious contenders in the Yankees ' playoff years ( 1980 and 1981 ) , but the Yankees seriously contended in the Red Sox ' playoff years ( 1986 and 1988 ) . The Yankees lost the World Series in 1981 , while the Red Sox loss came in 1986 . Both times , the teams lost after being up 2 -- 0 in their respective World Series . For the Yankees , the loss in 1981 marked the beginning of the team 's demise and downfall in the 1980s and early 1990s . Despite the lack of championships , the rivalry between the teams did have some memorable highlights . Yankees left - hander Dave Righetti threw a no - hitter against the Red Sox at Yankee Stadium . One of the game 's greatest hitters , Wade Boggs , struck out to end the game . On October 4 , 1986 , Righetti once again made history against the Red Sox when he saved both games of a doubleheader against them , finishing the season with 46 saves , and breaking the major league record shared by Dan Quisenberry and Bruce Sutter . The record would stand until Bobby Thigpen saved 57 games for the Chicago White Sox in 1990 , which would also be Righetti 's last season with the Yankees . Righetti retained the single - season record for left - handers until 1993 , when Randy Myers saved 53 games for the Chicago Cubs ; Righetti still owns the AL record for left - handers . Righetti 's teammate , first baseman and defending American League MVP Don Mattingly , came into the last game batting . 352 , second in the league to Boston 's Wade Boggs . With Boggs sitting out the game , Mattingly needed to go 6 for 6 to win the batting title . Although Mattingly would hit a home run in his first at bat and a double later on , he fell short and Boggs won the batting title . Mattingly would be named most outstanding player that year by the press , but fell short to Boggs ' teammate Roger Clemens in the AL MVP voting . Despite Righetti 's pitching on the last day of the season , the Red Sox still won the division and marched on in the playoffs . The Red Sox faced the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets , in the World Series . The New York Times called the series a `` painful series '' . Newsday called it `` woeful days for Yankee fans '' . Mike Lupica of the New York Daily News called the series `` the World Series that is the Yankee nightmare '' . Both Newsday and The Boston Globe said there were Mets T - shirts saying `` Steinbrenner 's nightmare , '' referring to Yankees owner George Steinbrenner . John Powers of the Globe quoted Claire Smith , who covered the Yankees for the Hartford Courant , as having said `` this really is the World Series of the nightmares '' . In Game 6 of the World Series , Boston ( leading the series 3 -- 2 ) took a 5 -- 3 lead in the top of the 10th inning . In the bottom half of the inning , Red Sox reliever Calvin Schiraldi retired the first two batters , putting the team within one out of winning the World Series . The Mets , however , scored three runs , tying the game on a wild pitch from Bob Stanley and winning it when Boston first baseman Bill Buckner allowed a ground ball hit by the Mets ' Mookie Wilson to roll through his legs , scoring Ray Knight from second base . In Game 7 , the Red Sox took an early 3 -- 0 lead , only to lose 8 -- 5 . The collapses in the last two games prompted a series of articles by George Vecsey of The New York Times fueling speculation that the Red Sox were `` cursed '' . The 1987 season saw rivalry at the end of the season , as on September 29 , Yankees ' first baseman Don Mattingly set an MLB record by hitting his sixth grand slam home - run of the season against the Red Sox The competitiveness of the teams continued the following year . Co-captains Ron Guidry and Willie Randolph had led the Yankees to first place two weeks after the All - Star break . On July 28 , the Yankees fell out of first place , and the Red Sox won their second division title in three years . Boston went on to face the Oakland Athletics in the 1988 American League Championship Series , but would end up getting swept . 1990 -- 1995 ( edit ) In the early to mid-1990s , the two teams were seldom equally good . The Yankees had the worst record in the American League when the Red Sox won their division title in 1990 . In 1992 , both teams finished at or near the bottom of the AL East . In 1990 , Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy wrote a book titled The Curse of the Bambino , criticizing the Red Sox for the sale of Babe Ruth , and publicized the curse . When the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium during a weekend in September 1990 , Yankees fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankees fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` 1918 ! '' , `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the Stadium . On June 6 , 1990 , before a Yankees -- Red Sox game at Fenway Park , the Yankees fired Bucky Dent as their manager , making Fenway Park the scene of his worst moment as manager , although he had his greatest moment as a player there . Red Sox fans felt retribution as Dent was fired on their field , while players on the Yankees , including former Red Sox catcher Rick Cerone and Mattingly felt Dent was used as a scapegoat . Dan Shaughnessy criticized Steinbrenner for firing Dent in Boston and said he should `` have waited until the Yankees got to Baltimore '' to fire Dent . He said that `` if Dent had been fired in Seattle or Milwaukee , this would have been just another event in an endless line of George 's jettisons . But it happened in Boston and the nightly news had its hook . '' He also said that `` the firing was only special because ... it 's the first time a Yankees manager ... was purged on the ancient Indian burial grounds of the Back Bay . '' The 1993 season saw long - time Red Sox fan favorite Wade Boggs defect to the Yankees after eleven seasons with Boston . Later in September 1993 , the Yankees defeated Boston at Yankee Stadium via a last - moment reprieve . Trailing 3 -- 1 , Mike Stanley 's apparent fly out with two outs in the ninth was nullified by a fan running onto the field prior to the pitch being thrown . The umpire had called time and when play resumed , Stanley singled . The Yankees would rally to score three runs and win on a Mattingly single . The Yankees ' 1980s demise and downfall continued into the early 1990s and was at its frustrating peak in 1994 , when they finished with the best record in the American League in a season that was prematurely halted by the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike , which left New York sports fans disappointed that Mattingly had not played in a postseason despite being poised to do so that year . At that time , he led active players in both games played and at - bats without participating in a postseason game . Throughout October , the news media added to the embarrassment when they often made references to dates that games in the World Series would have been played . That year , the Yankees and Red Sox would have finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . Both managers , Buck Showalter of the Yankees and Butch Hobson of the Red Sox , who made their managerial debuts against each other , were fired as a result of or during the strike . The strike was the harbinger of the 1995 season for the Yankees . Although the Red Sox jumped out to a fast start and finished the season in first place , the Yankees were not serious contenders for the division title . With the Yankees clinching the inaugural American League Wild Card on the last day of the season , the Yankees and Red Sox reached the post-season in the same season for the first time . Before the postseason began , Mattingly contemplated about the first - ever playoff series in the rivalry , saying , `` That would be pretty cool . It would n't hurt the rivalry any . There 'd be a few deaths ... just kidding '' . Both teams lost in separate ALDS series , with the Red Sox being swept by the Cleveland Indians and the Yankees losing in five games to the Seattle Mariners . For the Yankees , the loss led to another post-strike fallout : both Showalter and general manager Gene Michael were fired as a result of the loss . Similarly , the firing of Showalter as Yankees manager and the loss in the 1981 World Series were fallouts from the strike that year . In fact , the 1981 strike was antecedence to the Yankees ' demise and downfall of the 1980s and 1990s and the strike in 1994 was part of that demise . 1996 -- 2003 : Yankees dominance and first postseason meetings ( edit ) Late 1990s : Yankees dynasty ( edit ) A year after captain Don Mattingly 's retirement in 1995 , the Yankees won the 1996 World Series . It was their first in 18 years and the first of former Red Sox player Wade Boggs ' career . Boggs celebrated the victory with a memorable moment of jumping on the horse of a NYPD officer during the celebration . The Yankees had one of the greatest seasons in baseball history in 1998 . The Yankees won a then - AL record 114 games and the season culminated in a win over the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . The Red Sox , too , made the playoffs in 1998 , but as a Wild Card , they did not seriously contend for the division title . They lost their ALDS . About four months after victory , the Yankees traded fan favorite David Wells to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens , a fan favorite with the Red Sox between 1984 and 1996 . Clemens was coming off two consecutive season with the Blue Jays where he had won both the pitching triple crown and the Cy Young Award in both 1997 and 1998 . Once the 1999 season started , a moment of peace occurred between the fans . Yankees manager Joe Torre returned to Fenway Park for his first game following a battle with prostate cancer . While the managers were exchanging lineup cards , the Boston crowd gave Torre a long standing ovation , to which he tipped his cap . Good relations were seen during the All - Star Game at Fenway Park . Yankees manager Joe Torre , manager for the American League team , replaced starting shortstop Nomar Garciaparra of the Red Sox with Derek Jeter . Garciaparra received a standing ovation from the fans after Jeter came in to replace him ( they also embraced each other at this time ) . Later in the game , when he came to bat , Jeter gave Garciaparra a tribute by mimicking his batting stance . Nine years later , in a similar fashion , Red Sox manager Terry Francona managed the American League team at the All - Star Game at Yankee Stadium , in the stadium 's final season . On September 10 , 1999 , Chili Davis ' second - inning home run was the only hit by the Yankees against Pedro Martínez , who struck out 17 Yankees -- the most strikeouts against a Yankees team ever in a nine inning game . Martínez retired the last 22 batters after giving up the home run , including striking out eight of the final nine batters . The teams finished first and second in their division and both made the playoffs in the same season . This led to the very first post-season meeting in the longtime rivalry . 1999 ALCS : first postseason meeting ( edit ) Pedro Martínez faced Roger Clemens in the 1999 ALCS . Earlier that season , Martínez had struck out the most Yankees ( 17 ) ever in a game . Main article : 1999 American League Championship Series In 1999 , the Yankees and Red Sox faced each other for the first time in the ALCS . The Yankees were the defending World Series champions , while Boston had not appeared in the ALCS since 1990 . The Yankees won Game 1 on a 10th - inning walk - off home run by Bernie Williams off Boston reliever Rod Beck . Intensity built up due to this historic , first - ever postseason meeting between the two longtime rivals . The Yankees would win the first two games at home with 7th - inning comebacks . The lone bright spot for the Red Sox came in Game 3 at Fenway Park , in what had been a much anticipated pitching match - up of former Red Sox star Roger Clemens , who was now with the Yankees , and Boston ace Pedro Martínez . Martínez struck out twelve and did not allow a run through seven innings of work ; Clemens was hit hard , giving up five earned runs and only lasting two innings of a 13 -- 1 Red Sox victory . The Yankees rebounded to win Games 4 and 5 , clinching the American League pennant and advancing to the World Series , where they swept the Atlanta Braves . The loss to Pedro Martínez was the Yankees ' only postseason loss , as the team went 11 -- 1 . The following year at Fenway Park , the Yankees beat the Red Sox , 22 -- 1 , handing Boston its most lopsided home loss ever . The Yankees scored 16 total runs in the 8th and 9th innings . The Yankees lost 15 of their final 18 games that season and finished with a record of 87 -- 74 , but the Red Sox failed to catch up and finished 2.5 games out of first to lose another division title to the Yankees . Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000 , the Yankees won their third consecutive World Series and 26th overall , in the first Subway Series since 1956 , over their cross-town rivals , the New York Mets , in 5 games . A year later , David Cone , one of the key players in the then-most recent Yankees dynasty , started for the Red Sox against the Yankees at Yankee Stadium to the sound of a standing ovation despite playing for the arch - rivals . Cone would later take part in another notable game later that year when he went up against newly acquired Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina . Mussina had come within one strike of pitching a perfect game against the Red Sox at Fenway Park . Carl Everett 's 9th - inning single was the only baserunner allowed by Mussina in a 1 -- 0 Yankees win . Coincidentally , David Cone was the last Yankees pitcher to throw a perfect game , in 1999 . On September 10 , the two teams had a game against each other rained out . The next day , the country saw one of its biggest tragedies bring both sides together . Following the terrorist attacks on New York City 's Twin World Trade Center Towers , Boston fans displayed signs saying `` Boston Loves New York '' in a rare moment of peace between the two sides of the rivalry . On September 23 , the Yankees ' home field hosted a memorial service titled , `` Prayer for America '' . The warm feeling of solidarity would once again be short - lived as just prior to the 2003 season , Red Sox President Larry Lucchino labeled New York Yankees the `` Evil Empire '' after Cuban free agent José Contreras opted to sign with the Yankees instead of the Red Sox . The new ownership group had made it their personal mission to win a championship . 2001 -- 2003 : unbalanced Schedule ( edit ) Major League Baseball changed its scheduling format beginning in 2001 , further intensifying division matchups throughout the league . The new `` unbalanced schedule '' allowed for additional games in each season between divisional rivals , replacing additional series with teams outside the division . Due to the change , the Red Sox and Yankees now played each other 18 - 19 times each season . The scheduling drew criticism both when it was enacted and after the fact , with some analysts even positing the unbalanced schedule hurt intra-divisional play . In 2002 , the Red Sox asked the Yankees for permission to interview one of George Steinbrenner 's assistants , former Yankees general manager Gene Michael , for their vacant general manager position , but Steinbrenner denied their request . Boston Red Sox then hired Theo Epstein , a protégé of Red Sox President and CEO Larry Lucchino , as general manager , and at 28 years old , he was the youngest general manager in baseball history . 2003 ALCS ( edit ) Aaron Boone , here as a member of the Washington Nationals in 2008 , hit the walk - off home run to win the 2003 American League pennant for the Yankees . Boone is the current Yankees manager . Main article : 2003 American League Championship Series Both teams would face off in the ALCS once again in 2003 . Entering the series , the Red Sox were the favorites to reach the 2003 World Series and The New York Times had endorsed a showdown between the Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs , the latter of whom had not been to the World Series since 1945 and had not won a championship since 1908 . Due to the unbalanced schedule , when Boston forced the ALCS to a full seven games , the seventh game set a major league record for the rivalry between the two teams : it marked the first time two major league teams have played more than 25 games against each other over the course of a single season . In the top of the fourth inning of Game 3 of the ALCS at Fenway Park , Red Sox starting pitcher Pedro Martínez hit Yankees batter Karim García , prompting an argument between the two players , which ended with both teams clearing the benches but no punches being thrown . In the bottom half of the inning , a pitch from Roger Clemens to Manny Ramírez was high and inside , and a brawl ensued . Ramírez swore at Clemens for the pitch . Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer , then 72 years old , and who had been the manager of the `` doomed '' 1978 Boston Red Sox , charged at Martínez ; the pitcher grabbed Zimmer by the head and swung him to the ground . Later , midway through the ninth inning , García and Yankees pitcher Jeff Nelson fought with a Fenway Park groundskeeper , Paul Williams , in the bullpen . Two Boston Police officers issued a report saying Nelson and García engaged in `` an unprovoked attack '' on Williams and summonses would be sought for the two New York Yankees for assault and battery . After reviewing the incident , MLB Commissioner Bud Selig said he was `` very disappointed '' by the behavior of the participants and fined Martínez $50,000 , Ramírez $25,000 , García $10,000 , and Zimmer $5,000 . In Game 7 at Yankee Stadium , the Red Sox held a 5 -- 2 lead through seven innings due to an ineffective start by Roger Clemens , but the Yankees remained in the game because of three shutout innings of relief by Mike Mussina in his first career relief appearance . After Boston Red Sox starter Pedro Martínez gave up a run in the eighth , manager Grady Little visited the mound but elected to leave a tiring Martínez to complete the inning . Martínez then gave up a ground - rule double to Hideki Matsui , and Yankees catcher Jorge Posada blooped a double into center field that drove in two runners and tied the game . The game went into extra innings and in the bottom of the eleventh inning , leadoff hitter Aaron Boone , grandson of Ray Boone , a ( retired ) longtime scout with the Red Sox , hit a solo home run off of Tim Wakefield to left field , ending the game and the series , giving the Yankees their 39th American League pennant . The Long Island , New York , newspaper Newsday went to the press before the game was over , and thinking Boston would win the game , editorialized as to what was wrong with the Yankees , and why they had lost the ALCS to the Red Sox . In a postgame interview , Red Sox firstbaseman Kevin Millar described the emotions in the Red Sox locker room : `` It was like we were all back in high school , like we 'd all just gotten beat in the state playoffs , and everyone was going to graduate ... When you 're a teenager and you lose the big football game , that 's when you see guys cry uncontrollably . You do n't ( usually ) see that much at this level . '' Two days later , the Red Sox fired Grady Little . People blamed him for the Game 7 loss , claiming he left Martínez in for too long . 2004 -- 16 : the Curse is broken ( edit ) 2004 : Red Sox win World Series ( edit ) See also : 2004 New York Yankees season , 2004 Boston Red Sox season , and 2004 World Series Curt Schilling beat the Yankees in the 2001 World Series while with the Arizona Diamondbacks and in the 2004 ALCS with the Boston Red Sox . He won two World Series with the Red Sox , 2004 and 2007 . In an effort to build up their lineup , the Red Sox set up a potential deal that would send Texas Rangers SS and reigning AL MVP Alex Rodriguez to Boston and Manny Ramírez and other players to Texas . The deal eventually fell through after Rodríguez indicated he would not go against the MLBPA , which opposed a proposed renegotiation that would have potentially reduced Rodríguez 's earnings in the later years of his contract . A freak off - season basketball injury to Aaron Boone , just months removed from his historic home run , had Yankees management looking at possible options to replace him . Despite being courted by Boston for nearly three months , Rodríguez was traded to New York . New Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling , whose Arizona Diamondbacks defeated New York in the 2001 World Series , appeared at a Boston Bruins home ice hockey game wearing a `` Yankee hater '' hat . That year , the Red Sox won an eventful season series against the Yankees , 10 -- 9 . A 13 - inning comeback win for the Yankees on July 1 was punctuated by a catch from Jeter , who ran and dove into the stands at full speed and came out with facial lacerations when Trot Nixon hit a pop up in an area deep behind third base . On July 24 , Jason Varitek shoved his glove into the face of the Yankees ' Álex Rodríguez after Rodríguez was hit by a pitch from Bronson Arroyo , causing a bench - clearing brawl . Though he was ejected ( along with Rodríguez ) from the game following the incident , the moment sparked Boston to an 11 -- 10 come - from - behind victory . Rodríguez and Varitek were each suspended four games and fined $2,000 for the brawl . The Red Sox finished second to the Yankees in the AL East for the seventh straight season . Both teams would advance to the ALCS for the second straight year . 2004 ALCS : the Curse is broken ( edit ) See also : 2004 American League Championship Series After the melodrama of the 2003 ALCS , a rematch in 2004 was hotly anticipated . Yankees GM Brian Cashman said `` I think Boston ... really are ... a mirror image of us in terms of ... aggressiveness and desire to win '' . Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina summarized the buildup : `` This is what everyone was hoping for ... it 's a rematch of last year , with the best two teams in the American League '' . The Yankees won the first three games of the series , including a 19 -- 8 rout in Game 3 . No team in the history of baseball had ever won a best - of - seven series after being down 3 -- 0 . Entering the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 4 at Fenway Park , Yankees reliever Mariano Rivera was attempting to close out a 4 -- 3 lead . But after a leadoff walk to Kevin Millar , pinch - runner Dave Roberts stole second and came around to score on an RBI single by Bill Mueller . Boston won the game in the bottom of the 12th inning on a home run by David Ortiz . Game 5 featured another extra-inning Boston comeback , as the Red Sox tied the game in the 8th inning and won it in the 14th on a single hit by Ortiz that drove in Damon from second . In Game 6 , Curt Schilling , who tore a tendon sheath in his right ankle during the ALDS against Anaheim , pitched seven innings of one - run ball . Schilling 's tendon had been sutured to his ankle to relieve the discomfort and was given local anesthetic and painkillers for the game . During the game , his sock started to absorb the blood from his freshly sutured ankle , and `` the bloody sock '' instantly became an indelible image of the dramatic series . A controversial call was made when Alex Rodriguez was called out after he intentionally slapped the ball out of Arroyo 's hand while running to first base . Boston held on to win the contest , 4 -- 2 . They then completed their historic comeback with a blowout win in Game 7 by a score of 10 -- 3 . The New York Yankees blowing the 3 -- 0 lead has been considered the biggest collapse in the history of baseball . Ramírez at the Red Sox victory parade in 2004 , with a sign that one of the spectators handed him . The Red Sox won their first World Series championship in 86 years , completing a sweep of St. Louis in the 2004 World Series . 2005 -- 2009 : Yankees , Red Sox win titles ( edit ) When the two teams played for the first time at Yankee Stadium , on April 3 , Yankees fans started new taunts , saying `` The Curse of 1918 is finally over ( 86 years ) . Let the new curse 2090 begin . '' They also projected the next Red Sox championship with signs saying `` 1918 - 2004 - 2090 . '' Just a week later , the Red Sox received their World Series rings at Fenway Park before they played the Yankees . All of the Yankees went to the top step of the dugout to applaud the Red Sox accomplishment at the urging of Yankees manager Joe Torre . During the announcement of the lineups , Red Sox fans reciprocated by giving Yankees closer Mariano Rivera ( who had struggled against the Red Sox ) a loud , standing ovation , despite their booing of Alex Rodriguez . Rivera laughed and tipped his cap . In New York , the YES Network , the Yankees television network , declined to broadcast it . Instead , a fixed camera shot was focused tightly on correspondent Kimberly Jones as she described in general terms the events surrounding her ; afterwards , YES was roundly criticized for the move . The Red Sox won the game 8 -- 1 . Johnny Damon played for both the Red Sox and the Yankees . The Red Sox acquired starting pitcher Josh Beckett , who pitched a complete game shutout for the Marlins against the Yankees to end the 2003 World Series , the end of the 2005 season . The Yankees would follow with their own off - season acquisition of former Red Sox outfielder Johnny Damon , a fan - favorite during his four years in Boston . Damon returned to Fenway Park the following May to a mix of cheers and boos as he tipped his helmet to the fans . The Yankees completed a five - game sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park , evoking memories of 1978 's `` Boston Massacre '' . The Yankees pushed their division lead from ​ 1 ⁄ games up to ​ 6 ⁄ games over the second place Sox . Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy dubbed it the `` Son of Massacre . '' The second game of the series , which the Yankees won 14 -- 11 , took four hours and 45 minutes to complete , making it the longest nine - inning game in MLB history . Months after the Yankees loss in the 2006 ALDS and Torre 's decision to drop a struggling Alex Rodriguez to 8th in the lineup , Rodriguez in an interview with Sports Illustrated , claimed that he had preferred to go to the Red Sox before being traded to the Yankees . The incident would be one of contention between Torre and Rodriguez as noted in Torre 's book , The Yankee Years . Josh Beckett of Boston pitched a complete game shutout against New York to win the 2003 World Series for Florida . During the third inning of a 2007 game at Fenway Park , Ramírez , J.D. Drew , Mike Lowell , and Jason Varitek hit four consecutive home runs off Yankees pitcher Chase Wright , powering a comeback from a three - run deficit and completing a three - game sweep of the Yankees at Fenway Park for the first time since 1990 . By May , after long speculation about what team he would play for after retirement , Roger Clemens chose to return to the Yankees as opposed to the Red Sox ( where he started his career ) or the Houston Astros ( his hometown and last team he played for ) . Clemens helped the Yankees overcome a 14 - game deficit in the standings to roar back to reach the playoffs again , however , this was not enough to win the division . On September 28 , Boston won the AL East after a win against the Minnesota Twins and a loss by the Yankees against the Baltimore Orioles . This was the first AL East Championship for the Red Sox since 1995 , ending the Yankees ' nine - year reign in the division . The Red Sox went on to sweep the Colorado Rockies in the World Series . Series MVP Mike Lowell remarks , upon receiving his trophy , that `` the Red Sox are expected to win . '' Controversy erupted during the eighth inning of the final game when Alex Rodriguez 's agent Scott Boras announced that Rodriguez had decided to opt out of his contract , in what was seen by many as an attempt by Boras to overshadow the series . The off - season after the 2007 Series showed a war of words between management of both teams . Boston GM Theo Epstein called Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina a `` bad apple '' for complaining about the Yankees ' 2004 trip to Japan as the Red Sox were gearing up for their own trip there . Epstein claimed that Mussina had used it as a crutch during the season . Mussina retorted back saying `` Yea , we used it as a crutch to win the division ! '' Later that month , Hank Steinbrenner , who had taken a bigger role with the Yankees operation from his father George , responded in a feisty manner to the popularity of Red Sox Nation in The New York Times supplemental Play Magazine : `` ' Red Sox Nation ? ' What a bunch of ( expletive ) that is . That was a creation of the Red Sox and ESPN , which is filled with Red Sox fans . Go anywhere in America and you wo n't see Red Sox hats and jackets , you 'll see Yankee hats and jackets . This is a Yankee country . We 're going to put the Yankees back on top and restore the universe to order . '' In response , Red Sox principal owner John W. Henry inducted Hank Steinbrenner into Red Sox Nation . Steinbrenner went on to praise Henry 's handling of the Red Sox and said they would always be competitive under him . In 2008 , the Red Sox clinched a playoff berth and the Yankees ' streak of 13 consecutive postseason appearances dating back to 1995 ended . In the 2008 - 09 off - season , first baseman Mark Teixeira signed an eight year , $180 million contract with the Yankees . Tony Massarotti of The Boston Globe summed up his feelings by calling it a `` kick in the pants '' . In August 2009 , the defeated the Red Sox , 20 -- 11 , in which the total runs scored ( 31 ) was the most combined runs scored in a game in the history of the rivalry . Both teams made the playoffs in 2009 . During the ALDS , the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins to face the Los Angeles Angels who had knocked out the Red Sox . The Yankees beat the Angels and went on defeat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2009 World Series , 4 -- 2 , to win their 27th World Series title in their first year in the new Yankee Stadium . Former Red Sox pitcher Pedro Martínez was the losing pitcher for the Phillies in Game 6 . 2010 -- 2012 : Yankees fall short , Red Sox collapse ( edit ) 2010 saw the Yankees and the Red Sox start and finish the season against each other at Fenway Park , the first time since 1950 this happened . The Red Sox beat the Yankees in the first meeting of the two teams , the 30th time that the two teams played on Opening Day , improving to 11 -- 18 -- 1 against the Yankees whenever the two teams play each other on Opening Day . The Red Sox , struggling to get out of third place , failed to make the playoffs , but played spoiler during the final series of the season , knocking the Yankees out of first place in the American League East , relegating them to the wild - card for 2010 . In 2011 , the Red Sox went 12 -- 6 against the Yankees , including beating Yankees ace CC Sabathia four times during the season and sweeping two three - game series at Yankee Stadium , the first series of three games of more where the Yankees have been swept at home since it opened in 2009 . Critics and writers forecasted overwhelmingly that the Red Sox would win the 2011 World Series . The Red Sox spent a great deal to build the team in the off - season , and were about to sell at least two Red Sox as Most Valuable Player candidates by mid season . Following a disastrous first month , the Red Sox climbed in the standings . The Yankees claimed the AL East crown after the Red Sox 's September struggles left them battling for the wild - card with the Rays , with whom they went into the season 's final game tied . On September 28 , the Tampa Bay Rays staged a dramatic comeback from 7 -- 0 to win 8 -- 7 over the Yankees in the 12th inning . Only three minutes earlier , Red Sox closer Jonathan Papelbon blew a 3 -- 2 lead over the Orioles in the bottom of the 9th inning , handing a 4 -- 3 walk - off victory to the Orioles . The Rays claimed the AL Wild Card and eliminated the Red Sox from the post-season . It marked the first time in baseball history that a 9 - game lead had been blown in September , becoming the worst collapse in baseball history . Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe said that `` the greatest choke in baseball history ... feels like revenge for 2004 and 2007 . '' The Red Sox hired outspoken manager Bobby Valentine to take Francona 's place . After his signing , Valentine immediately inserted himself into the rivalry when he said he hated the Yankees . On the series of April 20 -- 22 , 2012 , the Red Sox celebrated the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park against the Yankees , who they played to open up the park . Both teams wore their 1912 uniforms on April 20 , which the Yankees won 6 - 2 . The Yankees came back from down , 9 -- 0 , to win , 15 -- 9 , the next day , the largest deficit they have ever overcome . They won the season series 13 -- 5 , their best record against the Red Sox since 2001 , when they also went 13 -- 5 against them , and swept the final three - game series of the season at Yankee Stadium to clinch the AL East while the Red Sox finished last in the division for the first time since 1992 with their worst record since 1965 . Valentine was fired soon after . Later in 2012 , the Yankees acquired 2004 ALCS Game 7 winner Derek Lowe . He was the latest member of the 2004 team to later play for the Yankees . After the 2012 season , Kevin Youkilis , who the Red Sox traded to the Chicago White Sox earlier in the season , signed with the Yankees as a free agent . He had previously clashed with Joba Chamberlain when he was with Boston . 2013 -- 2016 : Red Sox champions again ( edit ) In 2013 , the Red Sox took the regular season series over the Yankees 13 - 6 . The Red Sox finished the season with the best record in the American League and went on to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2013 World Series to win their eighth World Series title , while the Yankees failed to make the playoffs . In 2014 the Yankees acquired Stephen Drew in exchange for Kelly Johnson in the first trade between the two teams since 1997 . Both teams missed the playoffs in 2014 , which is the first time in the wildcard era . To start the 2015 edition of the rivalry , the first game at Yankee Stadium on April 10 went into extra innings ended up being one of the longest games ever played -- at 6 hours and 49 minutes -- going 19 innings , with the Yankees tying the game three times in the bottom of the 9th , 14th , and 16th . The Red Sox won the game , 6 - 5 . Towards the end of the 2016 season in September , the Yankees headed to Fenway Park trailing the first place Red Sox by only four games . The Yankees ended up getting swept and blew late - inning leads in three of the four games , including giving up five runs in the ninth inning of the first game . The sweep has been dubbed `` Boston Massacre II '' in reference to the 1978 four game sweep of the Red Sox by the Yankees at Fenway . 2017 -- present : rebirth of the rivalry ( edit ) In 2017 , the Red Sox won the division by two games , forcing the Yankees into the Wild Card . This marked the first time both the Red Sox and Yankees made the playoffs since 2009 . However , both teams lost in the postseason to the eventual World Series champion Houston Astros . For only third time in the history of the rivalry ( the previous two occasions were 1930 and 1992 ) , both teams had new managers to start the 2018 season . The Yankees hired Aaron Boone and the Red Sox hired Alex Cora , both former players of the team who hired them . During an early - season game , a brawl erupted between both benches after Yankees first baseman Tyler Austin charged Red Sox pitcher Joe Kelly for throwing at him twice in response to Austin 's slide at second base earlier in the game . It became a trending topic on Twitter and the MLB 's Youtube channel video of the incident became one of the most viewed ( currently at an estimated 1 million views ) , and social media commentators saw the brawl as a spark of a reignited rivalry between the two teams , which in turn released more long - standing hatred among their respective fan bases not just in their respective cities and states but also nationwide . By the end of the 2018 regular season , both teams qualified for the postseason and both reached the 100 - win mark . It would be the first time in history that both teams had won at least 100 games in the same season and , along with the Houston Astros , the first time the American League had three 100 game winners . Following the Yankees ' victory over the Oakland A 's in the AL Wild Card Game , the two faced each other in the 2018 ALDS . This was the fourth postseason meeting for the two teams , and their first meeting in the ALDS . The Red Sox won the series 3 games to 1 , taking games 3 & 4 in Yankee Stadium by a combined score of 20 - 4 , with all games broadcast on cable channel TBS in the United States , ending up as one of the highest rating MLB postseason series broadcasts yet in its long history . Just like in the earlier April 2018 brawl , it fueled once more the fan hatred between the two teams , becoming a Twitter trending topic . On October 24 , 2018 in Boston , during game 2 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , in the top of the ninth inning ( as the Red Sox was about to win the game 4 - 2 ) , the fans in attendance started chanting `` Yankees Suck ! '' at Fenway Park , they did the chant the night before as the Red Sox were leading in the scorebooks . As the Red Sox won the 2018 World Series in Dodger Stadium , the `` Yankees Suck '' chants resounded again from the Red Sox fans attending the series winning game in Los Angeles on October 28 the same year , and the victorious Red Sox players sang Frank Sinatra 's cover of `` New York , New York '' in celebration in the Dodger Stadium locker rooms ( that song , the one played at Yankees home victories , was the one played in Yankee Stadium when the Red Sox won in the aformentioned 2004 ALCS and in the 2018 ALDS ) . In May 2018 , MLB announced that the Yankees and Red Sox would play a two - game series during the 2019 season at London Stadium , in the first of year of a two - year deal to play regular season games at the venue . The MLB London Series will be the first time that the two sides have played each other in regular season play outside of either New York or Boston , and will also be the first MLB regular season games to be played in Europe . Season - by - season results ( edit ) hide Yankees vs. Red Sox Season - by - Season Results 1900s ( Red Sox , 101 -- 86 -- 4 ) ( show ) Season Season series at Baltimore Orioles / NY Highlanders at Boston Americans / Red Sox Notes 1901 Tie 9 -- 9 Tie , 4 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 First year of American League Baseball 1902 Americans 16 -- 4 Americans , 7 -- 1 Americans , 9 -- 3 1903 Americans 13 -- 7 Americans , 7 -- 3 Americans , 6 -- 4 Orioles move to New York and become the `` New York Highlanders '' First year of organized Major League Baseball Americans win 1903 World Series 1904 Americans 12 -- 10 -- 2 Americans , 6 -- 4 Tie , 6 -- 6 -- 2 Americans win three of four over Highlanders to close out season Americans win the AL Pennant by ​ 1 ⁄ games over Highlanders No World Series held as NL Champion New York Giants refuse to participate 1905 Americans 13 -- 8 Tie , 5 -- 5 Americans , 8 -- 3 1906 Highlanders 17 -- 5 -- 1 Highlanders , 8 -- 3 Highlanders , 9 -- 2 -- 1 Highlanders win 11 straight meetings between May and September 1907 Highlanders 12 -- 8 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 3 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 5 Americans change their name to `` Red Sox '' 1908 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Highlanders , 6 -- 5 1909 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 1910s ( Red Sox , 115 -- 94 -- 3 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Highlanders / Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1910 Highlanders 13 -- 9 -- 1 Highlanders , 6 -- 3 -- 1 Highlanders , 7 -- 6 1911 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 Highlanders , 7 -- 4 1912 Red Sox 19 -- 2 Red Sox , 10 -- 0 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Red Sox open Fenway Park Red Sox win 17 straight meetings from October 1911 to July 1912 Red Sox win 1912 World Series 1913 Red Sox 14 -- 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Highlanders change their name to `` Yankees '' 1914 Tie 11 -- 11 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 5 1915 Yankees 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Red Sox win 1915 World Series 1916 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox win 1916 World Series 1917 Red Sox 13 -- 9 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 -- 1 1918 Yankees 11 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Tie , 4 -- 4 Red Sox win 1918 World Series , their last until 2004 1919 Red Sox 10 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Tie , 4 -- 4 1920s ( Yankees , 149 -- 71 -- 1 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1920 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Babe Ruth 's first season with the Yankees Alleged start to the Curse of the Bambino 1921 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 10 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win first AL pennant , lose 1921 World Series 1922 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1922 World Series 1923 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees open the original Yankee Stadium Yankees win 1923 World Series for first title 1924 Yankees 17 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 -- 1 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees sweep a 4 - game series in Boston September 8 - 11 to even the overall series at 253 -- 253 -- 7 at the season 's end 1925 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 On June 27 , Yankees take a 259 -- 258 -- 7 lead in the series , a lead the Yankees would never relinquish 1926 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees lose 1926 World Series 1927 Yankees 18 -- 4 Yankees , 9 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 3 Yankees win 11 straight meetings from May to August Yankees win 1927 World Series 1928 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees win 1928 World Series 1929 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 1930s ( Yankees , 136 -- 80 -- 3 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1930 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 8 -- 3 1931 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1932 Yankees 17 -- 5 Yankees , 10 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees win 13 straight home meetings from July 1931 to June 1932 Yankees win 1932 World Series 1933 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1934 Yankees 12 -- 10 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1935 Yankees 12 -- 9 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1936 Yankees 15 -- 7 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees win 1936 World Series 1937 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees win 1937 World Series 1938 Tie 11 -- 11 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 -- 1 Red Sox , 7 -- 4 1939 Red Sox 11 -- 8 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 5 -- 3 -- 1 Red Sox win season series for first time since 1922 Yankees win 1939 World Series 1940s ( Yankees , 122 -- 98 -- 2 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1940 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 5 1941 Yankees 13 -- 9 -- 1 Yankees , 8 -- 3 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Joe DiMaggio had 56 - game hitting streak Ted Williams batted . 406 Yankees win 1941 World Series 1942 Red Sox 12 -- 10 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees lose 1942 World Series 1943 Yankees 17 -- 5 -- 1 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 8 -- 3 -- 1 Yankees win 1943 World Series 1944 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 1945 Yankees 16 -- 6 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Yankees , 7 -- 4 1946 Red Sox 14 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 Red Sox finish ahead of Yankees in the standings for first time since selling Babe Ruth Red Sox lose 1946 World Series 1947 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1947 World Series 1948 Red Sox 14 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Both teams in hotly - contested pennant race with Cleveland Indians . Red Sox lose to Indians in tie - breaker 1949 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1949 World Series 1950s ( Yankees , 126 -- 93 -- 1 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1950 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1950 World Series 1951 Tie 11 -- 11 Yankees , 9 -- 2 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Yankees win 1951 World Series 1952 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1952 World Series 1953 Yankees 11 -- 10 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees win 1953 World Series , their fifth straight title 1954 Yankees 13 -- 9 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 1955 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1955 World Series 1956 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees win 1956 World Series 1957 Yankees 14 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees lose 1957 World Series 1958 Yankees 13 -- 9 -- 1 Yankees , 7 -- 4 -- 1 Red Sox , 6 -- 5 Yankees win 1958 World Series 1959 Red Sox 13 -- 9 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Red Sox , 8 -- 3 1960s ( Yankees , 101 -- 83 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1960 Yankees 15 -- 7 Yankees , 8 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 4 Yankees lose 1960 World Series 1961 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 1 Yankees , 5 -- 4 MLB expansion reduces schedule to 18 meetings per year Yankees win 1961 World Series 1962 Yankees 12 -- 6 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees win 1962 World Series 1963 Yankees 12 -- 6 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 1963 World Series 1964 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 1964 World Series 1965 Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 1966 Yankees 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 3 1967 Red Sox 12 -- 6 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox lose 1967 World Series 1968 Red Sox 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox win consecutive season series for the first time since 1911 - 13 1969 Red Sox 11 -- 7 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 1970s ( Red Sox , 89 -- 79 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1970 Red Sox 10 -- 8 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 1971 Yankees 11 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 1972 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 1973 Red Sox 14 -- 4 Red Sox , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 1 Munson , Fisk brawl Red Sox 11 -- 7 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 9 -- 2 Red Sox win 11 straight home meetings from August 1973 to July 1974 Red Sox 11 -- 5 Red Sox , 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox lose 1975 World Series 1976 Yankees 11 -- 7 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Pinella , Fisk brawl Yankees lose 1976 World Series 1977 Red Sox 8 -- 7 Yankees , 6 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 MLB expansion reduces season series to 15 meetings per year Yankees win 1977 World Series 1978 Yankees 9 -- 7 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees overcome a 14 - game deficit to Red Sox including a 4 - game sweep in Fenway in September ( `` Boston Massacre '' ) Teams tie for first in the AL East , Yankees defeat Red Sox in tiebreaker game Yankees win 1978 World Series 1979 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Schedule reduced to 13 meetings per year as MLB implements `` balanced schedule . '' 1980s ( Yankees , 65 -- 58 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1980 Yankees 10 -- 3 Tie , 3 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 0 Yankees sweep all games in Boston for first time 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Yankees , 2 -- 1 Red Sox , 2 -- 1 Strike - shortened season Yankees lose 1981 World Series 1982 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Tie , 3 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1984 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 4 -- 3 1985 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 5 -- 2 Tie , 3 -- 3 Red Sox win the first five meetings , Yankees win the next eight . 1986 Yankees 10 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Red Sox lose 1986 World Series Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1988 Red Sox 9 -- 4 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 1989 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 1990s ( Yankees , 72 -- 57 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 1990 Red Sox 9 -- 4 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 0 1991 Yankees 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 1992 Red Sox 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 - 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 2 1993 Yankees 7 -- 6 Yankees , 4 -- 3 Tie , 3 -- 3 1994 Yankees 7 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 3 -- 1 Strike - shortened season . Strike cancels postseason . Yankees had best regular season record in American League MLB adds Wild Card , allowing for both teams to make the postseason in the same year . 1995 Yankees 8 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Both teams qualify for postseason for the first time . Yankees 10 -- 3 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 6 -- 1 Yankees win 1996 World Series 1997 Yankees 8 -- 4 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 4 -- 2 1998 Yankees 7 -- 5 Tie , 3 -- 3 Yankees , 4 -- 2 Yankees win 114 games to set AL record ( later broken ) Yankees win 1998 World Series 1999 Red Sox 8 -- 4 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees win 1999 World Series 1999 ALCS Yankees 4 -- 1 Yankees , 2 - 0 Yankees , 2 - 1 First postseason meeting 2000s ( Yankees , 104 -- 90 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes 2000 Yankees 7 -- 6 Red Sox , 4 -- 2 Yankees , 5 -- 2 Yankees win 2000 World Series 2001 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 8 -- 1 Yankees , 5 -- 4 MLB changed to an unbalanced schedule in 2001 , resulting in 18 - 19 meetings per year Yankees lose 2001 World Series 2002 Yankees 10 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 2003 Yankees 10 -- 9 Tie , 5 -- 5 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Yankees lose 2003 World Series 2003 ALCS Yankees 4 -- 3 Tie , 2 -- 2 Yankees , 2 -- 1 Game 7 ends on Aaron Boone 's 11th inning home run Red Sox 11 -- 8 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox win 2004 World Series , their first since 1918 2004 ALCS Red Sox 4 -- 3 Tie , 2 -- 2 Red Sox , 2 -- 1 Red Sox overcome 3 - 0 deficit 2005 Yankees 10 -- 9 Yankees , 5 -- 4 Tie , 5 -- 5 2006 Yankees 11 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Yankees sweep a 5 - game series at Fenway ( `` Son of Massacre '' ) 2007 Yankees 10 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox win 2007 World Series 2008 Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 2009 Tie 9 -- 9 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 Yankees open the new Yankee Stadium Red Sox win first eight meetings , Yankees win nine of next ten Yankees win 2009 World Series 2010s ( Tie , 85 -- 85 ) ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes Tie 9 -- 9 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 4 2011 Red Sox 12 -- 6 Red Sox , 7 -- 2 Red Sox , 5 -- 4 Red Sox miss playoffs despite having 9 - game lead in September 2012 Yankees 13 -- 5 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Yankees , 7 -- 2 2013 Red Sox 13 -- 6 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox , 6 -- 2 Red Sox win 2013 World Series 2014 Yankees 12 -- 7 Yankees , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 6 -- 3 2015 Yankees 11 -- 8 Red Sox , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 7 -- 2 Red Sox win 19 - inning game over Yankees on April 10 2016 Red Sox 11 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 8 -- 2 Red Sox sweep 4 - game series in September ( `` Boston Massacre II '' ) 2017 Yankees 11 -- 8 Yankees , 6 -- 4 Yankees , 5 -- 2 2018 Red Sox 10 -- 9 Yankees , 6 -- 3 Red Sox , 7 -- 3 Red Sox sweep four - game series in August to extend AL East lead from ​ 5 ⁄ games to ​ 9 ⁄ , effectively taking control of the division . Both teams win 100 games ( Red Sox 108 , Yankees 100 ) for first time ever 2018 ALDS Red Sox 3 -- 1 Red Sox , 2 -- 0 Tie , 1 -- 1 Red Sox win Game 3 , 16 -- 1 , the largest postseason loss in Yankees history . Red Sox 2B Brock Holt hits for the cycle in this game . Summary of Results ( show ) Season Season series at New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Notes Regular Season Yankees 1202 -- 1018 -- 14 Yankees , 647 -- 455 -- 7 Red Sox , 563 -- 555 -- 7 Postseason games Yankees 12 -- 11 Tie , 6 -- 6 Yankees , 6 -- 5 Postseason Series Tie 2 -- 2 Regular and postseason Yankees 1214 -- 1029 -- 14 Yankees , 653 -- 461 -- 7 Red Sox , 568 -- 561 -- 7 Geography ( edit ) Using Facebook Like button data , Ben Blatt of the Harvard College Sports Analysis Collective found in 2012 that Red Sox fans are east of the New York State -- Vermont / Massachusetts border , and Yankees fans are west . Blatt wrote , `` I had thought that it was possible that Red Sox Nation might extend into northern New York or Yankees territory might extend into Vermont . This turned out not to be the case '' . Connecticut divides support between the two teams ; he found that 56.6 % of Facebook users in Hartford , often cited as being on the border between the two teams ' fans , supported the Yankees . While Blatt found that identifying an exact border within the state was impossible , Guilford and Middletown are almost exactly divided , with 50.7 % in each supporting the Yankees . Violence over rivalry ( edit ) There have been occasions of arrests due to violence over the rivalry . In May 2008 , a Yankees fan in Nashua , New Hampshire was arrested and charged with reckless second - degree murder outside a bar , which resulted from an argument over the rivalry . Later in 2008 , a man driving a car with New York license plates in Massachusetts was pulled from his car and savagely beaten because locals suspected the man of being a Yankees fan . During the final series of the 2010 season , Boston Police arrested a Yankees fan for stabbing a Red Sox fan over an argument about the rivalry . Rivalry outside of Baseball ( edit ) Don Mattingly had appeared in public service announcements airing on the Spike TV network advocating fathers to spend time with their children as part of the `` True Dads '' campaign to encourage men to take an active role in their children 's lives . Mattingly jokes at the end of the commercial about the impatience of one of the characters in the commercial by calling him a Red Sox fan . On April 13 , 2008 , rumors of a construction worker burying a Red Sox jersey in the concrete of the new Yankee Stadium were verified after anonymous tips led to the location of the jersey . The worker , identified as Gino Castignoli , had buried a David Ortiz jersey in what would become a service corridor in the hopes of cursing the new stadium . After extracting the jersey from underneath two feet of concrete , Yankees ' President Randy Levine indicated that the shirt would be donated to the Jimmy Fund to be auctioned for the charity long associated with the Red Sox . Whatever curse was intended failed to bear fruit with the Yankees winning the World Series in their first year at the new stadium . Politics ( edit ) On October 23 , 2007 , former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani , who is a Yankees fan , said at a New Hampshire event for his presidential campaign that he was going to cheer for the Red Sox during their World Series appearance against the Colorado Rockies . Giuliani justified his support of the Red Sox by proclaiming he was a fan of American League baseball . The following day , the New York Post and New York Daily News printed doctored photos of Giuliani as a Red Sox fan on their covers with the headlines `` RED COAT '' and `` TRAITOR ! '' respectively . Topps parodied this in a 2008 baseball card altered to depict Giuliani on the field with the Red Sox as the team celebrated their 2007 World Series championship . A month later , he was asked about his support for the Red Sox by one of the questioners in a YouTube Republican Presidential Debate run by CNN . In response to the mayor 's answer , former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney , who was in office during the Red Sox 2004 win , claimed that all Americans are united in hatred of the Yankees . Giuliani 's successor , Michael Bloomberg , grew up in Boston as a Red Sox fan , but later switched his allegiance to the Yankees after assuming office . However , Bloomberg 's successor , former New York City Public Advocate turned New York City Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio openly supported the Red Sox World Series run during his 2013 campaign , winning the general election by a huge margin . During the 2010 special Senate election in Massachusetts , Martha Coakley , the Democratic candidate and state Attorney General , faced a mild backlash for deriding Curt Schilling as `` another Yankee fan '' on a local radio show , after Schilling endorsed Coakley 's Republican opponent , state senator Scott Brown . Many critics alleged that Coakley 's apparent unfamiliarity with Schilling demonstrated a lack of awareness to her Massachusetts constituents . Schilling would responded , `` I 've been called a lot of things ... but never , I mean never , could anyone make the mistake of calling me a Yankee fan . Well , check that ; if you did n't know what the hell is going on in your own state maybe you could . '' Brown , who had polled as much as 30 points behind Coakley a month before the election , had seen a late surge in support prior to Coakley 's comments and would eventually win a come from behind victory against her in the election . Other Sports ( edit ) In 2002 , when the NFL 's New England Patriots held their victory celebration after winning their first Super Bowl and the first championship for the city of Boston since the Celtics won the 1986 NBA Finals , linebacker Larry Izzo fired up the crowd , chanting `` Yankees suck ! '' The chant would become a fixture of Patriots Super Bowl victory rallies following their victories in Super Bowls XXXVIII in 2004 and XXXIX in 2005 , which were sandwiched around the Red Sox 2004 World Series win . Dan Shaughnessy wrote about the chant : `` Can you imagine a Giants or a Jets celebration in New York City in which a New York player would take the time to chant , ' Red Sox suck ? ' '' Shaughnessy opined that should such a thing occur , it would be more likely at a Jets celebration , as a Giants celebration , like those of the Mets and the Rangers , would be more likely to feature such chants made in reference to the Philadelphia teams , as one of the Giants ' primary rivalries is with the Philadelphia Eagles . The rivalry was played out during Super Bowl XLII in February 2008 , as it was a showdown between football teams from each metropolitan area , the New York Giants and the New England Patriots . The Giants defeated the Patriots in what was considered one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history . After the game Giants fans chanted `` 18 and 1 ! 18 and 1 ! '' , reminiscent of the infamous `` 1918 '' chant , towards Patriots fans as they left the stadium . ( Had they won the game , the Patriots would have become the first NFL team to ever finish with a 19 -- 0 record . ) Giants fans called this revenge for the Red Sox comeback in 2004 . The Giants and Patriots faced off again in Super Bowl XLVI ; with the Giants once again defeating the Patriots . Dan Shaughnessy 's piece in The Boston Globe on the Giants victory over the Patriots was headlined , `` History Repeats . '' During the 2008 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers , movie director Spike Lee , a season ticket holder of the New York Knicks , wore a Yankees jersey and cap at Game 3 of the Finals in Los Angeles . Lee sat behind the Boston bench while loudly cheering for the Lakers , though he has a friendship with Ray Allen of the Celtics . For the 2010 NHL Winter Classic outdoor ice hockey game held at Fenway Park , Boston Bruins then - backup goaltender Tuukka Rask had artwork on his `` special event '' goalie mask 's upper front area depicting a roaring bear with a ripped New York Yankees home `` pinstripe '' jersey falling from its lower jaw . In 2011 , NBA star LeBron James worked a deal with Red Sox owner John Henry to take partial ownership of Henry 's soccer subsidiary Liverpool Football Club of the Premier League . James was criticized in the New York media for spurning New York due to his being a purported Yankees fan . On June 27 2011 , the Yankees / Red Sox feud spilled into the world of professional wrestling when CM Punk was cutting a promo against Boston native John Cena . CM Punk went on to call John Cena a hypocrite for reasons that were unfolding in their respective storyline and said that John Cena had become the very thing he had despised in the wrestling business . He concluded this promo by calling Cena the `` New York Yankees '' . Cena then punched Punk for comparing him to his home team 's famed rivals . ( Punk : ) `` What you 've lost sight of is what you are , and what you are is what you hate . You 're the 10 - time WWE Champion ! You 're the man ! You , like the Red Sox , like Boston , are no longer the underdog ! You 're a dynasty . You are what you hate . You have become the New York Yankees ! '' ( John Cena immediately punches Punk , who scoots out of the ring , grabs the contract , and goes up the ramp . Points respectively to Vince McMahon and John Cena ) `` You 're Steinbrenner , and you might as well be Jeter ! Mr. 3000 , I 'm the underdog ! '' Rivalries between other New York sports teams and other Boston sports teams have been attributed to the Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . For example , some have pointed out the connections between this rivalry and those of the New York Jets and the New England Patriots in the NFL and the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics in the NBA . Since the owners of the Yankees are involved with Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , owner of Manchester City F.C. and the Red Sox being involved with Liverpool F.C. , the 2014 International Champions Cup match between Manchester City and Liverpool at Yankee Stadium carried the classic angle of the Yankees and Red Sox rivalry . Liverpool defeated Manchester City in a penalty shoot - out . Broadcasts on television ( edit ) Joe Buck ( right ) and Tim McCarver ( left ) ( seen with former President Barack Obama , center ) call Yankees -- Red Sox games on Fox and have called many significant moments in the rivalry . The nature of the rivalry has led to games between the two teams being broadcast on national television . Whenever the two teams play a weekend series , the Friday game is broadcast on MLB Network , the Saturday game is broadcast on either Fox or Fox Sports 1 , while the Sunday game is broadcast on either TBS in the afternoon or ESPN as part of Sunday Night Baseball ; the New England Sports Network in the Boston market and the YES Network in the New York City market always carry games not assigned on either Fox , FS1 ( unless specified ) , or on ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball . Whenever they play games during the week , there are games broadcast on MLB Network , FS1 , and ESPN . When the games are broadcast on Fox , Fox 's lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Tim McCarver call the game . Thus , the duo has called many significant moments in the rivalry . In 2004 , the first game of the season between the two teams , on Friday , April 16 , was nationally broadcast on Fox , because it marked the first time the two teams were facing each other since the memorable 2003 American League Championship Series . Fox Sports President Ed Goren said of decision to have the game broadcast on Fox : `` If were up to me , we 'd take the whole series and come back a week later and carry all their games at Yankee Stadium ... We started thinking about this at some point after the Yankees closed the deal with A-Rod ... This is sort of a relaunch of the season in the middle of April . This is going to be an event . '' MLB Commissioner Bud Selig called the broadcast `` an extension of the postseason brought into April . '' This was the first over-the - air broadcast of a regular season game in prime - time since Mark McGwire hit his 62nd home run to break Roger Maris ' record in 1998 . In October , when the two teams met in the ALCS , Selig moved Game 5 of the series to primetime due to the rematch . Ratings ( edit ) The broadcasts of the games between the rivals have led to an increase in television ratings . These games have had at least 50 % higher ratings than all of the other games broadcast , sometimes almost twice as high than locally broadcast games . In most cases , the most - watched MLB game on any network during a season is a game between the Yankees and the Red Sox . Since 2003 , ratings for Yankees -- Red Sox games on Fox have averaged 2.6 percent of homes -- 44 percent better than other weeks , while ESPN has averaged 3.96 million viewers for Yankees -- Red Sox games on Sunday nights , compared to the average of 2.18 million for all other games . Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS drew a 17.1 rating , the highest for a League Championship Series game since Game 6 of the 1993 National League Championship Series . In 2004 , the first game between the two teams drew a 3.6 national rating , and with an average audience of 5.3 million , it was the most - watched regular - season telecast since Mark McGwire 's record - breaking home run game . In 2003 , Saturday games on Fox averaged a 2.5 rating ; prime - time entertainment got a 3.3 , but Goren said that he expected the game `` will perform much higher than those ( prime - time ) figures '' as a reason to have the game broadcast nationally . In 2011 , the three - game series between the two teams on the weekend of August 5 -- 7 drew large television viewers . The August 5 game on MLB Network drew 563,000 viewers , making it the second-most watched game on the network , behind Stephen Strasburg 's debut . In New York and Boston , it was blacked out because the YES Network had local rights in New York City and NESN in Boston . The August 6 game on Fox was most - watched non-primetime regular season MLB telecast on the network in more than three years with 4.10 million viewers . The last Fox non-primetime telecast to record higher numbers also was Boston vs. New York on July 5 , 2008 . The Sunday game on ESPN drew 4.72 million viewers , making it the most - watched baseball game on ESPN since June 3 , 2007 , when both teams faced each other , and the most - watched MLB broadcast of the 2011 regular season on any network . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Major League Baseball rivalries References ( edit ) Inline citations ^ Jump up to : `` Head - to - Head results for Baltimore Orioles , New York Highlanders and New York Yankees vs. Boston Americans and Boston Red Sox from 1901 to 2013 '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1990 ) . `` When Red Sox Fold , It 's Always ' My Fault ' '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . The Red Sox are being punished because they sold Babe Ruth to the Yankees in 1920 so owner Harry Frazee could finance a lightweight Broadway musical called ' No , No , Nanette . ' Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` 2014 Major League Baseball Standings '' . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Ahsan , Hamza ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Greatest Rivalries In Sports '' . The Sports Dish . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tim ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Two nations , over the air : Portrait of a rivalry in radio waves '' . The Boston Globe . p . K12 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : Best , Neil ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Sports Watch : Rivalry has not lost its edge '' . Newsday . p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Kruth , Cash ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox - Yankees series pulls high TV ratings '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees - Red Sox Rivalry Leads to Murder in New Hampshire , Prosecutors Say '' . FOXNews.com . Associated Press . May 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : CNN / YouTube Republican presidential debate transcript '' . CNN.com . CNN . November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Dan ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball 's Fault Lines Show Stress In Arizona '' . The Washington Post . p . E11 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 23 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 155 ^ Jump up to : Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . MLB.com . redsox.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . MLB.com . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 2 , 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` Jack Chesbro , Pioneer of Spitball Hurlers and Ace on Old New York Highlanders , Dies of Heart Attack '' . The Evening Independent . November 7 , 1931 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Going , Going ... Gone In a Way , It 's 1904 All Over '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Feud killed 1904 World Series '' . USA Today . p. 4C . The ' 04 World Series never happened because John T. Brush , owner of the New York Giants , and his manager , John McGraw , despised AL President Ben Johnson . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 71 , 340 -- 345 Jump up ^ Dittmeier , Bobbie ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` 100 years ago , Yankees pinstripes are born '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Charles ( April 17 , 1986 ) . `` Fenway Park celebrates 75th season '' . Ottawa Citizen . United Press International . p . C7 . The ballpark 's grand opening on April 20 , 1912 , did not even make Boston 's front pages . The ocean liner Titanic 's tragic sinking on its maiden voyage a few days earlier still ruled the news . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` 1917 New York Yankees Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Levitt , Dan . `` Harry Frazee and the Red Sox '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Robert W. ( 1974 ) . Babe : The Legend Comes to Life . Simon and Schuster . p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 36 , 43 Jump up ^ Birch , Ray . `` Everett Scott '' . Society for American Baseball Research . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 238 , 242 -- 243 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , p. 25 Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 59 , 65 Jump up ^ `` Yanks Win , 3 to 0 ; Mays Curbs Giants ; Ruth Bats in a Run '' . The New York Times . October 6 , 1921 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt for Home is Spared to Yanks '' . The New York Times . May 22 , 1920 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Crashes Out Homers 50 and 51 '' . The New York Times . September 25 , 1920 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Red Ruffing Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruffing , Red '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Major League Baseball . Boston Red Sox . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( May 31 , 1938 ) . `` Fists Fly as Yanks Triumph , 10 - 0 , 5 - 4 '' . The New York Times . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Effrat , Louis ( June 1 , 1938 ) . `` Yanks Down Red Sox as Gehrig Extends String to 2,000 '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : New York Yankees ( 99 -- 53 ) over Chicago Cubs ( 89 -- 63 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : New York Yankees ( 106 -- 45 ) over Cincinnati Reds ( 97 -- 57 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 142 Jump up ^ `` Joe DiMaggio Quotes '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` The List : Baseball 's biggest rumors '' . Page2 . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Dom DiMaggio Dies at 92 ; Played in His Brother 's Shadow '' . The New York Times . p . D8 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Boston Red Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 66 -- 68 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 3 , 1948 ) . `` Bombers Bow , 5 -- 1 ; Red Sox End Yanks ' Flag Chances When Kramer Pitches a 5 - Hitter '' . The New York Times . p . S1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1948 ) . `` Indians Win American League Flag , Beating Red Sox in Play - Off , 8 -- 3 '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 12 , 1948 ) . `` Indians Win Series by Beating Braves in Sixth Game '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , p. 319 Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 322 -- 325 Jump up ^ `` 1949 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : New York Yankees ( 97 -- 57 ) over Brooklyn Dodgers ( 97 -- 57 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( July 5 , 1983 ) . `` Righetti Pitches First Yankee No - Hitter Since 1956 '' . The New York Times . p . B9 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 166 , 168 Jump up ^ `` All - Star Brawler : Martin ( NYY ) v. Piersall ( BOS ) '' . redsoxvyankees.com . Sports Rivalry Central . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 168 -- 173 Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 2 , 1961 ) . `` Maris Hits 61st in Final Game '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : New York Yankees ( 109 -- 53 ) over Cincinnati Reds ( 93 -- 61 ) '' . Baseball References . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` 1962 : Return with us now '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` What the Hell Happened to ... Gene Conley ? '' . CelticsLife.com . October 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 238 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Blood Feud '' . New York Daily News . July 25 , 2004 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 4 , 1967 ) . `` Red Sox Get Yanks ' Howard for $20,000 and 2 Players to Be Named '' . The New York Times . p . S20 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( August 29 , 1967 ) . `` Red Sox Beat Yanks , 3 -- 0 ; Mantle ' Jams Knee ' in Attempt to Steal '' . The New York Times . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 214 Jump up ^ `` On Deck in AL -- dh '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1973 . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 173 -- 174 ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( April 7 , 1973 ) . `` Fisk 's 2 Homers Set Boston Pace '' . The New York Times . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ The Rivals : The New York Yankees vs. the Boston Red Sox -- An Inside History . London : Macmillan . 2004 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 22 , 1976 ) . `` Reds Triumph , 7 -- 2 , and Complete 4 - Game Series Sweep of Yankees '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 125 -- 131 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 30 , 1976 ) . `` Jackson Signs Yankee Contract For Five Years and $2.9 Million '' . The New York Times . p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Billy Martin vs. Everybody '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 36 , 38 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 134 -- 136 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 136 -- 138 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 175 -- 177 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Patton , Paul ( October 3 , 1978 ) . `` Yankee power KIs Bosox hopes '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P37 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 149 Jump up ^ `` Bobby Valentine says little on rivalry '' . ESPNBoston.com . Associated Press . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 335 -- 340 Jump up ^ `` 1978 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 369 ^ Jump up to : Amore , Dom ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Imagine : Buck 's Yankees , But Not Jeter 's '' . Hartford Courant . p . E8 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 179 -- 180 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Righetti Breaks Record ; Mattingly , at . 351 , Needs to Go 6 for 6 Righetti Breaks Mark '' . The New York Times . October 5 , 1986 . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` Thigpen Sets Record With 47th '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . September 4 , 1990 . p . D16 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( October 19 , 1986 ) . `` It 's More than Baseball ; For Yankees Fans , A Painful Series '' . The New York Times . p . A51 . ^ Jump up to : Firstman , Richard C. ( October 18 , 1986 ) . `` And What If You 're a Yankees Fan ? '' . Newsday . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( October 18 , 1986 ) . `` Yankees ' Fans Get Worst of Both Worlds '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Alters , Diane ( October 20 , 1986 ) . `` Lopsided Score Means Early Exit for NY Fans '' . The Boston Globe . p. 42 . At McGonnell 's bar , the sporting center of New York City ... on display for sale behind the bar were Mets / Sox T - shirts with `` Steinbrenner 's nightmare '' stenciled on the backs , the creation of one of the bar 's regulars . Jump up ^ Powers , John ( October 20 , 1986 ) . `` Connecticut State of Confusion '' . The Boston Globe . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 26 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES : THE WORLD SERIES ' 86 ; Red Sox : 68 Years and Counting '' . The New York Times . p . A3 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 28 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Babe Ruth Curse Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . p . D33 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 1987 ) . `` Mattingly Breaks Slam Mark : Clouts Sixth Of Season Mark for Mattingly '' . The New York Times . p . B7 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1988 New York Yankees Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( October 3 , 1988 ) . `` Yankees End Up in Fifth Place '' . The New York Times . p . C7 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( July 29 , 1988 ) . `` Yankees Fall to Second Place '' . The New York Times . p . B15 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( October 1 , 1988 ) . `` Sox Gain Title Despite 4 -- 2 Loss '' . The Boston Globe . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 3 , 1990 ) . `` The Curse of the Bambino '' . The Boston Globe . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Cafardo , Nick ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Dumped by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chapin ; Arce , Rose Marie ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` As Bucky Goes , Fans Find Plenty to Blame '' . Newsday . Red Sox fan Dave Searls , who lives in Boston , MA and watched Dent manage his last game Tuesday night at Fenway Park , said , ' Hooray ! All the pain and suffering he gets does n't bother me . I find the Yankees to be mainly sad . ' Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ; Shuster , Rachel ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Players blame themselves ; fans point to Steinbrenner '' . USA Today . p. 7C . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Out as Yankee Manager '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` His Back Was Against the Wall '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Saved By the Fan : Yanks Win It in 9th '' . The New York Times . p . SP. 1 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 26 , 2002 ) . `` Lost Games , Lost Dreams '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : McCarron , Anthony ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' 94 The Season That Was n't '' . New York Daily News . p. 71 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` All the Magic Is Gone From the Yankees ' Numbers '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 386 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played in one of these games . This kind of reference occurred so often , fans may have gotten the idea the Yankees were a lock for the World Series . An unforeseen stumble on the way to the playoffs or in one of the newly expanded rounds of postseason play was out of the question . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( October 2 , 1994 ) . `` BASEBALL ; Showalter Tries to Fill an October Void '' . The New York Times . p. 8.1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 2 , 1994 ) . `` Dreams on a last day lost '' . The Boston Globe . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteside , Larry ( April 7 , 1992 ) . `` Now Showalter runs the show '' . Boston Globe . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Stout 2002 , p. 389 Jump up ^ `` 1995 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 2 , 1995 ) . `` Last - minute thrills give baseball a jolt '' . USA Today . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 154 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( September 9 , 1994 ) . `` Behind Two Strikes ? Yankees ' Shot at First Series Since ' 81 in Jeopardy '' . Hartford Courant . p . C1 . ' The strike cost me my job , ' said Gene Michael , the Yankees ' current general manager who was fired as their manager September 6 , 1981 and replaced by Bob Lemon . ' There 's no doubt in my mind we would have won the division outright if it had not been for the strike . Once they split the season and designated us winners of the first half , we did not play the same . ' ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( October 27 , 1996 ) . `` Boggs Takes a Ride '' . The New York Times . p. 8.5 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Martinez , Sox get the drop on Yankees Win in opener puts Boston in first '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Torre return the best of New York stories '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 19 , 1999 ) . `` Torre Returns to Witness a Dismal Performance by Yankees '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Edes , Gordon ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` It 's Martinez 's showcase : Sox ace strikes out five '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( September 11 , 1999 ) . `` 1 Hit , 17 Strikeouts , No Way for the Yankees '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Madden , Michael ( October 14 , 1999 ) . `` Beck was Brief in his Relief '' . The Boston Globe . p . E3 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 180 -- 182 Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Yankees Sweep for 25th Title as Clemens Gets Dream '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Edes , Gordon ( June 20 , 2000 ) . `` Tee - Off Time Yankees Club Sox in Worst Home Defeat '' . The Boston Globe . p . F1 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Season History -- 2000 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 16 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Yanks carried weight , hopes of many post-9 / 11 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pare , Darren ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fan 's take : Personal history of the Red Sox - Yankees rivalry '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo ! Canada Sports . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 2000 ) . `` Division Race Just Got Harder For Mets '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( March 21 , 2001 ) . `` New schedule will make for some hot division races '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Boston Red Sox Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Click , James ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` Checks and Balances : Looking at the Unbalanced Schedule '' . Baseball Prospectus . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( October 18 , 2002 ) . `` Red Sox Strike Out on Michael '' . The Boston Globe . p . E3 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Anthony ( October 18 , 2002 ) . `` Stick is Stuck with Yankees ; Boss wo n't allow him to talk to Sox '' . New York Daily News . p. 86 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 26 , 2002 ) . `` New GM Of Red Sox Is Youngest In History '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Hohler , Bob ( November 26 , 2002 ) . `` Boy Wonder -- At 28 , Epstein Becomes Red Sox GM '' . The Boston Globe . p . D8 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` Red Sox ready despite tiring travel '' . USA Today . p. 5C . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` Unfinished Business For Yankees And Red Sox '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Teams '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 2003 . p . A30 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 16 , 2003 ) . `` Red Sox still kicking ; Boston bats break loose 9 -- 6 , force Game 7 with Yankees '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Today 's game will be the 26th meeting of the season between the Red Sox and Yankees ( New York leads 13 -- 12 ) , the most ever between two teams in one year . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Trying Day for Clemens Has a Happy Conclusion '' . The New York Times . p . D3 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Old Hero , and Newest , Carry New York to the Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Heartbreak again Yankees beat Red Sox , 6 -- 5 , on 11th - inning homer to capture AL pennant '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( October 17 , 2003 ) . `` Changes in Wind / Expect turnover among Yankees ' coaches , pitchers '' . Newsday . p . A88 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro 2005 , pp. 6 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 41 -- 44 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( March 22 , 2006 ) . `` Hating the Yankees can be good for business '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` Yankees win 5 -- 4 in 13 , get revenge with sweep '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` 2004 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( October 10 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox and Yankees , the matchup they wanted '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 183 -- 185 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` The classic rivalry resumes : Sox , Yankees begin battle tonight for trip to World Series '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox on brink of elimination as Yanks pound them , 19 -- 8 '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 197 -- 199 Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox - Yankees Is Difficult to Top '' . The Washington Post . p . H4 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` YES ! ! ! : Red Sox complete sweep , win first Series since 1918 '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Taunts Are New , but Fans ' Feelings Are Not '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Sox Lack Champ Style in Opener '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees get early revenge 9 -- 2 ; Johnson stops rival Red Sox in N.Y. debut '' . USA Today . p. 4C . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Chris ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Flying high : Sox raise banner , beat Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p . F1 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees take in Red Sox celebration '' . MLB.com . Yankees.MLB.com . Jump up ^ Francona & Shaughnessy 2013 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rivera has some fun with Sox fans '' . MLB.com . Yankees.MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Boston Holds Its Party , but YES Just Says No '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Snow , Chris ; Edes , Gordon ( November 25 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox finalize an extended deal '' . The Boston Globe . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ; Snow , Chris ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Damon jumps to Yankees ; Deal with New York worth $52 m '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees Add Their Centerpiece '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` All Around , Fenway Is Unfriendly Host '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Fans Boo , but Their Target Does n't Hear Them '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` Getting that sinking feeling '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Game Length Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` A-Rod Agonistes '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Harper , John ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Joe Torre 's poison pen in ' The Yankee Years ' could be blot on career '' . NY Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petraglia , Mike ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Sox tie mark with four straight homers '' . MLB . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 MLB Postseason Schedule '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Red Sox sweep in to ALCS '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Boras , A-Rod upstaged World Series '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` A-Rod putting himself above the game '' . ESPN The Magazine . Jump up ^ Price , Ed ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Mussina responds to Theo Epstein '' . Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Jump up ^ `` Boston owner grants Yanks ' Steinbrenner membership in Red Sox Nation '' . ESPN . March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Steinbrenner , in another outspoken moment , denounces Red Sox Nation '' . ESPN . February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Adam ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Happy berth day '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Yanks land Teixeira with eight - year deal '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` Boston reaction to Yankees signing Mark Teixeira is swift and fierce '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Massarotti , Tony ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Did Yanks win ... or did Sox just lose ? '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Ulman , Howard ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Matsui , A-Rod lead Yanks to 20 -- 11 win over Red Sox '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Amy ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Pedro exits in quite the hurry '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Opening might : Red Sox outlast Yanks '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( October 3 , 2010 ) . `` Red Sox win , but it 's Yankees going to playoffs '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Boston Red Sox Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauman , Mike ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox developing into CC 's nemesis '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Sabathia finally solves Red Sox and Yankees win '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series Prediction : Boston Red Sox vs. Philadelphia Phillies '' . Bleacher Report . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Bill Buckner Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Rays fall back after sweep by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Still Tied , One Game Left '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Francona & Shaughnessy 2013 , pp. 309 - 210 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dream Year Ends in Tatters '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` One Out Away , Red Sox Lose to Seal September Meltdown '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox , Braves suffer concurrent collapses '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Unlikable Red Sox flunked chemistry '' . ESPNBoston.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Bobby Valentine hates the Yankees '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to celebrate Fenway 's 100th '' . ESPNBoston.com . Associated Press . December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Joe ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` At last , Sox have reason to celebrate '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star , Jon ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Rivals set to clash on Fenway 's 100th anniversary '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sweep success : Magic number falls to four '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Boston common : Sox win third World Series since ' 04 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Yanks ' Dim Hopes Flicker Out '' . The New York Times . p . B12 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Yankees acquire Stephen Drew from the Red Sox for Kelly Johnson ; also deal for Martín Prado '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox , Yankees Both Miss Playoffs For First Time Since 1993 ( Video ) '' . NESN.com . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Sean ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Red Sox top Yanks , 6 - 5 , in 19 - inning marathon '' . csnne.com . Comcast Sports New England . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees blow another lead as Red Sox complete four - game sweep at Fenway Park '' . www.nydailynews.com . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley HRs help Red Sox complete Boston Massacre II '' . www.thesunchronicle.com . The Sun Chronicle . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Silverman : Yankees - Red Sox Is Exactly What MLB Postseason Needs '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox and Yankees back in postseason together for first time since 2009 '' . Big League Stew for Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox dismiss Farrell after five seasons '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Girardi out as Yankees manager after 10 years '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-rivalry-is-back-benches-clear-punches-thrown-between-yankees-and-red-sox-at-fenway/ Jump up ^ `` Yankees join Red Sox , Astros in 100 - win club '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball : London Stadium to host two fixtures in 2019 '' . BBC Sport. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Niall ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Yanks , Red Sox will take rivalry to London in ' 19 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Blatt , Ben ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Finding the True Border Between Yankee and Red Sox Nation Using Facebook Data '' . The Harvard Sports Analysis Collective . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GEOPOLITICS : The actual border between Red Sox - Yankees Nations '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canal , Emily . `` Man attacked for being presumed Yankees fan '' . Cape Cod Online . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coman , Nick ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees Fan John Mayor Stabs Red Sox Fan in Connecticut Restaurant Altercation '' . NESN . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Celebrates Fatherhood with ' True Dads ' National Outreach Campaign '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees will donate once - buried Red Sox jersey to Boston - area charity '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Giuliani Roots for Red Sox '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Bronx Jeers for Giuliani , Now Rooting for the Red Sox '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Saltonstall , David ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani slammed in Congress for backing Red Sox '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Red Sox Reaction '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Topps issue fake card of Giuliani celebrating World Series win with Red Sox '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Celeste ; Saltonstall , David ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani & Mitt Romney trade accusations in Republican debate '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/08/nyregion/mayor-trades-his-sox-for-the-local-pinstripes.html Jump up ^ `` Red Sox vs Yankees '' . Fenway Ticket King . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coakley dismisses Schilling : ' Another Yankee fan ' '' . Politico . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( February 8 , 2002 ) . `` Patriotic Thoughts Parade By '' . The Boston Globe . p . E1 . Jump up ^ The New York Times et al. 2004 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeff ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Five Things I Hate About You '' . Hartford Courant . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 27 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yankees Rivalry Wears Suits '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans , New Yorkers revel in Giant win '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . February 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , John ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sox - Yanks history adds to Super Bowl hype '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` History repeats Giants edge Patriots in echo of gnawing 2008 upset '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Spears , Marc J. ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` Lee directs cheers at LA '' . The Boston Globe . p . E11 . Jump up ^ LukeD ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Custom Paint Helmet Thread ! '' . ridemonkey.com . RideMonkey . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron signs deal with Fenway Sports Management '' . FoxNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yellon , Al . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Boston 's Last Gasp ? '' . Baseball Nation . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Schedule -- Jul 24 , 2012 -- Jul 30 , 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Terranova , Justin ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Up - And - Down Sox Come to Bronx to Renew Rivalry '' . New York Post . p. 51 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 68 Jump up ^ `` Yanks - Red Sox opener televised nationally '' . ESPN.com . March 3 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ALCS Game 5 moved to prime time on Sunday , Oct. 17 '' . MLB.com . October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yanks Cures a Variety of Ills '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( September 25 , 2004 ) . `` Yankees -- Red Sox Games A Consistent Ratings Hit '' . The New York Times . p . D4 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Highest Since ' 99 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 18 , 2003 . p . D4 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( April 20 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox -- Yanks earns strong rating for Fox '' . USA Today . p. 2C . Jump up ^ Reid , Cherner ( April 16 , 2004 ) . `` Rivalry puts Fox TV in green '' . USA Today . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Just airing out a few things ... : sports media '' . The Boston Globe . p . C6 . Jump up ^ `` YES National FAQ '' . YES Network . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . NESN . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Hardball Played As a Slow - Pitch Game '' . The New York Times . p . B18 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees / Red Sox Rivalry Regains Drawing Power '' . Sports Media Watch . sportsmediawatch.com . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Bibliography Francona , Terry ; Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2013 ) . Francona : The Red Sox Years . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 92817 - 3 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ; Araton , Harvey ; Kepner , Tyler ; Anderson , Dave ; Vecsey , George ; Ryan , Bob ; MacMullan , Jackie ( 2004 ) . The Rivals : The New York Yankees vs. the Boston Red Sox -- -- -- An Inside History ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Kirsh , George B. ( 2003 ) . Baseball in Blue and Gray : the National Pastime During the Civil War . Princeton University Press . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . Vaccaro , Mike ( 2005 ) . Emperors and Idiots : The Hundred Year Rivalry Between the Yankees and Red Sox , From the Very Beginning to the End of the Curse . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51354 - 2 . Boston Red Sox Established in 1901 Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy McGreevy 's Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Fear Strikes Out Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town Patriots Day The Jimmy Fund Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Faithful Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. 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Hey Boy Hey Girl
Hey Boy Hey Girl - wikipedia Hey Boy Hey Girl Jump to : navigation , search For the 1959 film , see Hey Boy ! Hey Girl ! This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' Single by The Chemical Brothers from the album Surrender B - side `` Flashback '' `` Scale '' Released 31 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 31 ) Format CD 12 '' vinyl cassette Genre Big Beat Length 4 : 50 Label Freestyle Dust Astralwerks ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Tom Rowlands Ed Simons Jerry Bloodrock Celite Evans Richard Lee Fowler Charles Pettiford Gregory Carlton Wigfall Producer ( s ) The Chemical Brothers The Chemical Brothers singles chronology `` Only 4 the K People '' ( 1999 ) `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( 1999 ) `` Let Forever Be '' ( 1999 ) `` Only 4 the K People '' ( 1999 ) `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( 1999 ) `` Let Forever Be '' ( 1999 ) `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' is a song by British big beat duo The Chemical Brothers . It was released as a single from their 1999 album Surrender . It peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart in June 1999 and remained on the chart for ten weeks . It also reached the top 10 in Finland , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , and Spain , as well on Canada 's RPM Dance Chart . In the latter country , it did not make it onto the RPM Top Singles Chart , but it did debut and peak at number 3 on the Canadian Singles Chart . The song dates back to 1997 , when it was in the Radio 1 Anti-Nazi Mix . The song is a track in the 2011 video game Just Dance 3 , and it is also featured in the 2012 video game Lumines Electronic Symphony by Ubisoft . It was also used during the introduction of Forza Horizon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Samples 2 Reception 2.1 Plagiarism allegations 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Samples ( edit ) The vocal sample `` Hey girls . B - boys . Superstar DJs , here we go ! '' was taken from `` The Roof Is on Fire '' by Rock Master Scott & the Dynamic Three . Reception ( edit ) In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 50 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' , writing that the song `` ( starts ) with a menacing , trance laden groove '' and `` ( builds ) to an absolute dance stomper '' . Plagiarism allegations ( edit ) In an interview with BELPOP , Lords of Acid founder Praga Khan confronted the Chemical Brothers backstage over the drum programming used in `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' that is identical to `` I Sit On Acid 2000 '' released by Lords of Acid . Their response to the allegations was `` Everyone steals from everyone . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video ( directed by Dom & Nic ) opens with a group of schoolchildren on board a coach . The camera focuses on a young girl who opens a medical book of pictures of the human skeleton . A blond boy spits on the page , then smiles at her as he walks away . The children go to the Natural History Museum , where the same boy tries to scare the girl with a skull in his hood . She chases the boy in the museum , but falls near the bottom of a flight of stairs and breaks her wrist . At the hospital , she gets an X-ray of her hand . It then shows her brushing her teeth whilst picturing herself as only bones . The background behind her morphs into a toilet area at the Ministry of Sound nightclub , South London . When she reverts into a person , she is older . She passes a couple having sexual intercourse in a stall , but she only sees them as skeletons ( this shot is omitted from some pre-watershed television edits of the video ) . She exits the bathroom and heads to the nightclub 's bar , where a man ( uncredited appearance of Rick Warden ) tries to chat her up . ( You can barely hear his lines under the music ) . She then pictures him as a skeleton and feels his jawbone before leaving . She then goes to the dance floor , and sees more people as skeletons , almost as if she has X-ray vision . She exits the nightclub , and the Chemical Brothers themselves make a brief cameo appearance , stepping out of a taxi with DJ equipment . She then steps into that same taxi , where she sees the driver as a skeleton . He then asks her ' Where you going , baby ? ' in a camp , droll voice . Track listing ( edit ) CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' 4 : 49 2 . `` Flashback '' 5 : 20 3 . `` Scale '' 3 : 43 12 - inch single No . Title Length 1 . `` Hey Boy Hey Girl ( Extended Version ) '' 6 : 02 2 . `` Flashback '' 5 : 20 3 . `` Scale '' 3 : 43 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 Canadian Singles Chart ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 77 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Release history ( edit ) Region Release date Label Format Catalogue Japan 000000001999 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 1999 Virgin Japan CD VJCP - 12125 UK 000000001999 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 1999 Freestyle Dust CD CHEMSD8 12 '' vinyl CHEMST8 Cassette CHEMSC8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . NME.COM . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Praga Khan : BELPOP 4 / 6 . YouTube . 22 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN BILLBOARD WEEKLY DIGITAL SONG SALES CHARTS FROM 1999 '' . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 8393 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chemical Brothers : Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 27 , 1999 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Chemical Brothers -- Hey Boy Hey Girl '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Chemical Brothers Tom Rowlands Ed Simons Studio albums Exit Planet Dust Dig Your Own Hole Surrender Come with Us Push the Button We Are the Night Further Born in the Echoes Extended plays Fourteenth Century Sky My Mercury Mouth E.P Loops of Fury Music : Response AmericanEP Compilation albums Brothers Gonna Work It Out Singles 93 - 03 Brotherhood Soundtracks Hanna Live albums Live at the Social Volume 1 Do n't Think Films Do n't Think Related articles Discography Songs `` Electronic Battle Weapon '' Category The Chemical Brothers songs Discography Exit Planet Dust `` Leave Home '' `` Life Is Sweet '' `` Song to the Siren '' Dig Your Own Hole `` Block Rockin ' Beats '' `` Elektrobank '' `` Setting Sun '' `` The Private Psychedelic Reel '' `` Where Do I Begin '' Surrender `` Hey Boy Hey Girl '' `` Let Forever Be '' `` Music : Response '' `` Out of Control '' Come with Us `` Come with Us '' `` It Began in Afrika '' `` Star Guitar '' `` The Test '' Singles 93 -- 03 `` Get Yourself High '' `` The Golden Path '' Push the Button `` Believe '' `` Galvanize '' `` The Boxer '' We Are the Night `` Do It Again '' `` The Salmon Dance '' Brotherhood `` Midnight Madness '' Further `` Escape Velocity '' `` Swoon '' `` Another World '' `` Horse Power '' Born in the Echoes `` Go '' `` Under Neon Lights '' Other songs `` Electronic Battle Weapon '' series `` Only 4 the K People '' Category Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Boy_Hey_Girl&oldid=837556916 '' Categories : 1999 singles The Chemical Brothers songs 1999 songs Astralwerks singles Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Tom Rowlands Songs written by Ed Simons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use British English from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 03 . About Wikipedia
hey girl hey boy superstar dj here we go
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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835 . Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories , powered by a central water wheel or steam engine , were the new workplace . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 . This transition included going from hand production methods to machines , new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes , the increasing use of steam power , the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system . Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested . The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods . The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain , and many of the technological innovations were British . By the mid-18th century Britain was the world 's leading commercial nation , controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa , and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent , through the activities of the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution . The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way . In particular , average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth . Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history , although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries . GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies . Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants . The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians , as is the pace of economic and social changes . Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 . Rapid industrialization first began in Britain , starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s , with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800 . Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century , with important centres of textiles , iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France . An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Important technological developments 2.1 Textile manufacture 2.1. 1 British textile industry statistics 2.1. 2 Cotton 2.1. 3 Trade and textiles 2.1. 4 Pre-mechanized European textile production 2.1. 5 Invention of textile machinery 2.1. 6 Wool 2.1. 7 Silk 2.2 Iron industry 2.2. 1 UK iron production statistics 2.2. 2 Iron process innovations 2.3 Steam power 2.4 Machine tools 2.5 Chemicals 2.6 Cement 2.7 Gas lighting 2.8 Glass making 2.9 Paper machine 2.10 Agriculture 2.11 Mining 2.12 Transportation 2.12. 1 Canals and improved waterways 2.12. 2 Roads 2.12. 3 Railways 2.13 Other developments 3 Social effects 3.1 Factory system 3.2 Standards of living 3.2. 1 Food and nutrition 3.2. 2 Housing 3.2. 3 Sanitation 3.2. 4 Water supply 3.2. 5 Increase in literacy 3.3 Clothing and consumer goods 3.4 Population increase 3.5 Urbanization 3.6 Impact on women and family life 3.7 Labour conditions 3.7. 1 Social structure and working conditions 3.7. 2 Factories and urbanisation 3.7. 3 Child labour 3.7. 4 Organisation of labour 3.7. 5 Luddites 3.7. 6 Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . 3.7. 7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery 3.8 Impact on environment 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom 4.1 Continental Europe 4.1. 1 Belgium 4.1. 1.1 Demographic effects 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Germany 4.1. 4 Sweden 4.2 Japan 4.3 United States 5 Second Industrial Revolution 6 Causes 6.1 Causes in Europe 6.2 Causes in Britain 6.3 Transfer of knowledge 6.3. 1 Protestant work ethic 7 Opposition from Romanticism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links Etymology The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818 , and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century . '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s , as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution , a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society '' . However , although Engels wrote in the 1840s , his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s , and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term . Some historians , such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts , have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians . Important technological developments The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations , beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies : Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine . Textile manufacture Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution British textile industry Statistics In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton , most of which was spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire . The work was done by hand in workers homes or occasionally in shops of master weavers . In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds , most of which was cleaned , carded and spun on machines . The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years . Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about six times those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India . Cotton Parts of India , China , Central America , South America and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality . The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing a previously unknown species of good quality cotton : Gossypium hirsutum . Cotton plantations were eventually established in the West Indies and the Americas which provided Britain with a source of this difficult to obtain raw material . A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez , Mississippi , USA in 1806 would become the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick . Trade and textiles The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid-1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century . European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution . Pre-mechanized European textile production By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century . British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth to one - sixth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India . The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew . On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . Invention of textile machinery The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors . Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule . Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal . Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 , the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution . In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp . The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name . The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton . The mule produced high - quality thread with minimal labour . Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies `` hybrid '' because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities . Interior of Marshall 's Temple Works Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co . The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day . These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories . Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine - woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand - woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high tread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry . Wool The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less that that of cotton . Silk Lombe 's Mill site today , rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721 . Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however , since the silk industry there was a closely guarded secret , the state of the industry there is unknown . Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful , the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition . In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London . Iron industry The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal . The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulphur and silica . This opened the way to increased iron production . The Iron Bridge , Shropshire , England , the world 's first bridge constructed of iron . Horizontal ( lower ) and vertical ( upper ) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace . A. Fireplace grate ; B. Firebricks ; C. Cross binders ; D. Fireplace ; E. Work door ; F. Hearth ; G. Cast iron retaining plates ; H. Bridge wall UK iron production Statistics In the UK in 1720 there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke . In 1750 charcoal iron production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons . In 1788 the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons . In 1806 charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons . Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron , with substantial losses . Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process . In 1750 the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke . In 1796 the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal ; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were 24,600 tons . In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons . Iron process innovations A major change in the iron industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal . For a given amount of heat , coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal , and coal was much more abundant than wood , supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century . By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in making glass . In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal 's sulfur content . Low sulfur coals were known , but they still contained harmful amounts . Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content . A minority of coals are coking . Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows . This was solved by the steam engine . Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different , and later , innovation . ) By 1709 Abraham Darby made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale . However , the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755 - 56 , when Darby 's son Abraham Darby II built furnaces at Horsehay and Ketley where low sulfur coal was available ( and not far from Coalbrookdale ) . These new furnaces were equipped with water - powered bellows , the water being pumped by Newcomen steam engines . The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines would not produce a steady air blast . Abraham Darby III installed similar steam - pumped , water - powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768 . The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country . Steam engines made the use higher - pressure and volume blast practical ; however , the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace . In 1757 iron master John Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine for blast furnaces . The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by John Smeaton . Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture ; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping . James Watt had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine . In 1774 John Wilkinson , who built a cast iron blowing cylinder for his iron works , invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders . After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1776 , he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders . After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782 , they were widely applied to blowing , hammering , rolling and slitting . The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the slag and the use of low sulfur coal . Use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free - flowing slag . The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height . In addition to lower cost and greater availability , coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials ( iron ore , fuel , slag ) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century . As cast iron was became cheaper and widely available , it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings . A famous early example was the Iron Bridge built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III . However , most cast iron was converted to wrought iron , which was turned into hardware items such as nails , wire , chains , agricultural implements , tools and wagon tires . Europe relied on the bloomery for most of its wrought iron until the large scale production of cast iron . Conversion of cast iron was done in a finery forge , as it long had been . An improved refining process known as potting and stamping was developed , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob a large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , coal or coke to be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised . Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron . Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a trip hammer . A different use of rolling , which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag , was in the production of iron sheets , and later structural shapes such as beams , angles and rails . The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers , who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with iron oxide . In 1838 John Hall patented the use of roasted tap cinder ( iron silicate ) for the furnace bottom , greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom . The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorous , but this was not understood at the time . Hall 's process also used iron scale or rust , which reacted with carbon in the molten iron . Hall 's process , called wet puddling , reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50 % to around 8 % . Puddling became widely used after 1800 . Up to that time , British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies . Because of the increased British production , imports began to decline in 1785 and by the 1790s Britain eliminated imports and became a net exporter of bar iron . Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably . Shortly before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel , which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do , such as for cutting edge tools and for springs . Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s . The raw material for this was blister steel , made by the cementation process . The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries , such as those making nails , hinges , wire and other hardware items . The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron , causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries . Steam power Main article : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications . Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine . The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , most industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp . The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century . The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712 . A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a significant amount of capital to build , and produced upwards of 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) . They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722 , Germany , Austria , and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . Newcomen 's steam - powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine . Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution . A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt . With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine , which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder , thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere , use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber . The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder , which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam . Likewise , the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder , also improving efficiency . These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's . Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795 . By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type , which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful , and by 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ) . Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Around the start of the 19th century , at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired , the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines , exhausting against the atmosphere . High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . The development of machine tools , such as the engine lathe , planing , milling and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery . Machine tools Main article : Machine tool See also : Interchangeable parts Maudslay 's famous early screw - cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800 The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818 , associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and windmills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners . The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms . Before the advent of machine tools , metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers , files , scrapers , saws and chisels . Consequently , the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum . Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve . The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774 . It used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . Wilkinson 's boring machine differed from earlier cantilevered machines used for boring cannon in that the cutting tool was mounted on a beam that ran through the cylinder being bored and was supported outside on both ends . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century . Henry Maudslay , who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century , was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen . In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK . Maudslay was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high - security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship . Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe . Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe , which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw . Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs , some of which copied from a template . The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions . Although it was not entirely Maudslay 's idea , he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw , slide rest and change gears . Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop . He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills . These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability . The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools , and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work , such as Richard Roberts , Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth . James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement . The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms , threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts . The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century . In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy , by value added . Chemicals The large - scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution . The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746 . He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger , less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead . Instead of making a small amount each time , he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers , at least a tenfold increase . The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes . These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth . The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world . After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs , and Germany took world leadership , building a strong chemical industry . Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques . British scientists by contrast , lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead , the practice was to hire German - trained chemists . Cement The Thames Tunnel ( opened 1843 ) . Cement was used in the world 's first underwater tunnel . In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a British bricklayer turned builder , patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades . This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ) , then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water , sand and gravel to produce concrete . Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel . Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later . Gas lighting Main article : Gas lighting Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before . Glass making Main article : Glass production The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of 1851 A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure . Paper machine Main article : Paper machine A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France . The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers , brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier , who were stationers in London . Although greatly improved and with many variations , the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today . The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes . Agriculture Main article : British Agricultural Revolution The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy . However , per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century . Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill , the Dutch plough , which contained iron parts , and the threshing machine . Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century . Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots . Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters . Mining Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine . Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams . Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson . However , the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light . Firedamp explosions continued , often setting off coal dust explosions , so casualties grew during the entire 19th century . Conditions of work were very poor , with a high casualty rate from rock falls . Transportation Main article : Transport during the British Industrial Revolution See also : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) § Infrastructures At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads , with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea . Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment , but canals had not yet been widely constructed . Animals supplied all of the motive power on land , with sails providing the motive power on the sea . The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century , with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century . Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50 % between 1750 and 1830 . The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network , a canal and waterway network , and a railway network . Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before . Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly . Canals and improved waterways Main article : History of the British canal system The Bridgewater Canal , famous because of its commercial success , crossing the Manchester Ship Canal , one of the last canals to be built . Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions , straightening curves , widening and deepening and building navigation locks . Britain had over 1000 miles of navigable rivers and streams by 1750 . Canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland . This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart . Building of canals dates to ancient times . The Grand Canal in China , `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence , '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC , is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing . In the UK , canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country . Known for its huge commercial success , the Bridgewater Canal in North West England , which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater . From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ) , but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761 , the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half . This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building , known as Canal Mania . New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal , the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively . By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper . Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain . Roads Construction of the first macadam road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring '' . France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution . Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stagecoaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts . Railways Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 , the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success . Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons . This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon , England . `` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds , or one ton . A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment , that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration . Twelve wagons were loaded with stones , till each wagon weighed three tons , and the wagons were fastened together . A horse was then attached , which drew the wagons with ease , six miles in two hours , having stopped four times , in order to show he had the power of starting , as well as drawing his great load . '' Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800 , the rolling mill for making rails , and the development of the high - pressure steam engine also around 1800 . Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high - pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800 . High - pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere , doing away with the condenser and cooling water . They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines . A few of these early locomotives were used in mines . Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials , which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast , which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace . On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania . Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution . After many of the workers had completed the railways , they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities , providing additional workers for the factories . Other developments Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years . Social effects Main article : Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Factory system Main article : Factory system Prior to the Industrial Revolution , most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as landowners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods . In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system . Some early spinning and weaving machinery , such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792 , was affordable for cottagers . Later machinery such as spinning frames , spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ) , giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories . The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children , including many orphans . They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off . It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work . Lack of adequate transportation , long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers . Many workers , such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers , who had nothing but their labour to sell , became factory workers out of necessity . ( See : British Agricultural Revolution , Threshing machine ) The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx , however , he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology . Standards of living Some economists , such as Robert E. Lucas , Jr. , say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history , the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists , even as a theoretical possibility . '' Others , however , argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution , living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries , and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance , studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s , and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s . During the Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial , and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s . A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population , that was at the bottom of the social ladder , suffered severe reductions in their living standards . During 1813 -- 1913 , there was a significant increase in worker wages . Food and nutrition Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France , until the late 19th century . Until about 1750 , in large part due to malnutrition , life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain . The United States population of the time was adequately fed , much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century . Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws ( 1815 - 1846 ) . The Corn Laws , which imposed tariffs on imported grain , were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers . The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine . The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low - income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s . A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions . By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement , The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns , where people lived in crude shanties and shacks , some not completely enclosed , some with dirt floors . These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings . There were no sanitary facilities . Population density was extremely high . Not everyone lived in such poor conditions . The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen , clerks , foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions . Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage , hygiene and home construction . In the introduction of his 1892 edition , Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved . For example , the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house . Sanitation In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odors and turned the rivers green in industrial cities . In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow 's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted , but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems . Water supply Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels . Pipes were typically made of wood . Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households . Increase in literacy The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation . Clothing and consumer goods Wedgwood tea and coffee service Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils , and in the following decades , stoves for cooking and space heating . Coffee , tea , sugar , tobacco and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe . Watches and household clocks became popular consumer items . Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain , potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , founder of Wedgwood fine china and porcelain , created goods such as tableware , which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables . Population increase The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income . According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740 , rose dramatically after 1740 . The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and , by 1901 , had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million . Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 . Urbanization The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million . Impact on women and family life Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th - century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women . In a more positive interpretation , Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation . Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women , finding three stages in English history . In the pre-industrial era , production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households . The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members , including husband , wife and older children . The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy , '' in which the family is the site of consumption , and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption . Labour conditions Social structure and working conditions In terms of social structure , the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry . Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories , but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines . As late as the year 1900 , most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ) , yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however , most workers in textiles , which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment , were women and children . Also , harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place . Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour , dirty living conditions , and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution . Factories and urbanisation Main article : Factory system Manchester , England ( `` Cottonopolis '' ) , pictured in 1840 , showing the mass of factory chimneys Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there . For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler . In other industries , the transition to factory production was not so divisive . Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers . One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen , known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills , and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement . By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end , was smelted into brass and was turned into pans , pins , wire , and other goods . Housing was provided for workers on site . Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists , who employed the factory system . Child labour See also : Child labour § The Industrial Revolution A young `` drawer '' pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery . In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions . The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible . Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders , 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Children as young as four were employed . Beatings and long hours were common , with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm . Conditions were dangerous , with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts , while others died from gas explosions . Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25 . Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '' , working without wages for board and lodging . Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters , with some masters shackling them to prevent escape . Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton , working 14 hours a day , six days a week . Some lost hands or limbs , others were crushed under the machines , and some were decapitated . Young girls worked at match factories , where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw . Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded , and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust . Reports were written detailing some of the abuses , particularly in the coal mines and textile factories , and these helped to popularise the children 's plight . The public outcry , especially among the upper and middle classes , helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare . Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers , child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century . Organisation of labour See also : Trade union § History The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills , factories and mines , thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people . The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production . Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production . Skilled workers were hard to replace , and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining . The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted . In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration . Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship . Enlightened industrialists , such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class . Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain . Eventually , effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who , after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885 , began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party . Luddites Main article : Luddite Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers , and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life . Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform . Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India , parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine - made textiles , which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work , many of whom starved . Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton ; previously , it had primarily been consumed in regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World -- the uncrowned Americas were far better able to recruit available land with the potential for new cotton production . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Hispaniola , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa . Impact on environment Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution , sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century . The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision . The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits . In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash , and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations . Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain . In many industries , this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places . Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities . By 1809 , part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England . The German , Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries . In some cases ( such as iron ) , the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted . Belgium Belgium was the second country , after Britain , in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully . Starting in the middle of the 1820s , and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830 , numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi . The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill . His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production , from engineering to the supply of raw materials , as early as 1825 . Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion . Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ) , the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain . But it is also pointed out by many researchers , with its Sillon industriel , ' Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , ( ... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making ... ' . Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain . '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent . '' Michel De Coster , Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world , in proportion to its population and its territory ( ... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines , the blast furnaces , the iron and zinc factories , the wool industry , the glass industry , the weapons industry ... were concentrated . '' Demographic effects Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape . At the left , the Sillon industriel , which runs from Mons in the west , to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders , in another period of the industrial revolution , after 1920 ) . Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain , the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different . In ' Breaking stereotypes ' , Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say : The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one , but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium . During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period , Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres ( ... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ) , with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent , remained one of the most urbanised in the world . By comparison , this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia , barely 10 per cent in most West European countries , 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain . Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure , except in Ghent ( ... ) Also , in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process , even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910 . Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making , urbanisation was fast . During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred , concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region . Nevertheless , industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres , but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory . Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than , for instance , the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows . France Main article : Economic history of France The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries . Notably , most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off . Instead , France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries . However , some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer : French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 . Germany Main article : Economic history of Germany Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical . Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France Sweden This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Economic history of Sweden During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates , new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming , and a protoindustrialisation , with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter . This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s . During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries . This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen , textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland . Several important institutional changes took place in this period , such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ) , the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846 , and a stock company law in 1848 . During 1850 -- 1890 , Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export , dominated by crops , wood and steel . Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873 . During 1890 -- 1930 , Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution . New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering , power utilities , papermaking and textile . Japan Main articles : Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) . In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west . Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas . United States Main articles : American system of manufacturing , Interchangeable parts , Economic history of the United States , Technological and industrial history of the United States , and Industrial Revolution in the United States See also : History of Lowell , Massachusetts Slater 's Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period . Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century . Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon . This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production . The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest . Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill . In 1793 , Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket , Rhode Island . He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire , England , and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789 , hoping to make money with his knowledge . After founding Slater 's Mill , he went on to own 13 textile mills . Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1809 , the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford , Connecticut , and the second at Watertown , Massachusetts . ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ' , the Blackstone . The Blackstone River and its tributaries , which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester , Massachusetts to Providence , Rhode Island , was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution . At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley , including Slater 's mill , and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development . Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport , Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810 . Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America , on his return to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company . Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham , Massachusetts , second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . After his death in 1817 , his associates built America 's first planned factory town , which they named after him . This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering , one of the first uses of it in the United States . Lowell , Massachusetts , using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River , is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution . The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed , as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain . However , by 1850 , especially following the Irish Potato Famine , the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour . A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing . Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry . and the watch industry . The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham , Massachusetts , at the Waltham Watch Company , with the development of machine tools , gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches . Second Industrial Revolution Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz , Germany , 1868 Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production , which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '' , beginning around 1850 , although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s , when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities . However , it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality . Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century . This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals , mainly the chemical industries , petroleum ( refining and distribution ) , and , in the 20th century , the automotive industry , and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany . The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation . A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries . The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy , beginning in the 1890s . By the 1890s , industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests , as companies like U.S. Steel , General Electric , Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets . Causes Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution . The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate , with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century . The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive , forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry , for example weaving , and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories . The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade , creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors , as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century . A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth , thereby encouraging economic development . Until the 1980s , it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine . However , recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional , supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution . Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages , much earlier than most estimates . He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock '' . He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping , as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later , more physical , manifestations such as the steam engine . The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution , particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain . In other nations , such as France , markets were split up by local regions , which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them . Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England , they survived in Russia till 1753 , 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain . Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power . Causes in Europe Main article : Great Divergence Interior of the London Coal Exchange , c. 1808 . European 17th century colonial expansion , international trade , and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment , one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth . One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . Numerous factors have been suggested , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture . China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however , China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration , by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners . China was also a totalitarian society . Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China , by comparison , had only 450 dollars . India was essentially feudal , politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe . Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred . The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought . Conversely , Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius , Mencius , Han Feizi ( Legalism ) , Lao Tzu ( Taoism ) , and Buddha ( Buddhism ) , resulting in very different worldviews . Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits , though large , from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea . Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over . Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China and India . China had both a printing press and movable type , and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700 , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe , not China or India . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . Causes in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies . Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution . Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls , which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century , but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world , and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ) . `` An unprecedented explosion of new ideas , and new technological inventions , transformed our use of energy , creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country . Roads , railways and canals were built . Great cities appeared . Scores of factories and mills sprang up . Our landscape would never be the same again . It was a revolution that transformed not only the country , but the world itself . '' -- British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC 's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here . Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe . There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain . These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit . Because of these interests , many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution . These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole . Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions . The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries . Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment . However , it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution . Even though slavery accounted for so little , Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output . William Bell Scott Iron and Coal , 1855 -- 60 Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe . William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe , 1716 , Sir James Thornhill . Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where , unlike Britain , absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution . Below William is the French king Louis XIV . Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry . The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution , and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution . Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement , and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism . ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State . ) The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society , Letters on the English ( 1733 ) , noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours . `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London , a place more venerable than many courts of justice , where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind . There the Jew , the Mahometan ( Muslim ) , and the Christian transact together , as though they all professed the same religion , and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts . There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist , and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word . If one religion only were allowed in England , the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two , the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude , they all live happy and in peace . '' Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy . In 1700 , 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain , while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport , most urbanised , well paid , literate people and lowest taxes , it failed to industrialise . In the 18th century , it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank . Without coal , Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s . Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies . Transfer of knowledge A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca . 1766 ) . Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means . Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached . A common method was for someone to make a study tour , gathering information where he could . During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before , all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations , like Sweden and France , even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy . In other countries , notably Britain and America , this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods . Study tours were common then , as now , as was the keeping of travel diaries . Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods . Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions . There were publications describing technology . Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value . Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution , very well illustrated by fine engravings . Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates . Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century , and many regularly included notice of the latest patents . Foreign periodicals , such as the Annales des Mines , published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours . Protestant work ethic Main article : Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress , technology and hard work . The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects , such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War . Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law , which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England , contributed to the capacity for , and interest in , private financial investment in industrial ventures . Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices , as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ) . When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act , they thereupon became active in banking , manufacturing and education . The Unitarians , in particular , were very involved in education , by running Dissenting Academies , where , in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow , much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies . Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important , along with the nature of the national economies involved . While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government , they were considered fellow Protestants , to a limited extent , by many in the middle class , such as traditional financiers or other businessmen . Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital , the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century . Opposition from Romanticism Main article : Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry . See also General Automation Capitalism in the nineteenth century Capitalist mode of production Carboniferous period Coal Deindustrialization Digital Revolution Division of labour Dual revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom Hydraulics Human timeline Industrial Age Industrial society Information revolution Laissez - faire Law of the handicap of a head start -- Dialectics of progress Machine Age Steam The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Other Chinese industrialization Petroleum Revolution Science and invention in Birmingham References ^ Jump up to : David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . 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( 254 KB ) Jan Luiten van Zanden , International Institute of Social History / University of Utrecht . May 2005 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ Landes , David ( 1999 ) . The Wealth and Poverty of Nations . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393318883 . Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus . Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 20 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Merson 1990 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ How Earth Made Us : Fire by Professor Iain Stewart Jump up ^ South Asian History Archived 27 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . -- Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent : British rule and the legacy of colonisation . Rajni - Palme Dutt India Today ( Indian Edition published 1947 ) . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mokyr , J. : A Culture of Growth : The Origins of the Modern Economy . ( eBook and Hardcover ) '' . press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit , `` The Nation , the State , and the First Industrial Revolution , '' Journal of British Studies ( April 2011 ) 50 # 2 pp. 307 -- 31 Jump up ^ Kiely , Ray ( November 2011 ) . `` Industrialization and Development : A Comparative Analysis '' . UGL Press Limited : 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Digital History ; Steven Mintz . `` Was slavery the engine of economic growth ? Digital History '' . Digitalhistory.uh.edu . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson , pg. 198 . Books.google.com. 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 9 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain 's industrial growth . Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships . For instance , the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings . With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy , and with these fittings needing to be replaced every 4 to 5 years , this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion . The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor . Jump up ^ Old Naval College Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barrington Moore , Jr. , Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World , pp. 29 -- 30 , Boston , Beacon Press , 1966 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . ( 1909 -- 14 ) ( 1734 ) . `` Letter VI -- On the Presbyterians . Letters on the English '' . www.bartleby.com . The Harvard Classics . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ EA Wrigley , Continuity chance and change . ^ Jump up to : Crafts , Nicholas ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Explaining the first Industrial Revolution : two views '' . European Review of Economic History . 15 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1017 / S1361491610000201 . ISSN 1361 - 4916 . Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Society '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) at Moreabout , the website of the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter guide , Bob Miles . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 2004 ) . Capital and Innovation : How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation . Northwich : Arley Hall Press . ISBN 0 - 9518382 - 4 - 5 . Argues that capital accumulation and wealth concentration in an entrepreneurial culture following the commercial revolution made the industrial revolution possible , for example . Jump up ^ Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre , eds. , Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ AJ George , The development of French romanticism : the impact of the industrial revolution on literature ( 1955 ) Sources Ashton , Thomas S. ( 1948 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution ( 1760 -- 1830 ) '' . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Berlanstein , Lenard R. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth - century Europe . London and New York : Routledge . Clapham , J.H. ( 1926 ) . `` An Economic History of Modern Britain : The Early Railway Age , 1820 -- 1850 '' . Cambridge University Press . Clapham , J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany : 1815 - 1914 ( 1921 ) online , a famous classic , filled with details . Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12135 - 4 . Daunton , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain , 1700 -- 1850 '' . Oxford University Press . Dunham , Arthur Louis ( 1955 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 '' . New York : Exposition Press . Gatrell , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Farm to factory : a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution '' . The Economic History Review . 57 ( 4 ) : 794 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2004. 00295_21. x . Griffin , Emma ( 2010 ) . Short History of the British Industrial Revolution . Palgrave . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1958 ) . The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century : A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1971 ) . The Chemical Industry : 1900 -- 1930 : International Growth and Technological Change . Jacob , Margaret C. ( 1997 ) . `` Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West '' . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Kindleberger , Charles Poor ( 1993 ) . A Financial History of Western Europe . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507738 - 5 . Kisch , Herbert ( 1989 ) . `` From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts '' . Oxford University Press . Kornblith , Gary . The Industrial Revolution in America ( 1997 ) Landes , David S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . McNeil , Ian , ed. ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14792 - 1 . Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) . `` The World Economy : Historical Statistics '' . Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Mantoux , Paul ( 1961 ) ( 1928 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century '' ( First English translation 1928 ed . ) . McLaughlin Green , Constance ( 1939 ) . `` Holyoke , Massachusetts : A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 1973 ) Mokyr , Joel ( 1999 ) . `` The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective '' . More , Charles ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding the Industrial Revolution '' . London : Routledge . Olson , James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America ( 2001 ) Pollard , Sidney ( 1981 ) . `` Peaceful Conquest : The Industrialization of Europe , 1760 -- 1970 '' . Oxford University Press . Rider , Christine , ed . Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution , 1700 -- 1920 ( 2 vol. 2007 ) Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Smelser , Neil J. ( 1959 ) . `` Social Change in the Industrial Revolution : An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry '' . University of Chicago Press . Staley , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology ( 3 vol 2011 ) , 2000pp Stearns , Peter N. ( 1998 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in World History '' . Westview Press . Smil , Vaclav ( 1994 ) . `` Energy in World History '' . Westview Press . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Snooks , G.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary ? '' . London : Routledge . Szostak , Rick ( 1991 ) . `` The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France '' . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Timbs , John ( 1860 ) . Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts : A Book for Old and Young . Harper & Brothers . Toynbee , Arnold ( 1884 ) . Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2952 - X . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Uglow , Jenny ( 2002 ) . `` The Lunar Men : The Friends who made the Future 1730 -- 1810 '' . London : Faber and Faber . Usher , Abbott Payson ( 1920 ) . `` An Introduction to the Industrial History of England '' . University of Michigan Press . Chambliss , William J. ( editor ) , Problems of Industrial Society , Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley Publishing Co , December 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 00958 - 3 Hawke , Gary . `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault , eds . The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 McCloskey , Deirdre ( 2004 ) . `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ) '' . Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 ( January ) . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Industrial Revolution Wikiversity quiz on this Industrial Revolution article Industrial Revolution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Industrial Revolution BBC History Home Page : Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website : machines and personalities Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution -- Articles , Video , Pictures , and Facts `` The Day the World Took Off '' Six - part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question `` Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did . '' The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery , Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles , Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard , John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Commons History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Indian Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Financial Revolution Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - 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First Amendment to the United States Constitution
First Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia First Amendment to the United States Constitution `` First Amendment '' redirects here . For the first amendments to other constitutions , see First Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , prohibiting the free exercise of religion , or abridging the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Further information : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other twelve states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the now obsolete Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Further information : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance See also : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . In National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that a California law that required crisis pregnancy centers to post notices informing patients that they can obtain free or low - cost abortions and include the number of the state agency that can connect the women with abortion providers violated those centers ' right to free speech . In Janus v. AFSCME ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that requiring a public sector employee to pay dues to a union to which he is not a member violated the First Amendment . According to the Court , `` the First Amendment does not permit the government to compel a person to pay for another party 's speech just because the government thinks that the speech furthers the interests of the person who does not want to pay . '' Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Further information : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Further information : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Further information : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Further information : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Freedom of Speech Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Williamsburg Charter References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Grumet , 512 U.S. at 703 . Jump up ^ Van Orden v. Perry , 545 U.S. 677 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ McCreary County v. ACLU , 545 U.S. 844 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Salazar v. Buono , 559 U.S. 700 ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . www.lincoln.edu . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. FEC , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York ) , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 578 ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 581 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 53 . Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 54 . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board , 425 U.S. at 773 . Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Ohralik , 436 U.S. at 455 . Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . 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Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. , 404 U.S. at 510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) ^ Jump up to : Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 564 U.S. 379 ( 2011 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutFirst Amendment to the United States Constitutionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2004 - 10 - 16 ) Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Attorney . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( 2018 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Compelled subsidy of others ' speech Abood v. Detroit Board of Education ( 1977 ) Communications Workers of America v. Beck ( 1978 ) Keller v. State Bar of California ( 1990 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association ( 2005 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Harris v. Quinn ( 2014 ) Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n ( 2016 ) Janus v. 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Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) People v. Freeman ( Cal. 1988 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations ( 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) NAACP v. Button ( 1963 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio ( 1985 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n , Inc. v. Bresler ( 1970 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications , Inc. v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps - Howard Broadcasting Co. ( 1977 ) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises ( 1985 ) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) NAACP v. Button ( 1963 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. 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Dallas Roberts
Dallas Roberts - wikipedia Dallas Roberts Jump to : navigation , search For the sprinter , see Dallas Roberts ( athlete ) . Dallas Roberts Dallas Mark Roberts ( 1970 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Houston , Texas , United States Occupation Actor Years active 1994 -- present Spouse ( s ) Christine Jones Children Dallas Mark Roberts ( born May 10 , 1970 ) is an American actor . He played Milton Mamet in season three of AMC 's The Walking Dead ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He was a regular on Seasons 2 and 3 , and guest on Season 4 of Unforgettable as Eliot Delson , and had a recurring role as Owen Cavanaugh on The Good Wife since Season 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Select filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Roberts was born and raised in Houston , Texas , where he attended Paul Revere Middle School and Robert E. Lee High School . He moved to Sarasota , Florida , where he graduated from Sarasota High School in 1988 and attended Manatee Community College . In 1990 , Roberts was accepted to the Juilliard School in New York City , where he graduated in 1994 as a member of the Drama Division 's Group 23 . Career ( edit ) Roberts is primarily based in New York City , where he regularly appears in theatrical productions . Off - Broadway he has appeared in a revival of Lanford Wilson 's Burn This , opposite Edward Norton and Catherine Keener ; in Adam Rapp 's Nocturne , for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award ; and in Caryl Churchill 's A Number , opposite Sam Shepard and later Arliss Howard , among others . He was slated to make his Broadway debut as Tom Wingfield in a revival of Tennessee Williams ' The Glass Menagerie opposite Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson and Josh Lucas , but was replaced by Christian Slater during rehearsals . Roberts ' film work includes the screen adaptation of Michael Cunningham 's A Home at the End of the World , and supporting roles in Walk the Line and The Notorious Bettie Page , among others . He had a regular role on the Showtime drama The L Word . He starred in the AMC original series Rubicon as Miles Fiedler , a genius intelligence analyst at a national think tank . He has made guest appearances in twelve episodes to date on The Good Wife . He has also made many appearances on Law & Order and its spinoff , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . From August 2012 through March 2013 , Roberts was in the cast of The Walking Dead as scientist Milton Mamet , who studies `` walkers '' ( zombies ) . From 2013 - 15 , he played Eliot Delson on Unforgettable . Personal life ( edit ) Roberts is married to scenic designer Christine Jones ; the couple has two children . Select filmography ( edit ) A Home at the End of the World ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Winter Passing ( 2005 ) The Notorious Bettie Page ( 2005 ) The L Word ( 2006 ) Sisters ( 2006 ) Flicka ( 2006 ) Joshua ( 2007 ) Lovely By Surprise ( 2007 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 2007 ) Ingenious ( 2009 ) Shrink ( 2009 ) Tell - Tale ( 2009 ) The River Why ( 2010 ) The Factory ( 2010 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2010 ) The Good Wife ( 2010 -- 2016 ) The Grey ( 2012 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 -- 13 ) Season 3 Dallas Buyers Club ( 2013 ) Shadow People ( 2013 ) Unforgettable ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Chicago P.D. & Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2 hour special 2015 ) Mayhem ( 2017 ) My Friend Dahmer ( 2017 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dansby , Andrew ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Dallas Roberts finds cold comfort in ' The Grey ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Running from wolves : Houston - born actor Dallas Roberts dashes through the snow in The Grey '' . Culture Map : Houston . ^ Jump up to : Huisking , Charlie ( July 19 , 2004 ) . `` Roberts rules '' . Herald - Tribune . Jump up ^ Handelman , Jay ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Navigating the ' Rubicon ' '' . Herald - Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . September 2007 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming Joins Cast of Showtime 's `` The L Word '' `` . www.playbill.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Rubicon ' became much more than a conspiracy thriller '' . www.hitfix.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Good Wife ' casts ' L Word ' alum Dallas Roberts to play Alicia 's gay bro '' . www.ew.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stockard Channing and Dallas Roberts Are Returning to The Good Wife '' . www.vulture.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Postmortem : Dallas Roberts on Milton 's Twisted Fate '' . www.hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 3 Interview : Dallas Roberts on Milton 's Present & Future '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' Unforgettable ' Adds Dallas Roberts As Regular , Two Recurring For Season 2 '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' alum Dallas Roberts talks new ' Unforgettable ' role ( and his hilarious ' Law & Order ' guest history ) '' . www.ew.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Napoleon , Davi ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` Christine Jones : Creating `` Theater for One '' , Designing ' American Idiot ' `` . The Faster Times . External links ( edit ) Dallas Roberts on IMDb Dallas Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database Dallas Roberts at the Internet Off - Broadway Database VIAF : 36631266 BNF : cb16744973p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Roberts&oldid=798670892 '' Categories : 1970 births American male film actors American male stage actors Juilliard School alumni Living people Male actors from Houston Actors from Sarasota , Florida Male actors from Florida 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Kansas City jazz
Kansas City jazz - wikipedia Kansas City jazz Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City jazz Stylistic origins Blues , New Orleans jazz , ragtime , big band , swing , Harlem stride , Bounty Music Cultural origins 1920s Typical instruments Piano , saxophone , clarinet , trumpet , double bass , drums Derivative forms Bebop Towns which are popular with Kansas City jazz Kansas City jazz is a style of jazz that developed in Kansas City during the 1930s and marked the transition from the structured big band style to the musical improvisation style of Bebop . The hard - swinging , bluesy transition style is bracketed by Count Basie who in 1929 signed with the Bennie Moten 's Kansas City Orchestra and Kansas City native Charlie Parker who was to usher in the Bebop style in the 1940s . According to a Kansas City website , `` While New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz , America 's music grew up in Kansas City '' . Kansas City is known as one of the most popular `` cradles of jazz '' . Other cities include New Orleans , Chicago , St. Louis , Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , and New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Style 3 Aftermath 4 Musicians 5 Selected discography 6 Literature 7 References Background ( edit ) The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon - Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra , a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s . However , the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s . Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures . Transcontinental trips at the time whether by plane or train often required a stop in the city . The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast . Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville . Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in variations for an entire night . Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night . Claude Williams described the scene : Kansas City was different from all other places because we 'd be jamming all night . And ( if ) you come up here ... playing the wrong thing , we 'd straighten you out . Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine . Among the clubs were the Amos ' n ' Andy , Boulevard Lounge , Cherry Blossom , Chesterfield Club , Chocolate Bar , Dante 's Inferno , Elk 's Rest , Hawaiian Gardens , Hell 's Kitchen , the Hi Hat , the Hey Hey , Lone Star , Old Kentucky Bar - B - Que , Paseo Ballroom , Pla - Mor Ballroom , Reno Club , Spinning Wheel , Street 's Blue Room , Subway , and Sunsetx . Style ( edit ) Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements : A preference for a 4 feel ( walking ) over the 2 beat feel found in other jazz styles of the time . As a result , Kansas city jazz had a more relaxed , fluid sound than other jazz styles . Extended soloing . Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast , Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise , fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to `` say something '' with one 's instrument , rather than simply show off one 's technique . It was not uncommon for one `` song '' to be performed for several hours , with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time . So - called `` head arrangements '' . The KC big bands often played by memory , composing and arranging the music collectively , rather than sight - reading as other big bands of the time did . This further contributed to the loose , spontaneous Kansas City sound . A heavy blues influence , with KC songs often based around a 12 - bar blues structure , rather than the 32 bar AABA standard , although Moten Swing is in this AABA format . One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent , elaborate riffing by the different sections . Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively , and took many forms : a ) one section riffing alone , serving as the main focus of the music ; b ) one section riffing behind a soloist , adding excitement to the song ; or c ) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint , creating an exciting hard - swinging sound . The Count Basie signature tunes `` One O'Clock Jump '' and `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' , for example , are simply collections of complex riffs , memorized in a head arrangement , and punctuated with solos . Glenn Miller 's famous swing anthem `` In the Mood '' closely follows the Kansas City pattern of riffing sections , and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world . Aftermath ( edit ) Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John H. Hammond cemented his career by discovering Kansas City talent , in the shape of Count Basie . Pendergast was to be convicted of income tax evasion in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era . Beginning in the 1970s Kansas City has attempted to celebrate the heritage by taking off the rough edges for family friendly environments . In the 1970s , the city tried to create a jazz enclave in the River Quay area on the Missouri River in the City Market neighborhood . Three of the clubs were bombed during a mob war that ultimately also led to the demise of mob influence of Las Vegas casinos that was depicted in the 1995 movie Casino . In 1979 , Bruce Ricker filmed The Last of the Blue Devils , a documentary starring Basie and singer Big Joe Turner , and featuring many performers from the original era . In 1981 114 people died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in an attempted recreation of the jazz scene during a tea dance . In 1996 Kansas City native Robert Altman released the film Kansas City depicting the Kansas City jazz era . In 1997 the American Jazz Museum opened in the 18th and Vine neighborhood with a mission of celebrating Kansas City 's jazz heritage . Each year Kansas City celebrates `` Jazzoo '' - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds for the Kansas City Zoo . In 2011 , Jazzoo was one of the Nation 's largest charity fundraisers , raising over $800,000 . Musicians ( edit ) Count Basie Earl Carruthers Buck Clayton Maxwell Davis Herschel Evans Coleman Hawkins Pete Johnson Jo Jones Andy Kirk Julia Lee George E. Lee Harlan Leonard Jimmie Lunceford Jay McShann Pat Metheny Bennie Moten Hot Lips Page Walter Page Charlie Parker Sammy Price Jimmy Rushing Big Joe Turner Bobby Watson Ben Webster Claude Williams Mary Lou Williams Lester Young Selected discography ( edit ) Early jazz and swing era music : Various artists , The Real Kansas City - Columbia ( 1996 ) Various artists , Jazz Kansas City Style - Pearl ( 1996 ) Various artists , Cradle of Jazz - The International Music Co. ( 2000 ) Various artists , Kansas City Jazz 1924 - 1942 - Fremeaux & Assoc . Fr ( 2005 ) Literature ( edit ) Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix , Kansas City Jazz : From Ragtime to Bebop -- A History New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530712 - 2 Haddix , Chuck . Rags to Be-bop : the Sounds of Kansas City Music , 1890 - 1945 . ( Text by ) Chuck Haddix . Kansas City , Mo. : University of Missouri at Kansas City , University Libraries , Marr Sound Archives , 1991 . Without ISBN Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Goin ' to Kansas City . Urbana , Il. : University of Illinois Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06438 - 0 Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz . In : Black Music Research Journal Vol. 9 ( 2 ) , ( 1989 ) , pp. 181 -- 192 Ross Russell , Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest , University of California Press , Berkeley , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 01853 - 2 Gunther Schuller , The Swing Era : The Development of Jazz , 1930 - 1945 ( The History of Jazz , Vol. 2 ) , New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blues and Jazz '' . Experiencekc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Jazz '' . Savvytraveler.publicradio.org. 1999 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns : Places Spaces & Changing Faces - Kansas City '' . PBS . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` KCMB Kansas City News : Jazzoo 2012 Charity Event Kansas City News '' . Kansas-city-news.pro. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Regardless of the history of Jazz , there are no dedicated Jazz radio stations broadcasting in the Kansas City metropolitan area today . Jump up ^ `` Half.com : Cradle of Jazz Sampler by Various Artists ( CD , Feb - 2000 , The International Music Co . ( German ) : Various Artists : Music '' . Product.half.ebay.com. 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` sidney bechet '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . The Kansas City Area Kansas City , Missouri The Metro Area History Timeline Economy Neighborhoods Architecture Fountains Barbecue Jazz Broadcast Film Education Sports Jazz General topics Outline of jazz `` Jazz '' Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar Jazz piano Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Acid jazz Avant - garde jazz Azerbaijani jazz Jazz mugham Bebop Bossa nova Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Crossover jazz Dixieland Folk jazz Free jazz European free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Gypsy jazz Hard bop Indo jazz Jazz blues Jazz - funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kansas City jazz Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz M - Base Mainstream jazz Modal jazz Neo-bop jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Progressive jazz Punk jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Stride Swing Neo-swing Third stream Trad jazz West Coast jazz Yass Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz & West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Actuel Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP - Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse ! India Navigation JMT Landmark Mainstream Milestone MPS Muse Prestige Riverside Strata - East Verve Winter & Winter Festivals Beaches ( Toronto ) Cape Town Copenhagen Jakarta Monterey Montreal Montreux New Orleans Newport North Sea Saint Lucia Culture Contrafacts Institutions and organizations Jazz funeral Jazz poetry Jazz royalty Jazz theory See Template : Jazz theory Rare groove Second line Venues Regional scenes Australian jazz Armenian jazz Azerbaijani jazz Balkan jazz Bulgarian jazz Baltimore jazz Belgian jazz Brazilian jazz British jazz British dance band Canadian jazz Chicago jazz Continental European jazz Cuban jazz Czech and Slovak jazz Danish jazz Dutch jazz European free jazz French jazz German jazz Haitian jazz Indian jazz Indo jazz Iranian jazz Italian jazz Japanese jazz Kansas City jazz Latin American jazz Malawian jazz New Orleans jazz New York City jazz Polish jazz Yass South African jazz Cape jazz Spanish jazz Swedish jazz West Coast jazz History Bibliography of jazz Blues music British dance band Ragtime Jazz Age Continental jazz Straight - ahead jazz Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Related Contradanza Bluegrass music Blues music Boogie - woogie Brass band Jug band Jump blues Ragtime Novelty ragtime Rhythm & Blues Rock and roll Soul music Swamp pop West African music Western swing Zydeco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_jazz&oldid=804303104 '' Categories : Kansas City metropolitan area Culture of Kansas City , Missouri Jazz genres History of Kansas City American jazz Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 34 . 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in the kansas city style of jazz arrangements were based on
[ "So-called \"head arrangements\". The KC big bands often played by memory, composing and arranging the music collectively, rather than sight-reading as other big bands of the time did. This further contributed to the loose, spontaneous Kansas City sound." ]
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James Worthy
James Worthy - wikipedia James Worthy Jump to : navigation , search For the record producer , see James Worthy ( producer ) . James Worthy Worthy in 2007 Born ( 1961 - 02 - 27 ) February 27 , 1961 ( age 57 ) Gastonia , North Carolina Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Listed weight 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Career information High school Ashbrook ( Gastonia , North Carolina ) College North Carolina ( 1979 -- 1982 ) NBA draft 1982 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers Playing career 1982 -- 1994 Position Small forward Number 42 Career history 1982 -- 1994 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) NBA Finals MVP ( 1988 ) 7 × NBA All - Star ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1990 , 1991 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1983 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 42 retired by Los Angeles Lakers NCAA champion ( 1982 ) NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player ( 1982 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 1982 ) No. 52 retired by the University of North Carolina Career NBA statistics Points 16,320 ( 17.6 ppg ) Rebounds 4,708 ( 5.1 rpg ) Steals 1,041 ( 1.1 spg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA U19 World Championship 1979 Salvador National team James Ager Worthy ( born February 27 , 1961 ) is an American former professional basketball player who is currently a commentator , television host , and analyst . Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History , `` Big Game James '' was a seven - time NBA All - Star , three - time NBA champion , and the 1988 NBA Finals MVP with the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . A standout at the University of North Carolina , the 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) small forward shared College Player of the Year honors en route to leading the Tar Heels to the 1982 NCAA Championship . Named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player , he was No. 1 pick of the 1982 NBA draft of the defending NBA champion Lakers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 3 NBA career 3.1 Number 1 pick 3.2 `` Big Game James '' 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 NBA 4.1. 1 Regular season 4.1. 2 Playoffs 5 Post NBA 5.1 TV career 5.2 Coaching career 5.3 Philanthropy 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Worthy was born in Gastonia , North Carolina . His 21.5 points , 12.5 rebounds and 5.5 assists per game during his senior season at Ashbrook High led the team to the state championship game . Named both a Parade Magazine and McDonald 's All - American , he was selected to play in the 1979 McDonald 's All - American Game that featured future NBA Hall of Famers Isiah Thomas , Dominique Wilkins and Ralph Sampson . College career ( edit ) After graduating high school , Worthy attended the University of North Carolina ( UNC ) . An immediate standout , his freshman year was cut short near mid-season by a broken ankle . As a sophomore , he was a key member of that school 's 1981 NCAA runner - up team , starring alongside Al Wood and Sam Perkins . As a junior power forward , Worthy was the leading scorer ( 15.6 points per game ) of a Tar Heels NCAA championship team that featured one of the greatest collections of talent in collegiate basketball history , including future NBA stars Sam Perkins and freshman Michael Jordan . A consensus first team All - American , Worthy shared College Player of the Year honors with Virginia Cavalier Ralph Sampson . He dominated the 1982 championship game against the Georgetown Hoyas , sealing the Tarheels ' 63 -- 62 victory by intercepting an inadvertent pass thrown by Hoya point guard Fred Brown with just seconds remaining . His 13 -- 17 shooting , 28 point , 4 rebound finale capped a standout performance throughout the NCAA tournament , earning him its Most Outstanding Player award . A tip dunk in front of Patrick Ewing captioned `` James Worthy slams the door on Georgetown '' made the cover of Sports Illustrated . In the wake of this success Worthy elected to forgo his senior year and enter the NBA draft . He completed his degree later , via summer school . He is one of eight UNC players to have their numbers retired . NBA career ( edit ) Number 1 pick ( edit ) The Los Angeles Lakers had received the Cleveland Cavaliers ' 1982 first - round draft pick in a 1979 exchange for Don Ford . The Cavaliers finished with the NBA 's worst record in the 1981 -- 82 season , leaving a coin toss to decide whether they or the worst record runner - up San Diego Clippers would get the number one pick in the upcoming draft . The Lakers won the flip , the first and only time for a reigning league champion . They chose Worthy . The lanky small forward immediately made an impact as a rookie , averaging 13.4 points per game and shooting a Laker rookie record . 579 field goal percentage . With his speed , dynamic ability to score with either hand , and dazzling play above the rim , Worthy thrived in the Lakers ' high - octane `` Showtime '' offense . When not finishing fast breaks with his trademark Statue of Liberty dunks or swooping finger rolls , Worthy was also one of the best post players at his position , with a quick spin move and a deadly turnaround jumpshot . His rookie year ended just when he was hitting his stride , breaking his leg on April 10 , 1983 , while landing improperly after trying to tap in a missed shot against the Phoenix Suns . He was still named to the 1983 All - Rookie First Team but missed the rest of the season and playoffs . This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Back and healthy for the opening of the 1983 -- 84 season , Worthy 's effective play soon had him replacing All - Star and fan favorite Jamaal Wilkes in the starting line - up . The Lakers dominated throughout the Western Conference Playoffs and faced the Boston Celtics in the Finals . Late in Game 2 Worthy made an errant cross-court pass that was picked off and taken in for the game - tying score . The Lakers dropped the game in overtime , but pushed the series to the limit before being bested in seven games . `` Big game James '' ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With hard driving coach Pat Riley demanding nothing but a championship ring , the Lakers were on a mission of redemption in 1985 . Once again they met the Celtics in the Finals , this time decided in LA 's favor on the famed parquet floor of the Boston Garden . During the play - off run to title Worthy emerged as a feared clutch performer . He averaged 21.5 points per game on 62.2 % shooting in the playoffs , and his play and 23.7 points per game against the Celtics in the Finals confirmed him as one of the league 's premier players . A scratched cornea in a March game against the Utah Jazz forced Worthy to wear goggles the rest of his career . The 1985 -- 86 season held tremendous promise for the Lakers , which all disappeared in a preternatural tip in 1986 NBA Playoffs by 7 ' 4 '' Houston Rockets star Ralph Sampson . Worthy , however , continued to improve , averaging 20 points per game on 58 % shooting and was named to the first of seven consecutive All - Star appearances . It was during the 1986 offseason that rumors were floated about a Worthy trade to the Mavericks for Roy Tarpley . Lakers GM Jerry West held his ground in favor of keeping Worthy and the trade never materialized . However the Lakers knew that they needed to address the aging Kareem 's need for frontcourt support . During the 1986 -- 1987 regular season the Lakers added Mychal Thompson to address this need for frontcourt help . The team also transitioned from Kareem 's team to Magic and the result was a 65 - 17 record and what many regard as one of the NBA 's all - time great teams sprinting to another NBA title over the Celtics . Worthy was at the top of his game , averaging 23.6 points per game in the playoffs . Once again Riley drove the Lakers hard in 1987 -- 88 , and once again they celebrated a championship , the first back - to - back titles in the NBA since ' 68 - ' 69 Celtics . During the regular season Worthy averaged 19.7 points and scored a career - high 38 points against the Atlanta Hawks . During the Finals against the Pistons Worthy once again excelled , picking up the slack for an aging Jabbar and averaged 22 ppg , 7.4 rebounds , and 4.4 assists in the series . A 28 - point , 9 rebound Game 6 and explosive 36 / 16 / 10 triple double that sealed victory in Game 7 of the Finals earned him the NBA Finals MVP award . A fourth ring beckoned in 1988 -- 89 , but it was not to be . With Riley clamoring for a `` Three - peat '' , the Lakers marched through the regular season and met the Pistons for an encore in the Finals . With Abdul - Jabbar playing his last games and Magic Johnson and Byron Scott missing three due to injuries even Worthy at his play - off best was not nearly enough . In spite of averaging a career Finals high 25.5 ppg , including a career high 40 points trying to stave off elimination in Game 4 , the Lakers were swept in four . Even on Lakers teams dominated by fellow Hall of Fame and NBA Top 50 teammates Jabbar and Magic Johnson , Worthy stood out during their years together . Unmatched on the fast break , he electrified `` Showtime '' - era audiences with his dunks , and his lightning - quick first step in the paint was the Lakers ' # 2 offensive option . His highlight reel contributions to the team 's 1985 , 1987 , and 1988 championships were an exclamation point on LA 's 1980s basketball dynasty . The Lakers ran hot again in 1989 -- 90 , their 63 - 19 record the NBA 's best . In spite of stepped up performances by both Johnson ( 25.2 ppg ) and Worthy ( 24.2 ppg ) in the play - offs , LA fell in the Conference semifinals to a hot Phoenix Suns . It was back to the Finals again 1991 , thanks to Worthy 's team - leading and career high 21.4 ppg and the addition of former Tarheel star Sam Perkins . Worthy suffered a high ankle sprain in Game 5 of the Western Conference Finals against the Blazers and was very limited heading into the Finals against the Bulls . Despite LA pulling out a Game 1 victory in Chicago , it ultimately was n't enough against a hot Chicago Bulls squad led by Michael Jordan . The Lakers fell in five games . Worthy sat out Game 5 after re-injuring the ankle in Game 4 . It would be Worthy 's last chance at a fourth ring . Magic Johnson 's sudden retirement in November 1991 threw the Lakers franchise for a loop . Injuries and high mileage spelled the end for Worthy . The high ankle injury during the 1991 playoffs and season - ending knee surgery in 1992 had robbed much of his quickness and leaping ability . After struggling with knee pain in the 1994 -- 95 preseason , Worthy announced his retirement in November 1994 , after 12 seasons in the NBA . Worthy played in 926 NBA regular season games , averaging 17.6 points , 5.1 rebounds and three assists per game . He played in 143 play - off games and averaged 21.1 points , 5.2 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game and had a 54.4 field goal percentage . In 34 NBA Finals games he averaged 22.2 pts per game on 53 % shooting . Worthy played in 4 Game 7s in his career and averaged 27 pts 8.2 rebs on 60 % shooting in these contests . He ranks sixth all - time in Lakers team scoring ( 16,320 ) , third all - time in team steals ( 1,041 ) and seventh all - time in team field goal percentage (. 521 ) . Voted one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 , Worthy was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . His jersey No. 42 was retired by the Lakers . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Worthy won an NBA championship NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1982 -- 83 L.A. Lakers 77 25.6 . 579 . 250 . 624 5.2 1.7 1.2 . 8 13.4 1983 -- 84 L.A. Lakers 82 53 29.5 . 556 . 000 . 759 6.3 2.5 . 9 . 9 14.5 1984 -- 85 † L.A. Lakers 80 76 33.7 . 572 . 000 . 776 6.4 2.5 1.1 . 8 17.6 1985 -- 86 L.A. Lakers 75 73 32.7 . 579 . 000 . 771 5.2 2.7 1.1 1.0 20.0 1986 -- 87 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 34.4 . 539 . 000 . 751 5.7 2.8 1.3 1.0 19.4 1987 -- 88 † L.A. Lakers 75 72 35.4 . 531 . 125 . 796 5.0 3.9 1.0 . 7 19.7 1988 -- 89 L.A. Lakers 81 81 36.5 . 548 . 087 . 782 6.0 3.6 1.3 . 7 20.5 1989 -- 90 L.A. Lakers 80 80 37.0 . 548 . 306 . 782 6.0 3.6 1.2 . 6 21.1 1990 -- 91 L.A. Lakers 78 74 38.6 . 492 . 289 . 797 4.6 3.5 1.3 . 4 21.4 1991 -- 92 L.A. Lakers 54 54 39.0 . 447 . 209 . 814 5.6 4.7 1.4 . 4 19.9 1992 -- 93 L.A. Lakers 82 69 28.8 . 447 . 270 . 810 3.0 3.4 1.1 . 3 14.9 1993 -- 94 L.A. Lakers 80 20.0 . 406 . 288 . 741 2.3 1.9 . 6 . 2 10.2 Career 926 717 32.4 . 521 . 241 . 769 5.1 3.0 1.1 . 7 17.6 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 L.A. Lakers 21 0 33.7 . 599 . 500 . 609 5.0 2.7 1.3 . 5 17.7 1985 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 32.9 . 622 . 500 . 676 5.1 . 9 . 7 21.5 1986 L.A. Lakers 14 14 38.5 . 558 . 000 . 681 4.6 3.2 1.1 . 7 19.6 1987 † L.A. Lakers 18 18 37.8 . 591 . 000 . 753 5.6 3.5 1.6 1.2 23.6 1988 † L.A. Lakers 24 24 37.3 . 523 . 111 . 758 5.8 4.4 1.4 . 8 21.1 1989 L.A. Lakers 15 15 40.0 . 567 . 375 . 788 6.7 2.8 1.2 1.1 24.8 1990 L.A. Lakers 9 9 40.7 . 497 . 250 . 837 5.6 3.0 1.6 . 3 24.2 1991 L.A. Lakers 18 18 40.7 . 465 . 167 . 736 4.1 3.9 1.1 . 1 21.1 1993 L.A. Lakers 5 0 29.6 . 372 . 250 . 600 3.4 2.6 1.0 . 0 13.8 Career 143 117 37.0 . 544 . 209 . 727 5.2 3.2 1.2 . 7 21.1 Post NBA ( edit ) TV career ( edit ) Worthy was a studio analyst for Time Warner Cable SportsNet and Time Warner Cable Deportes and co-host of Access SportsNet , the networks ' pregame and postgame show for Lakers game telecasts on in Los Angeles ; he also served as an NBA analyst for KCBS - TV in Los Angeles . Worthy has acted in several television shows . He portrayed the Klingon Koral in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Gambit , Part II '' . He also guest starred as himself on Everybody Loves Raymond and Webster . Coaching career ( edit ) On September 28 , 2015 , Worthy was hired to work with the Lakers coaching staff with a focus on the team 's big men . Philanthropy ( edit ) Worthy is the founder of the James Worthy Foundation , and dedicates a substantial amount of his time and resources to support non-profit community organizations such as Boys & Girls Clubs , Big Brothers of America , YMCA , and others . Personal life ( edit ) Worthy was married to Angela Wilder from 1984 to 1996 ; they have two daughters , Sable and Sierra Worthy . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` worthy - others - join - team - 120911 '' . Twcsportsnet.com. 2012 - 09 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Worthy Bio '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : UNC Men 's Basketball Media Guide , 2007 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Finally , its Carolina . ( 1982 ) Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ `` No. 6 : James Worthy '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Worthy injures leg , April 10 , 1983 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 1985 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . basketballreference.com . Jump up ^ The 7 Greatest NBA Offenses of All Time : `` The best offensive team of the Showtime Lakers era -- and the best offense in NBA history '' Jump up ^ `` 1988 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . basketballreference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . basketballreference.com . Jump up ^ `` James Worthy Career Stats '' . basketballreference.com . Jump up ^ Star Trek - The Next Generation , Episode 157 : Gambit , Part 2 . Paramount Home Video ( VHS ) . Hollywood , California : Paramount Pictures . February 2 , 1999 . ASIN B000003K5M . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Worthy on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Lakes Hire James Worthy to Work with Coaching Staff '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hire James Worthy to work with coaching staff , player development '' . SilverScreenAndRoll.com . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Worthy -- Foundation The official website of NBA player and analyst James Worthy '' . Jamesworthy42.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Worthy . Official website Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com James Worthy at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Links to related articles North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head coach Dean Smith Assistant coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams 1982 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Terry Cummings Quintin Dailey Sleepy Floyd Ralph Sampson James Worthy Second Team Dale Ellis Kevin Magee John Paxson Sam Perkins Paul Pressey 1982 NBA Draft First round James Worthy Terry Cummings Dominique Wilkins Bill Garnett LaSalle Thompson Trent Tucker Quintin Dailey Clark Kellogg Cliff Levingston Keith Edmonson Fat Lever John Bagley Sleepy Floyd Lester Conner David Thirdkill Terry Teagle Brook Steppe Ricky Pierce Rob Williams Paul Pressey Eddie Phillips Mark McNamara Darren Tillis Second round Oliver Robinson Bryan Warrick Ricky Frazier Fred Roberts Dave Magley Scott Hastings Wallace Bryant Rod Higgins Richard Anderson Linton Townes Vince Taylor Derek Smith Mitchell Anderson Audie Norris Wayne Sappleton Kevin Magee Guy Morgan Dwight Anderson Jeff Taylor Jose Slaughter Mike Gibson Russ Schoene Tony Guy NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz Los Angeles Lakers 1984 -- 85 NBA champions 4 Scott 11 McAdoo 12 Lester 21 Cooper 25 Kupchak 31 Rambis 32 Johnson 33 Abdul - Jabbar ( Finals MVP ) 35 Spriggs 40 McGee 42 Worthy 43 Nevitt Head coach Riley Assistant coaches Bertka Wohl Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 1986 -- 87 NBA champions 1 Matthews 4 Scott 21 Cooper 24 Branch 31 Rambis 32 Johnson ( Finals MVP ) 33 Abdul - Jabbar 42 Worthy 43 M. Thompson 45 Green 52 Smrek 55 B. Thompson Head coach Riley Assistant coaches Bertka Pfund Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 NBA champions 1 Matthews 3 Lamp 4 Scott 19 Campbell 20 Wagner 21 Cooper 31 Rambis 32 Johnson 33 Abdul - Jabbar 42 Worthy ( Finals MVP ) 43 M. Thompson 45 Green 52 Smrek 55 B. Thompson Head coach Riley Assistant coaches Bertka Pfund Regular season Playoffs Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Players Dino Meneghin Robert Parish James Worthy Coach Leon Barmore Contributors Chick Hearn Meadowlark Lemon Earl Lloyd Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player 1939 : Hull 1940 : Huffman 1941 : Kotz 1942 : Dallmar 1943 : Sailors 1944 : Ferrin 1945 : Kurland 1946 : Kurland 1947 : Kaftan 1948 : Groza 1949 : Groza 1950 : Dambrot 1951 : Spivey 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Born 1954 : Gola 1955 : Russell 1956 : Lear 1957 : Chamberlain 1958 : Baylor 1959 : West 1960 : Lucas 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Hogue 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Chambers 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Wicks 1971 : Porter * 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Washington 1976 : Benson 1977 : Lee 1978 : Givens 1979 : Johnson 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Thomas 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Olajuwon 1984 : Ewing 1985 : Pinckney 1986 : Ellison 1987 : Smart 1988 : Manning 1989 : Rice 1990 : Hunt 1991 : Laettner 1992 : Hurley 1993 : Williams 1994 : Williamson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Delk 1997 : Simon 1998 : Sheppard 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Cleaves 2001 : Battier 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Anthony 2004 : Okafor 2005 : May 2006 : Noah 2007 : Brewer 2008 : Chalmers 2009 : Ellington 2010 : Singler 2011 : Walker 2012 : Davis 2013 : Hancock 2014 : Napier 2015 : Jones 2016 : Arcidiacono 2017 : Berry II 2018 : DiVincenzo * Ruled ineligible after tournament ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Head coaches Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. 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Vehicle identification number
Vehicle identification number - wikipedia Vehicle identification number Jump to : navigation , search `` VIN '' redirects here . For other uses , see Vin ( disambiguation ) . `` VINs '' redirects here . For the non-profit organization , see Vermont Institute of Natural Science . For the Russian Baptist pastor , see Vins . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Do we need examples of a checksum validator in four different languages ? Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) VIN on a Chinese moped VIN on a 1996 Porsche 993 GT2 VIN visible in the windshield VIN is recorded in Vehicle License of China . A vehicle identification number ( VIN ) , also called a chassis number , is a unique code , including a serial number , used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles , towed vehicles , motorcycles , scooters and mopeds , as defined in ISO 3833 . VINs were first used in 1954 . From 1954 to 1981 , there was no accepted standard for these numbers , so different manufacturers used different formats . In 1981 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States standardized the format . It required all on - road vehicles sold to contain a 17 - character VIN , which does not include the letters I ( i ) , O ( o ) , and Q ( q ) ( to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 0 ) . There are vehicle history services in several countries that help potential car owners use VINs to find vehicles that are defective or have been written off . See the Used car article for a list of countries where this service is available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Components 2.1 World manufacturer identifier 2.1. 1 Country codes 2.2 Vehicle descriptor section 2.2. 1 North American check digits 2.3 Vehicle identifier section 2.3. 1 Model year encoding 2.3. 2 Plant code 2.3. 3 Production number 3 Check - digit calculation 3.1 Transliterating the numbers 3.2 Weights used in calculation 3.3 Worked example 3.4 Example code 4 VIN scanning 5 List of common WMI 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) There are at least four competing standards used to calculate the VIN . FMVSS 115 , Part 565 : Used in United States and Canada ISO Standard 3779 : Used in Europe and many other parts of the world SAE J853 : Very similar to the ISO standard ADR 61 / 2 used in Australia , referring to ISO 3779 and 3780 Components ( edit ) Modern VINs are based on two related standards , originally issued by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) in 1979 and 1980 : ISO 3779 and ISO 3780 , respectively . Compatible but different implementations of these ISO standards have been adopted by the European Union and the United States , respectively . The VIN comprises the following sections : Standard 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ISO 3779 World manufacturer identifier VDS VIS European Union more than 500 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' European Union 500 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' North America more than 2000 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Sequential number North America 2000 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Manufacturer identifier Sequential number VIN in a GM - T - Platform body next to a passenger seat World manufacturer identifier ( edit ) The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the world manufacturer identifier or WMI code . A manufacturer who builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit , and the 12th , 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification . Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category ( e.g. , bus or truck ) , a division within a manufacturer , or both . For example , within 1G ( assigned to General Motors in the United States ) , 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars ; 1G2 , Pontiac passenger cars ; and 1GC , Chevrolet trucks . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) in the U.S. assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers . The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located . In practice , each is assigned to a country of manufacture , although in Europe the country where the continental headquarters is located can assign the WMI to all vehicles produced in that region ( Example : Opel / Vauxhall cars whether produced in Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom or Poland carry a WMI of W0L because Adam Opel AG is based in Rüsselsheim , Germany ) . In the notation below , assume that letters precede numbers and that zero is the last number . For example , 8X -- 82 denotes the range 8X , 8Y , 8Z , 81 , 82 , excluding 80 . Country codes ( edit ) A -- H = Africa J -- R = Asia S -- Z = Europe 1 -- 5 = North America 6 -- 7 = Oceania 8 -- 9 = South America AA - AH South Africa AJ - AN Ivory Coast AP - A0 not assigned BA - BE Angola BF - BK Kenya BL - BR Tanzania BS - B0 not assigned CA - CE Benin CF - CK Madagascar CL - CR Tunisia CS - C0 not assigned DA - DE Egypt DF - DK Morocco DL - DR Zambia DS - D0 not assigned EA - EE Ethiopia EF - EK Mozambique EL - E0 not assigned FA - FE Ghana FF - FK Nigeria FL - F0 not assigned GA - G0 not assigned HA - H0 not assigned JA - J0 Japan KA - KE Sri Lanka KF - KK Israel KL - KR Korea ( South ) KS - K0 Kazakhstan LA - L0 China MA - ME India MF - MK Indonesia ML - MR Thailand MS - M0 not assigned NA - NE Iran NF - NK Pakistan NL - NR Turkey NS - N0 not assigned PA - PE Philippines PF - PK Singapore PL - PR Malaysia PS - P0 not assigned RA - RE United Arab Emirates RF - RK Taiwan RL - RR Vietnam RS - R0 Saudi Arabia SA - SM United Kingdom SN - ST East Germany SU - SZ Poland S1 - S4 Latvia S5 - S0 not assigned TA - TH Switzerland TJ - TP Czech Republic TR - TV Hungary TW - T1 Portugal T2 - T0 not assigned UA - UG not assigned UH - UM Denmark UN-UT Ireland UU - UZ Romania U1 - U4 not assigned U5 - U7 Slovakia U8 - U0 not assigned VA - VE Austria VF - VR France VS - VW Spain VX - V2 Serbia V3 - V5 Croatia V6 - V0 Estonia WA - W0 West Germany XA - XE Bulgaria XF - XK Greece XL - XR Netherlands XS - XW USSR XX - X2 Luxembourg X3 - X0 Russia YA - YE Belgium YF - YK Finland YL - YR Malta YS - YW Sweden YX - Y2 Norway Y3 - Y5 Belarus Y6 - Y0 Ukraine ZA - ZR Italy ZS - ZW not assigned ZX - Z2 Slovenia Z3 - Z5 Lithuania Z6 - Z0 not assigned 1A - 10 United States 2A - 20 Canada 3A - 37 Mexico 38 - 39 Cayman Islands 4A - 40 United States 5A - 50 United States 6A - 6W Australia 6X - 60 not assigned 7A - 7E New Zealand 7F - 70 not assigned 8A - 8E Argentina 8F - 8K Chile 8L - 8R Ecuador 8S - 8W Peru 8X - 82 Venezuela 83 - 80 not assigned 9A - 9E Brazil 9F - 9K Colombia 9L - 9R Paraguay 9S - 9W Uruguay 9X - 92 Trinidad & Tobago 93 -- 99 Brazil 90 not assigned Vehicle descriptor section ( edit ) The fourth to eighth positions in the VIN are the vehicle descriptor section or VDS . This is used , according to local regulations , to identify the vehicle type , and may include information on the automobile platform used , the model , and the body style . Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field . Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth digit to identify the engine type whenever there is more than one engine choice for the vehicle . Example : for the 2007 Chevrolet Corvette , U is for a 6.0 - liter V8 engine , and E is for a 7.0 L V8 . North American check digits ( edit ) One element that is fairly consistent is the use of position nine as a check digit , compulsory for vehicles in North America , and used fairly consistently elsewhere . Vehicle identifier section ( edit ) The 10th to 17th positions are used as the ' vehicle identifier section ' ( VIS ) . This is used by the manufacturer to identify the individual vehicle in question . This may include information on options installed or engine and transmission choices , but often is a simple sequential number . In North America , the last five digits must be numeric . Model year encoding ( edit ) One consistent element of the VIS is the 10th digit , which is required worldwide to encode the model year of the vehicle . Besides the three letters that are not allowed in the VIN itself ( I , O and Q ) , the letters U and Z and the digit 0 are not used for the model year code . The year code is the model year for the vehicle . The year 1980 was encoded by some manufacturers , especially General Motors and Chrysler , as `` A '' ( since the 17 - digit VIN was not mandatory until 1981 , and the `` A '' or zero was in the manufacturer 's pre-1981 placement in the VIN ) , yet Ford and AMC still used a zero for 1980 . Subsequent years increment through the allowed letters , so that `` Y '' represents the year 2000 . 2001 to 2009 are encoded as the digits 1 to 9 , and subsequent years are encoded as `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' , etc . Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year A = 1980 L = Y = 2000 A = L = 2020 Y = 2030 B = 1981 M = 1991 1 = B = 2011 M = 2021 1 = 2031 C = 1982 N = 2 = 2002 C = 2012 N = 2022 2 = 2032 D = P = 3 = 2003 D = 2013 P = 2023 3 = 2033 E = 1984 R = 4 = E = 2014 R = 2024 4 = 2034 F = 1985 S = 1995 5 = 2005 F = 2015 S = 2025 5 = 2035 G = 1986 T = 6 = 2006 G = 2016 T = 2026 6 = 2036 H = V = 7 = 2007 H = 2017 V = 2027 7 = 2037 J = W = 1998 8 = 2008 J = 2018 W = 2028 8 = 2038 K = X = 1999 9 = 2009 K = 2019 X = 2029 9 = 2039 On April 30 , 2008 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration adopted a final rule amending 49 CFR Part 565 , `` so that the current 17 character vehicle identification number ( VIN ) system , which has been in place for almost 30 years , can continue in use for at least another 30 years '' , in the process making several changes to the VIN requirements applicable to all motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States . There are three notable changes to the VIN structure that affect VIN deciphering systems : The make may only be identified after looking at positions one through three and another position , as determined by the manufacturer in the second section or fourth to eighth segment of the VIN . In order to identify the exact year in passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 or less , one must read position 7 as well as position 10 . For passenger cars , and for multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) or less , if position seven is numeric , the model year in position 10 of the VIN refers to a year in the range 1980 -- 2009 . If position seven is alphabetic , the model year in position 10 of VIN refers to a year in the range 2010 -- 2039 . The model year for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) , as well as buses , motorcycles , trailers and low - speed vehicles , may no longer be identified within a 30 - year range . VIN characters 1 -- 8 and 10 that were assigned from 1980 -- 2009 can be repeated beginning with the 2010 model year . Plant code ( edit ) Compulsory in North America is the use of the 11th character to identify the factory at which the vehicle was built . Each manufacturer has its own set of plant codes . Production number ( edit ) In the United States , the 12th to 17th digits are the vehicle 's serial or production number . This is unique to each vehicle , and every manufacturer uses its own sequence . Check - digit calculation ( edit ) Check - digit validation is compulsory for all road vehicles sold in North America . When trying to validate a VIN with a check digit , first either ( a ) remove the check digit for the purpose of calculation or ( b ) use a weight of zero ( see below ) to cancel it out . The original value of the check digit is then compared with the calculated value . If the calculated value is 0 -- 9 , the check digit must match the calculated value . If the calculated value is 10 , the check digit must be X . If the two values do not match ( and there was no error in the calculation ) , then there is a mistake in the VIN . However , a match does not prove the VIN is correct , because there is still a 1 / 11 chance that any two distinct VINs have a matching check digit : for example , the valid VINs 5GZCZ43D13S812715 ( correct with leading five ) and SGZCZ43D13S812715 ( incorrect with leading character `` S '' ) . The VINs in the Porsche image , WP0ZZZ99ZTS392124 , and the GM - T body image , KLATF08Y1VB363636 , do not pass the North American check - digit verification . Transliterating the numbers ( edit ) Transliteration consists of removing all of the letters , and substituting them with their appropriate numerical counterparts . These numerical alternatives ( based on IBM 's EBCDIC ) are in the following chart . I , O , and Q are not allowed in a valid VIN ; for this chart , they have been filled in with N / A ( not applicable ) . Numerical digits use their own values . Transliteration key : values for VIN decoding A : 1 B : 2 C : 3 D: 4 E : 5 F : 6 G : 7 H : 8 N / A J : 1 K : 2 L : 3 M : 4 N : 5 N / A P : 7 N / A R : 9 S : 2 T : 3 U : 4 V : 5 W : 6 X : 7 Y : 8 Z : 9 S is 2 , and not 1 . There is no left - alignment linearity . Weights used in calculation ( edit ) The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN . The 9th position is that of the check digit . It has been substituted with a 0 , which will cancel it out in the multiplication step . Weight factor table Position 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Worked example ( edit ) Consider the hypothetical VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 , where the underscore will be the check digit . VIN 8 9 0 7 8 8 Value 8 7 9 0 7 0 7 8 8 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Products 8 28 48 35 16 12 18 10 0 18 56 0 24 10 28 24 16 The VIN 's value is calculated from the above transliteration table . This number is used in the rest of the calculation . Copy the weights from the above weight factor table . The products row is the result of the multiplication of the vertical columns : Value and Weight . The products ( 8 , 28 , 48 , 35 ... 24 , 16 ) are all added together to yield a sum , 351 . Find the remainder after dividing by 11 351 MOD 11 = 10 351 ÷ 11 = 31 / The remainder is the check digit . If the remainder is 10 , the check digit is X . In this example , the remainder is 10 , so the check digit is transliterated as X . With a check digit of X , the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 is written 1M8GDM9AXKP042788 . A VIN with straight - ones ( seventeen consecutive 1s ) has the nice feature that its check digit 1 matches the calculated value 1 . This is because a value of one multiplied by 89 ( sum of weights ) is 89 , and 89 divided by 11 is 8 with remainder ⁄ ; thus 1 is the check digit . This is a way to test a VIN - check algorithm . Example code ( edit ) Java private static int transliterate ( char c ) ( return `` 0123456789. ABCDEFGH ... JKLMN. P.R.. STUVWXYZ ''. indexOf ( c ) % 10 ; ) private static char getCheckDigit ( String vin ) ( String map = `` 0123456789X '' ; String weights = `` 8765432X098765432 '' ; int sum = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 17 ; + + i ) ( sum + = transliterate ( vin. charAt ( i ) ) * map. indexOf ( weights. charAt ( i ) ) ; ) return map. charAt ( sum % 11 ) ; ) private static boolean validate ( String vin ) ( if ( vin. length ( ) ! = 17 ) return false ; return getCheckDigit ( vin ) = = vin. charAt ( 8 ) ; ) VIN scanning ( edit ) VINs may be optically read with barcode scanners or digital cameras , or digitally read via OBD - II in newer vehicles . There are smartphone applications that can pass the VIN to websites to decode the VIN . List of common WMI ( edit ) The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) assigns the WMI ( world manufacturer identifier ) to countries and manufacturers . The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes . WMI Manufacturer AAV ( South Africa ) Volkswagen AHT ( South Africa ) Toyota AFA ( South Africa ) Ford CL9 ( Tunisia ) Wallyscar JA ( Japan ) Isuzu JC1 ( Japan ) Fiat Automobiles / Mazda JF ( Japan ) Fuji Heavy Industries JHL ( Japan ) Honda JHM ( Japan ) Honda JMB ( Japan ) Mitsubishi JM6 ( Japan ) Mazda JN ( Japan ) Nissan JS ( Japan ) Suzuki JT ( Japan ) Toyota JY ( Japan ) Yamaha KL ( South Korea ) Daewoo / GM Korea KMH ( South Korea ) Hyundai KN ( South Korea ) Kia KPT ( South Korea ) SsangYong L6T ( China ) Geely LBE ( China ) Beijing Hyundai LBV ( China ) BMW Brilliance LDC ( China ) Dongfeng Peugeot - Citroën LE4 ( China ) Beijing Benz LFM ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Sichuan ) LFP ( China ) FAW Car LFV ( China ) FAW - Volkswagen LGB ( China ) Dongfeng Nissan LGJ ( China ) Dongfeng Fengshen LGW ( China ) Great Wall ( Havel ) LGX ( China ) BYD Auto LH1 ( China ) FAW Haima LHG ( China ) Guangzhou Honda LJ1 ( China ) JAC LJD ( China ) Dongfeng Yueda Kia LLV ( China ) Lifan LMG ( China ) GAC Trumpchi LPA ( China ) Changan PSA ( DS Automobiles ) LS5 ( China ) Changan Suzuki LSG ( China ) SAIC General Motors LSJ ( China ) SAIC MG LSV ( China ) SAIC Volkswagen LTV ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Tianjin ) LVG ( China ) GAC Toyota LVH ( China ) Dongfeng Honda LVR ( China ) Changan Mazda LVS ( China ) Changan Ford LVV ( China ) Chery LWV ( China ) GAC Fiat LZW ( China ) SAIC GM Wuling NMT ( Turkey ) Toyota NM0 ( Turkey ) Ford Otosan PL1 ( Malaysia ) Proton SAJ ( United Kingdom ) Jaguar SAL ( United Kingdom ) Land Rover SAR ( United Kingdom ) Rover SAT ( United Kingdom ) Triumph SB1 ( United Kingdom ) Toyota SCC ( United Kingdom ) Lotus Cars SCE ( United Kingdom ) DeLorean SFD ( United Kingdom ) Alexander Dennis SHH ( United Kingdom ) Honda SHS ( United Kingdom ) Honda SJN ( United Kingdom ) Nissan TCC ( Switzerland ) Micro Compact Car AG ( SMART 1998 - 1999 ) TMA ( Czech Republic ) Hyundai TMB ( Czech Republic ) Škoda TRU ( Hungary ) Audi TSM ( Hungary ) Suzuki U5Y ( Slovakia ) Kia UU ( Romania ) Dacia VA0 ( Austria ) ÖAF VF1 ( France ) Renault VF2 ( France ) Renault VF3 ( France ) Peugeot VF4 ( France ) Talbot VF5 ( France ) Iveco Unic SA VF6 ( France ) Renault Trucks / Volvo VF7 ( France ) Citroën VF8 ( France ) Matra / Talbot / Simca VF9 ( France ) Bugatti VFE ( France ) IvecoBus VNK ( France ) Toyota VSS ( Spain ) SEAT VV9 ( Spain ) Tauro Sport Auto WAG ( Germany ) Neoplan WAU ( Germany ) Audi WAP ( Germany ) Alpina WBA ( Germany ) BMW WBS ( Germany ) BMW M WBX ( Germany ) BMW WDB ( Germany ) Mercedes - Benz WDC , WDD , WMX ( Germany ) DaimlerChrysler AG / Daimler AG WEB ( Germany ) EvoBus WF0 ( Germany ) Ford of Europe WJM ( Germany ) Iveco WJR ( Germany ) Irmscher WKK ( Germany ) Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke WMA ( Germany ) MAN WME ( Germany ) Smart WMW ( Germany ) Mini WP0 ( Germany ) Porsche car WP1 ( Germany ) Porsche SUV WUA ( Germany ) Quattro WVG ( Germany ) Volkswagen WVW ( Germany ) Volkswagen WV1 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles WV2 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles W0L ( Germany ) Opel / Vauxhall W0SV ( Germany ) Opel Special Vehicles XLR ( Netherlands ) DAF Trucks YK1 ( Finland ) Saab YS2 ( Sweden ) Scania , Södertälje YS3 ( Sweden ) Saab YS4 ( Sweden ) Scania , Katrineholm YTN ( Sweden ) Saab NEVS YV1 ( Sweden ) Volvo Cars YV2 ( Sweden ) Volvo Trucks YV3 ( Sweden ) Volvo Buses ZA9 ( Italy ) Bugatti ZAM ( Italy ) Maserati ZAR ( Italy ) Alfa Romeo ZCF ( Italy ) Iveco ZFA ( Italy ) Fiat Automobiles ZFF ( Italy ) Ferrari ZGA ( Italy ) IvecoBus ZHW ( Italy ) Lamborghini ZLA ( Italy ) Lancia 1B ( United States ) Dodge 1C ( United States ) Chrysler 1F ( United States ) Ford 1G ( United States ) General Motors 1G1 ( United States ) Chevrolet 1G3 ( United States ) Oldsmobile 1G9 ( United States ) Google 1GC ( United States ) Chevrolet 1GM ( United States ) Pontiac 1HG ( United States ) Honda 1J ( United States ) Jeep 1L ( United States ) Lincoln 1M ( United States ) Mercury 1N ( United States ) Nissan 1VW ( United States ) Volkswagen 1YV ( United States ) Mazda 2DG ( Canada ) Ontario Drive & Gear 2F ( Canada ) Ford 2G ( Canada ) General Motors 2G1 ( Canada ) Chevrolet 2G2 ( Canada ) Pontiac 2HG ( Canada ) Honda 2HH ( Canada ) Acura 2HJ ( Canada ) Honda 2HK ( Canada ) Honda 2HM ( Canada ) Hyundai 2M ( Canada ) Mercury 2T ( Canada ) Toyota 3F ( Mexico ) Ford 3G ( Mexico ) General Motors 3HG ( Mexico ) Honda 3HM ( Mexico ) Honda 3KP ( Mexico ) Kia 3N ( Mexico ) Nissan 3VW ( Mexico ) Volkswagen 4F ( United States ) Mazda 4J ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 4M ( United States ) Mercury 4S3 ( United States ) Subaru 4S4 ( United States ) Subaru 4S6 ( United States ) Honda 4T ( United States ) Toyota 4US ( United States ) BMW 5FN ( United States ) Honda 5J6 ( United States ) Honda 5L ( United States ) Lincoln 5N ( United States ) Hyundai 5T ( United States ) Toyota 5X ( United States ) Hyundai / Kia 5YJ ( United States ) Tesla 55 ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 6F ( Australia ) Ford 6G ( Australia ) General Motors 6G1 ( Australia ) Chevrolet 6G2 ( Australia ) Pontiac 6H ( Australia ) Holden 6MM ( Australia ) Mitsubishi 6T1 ( Australia ) Toyota 7A3 ( New Zealand ) Honda 8AP ( Argentina ) Fiat 8AF ( Argentina ) Ford 8AG ( Argentina ) General Motors 8AW ( Argentina ) Volkswagen 8AJ ( Argentina ) Toyota 8A1 ( Argentina ) Renault 8AC ( Argentina ) Mercedes Benz 8BC ( Argentina ) Citroën 8AD ( Argentina ) Peugeot 8C3 ( Argentina ) Honda 8AT ( Argentina ) Iveco 9BD ( Brazil ) Fiat Automóveis 9BG ( Brazil ) General Motors 9BW ( Brazil ) Volkswagen 9BF ( Brazil ) Ford 93H ( Brazil ) Honda 9BR ( Brazil ) Toyota 936 ( Brazil ) Peugeot 935 ( Brazil ) Citroën 93Y ( Brazil ) Renault 93X ( Brazil ) Souza Ramos - Mitsubishi / Suzuki 9BH ( Brazil ) Hyundai Motor Company / Hyundai 95P ( Brazil ) CAOA / Hyundai 94D ( Brazil ) Nissan 98R ( Brazil ) Chery 988 ( Brazil ) Jeep 98M ( Brazil ) BMW 9BM ( Brazil ) Mercedes Benz 99A ( Brazil ) Audi 99J ( Brazil ) JLR Jaguar Land Rover 9C2 ( Brazil ) Honda Motorcycles 9C6 ( Brazil ) Yamaha 9CD ( Brazil ) Suzuki Motorcycles 93W ( Brazil ) Fiat Professional 93Z ( Brazil ) Iveco 953 ( Brazil ) VW Trucks / MAN 9BS ( Brazil ) Scania 9BV ( Brazil ) Volvo Trucks 9UJ ( Uruguay ) Chery 9UK ( Uruguay ) Lifan 9UW ( Uruguay ) Kia See also ( edit ) Builder 's plate CarProof -- a Canadian vehicle history report that uses the VIN to provide details about a used vehicle 's documented history and lien information CARFAX - Created the first vehicle history report in 1986 using the newly standardized VIN Danish bicycle VIN - system Engine number Name plate Serial number VIN etching RPO Code References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VINs ) '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations -- Title 49 : Transportation -- PART 565 -- VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ( VIN ) REQUIREMENTS '' . www.ecfr.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ComLaw Legislative Instruments -- Vehicle Standard ( Australian Design Rule 61 / 02 -- Vehicle Marking ) 2005 ( ADR 61 / 02 ) '' . Comlaw.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ISO 3779 : 2009 Road vehicles -- Vehicle identification number ( VIN ) -- Content and structure Jump up ^ ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code Jump up ^ `` United States Federal VIN Requirements ( Title 49 , Chapter V , Part 565 ) '' . Access.gpo.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directive 76 / 114 / EEC - Automotive - Enterprise and Industry '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code '' . ISO. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VIN codes ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vehicle Identification Number . ISO 3779 : 2009 FMVSS 115 , Part 565 VIN entry in the National Transportation Library FAQ ( hide ) Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_identification_number&oldid=800406659 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Classification systems 1981 introductions Vehicle security systems Country codes Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 14 . 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when did they start putting vin numbers on cars
[ "VINs were first used in 1954.[1] From 1954 to 1981, there was no accepted standard for these numbers, so different manufacturers used different formats." ]
[ "1954" ]
1693417998316292299
Informed consent
Informed consent - wikipedia Informed consent This article is about consent to medical procedures . For consent in non-medical legal contexts , see Consent . For the House episode , see Informed Consent ( House ) . Example of informed consent document from the PARAMOUNT trial Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person , or for disclosing personal information . A health care provider may ask a patient to consent to receive therapy before providing it , or a clinical researcher may ask a research participant before enrolling that person into a clinical trial . Informed consent is collected according to guidelines from the fields of medical ethics and research ethics . An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts , implications , and consequences of an action . Adequate informed consent is rooted in respecting a person 's dignity . To give informed consent , the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts . Impairments to reasoning and judgment that may prevent informed consent include basic intellectual or emotional immaturity , high levels of stress such as posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) or a severe intellectual disability , severe mental disorder , intoxication , severe sleep deprivation , Alzheimer 's disease , or being in a coma . Obtaining informed consent is not always required . If an individual is considered unable to give informed consent , another person is generally authorized to give consent on his behalf , e.g. , parents or legal guardians of a child ( though in this circumstance the child may be required to provide informed assent ) and conservators for the mentally disordered , or consent can be assumed through the doctrine of implied consent , e.g. , when an unconscious person will die without immediate medical treatment . In cases where an individual is provided insufficient information to form a reasoned decision , serious ethical issues arise . Such cases in a clinical trial in medical research are anticipated and prevented by an ethics committee or Institutional Review Board . Informed Consent Form Templates can be found on the World Health Organization Website for practical use . Contents 1 Assessment 2 Valid elements 3 Waiver of requirement 4 History 4.1 Medical history 4.2 Research history 5 Medical procedures 5.1 Requirements of the professional 5.2 Obtaining informed consents 5.3 Competency of the patient 5.4 Deception 5.5 Abortion 6 Children 7 Research 8 Conflicts of interest 9 See also 10 References Assessment ( edit ) Informed consent can be complex to evaluate , because neither expressions of consent , nor expressions of understanding of implications , necessarily mean that full adult consent was in fact given , nor that full comprehension of relevant issues is internally digested . Consent may be implied within the usual subtleties of human communication , rather than explicitly negotiated verbally or in writing . In some cases consent can not legally be possible , even if the person protests he does indeed understand and wish . There are also structured instruments for evaluating capacity to give informed consent , although no ideal instrument presently exists . Thus , there is always a degree to which informed consent must be assumed or inferred based upon observation , or knowledge , or legal reliance . This especially is the case in sexual or relational issues . In medical or formal circumstances , explicit agreement by means of signature -- normally relied on legally -- regardless of actual consent , is the norm . This is the case with certain procedures , such as a `` do not resuscitate '' directive that a patient signed before onset of their illness . Brief examples of each of the above : A person may verbally agree to something from fear , perceived social pressure , or psychological difficulty in asserting true feelings . The person requesting the action may honestly be unaware of this and believe the consent is genuine , and rely on it . Consent is expressed , but not internally given . A person may claim to understand the implications of some action , as part of consent , but in fact has failed to appreciate the possible consequences fully and may later deny the validity of the consent for this reason . Understanding needed for informed consent is present but is , in fact ( through ignorance ) , not present . A person signs a legal release form for a medical procedure , and later feels he did not really consent . Unless he can show actual misinformation , the release is usually persuasive or conclusive in law , in that the clinician may rely legally upon it for consent . In formal circumstances , a written consent usually legally overrides later denial of informed consent ( unless obtained by misrepresentation ) . Informed consent in the U.S. can be overridden in emergency medical situations pursuant to 21CFR50. 24 , which was first brought to the general public 's attention via the controversy surrounding the study of Polyheme . Valid elements ( edit ) For an individual to give valid informed consent , three components must be present : disclosure , capacity and voluntariness . Disclosure requires the researcher to supply each prospective subject with the information necessary to make an autonomous decision and also to ensure that the subject adequate understands the information provided . This latter requirement implies that a written consent form be written in lay language suited for the comprehension skills of subject population , as well as assessing the level of understanding through conversation . Capacity pertains to the ability of the subject to both understand the information provided and form a reasonable judgment based on the potential consequences of his / her decision . Voluntariness refers to the subject 's right to freely exercise his / her decision making without being subjected to external pressure such as coercion , manipulation , or undue influence . Waiver of requirement ( edit ) Waiver of the consent requirement may be applied in certain circumstances where no foreseeable harm is expected to result from the study or when permitted by law , federal regulations , or if an ethical review committee has approved the non-disclosure of certain information . Besides studies with minimal risk , waivers of consent may be obtained in a military setting . According to 10 USC 980 , the United States Code for the Armed Forces , Limitations on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects , a waiver of advanced informed consent may be granted by the Secretary of Defense if a research project would : Directly benefit subjects . Advance the development of a medical product necessary to the military . Be carried out under all laws and regulations ( i.e. , Emergency Research Consent Waiver ) including those pertinent to the FDA . While informed consent is a basic right and should be carried out effectively , if a patient is incapacitated due to injury or illness , it is still important that patients benefit from emergency experimentation . The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) joined together to create federal guidelines to permit emergency research , without informed consent . However , they can only proceed with the research if they obtain a waiver of informed consent ( WIC ) or an emergency exception from informed consent ( EFIC ) . History ( edit ) Spanish English Walter Reed authored these informed consent documents in 1900 for his research on yellow fever Informed consent is a technical term first used by attorney , Paul G. Gebhard , in a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957 . In tracing its history , some scholars have suggested tracing the history of checking for any of these practices : A patient agrees to a health intervention based on an understanding of it . The patient has multiple choices and is not compelled to choose a particular one . The consent includes giving permission . These practices are part of what constitutes informed consent , and their history is the history of informed consent . They combine to form the modern concept of informed consent -- which rose in response to particular incidents in modern research . Whereas various cultures in various places practiced informed consent , the modern concept of informed consent was developed by people who drew influence from Western tradition . Medical history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of medical guidelines to trace the history of informed consent in medical practice . The Hippocratic Oath , a 500 BC Greek text , was the first set of Western writings giving guidelines for the conduct of medical professionals . It advises that physicians conceal most information from patients to give the patients the best care . The rationale is a beneficence model for care -- the doctor knows better than the patient , and therefore should direct the patient 's care , because the patient is not likely to have better ideas than the doctor . Henri de Mondeville , a French surgeon who in the 14th century , wrote about medical practice . He traced his ideas to the Hippocratic Oath . Among his recommendations were that doctors `` promise a cure to every patient '' in hopes that the good prognosis would inspire a good outcome to treatment . Mondeville never mentioned getting consent , but did emphasize the need for the patient to have confidence in the doctor . He also advised that when deciding therapeutically unimportant details the doctor should meet the patients ' requests `` so far as they do not interfere with treatment '' . Benjamin Rush was an 18th - century United States physician who was influenced by the Age of Enlightenment cultural movement . Because of this , he advised that doctors ought to share as much information as possible with patients . He recommended that doctors educate the public and respect a patient 's informed decision to accept therapy . There is no evidence that he supported seeking a consent from patients . In a lecture titled `` On the duties of patients to their physicians '' , he stated that patients should be strictly obedient to the physician 's orders ; this was representative of much of his writings . John Gregory , Rush 's teacher , wrote similar views that a doctor could best practice beneficence by making decisions for the patients without their consent . Thomas Percival was a British physician who published a book called Medical Ethics in 1803 . Percival was a student of the works of Gregory and various earlier Hippocratic physicians . Like all previous works , Percival 's Medical Ethics makes no mention of soliciting for the consent of patients or respecting their decisions . Percival said that patients have a right to truth , but when the physician could provide better treatment by lying or withholding information , he advised that the physician do as he thought best . When the American Medical Association was founded they in 1847 produced a work called the first edition of the American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics . Many sections of this book are verbatim copies of passages from Percival 's Medical Ethics . A new concept in this book was the idea that physicians should fully disclose all patient details truthfully when talking to other physicians , but the text does not also apply this idea to disclosing information to patients . Through this text , Percival 's ideas became pervasive guidelines throughout the United States as other texts were derived from them . Worthington Hooker was an American physician who in 1849 published Physician and Patient . This medical ethics book was radical demonstrating understanding of the AMA 's guidelines and Percival 's philosophy and soundly rejecting all directives that a doctor should lie to patients . In Hooker 's view , benevolent deception is not fair to the patient , and he lectured widely on this topic . Hooker 's ideas were not broadly influential . Research history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of human subject research experiments to trace the history of informed consent in research . The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission `` is considered the first research group in history to use consent forms . '' In 1900 , Major Walter Reed was appointed head of the four man U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba that determined mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever transmission . His earliest experiments were probably done without formal documentation of informed consent . In later experiments he obtained support from appropriate military and administrative authorities . He then drafted what is now `` one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents . '' The three surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations ; two have an individual 's signature and one is marked with an X . Tearoom Trade is the name of a book by American psychologist Laud Humphreys . In it he describes his research into male homosexual acts . In conducting this research he never sought consent from his research subjects and other researchers raised concerns that he violated the right to privacy for research participants . The Milgram experiment is the name of a 1961 experiment conducted by American psychologist Stanley Milgram . In the experiment Milgram had an authority figure order research participants to commit a disturbing act of harming another person . After the experiment he would reveal that he had deceived the participants and that they had not hurt anyone , but the research participants were upset at the experience of having participated in the research . The experiment raised broad discussion on the ethics of recruiting participants for research without giving them full information about the nature of the research . Chester M. Southam used HeLa cells to inject into cancer patients and Ohio State Penitentiary inmates without informed consent to determine if people could become immune to cancer and if cancer could be transmitted . Medical procedures ( edit ) The doctrine of informed consent relates to professional negligence and establishes a breach of the duty of care owed to the patient ( see duty of care , breach of the duty , and respect for persons ) . The doctrine of informed consent also has significant implications for medical trials of medications , devices , or procedures . Requirements of the professional ( edit ) Until 2015 in the United Kingdom and in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore , informed consent in medical procedures requires proof as to the standard of care to expect as a recognised standard of acceptable professional practice ( the Bolam Test ) , that is , what risks would a medical professional usually disclose in the circumstances ( see Loss of right in English law ) . Arguably , this is `` sufficient consent '' rather than `` informed consent . '' The UK has since departed from the Bolam test for judging standards of informed consent , due to the landmark ruling in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board . This moves away from the concept of a reasonable physician and instead uses the standard of a reasonable patient , and what risks an individual would attach significance to . Medicine in the United States , Australia , and Canada also takes this patient - centric approach to `` informed consent . '' Informed consent in these jurisdictions requires healthcare providers to disclose significant risks , as well as risks of particular importance to that patient . This approach combines an objective ( a hypothetical reasonable patient ) and subjective ( this particular patient ) approach . The doctrine of informed consent should be contrasted with the general doctrine of medical consent , which applies to assault or battery . The consent standard here is only that the person understands , in general terms , the nature of and purpose of the intended intervention . As the higher standard of informed consent applies to negligence , not battery , the other elements of negligence must be made out . Significantly , causation must be shown : That had the individual been made aware of the risk he would not have proceeded with the operation ( or perhaps with that surgeon ) . Optimal establishment of an informed consent requires adaptation to cultural or other individual factors of the patient . For example , people from Mediterranean and Arab appear to rely more on the context of the delivery of the information , with the information being carried more by who is saying it and where , when , and how it 's being said , rather than what is said , which is of relatively more importance in typical `` Western '' countries . The informed consent doctrine is generally implemented through good healthcare practice : pre-operation discussions with patients and the use of medical consent forms in hospitals . However , reliance on a signed form should not undermine the basis of the doctrine in giving the patient an opportunity to weigh and respond to the risk . In one British case , a doctor performing routine surgery on a woman noticed that she had cancerous tissue in her womb . He took the initiative to remove the woman 's womb ; however , as she had not given informed consent for this operation , the doctor was judged by the General Medical Council to have acted negligently . The council stated that the woman should have been informed of her condition , and allowed to make her own decision . Obtaining informed consents ( edit ) To capture and manage informed consents , hospital management systems typically use paper - based consent forms which are scanned and stored in a document handling system after obtaining the necessary signatures . Hospital systems and research organizations are adopting an electronic way of capturing informed consents to enable indexing , to improve comprehension , search and retrieval of consent data , thus enhancing the ability to honor to patient intent and identify willing research participants . More recently , Health Sciences South Carolina , a statewide research collaborative focused on transforming healthcare quality , health information systems and patient outcomes , developed an open - source system called Research Permissions Management System ( RPMS ) . Competency of the patient ( edit ) The ability to give informed consent is governed by a general requirement of competency . In common law jurisdictions , adults are presumed competent to consent . This presumption can be rebutted , for instance , in circumstances of mental illness or other incompetence . This may be prescribed in legislation or based on a common - law standard of inability to understand the nature of the procedure . In cases of incompetent adults , a health care proxy makes medical decisions . In the absence of a proxy , the medical practitioner is expected to act in the patient 's best interests until a proxy can be found . By contrast , ' minors ' ( which may be defined differently in different jurisdictions ) are generally presumed incompetent to consent , but depending on their age and other factors may be required to provide Informed assent . In some jurisdictions ( e.g. much of the U.S. ) , this is a strict standard . In other jurisdictions ( e.g. England , Australia , Canada ) , this presumption may be rebutted through proof that the minor is ' mature ' ( the ' Gillick standard ' ) . In cases of incompetent minors , informed consent is usually required from the parent ( rather than the ' best interests standard ' ) although a parens patriae order may apply , allowing the court to dispense with parental consent in cases of refusal . Deception ( edit ) Research involving deception is controversial given the requirement for informed consent . Deception typically arises in social psychology , when researching a particular psychological process requires that investigators deceive subjects . For example , in the Milgram experiment , researchers wanted to determine the willingness of participants to obey authority figures despite their personal conscientious objections . They had authority figures demand that participants deliver what they thought was an electric shock to another research participant . For the study to succeed , it was necessary to deceive the participants so they believed that the subject was a peer and that their electric shocks caused the peer actual pain . Nonetheless , research involving deception prevents the subject / patient from exercising his / her basic right of autonomous informed decision - making and conflicts with the ethical principle of respect for persons . The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association says that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless they can justify the act by the value and importance of the study 's results , and show they could n't obtain the results by some other way . Moreover , the research should bear no potential harm to the subject as an outcome of deception , be it physical pain or emotional distress . Finally , the code requires a debriefing session , in which the experimenter tells the subject about the deception , and gives subjects the option of withdrawing their data . Abortion ( edit ) In some U.S. states , informed consent laws ( sometimes called `` right to know '' laws ) require that a woman seeking an elective abortion receive information from the abortion provider about her legal rights , alternatives to abortion ( such as adoption ) , available public and private assistance , and other information specified in the law , before the abortion is performed . Other countries with such laws ( e.g. Germany ) require that the information giver be properly certified to make sure that no abortion is carried out for the financial gain of the abortion provider and to ensure that the decision to have an abortion is not swayed by any form of incentive . Some informed consent laws have been criticized for allegedly using `` loaded language in an apparently deliberate attempt to ' personify ' the fetus , '' but those critics acknowledge that `` most of the information in the ( legally mandated ) materials about abortion comports with recent scientific findings and the principles of informed consent '' , although `` some content is either misleading or altogether incorrect . '' Children ( edit ) As children often lack the decision making ability or legal power ( competence ) to provide true informed consent for medical decisions , it often falls on parents or legal guardians to provide informed permission for medical decisions . This `` consent by proxy '' usually works reasonably well , but can lead to ethical dilemmas when the judgment of the parents or guardians and the medical professional differ with regard to what constitutes appropriate decisions `` in the best interest of the child '' . Children who are legally emancipated , and certain situations such as decisions regarding sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy , or for unemancipated minors who are deemed to have medical decision making capacity , may be able to provide consent without the need for parental permission depending on the laws of the jurisdiction the child lives in . The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages medical professionals also to seek the assent of older children and adolescents by providing age appropriate information to these children to help empower them in the decision making process . Research on children has benefited society in many ways . The only effective way to establish normal patterns of growth and metabolism is to do research on infants and young children . When addressing the issue of informed consent with children , the primary response is parental consent . This is valid , although only legal guardians are able to consent for a child , not adult siblings . Additionally , parents may not order the termination of a treatment that is required to keep a child alive , even if they feel it is in the best interest . Guardians are typically involved in the consent of children , however a number of doctrines have developed that allow children to receive health treatments without parental consent . For example , emancipated minors may consent to medical treatment , and minors can also consent in an emergency . Research ( edit ) Informed consent is part of the ethical clinical research as well , in which a human subject voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial , after having been informed of all aspects of the trial that are relevant to the subject 's decision to participate . Informed consent is documented by means of a written , signed , and dated informed consent form . In medical research , the Nuremberg Code set a base international standard in 1947 , which continued to develop , for example in response to the ethical violation in the Holocaust . Nowadays , medical research is overseen by an ethics committee that also oversees the informed consent process . As the medical guidelines established in the Nuremberg Code were imported into the ethical guidelines for the social sciences , informed consent became a common part of the research procedure . However , while informed consent is the default in medical settings , it is not always required in the social science . Here , research often involves low or no risk for participants , unlike in many medical experiments . Second , the mere knowledge that they participate in a study can cause people to alter their behavior , as in the Hawthorne Effect : `` In the typical lab experiment , subjects enter an environment in which they are keenly aware that their behavior is being monitored , recorded , and subsequently scrutinized . '' In such cases , seeking informed consent directly interferes with the ability to conduct the research , because the very act of revealing that a study is being conducted is likely to alter the behavior studied . List exemplifies the potential dilemma that can result : `` if one were interested in exploring whether , and to what extent , race or gender influences the prices that buyers pay for used cars , it would be difficult to measure accurately the degree of discrimination among used car dealers who know that they are taking part in an experiment . '' In cases where such interference is likely , and after careful consideration , a researcher may forgo the informed consent process . This is commonly done after weighting the risk to study participants versus the benefit to society and whether participants are present in the study out of their own wish and treated fairly . Researchers often consult with an ethics committee or institutional review board to render a decision . The birth of new online media , such as social media , has complicated the idea of informed consent . In an online environment people pay little attention to Terms of Use agreements and can subject themselves to research without thorough knowledge . This issue came to the public light following a study conducted by Facebook Inc. in 2014 , and published by that company and Cornell University . Facebook conducted a study where they altered the Facebook News Feeds of roughly 700,000 users to reduce either the amount of positive or negative posts they saw for a week . The study then analyzed if the users status updates changed during the different conditions . The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . The lack of informed consent led to outrage among many researchers and users . Many believed that by potentially altering the mood of users by altering what posts they see , Facebook put at - risk individuals at higher dangers for depression and suicide . However , supports of Facebook claim that Facebook details that they have the right to use information for research in their terms of use . Others say the experiment is just a part of Facebook 's current work , which alters News Feeds algorithms continually to keep people interested and coming back to the site . Others pointed out that this specific study is not along but that news organizations constantly try out different headlines using algorithms to elicit emotions and garner clicks or Facebook shares . They say this Facebook study is no different than things people already accept . Still , others say that Facebook broke the law when conducting the experiment on user that did n't give informed consent . The Facebook study controversy raises numerous questions about informed consent and the differences in the ethical review process between publicly and privately funded research . Some say Facebook was within its limits and others see the need for more informed consent and / or the establishment of in - house private review boards . Conflicts of interest ( edit ) Other , long - standing controversies underscore the role for conflicts of interest among medical school faculty and researchers . For example , coverage of University of California ( UC ) medical school faculty members has included news of ongoing corporate payments to researchers and practitioners from companies that market and produce the very devices and treatments they recommend to patients . Robert Pedowitz , the former chairman of UCLA 's orthopedic surgery department , reported concern that his colleague 's financial conflicts of interest could negatively affect patient care or research into new treatments . In a subsequent lawsuit about whistleblower retaliation , the University provided a $10 million settlement to Pedowitz while acknowledging no wrongdoing . Consumer Watchdog , an oversight group , observed that University of CA policies were `` either inadequate or unenforced ... Patients in UC hospitals deserve the most reliable surgical devices and medication ... and they should n't be treated as subjects in expensive experiments . '' Other UC incidents include taking the eggs of women for implantation into other women without consent and injecting live bacteria into human brains , resulting in potentially premature deaths . See also ( edit ) Anti-Psychiatry Belmont Report Consent ( BDSM ) Consent ( criminal law ) Consensual crime Declaration of Geneva Declaration of Helsinki Doe ex . rel . Tarlow v. District of Columbia Free , prior and informed consent Human experimentation Human experimentation in the United States Informed assent Informed consent in sociocratic decision - making Informed refusal International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Mature minor doctrine Minors and abortion Parental consent Patient safety Safe , sane and consensual Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital World Medical Association Therapeutic misconception Executive Order 13139 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elsayyad , Ahmed . `` Informed Consent for Comparative Effectiveness Trials '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 370 : 1958 -- 1960 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1403310 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Informed Consent Form Templates '' . who.int . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Faden , R.R. ; Beauchamp , T.L. ( 1986 ) . A History and Theory of Informed Consent . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503686 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Tom L. ; Childress , James F. ( 1994 ) . Principles of Biomedical Ethics ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508536 - 1 . Jump up ^ Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences ( CIOMS ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) Geneva , Switzerland , 2002 . `` International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McManus , J. , J ; S.G. Mehta ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 12 ( 11 ) : 1120 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.2005. tb00839. x . PMID 16264083 . ^ Jump up to : Baren , Jill . `` Informed Consent to Human Experimentation '' . Springer Publishing Company . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( 26 August 1997 ) . `` P.G. Gebhard , 69 , Developer Of the Term ' Informed Consent ' - New York Times '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faden , Ruth R. ; Beauchamp , Tom L. ; King , Nancy M.P. ( 1986 ) . A history and theory of informed consent ( Online ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5036867 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see Mary Catherine Welborn 's excerpts from her 1966 The long tradition : A study in fourteenth - century medical deontology Jump up ^ Katz , Jay ; Alexander Morgan Capron ( 2002 ) . The silent world of doctor and patient ( Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0801857805 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see De Mondeville 's `` On the morals and ethics of medicine '' from Ethics in Medicine Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( 1772 ) . Lectures on the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician . Jump up ^ Cutter , Laura . `` Walter Reed , Yellow Fever , and Informed Consent '' . Military Medicine . 181 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 91 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed - d - 15 - 00430 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Babbie , Earl ( 2010 ) . The practice of social research ( 12th ed . ) . Belmont , Calif : Wadsworth Cengage . ISBN 0495598410 . ^ Jump up to : Baumrind , D. ( 1964 ) . `` Some thoughts on ethics of research : After reading Milgram 's `` Behavioral Study of Obedience . '' `` . American Psychologist. 19 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 423 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040128 . Jump up ^ Skloot , Rebecca ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Braodway Paperbacks . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Too Much Information : Informed Consent in Cultural Context . By Joseph J. Fins and Pablo Rodriguez del Pozo . Medscape 07 / 18 / 2011 Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Greenstein , J.S. ( 2011 ) . `` An Empirical Study of the Usability of Consenting Systems : IPad , Touchscreen and Paper - based Systems '' . Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting . 55 : 813 -- 817 . doi : 10.1177 / 1071181311551168 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Obeid , J. ; Greenstein , J.S. ; Sanderson , I.C. ; Fryar , K. ; Moskowitz , J. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ( 2013 ) . `` An investigation of the efficacy of electronic consenting interfaces of research permissions management system in a hospital setting '' . International Journal of Medical Informatics. 82 ( 9 ) : 854 -- 863 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmedinf. 2013.04. 008 . PMC 3779682 . PMID 23757370 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , I.C. ; Obeid , J.S. ; Madathil , K.C. ; Gerken , K. ; Fryar , K. ; Rugg , D. ; Alstad , C.E. ; Alexander , R. ; Brady , K.T. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Moskowitz , J. ( 2013 ) . `` Managing clinical research permissions electronically : A novel approach to enhancing recruitment and managing consents '' . Clinical Trials. 10 ( 4 ) : 604 -- 611 . doi : 10.1177 / 1740774513491338 . PMC 4213063 . PMID 23785065 . Jump up ^ `` HSSC / RPMS GitHub '' . github.com . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 . American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the American Psychological Association ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Taupitz , Jochen ; Weschka , Marion ( 2009 ) . CHIMBRIDS - Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research : Scientific , Ethical , Philosophical and Legal Aspects . Volume 34 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Deutsches , Europäisches und Internationales Medizinrecht , Gesundheitsrecht und Bioethik der Universitäten Heidelberg und Mannheim . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 298 . ISBN 9783540938699 . Jump up ^ Dieper , Susanne ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The Legal Framework of Abortions in Germany '' . American Institute for Contemporary German Studies . Johns Hopkins University . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold , Rachel and Nash , Elizabeth. State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent , Guttmacher Policy Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 10 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Chinue and Nash , Elizabeth . `` Misinformed Consent : The Medical Accuracy of State - Developed Abortion Counseling Materials '' , Guttmacher Policy Review Fall 2006 , Volume 9 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Committee on Bioethics ( 1995 ) . `` Informed consent , parental permission , and assent in pediatric practice '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 95 ( 2 ) : 314 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Annas , Glantz , Katz , George , Leonard , Barbara ( 1977 ) . Informed Consent to Human Experimentation . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Ballinger Publishing Company . pp. 63 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 88410 - 147 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf Jump up ^ Homan , R. ( 1991 ) . The Ethics of Social Research . London ; New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal about the Real World ? '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 21 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 174 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 21.2. 153 . JSTOR 30033722 . Jump up ^ List , J.A. ; List , J.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Informed Consent in Social Science '' . Science . 322 ( 5902 ) : 672 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5902. 672a . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Field experiments in economics : The past , the present , and the future '' . European Economic Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. euroecorev. 2008.12. 001 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Adam ; Guillory , Jaime ; Jeffrey , Hancock ( 2014 ) . `` Experimental evidence of massive - scale emotional contagion through social networks '' . PNAS. 111 : 8788 -- 90 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1320040111 . PMC 4066473 . PMID 24889601 . Jump up ^ LANIER , Jaron . `` Should Facebook Manipulate Users ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Danah . `` What does the Facebook experiment teach us ? '' . Social Media Collective Research Blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Duncan . `` Stop complaining about the Facebook study . It 's a golden age for research '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grimmelmann , James . `` Illegal , Immoral , and Mood - Altering How Facebook and OkCupid Broke the Law When They Experimented on Users '' . Medium . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salganik , Matt . `` After the Facebook emotional contagion experiment : A proposal for a positive path forward '' . Freedom to Tinker . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Melody. ( 2014 , May 25 ) . UC system struggles with professors ' outside earnings . Orange County Register . Retrieved from http://www.ocregister.com/articles/university-615629-ucla-corporate.html ^ Jump up to : Terhune , Chad ( 2014 , April 25 ) . More scrutiny for UCLA 's School of Medicine . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-ucla-outside-money-20140426-story.html#ixzz30BvcCJIV Jump up ^ Yoshino , Kimi. ( 2006 , January 20 ) . UC Irvine Fertility Scandal Is n't Over : While seeking to limit its liability , college admits it failed to inform many patients of wrongdoing . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/20/local/me-uci20 Jump up ^ The Sacramento Bee. ( 2013 , August 25 ) . UC Davis surgeons resign after bacteria - in - brain dispute . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informed_consent&oldid=856893508 '' Categories : Medical ethics Human subject research Clinical research ethics Concepts in ethics Clinical trials University of California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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where did the concept of informed consent first appear officially
[ "Informed consent is a technical term first used by attorney, Paul G. Gebhard, in a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957.[8] In tracing its history, some scholars have suggested tracing the history of checking for any of these practices:[9]:54\n" ]
[ "a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957" ]
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Oklahoma City bombing
Oklahoma City bombing - wikipedia Oklahoma City bombing Jump to : navigation , search Oklahoma City bombing Part of Terrorism in the United States The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the bombing , viewed from across the adjacent parking lot Location Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , U.S. Coordinates 35 ° 28 ′ 22.4 '' N 97 ° 31 ′ 01 '' W  /  35.472889 ° N 97.51694 ° W  / 35.472889 ; - 97.51694 Coordinates : 35 ° 28 ′ 22.4 '' N 97 ° 31 ′ 01 '' W  /  35.472889 ° N 97.51694 ° W  / 35.472889 ; - 97.51694 Date April 19 , 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 - 04 - 19 ) 9 : 02 a.m. CDT ( UTC - 05 : 00 ) Target U.S. federal government Attack type Truck bombing Domestic terrorism Mass murder Weapons ANNM fertilizer truck bomb Glock 21 ( not used ) Deaths 168 confirmed + 1 possible additional fatality Non-fatal injuries 680 + Perpetrators Timothy McVeigh Terry Nichols Michael Fortier Motive Anti-government sentiment , retaliation for the Ruby Ridge and Waco sieges The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist truck bombing on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States on April 19 , 1995 . Perpetrated by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols , the bombing killed 168 people ( including fifteen children ) , injured more than 680 others , and destroyed one - third of the building . The blast destroyed or damaged 324 other buildings within a 16 - block radius , shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings , and destroyed or burned 86 cars , causing an estimated $ 652 million worth of damage . Extensive rescue efforts were undertaken by local , state , federal , and worldwide agencies in the wake of the bombing , and substantial donations were received from across the country . The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) activated 11 of its Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces , consisting of 665 rescue workers who assisted in rescue and recovery operations . The Oklahoma City bombing was the deadliest terrorist attack on American soil until the September 11 attacks six years later , and it still remains the deadliest incident of domestic terrorism in United States history . Within 90 minutes of the explosion , McVeigh was stopped by Oklahoma Highway Patrolman Charlie Hanger for driving without a license plate and arrested for illegal weapons possession . Forensic evidence quickly linked McVeigh and Nichols to the attack ; Nichols was arrested , and within days , both were charged . Michael and Lori Fortier were later identified as accomplices . McVeigh , a veteran of the Gulf War and a U.S. militia movement sympathizer , had detonated a Ryder rental truck full of explosives parked in front of the building . His co-conspirator , Nichols , had assisted with the bomb 's preparation . Motivated by his dislike for the U.S. federal government and angry about its handling of the Ruby Ridge incident in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993 , McVeigh timed his attack to coincide with the second anniversary of the deadly fire that ended the siege at the Branch Davidian compound in Waco , Texas . The official investigation , known as `` OKBOMB '' , saw FBI agents conduct 28,000 interviews , amass 3.5 short tons ( 3,200 kg ) of evidence , and collect nearly one billion pieces of information . The bombers were tried and convicted in 1997 . McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11 , 2001 , and Nichols was sentenced to life in prison in 2004 . Michael and Lori Fortier testified against McVeigh and Nichols ; Michael was sentenced to 12 years in prison for failing to warn the United States government , and Lori received immunity from prosecution in exchange for her testimony . As a result of the bombing , the U.S. Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , which tightened the standards for habeas corpus in the United States , as well as legislation designed to increase the protection around federal buildings to deter future terrorist attacks . On April 19 , 2000 , the Oklahoma City National Memorial was dedicated on the site of the Murrah Federal Building , commemorating the victims of the bombing . Annual remembrance services are held at the same time of day as the explosion occurred . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 1.1 Motive 1.2 Target selection 1.3 Gathering materials 1.4 Building the bomb 2 Bombing 3 Arrests 4 Casualties 5 Response and relief 5.1 Rescue efforts 5.2 Humanitarian aid 5.3 Federal and state government aid 5.4 International reaction 5.5 Children affected 5.6 Media coverage 6 Trials and sentencing of the conspirators 6.1 Timothy McVeigh 6.2 Terry Nichols 6.3 Michael Fortier 6.4 Others 7 Aftermath 7.1 Legislation 7.1. 1 Oklahoma School Curriculum 7.2 Building security and construction 7.3 Impact according to McVeigh 7.4 Conspiracy theories 7.5 Drag racing 8 Evacuation issues 9 Memorial observances 9.1 Oklahoma City National Memorial 9.2 St. Joseph 's Old Cathedral 9.3 Remembrance observance 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Planning ( edit ) Motive ( edit ) McVeigh and Nichols cited the federal government 's actions against the Branch Davidian compound in the 1993 Waco Siege ( shown above ) as a reason why they perpetrated the Oklahoma City bombing . The chief conspirators , Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols , met in 1988 at Fort Benning during basic training for the U.S. Army . Michael Fortier , McVeigh 's accomplice , was his Army roommate . The three shared interests in survivalism . They expressed anger at the federal government 's handling of the 1992 Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) standoff with Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge as well as the Waco siege -- a 1993 51 - day standoff between the FBI and Branch Davidian members which began with a botched ATF attempt to execute a search warrant leading to a fire fight ( it is unknown whether ATF agents or Branch Davidians fired the first shot ) and ended with the burning and shooting deaths of David Koresh and 75 others . In March 1993 , McVeigh visited the Waco site during the standoff , and then again after its conclusion . McVeigh later decided to bomb a federal building as a response to the raids . Target selection ( edit ) Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building as it appeared before its destruction McVeigh later said that he had contemplated assassinating Attorney General Janet Reno , Lon Horiuchi , and others in preference to attacking a building , and after the bombing he said that he sometimes wished he had carried out a series of assassinations instead . He initially intended only to destroy a federal building , but he later decided that his message would be better received if many people were killed in the bombing . McVeigh 's criterion for potential attack sites was that the target should house at least two of three federal law enforcement agencies : the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms ( ATF ) , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , or the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . He regarded the presence of additional law enforcement agencies , such as the Secret Service or the U.S. Marshals Service , as a bonus . A resident of Kingman , Arizona , McVeigh considered targets in Missouri , Arizona , Texas , and Arkansas . He stated in his authorized biography that he wanted to minimize non-governmental casualties , so he ruled out a 40 - story government building in Little Rock , Arkansas , because of the presence of a florist 's shop on the ground floor . In December 1994 , McVeigh and Fortier visited Oklahoma City to inspect McVeigh 's target : the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building . The Murrah building had been previously targeted in October 1983 by white supremacist group The Covenant , The Sword , and the Arm of the Lord , including founder James Ellison and Richard Snell . The group had plotted to park `` a van or trailer in front of the Federal Building and blow it up with rockets detonated by a timer . '' After Snell 's appeal for murdering two people in unrelated cases was denied , he was executed the same day as the Murrah bombing . The nine - story building , built in 1977 , was named for a federal judge and housed fourteen federal agencies , including the DEA , ATF , Social Security Administration , and recruiting offices for the Army and Marine Corps . The Murrah building was chosen for its glass front -- which was expected to shatter under the impact of the blast -- and its adjacent large , open parking lot across the street , which might absorb and dissipate some of the force , and protect the occupants of nearby non-federal buildings . In addition , McVeigh believed that the open space around the building would provide better photo opportunities for propaganda purposes . The attack was planned to take place on April 19 , 1995 , to coincide with the anniversary of the Waco siege and the 220th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Gathering materials ( edit ) McVeigh and Nichols purchased or stole the materials they needed to manufacture the bomb , which they stored in rented sheds . In August 1994 , McVeigh obtained nine Kinestiks from gun collector Roger E. Moore , and ignited the devices with Nichols outside Nichols ' home in Herington , Kansas . On September 30 , 1994 , Nichols bought forty 50 - pound ( 23 kg ) bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer from Mid-Kansas Coop in McPherson , Kansas , enough to fertilize 12.5 acres ( 5.1 hectares ) of farmland at a rate of 160 pounds ( 73 kg ) of nitrogen per acre (. 40 ha ) , an amount commonly used for corn . Nichols bought an additional 50 - pound ( 23 kg ) bag on October 18 , 1994 . McVeigh approached Fortier and asked him to assist with the bombing project , but he refused . McVeigh and Nichols then robbed Moore in his home of $60,000 worth of guns , gold , silver , and jewels , transporting the property in the victim 's own van . McVeigh wrote a letter to Moore in which he claimed that the robbery had been committed by government agents . Items that were stolen from Moore were later found in Nichols ' home and in a storage shed that he had rented . In October 1994 , McVeigh showed Michael Fortier and his wife , Lori , a diagram he had drawn of the bomb he wanted to build . McVeigh planned to construct a bomb containing more than 5,000 pounds ( 2,300 kg ) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer , mixed with about 1,200 pounds ( 540 kg ) of liquid nitromethane and 350 pounds ( 160 kg ) of Tovex . Including the weight of the sixteen 55 - U.S. - gallon drums in which the explosive mixture was to be packed , the bomb would have a combined weight of about 7,000 pounds ( 3,200 kg ) . McVeigh had originally intended to use hydrazine rocket fuel , but it proved to be too expensive . During the Chief Auto Parts Nationals National Hot Rod Association Drag Racing Championship Series event at the Texas Motorplex , McVeigh posed as a motorcycle racer and initially attempted to purchase 55 - U.S. - gallon ( 46 imp gal ; 210 L ) drums of nitromethane on the pretense that he and some fellow bikers needed the fuel for racing , despite the lack of nitromethane - powered motorcycles at the meeting , and not having an NHRA competitors ' license . Denied by one representative , Steve LeSeuer , after being suspicious of McVeigh 's actions and attitudes , he was then permitted to purchase three barrels from another representative , Tim Chambers . Chambers questioned the purchase of three barrels when typically only 1 - 5 gallons of nitromethane , he noted , would be purchased by a Top Fuel Harley rider , even though the class was not raced that weekend . LeSeuer reported the incident to the FBI immediately after rejecting McVeigh 's request . McVeigh rented a storage space in which he stockpiled seven crates of 18 - inch - long ( 46 cm ) Tovex sausages , 80 spools of shock tube , and 500 electric blasting caps , which he and Nichols had stolen from a Martin Marietta Aggregates quarry in Marion , Kansas . He decided not to steal any of the 40,000 pounds ( 18,000 kg ) of ANFO ( ammonium nitrate / fuel oil ) he found at the scene , as he did not believe it to be powerful enough ( although he did obtain seventeen bags of ANFO from another source for use in the bomb ) . McVeigh made a prototype bomb using a plastic Gatorade jug containing ammonium nitrate prills , liquid nitromethane , a piece of Tovex sausage , and a blasting cap . The prototype was detonated in the desert to avoid detection . `` Think about the people as if they were storm troopers in Star Wars . They may be individually innocent , but they are guilty because they work for the Evil Empire . '' -- McVeigh reflecting on the deaths of victims in the bombing Later , speaking about the military mindset with which he went about the preparations , he said , `` You learn how to handle killing in the military . I face the consequences , but you learn to accept it . '' He compared his actions to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , rather than the attack on Pearl Harbor , reasoning it was necessary to prevent more lives from being lost . On April 14 , 1995 , McVeigh paid for a motel room at the Dreamland Motel in Junction City , Kansas . The following day he rented a 1993 Ford F - 700 truck from Ryder under the name Robert D. Kling , an alias he adopted because he knew an Army soldier named Kling with whom he shared physical characteristics , and because it reminded him of the Klingon warriors of Star Trek . On April 16 , 1995 , he drove to Oklahoma City with fellow conspirator Terry Nichols where he parked a getaway car several blocks away from the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building . The nearby Regency Towers Apartments ' lobby security camera recorded images of Nichols ' blue 1984 GMC pickup truck on April 16 . After removing the license plate from the car , he left a note covering the Vehicle Identification Number ( VIN ) plate that read , `` Not abandoned . Please do not tow . Will move by April 23 . ( Needs battery & cable ) . '' Both men then returned to Kansas . Building the bomb ( edit ) On April 17 -- 18 , 1995 , McVeigh and Nichols removed the bomb supplies from their storage unit in Herington , Kansas , where Nichols lived , and loaded them into a Ryder rental truck . They then drove to Geary Lake State Park , where they nailed boards onto the floor of the truck to hold the 13 barrels in place and mixed the chemicals using plastic buckets and a bathroom scale . Each filled barrel weighed nearly 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) . McVeigh added more explosives to the driver 's side of the cargo bay , which he could ignite ( killing himself in the process ) at close range with his Glock 21 pistol in case the primary fuses failed . During McVeigh 's trial , Lori Fortier ( the wife of Michael Fortier ) stated that McVeigh claimed to have arranged the barrels in order to form a shaped charge . This was achieved by tamping the aluminum side panel of the truck with bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to direct the blast laterally towards the building . Specifically , McVeigh arranged the barrels in the shape of a backwards J ; he later said that for pure destructive power , he would have put the barrels on the side of the cargo bay closest to the Murrah Building ; however , such an unevenly distributed 7,000 - pound ( 3,200 kg ) load might have broken an axle , flipped the truck over , or at least caused it to lean to one side , which could have drawn attention . All or most of the barrels of ANNM contained metal cylinders of acetylene intended to increase the fireball and the brisance of the explosion . McVeigh then added a dual - fuse ignition system accessible from the truck 's front cab . He drilled two holes in the cab of the truck under the seat , while two holes were also drilled in the body of the truck . One green cannon fuse was run through each hole into the cab . These time - delayed fuses led from the cab through plastic fish - tank tubing conduit to two sets of non-electric blasting caps which would ignite around 350 pounds ( 160 kg ) of high - grade explosives that McVeigh stole from a rock quarry . The tubing was painted yellow to blend in with the truck 's livery , and duct - taped in place to the wall to make it harder to disable by yanking from the outside . The fuses were set up to initiate , through shock tubes , the 350 pounds ( 160 kg ) of Tovex Blastrite Gel `` sausages '' , which would in turn set off the configuration of barrels . Of the 13 filled barrels , nine contained ammonium nitrate and nitromethane , and four contained a mixture of the fertilizer and about 4 U.S. gallons ( 3.3 imp gal ; 15 L ) of diesel fuel . Additional materials and tools used for manufacturing the bomb were left in the truck to be destroyed in the blast . After finishing the truck bomb , the two men separated ; Nichols returned home to Herington and McVeigh with the truck to Junction City . Bombing ( edit ) McVeigh 's movement in the Ryder truck ( red dashed line ) and escape on foot ( blue dashed line ) on the day of the bombing McVeigh 's original plan had been to detonate the bomb at 11 : 00 a.m. , but at dawn on April 19 , 1995 , he decided instead to destroy the building at 9 : 00 a.m. As he drove toward the Murrah Federal Building in the Ryder truck , McVeigh carried with him an envelope containing pages from The Turner Diaries -- a fictional account of white supremacists who ignite a revolution by blowing up the FBI headquarters at 9 : 15 one morning using a truck bomb . McVeigh wore a printed T - shirt with the motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia , Sic semper tyrannis ( `` Thus always to tyrants '' , according to legend what Brutus said as he assassinated Julius Caesar , also shouted by John Wilkes Booth immediately after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln ) and `` The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants '' ( from Thomas Jefferson ) . He also carried an envelope full of revolutionary materials that included a bumper sticker with the Thomas Jefferson slogan , `` When the government fears the people , there is liberty . When the people fear the government , there is tyranny . '' Underneath , McVeigh had written , `` Maybe now , there will be liberty ! '' with a hand - copied quote by John Locke asserting that a man has a right to kill someone who takes away his liberty . McVeigh entered Oklahoma City at 8 : 50 a.m. At 8 : 57 a.m. , the Regency Towers Apartments ' lobby security camera that had recorded Nichols ' pickup truck three days earlier recorded the Ryder truck heading towards the Murrah Federal Building . At the same moment , McVeigh lit the five - minute fuse . Three minutes later , still a block away , he lit the two - minute fuse . He parked the Ryder truck in a drop - off zone situated under the building 's day - care center , exited and locked the truck , and as he headed to his getaway vehicle , dropped the keys to the truck a few blocks away . An aerial view , looking from the north , of the destruction At 9 : 02 a.m. ( 14 : 02 UTC ) , the Ryder truck , containing in excess of 4,800 pounds ( 2,200 kg ) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer , nitromethane , and diesel fuel mixture , detonated in front of the north side of the nine - story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building . Hundreds of people were killed or injured . One third of the building was destroyed by the explosion , which created a 30 - foot - wide ( 9.1 m ) , 8 - foot - deep ( 2.4 m ) crater on NW 5th Street next to the building . The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 4 - block radius , and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings . The broken glass alone accounted for 5 % of the death total and 69 % of the injuries outside the Murrah Federal Building . The blast destroyed or burned 86 cars around the site . The destruction of the buildings left several hundred people homeless and shut down a number of offices in downtown Oklahoma City . The explosion was estimated to have caused at least $652 million worth of damage . The effects of the blast were equivalent to over 5,000 pounds ( 2,300 kg ) of TNT , and could be heard and felt up to 55 miles ( 89 km ) away . Seismometers at the Omniplex Science Museum in Oklahoma City , 4.3 miles ( 6.9 km ) away , and in Norman , Oklahoma , 16.1 miles ( 25.9 km ) away , recorded the blast as measuring approximately 3.0 on the Richter magnitude scale . Arrests ( edit ) Initially , the FBI had three hypotheses about responsibility for the bombing : international terrorists , possibly the same group that had carried out the World Trade Center bombing ; a drug cartel , carrying out an act of vengeance against DEA agents in the building 's DEA office ; and anti-government right - wing radicals attempting to start a rebellion against the federal government . FBI Sketch ( left ) and McVeigh ( right ) . McVeigh was arrested within 90 minutes of the explosion , as he was traveling north on Interstate 35 near Perry in Noble County , Oklahoma . Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped McVeigh for driving his yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis without a license plate , and arrested him for having a concealed weapon . For his home address , McVeigh falsely claimed he resided at Terry Nichols ' brother James ' house in Michigan . After booking McVeigh into jail , Hanger searched his police car and found a business card McVeigh had hidden while he was handcuffed . Written on the back of the card , which was from a Wisconsin military surplus store , were the words `` TNT at $5 a stick . Need more . '' The card was later used as evidence during McVeigh 's trial . While investigating the VIN from an axle of the truck used in the explosion and the remnants of the license plate , federal agents were able to link the truck to a specific Ryder rental agency in Junction City , Kansas . Using a sketch created with the assistance of Eldon Elliot , owner of the agency , the agents were able to implicate McVeigh in the bombing . McVeigh was also identified by Lea McGown of the Dreamland Motel , who remembered him parking a large yellow Ryder truck in the lot ; McVeigh had signed in under his real name at the motel , using an address that matched the one on his forged license and the charge sheet at the Perry Police Station . Before signing his real name at the motel , McVeigh had used false names for his transactions . However , McGown noted , `` People are so used to signing their own name that when they go to sign a phony name , they almost always go to write , and then look up for a moment as if to remember the new name they want to use . That 's what ( McVeigh ) did , and when he looked up I started talking to him , and it threw him . '' McVeigh about to exit the Perry , Oklahoma , courthouse on April 21 , 1995 After an April 21 , 1995 , court hearing on the gun charges , but before McVeigh 's release , federal agents took him into custody as they continued their investigation into the bombing . Rather than talk to investigators about the bombing , McVeigh demanded an attorney . Having been tipped off by the arrival of police and helicopters that a bombing suspect was inside , a restless crowd began to gather outside the jail . While McVeigh 's requests for a bulletproof vest or transport by helicopter were denied , authorities did use a helicopter to transport him from Perry to Oklahoma City . Federal agents obtained a warrant to search the house of McVeigh 's father , Bill , after which they broke down the door and wired the house and telephone with listening devices . FBI investigators used the resulting information gained , along with the fake address McVeigh had been using , to begin their search for the Nichols brothers , Terry and James . On April 21 , 1995 , Terry Nichols learned that he was being hunted , and turned himself in . Investigators discovered incriminating evidence at his home : ammonium nitrate and blasting caps , the electric drill used to drill out the locks at the quarry , books on bomb - making , a copy of Hunter ( a 1989 novel by William Luther Pierce , the founder and chairman of the National Alliance , a white nationalist group ) and a hand - drawn map of downtown Oklahoma City , on which the Murrah Building and the spot where McVeigh 's getaway car was hidden were marked . After a nine - hour interrogation , Terry Nichols was formally held in federal custody until his trial . On April 25 , 1995 , James Nichols was also arrested , but he was released after 32 days due to lack of evidence . McVeigh 's sister Jennifer was accused of illegally mailing bullets to McVeigh , but she was granted immunity in exchange for testifying against him . Ibrahim Ahmad , a Jordanian - American traveling from his home in Oklahoma City to visit family in Jordan on April 19 , 1995 , was also arrested in what was described as an `` initial dragnet '' . There was concern that Middle Eastern terrorists could have been behind the attack . Further investigation cleared Ahmad of any involvement in the bombing . Casualties ( edit ) Floor - by - floor diagram detailing the location of the victims in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building . An estimated 646 people were inside the building when the bomb exploded . By the end of the day , 14 adults and six children were confirmed dead , and over 100 injured . The toll eventually reached 168 confirmed dead , not including an unmatched left leg that could have belonged to an unidentified 169th victim or could have belonged to any one of eight victims who had been buried without a left leg . Most of the deaths resulted from the collapse of the building , rather than the bomb blast itself . Those killed included 163 who were in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , one person in the Athenian Building , one woman in a parking lot across the street , a man and woman in the Oklahoma Water Resources building , and a rescue worker struck on the head by debris . The victims , including three pregnant women , ranged in age from three months to 73 years . Of the dead , 108 worked for the Federal government : Drug Enforcement Administration ( 5 ) ; Secret Service ( 6 ) ; Department of Housing and Urban Development ( 35 ) ; Department of Agriculture ( 7 ) ; Customs Office ( 2 ) ; Department of Transportation / Federal Highway ( 11 ) ; General Services Administration ( 2 ) ; and the Social Security Administration ( 40 ) . Eight of the Federal government victims were Federal law enforcement agents . Of those law enforcement agents four were members of the U.S. Secret Service , two were members of the U.S. Customs Service , one was a member of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration , and one was a member of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . Six of the victims were U.S. military personnel ; two members of the U.S. Army , two members of the U.S. Air Force , two members of the U.S. Marine Corps . The rest of the victims were civilians , including 19 children , of whom 15 were in the America 's Kids Day Care Center . The bodies of the 168 victims were identified at a temporary morgue set up at the scene . A team of 24 identified the victims using full - body X-rays , dental examinations , fingerprinting , blood tests , and DNA testing . More than 680 people were injured . The majority of the injuries were abrasions , severe burns , and bone fractures . McVeigh 's later response to the range of casualties was : `` I did n't define the rules of engagement in this conflict . The rules , if not written down , are defined by the aggressor . It was brutal , no holds barred . Women and kids were killed at Waco and Ruby Ridge . You put back in ( the government 's ) faces exactly what they 're giving out . '' Response and relief ( edit ) Rescue efforts ( edit ) U.S. Air Force personnel and firefighters removing rubble in the rescue attempt At 9 : 03 a.m. , the first of over 1,800 9 - 1 - 1 calls related to the bombing was received by Emergency Medical Services Authority ( EMSA ) . By that time , EMSA ambulances , police , and firefighters had heard the blast and were already headed to the scene . Nearby civilians , who had also witnessed or heard the blast , arrived to assist the victims and emergency workers . Within 23 minutes of the bombing , the State Emergency Operations Center ( SEOC ) was set up , consisting of representatives from the state departments of public safety , human services , military , health , and education . Assisting the SEOC were agencies including the National Weather Service , the Air Force , the Civil Air Patrol , and the American Red Cross . Immediate assistance also came from 465 members of the Oklahoma National Guard , who arrived within the hour to provide security , and from members of the Department of Civil Emergency Management . The EMS command post was set up almost immediately following the attack and oversaw triage , treatment , transportation , and decontamination . A simple plan / objective was established : treatment and transportation of the injured was to be done as quickly as possible , supplies and personnel to handle a large number of patients was needed immediately , the dead needed to be moved to a temporary morgue until they could be transferred to the coroner 's office , and measures for a long - term medical operation needed to be established . The triage center was set up near the Murrah Building and all the wounded were directed there . Two hundred and ten patients were transported from the primary triage center to nearby hospitals within the first couple hours following the bombing . Within the first hour , 50 people were rescued from the Murrah Federal Building . Victims were sent to every hospital in the area . The day of the bombing , 153 people were treated at St. Anthony Hospital , eight blocks from the blast , over 70 people were treated at Presbyterian Hospital , 41 people were treated at University Hospital , and 18 people were treated at Children 's Hospital . Temporary silences were observed at the blast site so that sensitive listening devices capable of detecting human heartbeats could be used to locate survivors . In some cases , limbs had to be amputated without anesthetics ( avoided because of the potential to induce coma ) in order to free those trapped under rubble . The scene had to be periodically evacuated as the police received tips claiming that other bombs had been planted in the building . At 10 : 28 a.m. , rescuers found what they believed to be a second bomb . Some rescue workers refused to leave until police ordered the mandatory evacuation of a four - block area around the site . The device was determined to be a three - foot (. 9 - m ) long TOW missile used in the training of federal agents and bomb - sniffing dogs ; although actually inert , it had been marked `` live '' in order to mislead arms traffickers in a planned law enforcement sting . On examination the missile was determined to be inert , and relief efforts resumed 45 minutes later . The last survivor , a 15 - year - old girl found under the base of the collapsed building , was rescued at around 7 : 00 p.m. In the days following the blast , over 12,000 people participated in relief and rescue operations . The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) activated 11 of its Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces , bringing in 665 rescue workers . One nurse was killed in the rescue attempt after she was hit on the head by debris , and 26 other rescuers were hospitalized because of various injuries . Twenty - four K - 9 units and out - of - state dogs were brought in to search for survivors and bodies in the building debris . In an effort to recover additional bodies , 100 to 350 short tons ( 91 to 318 t ) of rubble were removed from the site each day from April 24 to April 29 . The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building is demolished on May 23 , 1995 , over a month after the incident . The bomb was housed in a Ryder truck similar to the one visible in the lower left of the photograph . Rescue and recovery efforts were concluded at 12 : 05 a.m. on May 5 , by which time the bodies of all but three of the victims had been recovered . For safety reasons , the building was initially slated to be demolished shortly afterward . McVeigh 's attorney , Stephen Jones , filed a motion to delay the demolition until the defense team could examine the site in preparation for the trial . At 7 : 02 a.m. on May 23 , more than a month after the bombing , the Murrah Federal building was demolished . The EMS Command Center remained active and was staffed 24 hours a day until the demolition of the Federal Murrah Building . The final three bodies , those of two credit union employees and a customer , were recovered . For several days after the building 's demolition , trucks hauled away 800 short tons ( 730 t ) of debris a day from the site . Some of the debris was used as evidence in the conspirators ' trials , incorporated into memorials , donated to local schools , or sold to raise funds for relief efforts . Humanitarian aid ( edit ) The national humanitarian response was immediate , and in some cases even overwhelming . Large numbers of items such as wheelbarrows , bottled water , helmet lights , knee pads , rain gear , and even football helmets were donated . The sheer quantity of such donations caused logistical and inventory control problems until drop - off centers were set up to accept and sort the goods . The Oklahoma Restaurant Association , which was holding a trade show in the city , assisted rescue workers by providing 15,000 to 20,000 meals over a ten - day period . The Salvation Army served over 100,000 meals and provided over 100,000 ponchos , gloves , hard hats , and knee pads to rescue workers . Local residents and those from further afield responded to the requests for blood donations . Of the over 9,000 units of blood donated 131 units were used ; the rest were stored in blood banks . Federal and state government aid ( edit ) Bill Clinton 's notes for address to the Oklahoma City bombing victims on April 23 , 1995 At 9 : 45 a.m. , Governor Frank Keating declared a state of emergency and ordered all non-essential workers in the Oklahoma City area to be released from their duties for their safety . President Bill Clinton learned about the bombing at around 9 : 30 a.m. while he was meeting with Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller at the White House . Before addressing the nation , President Clinton considered grounding all planes in the Oklahoma City area to prevent the bombers from escaping by air , but decided against it . At 4 : 00 p.m. , President Clinton declared a federal emergency in Oklahoma City and spoke to the nation : The bombing in Oklahoma City was an attack on innocent children and defenseless citizens . It was an act of cowardice and it was evil . The United States will not tolerate it , and I will not allow the people of this country to be intimidated by evil cowards . He ordered that flags for all federal buildings be flown at half - staff for 30 days in remembrance of the victims . Four days later , on April 23 , 1995 , Clinton spoke from Oklahoma City . No major federal financial assistance was made available to the survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing , but the Murrah Fund set up in the wake of the bombing attracted over $300,000 in federal grants . Over $40 million was donated to the city to aid disaster relief and to compensate the victims . Funds were initially distributed to families who needed it to get back on their feet , and the rest was held in trust for longer - term medical and psychological needs . By 2005 , $18 million of the donations remained , some of which was earmarked to provide a college education for each of the 219 children who lost one or both parents in the bombing . A committee chaired by Daniel Kurtenbach of Goodwill Industries provided financial assistance to the survivors . International Reaction ( edit ) International reactions to the bombing varied . President Clinton received many messages of sympathy , including those from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Yasser Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization , and Narasimha Rao of India . Iran condemned the bombing as an attack on innocent people , but also blamed the U.S. government 's policies for inciting it . Other condolences came from Russia , Canada , Australia , the United Nations , and the European Union , among other nations and organizations . Several countries offered to assist in both the rescue efforts and the investigation . France offered to send a special rescue unit , and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin offered to send agents with anti-terrorist expertise to help in the investigation . President Clinton declined Israel 's offer , believing that accepting it would increase anti-Muslim sentiments and endanger Muslim - Americans . Children affected ( edit ) Charles Porter 's photograph of firefighter Chris Fields holding the dying infant Baylee Almon won the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography in 1996 . A similar photo was taken by Lester LaRue . In the wake of the bombing , the national media seized upon the fact that 19 of the victims had been babies and children , many in the day - care center . At the time of the bombing , there were 100 day - care centers in the United States in 7,900 federal buildings . McVeigh later stated that he was unaware of the day - care center when choosing the building as a target , and if he had known `` ... it might have given me pause to switch targets . That 's a large amount of collateral damage . '' The FBI stated that McVeigh scouted the interior of the building in December 1994 and likely knew of the day - care center before the bombing . In April 2010 , Joseph Hartzler , the prosecutor at McVeigh 's trial , questioned how he could have decided to pass over a prior target building because of an included florist shop but at the Murrah building not `` ... notice that there 's a child day - care center there , that there was a credit union there and a Social Security office ? '' Schools across the country were dismissed early and ordered closed . A photograph of firefighter Chris Fields emerging from the rubble with infant Baylee Almon , who later died in a nearby hospital , was reprinted worldwide and became a symbol of the attack . The photo , taken by bank employee Charles H. Porter IV , won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and appeared on newspapers and magazines for months following the attack . Aren Almon Kok , mother of Baylee Almon , said of the photo : `` It was very hard to go to stores because they are in the check out aisle . It was always there . It was devastating . Everybody had seen my daughter dead . And that 's all she became to them . She was a symbol . She was the girl in the fireman 's arms . But she was a real person that got left behind . '' The images and media reports of children dying terrorized many children who , as demonstrated by later research , showed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder . Children became a primary focus of concern in the mental health response to bombing and many bomb related services were delivered to the community , young and old alike . These services were delivered to public schools of Oklahoma and reached approximately 40,000 students . One of the first organized mental health activities in Oklahoma City was a clinical study of middle and high school students conducted 7 weeks after the bombing . The study focused on middle and high school students that had no connection or relation to the victims of the bombing . This study showed that these students , although deeply moved by the event and showing a sense of vulnerability on the matter , had no difficulty with the demands of school or home life , contrasting those who were connected to the bombing and its victims , who suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder . Children were also affected through the loss of parents in the bombing . Many children lost one or more parents in the blast , with a reported seven children that lost their only remaining parent . Children of the disaster have been raised by single parents , foster parents , and other family members . Adjusting to the loss has made these children suffer psychologically and emotionally . One interview revealed the sleepless nights and obsession with death of one of the at least ten orphaned children . President Clinton stated that after seeing images of babies being pulled from the wreckage , he was `` beyond angry '' and wanted to `` put ( his ) fist through the television '' . Clinton and his wife Hillary requested that aides talk to child care specialists about how to communicate with the children regarding the bombing . President Clinton spoke to the nation three days after the bombing , saying : `` I do n't want our children to believe something terrible about life and the future and grownups in general because of this awful thing ... most adults are good people who want to protect our children in their childhood and we are going to get through this '' . On April 22 , 1995 , the Clintons spoke in the White House with over 40 federal agency employees and their children , and in a live nationwide television and radio broadcast , addressed their concerns . Media coverage ( edit ) Hundreds of news trucks and members of the press arrived at the site to cover the story . The press immediately noticed that the bombing took place on the second anniversary of the Waco incident . Many initial news stories hypothesized the attack had been undertaken by Islamic terrorists , such as those who had masterminded the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . Some responded to these reports by attacking Muslims and people of Arab descent . Before any evidence could be introduced to say otherwise , the media presented stories to the public that accused individuals within Middle Eastern groups . At this time in America , stereotypes that focused on the Arab race had affected many American Arabs within the United States . These stereotypes may have impacted how individuals acted after the bombing , and can explain why the media assumed that Middle Eastern groups were responsible . In the case of the Oklahoma City Bombing , Hamzi Moghrabi , chairman of the American - Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee , blamed the media for the attacks on Muslims and Arabs that took place just days after the bombing . As the rescue effort wound down , the media interest shifted to the investigation , arrests , and trials of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols , and on the search for an additional suspect named `` John Doe Number Two . '' Several witnesses claimed to have seen a second suspect , who did not resemble Nichols , with McVeigh . Those who expressed sympathy for McVeigh typically described his deed as an act of war , as in the case of Gore Vidal 's essay The Meaning of Timothy McVeigh . Trials and sentencing of the conspirators ( edit ) Rescue Team 5 remembers the victims who died in the bombing . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) led the official investigation , known as OKBOMB , with Weldon L. Kennedy acting as Special Agent in charge . Kennedy oversaw 900 federal , state , and local law enforcement personnel including 300 FBI agents , 200 officers from the Oklahoma City Police Department , 125 members of the Oklahoma National Guard , and 55 officers from the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety . The crime task force was deemed the largest since the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy . OKBOMB was the largest criminal case in America 's history , with FBI agents conducting 28,000 interviews , amassing 3.5 short tons ( 3.2 t ) of evidence , and collecting nearly one billion pieces of information . Federal judge Richard Paul Matsch ordered that the venue for the trial be moved from Oklahoma City to Denver , Colorado , citing that the defendants would be unable to receive a fair trial in Oklahoma . The investigation led to the separate trials and convictions of McVeigh , Nichols , and Fortier . Timothy McVeigh ( edit ) Main article : Timothy McVeigh Opening statements in McVeigh 's trial began on April 24 , 1997 . The United States was represented by a team of prosecutors led by Joseph Hartzler . In his opening statement Hartzler outlined McVeigh 's motivations , and the evidence against him . McVeigh , he said , had developed a hatred of the government during his time in the army , after reading The Turner Diaries . His beliefs were supported by what he saw as the militia 's ideological opposition to increases in taxes and the passage of the Brady Bill , and were further reinforced by the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents . The prosecution called 137 witnesses , including Michael Fortier and his wife Lori , and McVeigh 's sister , Jennifer McVeigh , all of whom testified to confirm McVeigh 's hatred of the government and his desire to take militant action against it . Both Fortiers testified that McVeigh had told them of his plans to bomb the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building . Michael revealed that McVeigh had chosen the date , and Lori testified that she created the false identification card McVeigh used to rent the Ryder truck . McVeigh was represented by a defense counsel team of six principal attorneys led by Stephen Jones . According to law professor Douglas O. Linder , McVeigh wanted Jones to present a `` necessity defense '' -- which would argue that he was in `` imminent danger '' from the government ( that his bombing was intended to prevent future crimes by the government , such as the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents ) . McVeigh argued that `` imminent '' does not mean `` immediate '' : `` If a comet is hurtling toward the earth , and it 's out past the orbit of Pluto , it 's not an immediate threat to Earth , but it is an imminent threat . '' Despite McVeigh 's wishes , Jones attempted to discredit the prosecution 's case in an attempt to instill reasonable doubt . Jones also believed that McVeigh was part of a larger conspiracy , and sought to present him as `` the designated patsy '' , but McVeigh disagreed with Jones arguing that rationale for his defense . After a hearing , Judge Matsch independently ruled the evidence concerning a larger conspiracy to be too insubstantial to be admissible . In addition to arguing that the bombing could not have been carried out by two men alone , Jones also attempted to create reasonable doubt by arguing that no one had seen McVeigh near the scene of the crime , and that the investigation into the bombing had lasted only two weeks . Jones presented 25 witnesses over a one - week period , including Dr. Frederic Whitehurst . Although Whitehurst described the FBI 's sloppy investigation of the bombing site and its handling of other key evidence , he was unable to point to any direct evidence that he knew to be contaminated . A key point of contention in the case was the unmatched left leg found after the bombing . Although it was initially believed to be from a male , it was later determined to be that of Lakesha Levy , a female member of the Air Force who was killed in the bombing . Levy 's coffin had to be re-opened so that her leg could replace another unmatched leg that had previously been buried with her remains . The unmatched leg had been embalmed , which prevented authorities from being able to extract DNA to determine the leg 's owner . Jones argued that the leg could have belonged to another bomber , possibly John Doe # 2 . The prosecution disputed the claim , saying that the leg could have belonged to any one of eight victims who had been buried without a left leg . Numerous damaging leaks , which appeared to originate from conversations between McVeigh and his defense attorneys , emerged . They included a confession said to have been inadvertently included on a computer disk that was given to the press , which McVeigh believed seriously compromised his chances of getting a fair trial . A gag order was imposed during the trial , prohibiting attorneys on either side from commenting to the press on the evidence , proceedings , or opinions regarding the trial proceedings . The defense was allowed to enter into evidence six pages of a 517 - page Justice Department report criticizing the FBI crime laboratory and David Williams , one of the agency 's explosives experts , for reaching unscientific and biased conclusions . The report claimed that Williams had worked backward in the investigation rather than basing his determinations on forensic evidence . The jury deliberated for 23 hours . On June 2 , 1997 , McVeigh was found guilty on 11 counts of murder and conspiracy . Although the defense argued for a reduced sentence of life imprisonment , McVeigh was sentenced to death . In May 2001 , the Justice Department announced that the FBI had mistakenly failed to provide over 3,000 documents to McVeigh 's defense counsel . The Justice Department also announced that the execution would be postponed for one month for the defense to review the documents . On June 6 , federal judge Richard Paul Matsch ruled the documents would not prove McVeigh innocent and ordered the execution to proceed . After President George W. Bush approved the execution ( McVeigh was a federal inmate and federal law dictates that the President must approve the execution of federal prisoners ) , he was executed by lethal injection at the Federal Correctional Complex , Terre Haute in Terre Haute , Indiana , on June 11 , 2001 . The execution was transmitted on closed - circuit television so that the relatives of the victims could witness his death . McVeigh 's execution was the first federal execution in 38 years . Terry Nichols ( edit ) Main article : Terry Nichols Nichols stood trial twice . He was first tried by the federal government in 1997 and found guilty of conspiring to build a weapon of mass destruction and of eight counts of involuntary manslaughter of federal officers . After he was sentenced on June 4 , 1998 to life without parole , the State of Oklahoma in 2000 sought a death - penalty conviction on 161 counts of first - degree murder ( 160 non-federal agent victims and one fetus ) . On May 26 , 2004 the jury found him guilty on all charges , but deadlocked on the issue of sentencing him to death . Presiding Judge Steven W. Taylor then determined the sentence of 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole . In March 2005 , FBI investigators , acting on a tip , searched a buried crawl space in Nichols ' former house and found additional explosives missed in the preliminary search after Nichols was arrested . Michael Fortier ( edit ) Michael and Lori Fortier were considered accomplices for their foreknowledge of the planning of the bombing . In addition to Michael assisting McVeigh in scouting the federal building , Lori had helped McVeigh laminate a fake driver 's license which was later used to rent the Ryder truck . Fortier agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence and immunity for his wife . He was sentenced on May 27 , 1998 to twelve years in prison and fined $75,000 for failing to warn authorities about the attack . On January 20 , 2006 , after serving ten and a half years of his sentence , including time already served , Fortier was released for good behavior into the Witness Protection Program and given a new identity . Others ( edit ) No `` John Doe # 2 '' was ever identified , nothing conclusive was ever reported regarding the owner of the unmatched leg , and the government never openly investigated anyone else in conjunction with the bombing . Although the defense teams in both McVeigh 's and Nichols trials suggested that others were involved , Judge Steven W. Taylor found no credible , relevant , or legally admissible evidence , of anyone other than McVeigh and Nichols having directly participated in the bombing . When McVeigh was asked if there were other conspirators in the bombing , he replied : `` You ca n't handle the truth ! Because the truth is , I blew up the Murrah Building , and is n't it kind of scary that one man could wreak this kind of hell ? '' On the morning of McVeigh 's execution a letter was released in which he had written `` For those die - hard conspiracy theorists who will refuse to believe this , I turn the tables and say : Show me where I needed anyone else . Financing ? Logistics ? Specialized tech skills ? Brainpower ? Strategy ? ... Show me where I needed a dark , mysterious ' Mr. X ' ! '' Aftermath ( edit ) Within 48 hours of the attack , and with the assistance of the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , the targeted federal offices were able to resume operations in other parts of the city . According to Mark Potok , director of Intelligence Project at the Southern Poverty Law Center , his organization tracked another 60 domestic smaller - scale terrorism plots from 1995 to 2005 . Several of the plots were uncovered and prevented while others caused various infrastructure damage , deaths , or other destruction . Potok revealed that in 1996 there were approximately 858 domestic militias and other antigovernment groups but the number had dropped to 152 by 2004 . Shortly after the bombing , the FBI hired an additional 500 agents to investigate potential domestic terrorist attacks . Legislation ( edit ) In the wake of the bombing the U.S. government enacted several pieces of legislation including the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 . In response to the trials of the conspirators being moved out - of - state , the Victim Allocution Clarification Act of 1997 was signed on March 20 , 1997 by President Clinton to allow the victims of the bombing ( and the victims of any other future acts of violence ) the right to observe trials and to offer impact testimony in sentencing hearings . In response to passing the legislation , Clinton stated that `` when someone is a victim , he or she should be at the center of the criminal justice process , not on the outside looking in . '' In the years since the bombing , scientists , security experts , and the ATF have called on Congress to develop legislation that would require customers to produce identification when purchasing ammonium nitrate fertilizer , and for sellers to maintain records of its sale . Critics argue that farmers lawfully use large quantities of the fertilizer , and as of 2009 , only Nevada and South Carolina require identification from purchasers . In June 1995 , Congress enacted legislation requiring chemical taggants to be incorporated into dynamite and other explosives so that a bomb could be traced to its manufacturer . In 2008 , Honeywell announced that it had developed a nitrogen - based fertilizer that would not detonate when mixed with fuel oil . The company got assistance from the Department of Homeland Security to develop the fertilizer ( Sulf - N 26 ) for commercial use . It uses ammonium sulfate to make the fertilizer less explosive . Oklahoma school curriculum ( edit ) In the decade following the bombing , there was criticism of Oklahoma public schools for not requiring the bombing to be covered in the curriculum of mandatory Oklahoma history classes . Oklahoma History is a one - semester course required by state law for graduation from high school ; however , the bombing was only covered for one to two pages at most in textbooks . The state 's PASS standards ( Priority Academic Student Skills ) did not require that a student learn about the bombing , and focused more on other subjects such as corruption and the Dust Bowl . On April 6 , 2010 , `` House Bill 2750 '' was signed by Governor Brad Henry , requiring the bombing to be entered into the school curriculum for Oklahoma , U.S. and world history classes . On the signing , Governor Henry said `` Although the events of April 19 , 1995 may be etched in our minds and in the minds of Oklahomans who remember that day , we have a generation of Oklahomans that has little to no memory of the events of that day ... We owe it to the victims , the survivors and all of the people touched by this tragic event to remember April 19 , 1995 and understand what it meant and still means to this state and this nation . '' Building security and construction ( edit ) The site of the building after it was demolished , three months after the bombing In the weeks following the bombing the federal government ordered that all federal buildings in all major cities be surrounded with prefabricated Jersey barriers to prevent similar attacks . As part of a longer - term plan for United States federal building security most of those temporary barriers have since been replaced with permanent and more aesthetically considerate security barriers , which are driven deep into the ground for sturdiness . Furthermore , all new federal buildings must now be constructed with truck - resistant barriers and with deep setbacks from surrounding streets to minimize their vulnerability to truck bombs . FBI buildings , for instance , must be set back 100 feet ( 30 m ) from traffic . The total cost of improving security in federal buildings across the country in response to the bombing reached over $600 million . The Murrah Federal Building had been considered so safe that it only employed one security guard . In June 1995 , the DOJ issued Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities , also known as The Marshals Report , the findings of which resulted in a thorough evaluation of security at all federal buildings and a system for classifying risks at over 1,300 federal facilities owned or leased by the federal government . Federal sites were divided into five security levels ranging from Level 1 ( minimum security needs ) to Level 5 ( maximum ) . The Alfred P. Murrah Building was deemed a Level 4 building . Among the 52 security improvements were physical barriers , closed - circuit television monitoring , site planning and access , hardening of building exteriors to increase blast resistance , glazing systems to reduce flying glass shards and fatalities , and structural engineering design to prevent progressive collapse . The attack led to engineering improvements allowing buildings to better withstand tremendous forces , improvements which were incorporated into the design of Oklahoma City 's new federal building . The National Geographic Channel documentary series Seconds From Disaster suggested that the Murrah Federal Building would probably have survived the blast had it been built according to California 's earthquake design codes . Impact according to McVeigh ( edit ) McVeigh believed that the bomb attack had a positive impact on government policy . In evidence he cited the peaceful resolution of the Montana Freemen standoff in 1996 , the government 's $3.1 million settlement with Randy Weaver and his surviving children four months after the bombing , and April 2000 statements by Bill Clinton regretting his decision to storm the Branch Davidian compound . McVeigh stated , `` Once you bloody the bully 's nose , and he knows he 's going to be punched again , he 's not coming back around . '' Conspiracy theories ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories A variety of conspiracy theories have been proposed about the events surrounding the bombing . Some theories allege that individuals in the government , including President Bill Clinton , knew of the impending bombing and intentionally failed to act on that knowledge . Other theories focus on initial reports by local news stations of multiple other unexploded bombs within the building itself as evidence of remnants of a controlled demolition ; following the attack , search and rescue operations at the site were delayed until the area had been declared safe by the Oklahoma City bomb squad and federal authorities . According to both a situation report compiled by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and a memo issued by the United States Atlantic Command the day following the attack , a second bomb located within the building was disarmed while a third was evacuated . Further theories focus on additional conspirators involved with the bombing . Additional theories claim the bombing was carried out by the government in order to frame the militia movement or to provide the impetus for new antiterrorism legislation while using McVeigh as a scapegoat . Other conspiracy theories suggest that foreign agents , particularly Islamic terrorists but also the Japanese government or German Neo-Nazis , were involved in the bombing . Experts have disputed the theories and government investigations have been opened at various times to look into the theories . Drag racing ( edit ) The United States government began to implement enforcement of nitromethane limits , with the 2007 Department of Homeland Security 's Chemical Facilities Anti-Terrorism Standards list including nitromethane . By the start of the 2008 season , the government began imposing new limits on nitromethane . Currently , there is a limit of 400 pounds ( about 42 gallons ) that may be possessed at any time . All major drag racing sanctioning bodies must report when teams are in possession over the federal limits . Evacuation issues ( edit ) Once the explosion took place at the Alfred P. Murrah building , chaotic response filled the surrounding streets . Those who were able to flee the Murrah building did so , while others , stuck in the rubble , awaited the assistance of rescue workers and volunteers . As reported on CNN , other federal buildings in the downtown area were not fully evacuated , but those who were able to leave the city were encouraged to do so . This traffic , along with the people leaving places around the Murrah Building clogged streets , delaying the arrival of rescue crews and relief agencies . Several agencies , including the Federal Highway Administration and the City of Oklahoma City have evaluated the emergency response actions to the bombing , and have proposed plans for a better response in addition to addressing issues that hindered a smooth rescue effort . Because of the crowded streets , and the number of response agencies sent to the location , communication between government branches and rescue workers was muddled . Groups were unaware of the operations others were conducting , thus creating strife and delays in the search and rescue process . The City of Oklahoma City , in their After Action Report , declared that better communication and single bases for agencies would better the aid of those in disastrous situations . Following the events of September 11 , 2001 , with consideration of other events including the Oklahoma City Bombing , the Federal Highway Administration proposed the idea that major metropolitan areas create evacuation routes for civilians . These highlighted routes would allow paths for emergency crews and government agencies to enter the disaster area more quickly . By helping civilians out , and rescue workers in , the number of casualties will hopefully be decreased . Memorial observances ( edit ) Oklahoma City National memorial ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma City National Memorial For two years after the bombing the only memorials to the victims were plush toys , crucifixes , letters , and other personal items left by thousands of people at a security fence surrounding the site of the building . Many suggestions for suitable memorials were sent to Oklahoma City , but an official memorial planning committee was not set up until early 1996 , when the Murrah Federal Building Memorial Task Force , composed of 350 members , was set up to formulate plans for a memorial to commemorate the victims of the bombing . On July 1 , 1997 the winning design was chosen unanimously by a 15 - member panel from 624 submissions . The memorial was designed at a cost of $29 million , which was raised by public and private funds . The memorial is part of the National Park Service and was designed by Oklahoma City architects Hans and Torrey Butzer and Sven Berg . It was dedicated by President Clinton on April 19 , 2000 , exactly five years after the bombing . Within the first year , it had 700,000 visitors . The memorial includes a reflecting pool flanked by two large gates , one inscribed with the time 9 : 01 , the other with 9 : 03 , the pool representing the moment of the blast . On the south end of the memorial is a field of symbolic bronze and stone chairs -- one for each person lost , arranged according to what floor of the building they were on . The chairs represent the empty chairs at the dinner tables of the victims ' families . The seats of the children killed are smaller than those of the adults lost . On the opposite side is the `` survivor tree '' , part of the building 's original landscaping that survived the blast and fires that followed it . The memorial left part of the foundation of the building intact , allowing visitors to see the scale of the destruction . Part of the chain link fence put in place around the site of the blast , which had attracted over 800,000 personal items of commemoration later collected by the Oklahoma City Memorial Foundation , is now on the western edge of the memorial . North of the memorial is the Journal Record Building , which now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum , an affiliate of the National Park Service . The building also contains the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism , a law enforcement training center . Panoramic view of the memorial , as seen from the base of the reflecting pool . From left to right are the memorial chairs , Gate of Time and Reflecting Pool , the Survivor Tree , and the Journal Record Building . St. Joseph 's old Cathedral ( edit ) On a corner adjacent to the memorial is a sculpture titled `` And Jesus Wept '' , erected by St. Joseph 's Old Cathedral . St. Joseph 's , one of the first brick and mortar churches in the city , was almost destroyed by the blast . The statue is not part of the memorial itself . Remembrance observance ( edit ) An observance is held each year to remember the victims of the bombing . An annual marathon draws thousands , and allows runners to sponsor a victim of the bombing . For the tenth anniversary of the bombing , the city held 24 days of activities , including a week - long series of events known as the National Week of Hope from April 17 to 24 , 2005 . As in previous years , the tenth anniversary of the bombing observances began with a service at 9 : 02 a.m. , marking the moment the bomb went off , with the traditional 168 seconds of silence -- one second for each person who was killed as a result of the blast . The service also included the traditional reading of the names , read by children to symbolize the future of Oklahoma City . Vice President Dick Cheney , former President Clinton , Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry , Frank Keating , Governor of Oklahoma at the time of the bombing , and other political dignitaries attended the service and gave speeches in which they emphasized that `` goodness overcame evil '' . The relatives of the victims and the survivors of the blast also made note of it during the service at First United Methodist Church in Oklahoma City . President George W. Bush made note of the anniversary in a written statement , part of which echoed his remarks on the execution of Timothy McVeigh in 2001 : `` For the survivors of the crime and for the families of the dead the pain goes on . '' Bush was invited but did not attend the service because he was en route to Springfield , Illinois , to dedicate the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum . Cheney attended the service in his place . See also ( edit ) Oklahoma portal Criminal justice portal Government of the United States portal 1990s portal List of terrorist incidents Lone wolf ( terrorism ) 2011 Oslo bombing , lone actor attack against government offices , using similar explosives . AMIA bombing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://newsok.com/article/5587302/dismissal-of-pharmacies-from-opioids-abuse-lawsuit-upheld ^ Jump up to : `` Victims of the Oklahoma City bombing '' . USA Today . Associated Press . June 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shariat , Sheryll ; Sue Mallonee ; Shelli Stephens - Stidham ( December 1998 ) . `` Oklahoma City Bombing Injuries '' ( PDF ) . Injury Prevention Service , Oklahoma State Department of Health . Shariat et al. count only 167 killed `` as a direct result of the bombing or during escape '' . They did not include Rebecca Needham Anderson , who -- having seen the bombing on TV in Midwest City , Oklahoma -- came to the rescue and was killed by a piece of falling debris. The Final Sacrifice of a Gallant Nurse ^ Jump up to : `` Oklahoma City Police Department Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing After Action Report '' ( PDF ) . Terrorism Info . p. 58 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case Study 30 : Preventing glass from becoming a lethal weapon '' . Safety Solutions Online . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Understanding Terrorism in America : from the Klan to al Qaeda . Routledge . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27765 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Responding to Terrorism Victims : Oklahoma City and Beyond : Chapter II : The Immediate Crisis Response '' . U.S. Department of Justice . October 2000 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FEMA Urban Search And Rescue ( USAR ) Summaries '' ( PDF ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . p. 64 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timothy McVeigh is apprehended '' . NBC News Report . April 22 , 1995 . Archived from the original ( Video , 3 minutes ) on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ottley , Ted ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` License Tag Snag '' . truTV . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Witkin , Gordon ; Karen Roebuck ( September 28 , 1997 ) . `` Terrorist or Family Man ? Terry Nichols goes on trial for the Oklahoma City bombing '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Paul ( June 18 , 1995 ) . `` Militia Groups Growing , Study Says Extremism : Despite negative publicity since Oklahoma bombing , membership has risen , Anti-Defamation League finds '' ( Fee required ) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` McVeigh offers little remorse in letters '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . June 10 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Serano , Richard . One of Ours : Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing . pp. 139 -- 141 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons learned , and not learned , 11 years later '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamm , Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma . p. vii . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 300 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Charles ( June 3 , 1996 ) . `` Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 : A Summary '' . FAS . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Swickard , Joe ( May 11 , 1995 ) . `` The Life Of Terry Nichols '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bombing Trial '' . Online Focus . Public Broadcasting Service . May 13 , 1997 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` As Okla . City date nears , militias seen as gaining strength '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Means , Marianne ( April 20 , 1996 ) . `` Search for meaning produces scapegoats '' ( Fee required ) . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Ed ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` The British Waco survivors '' . The Sunday Times . London . 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American Terrorist . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039407 - 2 . Jump up ^ Smith , Martin . `` McVeigh Chronology '' . Frontline . Public Broadcasting Service . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scarpa Jr. , Greg . `` AP Report of Possible Subcommittee Inquiry into Oklahoma City Bombing , Recent Intelligence Concerning ( a ) Involvement of FBI Informant ; and ( b ) Imminent Threat '' ( PDF ) . Forensic Intelligence International . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ottley , Ted . `` Imitating Turner '' . truTV . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michel , Lou ; Dan Herbeck . American Terrorist . p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039407 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michel , Lou ; Dan Herbeck . American Terrorist . pp. 197 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039407 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence builds up against Nichols in trial '' . Boca Raton News . Associated Press . December 16 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . 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Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 300 - 0 . Hamm , Mark S. ( 2002 ) . In Bad Company : America 's Terrorist Underground . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 492 - 9 . Hewitt , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Understanding Terrorism in America : From the Klan to Al Qaeda . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27765 - 5 . Hinman , Eve E. ; Hammond , David J. ( 1997 ) . Lessons from the Oklahoma City Bombing : Defensive Design Techniques . New York . ASCE Press . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 0217 - 5 . Hoffman , David ( 1998 ) . The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror . Feral House . ISBN 0 - 922915 - 49 - 0 . Irving , Clive , ed. ( 1995 ) . In Their Name . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44825 - X . Jones , Stephen ; Israel , Peter ( 2001 ) . Others Unknown : The Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 098 - 1 . Kellner , Douglas ( 2007 ) . Guys and Guns Amok : Domestic Terrorism and School Shootings from the Oklahoma City Bombing to the Virginia Tech Massacre . Boulder , CO : Paradigm Publishers . ISBN 1 - 59451 - 492 - 5 . Knight , Peter ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 812 - 4 . Linenthal , Edward ( 2001 ) . The Unfinished Bombing : Oklahoma City in American Memory . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513672 - 1 . Michel , Lou ; Dan Herbeck ( 2001 ) . American Terrorist : Timothy McVeigh & The Oklahoma City Bombing . New York : ReganBooks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039407 - 2 . Miller , Richard Earl ( 2005 ) . Writing at the End of the World . New York : University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 5886 - 4 . Oklahoma Today ( 2005 ) . 9 : 02 a.m. , April 19 , 1995 : The Official Record of the Oklahoma City Bombing . Oklahoma City : Oklahoma Today . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 9957 - 1 . Sanders , Kathy ( 2005 ) . After Oklahoma City : A Grieving Grandmother Uncovers Shocking Truths about the bombing ... and Herself . Arlington , TX : Master Strategies . ISBN 0 - 976648 - 50 - 4 . Serano , Richard A. ( 1998 ) . One of Ours : Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02743 - 0 . Sherrow , Victoria ( 1998 ) . The Oklahoma City Bombing : Terror in the Heartland . Springfield , N.J. : Enslow Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7660 - 1061 - 9 . Stickney , Brandon M. ( 1996 ) . All - American Monster : The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 088 - 6 . Sturken , Marita ( 2007 ) . Tourists of History : Memory , Kitsch , and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4103 - 4 . Wright , Stuart A. ( 2007 ) . Patriots , Politics , and the Oklahoma City Bombing . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87264 - 5 . Key , Charles , State Representative ( 2001 ) . The Final Report of the Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma : The Oklahoma Bombing Investigation Committee . ISBN 0 - 971051 - 30 - 5 . ( pb ) . LCCN 2001277432 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma City bombing . Oklahoma City National Memorial official website The Denver Post : Oklahoma City Bombing Trial CNN Interactive : Oklahoma City bombing trial at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 15 , 2008 ) List of victims of the bombing Images of the bombing at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 7 , 2009 ) Text , audio , and video of President Clinton 's Oklahoma Bombing Memorial address Interactive timeline of the bombing events Terror Hits Home : The Oklahoma City Bombing from the Federal Bureau of Investigation The Oklahoma City Bombing 20 Years Later from the Federal Bureau of Investigation Voices of Oklahoma interview with Stephen Jones . First person interview conducted on January 27 , 2010 , with Stephen Jones , attorney for Timothy McVeigh . Voices of Oklahoma interview , Chapters 14 - 17 , with Ron Norick . First person interview conducted on July 28 , 2009 , with Ron Norick , mayor of Oklahoma City when the bombing took place . 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Empire State Building
Empire State Building - Wikipedia Empire State Building Jump to : navigation , search Empire State Building Seen from the air , 2012 Record height Tallest in the world from 1931 to 1970 Preceded by Chrysler Building Surpassed by 1 World Trade Center ( North Tower ) General information Status Complete Type Office building ; observation deck Architectural style Art Deco Location 350 Fifth Avenue Manhattan , New York 10118 Construction started March 17 , 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 - 03 - 17 ) Completed April 11 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( April 11 , 1931 ) Opening May 1 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( May 1 , 1931 ) Cost $ 40,948,900 ( $645 million in 2016 dollars ) Owner Empire State Realty Trust Height Architectural 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Tip 1,454 ft ( 443.2 m ) Roof 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Top floor 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) Observatory 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) ( 102nd floor ) 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) ( 86th floor ) Other dimensions 424 ft ( 129.2 m ) east -- west by 187 ft ( 57.0 m ) north -- south Technical details Floor count 102 Floor area 2,248,355 sq ft ( 208,879 m ) Lifts / elevators 73 Design and construction Architect Shreve , Lamb and Harmon Developer Empire State Inc. , including John J. Raskob and Al Smith Structural engineer Homer Gage Balcom Main contractor Starrett Brothers and Eken Empire State Building U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show all Location in New York City Coordinates 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W  /  40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W  / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W  /  40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W  / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 NRHP reference # 82001192 Significant dates Added to NRHP November 17 , 1982 Designated NHL June 24 , 1986 Designated NYCL May 19 , 1981 References I. ^ Empire State Building at Emporis The Empire State Building is a 102 - story Art Deco skyscraper on Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Shreve , Lamb & Harmon , the building has a roof height of 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) , and with its antenna included , it stands a total of 1,454 feet ( 443.2 m ) tall . Its name is derived from `` Empire State '' , the nickname for New York . As of 2017 the Empire State Building is the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th - tallest in the world . It is also the sixth - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas . When measured by pinnacle height , it is the fifth - tallest building in the United States . The site of the Empire State Building was first developed as part of John Thompson 's farm in the early 18th century . In the late 1820s , it came into the possession of the prominent Astor family , with John Jacob Astor 's descendants building the Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel on the site in the 1890s . By the 1920s , the family sold the outdated hotel , and the site indirectly ended up under the ownership of Empire State Inc. , a business venture that included businessman John J. Raskob and former New York governor Alfred E. Smith . The Empire State Building , as it was then dubbed , was originally supposed to be a standard 50 - story office building . However , the original plans were revised fifteen times , with the tower ultimately being expanded to a 1,250 - foot building with 86 stories and an airship mast on top . This ensured the Empire State Building would be the world 's tallest building , beating out the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street , two other Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at the time that were also vying for that honor . Demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria began in October 1929 , and the foundation of the Empire State Building was excavated before demolition was even complete . Construction on the building itself started on March 17 , 1930 , with an average construction rate of one floor per day . A well - coordinated schedule meant that the 86 stories were topped out by September 19 of the same year , with the mast completed by November 21 . From that point , interior work proceeded at a quick pace , and the Empire State Building was opened on May 1 , 1931 , thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected . Despite the publicity surrounding the building 's construction , the building 's owners failed to make a profit until the early 1950s . However , it has been a popular tourist attraction since opening , with around 4 million visitors to the building 's 86th and 102nd floor observatories every year . The Empire State Building stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years , from its completion until the topping out of the original World Trade Center 's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970 . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York , until One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012 . The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon , having been featured in dozens of TV shows and movies since King Kong was released in 1933 . A symbol of New York City , it has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . In 2007 , it was ranked number one on the AIA 's List of America 's Favorite Architecture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Site 2.2 Planning process 2.3 Construction 2.4 Opening and early years 2.5 Profitability 2.6 Loss of `` tallest building '' title 2.7 After 9 / 11 3 Architecture 3.1 Exterior 3.2 Interior 3.2. 1 Lobby 3.2. 2 Major renovations 3.3 Features 3.3. 1 Above the 102nd floor 3.3. 2 Broadcast stations 3.3. 3 Observation decks 3.3. 4 New York Skyride 3.3. 5 Lights 3.4 Height records 4 Notable tenants 5 Incidents 5.1 1945 plane crash 5.2 2000 elevator plunge 5.3 Suicide attempts 5.4 Shootings 6 Importance 6.1 As icon 6.2 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 8.4 Further reading 9 External links Location The Empire State Building is located at 350 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan , on the street 's west side between 33rd and 34th Streets . Although physically located in South Midtown , a mixed residential and commercial area , the building is so large that it uses its own ZIP code of 10118 , being one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own zip code . The area to the south and west features other major Manhattan landmarks as well , including Macy 's at Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street , Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues , Penn Station and Madison Square Garden on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 34th Streets , and the Flower District on 28th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues . The nearest New York City Subway stations are 34th Street -- Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and Broadway , one block west , and 33rd Street at Park Avenue , two blocks east . There is also a PATH station at 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue . To the east of the Empire State Building is Murray Hill , a mixed - use neighborhood with residential , commercial , and entertainment uses . One block east of the Empire State Building , on Madison Avenue at 34th Street , is the New York Public Library 's Science , Industry and Business Library , which is located on the same block as the CUNY Graduate Center . The library also has its main and Mid-Manhattan branches at Fifth Avenue and 40th Street , six blocks north . The Morgan Library & Museum is located four blocks away , at Madison Avenue and 36th Street . History Site The earliest recorded major action on the site was during the American Revolutionary War . According to one account , shots rang out on what is now Fifth Avenue from `` the battle of the cornfield '' . Some 3,500 of George Washington 's troops were in the city and in danger of being trapped by the British Army . At the time , Mary and John Murray owned a farm on Murray Hill , within the area from present - day Madison Avenue to Lexington Avenue between 34th and 38th streets . Mary invited the British officers into her home for food and drink , while General Putnam was able to lead the 3,500 men out of the city and into Harlem Heights . In 1799 , John Thompson ( or Thomson ; accounts vary ) bought a 20 - acre ( 8 ha ) tract of land roughly bounded by Madison Avenue , 36th Street , Sixth Avenue , and 33rd Street , immediately north of the Caspar Samler farm , for 482 British pounds ( roughly US $2400 at the time ) . At the time , a stream called t'Oude Wrack ( Dutch for `` Old Wreck '' ) ran across the site , emptying into Sunfish Pond , located at the present - day Park Avenue South and 31st Street in Kips Bay . The stream originated at what is now Broadway and 44th Street in the middle of Times Square . A glue factory polluted Sunfish Pond heavily during the 1820s , and it was infilled in 1839 after most of its water was used to extinguish a fire at the New York House of Refuge . Thompson was said to have sold the farm to Charles Lawton for $10,000 on September 24 , 1825 , although details of this sale are unclear , as details of the deed that certified the sale were later lost . In 1826 , John Jacob Astor of the prominent Astor family bought the land from Lawton for $20,500 . The Astors also purchased a parcel from the Murrays . John Jacob 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. bought a half interest on July 28 , 1827 , for $20,500 , for a tract of land on Fifth Avenue from 32nd to 35th streets . The Astors had intended to simply reserve the land for possible future development , but the deadly Astor Place Riot in 1849 forced the Astor family to flee to their Midtown tracts . William built an unpretentious square red brick house on the southwest corner of 34th Street and Fifth Avenue in 1859 , while his brother John Jacob Astor Jr. erected a home at the northwest corner of 33rd Street in 1862 . The Waldorf Hotel ( 1893 ) , which stood on the site of the Empire State Building until 1929 In 1890 , William Waldorf Astor , the grandson of John Sr. and son of John Jr. , inherited his father 's mansion at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 33rd Street , and started building the Waldorf Hotel on the site . This decision originated in part from a dispute with his aunt Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor , the wife of John Jacob Astor III who lived next door , and whether Caroline or Mary Dahlgren Paul Astor , William 's wife , would be known in society as `` the '' Mrs. Astor . The planned hotel was supposed to be an 11 - story building , as per the specifications of founding proprietor George Boldt , but his wife Louise believed that 13 was a lucky number and persuaded her husband to add two floors to the construction . William Astor 's construction of a hotel next to his aunt 's house caused both Astors to threaten to demolish their home and build a stable on the property , but with Boldt 's assistance , John Astor persuaded his mother to move uptown . The Waldorf Hotel , named after the Astors ' ancestral home in the little German town of Walldorf , was opened for business March 13 , 1893 . When a decision was made to build a second hotel next to the Waldorf , truce provisions were developed between the Astors , including the use of corridors between the buildings that could be bricked up if needed . On November 1 , 1897 , Waldorf 's cousin , John Jacob Astor IV , opened the 16 - story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site . The Astoria , named after the Oregon town of Astoria that had been founded by John Sr. in 1811 , stood on the site of William Sr 's house , and was leased to Boldt . The two hotels , under one management , were renamed the Waldorf -- Astoria . The hotel became , according to author Sean Dennis Cashman , `` a successful symbol of the opulence and achievement of the Astor family '' . The hotel was frequented by The Four Hundred , the social elite of New York . The combined hotel had 1,300 bedrooms , making it the largest hotel in the world at the time . Of these , the Astoria portion contained 25 public rooms and 550 guest rooms , while the Waldorf portion contained 15 public rooms , 450 guest rooms , and 100 rooms for servants . It was designed specifically to cater to the needs of socially prominent `` wealthy upper crust '' of New York and distinguished foreign visitors to the city . It was the first hotel to offer complete electricity and private bathrooms . The Waldorf gained world renown for its fundraising dinners and balls . Boldt died in early 1918 , and Coleman du Pont bought the hotel 's lease soon after Boldt 's death . By the 1920s , the hotel was becoming dated , and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street . The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further uptown , and sold the hotel to the Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14 -- 16 million . They closed the hotel on May 3 , 1929 . The Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel records of 1893 -- 1929 are held by the New York Public Library 's Archives & Manuscripts division . Planning process The Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally wanted to build a 25 - story office building on the Waldorf -- Astoria 's site . The company 's president , Floyd De L. Brown , paid $100,000 of the $1 million down payment required to start construction on the tower , with the promise that the difference would be paid later . Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank , but then defaulted on the loan . The building plans went through fifteen versions before the current plan was approved . The land was then resold to Empire State Inc. , a group of wealthy investors that included Louis G. Kaufman , Ellis P. Earle , John J. Raskob , Coleman du Pont , and Pierre S. du Pont . The name came from the state nickname for New York . Alfred E. Smith , a former Governor of New York and a former U.S. presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign had been managed by Raskob , was appointed as the head of the company . The Empire State Inc. consortium became public in August 1929 . The group also purchased nearby land plots so they would have the 2 acres ( 1 ha ) needed for the tower 's base , with the combined plot measuring 425 feet ( 130 m ) wide by 200 feet ( 61 m ) long . Empire State Inc. hired William F. Lamb , from the architectural firm Shreve , Lamb and Harmon , to design the building . Lamb produced the building drawings in just two weeks , using the firm 's earlier designs for the Reynolds Building in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , as a basis . Meanwhile , Lamb 's partner Richmond Shreve created `` bug diagrams '' of what needed to be done simultaneously , coordinating tasks to the hour . Because of the 1916 Zoning Act , Lamb could not build a structure with walls that ascended straight up from the street ; instead , they were required to incorporate setbacks , making the lower floors much larger than the upper floors . As a result , the tower was designed from the top down , which gave it a `` pencil '' - like shape . During the design process , Raskob put a large pencil on a table and asked Lamb , `` How high could you make it so it wo n't fall down ? '' The original plan for the building was slated to be 50 stories , but the height was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories . The planned 80 - story building , with a height of about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) , would have height limits on nearby buildings ensuring that the top fifty floors would get expansive views of the city . The New York Times lauded the site 's proximity to transportation , with the Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit 's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad 's 33rd Street terminal one block away , as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest . It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) of proposed floor space near `` one of the busiest sections in the world '' . While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized , there was an intense competition in New York for the title of `` world 's tallest building '' , and the 40 Wall Street ( then the Bank of Manhattan Building ) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan were both under construction when work began on the Empire State Building . The `` Race into the Sky '' , as popular media called it at the time , was representative of the country 's optimism in the 1920s , fueled by the building boom in major cities . The 40 Wall Street tower was revised from 840 feet ( 260 m ) to 925 feet ( 282 m ) in April 1929 , making it the world 's tallest . The Chrysler Building added its 185 - foot ( 56 m ) steel tip to its roof in October 1929 , bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet ( 319 m ) and greatly exceeding 40 Wall Street 's height . The Chrysler Building 's developer , Walter Chrysler , realized that his tower 's height would exceed the Empire State Building 's as well , having ordered his architect William Van Alen to change the Chrysler 's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to the narrow steel spire . Raskob , wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world 's tallest , reviewed the plans and realized that he could add five more floors and a spire of his own ; however , the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension . On November 18 , 1929 , Smith acquired a lot at 27 -- 31 West 33rd Street , adding 75 feet ( 23 m ) to the width of the proposed office building 's site . Two days later , Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper , with an observation deck on the 86th - floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , higher than the Chrysler 's 71st - floor observation deck . The 1,050 - foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) taller than the Chrysler Building , and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to `` pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute . '' The plans were revised one last time in December 1929 , with a 16 - story , 200 - foot ( 61 m ) metal `` crown '' and an additional 222 - foot ( 68 m ) dirigible mooring mast . The roof height was now 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) , making it the tallest building in the world by far , even without the antenna . The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor , the now - enclosed 86th floor , would have to be built below the crown ; however , unlike the Chrysler 's spire , the Empire State 's mast would serve a practical purpose . By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved . Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final , approved plan : The program was short enough -- a fixed budget , no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor , as many stories of such space as possible , an exterior of limestone , and completion date of ( May 1 ) , 1931 , which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches . The general contractors were named as Starrett Brothers and Eken , composed of Paul and William A. Starrett and Andrew J. Eken , who also constructed other New York City buildings and developments such as the original Stuyvesant Town , Starrett City and Trump Tower . The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont , while James Farley 's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials . John W. Bowser was the project 's construction superintendent , and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom . The plans were worked out such that construction started on one task before plans for others were finalized . Construction Demolition of the old Waldorf -- Astoria began on October 1 , 1929 . Stripping the building 's materials was an arduous process , as the hotel was made of stiffer material than earlier buildings had , and the granite , precious metals , and wood chips used in the old hotel were not in high demand . Most of the wood eventually either went into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere . A lot of the other materials that made up the old hotel , including the granite and bronze , were dumped into the Atlantic Ocean off the shore of Sandy Hook , New Jersey . By the time the hotel 's demolition started , Raskob had secured all of the investors that he needed to fund the construction of the building . The plan was to start construction later that year , but on October 24 , the New York Stock Exchange started a steep and sudden crash , sparking what would become the decade - long Great Depression . Even so , Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point . Neither Raskob nor Smith lost much money in the crash : Raskob because he had stopped his speculation about the stock market the previous year , Smith because he had never invested a great amount of money in the market . However , most of their investors did lose money , and as a result , in December of that year , the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company loaned Empire State Inc. some $27.5 million so the group could start construction . Even though the stock market crash obviated the need for any new office space , Raskob and Smith proceeded to start construction anyway , since canceling the project would cause investors to incur great losses . A worker bolts beams during construction ; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background . A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12 , 1930 , and excavation of the site began ten days later on January 22 , before the old hotel had been completely demolished . Two twelve - hour shifts , consisting of 300 men each , worked continuously to dig the 55 - foot ( 17 m ) foundation . Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork . Excavation was nearly complete by early March , and construction on the building itself started on March 17 , with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished . Around this time , Lamb held a press conference on the building plans . He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows , the large - block Indiana Limestone facade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks , and the tower 's lines and rise . Four colossal columns , intended for installation in the center of the building site , were delivered ; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds ( 4,500,000 kg ) when the building was finished . The building 's structural steel was pre-ordered and pre-fabricated in anticipation of a revision to the city 's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building 's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch ( 124,106 kPa ) , up from 16,000 pounds per square inch ( 110,316 kPa ) , thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building . Although the 18,000 - psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities , Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26 , 1930 , just before the steel was about to be laid . The first steel framework was put into place on April 1 , 1930 . From there , construction proceeded at a fast pace . During one stretch of 10 working days , the builders erected fourteen floors . This was made possible due to the extremely precise coordination of the building 's planning , as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels . For instance , after a supplier of dark Hauteville marble could not deliver enough material on time , Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble . The scale of the project was massive , with trucks carrying `` 16,000 partition tiles , 5,000 bags of cement , 450 cubic yards ( 340 m ) of sand and 300 bags of lime '' arriving at the construction site every day . There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch . Temporary water taps were also built so that workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level . Additionally , small railway systems carried materials from the basement storage spaces to elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors , where the carts then delivered the materials across that level directly by using another set of tracks on that floor . The 57,480 short tons ( 51,320 long tons ) of steel ordered for the project was the largest - ever single order of steel at the time , comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined . According to historian John Tauranac , the materials for the building came from far and wide , with `` limestone from Indiana , steel girders from Pittsburgh , cement and mortar from upper New York State , marble from Italy , France , and England , wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests , ( and ) hardware from New England . '' By June 20 , the steel structure had risen to the 26th floor , and by July 27 , half of the steel skeleton had been completed . Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction , a goal that they almost reached with their pace of 4 ⁄ stories per week ; prior to this , the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been 3 ⁄ stories per week . In the meantime , the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up ( as opposed to the general design , which had been from the roof down ) . Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval , with several orders placed within an hour of a plan 's being finalized . On September 10 , as steelwork was nearing completion , Smith laid the building 's cornerstone during a ceremony attended by thousands . The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts such as the previous day 's New York Times ; a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930 ; a history of the site and building ; and photographs of the people involved in construction . The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet ( 319 m ) on September 19 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction . Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone . Afterward , work on the building 's interior and crowning mast commenced . The mooring mast topped out on November 21 , two months after the steelwork had been completed . Meanwhile , work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace , with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor . The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November . Because of the building 's height , it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins , so the builders contracted with the Otis Elevator Company to make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) , which represented the largest - ever elevator order at the time . In addition to the time constraint builders had , there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly , and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic . This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets , and then storing the materials in the building 's first floor and basements . Concrete mixers , brick hoppers , and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public . At one point , over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day . A series of relay and erection derricks , placed on platforms erected near the building , lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations . The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11 , 1931 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced . Al Smith shot the final rivet , which was made of solid gold . Photograph of a cable worker taken by Lewis Hine The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak , including 3,439 on a single day , August 14 , 1930 . Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants , with a sizable minority of Mohawk ironworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal . According to official accounts , five workers died during the construction , although the New York Daily News gave reports of 14 deaths and a headline in the socialist magazine The New Masses spread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths . Lewis Hine took a myriad of photographs providing not only a documentation of the construction , but also a glimpse into common day life of workers in that era . Hine 's images provided much fodder for the media , with many news sources publishing daily press releases that featured one of Hine 's pictures . According to Jim Rasenberger , Hine `` climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture , as no one ever had before ( or has since ) , the dizzy work of building skyscrapers '' . In Rasenberger 's words , Hine turned what might have been an assignment of `` corporate flak '' into `` exhilarating art '' . These images were later organized into their own collection . The steelworkers ' sheer height enraptured onlookers , with New York magazine writing of the steelworkers : `` Like little spiders they toiled , spinning a fabric of steel against the sky '' . Opening and early years The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1 , 1931 , in dramatic fashion , when United States President Herbert Hoover turned on the building 's lights with the push of a button from Washington , D.C. . The tower had been completed forty - five days earlier than its projected opening . Jimmy Walker , Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Al Smith were also in attendance . After the ceremonial button pressing , they and about 350 other guests proceeded to attend a luncheon on the 86th floor . An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog , with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being `` lost in the mist '' . The building officially opened the next day . Advertisements for the observatories were placed in local newspapers , while nearby hotels also released ads that lauded their proximity to the newly opened tower . Builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250 - foot - tall ( 380 m ) Empire State Building would be the world 's tallest building `` for many years '' , thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry . At the time , most engineers agreed that it would be much harder to build a building taller than 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) , even with the hardy Manhattan bedrock . ( Technically , it was possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) , but it was deemed uneconomical to do so , especially given the fact that the Great Depression was ongoing at the time . ) As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building became an icon of the city , and ultimately , of the entire country . View of the building from the north The Empire State Building 's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States , and as a result much of its office space was vacant . In the first year , 23 % of the available space was rented ; by contrast , during the 1920s , the average building would be 52 % rented upon opening and 90 % rented within five years . The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the `` Empty State Building '' . Jack Brod , the building 's longest - lasting original tenant , co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931 and rented space in the building until he died in 2008 . Brod later recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening , including him , and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh - floor offices . Generally , during the early 1930s , it was rare for an entity to rent more than a single office in the building , despite Smith 's and Raskob 's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew . The building 's lights were continuously left on , even in the unrented spaces , to give the impression of occupancy . This was exacerbated by competition from the Rockefeller Center as well as from buildings on 42nd Street , which , combined with the Empire State Building , provided excessive space in a slow market . Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building 's status as the world 's tallest . The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets . The building became a popular tourist attraction , with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931 . In its first year of operation , the observation deck took in approximately 2 million dollars , as much money as its owners made in rent that year . By 1936 , the top of the building was consistently crowded from sunset to midnight , with people heading to the top to eat leisurely $1.25 dinners with a `` wide selection of long , chill drinks '' . NBC also took advantage of the building , leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts from 1931 on . On the whole , however , the building was in debt from the outset , losing $1 million per year by 1935 . Real estate developer Seymour Durst recalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor , as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob / Du Pont offices on the 81st floor . As originally planned , the Empire State Building 's spire was supposed to be used as an airship docking station . Raskob and Smith proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor , while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . An elevator between the 86th and 101st floors would carry passengers after they checked in on the 86th floor , with steep ladders leading to the airship 's entrance . The idea was impractical and dangerous , due to the powerful updrafts caused by the building itself , the wind currents across Manhattan , and the spires of nearby skyscrapers , Furthermore , even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles , its crew would have to jettison some ballast by releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability , and then tie the craft 's nose to the spire with no mooring lines tying the other end of the craft to the ground . On September 15 , 1931 , in the first and only instance of an airship using the building 's mast , a small commercial United States Navy airship circled 25 times in 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) winds . The airship then attempted to dock at the mast , but its ballast spilled and the craft itself was roiled by capricious eddies . The near - disaster scuttled plans to make the building 's spire into an airship terminal , although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward . In 1932 , the Fifth Avenue Association gave the tower its 1931 `` gold medal '' for architectural excellence , signifying that the Empire State had been the best - designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931 . A year later , on March 2 , 1933 , the movie King Kong was released . The movie , which depicted a large stop motion ape named Kong climbing the Empire State Building , made the still - new building into a cinematic icon . To save the building from bankruptcy , the management company of the building opened an observatory on the 86th floor and allowed public access to a large terrace on the eighty - first floor . A wedding chapel was also added to the building 's 80th floor . This made the tower one of the city 's major tourist attractions , and during the first years of operation , revenues from tourism equaled the total amount of rent paid by all tenants . The tower received its 5 millionth tourist in 1944 . On July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building , between the 79th and 80th floors . One engine shot through the side opposite the impact and flew as far as the next block , while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft . Fourteen people were killed in the incident . However , the building was not severely damaged or structurally compromised , and it reopened two days later . Profitability View from Macy 's Night view from the same street - corner The Empire State Building only became profitable in the 1950s , when it was finally able to break even for the first time . Despite the lack of nearby transportation centers , the Empire State Building started to attract renters due to its reputation . A 222 - foot ( 68 m ) radio antenna was erected on top of the tower starting in 1950 , allowing the area 's television stations to broadcast from the building . However , Raskob felt that the tower had been unprofitable for too long , and he put the tower on sale in 1951 with a minimum asking price of $50 million . The property was purchased by business partners Roger L. Stevens , Henry Crown , Alfred R. Glancy and Ben Tobin . The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company , a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan , for $51 million , the highest price paid for a single structure at the time . By this time , the Empire State had been fully leased `` for several years '' , with a `` waiting list '' to lease space in the building . That year , six news companies started a combined $600,000 annually for use of the tower 's antenna . The antenna was completed by 1953 . Crown bought out his partners ' ownership stakes in 1954 , becoming the sole owner . The next year , the American Society of Civil Engineers named the building one of the `` Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders '' . In 1961 , the building was bought by Harry B. Helmsley , Lawrence A. Wien , and Wien 's son - in - law Peter L. Malkin , for $65 million , which became the new highest price for a single structure . Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates , that subletted the building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wein , raising $33 million of the funds used to pay for the change of ownership . The land itself was sold to Prudential Insurance for $29 million . The new owners quickly started a program of minor improvement projects , including the first - ever full - building facade refurbishment and window - washing in 1962 ; the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964 ; and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966 . The little - used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964 , at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly - sought retail area . Loss of `` tallest Building '' title In 1961 , the same year that Helmsley , Wien , and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . The plan originally included 66 - story twin towers with column - free open spaces . The Empire State 's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers ' 7,600,000 square feet ( 710,000 m ) of office space would create an excess of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building 's profits from lessees . A revision in the World Trade Center 's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet ( 420 m ) each or 110 stories , taller than the Empire State . Opponents of the new project included prominent real - estate developer Robert Tishman , as well as Wien 's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center . In response to Wein 's opposition , Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world 's tallest building . The World Trade Center 's Twin Towers surpassed the Empire State Building in height by 1970 . The World Trade Center 's twin towers started construction in 1966 . The next year , the Ostankino Tower succeeded the Empire State Building as the tallest freestanding structure in the world . The Empire State also lost the title of world 's tallest building in 1970 , as the taller North Tower surpassed the Empire State 's height on October 19 of that year , and topped out on December 23 , 1970 . The Twin Towers opened their 110th - floor observatory in December 1975 , which meant that the Empire State Building did not even have the tallest observatory in the city anymore . The Empire State Building also lost income during this time , as many of the broadcast stations moved to the World Trade Center in 1971 , although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984 . By 1980 , there were nearly two million annual visitors , although official estimates the previous year had placed the figure closer to between 1.5 million and 1.75 million . The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 as part of the addition of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan . At the time , the tower 's tenants received a collective 35,000 pieces of mail every day . The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1 , 1981 , with a much - publicized laser light show that failed to impress many viewers , as well as an `` Empire State Building Week '' that ran through May 8 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19 , 1981 , citing the historic nature of the first and second floors , as well as `` the fixtures and interior components '' of the upper floors . The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986 for very similar reasons to the New York City Landmarks report . That year , the Plaza Hotel and Metropolitan Museum of Art further uptown were also designated as National Historic Landmarks . The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the next year due to its architectural significance . In the early and mid-1990s , the alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning were replaced ; the 86th floor observation deck was made accessible to disabled visitors ; and the facade was again refurbished at a cost of $55 million . Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi , who was at the time imprisoned in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo . The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994 . Having secured a half - ownership of the land , Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it , even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project . He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995 , claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a `` high - rise slum '' and a `` second - rate , rodent - infested '' office tower . Trump had aimed to get Empire State Building Associates evicted by breaking their lease , but that action was denied , and Helmsley 's companies sued Trump in May of that year . This sparked a round of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years , which partially arose from Trump 's desire to obtain the building 's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates . Upon Harry Helmsley 's death in 1997 , the Malkins sued Helmsley 's widow Leona Helmsley for ownership of the building . After 9 / 11 A night view from the observatory , looking south The World Trade Center was destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001 . The Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , but was now only the second - tallest building in the Americas , surpassed by the Willis Tower in Chicago . Because of the September 11 attacks , nearly all of the city 's commercial television and FM radio broadcast stations started transmitting again from the top of the Empire State Building . In the aftermath of the attacks , security measures at the Empire State Building were also increased due to persistent terror threats against New York City landmarks . In 2002 , Trump and Yokoi sold their claim to the land to the Empire State Building Associates , now headed by Malkin in a $57.5 million sale . This action merged the building 's title and lease for the first time in a half - century . Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9 / 11 attacks , the Empire State Building remained popular , with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004 compared to about 2.8 million in 2003 . Leona Helmsley 's remaining share in the building was bought by Peter Malkin 's company in 2006 . In 2008 the building was temporary `` stolen '' by the New York Daily News to show how easy it is to transfer the deed on a property , since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information , as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money . The paperwork submitted to the city included the names of Fay Wray , the famous star of King Kong , and Willie Sutton , a notorious New York bank robber . The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners , who at that time were Empire State Land Associates . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 ( see § Major renovations ) . The building received new air conditioning , waterproofing , a renovated observation deck and lobby , and a relocated 80th - floor gift shop . This included $120 million of energy efficient upgrades , which allowed the building to receive a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 . The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest LEED - certified building when it opened in 2014 . As of 2014 the building is owned by the Empire State Realty Trust with Anthony Malkin as Chairman , CEO , and President . Details on the trust 's profits are scarce , but it gained significantly more revenue from tourism than from leasing the office space in 2011 . In August 2016 , the Qatar Investment Authority ( QIA ) gained a 10 % share in the Empire State Building through a $622 million investment to the Empire State Realty Trust . The trust 's president John Kessler called it an `` endorsement of the company 's irreplaceable assets '' . The investment has been described as `` an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund '' , as they typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies . Other foreign entities that have a stake in the Empire State Building include investors from Norway , Japan , and Australia . Architecture The Empire State Building as seen across the East River , from Brooklyn The Empire State Building rises to 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) at the 102nd floor , and including the 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle , its full height reaches 1,453 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 443.092 m ) . At that distance , the tower is visible from the ocean up to 50 miles ( 80 km ) away , from upstate up to 70 miles ( 110 km ) away , and from an airplane up to 100 miles ( 160 km ) away . The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing 2,158,000 sq ft ( 200,500 m ) of rentable space . It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor , the highest floor within the actual tower . The remaining 16 stories represent the Art Deco spire , which is capped by a 102nd - floor observatory . The spire is hollow , and there are no floors between levels 86 and 102 . Atop the tower is the 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle , much of which is covered by broadcast antennas , with a lightning rod at the very top . The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build , including demolition of the Waldorf - Astoria ( equivalent to $644,878,000 in 2016 ) . This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction . Official fact sheets cite building statistics thusly : an ascent of 1,860 steps from the first to the 102nd floor ; a weight of 365,000 short tons ( 331,122 t ) ; a volume of 37,000,000 cubic feet ( 1,000,000 m ) ; and an exterior with 200,000 cubic feet ( 5,700 m ) of limestone and granite , along with ten million bricks and 370 short tons ( 330 long tons ) of steel . Other oft - cited statistics include 1,172 miles ( 1,886 km ) of elevator cable and 2,000,000 feet ( 609,600 m ) of electrical wires , as well as capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors . The building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . In 2007 , it was ranked number one on the AIA 's List of America 's Favorite Architecture . Exterior A series of setbacks causes the building to taper with height . The Empire State Building 's art deco design is typical of pre -- World War II architecture in New York . The modernistic stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two - story - high corridors around the elevator core , crossed by stainless steel and glass - enclosed bridges at the second - floor level . The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building 's gravity stresses and wind loads . The exterior of the building is clad in Indiana limestone panels , which came from the Empire Mill in Sanders , Indiana , and give the building its signature blonde color . The limestone facade , which is lined with vertically aligned steel mullions parallel to each window , also makes the steel frame even stiffer against the winds . The large amount of material used in the building 's construction made it very stiff compared to other skyscrapers , with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot ( 2.0 kPa ) versus the Willis Tower 's 33 pounds per square foot ( 1.6 kPa ) and the John Hancock Center 's 26 pounds per square foot ( 1.2 kPa ) . A December 1930 feature in Popular Mechanics estimated that a building with the Empire State 's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons ( 45 long tons ) . The Empire State Building contains one major setback and several smaller ones that cause the floors to shrink as the height increases , which make the higher 81 floors much smaller than the lower five floors but allow the top floors to be both illuminated by sunlight and positioned away from the noisy streets below . This design was mandated as per the 1916 Zoning Resolution , which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well . Normally , a building of the Empire State 's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side , and up to 17 stories on the 33rd / 34th Streets side , before it would have to utilize setbacks . However , the setbacks were arranged such that the largest setback was on the sixth floor , above the five - floor `` base '' , so the rest of the building above the sixth floor would have a facade of uniform shape . Interior The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors . It has 6,500 windows ; 73 elevators ; a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft ( 257,211 m ) ; and a base covering 2 acres ( 8,094 m ) . Its original 64 elevators , built by the Otis Elevator Company , are located in a central core and are of varying heights , with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor . As originally built , there were four `` express '' elevators that connected the lobby , 80th floor , and several landings in between ; the other 60 `` local '' elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings . Of the 64 total elevators , 58 were for passenger use ( comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators ) , and eight were for freight deliveries . The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) . At the time of the skyscraper 's construction , their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute ( 213 m / min ) as per city law , but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened . Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it , as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved . The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all , including service elevators . Utilities are grouped in a central shaft . On each floor between levels 6 and 86 , the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides . As per the final specifications of the building , the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) deep . Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it , which provide a structural stability but impede the creation of any significant open space . However , the relative dearth of stone in the building allows for more space overall , with a 1 : 200 stone - to - building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1 : 50 ratio in similar buildings . Lobby Aluminum relief of the building The main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue , on the building 's east side , and contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair of revolving doors . At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif of three of the `` crafts or industries '' used in the building 's construction -- Electricity , Masonry , and Heating from north to south . The lobby contains two tiers of marble : a lighter marble on the top , above the storefronts , and a darker marble on the bottom , flush with the storefronts . There is a pattern of zigzagging terrazzo tiles on the lobby floor , which leads from the entrance on the east to the aluminum relief on the west . The chapel - like three - story - high lobby , which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets , contains storefronts on both its northern and southern sides . These storefronts are framed by tubes of dark , `` modernistically rounded marble '' , and above the storefronts is a vertical band of grooves set into the marble . Immediately inside the lobby is an airport - style security checkpoint . The walls on both the northern and southern sides of the lobby each contain storefronts and escalators to a mezzanine level . At the west end of the lobby is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built ( i.e. without the antenna ) . The relief , which was intended to provide a welcoming effect , contains an embossing of the building 's outline `` with the rays of an aluminum sun shining out behind it and mingling with aluminum rays emanating from the spire of the Empire State Building '' . In the background is a state map of New York , with the building 's location marked by a `` medallion '' in the very southeast portion of the outline . A compass is located in the bottom right , and a plaque to the tower 's major developers is on the bottom left . At this point , the lobby feeds into a one - story tall , similarly - designed rectangular - shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators . The rectangular shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle , as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side . At both ends of the northern and southern corridors , there is one bank of four low - rise elevators in between the corridors . The western side of the rectangular elevator - bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance . It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators that go both to the second floor and to the basement . Going from west to east , there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from both the northern and southern corridors , respectively , at approximately the two - thirds point of each corridor . Until the 1960s , the ceilings in the lobby had a shiny art deco mural inspired by both the sky and the Machine Age , until it was covered with ceiling tiles and fluorescent lighting . Because the original murals , designed by an artist named Leif Neandross , were damaged , reproductions were installed . Renovations to the lobby alluded to original plans for the building ; replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with an anemometer , as well as installing two chandeliers originally intended to be part of the building when it first opened . The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels , created by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov in 1963 in time for the 1964 World 's Fair , which depicts the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World , alongside the traditional seven . The building 's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artist Kysa Johnson in the concourse level . Johnson filed a federal lawsuit in January 2014 under the Visual Artists Rights Act , alleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist . As part of the building 's 2010 renovation , Denise Amses commissioned a work consisting of `` 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles '' superimposed on a 13 - by - 5 - foot ( 4.0 by 1.5 m ) etched - glass installation in the lobby . Major renovations Seen in 2005 Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million . These improvements entailed replacing alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning ; making the observation deck compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) ; and refurbishing the limestone facade . The observatory renovation was added after disability rights groups and the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the building in 1992 , in what was believed to be the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the then - new ADA law . A settlement was reached in 1994 , in which the Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA - compliant elements , such as new elevators , ramps , and automatic doors , during its ongoing renovation . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 , with improvements including new air conditioning , waterproofing , and renovating the observation deck , and moving the gift shop to the 80th floor , as well as refurbishing the main lobby . Of this , $120 million was spent in an effort to transform the building into a more energy efficient and eco-friendly structure , with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38 % within five years . For example , all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film - coated `` superwindows '' which block heat but pass light . Air conditioning operating costs on hot days were reduced , saving $17 million of the project 's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits . The Empire State Building won a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 , as well as the World Federation of Great Towers ' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010 . Features Above the 102nd floor The final plan for the building called for the installation of a hollow mast , complete of 158 - foot ( 48 m ) steel shaft with elevators and utilities , above the 86th floor . At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd - floor docking station . The elevators would ascend 167 feet ( 51 m ) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33 - foot - wide ( 10 m ) 101st - floor waiting room . From there , stairs would lead to the 102nd floor , where passengers would enter the airships . The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . On the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building ( formerly the 101st floor ) , there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor ( formerly the 102nd ) . This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building 's spire , and has a circular balcony outside . It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance . The room now contains electrical equipment , but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there . Above the 103rd floor , there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work . The mast 's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015 . Broadcast stations Antennae for broadcast stations are located at the top of the Empire State Building . Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22 , 1931 , when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire , with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data . They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there . In 1934 , RCA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building 's antenna . This setup , which entailed the installation of the world 's first FM transmitter , continued only until October of the next year because of disputes between RCA and Armstrong . Specifically , NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong 's transmitter was located . Afterward , the 85th floor became the home of RCA 's New York television operations , first as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 , then as commercial station WNBT , channel 1 ( now WNBC - TV channel 4 ) from July 1941 on . NBC 's FM station W2XDG , began transmitting from the antenna in 1940 . NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 , when the FCC ordered the exclusive deal broken , based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York - area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted . Construction on a giant tower began on July 27 , 1950 . Other television broadcasters then joined RCA at the building , on the 83rd , 82nd , and 81st floors , often along with sister FM stations . Multiple transmissions of TV and FM began from the new tower in 1951 , and was completed by 1953 . Six broadcasters paid a combined $600,000 for the use of the antenna in 1951 per year . In 1965 , a separate set of FM antennas was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna . The Empire State Building as seen from the Top of the Rock The stations ' placement in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center 's Twin Towers during the late 1960s and early 1970s . As the towers were taller than the Empire State Building , this would cause waves from the Empire State Building to sometimes bounce off the walls of the taller Twin Towers . As a result , some broadcasters decided that it would be easier to move to the Twin Towers instead , rather than suing the complex 's developer , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , to stop construction . Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984 , most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971 . The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in the North Tower , as well as pay the broadcasters ' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984 . After the leases expired , there were very few broadcasters remaining in the Empire State Building . The September 11 attacks in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it , leaving most of the city 's stations without a station for ten days until a temporary tower was built in Alpine , New Jersey . By October 2001 , nearly all of the city 's commercial broadcast stations ( both television and FM radio ) were transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building . The stations ' placement in the Empire State Building was considered `` problematic '' due to interference from other nearby towers , as contrasted with the former Twin Towers , which had very few buildings of comparable height nearby . In 2003 , a few FM stations were relocated to the nearby Condé Nast Building to reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building . Eleven television stations and 22 FM stations had signed 15 - year leases in the building by May 2003 . It was expected that a taller broadcast tower in Bayonne , New Jersey , or Governors Island would be built in the meantime , with the Empire State Building being used as a `` backup '' since signal transmission from the Empire State Building was still of poor quality . As of 2017 , the Empire State Building is home to the following stations : Television : WCBS - 2 , WNBC - 4 , WNYW - 5 , WABC - 7 , WWOR - 9 Secaucus , WPIX - 11 , WNET - 13 Newark , WNYE - 25 , WPXN - 31 , WXTV - 41 Paterson , WNJU - 47 Linden and WFUT - 68 Newark FM : WBMP - 92.3 , WPAT - 93.1 Paterson , WNYC - 93.9 , WPLJ - 95.5 , WXNY - 96.3 , WQHT - 97.1 , WSKQ - 97.9 , WEPN - 98.7 , WBAI - 99.5 , WHTZ - 100.3 Newark , WCBS - 101.1 , WFAN - 101.9 , WNEW - FM - 102.7 , WKTU - 103.5 Lake Success , WAXQ - 104.3 , WWPR - 105.1 , WQXR - 105.9 Newark , WLTW - 106.7 and WBLS - 107.5 Observation decks The 86th and 102nd floors contain observatories , which combined see an average of 4 million visitors per year . Since opening , the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , the Chrysler Building , the first One World Trade Center , or the Woolworth Building , despite being more expensive . Tourists must pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor and an additional amount for the 102nd floor . The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed section and a wide - open section . The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller than the first one . For several years until 2005 , the 102nd floor observatory was closed . The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979 . The lines to enter the observation decks , according to Concierge.com , are `` as legendary as the building itself : '' there are five of them : the sidewalk line , the lobby elevator line , the ticket purchase line , the second elevator line , and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck . For an extra fee tourists can skip to the front of the line . The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks , making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years . A 360 ° panoramic view of New York City from the 86th - floor observation deck of the Empire State Building , spring 2005 . East River is to the left , Hudson River to the right , south is near center . New York Skyride The Empire State Building also has a motion simulator attraction located on the 2nd floor , opened in early 1994 . It was built as a complement to the observation deck . The cinematic presentation lasts approximately 25 minutes , while the simulation is about eight minutes . As of October 2017 , tickets are $42 for adults , $32 for children , and $36 for senior citizens . The ride has had two incarnations . The original version , which ran from 1994 until around 2002 , featured James Doohan , Star Trek 's Scotty , as the airplane 's pilot , who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm . After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 11 , 2001 , the ride was closed . An updated version debuted in mid-2002 with actor Kevin Bacon as the pilot , with the new flight also going haywire . This new version served a more informative goal , as opposed to the old version 's main purpose of entertainment , and contained details about the 9 / 11 attacks . The simulator has received mixed reviews , with assessments of the ride ranging from `` great '' to `` satisfactory '' to `` corny '' . Lights Lighting at the top of the Empire State Building The building was originally equipped with white searchlights atop the tower . They saw their first use in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt 's victory over Hoover in the presidential election of that year . They were swapped for four `` Freedom Lights '' in 1956 . In February 1964 , flood lights were added on the 72nd floor to illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World 's Fair later that year . The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of the severe energy crisis at the time . New red , white , and blue lights were installed in 1976 in time for the country 's bicentennial . Since 1976 the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays , with organizations able to make requests through the building 's website . The building will also be lit in the colors of New York 's sports teams on the nights they have home games ( orange , blue and white for the New York Knicks , red , white and blue for the New York Rangers , and so on ) . It was twice lit in scarlet to support New Jersey 's Rutgers University : once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9 , 2006 , and again on April 3 , 2007 when the women 's basketball team played in the national championship game . There have also been special occasions where the lights are modified from the usual schedule . After the eightieth birthday and subsequent death of Frank Sinatra in 1998 , for example , the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer 's nickname `` Ol ' Blue Eyes '' . After actress Fay Wray died in September 2004 , who starred in King Kong , the building stood in complete darkness for 15 minutes . The floodlights bathed the building in red , white , and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center , then reverted to the standard schedule . On June 4 , 2002 , the Empire State Building donned purple and gold ( the royal colors of Elizabeth II ) , in thanks for the United Kingdom playing the Star Spangled Banner during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace on September 12 , 2001 ( a show of support after the September 11 attacks ) . On January 13 , 2012 , the building was lit in red , orange , and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of NBC 's The Today Show . From June 1 to 3 , 2012 , the building was lit in blue and white , the colors of the Israeli flag , in honor of the 49th annual Celebrate Israel Parade . During 2012 , the building 's four hundred metal halide lamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200 LED fixtures , increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million . The computer - controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels . For instance , on November 6 , 2012 , CNN used the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard for the 2012 United States presidential election . When incumbent president Barack Obama had reached the 270 electoral votes necessary to win re-election , the lights turned blue . Had Republican challenger Mitt Romney won , the building would have been lit red . Also , on November 26 , 2012 , the building had its first ever synchronized light show , using music from recording artist Alicia Keys . The building 's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights ; for instance , they would not use the lights to play advertisements . Height records Height comparison of New York City buildings , with Empire State second from left Empire State Building ( gray ) compared to large ships and buildings : The Pentagon , 1,414 feet , 431 m RMS Queen Mary 2 , 1,132 feet , 345 m USS Enterprise , 1,123 feet , 342 m Hindenburg , 804 feet , 245 m Yamato , 863 feet , 263 m Empire State Building , 1,454 feet , 443 m Knock Nevis , ex-Seawise Giant , 1,503 feet , 458 m Apple Park , 1,522 feet , 464 m The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper ( to structural height ) , which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in October 1970 . The Empire State Building was also the tallest man - made structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ( KWTV Mast ) in 1954 , and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967 . An early - 1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors , which would have brought the building 's height to 1,494 feet ( 455 m ) and made it once again the world 's tallest at the time , was considered but ultimately rejected . With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks , the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , and the second - tallest building in the Americas , surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012 . As of July 2016 , it is the third - tallest building in New York City after the One World Trade Center and 432 Park Avenue , and the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City , as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building is the 28th - tallest in the world As of October 2017 , the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai . It is also the sixth - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower . The Empire State Building Run - Up , a foot race from ground level to the 86th - floor observation deck , has been held annually since 1978 . Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers , and are often tower running enthusiasts . The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) and takes in 1,576 steps . The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds , achieved by Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake in 2003 , at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft ( 2,010 m ) per hour . ESRT began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2 , 2013 . The Midtown skyline , as viewed from the observation deck at night in January 2006 Notable tenants The building houses around 1,000 businesses . Current tenants include : Air China Boy Scouts of America , Greater New York Councils Coty Croatian National Tourist Board Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Filipino Reporter Human Rights Foundation Human Rights Watch Kaplan International Center Li & Fung LinkedIn Media General Noven Pharmaceuticals People 's Daily Polish Cultural Institute Qatar Airways Turkish Airlines World Monuments Fund Former tenants include : The King 's College ( now located at 56 Broadway ) China National Tourist Office ( now located at 370 Lexington Avenue ) National Film Board of Canada ( now located at 1123 Broadway ) Nathaniel Branden Institute Schenley Incidents 1945 plane crash Aftermath of the B - 25 Empire State Building crash Main article : B - 25 Empire State Building crash At 9 : 40 am on July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber , piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith , Jr. , crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building , between the 79th and 80th floors , where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located . One engine shot through the side opposite the impact and flew as far as the next block , where it landed on the roof of a nearby building , starting a fire that destroyed a penthouse . The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft . The resulting fire was extinguished in 40 minutes . Fourteen people were killed in the incident . Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator , which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded . Despite the damage and loss of life , the building was open for business on many floors on the following Monday , two days later . The crash helped spur the passage of the long - pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law , allowing people to sue the government for the incident . Also as a result of the crash , the Civil Aeronautics Administration enacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City , setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level regardless of the weather condition . A year later , on July 24 , 1946 , another aircraft narrowly missed striking the building . The unidentified twin - engine plane had scraped past the observation deck , scaring tourists there . 2000 elevator plunge On January 24 , 2000 , an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin 's maximum speed was severed . The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor , where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system . Despite the 40 - floor fall , both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured . Since that elevator had no fourth - floor doors , the passengers were rescued by an adjacent elevator . After the fall , building inspectors reviewed all of the building 's elevators . Suicide attempts Because of the building 's iconic status , it and other Midtown landmarks are popular locations for suicide attempts . More than 30 people have attempted suicide over the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building , with most attempts being successful . The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7 , 1931 , before the tower was even completed , when a carpenter who had been laid - off went to the 58th floor and jumped . The first suicide after the building 's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory on February 1935 , when 22 - year - old Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet ( 314 m ) onto a marquee sign . On December 16 , 1943 , William Lloyd Rambo , a 22 - year - old ex-United States Navy gunner 's mate , jumped to his death from the 86th floor , landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below . In the early morning of September 27 , 1946 , shell - shocked 27 year - old Marine Douglas W. Brashear , Jr. jumped from the 76th - floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency after phoning a co-worker to tell her , `` I know now this is the end . '' Police found his shoes 50 feet from his body . On May 1 , 1947 , 23 - year - old Evelyn McHale leapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on a limousine parked at the curb . Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale 's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death . The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck : `` He is much better off without me ... I would n't make a good wife for anybody '' . The photo ran in the edition of May 12 , 1947 of Life magazine and is often referred to as `` The Most Beautiful Suicide '' . It was later used by visual artist Andy Warhol in one of his prints entitled Suicide ( Fallen Body ) . A 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three - week span in October and November of that year . By then , sixteen people had died from suicide jumps . Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory . Frederick Eckert of Astoria ran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd floor gallery on November 3 , 1932 and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended for dirigible passengers . He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade . Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor . On December 2 , 1979 , Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor , only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with a broken hip . On April 25 , 2013 , a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck , but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th - floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation . Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building . Abu Kamal , a 69 - year - old Palestinian teacher , shot seven people on the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23 , 1997 . He killed one person and wounded six others , supposedly in response to events happening in Palestine and Israel , before committing suicide . On the morning of August 24 , 2012 , 58 - year - old Jeffrey T. Johnson shot and killed a former co-worker on the building 's Fifth Avenue sidewalk . He had been laid off from his job in 2011 . Two police officers confronted the gunman , and he aimed his firearm at them . They responded by firing 16 shots , killing him but also wounding nine bystanders , most of whom were hit by fragments , although three took direct hits from bullets . Importance As icon Souvenir of the building As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building was immediately an icon of the city and of the entire country . Time magazine called the building a way that `` you know that you 're in New York City '' . John Tauranac calls the tower `` ' the ' twentieth - century New York building '' , even despite the existence of taller and more modernist buildings . Early in the building 's history , travel companies such as Short Line Motor Coach Service and New York Central Railroad used the building as an icon to symbolize the city . After the construction of the first World Trade Center , architect Paul Goldberger noted that the Empire State Building `` is famous for being tall , but it is good enough to be famous for being good . '' As an icon of the United States , it is also very popular among Americans . In a 2007 survey , the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was `` America 's favorite building '' . The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression , as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants . Benjamin Flowers writes that the Empire State was `` a building intended to celebrate a new America , built by men ( both clients and construction workers ) who were themselves new Americans . '' Meanwhile , BBC News ' culture section referred to the building as an `` icon of American design '' . The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a `` wonder of the world '' due to the massive effort expended during construction . The Washington Star listed it as part of one of the `` seven wonders of the modern world '' in 1931 , while Holiday magazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State 's height would be taller than the combined heights of the Eiffel Tower and the Great Pyramid of Giza . The American Society of Civil Engineers also declared the building `` A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States '' in 1958 , and one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World in 1994 . Ron Miller , in a 2010 book , also described the Empire State Building as one of the `` seven wonders of engineering '' . It has often been called the Eighth Wonder of the World as well , an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening . The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this , showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building . In popular Culture Main article : Empire State Building in popular culture As an icon of New York City , the Empire State Building has been featured in dozens of films , books , TV shows , and video games . In his book about the Empire State Building , John Tauranac writes that the first documented appearance of the tower in popular culture was Swiss Family Manhattan , a 1932 children 's story by Christopher Morley . A year later , the film King Kong depicted Kong , a large stop motion ape , who climbs the Empire State Building . That movie brought the Empire State Building into the popular imagination , with subsequent movies such as An Affair to Remember ( 1957 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , and Independence Day ( 1996 ) showing the building . The building has also been featured in other works , such as `` Daleks in Manhattan '' , a 2007 episode of the TV series Doctor Who ; and Empire , an eight - hour black - and - white silent film by Andy Warhol that was later added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry . See also New York City portal Architecture portal Empire State Building in popular culture History of the tallest skyscrapers List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings by U.S. state List of tallest freestanding structures in the world References Notes ^ Jump up to : The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area , but 10118 has been assigned as the building 's own zip code by the United States Postal Service since 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Most sources state that there are 102 floors , but a few give a figure of 103 floors due to the presence of a balcony above the 102nd floor . See § Opening and early years and § Above the 102nd floor for a detailed explanation . Jump up ^ Some sources say that this purchase was made for $2600 . Jump up ^ Some sources say the farm may have been purchased by Charles Lawton for $10,000 in 1825 and purchased by John Jacob Astor 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. in 1827 , but others say John Jacob bought Thompson 's farm directly in 1826 . This conflates John 's purchase of the entire parcel with William 's subsequent purchase of a half - interest that included the current Empire State Building 's land . ^ Jump up to : The 101st floor was later renamed the 102nd floor and is 101 floors above ground . The former 102nd floor , now the 103rd floor , is now a balcony that is off - limits to the public , and is 102 floors above ground . Jump up ^ As per the 1916 Zoning Act , the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height , proportionate to the street 's width , at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion . This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level 's floor area was 25 % that of the ground level 's area . After that 25 % threshold was reached , the building could rise without restriction . This law was modified in 1961 . Jump up ^ See Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , PDF page 26 , for a diagram of the lobby . Citations ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE TOWER , TALLEST IN WORLD , IS OPENED BY HOOVER ; THE HIGHEST STRUCTURE RAISED BY THE HAND OF MAN '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's ; Sinclair , M. ( 1998 ) . Exploring New York City . Fodor 's Exploring Guides . Fodor 's Travel Publications . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 03559 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' The Skyscraper Center Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website ^ Jump up to : Emporis GmbH . `` Empire State Building , New York City - 114095 - EMPORIS '' . emporis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' SkyscraperPage Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : William Branigin ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Gunman shoots former co-worker near Empire State Building , is shot by police '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . The 103 - floor Empire State Building draws ^ Jump up to : Edward Rothstein ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` A View Inside King Kong 's Perch '' . The Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . The walkway circles around the building 's narrow spire , which , in 1930 , was envisioned as a mooring mast for dirigibles . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Tarquinio , J. Alex ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` South of Midtown Manhattan , Bargain Commercial Rents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown South : Living Where the Action Is '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verrill , Courtney ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 14 weird facts that you probably did n't know about the Empire State Building '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The plane crash of ' 45 , more Empire State Building secrets '' . am New York . Newsday. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sederstrom , Jonathan ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` One World Trade Center Wo n't Get an Exclusive Zip Code : USPS Officials '' . Commercial Observer . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Zip Code Map '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development . ^ Jump up to : `` Manhattan Adding 63 ZIP Codes ; Empire State Gets Own Code '' . The New York Times . 1980 - 05 - 01 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Penn Station / Times Square '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Deborah ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Living In Koreatown Exotic Flavor , Beyond Just the Food '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Buckley , Cara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown 's Lush Passage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . The location is five blocks from the Empire State Building . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Herald Square / Murray Hill '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 866 . Jump up ^ `` TOWER SITE PART OF $2,400 FARM ; 20 - Acre Tract in 1799 Was the Scene of Fights With British -- Sold for $10,000 in 1805 '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 6 , 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOWER SITE PART OF $2,400 FARM ; 20 - Acre Tract in 1799 Was the Scene of Fights With British -- Sold for $10,000 in 1805 '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Wayne ( 2009 ) . Gilded Mansions : Grand Architecture and High Society . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06754 - 5 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Timeline '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , L.J. ( 2003 ) . Famous Works of Art in Popular Culture : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31808 - 5 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sergey Kadinsky ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Hidden Waters of New York City : A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes , Ponds , Creeks , and Streams in the Five Boroughs . Countryman Press . pp. 26 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 566 - 8 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , N.P. ( 1916 ) . The Planning of the Modern City : A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning . John Wiley & Sons , Incorporated . p. 400 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Commercial West . Financial Communications . 1911 . p. 15 - PA17 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . nps.gov . United States Department of the Interior ; National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Astor Families Bury Hatchet '' . San Francisco , California : San Francisco Chronicle . July 4 , 1905 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Salzman , Joshua A.T. ( March 2007 ) . `` When the Astors Owned New York : Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age ( review ) '' . Enterprise and Society . 8 ( 1 ) : 208 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mock , Carlos T. ( 2007 ) . Papi Chulo : A Legend , a Novel , and the Puerto Rican Identity . Floricanto Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9796457 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel history '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Biggs 1897 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Biggs 1897 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Morrison , William Alan ( April 14 , 2014 ) . Waldorf Astoria . Arcadia Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2128 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Sean Dennis ( 1988 ) . America in the Age of the Titans : The Progressive Era and World War I. NYU Press . p. 373 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1411 - 9 . Jump up ^ The American Architect and Building News Company ( 1898 ) . American Architect and Architecture. 59 - 62 ( Public domain ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : The American Architect and Building News Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Comstock , William T. ( 1898 ) . Architecture and Building . 28 ( Public domain ed . ) . New York : W.T. Comstock . p. 51 . Jump up ^ King , Moses ( 1893 ) . Kings Handbook of New York City ( Public domain ed . ) . M. King . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Lashley , Conrad ; Lynch , Paul ; Morrison , Alison J. ( 2007 ) . Hospitality : A Social Lens . Elsevier . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 045093 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . New York University School of Professional Studies . 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasaw , David ( October 30 , 2007 ) . Andrew Carnegie . Penguin . p. 841 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20179 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` COLEMAN DU PONT PURCHASES THE WALDORF - ASTORIA ; Sale of Hotel Announced by George C. Boldt , Who Relinquishes Control Today '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1918 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel records 1893 - 1929 '' . New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 85 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGHEST SKYSCRAPER ; Ex-Governor Heads Group That Will Put 80 - Story Office Building on Waldorf Site . COST PUT AT $60,000,000 He Will Be President and Have Executive Control of Concern Yet to Be Incorporated . Directors of New Company . To Be Nearly 1,000 Feet High . SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGH SKYSCRAPER '' . The New York Times . August 30 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Wagner 2003 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Dupre , Judith ( 2013 ) . Skyscrapers : A History of the World 's Most Extraordinary Buildings . Hachette Books . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 942 - 2 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 388 -- 389 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` ENLARGES SITE FOR 1,000 - FOOT BUILDING ; Empire State Adds 75 Feet in 33d Street to the Waldorf Hotel Plot '' . The New York Times . November 19 , 1929 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 1980 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Kay ( March 14 , 1976 ) . `` Empire State Building Challenged '' ( PDF ) . Utica Observer . Utica , New York : Associated Press . p. 9E . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 1230 . Jump up ^ Flowers 2001 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Homer G. Balcom , Engineer , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1938 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` RAZING OF WALDORF STARTED BY SMITH ; Ceremony on Roof Marks the Beginning of Demolition of Historic Hotel . ITS EARLY DAYS RECALLED Former Governor Tells of `` Digging Out '' Fashionable Guests to Serve on Juries `` . The New York Times . October 2 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Douglas 2004 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` APPROVES $27,500,000 FOR SMITH PROJECT ; Metropolitan Life Grants Loan to the Empire State Building Company '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ `` STEEL CONTRACT LET. ; Empire State Building to Require Total of 50,000 Tons '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` EXCAVATING FINISHED FOR SMITH BUILDING ; Steel Construction on Empire State Structure Here Will Begin on March 15 '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` STANDARDS FOR STEEL EASED IN NEW CITY LAW ; Bill Signed by Walker Allows 18,000 - Pound Stress to the Square Inch '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Start Empire State Building Frame '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : Poore , C.G. ( July 27 , 1930 ) . `` GREATEST SKYSCRAPER RISES ON A CLOCKWORK SCHEDULE ; The Empire State Building Soars Upward , as a Modern Army Daily , Defeats Time , Far Above the Throngs on Fifth Avenue Some Staggering Figures . Preliminary Considerations . The Order of Progress . Design Speeds Erection . The Factors of Success '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 922 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 396 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH LAYS STONE FOR TALLEST TOWER ; 5,000 Witness Ceremony as Former Governor Wields Trowel at Empire State Building . RECORDS SEALED IN BLOCK Head of Company Traces History of Site on Which 85 - Story Office Structure is Being Erected '' . The New York Times . September 10 , 1930 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers Raise Flag 1,048 Feet Above Fifth Av . As Steel Frame of Smith Building Is Finished '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Tower Mast Up ; Steel Workers Raise Flag '' . The New York Times . 1930 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 130 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , D. ( 2014 ) . Skywalkers : Mohawk Ironworkers Build the City . Roaring Brook Press . pp. 85 , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 6981 - 3 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 398 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Flowers 2001 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Wickes Hine : The Construction of the Empire State Building , 1930 -- 31 ( New York Public Library Photography Collection ) '' . New York Public Library . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 398 -- 399 . ^ Jump up to : Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2007 ) . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33522 - 8 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 227 -- 228 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING OPEN '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York . May 2 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` RIVALRY FOR HEIGHT IS SEEN AS ENDED '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 75 - STORY BUILDINGS FOUND ECONOMICAL ; Advisable Where Land is $400 a Foot , Says W.C. Clark , S.W. Straus Economist . TESTS MADE BY ENGINEERS Skyscrapers of 150 Stories , 2,000 Feet in Height , Are Held to Be Structurally Possible '' . The New York Times . September 22 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` NYT Travel : Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Smith , Adam ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` A Renters ' Market in London '' . Time . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Patricia ( 1994 - 07 - 17 ) . `` To Oldest Tenant , Empire State A Jewel '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 -- via Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Anthony ( 1996 - 06 - 30 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : MIDTOWN ; A Fixture at the Empire State '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Jack Brod , Early Tenant of Skyscraper , Dies at 98 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 273 -- 274 , 276 , 279 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 286 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 290 -- 291 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 1326 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 294 -- 295 . ^ Jump up to : Haskett , Thomas R. ( August 1967 ) . `` BROADCAST ANTENNAS ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . Broadcast Engineering magazine : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 295 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 1344 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Hearst Magazines ( May 1931 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . p. 812 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Reingold , Lester A. ( July 2000 ) . `` Airships and the Empire State Building -- Fact and Fiction '' . Air and Space Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Throng Strains Necks as Blimp Tries to Kiss Empire State Mast '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 15 , 1931 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Blimp Moored to Tower of Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Daily Sentinel . Rome , New York : Associated Press . September 15 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` MOORS TO EMPIRE STATE. ; Small Dirigible Makes Brief Contact While Traffic Is Jammed Below '' . The New York Times . September 16 , 1931 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE TOWER WINS 1931 FIFTH AV . PRIZE ; Association Gives Its Medal and Diploma for Building 's Architectural Excellence . SMITH PRAISES BACKERS Calls Structure Their Expression of Confidence in the Continued Growth of the City '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1932 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ `` British Flier , on Wedding Trip , Gets Bond As 5,000,000 th Empire State Tower Visitor '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1944 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 413 -- 414 . ^ Jump up to : Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Pushes Bomber Crash Investigation '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 30 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , pp. 1188 . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Dwyer Starts TV Tower Work '' ( PDF ) . Buffalo Courier - Express . Associated Press . July 28 , 1950 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Harrison ; Gill , Brendan ( April 1 , 1953 ) . `` The Talk of the Town '' . The New Yorker : 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE TOWER REPORTED NEAR SALE '' . The New York Times . December 18 , 1951 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appraiser 's ' Inside ' Helped Sell Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Jamestown Journal . Jamestown , New York : Associated Press . June 22 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building Has a Tangled History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Ben Tobin , 92 , Investor in Hotels And in Real Estate '' by Wolfgang Saxon June 16 , 1996 Jump up ^ Sun Sentinel : `` Ben Tobin , Bought Or Built Notable Broward Buildings - Russian Immigrant Created A Real - estate Empire During Depression '' by David Nitkin June 9 , 1996 Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING WILL CHANGE HANDS '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York : Associated Press . May 26 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` DEAL IS CLOSED ON EMPIRE STATE ; Col. Henry Crown Increases His Ownership to 100 % in Famed Office Structure '' . The New York Times . October 15 , 1954 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Given Special Award '' . Chicago Tribune . 1955 - 12 - 29 . p. 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . ASCE Metropolitan Section . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Sold ; Price Is 65 Million ; Empire State Building Bought By Syndicate for $65,000,000 '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Buyer to Sell Empire State To Prudential in Leaseback Deal '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ `` Tower at Empire State Getting First Cleaning '' . The New York Times . 1962 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top of the Empire State To Get New Floodlights '' . The New York Times . 1964 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Lelyveld , Joseph ( February 23 , 1964 ) . `` The Empire State to Glow at Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 352 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STATE GETS ESCALATORS '' . The New York Times . 1964 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study ; 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' . The New York Times . 1961 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 353 -- 354 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( 1964 - 02 - 15 ) . `` CRITICS IMPUGNED ON TRADE CENTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center Becomes World 's Highest Building By 4 Feet '' . The New York Times . 1970 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade Center ' Topped Out ' With Steel Column 1,370 Feet Above Street '' . The New York Times . 1970 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' . The New York Times . 1966 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center tower surpasses Empire State '' . CBS News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , pp. 356 -- 357 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building hits the half - century mark '' ( PDF ) . Finger Lakes Times . Associated Press . April 28 , 1981 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Mouat , Lucia ( November 28 , 1979 ) . `` No Longer The Tallest , ' Most Famous ' Building In World '' ( PDF ) . Olean Times - Herald . Monitor News Service . p. 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Phelps , Timothy M. ( 1981 - 05 - 01 ) . `` LIGHT SHOW MORE LIKE A FLICKER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State celebrates 50th year '' ( PDF ) . Auburn Citizen - Advertiser . United Press International . April 30 , 1981 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. i . ^ Jump up to : Pitts , Carolyn ( April 26 , 1985 ) . `` Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark Nomination . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Heller Anderson , Susan ; Dunlap , David W. ( 1986 - 07 - 01 ) . `` NEW YORK DAY BY DAY ; 3 New U.S. Landmarks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . See also : `` Asset Detail - Empire State Building '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oser , Alan S. ( July 21 , 1996 ) . `` PERSPECTIVES ; The Empire State Building 's Two - Front Campaign '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Trump Plans Revitalization Of Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` COMPANY NEWS ; Empire State Buyer Found '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1991 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Owns Half of Empire State Building '' . Los Angeles Times . July 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilpin , Kenneth N. ( February 17 , 1995 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; Trump Sues Empire State Building Management Company '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Loses Round in Empire State Suit '' . The New York Times . March 22 , 1995 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay ( May 31 , 1995 ) . `` Helmsley , in a Countersuit Against Trump , Alleges a Conspiracy as Big as the Empire State '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 1997 ) . `` With Helmsley Death , Wife Faces Battle for Empire '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center Will Reclaim the Sky in Lower Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : 1 WTC is New York 's new tallest building '' . NY Daily News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Rashbaum , William K. ( 2002 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Terror Makes All the World A Beat for New York Police '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Partnership in Deal for Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( 2004 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Making Sense of New York , From 86 Stories Up ; Views From the Empire State Building , Mapped Out in Steel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` HELMSLEY CAVES IN -- EMPIRE STATE BLDG . WAR ENDS '' . New York Post . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It took 90 minutes to ' steal ' the Empire State Building '' . NY Daily News . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cortese , Amy ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) . `` The Empire State Building Gets a Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo -- Green Retrofit : What Is Making This the Wave of the Future ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( 2009 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Empire State Building Plans Environmental Retrofit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification Inhabitat New York City '' . Inhabitat.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bloomfield , Craig ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Green Building Council . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Realty Trust '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Observation Decks Generate Startling Profits '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Matt ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar buys chunk of Empire State Building '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putzier , Konrad ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar 's Empire State Building investment is rare move for foreign fund '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Empire State Realty . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Nash , Eric ( August 1999 ) . Manhattan Skyscrapers . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9781568981819 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building -- Accompanying 7 photos , exterior and interior , from 1978 '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory . National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` America 's FavoriteArchitecture '' ( PDF ) . NPR . The American Institute of Architects ; Harris Interactive . 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taranath 2016 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Iver ( November 10 , 1981 ) . `` LIMESTONE CENTER TURNS TO TOURISM '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taranath 2016 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willis 1995 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH SKYSCRAPER HAS A NOVEL DESIGN ; Setbacks of the Empire State Building Will Begin With the Sixth Story . LIFTS IN CENTRE CYLINDER Plan Will Save Space and Assure Light , and Air to Neighbors -- Mooring Mast Offers Problems '' . The New York Times . January 8 , 1930 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Bonnier Corporation ( April 1931 ) . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 921 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Lepik , Andres ( 2008 ) . Skyscrapers . Prestel . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3992 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 , 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Overhead , a Lobby Is Restored to Old Glory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Patricia ( 1984 ) . Diane Arbus : A Biography . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 215 . ISBN 9780393326611 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Files Suit Over Missing Empire State Building Paintings '' . New York Times . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Restored Lobby 's Crowning Touch '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( 1992 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Advocates of Disabled File Complaint About the Empire State Building '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US v. Empire State Building of NYC '' ( TXT file ) ( Press release ) . United States Department of Justice . March 3 , 1994 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Lovins , Amory ( March -- April 2012 ) . `` A Farewell to Fossil Fuels '' . Foreign Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaccessible New York : Up To The 103rd Floor Of The Empire State Building '' . CBS New York . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Jen ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's The View From The Private 103rd Balcony Of The Empire State Building '' . Gothamist . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Keiko ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Raising the Glass at the Empire State Building '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Zarkin , K. ; Zarkin , M.J. ( 2006 ) . The Federal Communications Commission : Front Line in the Culture and Regulation Wars . Understanding our government . Greenwood Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33416 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lessing , L. ( 1956 ) . Man of High Fidelity : Edwin Howard Armstrong : A Biography . Lippincott . p. 20 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radio Corporation of America ( 1943 ) . Radio Age . Radio Corporation of America . p. 6 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Cianci , P.J. ( 2013 ) . High Definition Television : The Creation , Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology . McFarland , Incorporated , Publishers . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8797 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Broadcasters Put Antennas In Midtown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Radio stations in New York , NY '' . World Radio Map . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` 3.3 Million Were Expected at Trade Center Attraction ; a Million Have n't Shown Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . the Empire State Building , whose two observatories are a veritable cash machine , drawing more than 4 million tourists annually ^ Jump up to : `` ESB Tickets '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things Not to Do in New York '' . Concierge.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Robertson ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` No threat from large gorillas '' . The Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . According to details prepared for the proposed initial public offering of Empire State Realty Trust , the skyscraper earned $62.9 million from its observation deck in nine months last year , compared with $62.6 million from the rental of office space . Jump up ^ Trucco , Terry ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` TRAVEL ADVISORY : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING ; New York on One Floor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Curious Flight Path '' . The New Yorker . November 5 , 2001 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , A. ; Dunford , M. ( 2011 ) . The Rough Guide to New York . Rough Guides . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 590 - 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Group Tour Info and Pricing '' . New York Skyride . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VR World . Mecklermedia. 1994 . p. 32 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michelin Tire Corporation ( 2002 ) . New York City . Michelin green guides . Michelin Tire Corporation . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 06 - 100408 - 1 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's New York City . Fodor 's Travel Guides . Fodor 's Travel . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 4370 - 7 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quay , Sara E. ; Damico , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . September 11 in Popular Culture : A Guide . Greenwood . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35505 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Feud Over Views From the Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melina , Remy ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) . `` What Do the Empire State Building 's Lights Mean ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Lights '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See , for example : `` ESB to light up with NYCFC , Red Bulls colors '' . am New York . 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Peters , Chris ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) . `` LOOK : Empire State Building lights up blue and orange for Islanders win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` Rutgers finds new level of success with win '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building turns blue as silent tribute '' . BBC News . May 15 , 1998 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tallmer , Jerry ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Whatever Happened to Fay Wray ? '' . The Villager . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting Schedule '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2001 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Buildings in the World '' . The Washington Post . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TODAY celebrates 60 years ! '' . NBC News . 2012 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Benhorin , Yitzhak ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` NYC celebrates Israel with annual parade '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taub , Eric A. ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Bathed in New Lights , Empire State Building Will Star in More Vivid Show '' . City Room . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Santora , Marc ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building , Now in 16 Million Colors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Charlie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Light Show : LED Display Synchronized To Two Alicia Keys Songs Over Manhattan '' . Huffington Post . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ McWhirter , N. ; McWhirter , R. ( 1994 ) . The Guinness Book of Records . Guinness Superlatives . p. 101 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Deirdre ( October 11 , 1972 ) . `` 11 Floors May Be Added to the Empire State '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 12 tallest skyscrapers in New York City '' . am New York . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Buildings in the United States '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Towers in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYRR Empire State Building Run - Up Crowns Dold and Walsham as Champions '' . New York Road Runners . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Race Winners '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yousuf , Hibah ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building IPO disappoints '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glancey , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building : American icon '' . BBC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Americas Archived October 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Air China . Retrieved on October 15 , 2012 . `` New York AIR CHINA Ltd. ( New York ) Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue , Suite 6905 New York , NY 10118 '' Jump up ^ Pincus , Adam ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Boy Scouts move store out of Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 2 - Coty expands in Empire State Building '' . Reuters. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Real Estate Weekly . June 30 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Home page . Croatian National Tourist Board . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Dana ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) . `` FDIC Signs Lease for Empire State Building '' . Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Contact . '' Filipino Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - HRF.org '' . HRF.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Contact . '' Human Rights Watch . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaplan International school at ESB Jump up ^ Weiss , Lois ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Empire expansion '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ David M. Levitt . `` The Tangled Tale Behind the Empire State Building 's IPO '' . Businessweek.com . Jump up ^ `` Media General takes lease at Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pharma Firm Bolts Chrysler Building for Empire State '' . Observer. 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Reds Go Green : Chinese Communist Party Newspaper Signs Empire State Building Lease Archived December 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Home Page . Polish Cultural Institute in New York . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 25,000 Square Feet Of Pre-Builts Leased At The Empire State Building '' ( Press release ) . Empire State Realty Trust . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines moves into Empire State Bldg '' . The Real Deal New York . 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dedicated to saving the world 's most treasured places '' . World Monuments Fund . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` An Evangelical College in Manhattan , Where the Sin Is '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us Archived September 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' China National Tourist Office . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contact us . '' National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cookinham , Frederick ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) . Man in the Place of the Gods : What Cities Mean . iUniverse . ISBN 9781491794067 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` 750th Squadron 457th Bombardment Group : Officers -- 1943 to 1945 '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CRASH FIRE RUINS SCULPTOR 'S STUDIO ; PHOTO - DIAGRAM OF THE PLANE CRASH '' . The New York Times . July 29 , 1945 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Fall Survived In An Elevator '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2006 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Day A Bomber Hit The Empire State Building '' . NPR . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Eight months after the crash , the U.S. government offered money to families of the victims . Some accepted , but others initiated a lawsuit that resulted in landmark legislation . The Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , for the first time , gave American citizens the right to sue the federal government . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE PLANE STILL NOT IDENTIFIED '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 1946 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Elevator Cable Failed at Empire State Building , City Finds '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Elevator Plummets 40 Floors '' . The New York Times . 2000 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Adam ( January 25 , 2000 ) . `` 2 SURVIVE EMPIRE ST . ELEVATOR PLUNGE '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Charles ; Piper , Tinka Markham ; Bucciarelli , Angela ; Tardiff , Kenneth ; Vlahov , David ; Galea , Sandro ( November 2007 ) . `` Suicide Tourism in Manhattan , New York City , 1990 -- 2004 '' . Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 84 ( 6 ) : 755 -- 765 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 007 - 9224 - 0 . ISSN 1099 - 3460 . PMC 2232032 . PMID 17885807 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer dies in Empire suicide horror '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ VanDam , Jeff ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` An urban icon where they used to go fishing '' . The Herald Tribune . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KILLED IN 57 - STORY FALL. ; Carpenter 's Death at Empire State Building Believed to Be Suicide '' . The New York Times . 1931 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dives from Empire State Bldg '' . The Schenectady Gazette . December 17 , 1943 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to Death from 76th Floor '' . Tuscaloosa News . September 27 , 1946 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of the Week '' . Life : 42 -- 43 . May 12 , 1947 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dillenberger , Jane D. ( February 1 , 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . A&C Black . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1334 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFETY GUARD COMPLETED ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . The New York Times . 1947 - 12 - 05 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Reavill , Gil ; Zimmerman , Jean ( 2003 ) . Manhattan . Compass American Guides ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Compass American Guides . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 90495 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to His Death Off Empire Tower '' . The New York Times . November 4 , 1932 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . London : McFarland . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broughton , Geoffrey ( 1987 ) . Expressions . London : Collins ELT . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 370641 - 9 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Stepansky , Joseph ; Kemp , Joe ; Calcano , Bryan ; Beekman , Daniel ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Man tumbles off Empire State Building '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jack ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Empire State Building Fall : Man Survives Plunge on 86th Floor '' . The Epoch Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots 7 , kills self at Empire State Building '' . CNN . February 24 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police : All Empire State shooting victims were wounded by officers '' . CNN . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire State Building : A City Icon Turns 82 Amid Battle to Go Public '' . TIME. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building is America 's Favorite '' . Bloomberg. 2007 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 2010 ) . Seven Wonders of Engineering . Seven Wonders . Ebsco Publishing . pp. 7 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 5989 - 0 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Perez , Judith ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Empire State Building : The 8th World Wonder - A History in Photos '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` TV & Movies '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . National Film Preservation Board . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Al - Kodmany , Kheir ( 2017 ) . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Taylor & Francis . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 60866 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Bascomb , Neal ( 2004 ) . Higher : A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City . Broadway Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1268 - 6 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Berman , J.S. ; Museum of the City of New York ( 2003 ) . The Empire State Building . Portraits of America . Barnes and Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3889 - 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Biggs , Hermann Michael ( 1897 ) . Preventive Medicine in the City of New York : The Address in Public Medicine Delivered at the 65th Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association , in Montreal , Canada , September , 1897 . 9 ( Public domain ed . ) . Health Department . `` Designation List 143 LP - 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Landmarks Preservation Commission . May 19 , 1981 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . McFarland . pp. 107 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Flowers , Benjamin ( 2001 ) . Skyscraper : The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century . EBL - Schweitzer . University of Pennsylvania Press , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 0260 - 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Fodor 's Travel Publications ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's See It New York City , 4th Edition . Fodor 's See It New York City . Fodor 's Travel Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0498 - 0 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Goldman , Jonathan ( 1980 ) . The Empire State Building Book . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24455 - 2 . Guerrero , P.F. ; Abramowitz , A.D. ; Morrison , F. ( 2002 ) . Telecommunications : Many Broadcasters Will Not Meet May 2002 Digital Television Dtv Deadline . Diane Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 2547 - 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 Kayden , Jerold S. ; The Municipal Art Society of New York ( 2000 ) . Privately Owned Public Space : The New York City Experience . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 36257 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Langmead , Donald ( 2009 ) . Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . pp. 71 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` Man 's Mightiest Monument '' . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines : 920 -- 924 . December 1930 . McCarthy , James Remington ; Rutherford , John ( 1931 ) . Peacock alley : the romance of the Waldorf - Astoria. Harper . Morehouse III , Ward ( 1991 ) . The Waldorf Astoria : America 's Gilded Dream . Xlibris , Corp . ISBN 978 - 1413465044 . Rasenberger , Jim ( 2009 ) . High Steel : The Daring Men Who Built the World 's Greatest Skyline , 1881 to the Present . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 174675 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Taranath , B.S. ( 2016 ) . Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings : Steel and Composite Construction . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 5090 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Tauranac , John ( 2014 ) . The Empire State Building : The Making of a Landmark . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19678 - 7 . Wagner , Geraldine B. ( 2003 ) . Thirteen Months to Go : The Creation of the Empire State Building . San Diego , CA : Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59223 - 105 - 8 . Willis , Carol ( 1995 ) . Form Follows Finance : Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago . Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56898 - 044 - 7 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Willis , Carol ; Friedman , Donald ( 1998 ) . Building the Empire State . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 73030 - 2 . Further reading Aaseng , Nathan ( 1998 ) . Construction : Building the Impossible . Minneapolis , MN : The Oliver Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881508 - 59 - 5 . James , Theodore , Jr. ( 1975 ) . The Empire State Building . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012172 - 3 . Kingwell , Mark ( 2006 ) . Nearest Thing to Heaven : The Empire State Building and American Dreams . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10622 - 0 . Pacelle , Mitchell ( 2001 ) . Empire : A Tale of Obsession , Betrayal , and the Battle for an American Icon . New York : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40394 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empire State Building . Look up Empire State Building in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Empire State Building . Official website Empire State Building on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Empire State Building under construction ( 1930 -- 1931 ) at the New York Public Library Empire State Building at Viva 2 -- archive of over 500 construction photographs at The Skyscraper Museum Records Preceded by Chrysler Building World 's tallest structure 1931 -- 1954 Succeeded by KWTV Mast World 's tallest freestanding structure on land 1931 -- 1967 Succeeded by Ostankino Tower Tallest building in the world 1931 -- 1970 Succeeded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in the United States 1931 -- 1970 Tallest building in New York City 1931 -- 1972 Preceded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in New York City 2001 -- 2013 Succeeded by One World Trade Center ( current ) Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church ( c. 1643 ) Trinity Church ( 85 m ) ( 1846 ) New York World Building ( 94 m ) ( 1890 ) Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 100 m ) ( 1894 ) Park Row Building ( 119 m ) ( 1899 ) Singer Building ( 187 m ) ( 1908 ) Metropolitan Life Tower ( 213 m ) ( 1909 ) Woolworth Building ( 241 m ) ( 1913 ) 40 Wall Street ( 283 m ) ( 1930 ) Chrysler Building ( 320 m ) ( 1930 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 1931 ) World Trade Center ( 526 m ) ( 1973 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 2001 ) One World Trade Center ( 541 m ) ( 2014 ) Supertall skyscrapers ( hide ) Current North America 432 Park Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower John Hancock Center One World Trade Center One57 The New York Times Building Trump Tower Chicago Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait ADNOC Headquarters Almas Tower Al Hamra Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Eton Place Dalian Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Emirates Office Tower Elite Residence Etihad Towers Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Pearl River Tower Petronas Towers Ping An Finance Centre Princess Tower Rose Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Taipei 101 Telekom Tower Tianjin World Financial Center The Address Downtown Dubai The Index The Landmark The Marina Torch The Pinnacle The Wharf Times Square Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center White Magnolia Plaza World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zifeng Tower Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street 3 Hudson Boulevard 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 3 World Trade Center 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 9 DeKalb Avenue Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Salesforce Tower Wanda Vista Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Zhujiang New City Tower India Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Oasis Tower Orchid Crown Palais Royale , Mumbai World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper ( Dubai ) other Abu Dhabi Plaza Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower KL118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Convention Center Tower Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Skycity Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower The Pinnacle Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City VIAF : 230439460 LCCN : sh85042848 GND : 4284884 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_State_Building&oldid=809354851 '' Categories : 1930s architecture in the United States 1931 establishments in New York ( state ) Art Deco architecture in New York City Art Deco skyscrapers Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Empire State Building Fifth Avenue Former world 's tallest buildings Midtown Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Office buildings completed in 1931 Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Symbols of New York City Radio masts and towers in the United States Tourist attractions in Manhattan Tourist attractions in New York City Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - 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List of Tracy Beaker series characters
List of Tracy Beaker series characters - wikipedia List of Tracy Beaker series characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the characters who have appeared in the BAFTA - award - winning trilogy of CBBC children 's drama series The Story of Tracy Beaker , Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground , which have spanned thirteen years between them . Connor Byrne , who plays Mike Milligan , is currently appearing in his tenth series and has been in all three programme . Dani Harmer has played the lead character Tracy Beaker in The Story Of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns for eight series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Current characters 2.1 Mike Milligan 2.2 Tyler Lewis 2.3 Jody Jackson 2.4 Floss Guppy 2.5 May - Li Wang 2.6 Ryan Reeves 2.7 Toni Trent 2.8 Billie Trent 2.9 Finn McLaine 2.10 Sasha Bellman 2.11 Dexter Bellman 2.12 Chloe Reeves 2.13 Joseph Stubbs 2.14 Archie Able 2.15 Candi - Rose 2.16 Alex Walker 3 Past characters 3.1 Tracy Beaker 3.2 Cam Lawson 3.3 Justine Littlewood 3.4 Elaine Boyak 3.5 Duke Ellington 3.6 Jenny Edwards 3.7 Louise Goven 3.8 Adele Azupadi 3.9 Ben Batambuze 3.10 Peter Ingham 3.11 Ryan 3.12 Zac 3.13 Maxy King 3.14 Nathan Jones 3.15 Bouncer Plakova 3.16 Lol Plakova 3.17 Dolly 3.18 Amber Hurst 3.19 Shelley Appleton 3.20 Crash 3.21 Michael Grys 3.22 Jackie Hopper 3.23 Marco Maloney 3.24 Hayley 3.25 Layla Jones 3.26 Sid Rooney 3.27 Chantal Wellard 3.28 Rio Wellard 3.29 Roxy Wellard 3.30 Wolfie 3.31 Rebecca Chalmers 3.32 Milly 3.33 Alice 3.34 Gina Conway 3.35 Sapphire Fox 3.36 Frank Matthews 3.37 Liam O'Donovan 3.38 Lily Kettle 3.39 Toby Coleman 3.40 Gus Carmichael 3.41 Rosie Kettle 3.42 Poppy Kettle 3.43 Johnny Taylor 3.44 Seth Foreman 3.45 Elektra Perkins 3.46 Rick Barber 3.47 Faith Davis 3.48 Harry Jones 3.49 Tee Taylor 3.50 Carmen Howle 3.51 Mo Michaels 3.52 Bailey Wharton 3.53 Mischief 3.54 Kazima Tako 4 Guest characters 4.1 Steve Littlewood 4.2 Carrie 4.3 Christie Perry 4.4 Matt Perry 4.5 Rob 4.6 Steve Kettle 4.7 Jack O'Donovan 4.8 Kingsley Jackson 4.9 Denise Jackson 4.10 Sally Lewis 4.11 Lucy Taylor 4.12 Kelly Bellman 5 Others 5.1 The Story of Tracy Beaker 5.2 Tracy Beaker Returns 5.3 The Dumping Ground 6 See also 7 References Cast ( edit ) Character Actor The Story of Tracy Beaker Tracy Beaker Returns The Dumping Ground Series 1 ( 2002 ) Series 2 ( 2003 ) Series 3 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Series 4 ( 2004 -- 05 ) Series 5 ( 2005 ) Series 1 ( 2010 ) Series 2 ( 2011 ) Series 3 ( 2012 ) Series 1 ( 2013 ) Series 2 ( 2014 ) Series 3 ( 2015 ) Series 4 ( 2016 ) Series 5 ( 2017 ) Tracy Beaker Dani Harmer Main Mike Milligan Connor Byrne Main Main Duke Clive Rowe Main Jenny Edwards Sharlene Whyte Main Justine Littlewood Montanna Thompson Main Guest Main Guest Louise Goven Chelsie Padley Main Recurring Ben Batamabuze Luke Youngblood Main Adele Azupadi Rochelle Gadd Main Maxy King Jerome Holder Main Peter Ingham Joe Starrs Main Ryan Sonny Muslim Main Zac Jay Haher Main Elaine Boyak Nisha Nayar Main Cam Lawson Lisa Coleman Main Recurring Main Recurring Bouncer Plakova Ben Hanson Main Recurring Lol Plakova Ciaran Joyce Main Dolly Chloe Hibbert Waters Main Nathan Jones James Cartwright Main Amber Hurst Alicia Hooper Main Shelley Appleton Nicola Reynolds Main Recurring Crash Darragh Mortell Main Hayley Kristal Lau Main Layla Cara Readle Main Chloe Tori Jarre Main Marco Maloney Jack Edwards Main Michael Grys William Tomlin Main Jackie Hopper Abby Rakic - Platt Main Sid Rooney Vincenzo Pellegrino Main Chantal Wellard Deepal Palmar Main Recurring Rio Wellard Craig Roberts Main Roxy Wellard Sophie Borja Main Wolfie Joe Cullen Main Rebecca Chalmers Georgina Hagen Main Milly Holly Gibbs Main Alice Olivia Grant Main Gina Conway Kay Purcell Main Carmen Howle Amy - Leigh Hickman Main Frank Matthews Chris Slater Main Guest Gus Carmichael Noah Marullo Main Harry Jones Philip Graham Scott Main Johnny Taylor Joe Maw Main Liam O'Donovan Richard Wisker Main Guest Lily Kettle Jessie Williams Main Poppy Kettle Katie Anderson Recurring Rosie Kettle Claudia Colling Recurring Millie Redfearn Sapphire Fox Saffron Coomber Main Tee Taylor Mia McKenna - Bruce Main Toby Coleman John Bell Main Elektra Perkins Jessica Revell Main Rick Barber Daniel Pearson Main Tyler Lewis Miles Butler - Hughton Main Jody Jackson Kia Pegg Main Faith Davis Leanne Dunstan Main Guest Floss Guppy Sarah Rayson Main Mo Michaels Reece Buttery Main May - Li Wang Stacy Liu Main Bailey Wharton Kasey McKellar Main Kazima Tako Akuc Bol Recurring Main Ryan Reeves Lewis Hamilton Main Billie Trent Gwen Currant Main Toni Trent Nelly Currant Main Finn McLaine Ruben Reuter Main Sasha Bellman Annabelle Davis Main Dexter Bellman Alexander Aze Guest Main Mischief Sage Recurring Chloe Reeves Hannah Moncur Recurring Main Joseph Stubbs Yousef Naseer Recurring Main Archie Able Jethro Baliba Recurring Main Candi - Rose Carma Hylton Main Alex Connor Lawson Main Current characters ( edit ) Mike Milligan ( edit ) Mike Milligan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Connor Byrne Duration 2002 , 2005 , 2010 -- First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Created by Jaqueline Wilson Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2010 ) Foz Allan ( 2013 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care worker House chef Head care worker Michael `` Mike '' Milligan MBE , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to The Dumping Ground and departed in The End ! . Mike returned in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing as a temporary care worker . He became head care worker in Operation Careworker . Mike appeared in all 3 series of Tracy Beaker Returns and so far , all series of The Dumping Ground . Mike is the longest serving character in the Tracy Beaker Franchise being in the very first episode back in 2002 as well as appearing in the books . Mike is tall and slim , with grey hair and blue eyes . He is portrayed as a lovable , kind but firm guardian to the children in his care , able to deliver anger and humour to the children in equal doses . He has shared many emotional moments with the children . He is seen like a father figure to many of them , in particular to Tracy , Justine , Peter , Carmen , Tee and Harry , something they have mentioned . Mike makes his first appearance in the first episode of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' ; he is a care worker at Stowey House , and has been for some time -- he is already on good terms with Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) , thinking she 's a ' good kid on the whole ' . He leaves at the end of series 1 after an emergency call in another care home . Mike returns in series 5 as Elm Tree House 's new chef . When Head Care Worker , Shelley Appelton ( Nicola Reynolds ) , decides to leave Elm Tree House she holds interviews for possible head care workers , who none of the young people like , so they beg Mike to take up the role , which he does . The character of Mike returns in `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , appearing in every episode of the show ; it is implied that he never left Elm Tree House and continued to act as Head Care Worker . Mike is first seen with Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) when he is saying that they need more staff . He is then seen collecting Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) from the local police station and meets Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) after she is arrested for fraud . Mike offers her a job at the Dumping Ground because it is short staffed , with only himself and Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) working there . As a result of this , Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike to get to know each other again and become closer . In the third series of the show , Mike is offered an MBE and accepts it , and later in the series he only just survives when a roof falls on him . Mike continues to appear as Head Care Worker throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' ; in the first episode he leaves to go on holiday , only for chaos to occur at Elm Tree House until he returns at the end of the second episode , although he knows nothing about it as Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) worries he may not take another holiday again In the fourth series on the eighth episode Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reports Mike to the police , as Mike 's car has been broken into , with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file inside the car , and it had been stolen . However it is revealed that Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) took the file as revenge for Mike telling the kids about his history , though he was only protecting Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) . Mike forgives Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) and agrees not to tell everyone . They end their feud . Tyler Lewis ( edit ) Tyler Lewis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton Duration 2012 -- First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Sally Lewis Tyler Lewis , portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton , made his first appearance on 6 January 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Slow Burn : Part 1 . In Slow Burn , Carmen recognises him as the young joker whom she blames for nicking her stuff while she was at Burnywood , after he and three other children from Burnywood arrive at Elm Tree House following a fire . They reignite their turbulent relationship , Tyler proves himself to be a prankster , however he reveals his softer side when he breaks down in tears as he sees the burnt remains of the only birthday card his mother ever gave to him . In series two of `` The Dumping Ground '' , Tyler 's mum decides to visit but Tyler then discovers she is not taking her medication for her bipolar disorder , so he gets angry , but eventually they reconcile . Tyler was put in care because his mother was ill so she could n't look after him properly . Tyler does n't know his dad but in one episode - `` BABY '' - Tyler scams Johnny into thinking his dad is a billionaire . Jody Jackson ( edit ) Jody Jackson Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kia Pegg Duration 2012 -- First appearance `` Jody Jackson '' 9 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Jody Jackson , portrayed by Kia Pegg , made her first appearance on 9 March 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Jody Jackson . During her first appearance , she is portrayed as being like a tramp , having lived in squalor ; she is dressed in simple clothes and smells terrible -- this means Carmen develops a low opinion of her , before she discovers she is sharing with her . Carmen immediately resents and is unsympathetic to Jody and feels that her presence is intrusive . When she reveals she is afraid to take a bath , Tracy entices her with bath jelly , which Jody seems to like . Jody tells Tracy that her mother used to scrub her with a scrubbing brush , only when the Social Worker attended . She also reveals that when she was naughty , people used to hold her under the water . Jody borrows a cardigan from Carmen . Elektra responds by locking Jody in the toy cupboard . Jody manages to escape by knocking out one of the wood panels from the door . Jody then disappears and Tracy thinks that Jody might have gone to her old home , where Jody used to live with her mother and Jody 's brothers . Mike and Tracy arrive to find the place vacant , with the exception of Jody . Carmen shows compassion towards Jody later on in the episode . Later in the night , Carmen , Gus and Gina discover Jody sleeping under the kitchen table . Jody says that she was scared to sleep in a room with another person . A very sympathetic Gina offers to make up a bed for Jody in the quiet room . The episode concludes with Elektra and Sapphire sharing a room so that Jody is able to have a room of her own . In Goodbye Tracy Beaker , new careworker Melanie saves Jody 's life when Jody goes into anaphylactic shock . In `` Jody in Wonderland '' , Jody 's dilemma over having to give a witness statement against her brother Kingsley propels her into a Wonderland-esque world full of bubbly characters -- her experiences in Wonderland eventually make her realise that she needs to testify against her brother . Jody was put into care because she was found alone in her house . It is later revealed that her big brother , Kingsley , used to abuse her and her mother did n't care . It does n't say anything about her dad so we do n't really know anything about him . Floss Guppy ( edit ) Floss Guppy The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sarah Rayson Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` The Real Faith Davis '' 1 February 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge Floss Guppy , portrayed by Sarah Rayson , made her first appearance on 1 February 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Real Faith Davis . Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old . Floss Guppy is good friends with Finn McLaine and Toni and Billie Trent although initially she was wary of Harry , even stealing his toy giraffe Jeff , after he scared her with stories of the bad things that happened at Elm Tree House . Floss is seven years old in the third series of The Dumping Ground . In Be My Girl , Floss meets some prospective parents . She starts to think about her mother and when a little boy in the park questions her ' Where is your mum , have n't you got one ? ' in an evil way , Floss goes over the tipping point and pushes him and his ice cream to the ground . Floss ' potential foster parents shout at Floss causing her to get upset . May - Li reveals that Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old ; this is why she is so attached to nail varnish . At the foster parents ' house they ask her to remove her nail varnish causing Floss to throw food around . Floss tells all the people at the Dumping Ground that whilst there is a chance her mum might come back she will wait . Floss is an incredibly bubbly young girl , with short curly Ginger hair and brown eyes . May - Li Wang ( edit ) May - Li Wang The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Stacy Liu Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` Jody in Wonderland '' 16 December 2013 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care Worker ( show ) Family Grandmothers PoPo May - Li Wang , portrayed by Stacy Liu , made her first appearance on 16 December 2013 in the Christmas special episode Jody in Wonderland , between series 1 and series 2 of The Dumping Ground . She appears as mother figure to the children , similar to Gina , in particular to Kazima and Archie . Jody 's mum and brother , Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and Luke ( David Avery ) visit Jody to talk her out of giving a statement against her other brother , Kingsley ( James Bartlett ) . Jody decides to testify against Kingsley with May - Li and Mike 's support . New boy Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) tries to catch up with Bailey , she is knocked over by a car and Bailey visits her with a letter about the running team . Meanwhile , Serjay ( Danny Ashok ) tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey he will be at The Dumping Ground for longer to May - Li and Mike . May - Li firmly insists that he is to tell Bailey and sends him to the hospital to collect Bailey . Bailey 's father , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) turns up at The Dumping Ground and May - Li and Mike prevent him taking Bailey as they are legally in charge of Bailey . After putting themselves in danger finding Frank ( Christopher Slater ) , May - Li lectures Faith , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Frank and Frank 's friend , Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) . Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) has a day out with his mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) with May - Li shadowing him , however , Sally runs off with Tyler . Sally gets an ice cream , but she runs off and runs into a Community Police Officer ( Shareesa Valentine ) . May - Li finds Tyler and Sally and pays for the ice creams and after discovering his mum has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to go home . Frank ruins Faith and Rick 's clothes by adding a red top , turning the other clothes pink . May - Li suggests they have a cake baking competition and the losing team have to wear a pink dress . Faith wins the competition and Rick is forced to wear it . May - Li asks Mike to get Viv Anderson 's autograph when he takes Bailey to his training . When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) takes Carmen 's nail stuff and glues Carmen to her bedsheet with nail glue , May - Li talks with Floss about how her mum left her as a baby at a nail bar and Carmen 's things may bring back memories . Floss gives May - Li a kiss on the forehead , accepting May - Li as a mother figure . Viv later visits Bailey to encourage him not to give up on football and he gives May - Li a football shirt . When Johnny ( Joe Maw ) considers joining the army , May - Li finds the brochures and she talks with Johnny about it . Mike disagrees with May - Li encouraging Johnny , but May - Li believes a career in the army would be good for Johnny . May - Li tells Floss that she can be adopted and some adoptive parents have been matched . Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) meet Floss at The Dumping Ground with May - Li supervising . Later , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) talks to May - Li about adoption and May - Li reassures Mo he wo n't be adopted as he is only at The Dumping Ground whilst his parents get better . The next day , May - Li accompanies Floss , Doug and Nerys to the park and observes them . Floss runs off when she pushes a boy , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) and May - Li finds her . When Floss is supposed to be visiting Doug and Nerys at their house , Floss pretends to be ill and May - Li agrees for Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to go with Floss . The visit does n't go well and Floss shows Tee and May - Li her scrapbook full of celebrity images as Floss tries to imagine her mum . May - Li tells Floss she can live at The Dumping Ground . When an old , homeless man , Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Bailey feels responsible - as Bailey was the one who pushed him to his demise - so Bailey decides to take Mischief ( Sage ) . Bailey wins Mike and May - Li round when he trains Mischief . May - Li organises a party for Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) when he is leaving to get fostered . Floss is taking his departure badly and cuts off Jeff 's head . Later , May - Li gives Harry Jeff and Floss gives him another giraffe called Jeff . Later , Harry leaves with his foster father , Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) . When a trip to a theme park is arranged , Kazima and Tee decide not to go and are forced to attend a holiday club . However , they go home early and unknown to Kazima , a large amount of cash is in her bag and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max are later arrested after Kazima and Tee set them up and everyone arrives home after Mike is told about Kazima and Tee 's absence at the club . May - Li and Mike lecture them about what they should have done . Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) accesses everyone 's records and he receives a text from Harry , saying `` Help ! '' . When May - Li and Mike notice the records open , they believe it is Ryan as his record is closed . Ryan tells Mike and May - Li that things are n't right with his foster family , but with no proof , Mike ca n't do anything . Ryan takes Harry and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) from their foster home and when they arrive at The Dumping Ground , Harry does n't want to go back . Harry and Finn tell May - Li what their foster home was like . A rabbit is found in the garden and Toni ( Nelly Currant ) calls it Mr Nibbles . Billie ( Gwen Currant ) and Finn show May - Li a picture of Toni with her dad and a rabbit , Mr Nibbles , resembling the one they found . Toni and Billie tell May - Li that their dad let Mr Nibbles out of the hutch and they had foxes . May - Li receives a call from the rabbit owner and she breaks the news to Toni . Everyone is shocked when they find the rabbit has had baby rabbits . When May - Li tells Toni she could probably have one of the rabbits , Toni decides she does n't want another rabbit . New girl Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After smashing the minibus lights to prevent the kids seeing Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Sasha tells May - Li and Mike she is going to apologise . Sasha realises she does n't want to go to the secure home , so she asks May - Li and Mike and they agree . Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima and when Sasha sees her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) , shoplifting , she deliberately knocks a display down and Kazima tells May - Li . May - Li and Mike later find Sasha missing as well as Jody . Jody takes the blame for shoplifting nappies and May - Li collects Jody from the store . Bailey is promised football tickets by his reviewing officer , Abi ( Kemi - Bo Jacobs ) . Believing he wo n't get the tickets , he gets Faith to look out whilst he changed his records . May - Li finds Bailey tampering with his files and is n't impressed with him or Faith . In his meeting , Abi tells Bailey she is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief . May - Li stops Ani giving Bailey the tickets , informing her of what Bailey did . May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , but she later finds it stolen . Carmen and Kazima question everyone and the culprit is revealed to be Mischief . Carmen is acting as a bridesmaid at a wedding , so May - Li lends her antique necklace . When Carmen accidentally drops it down the toilet , Carmen thinks about what she should do , which is leaving it or attempting to get it out . When Carmen imagines leaving it , she lies to May - Li , saying the necklace was stolen . However , Ryan finds a text from Carmen 's phone to her friend and when Floss gets the blame , Ryan tells May - Li . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , May - Li finds out when Carmen arranges for a plumber ( Sam Cassidy ) to get the necklace . Carmen decides to tell May - Li the truth . May - Li refuses to let Sasha go to skate night , but she soon agrees to let her as long as Sasha makes dinner . When Sasha leaves Billie and Toni to put the lasagne in the oven , but they end up putting the oven on too high when Ryan messes with the time . May - Li tells Sasha she ca n't go to skate night . Tee and Sasha plan to go to skate night when they realise May - Li will have finished work and Billie and Toni cover them . May - Li has to work at the last minute , so Billie and Toni lock her in the bathroom . The toaster catches fire when everyone makes toast and May - Li grounds Billie and Toni for what they did . The following day , Tee owns up to going to skate night and May - Li knows Sasha went too , but she refuses to unground Billie and Toni . When Tee goes missing , Mike goes looking for her and Tee buys presents for Kazima , Billie and Toni and she convinces May - Li and Mike to let Sasha stay . May - Li has a visit from her grandmother , PoPo ( Pik - Sen Lim ) , who she has n't seen for years . The kids want PoPo to teach them kung fu after impressing them with some and May - Li agrees to let her . When Jody reckons PoPo is the best grandmother and hints that she and PoPo should make up , May - Li talks to Jody about how PoPo does n't accept her family as her partner is a woman . May - Li and PoPo discuss what would happen if she took over the business and PoPo makes it clear that May - Li 's children are n't her family as she did n't give birth to them . After a kung fu contest , May - Li gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , her great - great - grandfather 's diary . Kazima has to undergo an age assessment test to prove she is a minor to remain in the UK . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) gives Kazima the results and they have determined her birth year as 1997 , meaning she is 18 and will have to be deported . May - Li comforts Kazima , assuring her they are going to appeal the decision and Carmen arranges for Kazima 's appeal to be filmed . Kazima is then reunited with her father , in the twentieth and last episode of season 3 , who goes back to Somalia regretfully to find Kazima 's brother , who my have died in the war . Ryan Reeves ( edit ) Ryan Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Lewis G Hamilton Duration 2015 -- First appearance Law and Disorder 16 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Chloe Reeves Ryan Reeves , portrayed by Lewis Hamilton , made his first appearance on 16 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Law & Disorder : Part 2 . He I 'd Currently 15 years old He joins Ashdene Ridge in the wake of a disastrous foster party where wallets and purses were reported stolen , and became embroiled in the events , eventually working out the identity of the thief and blackmailing them to keep it a secret . He is aged thirteen with a Liverpudlian accent and short brown hair , and quickly proves himself to be mischievous , deceitful and intelligent . He also becomes friends with Johnny Taylor when Ryan managed to keep Johnny 's army dream alive by finding the thief of wallets and purses to clear Johnny 's name . In `` Mischief '' it is revealed that he has cynophobia ( fear of dogs ) . In `` Who Are You ? '' it is found out that he has a sister that got separated from him . During his first episode , Ryan deleted an email sent to Mike concerning both mental health and himself before destroying the computer keyboard . Ryan and Tee Taylor often have issues , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . Toni Trent ( edit ) Toni Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Nelly Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Billie Trent Toni Trent , portrayed by Nelly Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Toni and Billie tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Breaking in '' Toni was upset as since there were n't enough tickets she would n't be allowed to go to a theme park with Billie and the other dumping ground kids . However , she was allowed to go after all as Tee gave Toni her ticket . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Toni found a rabbit in the garden and believed it was a re-incarnation of a rabbit she had owned which had been killed by foxes after her dad left open its hutch to punish her . She was upset when she found out that it had an owner . Eventually May - Li managed to convince Toni that the rabbit was n't hers as it was female . In `` Better Than You '' , Toni falls out with Billie , who does n't like her bossing her about , leading to Floss and Toni stealing Billie 's idea of giving tours around Ashdene Ridge . Billie Trent ( edit ) Billie Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Gwen Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Toni Trent Billie Trent , portrayed by Gwen Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Billie and Toni tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Billie was worried about her sister , Toni , who got upset about a rabbit she found in the garden . Eventually Billie told May - Li that Toni had owned a rabbit when they lived with their parents . In `` Free to Good Home '' , Floss and Toni try to get Billie to pretend to be a gymnast in order to win a trampoline . However , Billie is unwilling and runs away . In `` Better Than You '' , Billie starts giving other children tours round the Dumping Ground , getting them to pay . However , when she falls out with Toni , Floss steals her idea , and she and Toni decide to give tours of their own . Billie teams up with Tyler and they plan their own rival tour ; however , Faith tells them they should n't treat the Dumping Ground like a freak show , and persuades Billie and Tyler to stop giving tours . Billie eventually makes up with Toni . Finn McLaine ( edit ) Finn McLaine The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ruben Reuter Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` The Long Way Home '' 6 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Brothers Harry Jones ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Finn McLaine , portrayed by Ruben Reuter , made his first appearance on 6 March 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Long Way Home . Finn is first fostered by the same family that Harry was fostered by but when things start to go wrong and Harry sends for help , Finn finally escape the foster home and joins the Dumping Ground and makes a quick friendship with Harry and Ryan . He has Down syndrome . Sasha Bellman ( edit ) Sasha Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Annabelle Davis Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Sasha Bellman , portrayed by Annabelle Davis , made her first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with Sasha 's half - sister , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha being at home . Sasha decides she wants to be fostered and is matched with an adoptive couple , Lou ( Warwick Davis ) and Ange ( Francesca Papagno ) , but on a trip to the seaside , Sasha realises she 's not ready to give up her family and she plants goods from a shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha convinces Harry to get to know Lou and Ange . Dexter Bellman ( edit ) Dexter Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Alexander Aze Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Murphy Bellman Sisters Sasha Bellman Dexter Bellman , portrayed by Alexander Aze , made his first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Dexter turns up at The Dumping Ground , however his sister , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) tells him he has to go and she gets him out of The Dumping Ground . Sasha realises Dexter took her room key , so she goes home for it and Dexter needs Sasha 's help to get nappies . Sasha ends up going shopping with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) and she catches Murphy shoplifting nappies and Dexter tells her he could n't find any money . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . Dexter turns up unexpectedly , asking for Sasha . Dexter later throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's ( Shameem Ahmed ) car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . After Sasha is teased by Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) after he discovers her vlog , Sasha goes home and goes to the park with Dexter and his friend , but Sasha believes their mum is rubbish at looking after him . At home after speaking to their mum , Sasha realises Dexter is fine . When Sasha finds out their stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Dexter is placed under a voluntary care order . In the episode `` Sasha Bellman P.I '' , a package that was sent to Archie was stolen by Dexter because he was ' curious ' and ' never really got any packages from home before ' , and Sasha has to cover up for him , resulting in the package being found in Jody 's room , Tyler being blamed but then proven innocent and the whole house having extra chores - and only Sasha , Jody and Dexter himself knew that it was really Dexter who did it . Dexter promised to Sasha he would never steal other people 's things again but he may not be able to keep his promise . Chloe Reeves ( edit ) Chloe Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Hannah Moncur Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` Hold the Front Page '' 19 February 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Reeves Chloe Reeves , portrayed by Hannah Moncur , made her first appearance on 19 February 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Hold the Front Page . Chloe 's brother is Ryan , and they are constantly arguing and fighting . In `` The Fairytail Princess '' , Chloe meets Candi - Rose , and wants to make a good impression on her . Both girls end up lying to make themselves sound better . Joseph Stubbs ( edit ) Joseph Stubbs The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Yousef Naseer Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` It Takes Two '' 4 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Joseph Stubbs , portrayed by Yousef Naseer , made his first appearance on 28 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode It Takes Two . Joseph seems to like to do chores . Been as when Mike told Tyler to wash the floor , Joseph insisted he 'd do it , while he was sorting out people 's shoes . He also loves space , and broke into an observatory with Finn so that he could see the moon more clearly . Archie able ( edit ) Archie Able The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Jethro Baliba Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` How to Be Perfect '' 18 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Archibald Jeremiah `` Archie '' Able , portrayed by Jethro Baliba , made his first appearance on 21 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode How to Be Perfect . Archie is introduced to the young people by May - Li Wang ( Stacy Liu ) . When Kazima Tako ( Akuc Bol ) asks May - Li to adopt her , Archie is one of the others to compete with Kazima to be adopted . Archie also told Kazima after asking about her dad and brother , that he has no family at all . It has been noted that he sees Bailey Wharton as a brotherly figure , as the two get along well and stick up for each other frequently . In `` Sittin ' In A Tree '' Archie seems to see May - Li as a mother - like figure , and he expresses his worries out loud to Ryan , who tells him `` It 's just a phase - and then you get over it . '' In `` Sasha Bellman P.I. '' Toni and Billie Trent , both manage to somehow convince Archie that he 's aging backwards , because he told them he remembers being in a wheelchair giving talks to students , as well as knowing a really old song , and then concludes he only has 8 years left of his life until he turns into nothing , and so develops a bucket list including things like swim with dolphins , learn to swim ( again ) and see the Queen . But May - Li quickly puts a stop to this , telling him that he was n't in a wheelchair , he was in a pushchair , and his dad was giving talks - not him , and the really old song that he knew was his dad 's favourite and his dad always put it on , which is how he knew it . That very day , Dexter stole his package but he got it back , it contained books from his father 's university and from the way Archie gets extremely emotional , we can assume his dad died . Candi - Rose ( edit ) Candi - Rose The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Carma Hylton Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` The Fairytale Princess '' 3 February 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Candi - Rose , portrayed by Carma Hylton , made her first appearance on 3 February 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Fairytale Princess . She tells the other children that she is in care because her dad works for the RAF and her mum is a make - up artist who works on films , however it is suspected that this is n't true , as Candi later on in the episode The Fairytale Princess she says her mum has worked for various singers although she previously said actors / actresses then says her dad works in the navy but earlier she said to Chloe that her dad worked in the RAF . Candi - Rose is introduced when she makes friends with Chloe . She competes with Floss in `` Faking It '' for a role in a TV advert and sabotages Floss by gluing Floss ' shoes to the floor , stopping her clock and stealing a scrapbook of Floss ' mum Katherine . Alex Walker ( edit ) Alex Walker The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Connor Lawson Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` Belief '' 3 March 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Alex Walker , portrayed by Connor Lawson , made his first appearance on 3 March 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Belief . He is living homeless on the street and frequently gets donations from Kazima , who feels sorry for him since she once lived on the street , but one day runs off with her shopping bags and it is discovered he lives in a squat on his own . He steals the residents of the Dumping Ground 's belongings but they get them back at the end of the episode . He refuses help from Ashdene Ridge and Kazima and ultimately stays on his own although he returns in the episode `` Free '' seeking help from Kazima since George is ill - he manages to hide in the attic . Alex is n't a very popular person in the Dumping Ground at the moment , as he is already known as a thief by the others and he has many angry outbursts , especially when Kazima announced she was leaving to live with her dad in Denmark . And Kazima was the only person in Ashdene Ridge that liked Alex . Although Tyler has promised Kazima he 'll look out for Alex . Past characters ( edit ) Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Tracy Beaker The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Dani Harmer Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Care worker ( 2010 - 2012 ) ( show ) Family Mother Carly Beaker Adoptive father Gary Adoptive mother Cam Lawson Sisters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Grandmothers Penelope Lawson ( adoptive ) Tracy Beaker , played by actress Dani Harmer , is the main ( and title ) character throughout The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns . She made her first appearance during the first episode of The Story of Tracy Beaker , which aired on 8 July 2002 , in which she returns to care after an unsuccessful fostering . After appearing in all five series of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' and continuing to appear in all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harmer announced that she would not be returning to the series in order to pursue other acting work . Therefore , the character departed the series in the final episode of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , aired 23 March 2012 . Tracy Beaker is the main character of the original series , despite taking less prominent roles in the later series of the show . She resided in a care home ( first Stowey House and then Elm Tree House ) , affectionately nicknamed `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was a resident there for some time . Tracy is a tomboy with behavioural problems , probably a consequence of her mother 's abandonment of her and failure to show an interest in her . Known for her lies which exaggerate her mother 's fame and fortune , she tried to convince herself continually her mother would one day appear . She was often reluctant to show her emotions , attributing tears to hayfever . In later series , writer Cam Lawson ( portrayed by Lisa Coleman ) and her new husband Gary adopted Tracy . Tracy disliked Gary at first , as she considered him an intruder on her life with Cam , although the series ended with them on good terms . At the beginning of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Tracy had written and was promoting her new autobiography , `` Who Cares '' , when she was arrested and brought into police custody after it came to light that the book was published by using Cam 's credit card without permission . At the police station , she met resident , Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) and head careworker , Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) . Cam withdrew her accusation of fraud and Tracy was cleared of all charges , but was ordered to undergo community service by writing a column for the local newspaper . Finding herself threatened by her adopted mother 's angry answerphone messages , she returned to Elm Tree House seeking solace in Mike , who offered her a job as a careworker . Although her new career did not begin well , she soon began to improve as a careworker , although her actions put her boss Mike 's career in jeopardy after a protest she led resulted in Lily Kettle ( Jess Williams ) falling off the roof . Also , Tracy finds it hard to cope when Cam goes to New York City , and ends up suffering a panic attack . Following this , Tracy continued working at Elm Tree House , using amateur detective skills to unmask new careworker Denis Stockle as a smoker , sustaining minor injuries falling down stairs in panics , and meeting her childhood rival Justine Littlewood ( Montana Thompson ) again . The final episode saw Tracy preparing to leave Elm Tree House to leave for work in another care home with better pay , soon after gaining a qualification as a care worker . After causing an accident which resulted in a roof collapsing on Mike , and making sure everybody was alright , she left Elm Tree House for the last time . Tracy is often mentioned in the spin - off ' The Dumping Ground ' . In the Series 4 episode , ' One For Sorrow ' , Tee is seen giving Sasha Bellman a Peter Pan book with a message from Tracy inside . Cam Lawson ( edit ) Cam Lawson The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Lisa Coleman Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Cam 's First Visit '' 17 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Author ( show ) Family Mother Penelope Lawson Husband Gary Adoptive daughters Tracy Beaker Lily Kettle ( foster ) Camilla `` Cam '' Lawson is a struggling turned successful author , and Tracy 's eventual adoptive mother . Cam makes her début appearance when she visits Stowey house in series 1 . Also an aspiring author , Tracy tries to get her attention by unsuccessfully using Adele 's makeup . When Cam reads her stories , she is impressed makes a number of return visits . Having formed a bond with Cam Tracy asked her to use her investigative skills to find her birth mother . Cam initially agrees . However , she abandons her mission having learned from Jenny that her mother has deliberately severed ties with her daughter . Initially upset with Cam , Tracy forgives her . Having been asked by Tracy on numerous occasions to be her foster mother , Cam eventually agrees at the end of series 1 . Unfortunately , the foster placement is short lived when Tracy accidentally sets fire to Cam 's kitchen ( series 2 ) . With the damages being so severe that Cam can no longer look after her properly , Tracy returns to the dumping ground . Whilst Tracy initially blocks Cam from her life they eventually make up and rekindle their relationship as friends . Whilst they see each other regularly , Cam is hesitant to foster her again . When she learns that Tracy is being fostered by Ben 's aunt and uncle , she is deeply upset . However , Tracy eventually decides not to be fostered and remains at the Dumping Ground . In the third season , Cam leaves for New York for a writing course , but returns after she hears that Tracy is hospitalised for appendicitis . Cam writes a novel about a girl in care whose character is based upon Tracy . Cam falls out with Tracy again after the latter reads the ending and discovers that her inspiring character does not get fostered . They eventually reconcile . In ' The Movie of Me ' ( between series 3 and 4 ) , Cam decides to foster Tracy again . However , Tracy 's birth mother turns up and initially seems willing to take Tracy back into her care . Tracy goes to find her mum after she leaves , having fallen out with careworkers . Cam is distraught and as soon as she finds out where she is , she pursues her with Justine in tow . When they find her , Cam realises that Tracy 's mum does not care for her and eventually fosters Tracy . In series 4 , Cam and Tracy are happily living together again . Tracy often returns to the Dumping Ground to visit her friends . In series 5 , Cam and Tracy are on holiday in Egypt , where Cam develops a relationship with Gary . When they return to England , Tracy angrily returns to the Dumping Ground when Gary moves in . Having shunned Cam once again , they reconcile in and Tracy starts to bond with Gary . This is short lived Cam reveals that she and Gary are getting married . On the day of their wedding , Tracy , having eventually been convinced that Cam and Gary will not neglect her as a married couple , turns up at the wedding to hear them say `` I do '' . Afterwards , Cam and Gary tell Tracy that they are adopting her , before they leave on their honeymoon . Sometime between the end of the original series and the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , Cam and Gary divorce under unknown circumstances . At the beginning of the first series ( ' Tracy Beaker Returns ' ) , Tracy uses Cam 's credit card to publish her autobiography , and is arrested . When Cam agrees that she will drop the charges on the condition that Tracy pays her back . To save money , Tracy finds employment as a trainee careworker at the Dumping Ground . In her first week , Tracy discovers that Cam and Mike had kept a letter from her birth mother a secret for years . At this point , there is a continuity error when Tracy exclaims that she has `` never seen '' her birth mother , in contradiction to flashbacks in series 1 of the original series , and the feature - length movie . Tracy and Cam fall out , but as usual , they reconcile . In the season 1 finale , when Tracy announces that she has been offered a job in London and will be leaving , Mike asks Cam to foster another child . Cam disagrees , but Johnny overhears a later phone call saying that there is no point fostering again if Tracy is not going to move out , prompting him to decide to be interviewed by Tracy in another scheme to get himself and Tee fostered . When Cam learns of this , she goes to the Dumping Ground to see Johnny and Tee to tell them that it is not definitive that she will foster again . In the second season , Cam fosters Lily Kettle after she falls off the roof of the Dumping Ground during a protest . In the final episode , Cam travels to New York . Whilst she was initially supposed to go for a few weeks , she announces that she has been given an opportunity to stay for six months , and that she has accepted it . In the third season , Cam is still in New York and communicates with Tracy via the internet , eventually returning to England . Cam is also seen in ' The Tracy Beaker Survival Files ' where she is interviewed a by Tracy . Justine Littlewood ( edit ) Justine Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Montanna Thompson Duration 2002 -- 2005 , 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Justine Littlewood Returns '' 10 February 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Jane Dauncey ( 2005 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2012 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Estate Agent ( show ) Family Father Steve Littlewood Stepmother Carrie Half - brothers Billy First cousins John Justine Littlewood portrayed by Montanna Thompson , is the rival of Tracy Beaker . She was put into care after her father , Steve Littlewood , could n't cope after the death of her mother . He visited her occasionally . The Story of Tracy Beaker Series 1 ( 2002 ) - At Stowey House , she occupied Tracy Beaker 's old room , this is until Tracy returns , causing an argument between the pair and starting Tracy and Justine 's iconic rivalry . Tracy Beaker Returns Series 3 ( 2012 ) - Justine returned in the third series of Tracy Beaker Returns for one episode , where she arrives and asks Mike to give her away at her wedding after her father did n't approve of her fiancé , Charlie . Carmen Howle took a liking to Justine ( and Charlie ) and thought they 'd be the perfect foster parents for her . Mike invites Justine and Charlie round for lunch , or as the kids called it and Engagement Party ( much to Tracy 's disgust ) . At lunch Justine continues to talk about herself making Tracy feel jealous , but Justine crosses the line after she tells everyone that when Tracy was a kid , she used to lie a lot about her mum being a big Hollywood star . And that she 'd join her in Hollywood to be a star too . Justine then added that she almost believed her , seemingly trying to make out she was n't being mean but it was obvious to Tracy that she was . During lunch Justine 's fiance Charlie gets a phone call , Rick Barber ( who was already suspicious of Charlie ) sneaks out the dining room to listen in on Charlie , and it sounds dodgy . Especially when Charlie comes back into the dining room saying his mum has had a fall , which did n't sound like what Rick overheard . Rick then follows Charlie out telling him he knows what he 's doing as his parents were con artists too . Charlie threatens Rick and bribes him not to tell Justine by giving him a new laptop . After lunch Justine takes Gina Conway , Carmen , Lily Kettle , Tee Taylor and Sapphire Fox shopping , they come back with loads of clothes and jewellery from Justine and while they were out , Justine told the girls about the time when Tracy dared her to steal Jenny Edwards ' clothes while she was in the shower . ( Which later the girls decide to steal Tracy 's clothes while she 's in the shower , thinking she 'd find it funny . Which she did n't find amusing in the slightest ) . Later in the dining room Justine is discussing her wedding day plans to Carmen , showing her pictures of the venue and her wedding dress , and even invites Carmen along to the wedding . Carmen then asks Justine about fostering which freaks Justine out a little but says she 'll think about it and talk to Charlie after Carmen said it worked for Cam and Tracy . Tracy overhears this and grows a little jealous but also thinks Justine is just saying she 'll foster Carmen to get one over on Tracy . Justine then says that Tracy has n't changed and that she still thinks the whole world revolves around Tracy Beaker and then starts mocking her book she wrote , which starts a classic Beaker and Littlewood Brawl . Carmen stops them and shouts at Tracy and saying how much she believes that Justine and Charlie are going to foster her . Rick then walks in a decides to tell the truth about Charlie . Rick tells Justine that Charlie is a con man and has loads of other girls on the go and twists things and lies to scam all these girls for their money , Justine refuses to believe her husband to be could be this evil , but agrees to team up with Tracy to find out the truth . So Justine , Tracy , Rick and Cam to team up to set a trap to catch Charlie out . After Charlie is caught out by Justine , with the help of Rick , Cam and Tracy . Justine ends it with Charlie and goes up to make up with her dad . Justine later goes back to the Dumping Ground to tell Mike and Gina what happened and what Charlie was up to , and that she found out Charlie 's mum was in on the whole scam as well . Justine then goes to speak to Carmen to apologise that she wo n't be able to foster Carmen anymore after what 's happened . Carmen calmly accepts the decision and reminds Justine what Tracy always tells them , that Dumping Ground Kids can cope with anything . Justine then tells Carmen to never to tell anyone she said that `` Tracy Beaker 's right '' . Before Justine leaves , her and Tracy have a heart to heart and reminisce their times in the DG . Tracy then goes on to say that she is a complete failure compared to Justine , but Justine says she does n't think Tracy is a failure because her job just makes good money , while Tracy 's job changes lives , then tells Tracy she 's doing OK . Elaine Boyak ( edit ) Elaine Boyak The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nisha Nayar Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Social Worker Elaine Boyak ( known as Elaine the Pain ) , portrayed by Nisha Nayar , made her first appearance on the 8 January 2002 in series 1 during the episode Dares . Her last appearance was during the episode The Wedding in series 5 . It is unknown what happened to Elaine , and she has n't been mentioned since . Elaine was n't everyone 's favourite person , as she was nicknamed Elaine the Pain . Duke Ellington ( edit ) Duke Ellington The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Clive Rowe Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Chef Norman `` Duke '' Ellington , portrayed by Clive Rowe , is a care - worker and also the Dumping Ground 's chef and gardener . He is nicknamed after the jazz musician with whom he shares a surname . He first appeared in the first episode of series 1 and departed in the final episode of series 4 , when he went to visit family in the Caribbean . Like many of the staff , he maintains a disliking aura toward Elaine the Pain , having once locked her in the pantry to hide her from an inspector . Jenny Edwards ( edit ) Jenny Edwards The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sharlene Whyte Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Jenny Ruth Edwards , portrayed by Sharlene Whyte , is the Dumping Ground 's head care - worker from series 1 to 2 . She is strict , but cares for the young people a lot and secretly despises social worker Elaine `` The Pain '' Boyak . Jenny leaves at the end of the second series , for a new job . Louise Goven ( edit ) Louise Goven The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chelsie Padley Duration 2002 -- 2004 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mrs Morris ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Morris ( foster ) Grandfathers Granddad Morris ( foster ) Louise Goven , portrayed by Chelsie Padley , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Louise was best friends with Tracy before she was fostered by a couple called Ted and Julie . However , Tracy never contacted Louise whilst she was away , so when Justine Littlewood arrived at the Dumping Ground , she became her new best friend . However , when Tracy returned , she became jealous of Louise and Justine , resulting in arguments and Tracy breaking Justine 's clock . Louise leaves after she is fostered by the Morris family , in The Long Goodbye . However she makes guest appearances in series 3 and 4 . Adele Azupadi ( edit ) Adele Azupadi The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Rochelle Gadd Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shop assistant Adele Azupadi , portrayed by Rochelle Gadd , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Adele is the eldest resident of the Dumping Ground in the first series and works part - time in a clothing store . Adele usually keeps herself to herself however intervenes if she has to . Adele returns in series 2 , and is seen to be living in a bed - sit on her own . This is until , Tracy visits her and she admits that she is lonely living on her own . Adele then returns to live in the Dumping Ground . She is not seen in series 3 , as it is thought that she had now moved out . Ben Batambuze ( edit ) Ben Batambuze The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Luke Youngblood Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Mr Batambuze Mother Mrs Batambuze Uncles Jasper Aunts Kate Ben Batambuze , portrayed by Luke Youngblood , made his first appearance his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He is Tracy 's best friend . He seems to be living on the streets . However , in the episode , ' The Truth Comes Out ' , Tracy finds out that Ben has a mum and dad and is left shocked . Then , in the episode , ' Birthday ' he tries to make it up to Tracy by saving her birthday party . He departs in the final episode of series 2 . Peter Ingham ( edit ) Peter Ingham The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Joe Starrs Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Terry Brown ( foster ) Adoptive mother Jill Brown ( foster ) Peter Ingham , portrayed by Joe Starrs , appears in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He likes to think he is Tracy 's ' best friend ' , however Tracy often disagrees and brands him a ' weed ' . In one episode , Jill and Terry Brown , take Tracy out but they decide that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to foster Peter instead . He made his final appearance in the series 1 finale , however he did n't return for series 2 . Ryan ( edit ) Ryan The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sonny Muslim Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Zac Ryan , portrayed by Sonny Muslim , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Ryan moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Zac . He speaks in a Cockney dialect and is interested in judo . He gets up to mischief with his twin Zac , and Maxy . Ryan does n't usually take no for an answer . Ryan leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Zac , between series 1 and 2 . Zac ( edit ) Zac The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jay Haher Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Zac , portrayed by Jay Haher , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Zac moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Ryan . He gets up to mischief with his twin Ryan , and Maxy . Zac leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Ryan , between series 1 and 2 Maxy King ( edit ) Maxy King The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jerome Holder Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Maxy King , portrayed by Jerome Holder , made his first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . He is described as a Sweet - loving 4 - year - old who used to live in ' The Dumping Ground ' . Maxy leaves in - between Series 1 and 2 . He was reportedly fostered by a black African family . A snap shot photo of him is seen from the Series 1 episode ' Tracy 's Birthday ' when Dolly is showing Nathan , Duke 's and Jenny 's Halloween Costumes , in the episode ' Back And Bad ' , the first episode of series 2 . Nathan Jones ( edit ) Nathan Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by James Cartwright Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Careworker Nathan Jones , portrayed by James Cartwright , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 1 April 2004 in series 5 during the episode Good as Gold . He is described as ' lazy and an idiot ' , by Tracy , but is also described as ' fun ' , and is more of an older brother , especially to Dolly . Nathan leaves in - between series 3 and 4 . Bouncer Plakova ( edit ) Bouncer Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ben Hanson Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Lol Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Bradley `` Bouncer '' Plakova , portrayed by Ben Hanson , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Bouncer and his brother Lol are described as kind , funny characters who do n't take things too seriously . Bouncer departs in series 4 when he moves to a Halfway House , which caused tension between him and his brother Lol , resulting in an argument in the episode ' Bouncer VS Lol ' . He later returns in series 5 as a chef at The Dumping Ground . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Lol Plakova ( edit ) Lol Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ciaran Joyce Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Bouncer Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Lawrence `` Lol '' Plakova , portrayed by Ciaran Joyce , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Dolly ( edit ) Dolly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters Duration 2003 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Beaker Club '' 4 December 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Philip ( foster ) Adoptive mother Cathy ( foster ) Sisters Sophie ( foster ) Dolly , portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters , made her first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . She departed on 4 December 2003 in series 3 during the episode The Beaker Club . Amber Hurst ( edit ) Amber Hurst The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Alicia Hooper Duration 2003 First appearance `` Alien '' 21 January 2003 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Amber Hurst , portrayed by Alicia Hooper , made her first appearance on 21 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Alien . She departed on 3 April 2003 in series 1 during the episode Home and Hosed . She is described as rebellious , has a bad attitude and is bad - tempered . She often antagonises everyone else at The Dumping Ground . She made her final appearance in the episode ' Home and Hosed ' when she was fostered . Shelley Appleton ( edit ) Shelley Appleton The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nicola Reynolds Duration 2003 , 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Operation Careworker '' 6 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Shelley Appleton , portrayed by Nicola Reynolds , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 1 April 2004 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Shelley returned on 2 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Telling Tales . She departed on 6 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Operation Careworker . She then returned in series 5 as Temporary Head Careworker , before leaving once again in the episode ' Operation Careworker ' . She has a cool , collected and confident attitude , but ultimately has a huge affection for all the kids . In series 3 , it is mentioned that she became interested in being a careworker because she cared for her dad as a child , because he had Alzheimer 's disease . Crash ( edit ) Crash The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Darragh Mortell Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Theo Liam `` Crash '' , portrayed by Darragh Mortell , made his first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . Crash has quite a bad and short temper , this is due to his background and life before he lived in care . Crash 's father was also very angry and short tempered after his wife ( Crash 's mother ) left , and he took his anger out of Crash . He has quite a few close friends in the Dumping Ground . Crash was the first resident to make an effort in making friends with Jackie Hopper when she first arrived . Crash later became close friends with Tracy , Lol and Bouncer . He made his last appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Michael Grys ( edit ) Michael Grys The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by William Tomlin Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers James Grys Michael Grys , portrayed by George Kizis , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Michael has few redeeming qualities , he bullies and snitches on everyone and usually only does things to please himself . Due to his hostile personality , Michael is n't seen to have any close friends ; he 's known to be particularly spiteful to Jackie , often mocking her about her sick grandfather and her constant attempts to run away . He 's also been known to provoke Crash on a number of occasions . He makes his final appearance at the end of the series and did n't return for series 4 . Jackie Hopper ( edit ) Jackie Hopper The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Jackie '' 9 October 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Mother Norma Grandfathers Jack Hopper Jackie Hopper , portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Jackie . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . When Jackie is brought to The Dumping Ground , She refuses to accept that she needs to be in care , and that her beloved grandad has Alzheimer 's and can no longer look after her . She 's determined to escape , collect Grandpa from his nursing home and return to their old house together . Eventually , she ends up staying at the Dumping Ground even though she does n't like it . She later becomes good friends with Tracy and Crash . She departs during the final episode of series 4 , to attend a sports academy , however returns in series 5 after admitting she faked an injury to return to The Dumping Ground . Marco Maloney ( edit ) Marco Maloney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jack Edwards Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Sisters Milly ( foster ) Marco Maloney , portrayed by Jack Edwards , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . He to wear costumes and dress - up , and is always wearing new and original costumes . He is often described as ' weird ' and ' crazy ' by other people who live at The Dumping Ground . He is best friends with Milly and gets fostered with Milly by the Boxer family in the episode ' Two 's a Crowd ' Hayley ( edit ) Hayley The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Kristal Lau Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Beam Me Up , Scottie '' 4 January 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mark ( foster ) Adoptive mother Helen ( foster ) Hayley , portrayed by Kristal Lau , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 4 January 2005 in series 4 during the episode Beam Me Up , Scottie . Hayley is described as quiet , she often gets annoyed when she is ignored . She made her final appearance in ' Beam Me Up , Scottie ' , when she moved in with foster parents , Mark and Helen . Layla Jones ( edit ) Layla Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Cara Readle Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Layla Jones , portrayed by Cara Readle , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Layla is described as a kind and caring person , although get 's upset very quickly , especially when Hayley left without telling her . She made her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . It is unknown what happened to her after living in care . Sid Rooney ( edit ) Sid Rooney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Sid Rooney , portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 5 April 2005 in series 4 during the episode We 're off the Map Now . Sid is described as being very boring , but when he takes a few days ' break and leaves the Dumping Ground in the care of a draconian careworker , they realise they are lucky to have him , and welcome him back . He made his last appearance in the final episode of series 4 . Chantal Wellard ( edit ) Chantal Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Deepal Parmar Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` Chantal 's Goodbye '' 29 November 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Roxy Wellard Chantal Wellard , portrayed by Deepal Parmar , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 29 November 2005 in series 5 during the episode Chantal 's Goodbye . She is the eldest of her siblings . Chantal has red and black dip - dyed hair worn mostly in a ponytail . She 's gothic like the rest of the Wellards . She likes to wear black clothes and black lipstick . Chantal is rebellious and clashes with other carekids along with Roxy and Rio . She plans to take over the Dumping Ground along with her brother and sister . At beginning of Series 5 , she seems a lot more mature , she then moves in with her dad . After that , Rio becomes more open with the other kids and becomes friends with them , much to Roxy 's annoyance . She makes her final appearance in ' Chantal 's Goodbye ' when she moves in with her dad . Rio Wellard ( edit ) Rio Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Craig Roberts Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard Rio Wellard , portrayed by Craig Roberts , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Rio is feisty but kind . He is close to his half sisters Roxy and Chantal , and is a rebellious bully at first and immediately argues with Crash . In Series 5 , Chantal then leaves the Dumping Ground . He then becomes more open with the other care kids and makes friends with Crash . Him and Roxy often dream big . He is a main part in Roxy 's schemes . He is very protective over Roxy and cares for her even though they fight at times . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Roxy Wellard ( edit ) Roxy Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sophie Borja Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard , portrayed by Sophie Borja , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Roxy is the youngest of her siblings but often takes control . Roxy is described as a stereo typical goth . She is always seen wearing black and white , a high ponytail fastened with either a bronze , pink or black feathery flower band and sometimes earrings . However , her face looks innocent but her `` bad girl '' look makes her intimidating . Her age is unknown but is about 8 or 9 as she looks older than she actually is . She makes her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Wolfie ( edit ) Wolfie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Felix Drake Duration 2005 First appearance `` Independence Day '' 15 March 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shawn `` Wolfie '' , portrayed by Felix Drake , made his first appearance on 30 January 2005 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Independence Day ' . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . He does n't like sleeping in a bed , and suffers from claustrophobia , as he hates being locked in . He makes friends with Lol shortly after his arrival , which annoys Lol 's brother , Bouncer . Rebecca Chalmers ( edit ) Rebecca Chalmers The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Georgina Hagen Duration 2005 First appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Jake Rebecca Chalmers , portrayed by Georgina Hagen , made her first appearance on 28 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Caring and Sharing ' . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . Rebecca does n't get on with many people , primarily Justine . She is quite a troublemaker , and likes to stir things up . Milly ( edit ) Milly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Holly Gibbs Duration 2005 First appearance `` Scary Milly '' 30 November 2005 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Brothers Marco Maloney ( foster ) Milly , portrayed by Holly Gibbs , made her first appearance on 30 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Scary Milly . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . Upon her arrival , the other people at the Dumping Ground assume she is ' cursed ' due to strange events that keep happening that day . She quickly befriends Marco . Milly never speaks , and only spoke when Elaine asked if she wanted to be fostered . She departed in series 5 during the episode ' Two 's A Crowd ' . Alice ( edit ) Alice The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Olivia Grant Duration 2005 First appearance `` Frankelainestein '' 1 December 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Alice , portrayed by Olivia Grant , made her first appearance on 1 December 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Alice gets on with everyone , and shows a strong liking towards Roxy , much to her annoyance . She gets on well with Layla , and also shares a room with her . She says she can read auras , and loves meditation . Alice is a bubbly , positive girl , who always has a smile on her face . She is eager to make friends and sees the good in everyone . She departed in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Gina Conway ( edit ) Gina Conway Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kay Purcell Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former , regular ( returning ) Profile Occupation Senior Care Worker ( show ) Family Mother Hattie Conway Husband Greg Conway Sons Tim Conway Tom Conway Gina Conway , played by Kay Purcell , is a careworker at Elm Tree House in Tracy Beaker Returns and the first series of The Dumping Ground . She first appeared on 8 January 2010 , the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , and continued appearing until 15 March 2013 , the final episode in series 1 of The Dumping Ground . It was announced in December 2015 that Gina would return to the series ; the following month , it was confirmed her return would be brief . Gina is of Jamaican descent with black and highlighted hair . She is kind and a great house mother to the children . Gina is very clever towards the children and the residents seem to respect her . She is able to control the children without them resenting her interventions , however the children sometimes see her as loud and brash when she is angry . But sometimes that is the only way to get them to listen too her . Gina first encounters Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) when she opens the door to her after Tracy arrives at the Dumping Ground . Not really understanding who Tracy is , Gina tells Tracy that Mike Milligan ( Connor Bryne ) has gone out somewhere . Gina is sympathetic and lets Tracy in as it is pouring with rain outside . The kids at the Dumping Ground recognise Tracy from a television broadcast and Tracy gives a copy of her signed autobiography to Gina for 99p less . Gina allows Tracy to tuck all the kids into their beds . When Tracy finally talks to Mike , he accidentally lets slip to Gina that Tracy was arrested for using Cam Lawson ( Lisa Coleman ) 's credit card . Gina is angry because she let Tracy put the kids to bed . Gina does not warm to Tracy at first , but grows to adore her and usually stand up for her . Gina then encounters trouble with one of the older children , Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) when she does n't allow her to go with her dad on his tour , but that was for safety reasons . Gina is strict but cares very much about the kids . Gina appears throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , continuing her role as a care worker , however , at the beginning of series 2 , new care worker , May - Li Wang reveals that Gina no longer works at the care home . Head writer ( at the time ) Elly Brerwer confirmed on Twitter that Gina had been given a bit of a promotion , in order to be able to afford to keep her mum Hattie in a care home . Gina 's mum Hattie has Dementia , she made an appearance in the 8th episode of Series 1 . Gina has been mentioned two times after her off screen departure , by May - Li in Jody in Wonderland and Mike in Hope ( Series 2 episode 12 ) . Sapphire Fox ( edit ) Sapphire Fox Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Saffron Coomber Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Stepmother Shanice Half - brothers Riff Sapphire ' Saph ' Fox , ( played by Saffron Coomber ) , was a resident of `` Elm Tree House '' during all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , although due to a busy schedule , the character only appeared on a recurring basis during the third series . Coomber did not return for the Tracy Beaker Returns spin - off , The Dumping Ground . Sapphire is tall and of mixed race . She has long ( it is shorter in series 2 ) dark - brown curly hair and often wears large earrings , and her character is a guide and an older sister to most of the children , notably Harry Jones ( Phillip Graham Scott ) . She attends college as of the third series . She can be motherly and overprotective to Harry , but also hides many secrets . During the third series she gets her own flat , but due to a flood she finds herself moving back to Elm Tree House and sharing with Elektra . She is sixteen on her last appearance . Sapphire , Elektra , Frank , Johnny and Lily were all seen to appear in the mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , as they all helped Lily on her new project concluding healthy living for her catering course . Frank Matthews ( edit ) Frank Matthews Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Chris Slater Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Refuge '' 8 December 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( until 2012 ) Waiter ( 2013 ) ( show ) Family Grandfathers Eric Matthews Frank Matthews played by Chris Slater , was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . He suffers from cerebral palsy , and is 19 years old as of 2014 -- he is tall and has blonde hair and brown eyes . He is a kind , caring and often gullible character who supports Manchester United , and enjoys pranking people along with his best friend Liam O'Donovan . During the course of `` The Dumping Ground '' , he becomes a waiter , begins a relationship with another waitress , Jade , and is reunited with his best friend Liam , eventually leaving Ashdene Ridge so they can live together . Frank was seen to appear in a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , with the five appearances of Sapphire , Elektra , Johnny and Lily . Liam O'Donovan ( edit ) Liam O'Donovan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Richard Wisker Duration 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Jack O'Donovan Liam O'Donovan is a former resident of Elm Tree House played by actor Richard Wisker . He was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . Liam is of medium - height and has brown hair and eyes . His best friend is Frank . Liam is sarcastic , cunning and sly , but he is kind and loyal to those he considers friends ; he enjoys pranking and scamming people . Liam is living with a foster family at the start of the first series but is sent back to the care home due to his bad behaviour . In the third series of the show , Liam buys counterfeit DVDs at the local market with Elektra 's money . When the owners of the stall refuse to give him the money back , he trashes the stall from where he purchased them . The owners of the stall chase Liam . During the pursuit , Liam crashes into a woman , who drops her purse as a result of the collision . When Liam tries to assist her , she comes to the conclusion that he was trying to steal her bag . Meanwhile , Tracy then receives a letter from a person named Jack . It turns out that Jack is actually Liam 's brother . Tracy researches more about Jack and Liam 's relationship , and it is revealed that Liam was abandoned as a baby after he was born . Jack is a police officer who has been involved in an undercover operation . Although Jack offers Liam the opportunity to live together , Liam is hesitant to accept . He tells Tracy that he likes it at the care home because he is comfortable and has friends there . The episode concludes with Liam and Frank saying good - bye to one another . Liam then leaves the ' Dumping Ground ' on the back of his brother 's motorbike , waving good - bye to his best friend . Liam , now 17 years old , returned to The Dumping Ground in the second series as part of an online mini-series titled ' Liam 's Story ' ; his story was resolved as he returned to `` The Dumping Ground '' in the final episode of the second series , departing from the show . Liam was mentioned in the third series of The Dumping Ground by Frank when he tried to help Kazima . Lily Kettle ( edit ) Lily Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessie Williams Duration 2010 -- 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` The Barbecue '' 24 January 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Catering Student ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Cam Lawson ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker ( foster ) Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Lily Kettle is the daughter of Steve Kettle ( Ben Cartwright ) and a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . She appears as a resident on - and - off throughout the show , and throughout the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , before eventually departing for good . She proves herself quite quickly to be a competent and protective mother figure to her younger sisters , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling / Millie Redfearn ) , following their mother 's death and father 's inability to care for them , eventually challenging their foster parents as she finds it difficult to not be in control . Lily has a strong friendship with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) during the first series onwards . Lily and Carmen fall out when Lily accuses Carmen of wanting to take over the motherly role of Lily 's younger sisters , Poppy and Rosie . However , the two friends reconcile . Lily and her sisters are fostered in Family Values - Carmen is deeply saddened . Lily returns to the ' Dumping Ground ' in Sisters . Despite the protests of her foster parents Matt and Christie , Lily still wanted to have primary control over the care of her sisters . This is because she has been the ' mother figure ' to her sisters for a very long time . Tracy 's attempts to resolve the matter end in failure . However , in Fallen , Matt and Christie decide to take her back , against Lily 's wishes . A dramatic episode ends in Lily falling from a two storey roof ; however , besides minor injuries and a broken leg and arm she makes a full recovery . Cam eventually decides to foster Lily , after expressing her doubts about fostering another child . Lily and Carmen 's friendship is tested to the core when Carmen and Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) purposely blame Lily for them and the rest of the children being sent to Burneywood because of the budget cuts . However , Carmen makes up with Lily upon defending her from the other kids who are mean to Lily because of recent events . In Crushed , Tracy soon resents Cam and Lily 's relationship and takes a night job at a cafe . She begins to be slightly mean and spiteful to Lily . At the end of the episode , Tracy decides that she would like to act as a proper and caring older sister for Lily . In The Scare Game , Lily encounters her father Steve during a shopping trip with Tracy . The problem is that Steve has a restraining order against him which precludes him from having contact with his three daughters ; however , the issue is resolved as Steve manages to get the restraining order removed so he can be a proper dad to Lily . In Belongings , Lily shows animosity towards the couple who fostered her sisters , Poppy and Rosie . She feels that they should all be together . Lily does not feel as if the foster family can take care of her sisters properly . In Baby , Steve 's girlfriend Shannay , who is moving in , becomes heavily pregnant . At first , Lily is unhappy with the situation , but when Shannay goes into early labour Lily blames herself what has happens and locks herself in the bathroom . When Lily is sleeping , she gets a text from her dad with a picture of her new half - brother , Jonah . She then becomes very fond of him . In episode 4 of the second series , Lily breaks the news to Carmen that she is leaving to live in Brighton with her dad and Shannay , who have been asked by Shannay 's sister to run a local café nearby the sea . Carmen accuses Steve of wanting to make Lily move away with him , but Lily admits to Carmen that she wants to go with her family , to see her brother , Jonah grow up . Lily promises to visit , as her sisters still live in the town , and leaves Ashdene Ridge and goes to Brighton with her family . She sends Carmen a picture of them together via message . Following a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , Lily was seen to be studying a catering course at college , as she is now 16 and hoping to become a professional cook . Four other former characters concluded Sapphire , Frank , Elektra and Johnny as they accompanied Lily 's journey in help for her cookery project . Toby Coleman ( edit ) Toby Coleman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by John Bell Duration 2010 -- 2011 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Chain Reaction '' 25 March 2011 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Toby Coleman is a resident of Elm Tree House throughout the first two series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , who made his first appearance in the first series of Tracy Beaker Returns . He is played by actor John Bell . He moved into care after his parents died in a car crash . Throughout his stay at the Dumping Ground , he proves to be a loyal friend and is usually a source of calm at the residence . He is best friends with Johnny and gets along with the older residents like Liam , Frank and Elektra . In Bad Luck Boy , Toby is convinced that his life is jinxed , inspiring Tracy to write a funny column called `` Bad Luck Boy '' commenting on his bad luck . He becomes the butt of everyone 's jokes . When Tracy finds out from Sapphire that Toby 's parents died in a car crash , as well as his foster parents , Tracy sets about making amends before he meets another set of prospective foster parents . When Toby sees the new foster parents ' car arrive , Toby decides to run away because he is afraid of his bad luck . Tracy eventually finds him in the garden . Toby is upset because he does n't want foster parents but wants his own parents instead . Toby is worried that his bad luck will strike again . Tracy convinces Toby to go back to the Dumping Ground to meet the foster parents but decides that he does not wish to get fostered . In Crushed , Toby befriends a girl named Sara at a comic book store . He likes her because he realizes that the two have very much in common but when Toby tells her that his parents are still alive , Sara tells Toby that her mother had died . Toby returns to the Dumping Ground realizing everything he owned had been stolen by the others because they believed he was n't returning but Liam and Frank decide to help him get his comics back . Toby asks Liam for help about Sara in telling the truth about his parents . Toby gives Sara his old , rare comic book and tells her the truth about his parents , she is hurt by this and runs off home , but when Toby follows her , he discovers that she has been lying all along and that her mother is still alive after which he is frustrated with her but she gives him a kiss on the cheek . It is mentioned at the beginning of the third series that Toby has been fostered . Gus Carmichael ( edit ) Gus Carmichael Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Noah Marullo Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` What Would Gus Want ? '' 25 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Adoptive mother Dawn ( foster ) Ronnie ( foster ) Gus Carmichael is played by Noah Marullo , and was a resident of Elm Tree House during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Gus has Asperger 's Syndrome , a form of autism , which makes him eager to keep tidy , and so he is a stickler for detail . Gus is tall for his age with black curly hair . He is always seen wearing a black shirt and beige trousers , and enjoys playing the piano , but is socially awkward due to the Asperger 's ; he despises too much noise , and hates disorder , feeling that everything must be timetabled . During `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he was fostered by a lesbian couple . Rosie Kettle ( edit ) Rosie Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Claudia Colling ( 2010 ) Millie Redfearn ( 2011 -- 12 ) Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Poppy Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Rosie Kettle , portrayed by Claudia Colling in series 1 and Millie Redfearn in series 2 and 3 , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Rosie and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Rosie is fostered with Lily and Poppy by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Rosie and Poppy , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Rosie and Poppy get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Rosie and Poppy , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Rosie and Poppy meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Rosie and Poppy run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Rosie and Poppy met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Poppy Kettle ( edit ) Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Katie Anderson Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Poppy Kettle , portrayed by Katie Anderson , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Poppy and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Poppy is fostered with Lily and Rosie by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Poppy and Rosie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Poppy and Rosie get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Poppy and Rosie , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Poppy and Rosie meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Poppy and Rosie run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Poppy and Rosie met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Poppy and Rosie back . Johnny Taylor ( edit ) Johnny Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Joe Maw Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Soldier ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Stepfather Keith Sisters Tee Taylor Half - sisters Hope Jonathan `` Johnny '' Taylor , played by Joe Maw throughout all series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and `` The Dumping Ground '' , is Tee and Hope Taylor 's older brother . He is a very tidy person , who is initially overprotective of his sister Tee following a difficult relationship with their stepdad . Johnny is medium - height , with brown hair and dark grey eyes , and gets on well with many residents of the Dumping Ground , forming frienemyships with characters such as Elektra , Liam and later Bailey . He is eleven years old when he is introduced in the series . In the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , he is introduced as an overprotective brother desperate to get both himself and his sister Tee fostered , although he later softens his approach . As the series progresses , he learns not to let his anger get the better of him , although in `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he is verbally attacked by the other children for displaying homophobic attitudes . At the end of the third series , he leaves to join the army . Johnny was seen to appear in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , alongside Sapphire , Elektra , Frank and Lily . In Episode 6 of Series 4 according to the credits of the episode he made an appearance although he was never seen on screen . Seth foreman ( edit ) Seth Forman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Ashley Taylor - Rhys Duration 2011 -- 2012 First appearance `` Money '' 28 January 2011 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social worker Band member Seth Forman is played by Ashley Taylor - Rhys and was Toby 's social worker , and later Tracy 's boyfriend , during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' 's second and third series . Seth is tall and mixed race and has brown eyes . He is kind and humorous , and likes Tracy a lot : they eventually begin a turbulent relationship . When a bag of money is found mysteriously in the garden , Toby immediately points the finger at Seth who is a new social worker . Seth then begins to act strangely towards Toby . Liam and Frank decide to spend their share of the money on a new television but end up running from security . Two police officers arrive at the Dumping Ground to search for the money but after searching the garden , the police officers find no trace of the money . Toby tells Johnny that he thinks that Seth is looking for the money and he wants it back , so Toby decides to follow Seth around and spy on him to get some evidence that he has stolen the money , when Seth leaves the room , Toby steals Seth 's phone and Gus tells Tracy to meet Toby in the toy cupboard without telling Seth . Toby tells Tracy that Seth has text messages on his phone regarding to the money and Toby then shows Tracy the money but Tracy then witnesses Seth telling Toby to give his `` stolen property '' back and she pushes him onto the floor and they lock him in the basement . Carmen and Lily tease Tracy about crushing on Seth . At the end he decides to quit and asks Tracy to tour with him . After Tracy declines this offer , she kisses Seth . In Justine Littlewood Returns , Tracy tells everyone that Seth is now her boyfriend . When Seth discovers that this was just a ruse to make Justine jealous , he becomes cross with Tracy and tells her that she needs to figure out what she wants . She later finds out that she wants to be with Seth . Seth returns in Goodbye Tracy Beaker to say how proud he is of Tracy . Elektra Perkins ( edit ) Elektra Perkins Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessica Revell Duration 2011 -- 2013 First appearance `` Elektra '' 4 February 2011 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Bernard Perkins Mother Marilyn Perkins Sisters Melissa Valentine Mandy `` Elektra '' Perkins was a difficult and rebellious resident of Elm Tree House during the second and third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was portrayed by Jessica Revell . Elektra presents herself as a tough young lady who is happy to bully and intimidate people . She is quite mean , sarcastic , and cunning , and whilst she does have caring moments , and begins friendships with Toby , Carmen and Johnny , she mainly displays her tough , uncaring and mean side . She shows more of her softer side in The Dumping Ground and has friendships with Faith and Rick . Elektra arrives in Elektra , during the second series , instantly beginning her stay by fighting Liam , later explaining this as a reflex reaction following several tough experiences in other care homes . She begins to form a gang with the other residents , forcing them to commit thefts for her personal gain to test their loyalty to her . In `` A Day in the Country '' , Elektra is left jilted after Carmen almost dies falling off a bridge due to her actions ; she also saves Harry from an adder . During `` Snake Bite '' , Elektra is reunited with her old gang , the Cobras , although after they try to rob Toby she realises that what they 're doing is wrong , and she moves on , leaving the gang behind . Going Home reveals more about Elektra 's character and family background . Elektra 's sister , Melissa Perkins , arrives at Elm Tree House in order to ask Elektra to be her bridesmaid . The residents find it amusing that Elektra 's real name is Mandy . Melissa breaks the news that she is going to get married to a man named Harvey . The two sisters shop for dresses and Elektra observes through Melissa 's behaviour that her mother has a strong influence upon every aspect of the wedding . Elektra is emphatic that she not be forced to change her hair , no matter what her controlling mother dictates . Elektra 's mother put Elektra in care despite the fact that Elektra did not want to go into care . Melissa convinces Elektra that both of her parents love her and that they would welcome her if she came to lunch . Tracy accompanies Elektra to lunch with her parents . Although they kicked Elektra out of the house , they have made an effort to see her since . Elektra appears to be pleased that her mother took the time to buy a vegetarian lasagne for her . Her mother seems to think that Elektra has severe behavioural problems and wants to focus upon the wedding whereas Elektra 's father at first seems to be more concerned about his daughter 's welfare and putting the past behind them . History seems to repeat itself when Elektra 's mother assumes control by saying that bridesmaids can not have blue hair . Elektra becomes infuriated when her mother tells her that she must keep the fact that she resides at a care home a secret from Harvey . Mrs Perkins told Harvey that her daughter was away at a boarding school . Elektra rings the wedding planner in order to cancel the wedding by pretending to be her mother . Melissa comes to the Dumping Ground and gives Elektra a gift , a new pair of white boots for the wedding . Melissa is furious when she discovers that Elektra cancelled the wedding . She states that Elektra does not deserve a family . She also showcases her feelings of resentment when she states that she always had to be the good daughter and that she was not able to attend her own prom because her parents were too busy dealing with Elektra 's problems with the police . Many events during the series , like Elektra behaviour during Gus 's adoption , have lead viewers to the idea that she is a lesbian . Elektra left Elm Tree House following the conclusion to the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Elektra was seen to appear alongside Sapphire , Frank , Johnny and Lily in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' . Rick Barber ( edit ) Rick Barber Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Daniel Pearson Duration 2012 -- 2014 First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Gerry Rick Barber ( played by Daniel Pearson ) is a resident of Elm Tree House , and later Ashdene Ridge , during the third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' ; he went into care when his parents went to prison for fraud . Rick is tall with brown hair and blue eyes . He is nice and intelligent but also hot - headed and moody . He is a very fair character , and has good morals . He finds a friend in Carmen , is naturally protective of Tyler , he plays the guitar and enjoys listening to his parents ' old vinyl records , feeling that they are all that is left of the memories he had with them . Rick expresses a wish for a sibling , but says his parents never had more children as it was impractical in case they needed to pack up and leave suddenly , due to being scammers . When Rick and Carmen become closer , Carmen learns more about Rick 's character . He tells Carmen that both of his parents used to con people out of money . Things were good for a while until his parents got sent to prison and Rick ended up in the care home . Rick feels guilty because his parents used to involve him in their scams and this meant that his parents were able to purchase nice things for him . He regrets benefitting from exploiting people . In Dreamland ( `` The Dumping Ground '' series 1 , episode 8 ) , Rick gets a huge shock when he finds his dad , disguised as a boiler man , inside the Dumping Ground . Gerry is on leave from prison for a short amount of time and insists that he 's above board now and promises Rick a happy family future , but it quickly becomes clear that Gerry still loves the buzz of a hustle , and Rick is distraught . Rick leaves Ashdine Ridge / The Dumping Ground in between the second and third series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Faith Davis ( edit ) Faith Davis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Leanne Dunstan Duration 2013 -- 2014 , 2015 First appearance Freedom 4 January 2013 Last appearance `` Better Than You '' 20 October 2015 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Brothers Razz Faith Davis is a resident of Elmtree House and Ashdene Ridge during the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . She is portrayed by Leanne Dunstan . Faith , who shares a room with Elektra while at Elmtree House , is one of the elder children who tries to be responsible , and proves her capabilities and maturity when she acts as a surrogate careworker in the opening episode of `` The Dumping Ground '' . In The Real Faith Davis the police call and the young people suspect something is wrong . All of them start spreading rumours about her being a drug dealer ; until Faith tells them the truth . She reveals that the police might have found the body of her brother , Razz , who had been missing . Frank uses this as a way to get more sponsors for her charity run . Faith is disgusted and tells Elektra that she was put in care because she told a teacher that she lived alone ; which resulted in them calling social services . The police tell her that the body was not a match , she hides in the garden and finds Floss who helps her gain some composure . The next day she completes her charity run with everyone supporting her . In the 2nd series of The Dumping Ground , after Faith got hit by a car and was temporarily in a wheel chair she became increasedly and negative . Which is unlike Faith been as she 's very optimistic and ambitions most of the time , but feeling like she was stuck in the wheelchair made her think she 'd never run or walk again . She became mean and aggressive towards the younger kids mainly , making Harry and Floss to clean her room for a `` prize '' and ordered them about . She ended up teasing Harry , treating him like a baby . When Faith wanted to watch a movie , Mo , Floss and Harry were already watching something , she told them to get lost and Mo told her that she 's become really mean , and was going to tell Mike . That causes Faith to call Mo a grass . Frank witnesses this and when Faith starts to order Frank about , Frank gives her a piece of his mind by telling her that she 's not useless and that she 's in a wheelchair and she will get better . And then goes on to tell her that he has to talk really slow every day of his life so people can understand him . This changes Faith 's recent behaviour and goes back to her caring and friendly self . She does have a few snappy and mean moments in later episodes though . Faith is one of the older residents and is tall for her age , with long black hair . She wants to be a distance runner when she grows up , but a car crash incident in `` Booting Up '' temporarily halts her plans . She left the series following the conclusion to the second series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . As of the third series and for one episode , Dunstan returned as Faith . Harry Jones ( edit ) Harry Jones Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Philip Graham Scott Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One for Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Lou Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Adoptive mother Ange Brothers Finn McLaine ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Harry Jones , portrayed by Philip Graham Scott , made his first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . He departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . During `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harry looks up to Sapphire Fox , as he is one of the younger residents , and she is a maternal figure -- he finds it difficult to adjust when she leaves Elm Tree House to get her own flat , and later identifies Faith Davis as a maternal figure to him . When she leaves , this changes to Ryan Reeves . He is initially a diminutive but cheeky character ; he enjoyed carrying round his treasured toy giraffe named Jeff , until Floss took him for herself when she arrived at the Dumping Ground . Harry is small , with a thicket of curly blond hair and blue eyes . He appears to be wearing wellies most of the time during the earlier series . During `` The Dumping Ground '' , Harry finds new friends in Mo Michaels and Floss Guppy , later revealing his secret passion for wrestling . He does leave in the third series in the sixth episode , `` It 's Not about the Money '' , to Floss 's dismay , after finding a foster placement , but then soon returns on the ninth episode , `` Long Way Home '' , when something goes wrong with his foster family and with his fellow foster Brother Finn McLaine . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' he gives Floss his Jeff . She lets him borrow it in `` Survivors '' and then gives it to Mike , who is suspended . In `` Perfect Match '' Sasha thinks that her adoptive parents , would suit Harry . He comes round to the idea , and Lou and Ange decide to look further into the possibility . Tee Taylor ( edit ) Tee Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Adoptive father Mr Watson ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Watson ( foster ) Stepfather Keith Brothers Johnny Taylor Sisters Hannah Watson ( foster ) Half - sisters Hope Tee Taylor , portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Tee is small and diminutive , yet understanding , kind and caring , although her brother 's controlling and overprotective influence over her in the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' made her a quieter character . She has dark blonde , almost brown , hair and brown eyes . She also shows a caring personality towards younger children , like Mo , Floss , Harry and her younger sister Hope . Tee and Ryan Reeves often have issues with each other , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . In By The Book , when Tracy is told to enforce the cleaning rota , Johnny believes it will get him and his sister , Tee fostered and starts volunteering himself and Tee for everyone 's chores in return for gold stars in his file . He begins to force her to do chores when she does n't want to . But Tracy 's attempt to deal with the situation results in Tee almost getting injured , resulting in Johnny lashing out at her for not looking after Tee properly , and she begins to reconsider her future at the Dumping Ground , until Tee and Johnny apologise to her the next day . In What You Do n't Know , Tee , Chris and Johnny return to the ' Dumping Ground ' from their trial foster placement with Mr and Mrs Watson . Everyone who is involved in the placement faces an awkward situation : the Watsons are happy to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Eventually , Tee decides not to be fostered as she does n't want to leave her brother behind . In `` Shadows '' , Tee finds a trail of riddles , each leading to a different clue , which eventually leads her to the time capsule which was buried at The Dumping Ground in The Story of Tracy Beaker . In `` Summer Holiday '' , she ruins a holiday by accidentally forgetting to close a gate and letting sheep get into the farm house where they are staying . When Lily and Carmen plan to go to Lily 's dads campsite , Tee goes on the bus to stop them but the bus moves and they are stuck on the bus until Wales . When the man with tickets comes and collects them , he asks for Tee 's ticket but she did n't have one and she asks to get off . Carmen goes with Tee leaving Lily on the bus by herself . 5 seconds later the bus stops again and it 's Lily . They walk off through a wood . And Tee finds herself at a holiday place . Later they are on their new holiday , all thanks to Tee . In Oh , Mo , Tee was made to look after new , eccentric resident , Mo . She soon regretted her decision when Mo started clamouring for her company and saying they were best friends . This led to an accident in which Mo was injured . Mike decided that Mo should n't live in Elm Tree House after the incident , but the young people beg for Mo to stay , so he did . In `` Hope '' Tee gets a letter from her mum , who wants to meet up with her and Johnny . Johnny tells her not to , as he thinks it might be a trap , but Tee goes to see her mum at the women 's refuge and meets her baby sister , Hope . It is revealed that Tee 's mum has left her abusive boyfriend Keith . Tee later gets worried that her mum is not looking after Hope properly , and steals her , but she bumps into Faith , who notifies Johnny . He pretends to go along with Tee 's plan to get the baby fostered but secretly texts their mum . She got Hope back , and Tee and Johnny see her regularly . In `` Now You See Me '' , Tee makes friends with a street artist , and starts doing graffiti , which nearly results in her getting arrested . In `` Breaking In '' , Tee and Kazima are at The Dumping Ground on their own , and end up battling against two burglars who break into the house . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Tee 's older brother , Johnny , is about to leave to join the army , when both Tee and Johnny step - dad , Keith , turns up to see Hope . He soon becomes trouble , and then Johnny has to face down Keith to get him to go away for good . When Keith leaves , Johnny leaves to join the army . In `` Who Are You '' Tee and Ryan Nearly make up , before a boy from Ryan 's old care home walks in and spills the beans , of what was actually meant to happen . Ryan pretended to make up with Tee , but all the information Tee gave him about what he thought about Ryan , and the order that the other kids came in , to upset the other children . In `` What Matters '' Tee naughtily goes out with Sasha to skate night , when she was n't meant to , and used Billie and Toni to cover for her . This gets the twins grounded . Teee admits , she made them cover for her , but it is revealed that May - Li knew they had gone . She runs away to buy presents for the twins and Kazima , who was applying to stay in the UK . In `` Hold The Front Page '' Tee accuses Ryan of pushing Finn down the stairs , and she claims she saw him push him which later on she did n't because Finn faked his fall to get attention . In `` Growing Pains '' Tee went to an art college interview with Carmen . She struggles to find her feet , and messes up the interview . Carmen gets a place at the drama section , and they fall out . Tee burns all her art , but Carmen had accepted the place at the college . They then make up . Carmen Howle ( edit ) Carmen Howle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Helen Howle Carmen Howle , portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Carmen is an exceptionally outgoing girl who shares much of her life with Lily , becoming saddened when she leaves the Dumping Ground . Carmen is medium - height with long brown hair and brown eyes and often wears a lot of make - up . She seems eager , kind and caring , but impatient , although she has a tendency to appear light - headed , to be judgemental , and to spill secrets . Her favourite colour is pink , and she has turbulent relationships with many of the other residents of the Dumping Ground , such as Bailey , Elektra and Johnny . She also has a terrible relationship with her mother , who abandoned her when she was little , so that she could have a holiday . In ' Family Values ' Carmen is lonely when Lily gets fostered . No - one wants to hear her problems so she takes a precious item from each resident . In ' Viva Carmen ' Carmen 's Mum , Helen , returns , saying she wants Carmen to live with her in Spain . However Helen then dumps Carmen for her ex Lee . In ' The Werewolf ' Carmen thinks she saw a werewolf . The werewolf is actually Sapphire 's brother Riff wearing a mask . Carmen does not perform well at school , we know this because in the episode '' A Day In The Past '' Johnny insults her by saying `` I 've seen your school grades , you 'll be lucky to be a cleaner when you 're older '' . Carmen 's best friend is Lily but is also shown to be good friends with Tee . She also has on and off friendships with Jody and Elektra . Floss seems to look up to Carmen , as they like the same things , such as make - up . Carmen also went out with Rick in the episode ' Be My Girl ' but the two broke up after finding their relationship too challenging . In `` Party Games '' Carmen and Bailey battle it out for celebrity foster parents . Carmen wins , but turns down the opportunity when her potential foster mum is rude to the other children . In `` Stuck With You '' Carmen and Jody , argue over a musical box , which Jody bought . They argue so much , that Floss handcuffs them together , but loses the key . In `` Now You See Me '' Carmen tries to discourage Tee from doing street art . In `` Fake It To Make It '' Carmen applies to be the face of the future . She gets through to the second selection round , which involves doing science experiments . She messes up though , and does not get the part . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' She gives Tyler some dating advice . In `` What Matters '' and `` Refuge '' She helps Kazima struggle through her application to stay in the UK . In `` Slings And Arrows '' she directs the Shakespeare play the kids are doing to save Ashdine Ridge . In `` Stepping Up '' Carmen Jody and Tee work together in a street dance competition . In `` They Walk Among Us '' She helps Tee on her date with Zach , a fitness coach . In `` Growing Pains '' She goes with Tee to an interview for college . She gets lost whilst waiting for Tee , and finds herself in a drama class . She gets an offer to come to the college , but denies , and accepts for Tee on her behalf . In `` First Past The Post '' She tells the police that Mike lost her file . She does not tell the other kids though . In `` Survivors '' she stays behind to look after Harry with Ryan . Harry runs away to Mike 's house . Carmen and Ryan find him there and take him back . She tells Ryan that she told the police , and is going to tell Harry , but Mike tells her not to . In `` The End Of It All , it comes out that she told the police . When Mike comes back , she is forgiven though . She makes a final appearance in `` One For Sorrow '' with Tee when they move out together . Mo Michaels ( edit ) Mo Michaels Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Reece Buttery Duration 2013 -- 2016 First appearance `` Oh , Mo ! '' 1 March 2013 Last appearance `` Two For Joy '' 2 December 2016 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Peter Mother Caroline Adoptive father David Grandfathers David Anthony `` Mo '' Michaels , portrayed by Reece Buttery , made his first appearance on 1 March 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Oh , Mo ! . He departed in series 4 during the episode Two For Joy . Mo is a kind , eccentric kid in the Dumping Ground . He first appeared in `` Oh , Mo ! '' His age is 10 , as of series 3 of The Dumping Ground . In series 4 , Mo has shown an annoyance to younger residents like Joseph . Which is quite hypocritical , been as how Mo was when he first arrived at the dumping ground . The Dumping Ground Series 1 - Mo arrived at the Elm Tree House prior to the episode Oh , Mo ! where he was made to share a room with Tyler . To Tyler 's ire , Mo enjoyed collecting rubbish from the bins ( which he dubbed treasure , which he made arts and crafts from ) and would take it into their bedroom , effectively turning the bedroom into a rubbish dump . This eventually annoyed Tyler to the point that one day , he took Mo 's `` treasure '' and dumped it over the stairs onto the ground floor , declaring that it was what he had to put up with . Mo was told to take his `` treasure '' to the attic and Tyler ended up being moved to Rick 's bedroom , leading to Mo getting the room to himself , with which he was very pleased and tried to give Tyler a hug ( to Tyler 's disgust ) . Whilst the others ( except Jody and Elektra ) were out , Mo took belongings from the other residents ' rooms and ( with Floss 's help ) built an `` Ant Theme Park '' by placing jam on the belongings to attract the ants , which he had brought into the house . This unfortunately led to Mo receiving more ire from the Dumping Ground residents , only to be stopped by Tee . Later , Mo offered to build a scarecrow to help scare birds away from Gina 's vegetables , which he would build out of his `` treasure '' . Mo did this with Tee 's help , as she had befriended Mo to help him settle in . Mo decided to declare Tee his `` best friend '' and wanted to hang around her including sitting next to her at dinner , much to Tee 's ire and the amusement of the other DG residents . The following morning , Mo wanted to give his grandmother 's pearls ( which Jody and Elektra had stolen ) to Tee , but could not find him , so he went to ask Tee for help . Unfortunately , Tee had reached the end of her tether with Mo and went to destroy Mo 's scarecrow with a cricket bat . Tee succeeded in knocking the scarecrow down , which unfortunately landed on top of Mo , who had followed Tee . Mo was taken to hospital and Mike intended for him to be moved into emergency foster care as Mo was clearly not settling down at Elm Tree House . However , the other kids realised that Mo was no different to them in that they all had a rough start in life , so they rebuilt his scarecrow as a welcome home present , saying that they wanted Mo to stay . Jody also returned the pearls she and Elektra had stolen ( to Elektra 's annoyance ) so Mo could present them to Tee as a gift . Tee refuses but agrees to take them in the end . In `` Seriously Funny '' , Tee and Carmen left for a sleepover at Lily 's flat , Mo gave Tee a hug ( as he was fond of doing ) as the girls hugged each other . After the girls left , he said that he wished he could go . The following day , Mo took Tyler 's practical joke toys on learning that Tyler no longer wished to play practical jokes . Prior to Scary Beasts , Mo purchased a `` magic '' egg , thinking that it would hatch into a bird . One night , the egg hatched . Mo declared this to the house the following morning , declaring that it had hatched into a bird and it had gone missing . It later transpired that Mo 's `` bird '' was in fact a snake , which Johnny and Elektra found . Mo decided to call his snake `` Mike '' , which the others joked would lead to confusion . The Dumping Ground Series 2 - When Faith was admitted to hospital , Mo decided to make her a `` get well soon '' card , but ended up with glitter over his face in the process . When Faith later returned from hospital , Mo greeted her saying that they had made her a surprise . Faith was then heard trashing her room ( annoyed about being in a wheelchair ) , leading to Mo commenting that she would not like his invention ( a watering can attached to a pole ) . Later , Mo decided to use one of Bailey 's football boots to make shoe prints with , only for it to be taken by Tyler and Rick , who were trying to sell Bailey 's boots . The following day , he , Harry and Floss ( with whom he had become friends with by this point ) were watching the TV when Faith ordered them out to watch a film . When a training video for care children was being filmed at the Dumping Ground , Mo was given an old camera for him to use . After getting the camera to work , Mo filmed the other residents ( including Johnny making a `` Care Kid Sandwich '' ) which was later seen by the lady making the training video . On the day of Lily 's leaving barbecue , Carmen tricked Mo into thinking that there was gold underneath the potatoes in the vegetable patch , as a way of getting out of her chores . Later that day , Mo found a golden wrapper in the vegetable patch and believed it to be treasure ( when really it was from one of Floss 's sweets ) . On the day the older residents went out to look for Frank , Mo was due to have a dentist appointment . Mo , fearing the dentist , hid in the garden , but was found by Floss and Harry . Mo was coaxed out , only for a bird to poo on him . Harry cheered up Mo , saying that when a bird pooed on you , it was lucky ( something Sapphire had told him ) . Mo then found a pound coin on the ground and was then told by May - Li that his appointment had been cancelled as the dentist was ill . On learning that Frank had gone missing , Mo , Floss and Harry waited for birds to poo on them , thinking that the lucky bird poo would lead to Frank being found . However , this initially did not work as Mo ended up chasing the birds away by running toward them and shouting at them to pick him . Instead , Floss had Mo and Harry untie one of May - Li 's washing lines while she took bread to attract the birds while May - Li was distracted . Consequently , all three children were punished ( by being made to tidy up the garden and take the sheets in ) when May - Li discovered what had happened with the bread . Some time afterwards , the other DG residents teased Mo 's snake , now renamed `` Rocky '' , saying that he was boring . Out to prove otherwise , Mo purchased a box of locusts that escaped after Mike untapped the box and left it on the piano with the lid open . Consequently , Mo , with Harry and Floss , set about rounding up the 50 + locusts from other places in the Dumping Ground . After finally rounding them up , Mo revealed to the rest of the DG why he had bought them : they were bait for Rocky to perform tricks in a show he was putting on . Unfortunately , Rocky refused to respond to Mo 's commands ( despite having responded in practice ) even when Mo attempted to charm him with a recorder . Faith later suggested to Mo that Rocky was depressed , prompting Mo to give Rocky to a man who owned numerous other snakes , on the reasoning that Mo could play with his friends whenever he wanted and so wanted to let Rocky do the same thing . When the DG residents held the `` Touch The Telly '' challenge , Mo was the only care kid to not pick a side . Instead , he was appointed the referee and was responsible for seeing who was out of the game , how long people had taken on their toilet breaks and how many they had been on . Like the other kids , Mo fell asleep in the lounge the following night and saw neither the football game nor the talent show . In I Have a Dream , the DG residents were informed of a short story competition and May - Li decided to hold a competition in the house and would send off the winning entry . Mo decided that he wanted to submit a story , but had trouble deciding what it would be on ( though he did get as far as the first line `` I like cheese '' ) . He was also made to go shopping with Bailey , whom he annoyed by asking who decided where everything in the supermarket was positioned . Mo later pestered Bailey by asking why he had not yet read his letter , saying that he would be excited to receive one , and eventually sussed out that Bailey was dyslexic , going on to say that his dad was dyslexic and that he had to read letters for him . Bailey initially denied being dyslexic , then later asked for Mo 's help in reading it ( albeit , claiming he could not read it because the writing was untidy ) . Mo then decided to help Bailey write a short story at the cost of writing his own story . Bailey went on to win the short story . However , Mo revealed the plot when he started reading Bailey 's story and when Carmen read the story for herself , she wondered how Mo could have known the plot it was Bailey 's story . This led to Johnny accusing Bailey of bullying Mo to write his story , which led to Mo shouting that they had got it all wrong and storming out of the kitchen , leading to him telling May - Li about Bailey 's problem afterwards . Bailey went on to win the competition and won tickets for himself and another person to take with him , so he picked Mo , who proceeded to give him a hug . When Harry was told that he could not go to a wrestling tournament , he came up with the idea of having a wrestling tournament with one of the other DG kids . Mo declined to be Harry 's opponent , but they both went to find Tyler , who agreed to be the announcer . Later , after Harry had had his costume made by Tee , Mo suggested that Harry have a tattoo on his face , which he agreed to . On learning that Floss was to be adopted , Mo asked her if she would still live at the DG , only to be told by Harry that adoption meant Floss would be leaving and never coming back . This upset Mo , who told May - Li that she needed to turn away any parents who wanted to adopt him , to which May - Li said to him that Mo was not going to be adopted and was only living at Ashdene Ridge until his parents were fit to take care of him . Some time afterwards , when Liam came to the Dumping Ground to look for Frank , Mo answered to door to him . When asked where Frank was , Mo told Liam that he was at the cinema with Johnny , prompting Liam to leave , despite Mo offering to get Mike . Later when Liam came to temporarily stay at the DG , Mo 's part in the plan to get Faith her work placement back was to sing `` Twelve Tiny Hours '' ( a song Liam had written ) with Johnny and Rick , but Mo 's singing was so atrocious he decided that he did not want to sing at all . The Dumping Ground Series 3 - On the day of The Dumping Ground 's open day in `` Party Games '' , Mo helped to add food colouring some cupcakes for the guests . Later in the day , however , Mo decided to run a bath and poured the food colouring that he had used on the cupcakes . The water overflowed the bath , fell into the living room downstairs ( soaking Matt , Stephanie Brantston and Carmen ) and also soaked Johnny 'd bedroom as well . Mo was caught after he tried to get away from the living room and was made to show his hands which were coloured red by the food colouring . Mo explained that he did this to stop the fostering party and prevent Carmen being fostered by the Brantstons , calling them `` nasty people '' . The day after the events in `` Grand Theft DG '' , Mo was made to share with new boy , Ryan . Who arrived the following day . On the same day , Mo discovered the purses that had gone missing had been dumped in a bin outside the DG . He was going to tell Mike , but was stopped by Ryan who convinced him to show him first , then was convinced to keep quiet by Ryan on the grounds that the police would implicate him as his fingerprints would be on the purses , as Mo had told Ryan he had touched them a bit . Tee managed to get the truth out of Mo eventually after Mo started to talk at the kitchen table , but then kept quiet . They searched the bins only to find the purses were now gone . Tee and Mo confronted Ryan , who lied that he had not moved the purses . Later that day , while Ryan was speaking to Maude Gordon ( Harry 's potential foster sister , who had taken the money from the purses ) in the attic , Mo followed Tee ( who was recording Ryan and Maude 's conversation ) and sneezed , prompting Ryan to get Maude to turn herself in . In `` Stuck With You '' , Kazima noticed Mo was feeling down and not being his usual cheery self . Kazima bought Mo a `` Build Your Own Robot '' from a yard sale in the neighbour hood to cheer Mo up . But when Mo found that there were some pieces missing this made him worse , causing him to shout at Kazima . Mo locked himself in Faith 's old bedroom and built a fort out of boxes with some of her old belongings in . But all the boxes ended up falling on Mo . Mike and May - Li find Mo and manage to rescue him . In the kitchen / dining room he tells Mike , May - Li and Kazima why he 's been feeling down. he had a letter from his dad ( really grandad but this was not revealed until the episode `` Where is Love '' ) saying that she his mum ( nana ) was having crucial surgery . But when Mike read the letter he lets Mo know it says something else and assures Mo his mother ( grandmother ) will be fine , and the operation is nothing to worry about . Mo was absent in the episode `` Mischief '' . Mo 's last appearance was in the Series 4 finale `` Joy For Two '' , even though it has n't been confirmed , the character had not appeared in any of the promos for Series 5 nor is the character featured in the Series 5 opening credits , so it is very unlikely that he will be appearing in the upcoming series . Bailey Wharton ( edit ) Bailey Wharton Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kasey MacKellar Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance Booting Up 10 January 2014 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Jimmy Wharton Mother Alison Wharton Bailey Wharton , portrayed by Kasey MacKellar , made his first appearance on 10 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Booting Up - Part 1 . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . He is shown to be quite aggressive and cocky , with a very short temper , and likes to wind people up , especially Johnny and Mike . He is a skilled footballer and is often criticised by the others for thinking he is better than he is and making unnecessary comments . It is later revealed he is dyslexic. Bailey later befriends Mo Michaels and Jody Jackson , but does n't always see eye to eye with Jody during the progression of series 2 . During Series 3 - 4 , Bailey is shown to be reserved and has a more withdrawn character , either spending his time with Mischief or football . He is also shown to have calmed down and eventually it is opened up to his sensitive nature when he comforts Mo and meets his ' mother ' in Series 4 . In the fourth episode of the third season , Bailey kills a homeless man ( Mal ) by pushing him . Guilty of his actions , Bailey adopts his dog , Mischief , without consent from neither Mike Milligan or May - Li Wang . On his last episode he and Sasha saved Dexter from getting into more trouble that Roddy dragged him into ( it is revealed Roddy is a thief ) . Bailey 's final appearance was the second episode of Series 5 . At the end of the episode , he takes up the position of a junior football coach in the United States . Mischief ( edit ) Mischief Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Sage Duration 2015 -- 2017 First appearance `` Mischief '' 30 January 2015 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Owner ( s ) Bailey Wharton Mike Milligan May - Li Wang Mischief , portrayed by ten - year - old Border collie Sage , made his first appearance on 30 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Mischief . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . Mischief is owned originally by a homeless man who Bailey bumps into ; when the man later dies in hospital because of Bailey , his conscience means he becomes Mischief 's new owner . However , when Mischief comes back to Ashdene Ridge , it soon becomes clear that he is very unruly -- but Bailey must train him , or he will be put down . Eventually , all becomes well , and Mischief becomes the new Ashdene Ridge pet . Mischief left the show when Bailey did in series 5 as both went to America . Kazima Tako ( edit ) Kazima Tako The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Akuc Bol Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance `` Finding Frank '' 31 January 2014 Last appearance `` Farvel '' 31 March 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former : regular Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Hakim Tako Brothers Amir Tako Kazima Tako , portrayed by Akuc Bol , made her first appearance on 31 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Finding Frank . She departed in series 5 during the episode Farvel . Frank has n't been seen or heard of for a while , so Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) try to track him down . They notice Kazima buying Frank 's pocket watch , claiming it was her mother 's and they find Frank and Kazima at a burger van . It emerges that Kazima and Frank are sleeping rough . Frank and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later talk and Frank decides to move back in . Frank later informs Kazima that Mike is sorting things for her through children 's services . Carmen reluctantly agrees to share her room with Kazima , however , Carmen is annoyed by Kazima 's behaviour and orders Kazima to leave . Kazima sleeps on Frank 's bedroom floor and when Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) discover this , they tell Kazima boys and girls can not share rooms for their own protection . Kazima plans to sleep in the garage , but Carmen finds out and makes up with her . Tee works on an Art project , but Kazima criticizes it and she introduces Tee to her friend , street artist Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) . When there is a trip to a theme park and not enough tickets , Kazima does n't mind staying behind . Tee decides to remain behind to allow Toni ( Nelly Currant ) and Billie ( Gwen Currant ) to go together . Kazima and Tee are forced to attend a fun day , but they leave early and go home . Unknown to them , money was planted in Kazima 's bag by Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max break into The Dumping Ground and when Kazima checks her bag , she and Tee decide to refuse to hand it back due to the large amount . Kazima and Tee attempt to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . They end up locking Max in the attic and trick Maz into the kitchen before tying her up . Maz and Max are arrested and the other residents arrive home the same time after Mike is informed of Kazima and Tee disappearing from the fun day . Mike and May - Li lecture Kazima and Tee on the situation and all the kids are sent to the fun day . When Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) learns to play a trombone , Kazima helps him and she reveals her dad and brother were kidnapped for making music . New girl , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) , arrives at The Dumping Ground . After going home to collect her bedroom key , Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima . Kazima witnesses Sasha knocking down a display so she can speak to her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . When May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , she later finds it stolen . Kazima and Carmen question everyone and they later reveal Mischief ( Sage ) as the culprit . Carmen drops May - Li 's antique necklace down the toilet and Carmen thinks about what would happen if she left the necklace or if she tried to get it back . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , she enlists Kazima 's help to get it back and they arrange for a plumber to fix the toilet . As part of her application to stay in the UK , Kazima must prove she is a minor and undergo an age assessment . After finding out about Kazima 's situation , Carmen tries to get Kazima to open up about what happened . Kazima explains how her father was captured by the army and her mother died at a Kenyan refugee camp before she fled to England . Kazima gets the results for her age assessment and is informed by Jasna ( Dolye Gavanski ) that they believe she was born in 1997 and is 18 years old . Kazima decides to runaway and she goes to Frank 's , but she runs away when Mike and Carmen go visit . Later , Kazima reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) and Kazima 's age can be proved by documents . Kazima and Hakim learn that Kazima 's brother maybe alive in Somalia and Hakim decides to go to Somalia , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground . Kazima left The Dumping Ground halfway through the fifth series , on Episode 12 . She moved to Denmark with her father and brother . Kazima featured on 55 episodes of the series . Guest characters ( edit ) Steve Littlewood ( edit ) Steve Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Stephen Crossley ( 2002 - 2004 ) Morgan Hopkins ( 2005 ) Duration 2002 - 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Two 's A Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Carrie Sons Billy Daughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Steve Littlewood , portrayed by Stephen Crossley from 2002 to 2004 and Morgan Hopkins in 2005 , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground . He departed in series 5 during the episode Two 's A Crowd . Steve introduces his new girlfriend Carrie ( Caroline Bunce ) to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the young people decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Steve and Carrie tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Steve and Carrie later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) sets up a meeting between Steve and Justine , but lies to Justine that she wants her photo taken and Justine is n't thrilled when she discovers Elaine has lied to her . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Carrie ( edit ) Carrie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Caroline Bunce ( 2003 - 2004 ) Kathryn Dimery ( 2005 ) Duration 2003 - 2005 First appearance `` Doggie '' 23 January 2003 Last appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Steve Littlewood Sons Billy Stepdaughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Carrie , portrayed by Caroline Bunce from 2003 to 2004 and Kathryn Dimery in 2005 , made her first appearance on 23 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Doggie . She departed in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing . Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) introduces Carrie to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the kids decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Carrie and Steve tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Carrie and Steve later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Christie Perry ( edit ) Christie Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Vicky Hall Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Matt Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Christie Perry , portrayed by Vicky Hall , made her first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Christie and her husband , Matt ( Chris Robson ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Christie and Matt . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . Tracy asks Christie to give Lily a chance , but Christie says it has to go through Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Christie and Matt . Lily ends up arguing with Christie and Matt when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Christie and Matt take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Christie and Matt , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . With the residents and staff protesting about the council closing The Dumping Ground , Christie asks Mike if she can take Lily home with her , promising to bring her back when it all calms down . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) asks Christie if she can stay with them , but Christie says she is there to collect Lily . When Lily hears Christie 's voice , Lily climbs onto the roof and she tells Tracy her fears and Tracy promises they can slow things down and tells Lily to go indoors , but Lily falls off the roof . Christie and Matt bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Christie and Matt . In the meeting afterwards , Christie believes that she wo n't be able to convince Rosie and Poppy to go through it again and she would put a stop to it . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . When Christie finds out Tracy will be supervising , she is n't keen on the girls going , but Lily persuades Christie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Matt Perry ( edit ) Matt Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Chris Robson Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Christie Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Matt Perry , portrayed by Chris Robson , made his first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . He departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Matt and his wife , Christie ( Vicky Hall ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Matt and Christie . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Matt and Christie . Lily ends up arguing with Matt and Christie when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Matt and Christie take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Matt and Christie , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . Matt and Christie bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Matt and Christie . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rob ( edit ) Rob Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Neil Armstrong Duration 2010 - 2013 First appearance `` Sisters '' 19 February 2010 Last appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social Worker Rob , portrayed Neil Armstrong , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Sisters . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) foster placement breaks down with Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) , Rob brings her back to The Dumping Ground . Later , Rob is furious with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she took Lily to the Perry 's to apologise , but the situation inflamed when Lily had an argument with Matt and Christie . Christie and Matt bring Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back and the contact is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out . Rob tells Christie , Tracy , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) that Steve struggled and could n't find common ground . Christie is n't keen on Poppy and Rosie going through it all again , but Rob reminds Christie that Steve is their dad . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) runs away from her mum 's and comes back to The Dumping Ground . Jody is n't keen on going home and Rob asks Jody if she wants to talk to him on her own , but Jody says she is OK and has nothing to say . Gina does n't think it 's wise for Jody to go home , but Rob tells her that it 's the best place for Jody with the support of social services . Steve Kettle ( edit ) Steve Kettle Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ben Cartwright Duration 2011 - 2013 First appearance `` The Scare Game '' 25 February 2011 Last appearance `` Seriously Funny '' 8 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Jonah Kettle Daughters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Steve Kettle , portrayed by Ben Cartwright , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode The Scare Game . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Seriously Funny . Steve approaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) in a shopping centre and Lily 's foster sister , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) witnesses the situation and thinks he is trying to abduct Lily , but Lily reveals he is her dad . With the help of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) , Lily tracks Steve down at a local AA meeting , but Lily is left devastated when Steve tells her he is just saying sorry to people and he ca n't be her dad . Lily goes to her dad 's B&B , Lily asks him why he disappeared when she and her sisters got put into care and Lily accuses him of being selfish and Sapphire soon takes her away . Lily goes back to her dad 's B&B and she apologises for what she said . He lets her in and Lily gives him some clothes he bought with her foster mother 's , Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , money , but she pretends it 's hers . Tracy goes to pick up Lily when she finds out where she is from Sapphire . Lily wants to live with Steve , so Steve arranges to meet her , however , he tells Cam , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike where she is and they collect her . Steve arrives at The Dumping Ground and tells them that he intends to apply to get the court order lifted . Steve has a contact with Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) as he plans to get them back , however , the meeting is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out of the meeting to their foster parents , Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . Lily tells her dad that their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) , said he can have another chance with Poppy and Rosie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . Poppy is sick when she eats too many sweets and Steve is hit by a swing when he is distracted . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Rob visits Steve with the news that a meeting is going to be held , which could set Steve back . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Lily is unhappy when Steve 's pregnant girlfriend , Shannay ( Holly Quin - Ankrah ) moves in and Lily goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Jack O'Donovan ( edit ) Jack O'Donovan Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Callum Callaghan ( 2012 ) Chris Finch ( 2014 ) Duration 2012 - 2014 First appearance `` Big Brother '' 20 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face The Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2012 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Police Officer ( show ) Family Brothers Liam O'Donovan Jack O'Donovan , portrayed by Callum Callaghan in 2012 and Chris Finch in 2014 , made his first appearance on 20 January 2012 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Big Brother . He departed in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Face The Music . Liam O'Donovan returns a DVD to Jack after he finds out it 's a pirate DVD . Liam is arrested for supposedly taking an eoman 's bag . At the court , Jack found out about them being brothers , and sends him a letter . At first , Liam is in shock , but when he confronts him , he is arrested for breaking curfew . At the police station , Jack reveals that he is actually an undercover police officer trying to find a counterfeit DVD making gang . He invites Liam to come and live with him , and Liam agrees . Nicky ( Lu Corfield ) is robbed by a stranger and Johnny discreetly takes a photo of the mugger . Jack visits The Dumping Ground to take a statement from Johnny and he tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he is having problems with Liam . When Liam leaves home after an argument with Jack , Jack goes to The Dumping Ground and makes up with Liam . Kingsley Jackson ( edit ) Kingsley Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Luke Jackson Sisters Jody Jackson Kingsley Jackson , portrayed by David Avery , made his first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Kingsley , their mother Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and brother Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley . Jody is pleased to see Kingsley when he moves into his new flat and Kingsley reassures Jody that going to prison was n't her fault . Kingsley introduces her to his girlfriend , Rosie ( Zoe Iqbal ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Kingsley tells Jody to leave the door open at The Dumping Ground open , so he and Rosie can steal things . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Denise Jackson ( edit ) Denise Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Daughters Jody Jackson Denise Jackson , portrayed by Victoria Alcock , made her first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Denise and her brothers , Kingsley ( David Avery ) and Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley , angering Denise . Sally Lewis ( edit ) Sally Lewis The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Diveen Henry Duration 2014 - First appearance `` Holding On '' 7 February 2014 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Tyler Lewis Sally Lewis , portrayed by Diveen Henry , made her first appearance on 7 February 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) supervises a day out between Sally and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) at the park. Sally takes Tyler and they sneak away from the park . Sally gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . A community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . When Tyler finds out Sally has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to take him home . Back at The Dumping Ground , Sally and Tyler wait in the quiet room , however , Sally disappears and she locks herself in the bathroom and Tyler gets her to open the door . Sally promises Tyler things will get better . On a fostering information day , Tyler gets close to a foster parent , Mrs Underwood ( Martina Laird ) and she is hurt . When Tyler asks his mum if he has to turn down every potential foster family , Sally decides that he does n't as he needs to be in the best place for him . Tyler is delighted when Sally wants him back and he visits his mum for a meeting with his social worker . Sally shows Tyler his room , which Tyler does n't like as it 's dinosaur themed . Tyler goes between his birthday party at The Dumping Ground and his mum 's and Tyler snaps when his mum replaces a photo of the young people with one of them both . Sally and Tyler realise the need to get to know each other and Sally accepts the young people and staff are family too . Lucy Taylor ( edit ) Lucy Taylor The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sally Rogers Duration 2014 - 2015 First appearance `` Hope '' 21 March 2014 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Johnny Taylor Daughters Tee Taylor Hope Lucy Taylor , portrayed by Sally Rogers , made her first appearance on 21 March 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . She departed in series 3 during the episode Dragon Slayer . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) receives a letter from Lucy and she arranges to meet her at a cafe and Lucy apologises to Tee for letting her down . Tee visits her mum at a women 's refuge she is staying at and when Lucy says she wants to introduce her to someone , Tee suspects it is a boyfriend and leaves , however , Lucy goes after Tee and introduces Tee to her half - sister , Hope ( Lucy Briggs ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) goes to find Tee and he meets Hope , but he is angry with Lucy about everything that has happened . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Johnny spots his stepfather , Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) , in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope ( now Holly & Paige Robinson ) . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Lucy tells Johnny and Tee that Keith wo n't be staying around as he is moving to Scotland and Johnny tells his mum that she has to think who really matters . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Kelly Bellman ( edit ) Kelly Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sandy Foster Duration 2015 - First appearance `` Free to Good Home '' 13 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Daughters Sasha Bellman Stepsons Roddy Kelly Bellman , portrayed by Sandy Foster , made her first appearance on 13 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode free to Good Home . After catching Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) trying to shoplift , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . When Kelly returns home , she tells Sasha that she has had a call from a social worker about her running off , but wo n't tell . Sasha tells her mum that she caught Dexter trying to shoplift some nappies and that she needs to be there for her brothers . When Kelly hints on about being skint , Sasha tells her that she ca n't help her anymore . When Sasha comes home after going to the park with Dexter and his friend , Kelly tells Sasha she is managing with Dexter and Murphy ( Fred Montgomery Scott ) , but having her back would be a risk . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with her new partner 's daughter , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha living at home . Kelly 's daughter is born with dwarfism , like Sasha . When Sasha finds out her stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Others ( edit ) The Story of Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Julie 8 January 2002 Louise Barrett Julie is the former foster mother of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . She and Ted ( Kim MacDonald ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Ted 8 January 2002 Kim MacDonald Ted is the former foster father of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . He and Julie ( Louise Barrett ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Brian Gee 22 January 2002 Simon Ludders A photographer who takes pictures of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) for Child of the Week . Ben 's Mum 24 January 2002 - 18 March 2003 Natasha Estelle Williams When Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) injures himself by falling out of a tree , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) takes him home . Tracy is n't happy with Ben when the arrive at a large house and that he lied that he lived on the streets . Tracy plots with Ben to get his mum to foster her by pretending that life is horrible at The Dumping Ground and being well behaved . On Ben 's birthday , his mum and his dad are called into work . When Ben 's mum drops Ben 's mobile of at The Dumping Ground , Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) teases Ben and thinks he is a wuss . Amber pressures Ben to hold a party in his parents absence . Miss Sharp 31 January 2002 - 26 February 2002 Ysobel Gonzalez Miss Sharp is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . She appears in a flashback when Tracy was a new girl at school and Miss Sharp introduces Tracy to the class , but no one wants to be her friend . On parents evening , Tracy gives Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) the wrong time and pretends to Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) that a sponsored welly throw is happening at school . When Cam arrives at school , she finds out from Miss Sharp that it 's parents evening and Miss Sharp shows Cam some of Tracy 's homework . Cam also discovers that Tracy told Miss Sharp that she will be fostering Tracy soon . Terry Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Paul Mari Terry Brown and his wife , Jill ( Maggie Wells ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Terry and Jill . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Terry and Jill come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Terry and Jill . Jill Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Maggie Wells Jill Brown and her husband , Terri ( Paul Mari ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Jill and Terry . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Jill and Terry come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Jill and Terry Shoe Shop Assistant 5 March 2002 Jody Jameson When Maxy 's ( Jerome Holder ) shoes break , Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) takes him shopping for a new pair and the Shoe Shop Assistant helps them out . Maxy wants some red and black trainers , but Jenny insists on trying other pairs as the ones he likes do n't look strong . Maxy tries out several pairs , but pretend they do n't fit or hurt him . Mr Pugh 7 March 2002 Max Digby Mr Pugh is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . He appears in flashbacks when Tracy is trying to explain the disappearance of her homework . Samantha 12 March 2002 Imogen Brown Samantha is an 11 - year - old girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground late at night when her mum ( Isobel Middleton ) is rushed into hospital with suspected appendicitis . Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) offers to share a room with Samantha , however , Louise is n't keen on her when Samantha goes through the stuff her mum does n't like her to have or do . Samantha strikes up a friendship with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Samantha teaches Tracy to cheerlead . Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) informs Samantha that her mum has been discharged from hospital after a false alarm . When her mum picks her up , she is horrified that Samantha has cut her hair and Samantha is grounded for a month . Samantha 's Mum 12 March 2002 Isobel Middleton When Samantha 's mum is discharged from hospital , she collects Samantha ( Imogen Brown ) from The Dumping Ground . Samantha 's mum is horrified when she sees how short Samantha has cut her hair and she grounds Samantha for a month . Leah 21 March 2002 Louisa Milwood Haigh Leah is a temporary careworker , who fills in for Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) when she is off work . The residents make up stories about Leah 's past . When Leah holds a meeting with the kids , they make up fun rules , however , Leah outsmarts them as she suggests a few creative rules . On a shopping trip , the kids run off from her , however Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Peter ( Joe Starrs ) that Leah was a former care kid who looked after her and they are helping Leah get into trouble . A frantic Leah phones Duke when all the kids show up . Martha Leach 4 April 2002 Paula Bacon Martha is an estate agent , who shows Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) some flats Nathan 's Lecturer 14 January 2003 Gerri Smith The university lecturer of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) . She is surprised what Nathan has turned in for his coursework , nut roast and pickle taped on paper which was done by Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . Vikram Singh 23 January 2003 Gurmail Garib Singh Vikram is a boy , who has lost his dog named Fang . Fang has been hanging around The Dumping Ground and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) becomes attached to him , so Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Dolly smuggle Fang inside . Tracy gets Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) to look after Fang , but she soon returns him to Vikram . Vikram gives them £ 10 as a reward . Gang Girls 23 January 2003 Emily Carter Lowri Jenkins Nadine Marie Egal The friends of Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) . Anna 6 February 2003 Charlotte Lowri Anna is the girlfriend of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) , who Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) is jealous of . During a game of truth or dare , Dolly gets Nathan to admit that she is his favourite person . Dolly gets Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to admit to Anna that Nathan said he liked someone better than her in truth or dare , not knowing that he said it Dolly . Anna breaks up with Nathan . Gordon 11 February 2003 Roderick Smith Gordon is the father of Warren ( Leighton Smith ) . He is annoyed with Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) when she lets the animals out of their pens , but Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes the blame . Warren 11 February 2003 Leighton Morgan Warren is the son of Gordon ( Roderick Smith ) , who shows Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) the farm . Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) is attracted to Warren . Mr Byron 18 February 2003 Sule Rimi When Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) is ill , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , with well intentions , takes over Cam 's life and she delivers one of Cam 's incomplete stories to the publishers and gives it Mr Byron . Receptionist 18 February 2003 Portia Nicholson The receptionist of the publishers who tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) who Mr Byron ( Sule Rimi ) is . Celebrant 25 February 2003 Duncan Betts The celebrant who performs Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) and Carrie 's ( Caroline Bunce ) wedding . Quiz Kids 27 February 2003 Calum Fowler Natasha Marshall Kids from another care home who compete against the Stowey House team in a quiz . Derrick 4 March 2003 Jonathan Davies One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Derrick and Jamie ( Mohammed Hadan ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Ben 's Dad 4 March 2003 Kevin McCurdy On Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood ) birthday , his dad and his mum are called into work . Jamie 4 March 2003 Mohammed Hadan One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Jamie and Derrick ( Jonathan Davies ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Mr Morris 13 March 2003 - 25 March 2003 Rhys Parry Jones Mr Morris is the potential foster father of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mr Morris and his family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mr and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mr and Mrs Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . Mrs Morris 13 March 2003 - 16 October 2003 Kerry Joy Stewart Mrs Morris is the potential foster mother of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mrs Morris and her family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mrs and Mr Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mrs and Mr Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . When Louise visits her friends , Louise makes out that her foster family are horrible so it does n't appear that she is boasting . Tracy and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) go to the park to rescue Louise and Louise admits that the Morris ' are n't horrible . Granddad Morris 13 March 2003 Tony Leader When Mr Morris ( Rhys Parry Jones ) and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stuart ) take potential foster daughter Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) out , Louise brings Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) along . Granddad Morris stays at The Dumping Ground and he teachers Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol some survival skills , which Duke ( Clive Rowe ) falls foul of . Mr Morris leaves The Dumping Ground with Bouncer and Lol 's gameboy . Gang 18 March 2003 Emily Carter James Marshall 2 of Amber 's ( Alicia Hooper ) friends , who Amber brings to Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood party . They vandalize pictures and statues at Ben 's house . Jasper 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Declan Wilson Jasper is the uncle of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his uncle and aunt . Jasper and Kate go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Jasper and Kate want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Jasper and Kate through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Jasper and Kate to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Kate 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Tracy Williams Kate is the aunt of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his aunt and uncle . Kate and Jasper go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Kate and Jasper want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Kate and Jasper through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Kate and Jasper to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Colin 25 March 2003 Brendan Charleson Colin is a friend of Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) , who lends his lawn mower to Duke . Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin 's motor , so his girlfriend , Selima ( Claire Cage ) brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Colin and Selima could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Selima 25 March 2003 Claire Cage When Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin ( Brendan Charleson ) 's lawn mower , Colin 's girlfriend , Selima . brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Selima and Colin could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Jack Hopper 23 October 2003 - 25 January 2005 Howell Evans Jack Hopper is the grandfather of Jackie Hopper ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) goes with Jackie on her first visit to see her grandpa when Shelley is unable to arrange anyone to go with her . Jackie does n't believe her grandpa needs looking after , however , Crash tells her that he forgot who she was . Jackie plans a way to get her grandpa home with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Tracy is puzzled when Jack keeps referring to Jackie as Norma . When they get home , the find an Estate Agent in the house and Jack orders her to leave . Shelley turns up at the house unexpectedly and Shelley explains to Jackie how her grandpa can no longer look after her . Jackie cancels her grandpa 's first visit to The Dumping Ground , however , Crash secretly arranges for Jack to come . Jackie pretends not to like The Dumping Ground to her grandpa and she tells him that she did n't want to seem settled in case it upset him . Jackie participates in a charity run with her grandpa but Jack has a turn and can not complete the race , so Jackie completes it for him . When Jackie finds out that her grandpa needs a wheelchair , she believes he does n't need it . When Jack is taken home , he wants his trainers to be thrown away , however , Crash throws his slippers away and Jack gets Jackie and Crash to race him in his wheelchair . Jackie is devastated when her grandpa dies . Mr Bygrave 23 October 2003 David Charles Mr Bygrave and his wife , Mrs Bygrave ( Rachel Atkins ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Mrs Bygrave 23 October 2003 Rachel Atkins Mrs Bygrave and her husband , Mr Bygrave ( David Charles ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Estate Agent 13 November 2003 Vivienne Rowdon An Estate Agent who is found in Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) house by him , Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Jack has no recollection of signing the papers due to his Alzheimer 's and insists the Estate Agent gets out of his house . Vicky 20 November 2003 Jennifer Robinson Vicky is a girl on the same ward as Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she has her appendix out . Philip 4 December 2003 Angus Alexander Brown Philip is the potential foster father of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When he , his wife Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Cathy 4 December 2003 June Campbell - Davies Cathy is the potential foster mother of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she , her husband Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Cathy and Philip . Sophie 4 December 2003 Rebecca Walker Sophie is the daughter of Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) , who are intending on fostering Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she and her parents arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Maureen ( series 3 ) 18 April 2003 - 5 February 2004 Lynn Hunter Maureen works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Maureen and Dave ( Mark Flanagan ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Dave ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 18 April 2003 Mark Flanagan Dave works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . Dave gives Bouncer a hard time and nicknames him `` Orphanage Boy '' . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Dave and Maureen ( Lynn Hunter ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Zara 18 April 2003 Jude Mitson Zara is Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) publicist , whom Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) clashes with . Wilson 8 January 2003 - 15 January 2003 Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins Wilson arrives at The Dumping Ground when his mother is rushed to hospital . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes Wilson for Louise 's ( Chelsie Padley ) boyfriend , so Tracy throws eggs at him and locks him in a cupboard . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) loses a competition against Michael ( William Tomlin ) , so he has to share a room with Wilson . Crash is impressed with Wilson when Wilson shows Crash all the goodies he has with him . Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Layla ( Cara Readle ) do Wilson 's hair , but they get bubble gum stuck in his hair . When Tracy and Wilson talk , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) teases Tracy about having a crush , but Tracy denies it . Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Crash plant Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) mobile in Tracy 's bag after sending love messages on both Duke and Shelley 's ( Nicola Reynolds ) phone to each other 's . When Duke 's phone is found in Tracy 's bag , Wilson takes the blame . When Tracy finds out that Wilson did n't do it , Wilson admits he likes Tracy to her and the pair kiss , which is witnessed by Justine . Adam 8 January 2003 Richard Pask Adam is the boyfriend of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) , who plays practical jokes on Louise . When new boy Wilson ( Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins ) arrives at The Dumping Ground , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes him for Adam and throws egg , water and flour at him before locking him in a cupboard . When Tracy realises Wilson is not Adam , she lets him out . Logan 29 January 2004 Paul Mohan Logan is a football team coach , who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) visit to get Lol on the football team . Logan allows Lol to play with the team , but afterward , he says that Lol is too young . Logan arranges for Lol to be the team mascot . Kelly 5 February 2004 Sophie Sherrington Kelly is Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) girlfriend , who works with him at the bakery . When Kelly asks Bouncer if she could go back to his place and meet his family , Bouncer makes up excuses , which make Kelly think Bouncer is ashamed . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ) ( Ciaran Joyce ) tease Bouncer about having a girlfriend as they followed him , but Bouncer said he lied to Kelly about having a family . Tracy and Lol intervene and invite Kelly around to The Dumping Ground and everyone helps getting the place ready . When Kelly arrives , Bouncer admits that it 's a children 's home , but Kelly reassures him that it 's nothing to be ashamed of . Sufia 19 February 2004 Krupa Patel Sufia is a girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground in the middle of the night and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is n't pleased at sharing a room with her . When Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) runs an art competition to replace the broken photo , Tracy 's is ruined by Michael ( William Tomlin ) and Sufia paints her a replacement . Tracy wins the competition , but gives her prize to Sufia as an apology for not telling everyone she did the painting . Charlie Kean 4 March 2004 Dan Winter Charlie Kean and his TV crew arrive at The Dumping Ground to film Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) book launch . He gets annoyed with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she keeps interrupting filming . When Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) fails to get a photo of Charlie and Charlie is rude towards her , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) throw cold spaghetti on him from upstairs and Jackie photographs him . Tom 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Matt Zarb Tom and his son , Jake ( Ryan Nelson ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Tom and Jake return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Tom and Jake to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Tom and Jake are invited to the BBQ and when Tracy spots Tom kissing Elaine , Tracy says he has to choose between Elaine or fostering her , but Tom tells her he has no intentions of fostering . Jake 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Ryan Nelson Jake and his father , Tom ( Matt Zarb ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Jake and Tom return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Jake and Tom to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Jake and Tom are invited to the BBQ . Ron 11 March 2004 Morgan Hopkins Ron and his wife Gwen ( Sara McGaughey ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Gwen 11 March 2004 Sara McGaughey Gwen and her husband Ron ( Morgan Hopkins ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dave 11 March 2004 Gareth Wyn Griffiths Dave and his wife Jemima ( Debra Glazer ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Jemima 11 March 2004 Debra Glazer Jemima and her husband Dave ( Gareth Wyn Griffiths ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Steward 25 March 2004 Dafydd Wyn - Roberts A steward who initially does n't allow Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to participate in the race due to her late application , but Michael ( William Tomlin ) gets him to change his mind . Amy 21 October 2004 Seren Morgan Amy and her mother Sue ( Sarah Cartwright ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Sue 21 October 2004 Sarah Cartwright Sue and her daughter Amy ( Seren Morgan ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Penelope Lawson 28 October 2004 Marilyn Le Conte Penelope is the mother of Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) . When Cam tells Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) spends a lot of time at The Dumping Ground , Elaine suggests that Tracy prefers being around a lot of people and that Cam should invite her mother . Tracy is n't pleased with the news , but Penelope wins Tracy round with presents . When Penelope starts interfering with how Cam and Tracy do things , Tracy tells them that she wants to play a video game and order in pizza , but Tracy gets annoyed when Penelope and Cam play the video game together and she feels pushed out . Kez 4 November 2004 Jane Murphy Kez is a trainee social worker , who tries to copy Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Kez out with fostering theories . Maureen ( series 4 ) 4 November 2004 Rebecca Orchard When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) does Cam 's food shop with Crash , Tracy lies to Maureen that Cam steals her allowance . Maureen feels sorry for Tracy , so she gives her a bag of sweets . Jane 15 December 2004 Evelyn Duah Jane is a trainee careworker , who Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) is attracted to . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) intercept Bouncer 's love letters to Jane and write back to Bouncer as Jane , asking for gifts . Frances 15 December 2004 Katy Owen Frances is a trainee careworker , whom Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) is attracted to . Mr Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Dave Bond Mr Boxer is a potential foster father for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mr and Mrs Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mr and Mrs Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mr and Mrs Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mrs Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Anita Reynolds Mrs Boxer is a potential foster mother for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mrs and Mr Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mrs and Mr Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mrs and Mr Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mr Pincher 11 January 2005 Keiron Self Mr Pincher is an inspector who inspects The Dumping Ground . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) devise a plan to get The Dumping Ground shut down by pretending that Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) mistreat them . Journalist 18 January 2005 Rhian Green A journalist from `` Kids in Care '' magazine , who speaks to Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) and Duke about Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dignitary 18 January 2005 Lloyd Johnston Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) speaks to the Dignitary , mistaking him for the journalist ( Rhian Green ) . He soon gets fed up of Elaine and says that he simply came to the reception to sample to cakes . Nurse Nadia 25 January 2005 Tara Breathnach The nurse who cares for Jackie 's ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) grandfather , Jack ( Howell Evans ) . Arthur MacDonald 25 January 2005 Charles Lewsen Arthur is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who the residents track down for Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . `` Flying '' Freddie Mercer 25 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Ram John Holder Freddie is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George ( Noel Williams ) convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . When Jackie returns home from Brownhurst Academy with an injury , she is unimpressed with Freddie 's presence and Jackie later admits to Freddie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) that she faked the injury as she was homesick . Freddie visits Jackie on Special Guests day and Freddie 's hair is covered in green paint by Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) friend , Romily ( Ruth Collett ) . George Divine 25 January 2005 Noel Williams George is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie ( Ram John Holder ) and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . Minister 25 January 2005 Mike Haywood The minister who performs Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) funeral . Mr Smart 8 February 2005 Richard Elfyn Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) recommends Duke ( Clive Rowe ) for a job with Mr Smart . When Mr Smart goes to The Dumping Ground to collect a written reference from Duke , Duke decides not to go for a job with Mr Smart and stays at The Dumping Ground . Constance 22 February 2005 Christine Winter Constance arrives at The Dumping Ground to relieve Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) of some of his troubles . Constance does n't allow Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to visit , even with permission from Sid . The residents are n't happy when Constance shows them their new care plans or with Mathelympics . In attempt to get rid of Constance . Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) set a trap in the kitchen , but it does n't work . Tracy and Crash get help from Christopher `` Crusher '' ( George Heritage ) and Sian ( Jodie Lunnon ) to get rid of Constance . Christopher `` Crusher '' 22 February 2005 George Heritage Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Crusher 's and Sian 's ( Jodie Lunnon ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Sian 22 February 2005 Jodie Lunnon Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Sian and Christopher `` Crusher '' 's ( George Heritage ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Dora 1 March 2005 Faith Kent After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Dora and Henry ( George Atkins ) , hoping they will get some money . Dora and Henry soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Henry 1 March 2005 George Atkins After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Henry and Dora ( Faith Kent ) , hoping they will get some money . Henry and Dora soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Social Worker ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 15 March 2005 Amy Starling The social worker who shows Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) his room on his visit to the halfway house . Ron 5 April 2005 Julian Lewis Jones On the residents orienteering trip , Ron , Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) play some practical jokes on the kids . The jokes include gunge falling on them and putting their hands in different food stuffs . The kids soon get their own back by hosing Ron , Sid and Duke with water . John 28 November 2005 - 8 December 2005 Adam Skilton John is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) cousin . Justine is n't unhappy with his arrival and when Justine learns that she has to give up her room for John , Justine decides to go back to The Dumping Ground . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Billy 28 November 2005 Morgan Wyn Bowen Billy is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) half - brother and the son of Steve ( Morgan Hopkins ) and Carrie ( Kathryn Dimery ) . Chantal 's dad 29 November 2005 Vinod Soni The father of Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , whom Chantal goes to live with in Somerset . Gary 29 November 2005 George McAllister When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is on holiday with Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , Cam meets Gary . Unhappy with Cam 's new relationship , Tracy moves back to The Dumping Ground . When Cam invites Tracy to come on a picnic , Tracy declines , however she later changes her mind after a conversation with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Things go well on the picnic , to everyone 's surprise and she later goes out for dinner with Gary and Cam . Gary and Cam break the news to Tracy they are getting married and Tracy does n't take it well . On the day of the wedding , Cam ca n't bear the thought of Tracy not being at the wedding and she tells Gary that everyone has tried . Gary gets Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) to get Tracy to the park so he can try to find out what the problem is , but Tracy is angry at Gary for using Crash to get to her . Tracy later admits her fears to Crash and Jackie , which is that she thinks that Cam and Gary will want children of their own and not her , but Crash and Jackie reassure her . Tracy attends the wedding and she tells Gary and Cam that she wants them to get married . At the wedding reception , Gary and Cam tell Tracy that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to adopt her instead . Mrs Ball 29 November 2005 Victoria Pugh Mrs Ball and her husband attend the open day at The Dumping Ground arranged by Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Rio ( Craig Roberts ) introduces himself to Mrs Ball and her husband after changing his appearance to try to get fostered . Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) offers Mrs Ball and her husband a biscuit , but Rio tries to take them off her as they have salt in . Shop Assistant 1 December 2005 Phylip Harries When Marco ( Jack Edwards ) wants a mum so he can get an alien from a store doing a mother 's day special , Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) pretends to be his mum . The shop assistant is attracted to Bouncer 's female persona , but the shop assistant think Bouncer is winding him up when he discovers Bouncer is not a woman . Marco admits that he is in care and he allows Marco , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Wolfie ( Felix Drake ) to have an alien . Mrs Lucre 5 December 2005 Emma Treharne Jones Mrs Lucre and her husband Mr Lucre ( Giles Thomas ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mrs and Mr Lucre . Mrs and Mr Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Mr Lucre 5 December 2005 Giles Thomas Mr Lucre and his wife Mrs Lucre ( Emma Treharne Johnes ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mr and Mrs Lucre . Mr and Mrs Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Theo 6 December 2005 Patrick Robinson Theo is Crash 's ( Darragh Mortell ) father . Crash is unsure about seeing him , but as Theo is about to leave , Crash wants him to stay . Theo and Crash bond over football , but Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) confiscate the ball in order to get them to actually talk . When Theo starts getting ideas about his and Crash 's future , Crash snaps at Theo and tells him to go . Jackie gets Theo back and Theo and Crash make up . Lucy 6 December 2005 Lisa Diveney Lucy is a candidate for head careworker job . The kids think she is perfect for the job , however Alice ( Olivia Grant ) does n't like Lucy and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) agrees with Alice and makes up a story that Lucy use to work at her old care home . Mr Willis 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mr Willis is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put him through a `` Weakest Careworker '' challenge by making costume hats for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) and Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) . Marco and Milly are n't satisfied with his effort . Mrs Hood 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mrs Hood is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put her through a `` Weakest Careworker '' quiz and she gets every question correct , however Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) says she leaves with nothing . Charlie 8 December 2005 Sid Beadle In Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Elaine 's ( Nisha Nayer ) absence , Charlie is abandoned at The Dumping Ground . Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) looks after Charlie , teaching him life lessons on the way . When Mike and Elaine return , a foster family is arranged to collect Charlie . Emily 8 December 2005 Natasha Collett Emily is the twin sister of Romily ( Ruth Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . Romily 8 December 2005 Ruth Collett Romily is the twin sister of Emily ( Natasha Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . New Girl 9 December 2005 Maddie Rakic - Platt A new girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground . Registrar 9 December 2005 Sian Naiomi The registrar who performs Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) and Gary 's ( George McAllister ) wedding . Tracy Beaker Returns ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Sgt Nelson 8 January 2010 - 12 February 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by a police officer ( Charlie Binns ) and Sgt Nelson questions her at the station . Sgt Nelson contacts Cam and they both agree to drop the charges against Tracy as Cam never wanted her to get arrested on the conditions that Tracy repays Cam and she writes a weekly article . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . realises that Sapphire 's ( Saffron Coomber ) boyfriend , Ferris ( Peter Losasso ) , has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Police Officer ( Tracy Beaker Returns , series 1 ) 8 January 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by the police officer and Sgt Nelson ( Jim Kitson ) questions her at the station . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . Presenter 8 January 2010 Sarah Lawton The presenter who interviews Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) for the telly when Tracy has published her own book . Mr Scott 15 January 2010 Richard Stacey Mr Scott and his wife , Mrs Scott ( Joanne Bowden ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mr and Mrs Scott . Mrs Scott 15 January 2010 Joanne Bowden Mrs Scott and her husband , Mr Scott ( Richard Stacey ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mrs and Mr Scott . WI Lady 5 February 2010 Sue Bowmer Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza and she pays £ 10 for a slice of pizza when Liam and Frank tell her it 's to save The Dumping Ground . Vested Man 5 February 2010 Steven Osborne When Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza , they annoy the man by waking him up . He drags Liam and Frank back to The Dumping Ground and when he threatens to get the police involved Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) says he should tell them about him dragging a boy with cerebral palsy through the streets . Ferris 12 February 2010 Peter Losasso Ferris is the boyfriend of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds out Sapphire has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she tries to keep an eye on Sapphire . Tracy invites Ferris for tea and she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Cabbie 19 February 2010 Ian McLaughlin The cabbie who takes Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to his audition . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily ( Jessie Williams ) along and gets the cabbie to stop at Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie 's ( Vicky Hall ) house for Lily to apologise . When Gus arrives at his audition , he believes he is too late and insists on going home . Terrie Finder 26 February 2010 Tracy - Ann Oberman When Toby ( John Bell ) , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) enter a competition to win a holiday . When Terrie visits The Dumping Ground to collect details for the holiday , they lie that they are a family , but Terrie susses out that they live in care . Terrie agrees they can have the holiday if they get permission from an adult , however , the boys fill out the form themselves and they get Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to help with Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) details . Terrie spots the boys filling in the form and when she confirms the holiday , Toby finds out she 's charged £ 5,000 on Mike 's credit card . The boys go to the Sunscreen Holidays office and Liam insists Terrie gives Mike his money back , but Terrie refuses . To distract Terrie , they set off her car alarm and whilst Terrie confronts Liam and Johnny , Frank and Toby sneak in . Frank and Toby go on Terrie 's laptop to cancel the holiday , however , Terrie catches them , but Toby takes a USB stick . Terrie arrives at The Dumping Ground and she insists they give her the USB stick back as it has important information , but Toby refuses unless she gives Mike his money back . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tells Terrie she has conned a bunch of kids , Terrie says that they told her they were over 18 , however , Toby plays the automated message and they do n't confirm their age . Terrie agrees to cancel the transaction and give Mike his money back . Helen Howle 5 March 2010 Fiona Wade Helen is the mother of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , who turns up unexpectedly at The Dumping Ground to see Carmen and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) invites her in after thinking she has permission . Carmen is unhappy with her presence and she runs off upstairs . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later tells Carmen that her social worker says it 's OK for her mum to visit , but Carmen does n't want to see her . Carmen later changes her mind and she spends the day with her mum with Tracy shadowing them . Helen then invites Carmen to live with her in Spain and after talking about it with Mike and social services , Mike tells Carmen she can spend a short trial period in Spain to see how things go . Helen tells Carmen that whatever choice she makes , she will support her . Helen gets back together with her ex-boyfriend , Lee and she lets Carmen down again when she says Carmen ca n't live with her straight away . Tracy gives Helen an earful about how she puts herself first and how amazing it was that Carmen was prepared to give her a second chance . Riff 12 March 2010 Jordan Hill Riff is the half - brother of Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) . When he arrives at The Dumping Ground , he hides in the bushes and Carmen is convinced there is a werewolf . Late at night , Riff makes it inside and sleeps in Sapphire 's room . Riff explains to Sapphire that he wants to find their dad and he asks Sapphire if she knows where he is . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) spot Riff with Sapphire and Riff gives Lily and Tee an MP3 player for them to keep quiet about him . Riff later plays a game of Guitar Heroes and when Riff scrolls through the song list , Sapphire notices the band that their dad is in and she tells Riff . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) find out about Riff 's presence , Mike tells Riff that he will contact Social Services from up north . Riff and Sapphire plan to run away to their dad , but Tracy catches up with them and Sapphire says that being in care is n't all that bad . When Riff leaves , he gives Sapphire his mobile phone as he has 2 more . Service Station Manager 19 March 2010 Peter Gunn On the way to the beach , the kids and staff stop off at a service station . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) play with some inflatable beach toys , he asks them if they are going to buy anything . Carmen accidentally knocks down a sweet stand with an inflatable seahorse , angering the service station manager . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds Lily ( Jessie Williams ) who is struggling to enjoy herself without her sisters and Tracy gives Lily some sweets . The service station manager asks Tracy if she paid for the sweets . He later receives a complaint from a customer , who had his car soaked by Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) . After ending up back home , everyone sets off to the beach again and they stop off at the same service station . The service station manager refuses to let them use the cafe , but he is persuaded by Tee and he warns them to behave . When Toby loses his hamster , chaos is caused when Liam announces to the customers that who ever find it can have a sat nav and the service station manager orders them to leave . Newspaper Editor 26 March 2010 Ingrid Lacey A newspaper editor who offers Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) a job as a junior reporter . She sets Tracy a test article by writing about the kids she works with on life from their point of view . When Tracy gives her the article , she is impressed , however , Tracy decides not to take the job . Leanne Spinks 7 January 2011 Clare Cathcart After Lily ( Jessie Williams ) falls off the roof , Leanne Spinks is sent to The Dumping Ground from the council to conduct a full investigation and she tells the children that they will be sent elsewhere whilst the investigation happens . When the kids lock themselves in the cellar , they refuse to come out and Leanne threatens to phone the police , however Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) manages to convince them . When The Dumping Ground is reopened , Leanne does her report . She is part of the panel when Mike ( Connor Byrne ) has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Mike 's job is safe when the panel find in his favour . Council Official 7 January 2011 Shaun Prendergast When The Dumping Ground residents do a protest to prevent the council closing The Dumping Ground , it gets media interest and the Council Official arrives to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to stop the protest . He is part of the panel when Mike has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Sara 14 January 2011 Romy Irving Sara is a girl , who Toby ( John Bell ) has a crush on . When Sara comments that she saw Toby with his mum , Toby lies about his family and Sara lies that her mum is n't around anymore and she died . In the comic shop , Sara picks up a classic comic and Toby says he has it and offers to lend it Sara . Comic Shop Owner 14 January 2011 Wayne Cater After assuming Toby ( John Bell ) is n't returning to The Dumping Ground , the residents help themselves to his things . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) sells Toby 's comic . When Toby notices one of his comics in the comic store , he asks the owner where he got it and he realises that all of his comics have been sold to him . Foster Mum 14 January 2011 Zoe Lambert The foster mum who looks after Toby ( John Bell ) when The Dumping Ground was temporarily closed . Sara 's Mum 14 January 2011 Phillippa Wilson The mother of Sara ( Romy Irving ) . When Toby ( John Bell ) goes to Sara 's to lend her a comic , her mum comes to the door shortly after and introduces herself as Sara 's mum . Toby is angry with Sara as she made up that she did n't have a mum . Ade 21 January 2011 Timi Lamikanra Ade and his brother , Dayo ( Mohammed Mansaray ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . Dayo 21 January 2011 Mohammed Mansaray Dayo and his brother , Ade ( Timi Lamikanra ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . TV Salesman 28 January 2011 Delroy Brown After the kids find some money in the garden , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) decide to buy a TV . He is suspicious of Liam and Frank when they show him a bundle of cash they want to pay it with and they want to take it themselves , so he talks to a security guard . Detective Sergeant 28 January 2011 Jackie Fielding A gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Constable ( Dean Ramsden ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money , however , they realise it 's gone . The Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable speak with the kids . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Detective Constable 28 January 2011 Dean Ramsden A gang member posing as a Detective Constable . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant ( Jackie Fielding ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money . The Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant speak with the kids and the Detective Constable upsets Gus ( Noah Marullo ) when he uses his notebook to write down their contact details . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Sausage Man 4 February 2011 Christian Steel When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) use pasta sauce in a curry , they offer to do the food shop so Gina ( Kay Purcell ) does n't find out . They decide to stop and have a sausage , but Tracy has no cash to pay , so they decide to make a run for it . They are caught by the man , who gets them to dress up as sausages and hand out flyers . Mr Watson 11 February 2011 Daymon Britton Mr Watson is the husband of Mr Watson ( Karen Traynor ) and father of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mr and Mrs Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . When Johnny phones Tee , Mr Watson tells Johnny not to phone Tee to give her a chance of settling in . Tracy confronts Johnny about not answering Tee 's calls and Johnny tells her that Mr Watson told him not to call , so Tracy arranges a bowling trip for everyone the same time Tee will be there . When Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Hannah Watson 11 February 2011 Daisy Doidge - Hill Hannah is the daughter of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and Mrs Watson ( Karen Traynor ) . Her parents look after Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) for a while and Hannah becomes best friends with Tee . Johnny persuades Tee to get fostered on her own after realising the Watson 's only want her . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call and that he does n't care her about her like she does , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mrs Watson 11 February 2011 Karen Traynor Mrs Watson is the wife of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and mother of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mrs and Mr Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mrs Watson forces Mr Watson to admit to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mr Spooner 4 March 2011 Michael Jayston Mr Spooner is the owner of the scooter Liam ( Richard Wisker ) crashes . Liam is sentenced to community service at an old peoples home where Mr Spooner live . When Liam overhears Mr Spooner on the phone to Eddie ( Simon Lowe ) , Mr Spooner is annoyed with Liam , however , he almost falls and Liam takes him into his room . Mr Spooner talks to Liam about his National Service and Liam apologises about his scooter . When Liam looks at Eddie 's repair charges , he tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off . Liam spots Eddie disconnecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and Mr Spooner is convinced by Eddie to trade in his scooter , however , Mr Spooner can not afford a new one , so Eddie lets him have a reconditioned scooter . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Eddie 4 March 2011 Simon Lowe Eddie is a dodgy scooter salesman . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) spots Eddie disconnecting Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) before overhearing Eddie telling Mr Spooner the battery is dead and Eddie convinces Mr Spooner to trade in his scooter for a new one . When Eddie says it will cost £ 3,000 , but negotiates a price , Mr Spooner can not afford it , so Eddie says he can have a reconditioned one for £ 800 . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Sonia 4 March 2011 Helen Russell Sonia is an old lady at the old peoples home , who was a model . When the kids visit the home , Sonia introduces herself to Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Initially anxious , Carmen and Tee relax around Sonia when Sonia tells them she has 38 pairs of shoes . George 4 March 2011 David Andrews George is an old man at the old peoples home , who stopped playing the piano when his family moved away . When the kids visit the home , Frank ( Chris Slater ) introduces himself to George , but George ignores him initially , however he soon starts talking to Frank . George later plays the piano alongside Gus ( Noah Marullo ) . Magistrate 4 March 2011 Fiona MacPherson The magistrate who sentences Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) to community service after crashing Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) scooter . Kali 11 March 2011 Holli Dempsey Kali is an old friend of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Kali and Elektra were part of a gang called The Cobra 's . Kali is slightly annoyed with Elektra as she never contacted her when she was in a secure unit . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) turns up at the park and Kali introduces herself to Tracy . Tracy takes Elektra and Kali back to The Dumping Ground and Kali explains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that she knows she got Elektra into a lot of trouble , but has changed . Mike initially refuses to let Kali stay , however , Elektra convinces Mike to change his mind . Kali and Elektra later sneak out and Kali introduces Elektra to some of her other friends and Kali is impressed with Elektra when she stands up to Zazel ( Ella Peel ) . Kali , Elektra and the rest of The Cobra 's later go shopping and Kali later suggests to Elektra that she joins them and leaves The Dumping Ground . Elektra later meets up with Kali and the gang . Kali sends her friends to mug Toby ( John Bell ) , however , Elektra intervenes and leaves Kali . Zazel 11 March 2011 Ella Peel Zazel is a friend of Kali 's ( Holly Dempsey ) . Zazel asks Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) where she was when Kali was locked up for 6 months and Elektra silences Zazel by saying that her and Kali will always be there for each other . Zazel joins the rest of The Cobra 's when they go shopping . Xanthe 18 March 2011 Kacey Ainsworth When Frank 's ( Chris Slater ) grandfather dies , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch to get some money so he can buy a headstone . Frank asks Xanthe for £ 100 . Frank is told by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that his grandfather will not be able to have a headstone as no one paid for his grandfather 's funeral . Frank asks Xanthe for his pocket watch back , but Xanthe says it has been sold for £ 750 . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) intervenes and asks Xanthe if she would be interested in an antique car . Xanthe takes a look , but is not interested , until she sees the personalised number plate , which reads `` X4N THE '' . Xanthe agrees to give Frank his pocket watch and cash back . Kitty 6 January 2012 Eleni Foskett Kitty is a very withdrawn and socially awkward girl , who arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tries to encourage Kitty to open up to the care workers and speak to the other children . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) shows Kitty some of her homemade crafts . When Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) chases after Tyler Lewis ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) and when Elektra and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) set Tyler 's things on fire , the noise terrifies Kitty and Tee tries to calm Kitty down , but Kitty pushes her . When Johnny 's ( Joe Maw ) money is stolen , the noise and fuss causes Kitty to become anxious , leading her to push Tracy down the stairs . A fire is caused by Denis ( Jamie Gaddas ) when he does n't put a cigarette out properly and he plants the cigarettes in Kitty 's room . Kitty tells Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) about the cigarettes and Rick chucks them at Tracy out of the window . Denis sanctions both Kitty and Rick . Kitty is moved to care home more equipped to help her with her problems . Lizanne 6 January 2012 Lauren Mote Lizanne arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Frank ( Chris Slater and Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) are attracted to Lizanne and Lizanne uses their crushes to her advantage by getting a better room and money off them . It also turns out Lizanne was responsible for the fire , but it was an accident as she left her hair straighteners on and a cushion caught fire . Lizanne leaves when her mum is discharged from a psychiatric hospital . Denis Stockle 6 January 2012 Jamie Gaddas Denis Stockle is a careless , controlling and unkind care worker who brings the four Burnywood children to Elmtree House following a fire . He proves himself to be a condescending and bossy person who thinks young people in care are `` messed up '' ; his attitude infuriates and aggravates the young people and careworkers . He is shown to be an impatient bully , who illegally takes control of Elmtree House , becomes Head Careworker , and imposes bans on multiple luxury items . He resigned after Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gus ( Noah Marullo ) found out that he started the fire at Elm Tree House by smoking in the attic , removing the batteries from the fire alarm and not putting the cigarettes out properly . Electrician 13 January 2012 Scott Frazer An electrician who Gus ( Noah Marullo ) refuses to let in , even after Gus is shown ID . Mack 20 January 2012 Gary Faulkner Mack owns an unlicensed DVD stall with Jack ( Callum Callaghan ) . After buying a dodgy DVD from him Liam ( Richard Wisker ) wants a refund , but Mack refuses . Ms Bowman 20 January 2012 Janine Leigh Ms Bowman is an officer who fixes Liam ( Richard Wisker ) with a tag and she explains that if he breaks curfew 3 times , he will be sent to a youth detention centre for the remainder of his sentence . When Liam accidentally breaks his curfew , Mr Bowman warns Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) of what will happen if Liam breaks curfew 2 more times . Liam breaks curfew again when Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) move Liam 's bedroom into the garden and Ms Bowman warns Liam he has one last chance . Liam breaks curfew shortly after when he realises that Jack ( Richard Wisker ) is his brother and could have helped Liam in court as he witnessed what happened and Ms Bowman phones the police . Shadow 27 January 2012 - 11 January 2013 Connie Shadow is a three - legged dog who followed Frank into the Dumping Ground after Frank ( Chris Slater ) went to the park . After she proves troublesome , she is taken to the animal shelter before being adopted by Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) . Lily and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) persuade Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to let Shadow stay at The Dumping Ground when Lily has respite care . Claire 3 February 2012 Jane Dellow Claire is a woman , who approaches Harry ( Phillip Graham Scott ) when he is alone in the park . Claire introduces herself and her baby son , who is also called Harry , to Harry . Claire asks Harry where his mum is and Harry explains how his mum hurt him then Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) was his mum , but then she left him and then Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) was his mum . Claire then phones the police . When Sapphire finds Harry at the park , Claire tells Sapphire that she has phoned the police . Big Issue Seller 3 February 2012 Gary Kitching After he runs away , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) asks the Big Issue Seller if he knows who Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) is . When Sapphire goes looking for Harry , the Big Issue Seller guesses she is Sapphire when she asks him if he has seen Harry and he tells her where he is . Charlie 10 February 2012 Kent Riley Charlie is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) fiancé , who appears genuine , however , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) overhears Charlie on the phone and confronts him , saying he is scamming Justine by getting her to trust him before getting money out of her . Rick later tells Justine and Tracy that Charlie is a conman and that Charlie bought him a laptop to keep quite . Justine , Rick , Tracy and Cam devise a set up to catch Charlie by getting Cam to pose as a customer in a restaurant Charlie is at and for her to leave her purse at the table . Charlie gives Cam her purse and Cam thanks him . Charlie offers to buy a Cam a coffee and Charlie pretends he does n't have a girlfriend when Cam asks . Justine , Rick and Tracy appear and Justine ends her relationship with Charlie . Mr Stevens 17 February 2012 Andrew Vincent After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) takes a look in someone else 's flat in the same block of flats where Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) lives , he angers the 2 men who live there and they get him to sneak into a storeroom and steal some expensive gadgets . Johnny sets off the alarm when he is startled by a spider . When he tries to escape , he is caught by Mr Stevens , who is mad with Johnny at first , but softens towards Johnny when Johnny tells him he is in care . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) comes to collect Johnny and Mr Stevens finds out about the 2 men having lots of expensive things when Johnny explains himself to Tracy . When Sapphire and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) try to get their phones back from the men , Mr Stevens arrives just in time and forces the men to give Sapphire and Elektra their mobiles back . Farmer 24 February 2012 Jack McBride The owner of the farmhouse where the kids and staff stay on holiday . He orders them to leave when his sheep are let out of the farm , which was done by Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Bus Conductor 24 February 2012 Dominic Doughty The bus conductor who asks Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) if anyone is meeting them in Bristol and Lily lies her dad is . When he is about to issue Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) a ticket , Tee tells him she wants to get off . Landowner 24 February 2012 Sarah Thurstan When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee get off a coach , they have no idea where they are . They walk down a path , but Lily and Carmen stay when Carmen 's feet hurt , so Tee carries on . She encounters the landowner and Tee helps her by shutting a gate field on the sheep . Tee gets upset and explains to the landowner how she wanted to be a good friend to Lily and Carmen by keeping quite about them going to Wales , but wanted to stop them as she did n't want to get lost . She takes Tee through some bushes and they end up on the grounds of Manor Hall Farm . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Lily , Carmen , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Frank Matthews ( Chris Slater ) also end up at Manor Hall Farm . The landowner approaches Mike and apologises for turning them down when he wanted to book a holiday there as she thought the kids would be out of control . She lets them have a holiday there for half price with free board . Melissa Valentine 2 March 2012 Angela Terence Melissa is the older sister of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to tell Elektra she is getting married and wants her as bridesmaid . Melissa and Elektra go shopping for a bridesmaid 's dress and Melissa reluctantly agrees that Elektra can keep the blue in her hair . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra says that Melissa is fine with it , but Melissa is forced to agree with their mum . To get back at her family , Elektra cancels Melissa 's wedding . Melissa visits Elektra with a present , a pair of white doc martens and Elektra admits to Melissa that she cancelled the wedding . When Melissa phones up the venue , her booking has been given to someone else and Melissa agrees with their parents about Elektra . Melissa apologises to Elektra and she gives Elektra the shoes and she finds out that Melissa and Harvey got married their own way . Marilyn Perkins 2 March 2012 Lizzy McInnerny Marilyn is the wife of Bernard ( Ron Webster ) and mother of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . Marilyn serves Elektra a vegetarian lasagna for dinner . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Marilyn and Bernard ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Bernard Perkins 2 March 2012 Ron Webster Bernard is the husband of Marilyn ( Lizzy McInnerny ) and father of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Bernard and Marilyn ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Melanie 23 March 2012 Emily Glenister Melanie is the new careworker , taking over from Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) suffers an anaphylactic shock at Tracy 's leaving party , Melanie gives Jody an epipen injection and everyone praises Melanie when Jody comes round . When Melanie ca n't do Gus 's ( Noah Marullo ) tour , Melanie shows him how to move something in his schedule . Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) wants to take a flat that is miles away , so Tracy speaks to the council to see if there is a closer place and Tracy slams the phone down when she learns that the block of flats where Sapphire use to live has been sold . Melanie asks if she should ring up and try a more gentle approach . Knowing the kids are sad about Tracy leaving , Melanie comes up with an idea for them to show that and they make a memory book for Tracy . Tracy invites Melanie to stay at her party . The Dumping Ground ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Bomb Squad Officer 4 January 2013 Craig Conway Gina ( Kay Purcell ) is hit by a grenade and taken to hospital . The Bomb Squad Officer mistakes Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) for a careworker and he tells the kids off for playing with a grenade . When a grenade is thrown into the attic , the Bomb Squad Officer is called out again and Faith is shocked when he has to blow up the grenade , thinking it will be a big explosion . Lydia Dillon 4 January 2013 Jacqueline Phillips Lydia is a relief careworker to fill in for Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) when he is on holiday . The kids do n't like Lydia 's strict attitude , so Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) pretends to be the relief careworker so she leaves . Manager 4 January 2013 Tony Neilson When Frank ( Chris Slater ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) are sent out to do the food shop , the stop off at an arcade . Frank uses all the food money on the machines and when Frank wins , he asks the manager why no money has come out of the machine . The manager says he needs them to prove they are 18 before he can give them the money . Sarah 4 January 2013 Sammy T. Dobson Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) believes Mike ( Connor Byrne ) is going to chuck her out when she sees an e-mail about her from social services . She decides to apply to be on the `` Are you a young leader of tomorrow ? '' programme so she can go to Australia . Elektra fakes an application , where she has lied about several achievements . Sarah visits The Dumping Ground and she is impressed with Elektra , but she breaks the news that Elektra is ineligible for the programme as it 's designed for those who need to make a positive change . Shannay 11 January 2013 - 8 March 2013 Holly Quin - Ankrah Shannay is the girlfriend of Steve and the mother of Jonah . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is unhappy about her moving in , so she goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Luke Jackson 18 January 2013 James Bartlett Kingsley is the middle child of Denise and the older brother of Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and younger brother of Kingsley ( David Avery ) . When Jody moves back in with Denise , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's . Luke tells Kingsley to go easy on Jody as she is just a kid , but Kingsley ignores him and locks Jody in her bedroom . Gina arrives at Jody 's when Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) sends a Morse code message to Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out what is being said , which is `` S.O.S '' . Gina is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Luke agrees with Gina , believing that Jody is better off at The Dumping Ground . Ronnie 25 January 2013 Elizabeth Hall Ronnie and her partner , Dawn ( Sara Stephens ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Ronnie and Dawn 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Ronnie and Dawn and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Dawn 25 January 2013 Sara Stephens Dawn and her partner , Ronnie ( Elizabeth Hall ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Dawn and Ronnie 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Dawn and Ronnie and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Social Worker ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Katharine Monaghan A social worker who accompanies a Police Officer to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Ian Stewart Robinson A police officer who accompanies a social worker to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Jade 8 February 2013 - 15 February 2013 Adeleina Williams When Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a D for Sports Science , he stops at a cafe that is advertising a job . Jade tells Frank that he can have the job once she has spoken to her dad . All the kids arrive at the cafe and they notice Frank has a crush on Jade . Frank later talks to Jade about his granddad and Jade tells Frank her mum died when she was 10 . Jade introduces Frank to Angel ( Louise Jameson ) , a psychic medium , and Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Angel talks to Faith 's ( Leanne Dunstan ) brother , Angel believes false things what Faith says about herself until Faith reveals it 's not true . Jade gives Frank a charm he bought her back . Jade visits The Dumping Ground and makes up with Frank . Jade kisses Frank , which is witnessed by the other kids . Angel 8 February 2013 Louise Jameson Jade ( Adeleina Williams ) introduces Frank ( Chris Slater ) to Angel , a psychic medium . Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Frank tells the other residents about Angel , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does n't believe in her , so she goes to the cafe to see Angel . The following day , Angel contacts Faith 's brother for her , however , Faith tells Angel false things about herself , which Angel believes is true . Faith then reveals to Angel none of it was true and that she is a fake . Gerry 15 February 2013 Chris Simmons Gerry is the father of Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) . He pretends to be a boiler inspector to get inside The Dumping Ground and Rick is shocked to find his dad at The Dumping Ground . Rick meets up with his dad , followed by Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , and when Rick says he has to hand himself into the police , Gerry explains he is now at an open prison . Gerry apologises to Rick and promises him once he is out of prison , he will put his old life behind him . After witnessing Tyler getting hassle from a builder ( Ryan Enever ) , Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Builder 15 February 2013 Ryan Enver Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) gets hassle from the builder when he accuses Tyler of stealing from his van , when Tyler was only spying on Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) with his dad , Gerry ( Chris Simmons ) . Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Hattie 15 February 2013 Carmen Munroe Hattie is the mother of Gina ( Kay Purcell ) . Gina is forced to bring Hattie to The Dumping Ground when Hattie 's carer is sick . Hattie gets on well with Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) , although she is forgetful and when Tee tells Hattie her name , Hattie thinks Tee is offering a cup of tea . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) startles the kids when she believes Hattie is dead , however , when they check on Hattie , she wakes up and gives them a scare . Gina gives Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a shopping list for some curry ingredients and Hattie mistakes Faith for Gina . Later , Tee finds that Hattie has gone , so Gina , Faith and Tee go looking for her . They find her at the bus stop , but she can not remember Tee and Faith pretends to be Gina to calm Hattie down . Gina , Tee and Faith take her back to The Dumping Ground . Gina realises that Hattie would be better off in a care home . George 22 February 2013 Philip Harrison George is the owner of Hidden Hall . George tells the kids they are going to pick names out of a hat to determine who they are going to pretend to be . Once the kids have been assigned a person , he gives them their tasks and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) is n't pleased about being a scullery maid . Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) shows little interest in the day and she annoys George when she relaxes in a room that is out of bounds . When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) dance with Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , who is acting as an Earl , and Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) , who is acting as the Earl 's son , reality and fiction clash when Johnny rubbishes Lily 's dad and George and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) break them up fighting . At lunch , Johnny is in a bad mood and decides that no one is allowed to eat and a food fight breaks out . George orders them to go when a valuable photo is ruined . Rachel 22 February 2013 Rachel Teate Rachel is an employee at Hidden Hall , who teaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) about Edwardian etiquette as they are pretending to be Edwardian ladies . She learns them how to use hand fans and how to do the Grizzly Bear dance . Esme 15 March 2013 Sophie Skelton Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) meet Esme in a clothes shop and when Esme is mugged , they invite her back to The Dumping Ground . When Esme is introduced to the others by Carmen and Lily , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is attracted to her . Esme is hated by a majority of the residents due to the influence she has on Carmen and Lily overheard Carmen tell Esme how she thinks Lily 's dreams are average and how she an Esme plan to run away to Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum , Mrs Vasquez - Jones ( Selina Giles ) lies about her . Mrs Vasquez - Jones 15 March 2013 Selina Giles Mrs Vasquez - Jones is the mother of Esme ( Sophie Skelton ) . Esme invites Carmen to join her in Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum lies about her . Razz 15 March 2013 Isaac Ssenbandeke Razz is the older brother of Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) . He tracks down Faith , but Faith is angry with him as she though he was dead . Razz is being chased by Solly ( Robert Haythorne ) and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) as he quit their gang as well as taking some money . and Faith agrees to help him . Faith smuggles him into The Dumping Ground and Razz shows Faith the cash and he wants them to start over again . Faith realises he left GPS on on his mobile , which is why Solly and Cass know he is at The Dumping Ground . Razz later discovers the money is stolen , who suspects Frank ( Chris Slater ) took it . Solly and Cass come looking for Razz inside The Dumping Ground . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however it turns out Razz had it all along . Faith is disgusted that Razz lied and tried to blame one of her friends , but she makes up with Razz when he deals with a snake that gets rid of Solly and Cass . Solly 15 March 2013 Robert Haythorne Solly and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Solly and Cass are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Cass 15 March 2013 Lee Lomas Cass and Solly ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Cass and Solly , who order him to get Razz . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Cass and Solly want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Cass and Solly are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Serjay 10 January 2014 Danny Ashok Serjay is a social worker , who brings Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to The Dumping Ground . Serjay tells May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that Bailey will have to stay at The Dumping Ground longer and when Serjay tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey to May - Li and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , May - Li firmly insists that he tells Bailey . Doctor 10 January 2014 Gauri Vedhara Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) is knocked over by a car when Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) runs away from The Dumping Ground to get to his football match . The doctor tells Faith and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that the x-ray has shown no damage to her hip . Faith asks when she can start training again , the doctor advises her to give it a couple of weeks and ease into it . Jimmy 10 January 2014 - 29 January 2016 Mark Theodore Jimmy is the father of Baley ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Jimmy attempts to take Bailey from The Dumping Ground , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) inform Jimmy that they are legally responsible for Bailey . Inside , Mike and May - Li tell Jimmy he 'll have to contact Social Services about getting Bailey back , but Jimmy devastates Bailey when he says that he was n't expecting to get Bailey back straight away . Bailey runs away to his dad and they go to a football match , however , Jimmy is chucked out of the match by a police officer ( Jon Regan ) . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey . Jimmy arrives at The Dumping Ground when he finds out Bailey has seen his mother , Alison and Jimmy and Bailey both find Alison gone from The Dumping Ground . When they find her , Jimmy reveals that Alison is not his mum , but her friend . Bailey later makes amends with Jimmy . Daryl 10 January 2014 Finn Armstrong Daryl is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . After Bailey ran away from The Dumping Ground , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) go to see if Bailey is playing football . Daryl tells Jody and Carmen that Bailey is an ex-teammate now as he missed football , Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 2 ) 10 January 2014 Jon Regan Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is chucked out of the match by the police officer . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Sasha 17 January 2014 Angela Griffin Sasha is filmmaker who comes to Ashdene Ridge to make a training video for social workers . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) does n't want to be a part of the film as she believes everyone is acting strangely and it 's fake . Sasha allows Jody to make the movie , but Jody finds it difficult when some of the others refuse to co-operate . Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gathers some fly on the wall footage of Jody to show Sasha . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 4 ) 24 January 2014 Asif Khan After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) suspects Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is responsible , so he phones the police and the police officer arrests Bailey . Custody Sergeant 24 January 2014 Dale Meeks After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . After Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is arrested , Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) tells Carmen that she saw her smash the window and Carmen gives her a bracelet , a present from Lily , to her . When Lily notices Floss has the bracelet , Lily confronts Carmen and Carmen admits she broke the window . She then admits the truth to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May Li ( Stacy Liu and she goes to the police with a reluctant Mike , confessing to smashing the window . The custody sergeant tells Carmen her rights now she is in custody and takes her fingerprints . Danny 31 January 2014 George Sampson When Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) go to see Frank ( Chris Slater ) at his place , Frank is n't in . When they leave , Danny approaches them and ask if they know Frank before warning them that if they see him , tell him that he wants his money . Frank pays Danny his money back and Frank wants to have a game of cards again to win money . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen ( Georgina Campbell ) is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Jen 31 January 2014 Georgina Campbell Jen is a friend of Frank ( Chris Slater ) . Frank pays Danny ( George Sampson ) his money back and Frank wants a game of cards again to win money and Jen joins in . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Shopkeeper 31 January 2014 Alan Renwick When looking for Frank ( Chris Slater ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) find Frank 's pocket watch for sale in a window . They ask the shopkeeper if they can save the watch for them , but he tells them that he has had interest from another customer . Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) later comes to buy the watch from the shopkeeper . Community Support Officer 7 February 2014 Shareesa Valentine On a day out with Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , Tyler 's mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) , gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . The community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . Mr Johnson 28 February 2014 Darren Morfitt Mr Johnson is a football coach . After a match , he pulls Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) aside , he has a go at Bailey for letting the opposing team score more goals and when Bailey asks what his problem is , Mr Johnson is racist towards Bailey . Bailey keeps quiet about what Mr Johnson told him , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) gets the truth out of Bailey and they report the incident to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson about what he said . Justin 28 February 2014 Mackenzie Sol Williams Justin is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Justin makes a racist remark , Bailey physically attacks Justin . Viv Anderson 28 February 2014 Himself Viv Anderson oversees football training with Mr Johnson ( Darren Morfitt ) . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) starts playing with a football during Mr Johnson 's talk and Viv tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that Bailey needs to learn manners . When Bailey later tells Mike that Mr Johnson was racist to him , Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson , which is witnessed by Viv . Viv visits The Dumping Ground and encourages Bailey not to quit due to racism as he went through it and Viv arranges to see Bailey play football again . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) is starstruck when she sees Viv and he gives her his football shirt . Nicky Richardson 7 March 2014 Lu Corfield When someone attempts to rob Nicky outside The Dumping Ground , Johnny Taylor ( Joe Maw ) takes a photo of the person who attempted to take her bag . Johnny tells Nicky that he managed to get a photo and Nicky thanks him before handing him a card with her contact details and Johnny realises she is in the army . Johnny decides to see Nicky about joining the army . When Johnny fails at a teamwork task , he goes to see Nicky , who tells him that he is not a quitter as he persevered . Doug 14 March 2014 Michael Hodgson Doug and his wife , Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Doug and Nerys ' house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Doug and Nerys . Nerys 14 March 2014 Lucy Speed Nerys and her husband , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation and Nerys tells Floss off . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Nerys and Doug 's house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Nerys and Doug . Neil 14 March 2014 John Bowley Neil is the boyfriend of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) . Carmen breaks up with Neil after their date . Jesse 's Mum 14 March 2014 Claire Sundin When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Jesse 14 March 2014 Alex Humprey When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Hope 21 March 2014 - 13 March 2015 Lucy Briggs ( 2014 ) Holly and Paige Robinson ( 2015 ) Hope is the daughter of Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) and Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) as well as the younger half - sister of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Sian 28 March 2014 Gabrielle Glaister Sian is a council representative . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) is sacked from his job after a short period of time , he goes to apologise to Sian and asks if she can get Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) her job back , but she refuses . Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) go to the town hall with Frank to invite Sian to The Dumping Ground for lunch , but she declines , even when they mention that Mike ( Connor Byrne ) will be there . Sian comes to lunch and Mike asks Sian to go for dinner with him and Sian accepts . Manager 28 March 2014 John Sumner The manager of a leisure centre , where Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a job and where Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does her work placement . When Frank spots Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Frank starts physically attacking Liam and Faith tries to stop Frank . Frank and Faith are both sacked by the manager . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 1 ) 16 January 2015 Amer Nazir At the end of a fostering information day , guests find out that their purses and wallets have been taken . The police officer questions who had access to them and if anyone left early . Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) accuses Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is questioned by the police officer when a wallet is found in the bathroom in his room , handed in by Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Stephanie Branston 16 January 2015 Charlie Brooks Stephanie and footballer husband , Matt ( Stuart Manning ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Stephanie and Matt so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Stephanie and Matt about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . When the bath is over filled , the ceiling leaks and comes through , soaking Stephanie , Matt and Carmen and when Stephanie calls the kids rejects , Carmen realises that she does n't want to be fostered by Stephanie and Matt . When the guests are about to leave , they find that their purses and wallets have been taken and Stephanie believes Sally ( Diveeen Henry ) is responsible . Matt Branston 16 January 2015 Stuart Manning Matt and his wife , Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Matt and Stephanie so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Matt and Stephanie about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . Mr Gordon 16 January 2015 Grant Burgin Mr Gordon attends the fostering information with his wife , Mrs Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . He and his wife take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Gordon 16 January 2015 Tonya French Mrs Gordon attends the fostering information with her husband , Mr Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . She and her husband take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Underwood 16 January 2015 Martina Laird Mrs Underwood attends the fostering information day and she meets Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . Tyler tells Mrs Underwood that he ca n't get fostered as he has promised his mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Mrs Underwood and Tyler later scare Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Mrs Underwood mentions to Tyler that if he did get fostered , it would n't change the contact he would have with his mum . When Tyler wonders if his mum cares , Mrs Underwood comforts Tyler , which is witnessed and hurts Sally , who arrives at that moment . Maude Gordon 16 January 2015 Kiki Brooks - Truman Maude attends the fostering information day with her parents and her parents take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mal 30 January 2015 Dai Bradley Mal is a homeless man , who Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) argues with . Bailey demand for his football back , but when Mal refuses , Bailey pushes him to the ground before taking his ball and running off . Bailey finds out that Mal died and takes on the responsibility of his dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . Clive 30 January 2015 Avin Shah Clive is a homeless man . When Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Clive asks Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) if he wants Mal 's dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . When Mischief needs an operation , the kids sell soup to raise money for his operation and Clive gives them money , which was given by those who passed by . Roscoe Hayden 6 February 2015 Simeon Zack Roscoe is an artist friend of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) and Kazima takes Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to meet him to get inspiration for her art . Roscoe encourages Tee to help him do street art before showing Tee the rest of his art . Roscoe tells Tee about his family and how his mum suddenly left and that he is estranged from his dad . Roscoe and Tee then do some more art on a car park wall , but a security guard ( Christopher Connel ) catches them , but Roscoe legs it . Tee returns to the car park , asking for Roscoe 's dad to contact him . Security Guard 6 February 2015 Christopher Connel Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) paint on a car park wall and the security guard catches them , but Roscoe legs it and he manages to stop Tee . He notices how young she is and lets her off . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 6 13 February 2015 Sarah Lewis Obuba Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burglary to get a new computer and so Tyler can buy magic tricks . The police officer asks Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) where the kids were and the police officer has to speak to Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) as she was the only one not with May - Li . Dave ( The Dumping Ground ) 13 February 2015 Geff Francis Dave ( The Dumping Ground Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burgalry to get a new computer . They sell the computer to Dave and when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) finds out what Tyler and Ryan did , she takes them to the shop to get it back . They sit on the floor and refuse to move as protest when Dave wo n't give it back . They soon get the computer . Adam Aycliffe 13 February 2015 - 6 March 2015 Ray Emmet Brown Adam is the father of Claire ( Isabelle Burrows - Brown ) and the foster father of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . A text is sent to Ryan 's ( Lewis Hamilton ) saying `` HELP ! '' and Ryan goes to Harry 's foster home and Ryan notices Harry and Finn do n't look excited about going out with Adam for their birthday . Ryan sneaks Finn and Harry out , running away with them to go back to The Dumping Ground , however , Adam catches them up in his car . Whilst Adam orders Harry and Finn back in the car , Ryan takes his car keys and chucks them into the field . When they get to The Dumping Ground , Harry pleads with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) not to go back after encouragement from Ryan to speak up and Adam admits to Mike that he was in financial trouble and kept fostering to get money . Sylvie 20 February 2015 Indra Ove Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) goes for an audition to present online videos . Carmen was recently given glasses , but she tries to read the auto cue without glasses and Sylvie is n't impressed with her audition . Carmen then wears her glasses and Sylvie changes her mind about Carmen . Sylvie decides to film Carmen 's recall at the Dumping Ground with Dallas Campbell that afternoon . Dallas Campbell 20 February 2015 Himself Dallas Campbell goes to The Dumping Ground with Syvie to film Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) recall . Maz 27 February 2015 Natifa Mai When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend a fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Max and Maz follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Max 27 February 2015 Frankie Wilson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend an fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max . Max and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Claire Aycliffe 6 March 2015 Isabelle Burrows - Brown Claire is the daughter of Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) and the foster sister of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . Keith 27 February 2015 Neil Morrissey Keith is the boyfriend of Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) , father of Hope ( Holly & Paige Robinson ) and the stepfather of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Johnny spots Keith in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Johnny later follows Keith to the park and when Johnny notices Keith handing something to a group of youths , he suspects he is drug dealing and photographs him , but Keith spots him . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Murphy Bellman 13 October 2015 - 2 March 2016 Thomas and Oliver Waldram ( 2015 ) Fred Montgomery Scott ( 2016 ) Murphy is the younger brother of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy is all alone . H&S Inspector 13 October 2015 Shameem Ahmed A health and safety inspector , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to carry out a routine inspection . The kids mistake her for the trampoline assessor and accidentally inform her of Finn 's ( Ruben Reuter ) injury on an old trampoline . Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . Trampoline Assessor 13 October 2015 Angela Murray After Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) injures himself on a trampoline , Toni ( Nelly Currant ) , Billie ( Gwen Currant ) , Finn , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) decide to enter a competition to win a trampoline . In order to win the trampoline , they decide to pretend Billie is an outstanding at trampolining . She arrives at The Dumping Ground to assess Billie , but Mike ( Connor Byrne ) apologises to her for the kids making up what they said . Abi 20 October 2015 Kemi - Bo Jacobs Abi is Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) reviewing officer . Bailey is promised football tickets by Abi if he passes his review and fearing he will fail , Bailey tampers with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) paperwork on him , but she catches him . In her meeting to discuss Bailey 's progress at The Dumping Ground , Abi is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief ( Sage ) . May - Li stops Abi giving Bailey the football tickets by reporting the incident prior to the meeting and Bailey storms out . Bailey takes the tickets from Abi 's bag when she leaves it unsupervised , but Abi later notices and reports it to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Knowing Bailey would 've taken the tickets , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) tracks Bailey down at the coach station and Bailey returns the tickets to Abi , telling her he does n't want any more bribes to behave . Abi volunteers Bailey to work at the local dog pound . Laces 27 October 2015 Quinton Nyirenda After Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) deletes a text from Johnny ( Joe Maw ) to Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) cancelling his visit , Tee is annoyed when no one believes her . She and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) go to Ryan 's former care home and encounter Laces , so Tee asks if he knows Ryan . Laces explains to Tee and Sasha how Ryan use to rob the other kids birthday presents on their birthday . Planning to expose Ryan for who he really is and knowing Ryan , who did n't celebrate his own birthday as he hates birthdays , Tee plans a birthday party for Ryan . After Ryan apologises to Tee and is OK with the party , Tee decides she can not go through with the plan and tells Laces to go . Laces refuses and interrupts Ryan 's party , telling everyone the truth about Ryan . David 3 November 2015 Simon Rouse David is the grandfather of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandparents are his parents . Mo finds out that David 's son , Peter ( Colin Young ) and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Mo visits David at the hospital when he is awake and Mo reveals to David that he knows Caroline and Peter are his parents . David explains the reasons why he had Mo removed from his parents , which is that he found Mo left alone in Peter and Caroline 's flat at 18 months old . Mo thinks that David is embarrassed by Peter and Caroline as they have Cerebral Palsy and Mo decides he wants to get to know Caroline and Peter , but David tells Mo that they ca n't look after him . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Caroline 3 November 2015 Donna Lavin Caroline is the mother of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out that Caroline and Peter ( Colin Young ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Caroline and Peter visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Caroline and Peter when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Caroline and Peter . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 ) 3 November 2015 Colin Young Peter is the father of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out Peter and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Peter and Caroline visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Peter and Caroline when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Peter and Caroline . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Chanelle 10 November 2015 Imogen Faires Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) runs into a magic shop , owned by Chanelle 's dad Andy ( Ashley Artus ) , when Tyler is chased by a group of boys . Chanelle gives Tyler some magic tricks for free . Tyler later thanks Chanelle with flowers and chocolates , but leaves the gifts with Andy , however , he throws them away . Chanelle thanks Tyler for his gifts after she found them and she helps Tyler construct his magic crate to help him with his disappearing trick . When they test it out , Tyler takes his stress out on Chanelle when the crate wo n't work and she leaves . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . When Tyler is going to perform his magic show , Chanelle breaks the news to Tyler that she is moving to Ireland as her dad sold the shop , which is the reason her dad did n't want them to be together and Tyler is devastated . However , Tyler and Chanelle go through with the show and Chanelle takes part in the disappearing trick . Andy 10 November 2015 Ashley Artus Andy is the father of Chanelle ( Imogen Faires ) . After Chanelle helps Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , he goes to thank Chanelle with flowers and chocolates . Andy takes a message for Chanelle and Tyler leaves the gifts with Andy , but he throws them away . Andy visits The Dumping Ground to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he feels Tyler is taking advantage of Chanelle and that Chanelle is in a rough place after her mum passing away . Mike promises to keep an eye on things Chanelle and Tyler , but Andy is n't satisfied . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . Plumber / Fireman 17 November 2015 Sam Cassidy When Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accidentally flushes May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) necklace down the toilet , she thinks about what she should do . When Carmen pretends that the necklace was stolen , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) goes to use the toilet , but it 's blocked , so Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tries to unblock it , however , his hand gets stuck . The fireman is called to get Mike out . When Carmen gets Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) to help her get the necklace , the toilet ends up flooding the bathroom , so they call the plumber to mend the toilet and Carmen can only offered to pay £ 30 , which the plumber accepts . PoPo 1 December 2015 Pik - Sen Lim PoPo is May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) grandmother . She turns up unannounced at The Dumping Ground , where May - Li is n't too pleased to see her , to ask May - Li to take over the family business . She impresses the kids with her kung - fu and May - Li agrees thar PoPo can teach the kids some . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) is torn about sending her mother a birthday card , so PoPo suggests she writes her feelings into a letter , but do n't send it . PoPo makes it clear to May - Li that she still does n't accept her family as May - Li 's partner is a woman and her children are n't biologically hers . May - Li decides to stay on at The Dumping Ground , but gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , a diary from her great - great - grandfather . Jasna 8 December 2015 Dolya Gavanski Following her age assessment test , Jasna informs Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) that they have determined her birth year as 1997 and that she is 18 . Jasna tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that they have to move Kazima as they ca n't let her live with underage children due to child protection . Jasna visits again to tell Kazima that the directions for her deportation have been issued and she will have to move to an adult hostel . Kazima runs away to prevent her deportation and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) tells Jasna , Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that she has no idea where Kazima is . When Kazima is reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) , Jasna interviews him and realises he has been living in the UK illegally and advises him to apply for asylum . She is of Bosnian descent . News Reporter 8 December 2015 Nisha Joshi Following Kazima 's age assessment , where her age has been determined as 18 , Carmem ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) contacts Dallas Campbell , who arranges for someone to film Kazima 's appeal . The News Reporter asks Kazima to describe her story . Hakim Tako 8 December 2015 Richard Pepple Hakim is the father of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tracks Kazima down after her deportation appeal on TV . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) interviews him at The Dumping Ground and she realised he has been living in the UK illegally . Hakim is advised by Jasna to apply for asylum . Hakim and Kazima are shown a message on the laptop by Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) by someone who may know Hakim 's son and Kazima 's brother in Kenya . Hakim decides to go to Kenya , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground as it is dangerous . Briony 29 January 2016 Tiana Benjamin Alison is a woman , who after spotting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) at a football match , turns up at The Dumping Ground , claiming to be his mum . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) spot Alison outside a cocktail bar working , despite her saying she worked with old people . Jody and Tyler confront Alison when she meets up with Bailey at a cafe and Alison says she worked in the bar , but lost her job and home the previous day . Believing he will make the youth squad , Bailey arranges to rent a flat for him and Alison , however , Bailey does n't make the squad but lies that he did . Alison tells Bailey she found out about the flat after being contacted by the estate agents as he is too young to sign rental agreements . The truth about Bailey being dropped from the academy soon emerges and he apologises to Alison . Alison flees from The Dumping Ground , but Bailey and Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) track her down , but Bailey finds out Alison is actually called Briony and a friend of his mum 's . Bailey and Mike track her down at the bus station and Bailey takes back the jewels and Alison insults Bailey . Rowena 29 January 2016 Alison Hammond Rowena and her colleague , Lizzie ( Kate Copeland ) , are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Rowena and Lizzie ask to see various documents and Rowena points out some health and safety issues before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Rowena , Lizzie , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Rowena confronts Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about the situation and Mike assures her that situations are normally dealt with . Rowena asks to see their safeguarding procedure and incident book . The following day , Rowena and Lizzie return and speak to the kids , however , they agree to stay silent . Meanwhile , Rowena witnesses how a situation between Bailey and his dad , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is dealt with . The kids later put on the play , impressing Rowena and Lizzie . Lizzie 29 January 2016 Kate Copeland Lizzie and her colleague , Rowena ( Alison Hammond ) are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Lizzie and Rowena ask to see various documents before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Lizzie , Rowena , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Whilst with the kids , it turns out Lizzie is allergic to dogs and Floss impresses Lizzie by saying she likes Shakespeare . The kids then are forced to rehearse a Shakespeare play , A Winter 's Tale , for the inspectors . The following day , Lizzie and Rowena return and speak to the kids in groups , however , they agree to stay silent . The kids later put on the play , impressing Lizzie and Rowena . Mr Twigg 29 January 2016 Abas Eijanabi When a bear costume is ruined for their play by Mischief ( Sage ) , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) visit Mr Twigg at his shut down restaurant with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . They take the bear to borrow , but when the kids find a bag of jewels hidden , they move the bear upstairs and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) hides the jewels . Later , Mr Twigg visits and tells them that he has been repossessed and the bear is valuable and one of the items the bailiffs had listed . The kids decide to give the jewels to Mr Twigg , but find them stolen and it turns out Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) took them . Zach 12 February 2016 Jordan Bolger Zach is a boy , who Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) runs into at the park . Zach sends Tee a text , apologising and asking to make it up . Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) sends a text to Zach and Tee meets Zach at a cafe , with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Sasha watching them . Tee plays Squash with Zach , but arrives home after injuring her knee and Zach offers Carmen a game of squash to get her into shape . Offended by his comments , Tee , Carmen and Sasha chase him out of The Dumping Ground Allen 12 February 2016 Ryan Wilkinson Mo ( Reece Buttery ) is convinced there are aliens in the neighbourhood and when the other kids take the mick , Mo is determined to prove them wrong . In the park , he encounters Allen and the following time in the park , he witnesses Allen being teased by a group of boys . Mo takes Allen back to The Dumping Ground , believing he is an alien and when Allen notices Mo 's alien radio equipment , he is impressed and offers to improve it to get a better signal so he can call home . Mo and Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) smuggle Allen into The Dumping Ground and they start to improve the equipment . They are interrupted by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Allen explains things to Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . The following day after completing the equipment , Allen finds it smashed and Mo admits he did it . Mo and Bailey track Allen down at home and Mo apologises for believing he was an alien . After fixing the equipment , Allen gets hold of his dad , who is working long distance and after talking with Mo , Allen 's dad invites Allen and his mum to live with him . Alex 26 February 2016 Phil Rowson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) goes to college for an interview , Alex is the tutor who shows her and a group of students around . During her interview , Alex asks Tee about how she finds growing up in care . Tee messes up on a question in her interview and ends up walking out . Later , Alex tells Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) they wanted to offer Tee a place on the Arts Foundation course . Drama Tutor 26 February 2016 Hetty Baynes Russell When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accompanies Tee to college for an interview , Carmen ends up in the Drama studio and impresses the Drama Tutor . Carmen is offered a place on the Drama course . Tommo 4 March 2016 Melique Thompson - Dwyer Tommo is an old friend of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and she tells him she is now in care . Tommo meets Sasha outside The Dumping Ground and tells her they can live together with his brother . He leads her to a house to break into . Sasha goes through a dog flap and goes to let Tommo in at the front , but she is caught by Peter ( Ian Kershaw ) , a man who lives there and Tommo legs it . Later , Sasha is annoyed with Tommo for leaving her , but he convinces Sasha to live with his brother with him . Sasha agrees , but she learns that Tommo and her would have to shoplift and she stays way The Dumping Ground . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 4 ) 4 March 2016 Ian Kershaw When Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) breaks into a house , Peter catches her . Phoebe 25 March 2016 Tanya Vital Phoebe is 1 of the 3 temporary care workers to cover for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . The kids ask her questions on what makes her better than Mike . She leaves when an argument breaks out after it emerges Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reported Mike to the police . Mary 25 March 2016 Liz Crawther Mary is 1 of the 3 temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . She explains her husband died the previous year and that she was a foster carer . Mary cooks dinner , but she leaves when she realises how much the kids miss and love Mike . Kerr 25 March 2016 Matt Kennard Kerr is 1 of the three temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . He gets the kids to participate in a treasure hunt , but he makes fun of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) spelling . The kids tell him Bailey is dyslexic , but he believes Bailey is lazy . Chair Person 25 March 2016 Judith Alexander The chair person who holds Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) discipline hearing . The kids burst in the meeting with Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file and after pleading with them , Mike is given his job back . Lou 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Warwick Davis Lou and his wife Ange ( Francesca Papagn ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her family and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Ange 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Francesca Papagno Ange and her husband Lou ( Warwick Davis ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her ramily and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Doris 7 October 2016 Sheila Hancock Doris is an old woman , who turns up in Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman salon unexpectedly . When she leaves , Carmen goes after her and Doris takes Carmen to her house . Carmen is stunned with Doris ' house and dress collection and Doris allows Carmen to try a dress on . Doris is surprised Carmen is in care and Carmen is disgusted to learn Doris ' son Felix ( Don Gallagher ) is moving her out of her home . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Doris is given Nigel the cat , who Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) is allergic to . Felix 7 October 2016 Don Gallagher Carmen meets Felix 's mother , Doris ( Sheila Hancock ) and she takes a disliking to Felix when Doris tells her that Felix is moving her out . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Sammy Doyle 14 October 2016 - 28 October 2016 Roderick Gilkison Sammy is a boy who has to stay at The Dumping Ground for a while when his aunt is ill . He meets Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tell him the rules . Sammy hears Jody 's ( Kia Pegg ) baby stimulation doll , but ignores it as he follows the rules , but later informs Jody where it is . Duncan Bannatyne 14 October 2016 Himself Duncan gives a speech to possible contenders for the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition and Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gets Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to tell him about his business . Duncan presents the prize to a girl named Maya Young . Hollie 14 October 2016 Leah Walker Hollie is a girl Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) meets at the opening of the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition . After helping Hollie out at the park , Hollie and Bailey decide to combine their business and go to London for a marketing workshop . Bailey reveals to Hollie he lives in a children 's home and takes a lighthearted comment from Hollie seriously . Hollie visits Bailey and the pair collect references and Bailey is invited to dinner at Hollie 's , where she gives him the money for London . Back at The Dumping Ground , Bailey is arrested when customers accuse him of stealing money , but Hollie confesses to taking it . Bailey chooses to have nothing more to do with Hollie . Simon 14 October 2016 Chris Jack Simon is the father of Hollie ( Leah Walker ) , who is impressed with Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) when Hollie brings him to dinner . However , Simon takes a dislike to Bailey when he is accused of stealing money and arrested , however , Hollie confesses to stealing it . Princess 14 October 2016 Guinness Princess is Hollie 's ( Leah Walker ) pet dog . Princess and Mischief ( Sage ) take a liking to each other . Iona 21 October 2016 Calita Rainford Iona is an artist Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) meets when she tries to raise money so the young people can go on their adventure trip . Floss and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) takes Tee 's ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to show Iona and try to persuade her to buy it . Iona refuses to and Floss tells lies about Finn in order to get her to change her mind . Iona contacts children 's services about Floss , who contact Mike . Aunt Peg 28 October 2016 Jane Holman Peg is the aunt of Sammy ( Roderick Gilkison ) , who collects Sammy from The Dumping Ground . Kara 4 November 2016 Isobel Steele Mo ( Reece Buttery ) meets Kara , who is selling cakes , and falls for her . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) agrees to introduce Kara to Mo , but Mo upsets Kara when he spoils her cakes . Mo and Kara work together to bake a cake for Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) birthday , which ends up burnt when Mo turns the temperature up . Mo admits to Kara what he is truly like and the pair kiss . Jim 26 November 2016 Samuel Holland Jim is from children 's services overseeing Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) move and he breaks the news to Tee that a housing policy reform means they wo n't be housed together . The young people occupy the office and wo n't move unless Jim does something , but are persuaded by Tee and Carmen to give up . Tee and Carmen are overjoyed when Jim has managed to house them together . Rosie 2 December 2016 Zoe Iqbal Kingsley ( David Avery ) introduces Rosie as his girlfriend to his sister , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Zoe tells Jody that Kingsley left her in the fire . Gary 2 December 2016 Lee Warburton Gary is Ryan Reeves ' ( Lewis Hamilton ) independent visitor who Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) brings into The Dumping Ground to help Ryan and his sister 's . Chloe Reeves ( Hannah Moncur ) , relationship . Ryan tells Gary he believes everyone loves Chloe and not him because she is nice and that he is bad . Ryan goes through with Gary 's suggestion of writing a message on a balloon and then releasing it . See also ( edit ) List of The Dumping Ground characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BAFTA ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` The Dumping Ground : BAFTA Children 's Drama Winner in 2013 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150119184343/http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/04/gcelebrities/Connor_Byrne-2.jpg . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Young , Graham ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` Birmingham - born child star Kia Pegg has been nominated for a Children 's Bafta Award '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to guest star in series three of The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenaway , Heather ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Basketball star and actress Hannah Moncur shares her hoops and dreams for Young Scot prize '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Luke ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Orpington starlet lands role in Bafta - winning comedy drama '' . Bromley Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Harrison on Twitter : @ DominicKane4 Alex 's surname is Walker Jump up ^ `` Ex student Connor lands role in BBC production '' . Shotton Hall Academy . 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dani says bye to Beaker '' . Jump up ^ `` BBc Media Centre '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` EastEnders spoilers : sparks fly between Jay and newcomer Linzi - is this the start of a new romance ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Sue McCabe of Muttamorphosis Dog Training & Behaviour '' . Jump up ^ `` Muttamorphosis trained dog Sage lands role in CBBC kids drama The Dumping Ground . '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Tracy Beaker series Books The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 1991 ) The Dare Game ( 2000 ) Starring Tracy Beaker ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Thumping Heart ( 2009 ) Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends ( 2010 ) TV series The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 2002 - 05 ) Episodes Tracy Beaker Returns ( 2010 - 12 ) Episodes The Dumping Ground ( 2013 - ) Episodes Related TV series / spin - offs Tracy Beaker Parties with Pudsey ( 2004 ) Children 's Party at the Palace ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker Survival Files ( 2011 - 12 ) The Dumping Ground Survival Files ( 2014 ) Liam 's Story ( 2014 ) The Dumping Ground Dish Up ( 2015 ) The Dumping Ground : I 'm ... ( 2016 ) Theatre / Film Tracy Beaker Gets Real ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Movie of Me ( 2004 ) Related Characters The Dumping Ground characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tracy_Beaker_series_characters&oldid=801393782 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters The Dumping Ground characters Tracy Beaker series Tracy Beaker series characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played roxy in the story of tracy beaker
[ "Roxy Wellard, portrayed by Sophie Borja, made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender. She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding." ]
[ "Sophie Borja" ]
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2018 NFL season
2018 NFL season - wikipedia 2018 NFL season 2018 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) -- December 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 30 ) Playoffs Start date January 5 , 2019 Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Site Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Pro Bowl Date January 27 , 2019 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2017 NFL seasons The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 6 , 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII , the league 's championship game , on February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . Contents 1 Player movement 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Retirements 1.4 Draft 2 Officiating changes 2.1 Offseason 2.2 In - season 3 Rule changes 4 2018 deaths 4.1 Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 4.2 Owners 4.3 Others 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Saturday flexible scheduling 6.2 In - season scheduling changes 7 Regular season standings 7.1 Division 7.2 Conference 8 Postseason 9 Records , milestones , and notable statistics 10 Awards 10.1 Players of the week / month 11 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 11.1 Head coaches 11.1. 1 Off - season 11.1. 2 In - season 11.2 Front office personnel 11.2. 1 Off - season 12 Stadiums 12.1 Carolina Panthers 12.2 Oakland Raiders 12.3 Naming rights agreements 12.3. 1 Arizona Cardinals 12.3. 2 Denver Broncos 12.3. 3 Jacksonville Jaguars 13 Uniforms 13.1 Color Rush discontinuation 13.2 Uniform changes 13.3 Throwback uniforms 13.4 Patches 14 Media 14.1 Broadcast rights 14.1. 1 Television 14.1. 2 Digital 14.1. 3 Radio 14.2 Personnel changes 14.3 Start time changes 14.4 Most watched regular season games 15 References Player movement ( edit ) The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14 . On March 9 , clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submit qualifying offers to their pending restricted free agents and submit a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2017 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit . Teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a combined salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . On March 12 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who were set to become unrestricted free agents . Free agency ( edit ) Over 550 players were eligible for some form of free agency during the free agency period . Notable players to change teams include : Quarterbacks Sam Bradford ( Minnesota to Arizona ) , Kirk Cousins ( Washington to Minnesota ) , Case Keenum ( Minnesota to Denver ) , and AJ McCarron ( Cincinnati to Buffalo ) . Running backs Isaiah Crowell ( Cleveland to New York Jets ) , Carlos Hyde ( San Francisco to Cleveland ) , Frank Gore ( Indianapolis to Miami ) , Dion Lewis ( New England to Tennessee ) , Jerick McKinnon ( Minnesota to San Francisco ) , and Adrian Peterson ( Arizona to Washington ) Wide receivers Danny Amendola ( New England to Miami ) , Allen Hurns ( Jacksonville to Dallas ) , Jordy Nelson ( Green Bay to Oakland ) , Allen Robinson ( Jacksonville to Chicago ) , and Sammy Watkins ( Los Angeles Rams to Kansas City ) Tight ends Jimmy Graham ( Seattle to Green Bay ) , Austin Seferian - Jenkins ( New York Jets to Jacksonville ) , and Marcedes Lewis ( Jacksonville to Green Bay ) Offensive linemen Cameron Fleming ( New England to Dallas ) , Andrew Norwell ( Carolina to Jacksonville ) , Mike Pouncey ( Miami to Los Angeles Chargers ) , Justin Pugh ( New York Giants to Arizona ) , Weston Richburg ( New York Giants to San Francisco ) , Nate Solder ( New England to New York Giants ) , Josh Sitton ( Chicago to Miami ) , and Travis Swanson ( Detroit to New York Jets ) Defensive linemen Adrian Clayborn ( Atlanta to New England ) , Vinny Curry ( Philadelphia to Tampa Bay ) , Sheldon Richardson ( Seattle to Minnesota ) , Ndamukong Suh ( Miami to Los Angeles Rams ) , Star Lotulelei ( Carolina to Buffalo ) , and Muhammad Wilkerson ( New York Jets to Green Bay ) Linebackers Demario Davis ( New York Jets to New Orleans ) , Trent Murphy ( Washington to Buffalo ) , Tahir Whitehead ( Detroit to Oakland ) , and Avery Williamson ( Tennessee to New York Jets ) Defensive backs Malcolm Butler ( New England to Tennessee ) , Morgan Burnett ( Green Bay to Pittsburgh ) , T.J. Carrie ( Oakland to Cleveland ) , Ross Cockrell ( New York Giants to Carolina ) , E.J. Gaines ( Buffalo to Cleveland ) , Marcus Gilchrist ( Houston to Oakland ) , Trumaine Johnson ( Los Angeles Rams to New York Jets ) , Tyrann Mathieu ( Arizona to Houston ) , Rashaan Melvin ( Indianapolis to Oakland ) , Eric Reid ( San Francisco To Carolina ) , Patrick Robinson ( Philadelphia to New Orleans ) , and Richard Sherman ( Seattle to San Francisco ) Kicker Sebastian Janikowski ( Oakland to Seattle ) Punter Marquette King ( Oakland to Denver ) Trades ( edit ) March 14 : Miami traded WR Jarvis Landry to Cleveland for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 123rd overall ) and a 2019 seventh round selection . March 14 : Buffalo traded QB Tyrod Taylor to Cleveland for a 2018 third round selection ( 65th overall ) . March 14 : Buffalo traded T Cordy Glenn , a 2018 first round selection ( 21st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 158th overall ) to Cincinnati for a 2018 first round selection ( 12th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 187th overall ) . March 14 : Green Bay traded CB Damarious Randall , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 114th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 150th overall ) to Cleveland for QB DeShone Kizer , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 101st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 138th overall ) March 14 : Cleveland traded DT Danny Shelton and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) to New England for a 2019 third round selection . March 14 : Kansas City traded QB Alex Smith to Washington in exchange for CB Kendall Fuller and a 2018 third round selection ( 78th overall ) . March 14 : Kansas City traded CB Marcus Peters and a 2018 sixth round draft selection ( 196th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 124th overall ) and a 2019 second round selection . March 14 : Denver traded CB Aqib Talib to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 160th overall ) . March 14 : Denver traded QB Trevor Siemian and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 225th overall ) to Minnesota for a 2019 fifth round selection . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded LB Alec Ogletree and a 2019 seventh round draft selection to the New York Giants in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 135th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 176th overall ) . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded DE Robert Quinn and a 2018 sixth round selection to Miami in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection and a 2018 sixth round selection . March 14 : Seattle traded DE Michael Bennett and a 2018 seventh round selection to Philadelphia for WR Marcus Johnson and a 2018 fifth round selection . March 14 : Philadelphia traded WR Torrey Smith to Carolina for CB Daryl Worley . March 15 : San Francisco traded C Daniel Kilgore and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 227th overall ) to Miami in exchange for a 2018 seventh round selection ( 223rd overall ) . March 15 : Cleveland traded CB Jason McCourty and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 219th overall ) to New England for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) . March 18 : Oakland traded WR Cordarrelle Patterson and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 210th overall ) to New England for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) . March 20 : Oakland traded FB Jamize Olawale and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 192nd overall ) to Dallas for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 173rd overall ) . March 22 : The New York Giants traded DE Jason Pierre - Paul and their 2018 fourth round selection ( 102nd overall ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for a 2018 third round selection ( 69th overall ) and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 108th overall ) . March 23 : Arizona traded T Jared Veldheer to Denver for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 182nd overall ) . March 28 : Cleveland traded QB Cody Kessler to Jacksonville for a conditional 2019 seventh round selection . March 29 : Washington traded S Su'a Cravens , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 113th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 149th overall ) to Denver in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 109th overall ) , two 2018 fifth round selections ( 142nd and 163rd overall ) , and a conditional 2020 selection . April 3 : New England traded WR Brandin Cooks and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 136th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2018 first round selection ( 23rd overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 198th overall ) . April 6 : Cleveland traded QB Kevin Hogan and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) to Washington in exchange for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 188th overall ) . April 26 : Pittsburgh traded WR Martavis Bryant to Oakland for a 2018 third round selection ( 79th overall ) . August 5 : Cleveland traded WR Corey Coleman to Buffalo for a 2020 seventh round selection . August 29 : The New York Jets traded QB Teddy Bridgewater and a 2019 sixth - round selection to New Orleans for a 2019 Third round selection . September 1 : Oakland traded DE / OLB Khalil Mack , a 2020 second round selection , and a conditional 2020 fifth round selection to Chicago in exchange for a 2019 first round selection , a 2020 first round selection , a 2020 third round selection , and a 2019 sixth round selection . September 1 : Buffalo traded QB A.J. Mccarron to Oakland in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . September 17 : Cleveland traded WR Josh Gordon and a conditional 2019 seventh round selection to New England in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . October 30 : Denver traded WR Demaryius Thomas and a 2019 seventh round selection to Houston for a 2019 fourth round selection and a 2019 seventh round selection . October 30 : Detroit traded WR Golden Tate to Philadelphia for a 2019 third round selection . October 30 : Jacksonville traded DE Dante Fowler to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2019 third round selection and a 2020 fifth round selection . Retirements ( edit ) Kam Chancellor : The four - time Pro Bowler and two - time second team All - Pro safety retired July 1 due to a neck injury . He played his entire eight - year career with the Seattle Seahawks . Antonio Cromartie : The four - time Pro Bowler and one - time All - Pro cornerback , who shares the league record for most yards gained on a play ( 109 on a missed field goal return ) and led the league in interceptions in 2008 , announced his retirement after an 11 - year career . Cromartie played for the then - San Diego Chargers , New York Jets , Arizona Cardinals , and Indianapolis Colts over the course of his career , before spending the entire 2017 season as an unsigned free agent . Dwight Freeney : The 16 - year veteran defensive end , who spent most of his career with the Indianapolis Colts , retired April 19 . He appeared in seven Pro Bowls , was a four - time All - Pro and led the NFL in sacks during the 2004 season . James Harrison : The 15 - year NFL veteran linebacker , four - time All - Pro , and five - time Pro Bowler who spent the peak of his career with the Pittsburgh Steelers announced his retirement , at the age of 39 , on April 16 . Devin Hester : The four - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro return specialist holds the NFL record for most all - time return touchdowns ( punt and kickoff combined ) and most all - time punt return touchdowns . He is widely regarded as one of the best return specialists in NFL history , and was the first person to return the opening kick of the Super Bowl back for a touchdown . Hester , who had spent 2017 out of football , played 11 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Chicago Bears . Richie Incognito announced his retirement April 10 . The retirement was part of a string of erratic behavior and inconsistent statements on Incognito 's part , the only consistent thread being an ongoing contract dispute with his current team , the Buffalo Bills , who have listed him as retired on their roster . Incognito has appeared in four Pro Bowls over the course of a 12 - season career with the Bills , Miami Dolphins and then - St. Louis Rams , with most of his success coming in Buffalo . He was released from his contract on May 21 and is free to sign with any team . Nick Mangold : The seven - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro retired after 11 seasons , all with the New York Jets . He had spent the 2017 season out of football after the Jets released him . Carson Palmer : The 38 year old quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals , who had previously played on the Cincinnati Bengals ( who drafted Palmer first overall in 2003 ) and Oakland Raiders , retired after the 2017 season . The 2002 Heisman Trophy winner appeared in three Pro Bowls , was a second team All - Pro in 2015 , and led the NFL in passing yards in 2005 . Darrelle Revis : The seven - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro spent 11 seasons in the NFL , eight of them with the New York Jets . At his peak , he was one of the most dominant , well - paid , and awarded cornerbacks in the league ( only Deion Sanders has had more All - Pro nominations at the position ) ; his level of play had diminished rapidly by the time of his retirement . He announced his retirement July 18 . Joe Thomas : The ten - time Pro Bowler and seven - time All - Pro offensive tackle retired after an 11 - year career with the Cleveland Browns , a career in which he spent much of that time as the Browns ' franchise player in an era where the team otherwise performed poorly on the field . A deteriorating left knee contributed to Thomas 's retirement . Jason Witten : The eleven time Pro Bowler and two time First - team All - Pro Tight end played 15 seasons , all with the Dallas Cowboys . He ranks second all time among tight ends in career receptions and receiving yards . He will be working for ESPN as their Monday Night Football color commentator . Other retirements Rodney Adams Martellus Bennett Joe Berger * Brent Celek Emmett Cleary Victor Cruz Vontae Davis Eric Decker Elvis Dumervil C.J. Fiedorowicz Matt Forte James Hanna David Harris Gabe Ikard Fred Jackson Vincent Jackson Thad Lewis Luke McCown Kellen Moore DeMarco Murray Paul Posluszny Connor Shaw Devon Still Zach Strief Cedric Thornton Aaron Williams Eric Wood Danny Woodhead Draft ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was held from April 26 to 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium , and the first to be held in Texas . The Cleveland Browns selected Baker Mayfield with the first overall pick . Officiating changes ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Four referees retired during the 2018 off - season , the most to do so since records on the statistics have been kept . Ed Hochuli : At the time of his retirement , Hochuli was the league 's longest - tenured referee , having served with the league for 28 seasons , 26 as a head referee . He was succeeded by his son , Shawn Hochuli . Terry McAulay : McAulay spent 20 seasons as an official , 17 as a head referee , and officiated three Super Bowls . McAulay will work as a rules analyst for NBC 's Sunday Night Football . Shawn Smith , an umpire since 2015 , was promoted to replace McAulay . Gene Steratore : Steratore spent 15 seasons as an official and was the referee of Super Bowl LII . Staratore was involved in the controversial ruling known as the Calvin Johnson rule , as well as the infamous use of an index card during a game between the Oakland Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He was one of two officials who also covered NCAA Division I basketball games . Steratore accepted an offer from CBS to fill its rules analyst position , which had been vacant since 2015 . Umpire Clay Martin was promoted to referee to replace Steratore . Jeff Triplette : Triplette had spent 22 years as an official with the NFL , 19 as a head referee . Alex Kemp replaced Triplette . In total , 10 officials left the league in the offseason , and 7 were hired . Four officials were promoted to the referee position . In - season ( edit ) Down judge Hugo Cruz was fired for performance - related issues culminating with a missed false start during a Week 6 game between the Los Angeles Chargers and Cleveland Browns . It was the first time in the Super Bowl era that an official was dismissed in - season . Rule changes ( edit ) The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season : Make permanent the current rule that changes the spot of the ball after a touchback on a kickoff to the 25 - yard line . Prior to 2017 , the ball was placed at the 20 - yard line . Update the standards for a `` catch '' to have : Two feet down or any body part other than the hands Control of the ball Make a `` football move '' such as making a 3rd step , reaching / extending to the line to gain , tucking the ball away , warding off defensive players , or have the ability to perform such an act . The rule for receivers who were going to the ground during the catch process has been deleted . This is in response to several issues regarding the `` going to the ground '' rule , especially catches by Dallas Cowboys WR Dez Bryant in the 2014 NFL playoffs and one by Pittsburgh Steelers TE Jesse James in 2017 that were overturned due to this rule . Allow a designated member of the officiating department ( for 2018 , NFL Senior VP of Officiating Al Riveron ) to instruct game officials to disqualify any player who commits a flagrant non-football act on the field for a foul called on the field . This is in response to a situation where New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski intentionally inflicted a late hit on Buffalo Bills defensive back Tre'Davious White causing a concussion to White . Gronkowski was not ejected for the foul on the field , but did receive a one - game suspension after the NFL 's review of the play . Illegally batting a ball on a scrimmage down will incur a loss of down in addition to the previous 10 - yard penalty . In overtime , when a team is ahead by 3 points , a down will run to its conclusion and all applicable points will score , even if there is a loss of possession . Previously , the offense of the trailing team could not legally score if they lost and regained possession and reached the opponent 's end zone all on the same play . The rule remains that if there is a double change of possession on a play with one team in the lead , it is the last play of the game . If a team scores a touchdown on the final play of regulation which gives them the victory , no extra-point conversion try will be needed . A quarterback may slide either head first or feet first to be considered giving himself up on the play , and he is afforded all protections previously provided to a quarterback sliding feet first . The following bylaws and resolutions were passed : Make permanent the liberalization of workout rules for draft prospects . For a one - year trial period , liberalize the rules for re-signing a player on waivers . Players on injured reserve can be traded . Players with injuries deemed major can be placed directly on injured reserve without clearing waivers . The 10 - day postseason waiver claiming period has been reduced to 1 day . Players can be activated from injured reserve after eight games instead of eight weeks . Teams have seven business days to complete an injury settlement instead of five . Players in certain reserve list categories can not be reinstated after a team 's week 13 game . This restriction was previously applied to the last 30 days of the regular season . Clarify roster procedures for players with military obligations . For a one - year trial period , teams may contact a player who has been publicly announced to be released before the NFL lists the transaction on a Player Personnel Notice . The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners ' Meeting on May 23 , 2018 : Players are required to line up for the kickoff as follows : Five players on the kicking team must be on either side of the kicker Two players on each side must be lined up outside of the numbers and two additional players on each side must be lined up between the numbers and the hashmarks Players on the kicking team ( excluding the kicker ) may only line up within one yard of the kickoff spot ( currently this is limited to five yards ) The receiving team must have eight players in a fifteen - yard `` set - up zone '' ( from the restraining line ten yards from the kickoff spot , fifteen yards back ) No wedge blocks . Players would only be able to do a double - team block within the `` set - up zone '' . Blocking is prohibited inside the restraining zone ( 10 yards from the kickoff spot ) until the ball touches the ground or is touched in the field of play . Once a kickoff lands in the end zone , it would become an automatic touchback . Players will no longer have to `` kneel '' in the end zone to stop the play . Any player ( s ) being disqualified are subject to replay review . It is now a foul ( 15 yards ) for players to lower their helmet to initiate and make contact with an opposing player . The fouling player risks disqualification if : Player lowers his helmet to establish a linear body posture prior to initiating or making contact with the helmet Player delivering the blow had an unobstructed path to his opponent Contact was clearly avoidable ( player delivering the blow had other options ) In response to the recent National Anthem protests in the league the past two seasons , any player or staff member who is on the field during the performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' must stand for the duration of the performance . Such players and staff members are not required to be on the field at that time and may wait in the locker room as an alternative . The NFL will not directly fine offending players or staff members for defying the rule , instead fining the teams , who will in turn have power to fine the players or staff members at their own discretion . The National Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11 . 2018 deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2018 . Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Tommy McDonald A 1998 inductee of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , McDonald played 12 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Philadelphia Eagles , where he had the majority of his success . The six - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro ( first or second team ) led the league in both receiving yards and receiving touchdowns in 1961 and was the last non-kicking position player to play without a facemask . He died September 24 at the age of 84 . Jim Taylor The nine - year veteran of the Green Bay Packers was the first member of the team 's 1961 -- 1968 dynasty to be inducted into the Hall as a 1976 inductee . The fullback , who played from 1958 through the first World Championship , appeared in five Pro Bowls , was named first or second team All - Pro six times , and led the league in both rushing touchdowns and yards in 1962 , leading the latter category in 1961 as well . He finished his career on the inaugural roster of the New Orleans Saints . He died October 13 , aged 83 . Owners ( edit ) Paul Allen Allen owned the Seattle Seahawks from 1996 until his death on October 15 , at the age of 65 . Allen left no wife or children , and his estate is believed to be in control of his sister , Jody Allen . Allen was also the owner of the NBA 's Portland Trail Blazers , and part owner of MLS 's Seattle Sounders FC . Tom Benson Benson owned the New Orleans Saints from 1985 until his death on March 15 , at the age of 90 . His wife Gayle Benson inherited the team . Alex Spanos Spanos owned the San Diego Chargers from 1984 until his death ; he had been suffering from senile dementia since 2008 and was not directly involved in the team 's relocation back to Los Angeles , which was largely orchestrated by his son Dean Spanos , who will head the family consortium that inherits the team . Spanos died October 9 , aged 95 . Others ( edit ) Grady Alderman Billy Cannon Dwight Clark Bennie Cunningham Keith Fahnhorst Jim Garrett Chris Gedney Tom Heckert Jr . Wes Hopkins Wayne Huizenga David Humm Edwin Jackson Billy Kinard Chuck Knox Dick Modzelewski Jeremy Nunley Gabriel Rivera Kona Schwenke Clyde Scott Tony Sparano George Taliaferro Jim Taylor Frank Varrichione Leon `` Big Van Vader '' White Preseason ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Training camps for the 2018 season were held in late July through August . Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , in which the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Chicago Bears 17 -- 16 , was played on August 2 ; and was televised nationally by NBC . The Ravens , who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance , were represented in the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis , while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher . Regular season ( edit ) The 2018 regular season 's 256 games were played over a 17 - week schedule that began on September 6 . Each of the league 's 32 teams played a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also featured games on Monday Nights . There were games played on Thursdays , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on December 30 , all of which were intra-division matchups , as it had been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition , a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two remaining teams in the same conference that finished in the same position in their respective divisions ( e.g. , the team that finished fourth in its division will play all three other teams in the conference that also finished fourth ) . The division pairings for 2018 will be as follows : Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC South AFC West vs AFC North NFC East vs NFC South NFC West vs NFC North Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC North AFC North vs NFC South AFC South vs NFC East AFC West vs NFC West The entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include : NFL Kickoff Game : The 2018 season began with the Kickoff Game on September 6 at 8 : 20 p.m. EDT . The game featured the Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 and was televised on NBC . NFL International Series : NFL London Games : Three games were played in London in 2018 . All games this year were played at Wembley Stadium . The first game featured the Oakland Raiders , who hosted the Seattle Seahawks on October 14 at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 6 : 00 p.m. BST ) on Fox . This game was originally scheduled to be played at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , but was relocated to Wembley when it was determined that Tottenham would not be finished in time . The following week , the Los Angeles Chargers hosted the Tennessee Titans , on October 21 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 2 : 30 p.m. BST ) on CBS . And Finally , the Jacksonville Jaguars hosted the defending Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles on October 28 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 1 : 30 p.m. GMT ) on NFLN . This was the first time the London games were played on three consecutive weeks , a move the league has taken to try to streamline their London operations . NFL Mexico Game : The NFL will play one game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in 2018 , in accordance with an agreement the league announced in November 2017 to play one game at that venue each year through 2021 . The game will feature the Los Angeles Rams hosting the Kansas City Chiefs . The game will be held on Monday , November 19 , and will be televised on ESPN . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 22 . The 12 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature Detroit Lions hosting the Chicago Bears on CBS . The 4 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Washington Redskins on Fox . A third game , Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints starting at 8 : 15 p.m. EST , will be aired on NBC . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Tuesday in 2018 . Instead of moving the Monday Night game from Christmas Eve , the game will be played at its normal time , marking only the second Monday Night game played on Christmas Eve . As is usually the case when a night game is played on Christmas Eve , both teams ( the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders ) are in the western United States , and thus the game will take place in the late afternoon local time . Saturday flexible scheduling ( edit ) When the entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 , the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16 . The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8 : In week 15 , the Texans -- Jets game will be played at 4 : 30 p.m. , while the Browns -- Broncos game will kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. EST , both games airing on NFL Network . In week 16 , two games were moved to Saturday , December 22 on the NFL Network : The Redskins -- Titans game will start at 4 : 30 p.m. EST , while the Ravens -- Chargers game will start at 8 : 20 p.m. EST . The other two games that were to possibly be rescheduled , Jaguars -- Dolphins and Giants -- Colts , remained on Sunday , December 23 . This is the first time that games will be rescheduled to a different day ( excluding games rescheduled due to severe weather ) . In - season scheduling changes ( edit ) Week 7 : The Bengals -- Chiefs game was flexed from 1 : 00 p.m. ET on CBS to the 8 : 20 p.m. EDT slot on NBC , replacing the originally - scheduled Rams -- 49ers game , which was moved to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . This is the earliest NBC flex game since NBC Sports took over the Sunday Night package in 2006 . Week 10 : The Dolphins -- Packers game was moved from 1 : 00 p.m. ET to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . Additionally , the Cardinals -- Chiefs game , originally scheduled at 1 : 00 p.m. ET on Fox , was cross-flexed to CBS , in the same time slot . Regular season standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New England Patriots 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 239 185 W5 Miami Dolphins 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 174 219 L2 New York Jets 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 192 200 L2 Buffalo Bills 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 87 200 L3 AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 204 172 W3 Cincinnati Bengals 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 184 203 W1 Baltimore Ravens 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 197 137 L2 Cleveland Browns 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 169 210 L3 AFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Houston Texans 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 197 167 W5 Tennessee Titans 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 106 127 L3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 134 170 L4 Indianapolis Colts 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 189 185 W2 AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 290 205 W2 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 195 163 W4 Denver Broncos 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 188 194 L1 Oakland Raiders 6 0 . 143 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 138 218 L3 NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Washington Redskins 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 146 134 W3 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 178 156 W1 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 140 123 L1 New York Giants 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 150 205 L5 NFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Chicago Bears 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 194 144 W1 Minnesota Vikings . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 197 195 L1 Green Bay Packers . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 175 173 L1 Detroit Lions 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 185 172 L1 NFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New Orleans Saints 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 234 183 W6 Carolina Panthers 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 178 152 W2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 190 212 W2 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 201 233 L1 NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Los Angeles Rams 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 235 128 W8 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 171 131 W2 Arizona Cardinals 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 110 199 W1 San Francisco 49ers 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 173 236 L6 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Kansas City Chiefs West 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 . 492 . 454 W2 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 500 . 532 W5 Pittsburgh Steelers North . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 . 500 . 450 W3 Houston Texans South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 403 . 385 W5 Wild Cards 5 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 454 . 250 W4 6 Cincinnati Bengals North 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 558 . 447 W1 In the hunt 7 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 . 517 . 417 L2 8 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 500 . 379 L2 9 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 . 491 . 500 L3 10 Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 516 . 417 L4 11 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 435 . 391 L2 12 Indianapolis Colts South 5 0 . 400 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 . 500 . 364 W2 13 Denver Broncos West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 581 . 318 L1 14 Cleveland Browns North 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 534 . 438 L3 15 Buffalo Bills East 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 . 557 . 500 L3 16 Oakland Raiders West 6 0 . 167 0 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 546 . 313 L3 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Baltimore wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over NY Jets based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Indianapolis ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over Denver and Indianapolis based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Indianapolis wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Los Angeles Rams West 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 . 400 . 400 W8 New Orleans Saints South 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 434 . 435 W6 Washington Redskins East 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 452 . 392 W3 Chicago Bears North 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 . 481 . 400 W1 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 472 . 436 W2 6 Seattle Seahawks West 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 462 . 310 W2 In the Hunt 7 Minnesota Vikings North . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 . 476 . 313 L1 8 Green Bay Packers North . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 519 . 304 L1 9 Philadelphia Eagles East 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 . 425 . 323 W1 10 Atlanta Falcons South 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 548 . 409 W2 11 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 . 558 . 543 L1 12 Dallas Cowboys East 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 500 . 304 L1 13 Detroit Lions North 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 . 462 . 587 L1 14 Arizona Cardinals West 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 . 500 . 125 W1 15 San Francisco 49ers West 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 . 574 . 429 L6 16 New York Giants East 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 . 576 . 625 L5 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Green Bay wins tie break over Philadelphia based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Tampa Bay ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : Tampa Bay wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Dallas wins tie break over Detroit based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : San Francisco wins tie break over NY Giants based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage Postseason ( edit ) Main article : 2018 -- 19 NFL playoffs The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5 -- 6 , 2019 with the Wild Card Playoff round . The four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games the weekend of January 12 -- 13 . The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championship games on January 20 . The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC . Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , on CBS . Records , milestones , and notable statistics ( edit ) Week 1 Adrian Peterson became the ninth player to rush for 100 touchdowns in a career . Week 2 Frank Gore passed Curtis Martin to move up to fourth on the all - time rushing yards list with 14,103 career rushing yards . Patrick Mahomes became the youngest quarterback to throw six touchdown passes in a game , at age 22 years and 364 days . Week 3 Ryan Fitzpatrick became the first quarterback to throw for at least 400 yards in three consecutive games . Week 4 Adam Vinatieri kicked his 566th career field goal , breaking the record for most field goals in a career previously held by Morten Andersen . Week 5 Tom Brady threw his 500th career touchdown pass , becoming the third quarterback in NFL history to do so ( joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning ) and becoming the first to do so playing on one team . On the same pass , Brady threw a touchdown pass to a 71st different receiver , breaking an NFL record previously held by Vinny Testaverde . Drew Brees became the NFL 's all - time leading passer with 71,941 passing yards , surpassing Brett Favre and Peyton Manning in the process . Brees broke the record by throwing a 62 - yard touchdown pass to Tre'Quan Smith late in the second quarter . Week 7 Drew Brees became only the third quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 teams , joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning . Week 8 Adam Vinatieri set the record for career points scored , with 2,550 , breaking a record previously held by Morten Andersen . Awards ( edit ) Players of the week / month ( edit ) The following were named the top performers during the 2018 season : Week / Month Offensive Player of the Week / Month Defensive Player of the Week / Month Special Teams Player of the Week / Month AFC NFC AFC NFC AFC NFC Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Harrison Smith FS ( Vikings ) Jakeem Grant WR - KR ( Dolphins ) Greg Zuerlein K ( Rams ) Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Danny Trevathan ILB ( Bears ) Dane Cruikshank SS ( Titans ) Robbie Gould K ( 49ers ) Ben Roethlisberger QB ( Steelers ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) Matt Milano OLB ( Bills ) Efe Obada DE ( Panthers ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Blake Countess SS ( Rams ) Marcus Mariota QB ( Titans ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) Jadeveon Clowney OLB ( Texans ) Demario Davis ILB ( Saints ) Dwayne Harris WR - KR ( Raiders ) Brett Maher K ( Cowboys ) Sept . Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) J.J. Watt DE ( Texans ) Khalil Mack OLB ( Bears ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Wil Lutz K ( Saints ) 5 Isaiah Crowell RB ( Jets ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Chandler Jones DE ( Cardinals ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Graham Gano K ( Panthers ) 6 Albert Wilson WR ( Dolphins ) Todd Gurley RB ( Rams ) Za'Darius Smith OLB ( Ravens ) Frank Clark DE ( Seahawks ) Jason Myers K ( Jets ) Mason Crosby K ( Packers ) 7 Emmanuel Sanders WR ( Broncos ) Cam Newton QB ( Panthers ) Mike Mitchell FS ( Colts ) Aaron Donald DT ( Rams ) Dont'a Hightower OLB ( Patriots ) Giorgio Tavecchio K ( Falcons ) Week FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Quarterbacks ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Running backs ) Pepsi Rookie of the Week Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Buccaneers ) James Conner ( Steelers ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Patrick Mahomes ( Chiefs ) Matt Breida ( 49ers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Drew Brees ( Saints ) Adrian Peterson ( Redskins ) Baker Mayfield QB ( Browns ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Bears ) Alvin Kamara ( Saints ) Nick Chubb RB ( Browns ) 5 Drew Brees ( Saints ) Isaiah Crowell ( Jets ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) 6 Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Saquon Barkley RB ( Giants ) Month Rookie of the Month Offensive Defensive Sept . Calvin Ridley WR ( Falcons ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Oct . Nov . Dec . Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team 2017 head coach 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Arizona Cardinals Bruce Arians Steve Wilks Retired Arians retired from coaching following the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 8 -- 8 (. 500 ) and a cumulative record of 49 -- 30 -- 1 (. 619 ) with two playoff appearances . Wilks was hired on January 22 , after serving as a defensive coach for the Chicago Bears , San Diego Chargers , and Carolina Panthers since 2006 . Wilks 's only previous head coaching experience was at Savannah State in 1999 . Chicago Bears John Fox Matt Nagy Fired Fox was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 5 -- 11 (. 313 ) and a cumulative record of 14 -- 34 (. 292 ) with no playoff appearances . Nagy spent the past five seasons as an offensive assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs , the last two as offensive coordinator ; the Bears hired Nagy on January 8 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . Detroit Lions Jim Caldwell Matt Patricia Caldwell was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) and a cumulative record of 36 -- 28 (. 563 ) with two playoff appearances , but having never won a playoff game as head coach of the Lions . Patricia was hired on February 5 , the day after losing Super Bowl LII as the New England Patriots defensive coordinator . He had spent his entire NFL career with the Patriots , starting in 2004 as an offensive assistant before working his way up to defensive coordinator in 2012 , winning 3 Super Bowls . This will be his first head coaching job . Indianapolis Colts Chuck Pagano Frank Reich Pagano was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 4 -- 12 (. 250 ) , his first losing season as Colts ' head coach , and a cumulative record of 53 -- 43 (. 552 ) with three playoff appearances . On February 6 , the Colts announced that they had planned to hire New England Patriots offsenvive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's next head coach , however , McDaniels informed the Colts that he had changed his mind was returning to the Patriots . The Colts then hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Frank Reich , who was previously a Colts ' assistant from 2008 -- 2011 . This will be Reich 's first head coaching job . New York Giants Ben McAdoo Pat Shurmur McAdoo became the Giants ' head coach in 2016 , leading the Giants to a 13 -- 15 (. 464 ) record over parts of two seasons with one playoff appearance . After accruing a 2 -- 10 (. 167 ) record and benching starter Eli Manning during the season , he was fired on December 4 , 2017 , and replaced in the interim by defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo . Shurmur was announced as the Giants ' new head coach on January 22 . He had previously served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 2011 to 2012 , compiling a record of 9 -- 23 (. 281 ) , and an offensive coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and Minnesota Vikings since 2013 . Oakland Raiders Jack Del Rio Jon Gruden Del Rio was fired after the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 6 -- 10 (. 375 ) and a cumulative record of 25 -- 23 (. 521 ) with one playoff appearance . Gruden , who previously coached the Raiders from 1998 to 2001 and won a Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at the end of the 2002 season , confirmed on - air on January 6 , that he would be returning to the team as coach . He had spent the previous nine seasons as an on - air analyst for Monday Night Football . Tennessee Titans Mike Mularkey Mike Vrabel Mutual decision Mularkey and the Titans agreed to part ways after they `` could n't come to an agreement over the future , '' two days after the Titans ' playoff loss to the Patriots . Mularkey had a cumulative record of 20 -- 21 (. 488 ) with one playoff appearance in parts of three seasons with the Titans and guided Tennessee to back - to - back 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) records in his two years as the team 's full - time head coach . Vrabel spent the past three seasons as a defensive assistant with the Houston Texans , the last as defensive coordinator ; the Titans hired Vrabel on January 20 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . In - season ( edit ) Team Departing coach Reason for leaving Interim replacement Notes Cleveland Browns Hue Jackson Fired Gregg Williams Jackson was fired on October 29 , accumulating a 2 -- 5 -- 1 (. 313 ) record during the 2018 season and a 3 -- 36 -- 1 (. 088 ) record for his 21⁄2 - season tenure with the Browns . His dismissal follows a power struggle with offensive coordinator Todd Haley ( who was fired at the same time ) and the team 's 25th consecutive loss away from home ; Jackson failed to win a single road game during his tenure and lost every game in 2017 . Williams , the team 's defensive coordinator , was previously the head coach of the Buffalo Bills from 2001 to 2003 , with a record of 17 -- 31 (. 354 ) . Front office personnel ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team Position 2017 office holder 2017 interim 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Cleveland Browns VP / GM Sashi Brown John Dorsey Fired Brown was fired on December 7 , 2017 . He had been the team 's attorney since 2013 and de facto general manager since 2016 . Dorsey was named the new general manager hours later . Green Bay Packers GM Ted Thompson Brian Gutekunst Reassigned Thompson , who had been the team 's general manager since 2005 , became the team 's senior advisor to football operations . Brian Gutekunst , who had been the team 's director of player personnel since 2016 , was promoted to become the team 's new general manager on January 7 . Houston Texans GM Rick Smith Brian Gaine Medical leave Smith announced that he would take a leave of absence to care for his wife , who is battling breast cancer . He will remain Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Former Buffalo Bills ' vice president of player personnel , Brian Gaine , was named the new general manager on January 13 , 2018 . Previously , Gaine was Texans ' director of pro personnel and then director of player personnel from 2014 to 2016 . New York Giants GM Jerry Reese Kevin Abrams Dave Gettleman Fired Having been in the organization since 1994 , Reese was the Giants ' general manager since 2007 , leading them to two Super Bowl championships and several years of success . He was fired on December 4 along with head coach Ben McAdoo . He was replaced in the interim by assistant general manager Kevin Abrams . Dave Gettleman , previously general manager of the Carolina Panthers and a 14 - year veteran of the Giants ' front office ( from 1999 to 2012 ) , was hired on December 28 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills President Russ Brandon Kim Pegula Resigned Brandon resigned his position on May 1 , 2018 . A newspaper report claimed that Brandon was the subject of an internal investigation regarding his personal conduct and workplace behavior , which neither the Bills nor Brandon mentioned in separate statements regarding his departure ; Brandon stated he is seeking other opportunities after spending 20 years with the Bills franchise . He was immediately succeeded by co-owner Kim Pegula . Stadiums ( edit ) Two teams , the Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders , are entering the final year of their lease agreements with their current stadium . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) On December 17 , 2017 , Jerry Richardson , the Panthers ' founding owner , announced he was putting the team up for sale . Richardson had previously indicated the team would be put up for sale after his death , but Richardson was accused of paying hush money to cover up questionable conduct , including racial slurs and sexually suggestive requests of employees , hastening Richardson 's decision . The Panthers ' lease on Bank of America Stadium expires after the 2018 season , which would allow any incoming owner to relocate the team out of Charlotte , North Carolina , to another market if they so desired , only being liable for the remaining debt from stadium renovation . At an estimated $35 million , the debt payment would be a small expense compared to the relocation fee the NFL charged for the two teams that relocated in 2016 and 2017 . The two most likely candidates to buy the team as of May 2018 were David Tepper , a hedge fund manager with a higher net worth and a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers but fewer ties to Charlotte ; and Ben Navarro , a financial services CEO based in Charlotte who had the backing of Richardson 's only living son . Tepper was announced as the new owner on May 16 , with the announcement coming in time for the league to vote on his bid at the owners meeting on May 19 . The sale closed on July 9 with Richardson - era chief operating officer Tina Becker ( who ran the franchise after Richardson stepped away from operations ) resigning . Tepper immediately stated the franchise would retain the Carolina Panthers name for the time being , but that a new stadium would likely be necessary ; he stated that he hoped to build said stadium in Charlotte but would not guarantee the team remains there , claiming he did not know enough about the situation to guarantee the team stays in the Charlotte area . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas The Raiders , prior to the 2017 season , committed to relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada , once a new stadium is constructed for them in 2020 . In 2016 , the Raiders signed a three - year extension with the Oakland Coliseum . The Raiders could choose to stay in the Oakland Coliseum for 2019 with another year - to - year extension or move to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas , which is undersized but ( because of the Los Angeles Chargers ' use of the even smaller StubHub Center ) would not be the smallest stadium in the NFL . Management at the Oakland Coliseum has indicated they are unwilling to extend their agreement with the Raiders after 2018 , which could force the team to move to Sam Boyd Stadium in 2019 . In order to secure another season in Oakland , California , Coliseum management indicated in September 2017 that the Raiders would need to offer major concessions to compensate for the financial losses the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games . Naming rights agreements ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) On September 4 , University of Phoenix Stadium , the home field of the Arizona Cardinals , was renamed State Farm Stadium . The naming rights agreement is for 18 years ; however , the cost of the deal was not disclosed . Denver Broncos ( edit ) On June 20 , the Denver Broncos ' home stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High . The sporting goods chain Sports Authority had held naming rights to the stadium 's field ( as `` Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' ) but had gone out of business in 2016 . The previous signage referring to Sports Authority was removed in March . The Broncos hope to resell the naming rights to the stadium to another corporate sponsor in the near future . Jacksonville Jaguars ( edit ) On February 16 , EverBank Field , the home field of the Jacksonville Jaguars , was renamed TIAA Bank Field , after TIAA 's 2017 acquisition of EverBank . The naming rights agreement was for 10 years and $43 million . Uniforms ( edit ) Color Rush discontinuation ( edit ) The Color Rush program was discontinued , and teams were no longer required to wear the special uniforms for Thursday Night Football . Initial plans , which were finalized at the league 's owners meeting in May , are for teams to have the option to continue using the existing Nike designs for the program as standard third jerseys . Uniform changes ( edit ) Chicago Bears : The Bears brought back their orange alternate jerseys that the team wore from 2005 -- 2009 and 2011 . The team announced that the orange uniforms will be worn twice in 2018 , and the team will use the navy blue `` Monsters of the Midway '' throwbacks for one game . Jacksonville Jaguars : On April 19 , the Jaguars simplified their uniforms in a similar look they had used before 2013 . Gold was also eliminated from their previous jerseys and the gradient black and gold helmet was reverted to an all - black gloss shell . Los Angeles Rams : On July 27 , the Rams announced that due to overwhelming fan demand the NFL relaxed their alternate uniform policy and has permitted them to use their royal blue and yellow throwbacks as their color jerseys for the next two seasons until they present entirely new ones in 2020 . When using their white jerseys , the team will still have to use their current set carried over from St. Louis albeit from slight modifications they made to them in 2017 . Miami Dolphins : On April 19 , the Dolphins simplified their uniform outlines to take after their classic aqua - and - orange look . Dark blue was removed from everything but the logo . Tennessee Titans : On April 4 , the Titans introduced new uniforms . Most prominent among the changes is the helmet , which is changing from the white color the team had used since the 1970s ( as the Houston Oilers ) to navy blue . The color patterns are also simplified , with a new number typeface inspired both by Greek lettering and the shape of the state of Tennessee . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Pittsburgh Steelers : On May 30 , the Steelers unveiled a throwback uniform , that was worn in the late 1970s . Team owner Art Rooney II announced that the team will wear the uniforms for one game . San Francisco 49ers : On May 23 , 49ers unveiled a new all - white throwback uniform , that was worn in 1994 , the year the team won its most recent Super Bowl . The team announced that they will be worn for two games . Patches ( edit ) Green Bay Packers : On April 9 , the Packers unveiled a patch to commemorate their 100th season . Indianapolis Colts : On April 10 , the Colts unveiled a patch to commemorate their 35th season in Indianapolis . New Orleans Saints : On August 9 , the Saints unveiled a patch to commemorate the passing of Tom Benson . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This will be the fifth year under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII . On January 31 , the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal ( aligned with the remainder of the NFL 's current broadcast contracts ) . Fox will air 11 games , along with the 2018 NFL Draft ( the first time the event has aired on over-the - air television ) , in simulcast with NFL Network , with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts . CBS and NBC had made bids to renew their previous contracts ( CBS had held the rights since 2014 , joined by NBC since 2016 ) , but were reluctant to pay a higher rights fee due to the league 's ratings downturn . Digital ( edit ) The NFL agreed to an extension of its digital rights agreement with Verizon Communications under a 5 - year , $2.5 billion deal . Unlike the previous deal , it no longer includes exclusivity for streaming in - market and nationally televised NFL games on mobile devices with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or less in size ( such as smartphones ) , in order to account for changes in viewing habits , but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon - owned properties . In addition , Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers , and would leverage its portfolio of media brands ( such as Yahoo ! , which it acquired in 2017 ) to distribute them to a larger audience . All of the NFL 's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights ( which were previously reserved to Verizon ) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season . Under the terms of the agreement , Verizon must give the majority of the advertising revenue to the broadcast partners . On April 26 , 2018 , the NFL announced that it had reached a two - year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the Thursday Night Football games simulcast with Fox , with a 15 % increase in rights fees . To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely , the games will also be made available on Twitch , an Amazon - owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming . Radio ( edit ) Both of the NFL 's national radio contracts , Westwood One for English language and Entravision for Spanish language , expired after the 2017 season . Westwood One 's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018 , putting any contract extensions on hold . The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4 , 2018 . With the release of the 2018 schedule , NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio ( which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII ) as the league 's national Spanish - language broadcaster . The national English - language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One , which Westwood One has also confirmed ; no press release has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network , and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end . Additionally , Westwood One removed Sunday afternoon games from their package , instead focusing on the primetime matchups as well as the postseason . SportsUSA , Compass and ESPN Radio , which also has broadcast select Sunday afternoon NFL games , will continue to do so . Only one game into the pre-season , Indianapolis Colts announcer Bob Lamey , who had been with the team for most of the time since their 1984 relocation from Baltimore , retired suddenly after a complaint of him using a racial slur in the 1980s was revealed . Sideline reporter Matt Taylor was named his de facto replacement for the season . Personnel changes ( edit ) All four broadcast partners will employ rules analysts for the 2018 season , citing changes in the league 's rules that have become too complicated for its broadcast teams to handle . To be precise , NBC hired Terry McAulay to be their rules analyst for SNF and NBC 's coverage of Notre Dame Football . CBS hired Gene Steratore to fill their rules analyst position , filling a position that had been vacant since CBS released Mike Carey in 2015 ; because Steratore also officiates college basketball , he will also be used as a rules analyst for the networks ' NCAA Basketball coverage . ESPN hired Jeff Triplette for MNF . And Fox kept both Mike Pereira and Dean Blandino . Additionally , Pereira assists with Fox 's Thursday Night Football Coverage . ESPN will introduce a fully new broadcast team for Monday Night Football . Joe Tessitore will replace Sean McDonough as lead play - by - play man ; McDonough will remain with ESPN as a college football announcer . With previous color analyst Jon Gruden returning to coaching , Monday Night Football hired Jason Witten and Booger McFarland as their color commentators ; while McFarland offers his commentary from the sidelines , he fills a role similar to the `` non-football '' player position that Monday Night Football has traditionally relied upon in its past three - person booths ( such as Howard Cosell , Dennis Miller and Tony Kornheiser ) . Lisa Salters , the sideline reporter , carries over from the previous broadcast team . Jeff Triplette will replace Gerald Austin as rules analyst . Fox initially had planned to hire a new broadcast team for its Thursday Night Football , making an overture to Peyton Manning to serve as color commentator . Since Manning declined the offer , the network announced that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package , reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays ( Buck and Aikman will only call the nationally televised `` America 's Game of the Week '' telecasts on Sundays ) . A version of Fox NFL Sunday will serve as the lead - in to Thursday Night Football , albeit without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson ; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City , displacing Rich Eisen , the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package 's inception in 2006 . Strahan will be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long . In previous seasons , Buck did not call any NFL games during late October , working Major League Baseball playoff games instead . For 2018 , Fox coordinated its schedule with MLB so that none of its scheduled broadcasts would land on a Thursday ( Fox carries the NLCS and the World Series ) , so Buck will continue to broadcast both sports , crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22 - day period . In addition , NBC will introduce a new studio team for Football Night in America . Mike Tirico , who was the on - site host and secondary play - by - play announcer in 2017 , became the show 's studio host from Stanford , Connecticut , with Liam McHugh moving into Tirico 's former role . Dan Patrick , who had been the studio host for FNiA since 2008 , declined to sign a long - term contract and left NBC . On radio , Kurt Warner will replace Boomer Esiason as the color commentator for Westwood One 's Monday Night Football broadcasts , after Esiason had filled the role for the previous 18 years . Esiason will continue as a studio host for CBS , along with his existing duties on the CBS Sports Network - simulcast Boomer and Gio from WFAN . In a surprise announcement made two days before its first game , Amazon announced it would provide its own broadcast team for its eleven games , with Hannah Storm and Andrea Kremer serving as the lead broadcast team . The announcement makes Kremer the first - ever female color analyst for an NFL game , the first time a game has been broadcast with no men involved in the broadcast team , and the first time since Tony Kornheiser left Monday Night Football that the color analyst had no coaching or playing experience . Amazon will offer the standard Fox broadcast team , a British broadcasting team , and a Spanish language feed as alternate audio choices . Start time changes ( edit ) The start times for Thursday , Sunday , and Monday Night Football broadcasts will be moved up 5 to 15 minutes . Thursday and Sunday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. ET , while Monday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 15 p.m. ET . Most watched regular season games ( edit ) DH = doubleheader ; SNF = NBC Sunday Night Football Rank Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Window Significance September 9 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 8 Carolina Panthers 16 Fox 23.3 13.1 Late DH September 23 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 13 Seattle Seahawks 24 22.2 12.7 Late DH September 9 , 8 : 20 ET Chicago Bears 23 Green Bay Packers 24 NBC 22.1 12.5 SNF Bears -- Packers Rivalry October 14 , 8 : 20 ET Kansas City Chiefs 40 New England Patriots 43 21.1 12.3 SNF 5 October 7 , 4 : 25 ET Minnesota Vikings 23 Philadelphia Eagles 21 Fox 21.0 12.2 Late DH 2018 NFC Championship rematch 6 September 16 , 4 : 25 ET New England Patriots 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 31 CBS 21.0 12.0 Late DH 2018 AFC Championship rematch 7 October 21 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 17 Washington Redskins 20 20.9 12.2 Late DH Cowboys -- Redskins Rivarly 8 September 30 , 4 : 25 ET New Orleans Saints 33 New York Giants 18 20.7 12.1 Late DH 9 September 16 , 8 : 20 ET New York Giants 13 Dallas Cowboys 20 NBC 20.7 11.7 SNF Cowboys -- Giants Rivalry * Note -- Late DH matchups listed in table are the matchups that were shown to the largest percentage of the market . DAL / CAR was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . DAL / SEA was shown in 85 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . MIN / PHI was shown in 82 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . NE / JAC was shown in 79 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . DAL / WSH was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . NO / NYG was shown in 74 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL Free Agent Tracker '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Recap of all the Browns ' trades : Acquiring QB Tyrod Taylor , WR Jarvis Landry , and CB Damarious Randall '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Trades land Bills bevy of draft assets '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trading DT Danny Shelton to the Patriots '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade QB Alex Smith to Washington '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade CB Marcus Peters to Los Angeles Rams in Exchange for Draft Picks '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos agree to trade CB Aqib Talib to Los Angeles Rams for 2018 draft pick '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings finalize trade for Broncos QB Trevor Siemian '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Rams to trade Alec Ogletree to Giants for two picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lago , Kristen . `` Rams Trade OLB Robert Quinn to Dolphins '' . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Acquire DE Michael Bennett From Seahawks '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CB Daryl Worley Comes To Philadelphia In Exchange For WR Torrey Smith '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Trade For Kilgore '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade DB Jason McCourty '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Raiders agree to trade Cordarrelle Patterson to Patriots '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Acquire WR Cordarrelle Patterson in a Trade with Oakland '' . Patriots.com . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Trade For FB Jamize Olawale , Swapping Draft Picks With Oakland '' . dallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott . `` What a Rush ! Bucs Land Pierre - Paul in Trade '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos acquire T Jared Veldheer in trade with Cardinals '' . DenverBroncos.com . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cody Kessler traded to Jacksonville Jaguars by Browns '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Denver Broncos acquire safety Su'a Cravens from Washington Redskins '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles . `` Rams Acquire WR Brandin Cooks '' . therams.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Browns complete QB overhaul , trade Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . ESPN . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade WR Martavis Bryant to Raiders for third - round pick '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paskal , Eddie . `` Raiders Trade Third - Round Pick For Wide Receiver Martavis Bryant '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade Corey Coleman to Bills for draft pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jets trade Teddy Bridgewater to New Orleans Saints '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Bears give Mack record deal after trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trade Josh Gordon to Patriots for fifth - rounder '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Antonio Cromartie announces his retirement in IG post '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Dwight Freeney Calling It A Career ; Will Retire As A Colt '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison on Instagram : `` I 've missed way too much for way too long ... and I 'm done . Many thanks to my family , coaches , the fans , and everyone who played a role in my ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester sets return TD mark '' . ESPN.com. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for return TD mark '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` For Devin Hester , it 's been a career of many happy returns '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Return - man Devin Hester retires after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Cimini , Nick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Nick Mangold Announces Retirement '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Cardinals QB Carson Palmer retires after 15 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Retirement Letter '' . AZCardinals.com . January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Pro Bowl cornerback Darrelle Revis announces retirement '' . July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Thomas walking away , heading to the Hall of Fame '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Inside Kirk Cousins ' Fast Free Agency : Parental Jerseys , Silent Auctions and a Match Made in Minnesota '' . Monday Morning Quarterback . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd . `` Cowboys TE Jason Witten retires , joins Monday Night Football as analyst '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` Martellus Bennett retiring from NFL after 10 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Joe Berger announces retirement after 13 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Former Eagles TE Brent Celek retiring after 11 seasons '' . Jump up ^ `` Victor Cruz retires from NFL , joining ESPN as analyst '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bills CB Vontae Davis Retires After Leaving at Halftime vs. Chargers '' . Sports Illustrated.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/08/26/eric-decker-retires/ Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Matt Forte announces retirement after 10 NFL seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Former Jets LB David Harris retiring after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Ikard on Twitter '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Jackson working on one - day contract to retire with Bills '' . WKBW - TV . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Vincent Jackson ' very happily retired ' from NFL '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Kelly adds to his UCLA staff with four hires '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` QB Luke McCown announces retirement '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By Adding Kellen Moore , Cowboys Eager To Keep Continuity Around Dak '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars LB Paul Posluszny announces retirement '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Asberry , Derrek . `` Former Gamecock QB Connor Shawjoins Furman coaching staff '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Still Announces Retirement from NFL at Age 28 '' . BleacherReport.com . December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niners ' Cedric Thornton retires ; team signs Chris Jones '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Williams , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . To Buffalo . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric Wood 's statement on his career - ending injury . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Woodhead announces retirement after 10 years '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Kevin ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Should NFL worry about referee turnover ? Here 's why there 's concern '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL referees Ed Hochuli , Jeff Triplette retiring '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires , Shawn Smith promoted to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires ; third official to step away from NFL this offseason '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` NFL announces Clay Martin 's promotion to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Filipe , Cameron ; Austro , Ben ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` '' Staff changes highlight chaotic officiating offseason `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ; Schultz , Mark ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' NFL fires down judge Hugo Cruz `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Owners approve new catch rule by 32 - 0 vote '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Required extra-point attempts in walk - off situations '' . Quirky Research . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` List of NFL Bylaw / Resolution Changes for the 2018 Season '' . Dawgs By Nature . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NFL kickoffs will be undergoing these major rule changes for 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's 500th TD is the first Patriots TD for Josh Gordon '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record By Throwing Touchdown To 71st Different Receiver , Josh Gordon '' . CBS Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Katzenstein , Josh ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Drew Brees has now beaten all 32 NFL teams '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Vinatieri becomes NFL all - time leading scorer '' . 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 1 '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 2 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 3 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 4 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Month - September '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam . `` Drew Brees , Isaiah Crowell among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. `` Albert Wilson , Todd Gurley among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 7 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx Players Air and Ground '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the WEEK '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rookies of the Month - September '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Bruce Arians retires after five seasons with Cardinals '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Arizona Cardinals hire Steve Wilks as head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Chicago Bears fire coach John Fox after 5 - 11 season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Matt Nagy named head coach of Chicago Bears '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael . `` Lions fire head coach Jim Caldwell after 4 seasons '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michaelo . `` Lions officially name Matt Patricia as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts fire Chuck Pagano after 4 - 12 year '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss and Mike Wells ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` How Josh McDaniels went from Patriots to Colts and back again '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin . `` Indianapolis Colts hire Frank Reich to be next coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . 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NFL.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland Browns name John Dorsey general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Ted Thompson named advisor to Packers football ops '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` Packers hiring Brian Gutekunst as general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Texans GM Rick Smith taking leave of absence '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texans give Bill O'Brien extension , hire GM Brian Gaine '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` New York Giants fire general manager Jerry Reese '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Giants name Dave Gettleman their general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike . `` Russ Brandon , president of Bills and Sabres , resigns '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Richardson will put Carolina Panthers up for sale '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Richardson selling Panthers franchise amid misconduct allegations '' . SB Nation . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Source : Richardson mandates Panthers be sold after death . WBTV , 2013 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Wertheim , L. Jon ; Bernstein , Viv . `` Sources : Jerry Richardson , Panthers Have Made Multiple Confidential Payouts for Workplace Misconduct , Including Sexual Harassment and Use of a Racial Slur '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Portillo , Ely ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Carolina Panthers rule out more public cash for stadium '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Weaver ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Moving Panthers from Charlotte would be costly for next owner '' . USA Todayfirst = Tim . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ; Peralta , Katherine ; Person , Joseph ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge fund manager emerging as likely buyer of the Carolina Panthers '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Carolina Panthers finalize terms to sell franchise to David Tepper '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Sale of Panthers to David Tepper finalized '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign 1 - year lease , will stay in Oakland in 2016 : 3 things to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders could remain at Oakland stadium in 2019 after all '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Name For Cardinals ' Nest : State Farm Stadium ( Press Release ) '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Broncos ' stadium temporarily renamed ' Broncos Stadium at Mile High ' '' . KMGH - TV . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Alexander ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Crews remove ' Sports Authority ' signs from inside stadium '' . KUSA . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Authority Field Signage Removed From Inside Mile High Stadium '' . KCNC - TV . CBS Television Stations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Phillip ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` New name for Jaguars ' stadium : TIAA Bank Field '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL ditching Color Rush uniforms for Thursday Night Football '' . MSN.com. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Is NFL 's Color Rush era in danger of fading away ? '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Bears unveil orange Nike jerseys '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars unveil new old - school look '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rams Excited for Changes to Uniforms '' . therams.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins unveil updated , simpler uniforms '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Titans hope new uniforms further build identity '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers unveil new understated throwback jerseys after retiring the bumblebee look '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers reveal throwback jerseys from 1994 Super Bowl season , will wear them twice in 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ryman , Richard ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Packers celebrate 100 seasons with festivals , concerts , documentary and more '' . Green Bay Press Gazette . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colts to wear commemorative patch in 2018 marking 35th season in Indianapolis '' . Colts Wire. 2018 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Saints unveil Tom Benson jersey patch for 2018 season '' . nola.com. 2018 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Fox to Broadcast N.F.L. Draft for First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox gets Thursday Night Football through ' 22 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' will move to Fox next season '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL RFP Suggests League Is Open To Changing `` TNF '' Package `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Is Trying to Win the Rights to Thursday NFL Games '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon 's exclusivity for live games on mobile expected to end '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Will Stream ' Sunday Night Football ' To Mobile Phones Starting In 2018 '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) . `` CBS , NFL Extend Streaming Deal , Add Mobile Rights '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fans rejoice : Subscription - free streaming for NFL games '' . September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` NFL games are coming to Twitch '' . Polygon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Entravision inks three - year radio deal with the NFL '' . L.A. Biz . American City Business Journals . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Strikes Restructuring Deal -- Using Chapter 11 Process '' . Insideradio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Larry ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Don Imus to end legendary radio career '' . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Seeks To Cancel WLUP / WKQX LMA Purchase ; And Chicago PBP Deals '' from Radio Insight ( January 19 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Officially Out Of Bankruptcy '' . June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN at Super Bowl LII - ESPN MediaZone U.S. '' espnmediazone.com . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 - 19 NFL upcoming games '' . Jump up ^ http://www.sportsusamedia.com/nfl-play-by-play-schedule/ Jump up ^ Runevitch , Jennie ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` Colts announcer Bob Lamey accused of racial slur days before retiring - 13 Investigates - 13 WTHR Indianapolis '' . WTHR . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sean McDonough out as Monday Night Football voice '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Tessitore to replace Sean McDonough as ' Monday Night Football ' play - by - play man '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Bills fans should root for ' Tess Effect ' on Monday Night Football '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . We hired them to be Booger McFarland and Jason Witten . We hired Booger to be a strongly opinionated irreverent , outrageous character who authentically sounds like a guy who grew up in the country of Winnsboro , Louisiana , sounds like a guy who played nose tackle and does n't really give a ... about what he says or who cares what he is thought of and just be your funny , irreverent , football smart , savvy self . And we hired Jason Witten to be Jason Witten , a guy who just played 15 years in the league at the highest level and future Hall of Famer and not try to role play . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Ex Jason Witten To Be Joined By Booger On ESPN ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cameron Filipe ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Triplette to join ESPN broadcast booth as rules analyst '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's ' Thursday Night Football ' plan is nearly complete '' . 10 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( 18 April 2018 ) . `` Fox is bringing a Sunday morning feel to its ' Thursday Night Football ' pregame show '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan ( October 11 , 2018 ) . `` Bustling Buck kicks off his marathon sportscasting run '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Dan Patrick wo n't return as NBC 's ' Football Night in America ' host '' . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Warner named lead analyst for Monday Night Football , Super Bowl LIII on Westwood One '' . August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/storm-kremer-to-become-first-female-duo-to-call-nfl-game/ar-AAACliX?ocid=spartandhp Jump up ^ `` The NFL Ratings Page '' . SportsMediaWatch.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . 2018 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LIII National Football League seasons Early era ( 1920 -- 1969 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NFL_season&oldid=866512801 '' Categories : 2018 National Football League season National Football League seasons 2018 in American football Current American football seasons Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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when does the regular season start for the nfl 2018
[ "2018 National Football League seasonRegular seasonDuration\nSeptember 6, 2018 (2018-09-06) – December 30, 2018 (2018-12-30)PlayoffsStart date\nJanuary 5, 2019Super Bowl LIIIDate\nFebruary 3, 2019Site\nMercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia\nPro BowlDate\nJanuary 27, 2019Site\nCamping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida\n\n← 2017\nNFL seasons\n\n" ]
[ "September 6, 2018" ]
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Lana Parrilla
Lana Parrilla - wikipedia Lana Parrilla Lana Parrilla Lana Maria Parrilla ( 1977 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Director Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Alfredo Di Blasio ( m . 2014 ) Parent ( s ) Sam Parrilla Dolores Dee Azzara Relatives Candice Azzara ( maternal aunt ) Awards Alma Award , Imagen Award , TV Guide Award , NHMC Impact Award , Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Signature Lana Maria Parrilla ( born July 15 , 1977 ) is an American actress . Parrilla is best known for her roles on television and radio . She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001 . She later starred in Boomtown ( 2002 - 2003 ) , Windfall ( 2006 ) , Swingtown ( 2008 ) and as Doctor Eva Zambrano in the short - lived medical drama Miami Medical ( 2010 ) . She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005 . In 2011 , Parrilla began starring as The Evil Queen / Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series , Once Upon a Time . In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2010 2.2 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Parrilla was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City in 1977 . Her mother , Dolores Dee Azzara , is of Sicilian ancestry and her father was Sam Parrilla ( 1943 -- 94 ) , a Puerto Rico - born baseball player who played professionally for 11 seasons ( 1963 -- 73 ) , including with the Major League Philadelphia Phillies as an outfielder for one season ( 1970 ). . She is also the niece of Candice Azzara , the American Broadway and TV actress . Lana studied acting at the Beverly Hills Playhouse in Los Angeles - California . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2010 ( edit ) Parrilla in San Diego Comic Con 2017 In her early career , Parrilla appeared in several movies , including Very Mean Men ( 2000 ) , Spiders ( 2000 ) , and Frozen Stars ( 2003 ) . She made her television debut in 1999 , on the UPN sitcom Grown Ups . In 2000 , she joined the cast of the ABC comedy series Spin City , playing Angie Ordonez for one season . She left the show in 2001 . After that she joined Donnie Wahlberg and Neal McDonough in the short lived crime drama Boomtown , for which she received the Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress , for her portrayal of Teresa , a paramedic . Initially a success , Boomtown began to struggle , and Parrilla 's character became a police academy rookie , to tie her more closely to the rest of the show . `` Boomtown '' was cancelled just two episodes into its second season . Parrilla in March 2012 Parrilla guest - starred in a number of television dramas , including JAG , Six Feet Under , Covert Affairs , Medium , The Defenders and Chase . She had a recurring role in 2004 as Officer Janet Grafton in NYPD Blue . In 2005 , Parrilla took a recurring guest role on the fourth season of the Fox series 24 as Sarah Gavin , a Counter Terrorist Unit agent . After just six episodes , Lana was made a regular cast member ; but in the thirteenth episode , her character was written out after she tried to thwart another character 's promotion from temporary to permanent CTU head Michelle Dessler ( Reiko Aylesworth ) . In 2006 , Parrilla starred in the NBC summer series Windfall alongside Luke Perry , fellow former 24 cast member Sarah Wynter , and Parilla 's former Boomtown castmate Jason Gedrick . In 2007 , she guest starred as Greta during the third season of ABC 's Lost in the episodes `` Greatest Hits '' and `` Through the Looking Glass '' In 2008 , she had a leading role on the Lifetime movie The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall , in which she played Nellie , a divorcee whose identity has been stolen . Also in 2008 , she starred in the CBS summer series Swingtown as Trina Decker , a woman who is part of a Swinging couple . In 2010 , Parrilla had a female lead role in the Jerry Bruckheimer - produced Miami Medical on CBS , which had a short run towards the end of the 2009 -- 10 television season before it was canceled in July 2010 . Windfall , Swingtown and Miami Medical were all canceled after 13 episodes . 2011 -- present ( edit ) Parrilla in 2012 In February 2011 , she was cast as Mayor Regina Mills / The Evil Queen , in the ABC adventure fantasy drama pilot , Once Upon a Time created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . The series debuted in October 2011 . The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18 -- 49 rating / share of 4.0 / 10 during the first season , receiving generally favorable reviews from critics . Parrilla 's performance also received positive reviews from critics . In 2012 and 2013 , she was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category , though she did not receive a nomination . She won the TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 . Parrilla also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television from the 38th Saturn Awards . Personal Life ( edit ) Parrilla became engaged with Alfredo Di Blasio , a Chief Marketing Officer , on April 28 , 2013 , while traveling in Israel . They were married on July 5 , 2014 , in British Columbia . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Very Mean Men Teresa 2000 Spiders Marci Eyre 2003 Frozen Stars Lisa Vasquez 2005 One Last Ride Antoinette 2019 The Tax Collector Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Grown Ups Waitress Episodes : `` Truth Be Told '' , `` J Says '' 2000 Rude Awakening Nurse Lorna Episode : `` Telltale Heart pt. 1 '' 2000 -- 01 Spin City Angie Ordonez Series regular , 21 episodes 2002 JAG Lt. Stephanie Donato Episode : `` Head to Toe '' The Shield Sedona Tellez Episode : `` Circles '' 2002 -- 03 Boomtown Teresa Ortiz Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress NYPD Blue Officer Janet Grafton Recurring role , 3 episodes Six Feet Under Maile Episodes : `` Terror Starts at Home '' , `` The Dare '' 2005 24 Sarah Gavin Series regular , 12 episodes 2006 Windfall Nina Schaefer Series regular , 13 episodes Lost Greta Episodes : `` Greatest Hits '' , `` Through the Looking Glass '' 2008 Swingtown Trina Decker Series regular , 13 episodes The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Nellie Givens Television film Miami Medical Dr. Eva Zambrano Series regular , 13 episodes Covert Affairs Julia Suarez Episode : `` South Bound Suarez '' Medium Lydia Halstrom Episode : `` The Match Game '' The Defenders Betty Episode : `` Las Vegas vs. Johnson '' 2011 Chase Isabella Episode : `` Narco : Part 1 '' 2011 -- 18 Once Upon a Time Regina Mills The Evil Queen Roni Main Role Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2003 Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress Boomtown Won 2008 ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series Swingtown Nominated 2012 TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Once Upon a Time Won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama Once Upon a Time Won 2013 NHMC Impact Award Once Upon a Time Won Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Award for Best Actress / Television Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Won 2017 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lara Parrilla Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Parrilla Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Jump up ^ She 's Got Performance In Her Genes Jump up ^ Fast Facts - Tv Guide ^ Jump up to : BIO : Evil Queen Played by Lana Parrilla Archived 2011 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MOVIES The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Archived 2012 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Miami Medical canceled , no season two canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Lana Parrilla in ' Once Upon a Time ' : Road to the Emmys 2012 : The Supporting Actor & Actress - Chicago Tribune '' . Variety . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2013 2 : 48 pm EDT ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Emmy Latino Snubs For Lana Parrilla , Jimmy Smits , and More '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Marc Cuenco ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` 14 Emmy - Worthy GIFs of ' Once Upon a Time ' Star Lana Parilla '' . Tv.aol.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team TVLine / June 6 , 2012 , 6 : 25 AM PDT ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ( PHOTOS ) Emmy Nominations 2012 -- Awards Show 's Supporting Actress In Drama Contenders '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) . `` 2012 Emmy Awards Nominees : Our Predictions ! TV News '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Parrilla , Once Upon a Time from Emmy Contenders : Supporting Actress , Drama E ! Online UK '' . Uk.eonline.com. 2012 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 09 / 21 / 2012 10 : 18 pm ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ALMA Awards 2012 : Winners And Show Highlights ( VIDEO , PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` Saturn Award Nominations 2012 Collider Page 148931 '' . Collider . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Overview Base Job Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Lana Parrilla engaged to Fred Di Blasio '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Lana Parrilla Gets Married in Real - Life Fairy Tale '' . People . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parrilla , Lana ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Well , @ fred_diblasio I think this says it all ... Signed , # MrsDiBlasio '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nomination Teen Choice Award 2018 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lana Parrilla . Lana Parrilla on Twitter Lana Parrilla on IMDb Lana Parrilla at TVGuide.com Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Nina Dobrev ( 2010 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2011 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2012 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2013 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2014 ) Nina Dobrev ( 2015 ) Lana Parrilla ( 2016 ) Kat Graham ( 2017 ) BNF : cb167663988 ( data ) GND : 1065764111 ISNI : 0000 0000 5416 7632 LCCN : no2007026606 SUDOC : 191316911 VIAF : 7163098 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lana_Parrilla&oldid=856920700 '' Categories : 1977 births Actresses from New York City American television actresses American film actresses American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American people of Sicilian descent Living people People from Brooklyn 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Italian descent Hispanic and Latino American actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays regina's mother in once upon a time
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Modus operandi
Modus operandi - wikipedia Modus operandi For other uses , see Modus operandi ( disambiguation ) . A modus operandi ( often shortened to M.O. ) is someone 's habits of working , particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations , but also more generally . It is a Latin phrase , approximately translated as mode of operating . Contents 1 Term 2 Plural 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Term ( edit ) The term is often used in police work when discussing crime and addressing the methods employed by criminals . It is also used in criminal profiling , where it can help in finding clues to the offender 's psychology . It largely consists of examining the actions used by the individuals to execute the crime , prevent its detection and facilitate escape . A suspect 's modus operandi can assist in their identification , apprehension , or repression , and can also be used to determine links between crimes . In business , modus operandi is used to describe a firm 's preferred means of executing business and interacting with other firms . Plural ( edit ) The plural is modi operandi . The word operandi is a gerund in the genitive case , `` of operating '' ; gerunds can never be pluralised in Latin , as opposed to gerundives . When a noun with an attribute in the genitive is pluralised , only the head noun normally changes , just as in English with `` of '' : `` a fact of life , two facts of life '' . See also ( edit ) Criminology John E. Douglas Latin phrases Modus ponens Modus tollens Modus vivendi Signature crime References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Douglas , J.E. and A.W. Burgess , A.G. Burgess , R.K. Ressler . Crime classification manual ( John Wiley & Sons , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7879 - 8501 - 5 , p. 19 - 21 . Jump up ^ Vronsky , R. Serial Killers ( Berkley Books , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 425 - 19640 - 2 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Hazelwood , R. R , A.W. Burgess , Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation , ( CRC Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0076 - 2 , p. 517 . Jump up ^ Berg , B.L. Criminal Investigation ( McGraw Hill , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340124 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Levinson , D. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment ( SAGE , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2258 - X . Carlo , P . The Night Stalker : The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez ( Pinnacle Books 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 7860 - 1362 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of modus operandi at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modus_operandi&oldid=858277824 '' Categories : Criminal investigation Criminology Latin words and phrases Offender profiling Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2018 , at 02 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
a criminal's modus operandi is the details of
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Yangtze
Yangtze - wikipedia Yangtze Jump to : navigation , search `` Yangzi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yangzi ( disambiguation ) . `` Changjiang '' redirects here . For other uses , see Changjiang ( disambiguation ) . Yangtze ( 长江 Cháng jiāng ) Dusk on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River ( Three Gorges ) Country China Tributaries - left Yalong , Min , Tuo , Jialing , Han - right Wu , Yuan , Zi , Xiang , Gan , Huangpu Cities Yibin , Luzhou , Chongqing , Wanzhou , Yichang , Jingzhou , Yueyang , Wuhan , Jiujiang , Anqing , Tongling , Wuhu , Nanjing , Zhenjiang , Nantong , Shanghai Source Jari Hill - location Tanggula Mountains , Qinghai , China - elevation 5,170 m ( 16,962 ft ) - coordinates 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 Mouth East China Sea - location Shanghai , and Jiangsu - coordinates 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Coordinates : 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Length 6,300 km ( 3,915 mi ) Basin 1,808,500 km ( 698,266 sq mi ) Discharge - average 30,166 m / s ( 1,065,302 cu ft / s ) - max 110,000 m / s ( 3,884,613 cu ft / s ) - min 2,000 m / s ( 70,629 cu ft / s ) The course of the Yangtze River through China Chang Jiang `` Yangtze River ( Cháng jiāng ) '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 长江 Traditional Chinese 長江 Literal meaning `` The Long River '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cháng Jiāng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charng Jiang Wade -- Giles Ch'ang Chiang IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ tɕjáŋ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Zan Kaon Xiang IPA dɒŋ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chèuhng Gōng IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ kɔ́ːŋ ) Jyutping Coeng Gong Southern Min Tâi - lô Tiông Kang Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖjang kæwng Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * Cə - ( N ) - traŋ kʕroŋ Yangtze River Simplified Chinese 扬子江 Traditional Chinese 揚子江 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yángzǐ Jiāng Wade -- Giles Yang - tzu Chiang IPA ( jɑ̌ŋtsɨ̀ tɕjɑ́ŋ ) Wu Romanization Yang Tse Kaon Xiang IPA jɒŋ tsɯ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Joeng - zi Gong Tibetan name Tibetan འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ ( show ) Transcriptions Wylie ' Bri Chu THL Dri Chu Golden Island , on The Yang - Tse River , China ( LMS , 1869 , p. 64 ) The Yangtze ( English : / ˈjæŋtsi / or / ˈjɑːŋtsi / ) , which is 6380 km long , is the longest river in Asia and the third - longest in the world . The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country . It drains one - fifth of the land area of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and its river basin is home to one - third of the country 's population . The Yangtze is the sixth - largest river by discharge volume in the world . The English name Yangtze derives from the Chinese name `` Yángzǐ Jiāng '' ( listen ) , which actually is the lowest 435 km part between Nanjing and Shanghai . The whole river is known in China as Cháng Jiāng ( listen ; literally : `` Long River '' ) . The Yangtze plays a large role in the history , culture and economy of China . The prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20 % of the PRC 's GDP . The Yangtze River flows through a wide array of ecosystems and is habitat to several endemic and endangered species including the Chinese alligator , the finless porpoise , the Chinese paddlefish , the ( possibly extinct ) Yangtze River dolphin or baiji , and the Yangtze sturgeon . For thousands of years , the river has been used for water , irrigation , sanitation , transportation , industry , boundary - marking and war . The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro - electric power station in the world . In recent years , the river has suffered from industrial pollution , agricultural run - off , siltation , and loss of wetland and lakes , which exacerbates seasonal flooding . Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves . A stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In mid-2014 the Chinese government announced it was building a multi-tier transport network , comprising railways , roads and airports , to create a new economic belt alongside the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Chinese 1.1. 1 Chang Jiang -- `` Long River '' 1.1. 2 Jinsha Jiang -- `` Gold Sands River '' 1.1. 3 Tongtian River 1.1. 4 Tuotuo River 1.2 English 1.3 Tibetan 2 Geography 2.1 Image gallery 3 Characteristics 4 History 4.1 Geologic history 4.2 Early history 4.3 Age of steam 4.4 U.S. and French conflicts 4.5 Navigation on the upper river 4.6 Navy ships 5 Hydrology 5.1 Periodic floods 5.2 Degradation of the river 5.3 Contribution to ocean pollution 5.4 Reconnecting lakes 6 Major cities along the river 7 Crossings 8 Dams 9 Tributaries 10 Protected areas 11 Wildlife 11.1 Fish 11.2 Other animals 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Names ( edit ) Chinese ( edit ) Because the source of the Yangtze was not ascertained until modern times , the Chinese have given different names to lower and upstream sections of the river . `` Yangtze '' was actually the name of Chang Jiang for the lower part from Nanjing to the river mouth at Shanghai . However , due to the fact that Christian missionaries carried out their activities mainly in this area and were familiar with the name of this part of Chang Jiang , `` Yangtze river '' was used to refer to the whole Chang Jiang in the English language . In modern Chinese , Yangtze is still used to refer to the lower part of Chang Jiang from Nanjing to the river mouth . Yangtze never stands for the whole Chang Jiang . Chang Jiang -- `` long River '' ( edit ) Chang Jiang ( 长江 / 長江 ) is the modern Chinese name for the lower 2,884 km ( 1,792 mi ) of the Yangtze from its confluence with the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan Province to the river mouth at Shanghai . Chang Jiang literally means the `` Long River . '' In Old Chinese , this stretch of the Yangtze was simply called Jiang / Kiang 江 , a character of phono - semantic compound origin , combining the water radical 氵 with the homophone 工 ( now pronounced gōng , but * kʕoŋ in Old Chinese ) . Krong was probably a word in the Austroasiatic language of local peoples such as the Yue . Similar to * krong in Proto - Vietnamese and krung in Mon , all meaning `` river '' , it is related to modern Vietnamese sông ( river ) and Khmer kôngkea ( water ) . By the Han Dynasty , Jiang had come to mean any river in Chinese , and this river was distinguished as the `` Great River '' 大江 ( Dàjiāng ) . The epithet 長 ( of which the modern , simplified version 长 ) , means `` long '' , was first formally applied to the river during the Six Dynasties period . Various sections of Chang Jiang have local names . From Yibin to Yichang , the river through Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality is also known as the Chuan Jiang ( 川江 , p Chuānjiāng ) or `` Sichuan River . '' In the Hubei Province , the river is also called the Jing Jiang ( 荆江 , p Jīngjiāng ) or the `` Jing River '' after Jingzhou . In Anhui Province , the river takes on the local name Wan Jiang after the shorthand name for Anhui , wan ( 皖 ) . And Yangzi Jiang t 揚子江 s 扬子江 , p Yángzǐjiāng ) or the `` Yangzi River '' , from which the English name Yangtze is derived , is the local name for the Lower Yangtze in the region of Yangzhou . The name likely comes from an ancient ferry crossing called Yangzi or Yangzijin ( 揚子 or 揚子 津 , p Yángzǐ or Yángzǐjīn ) . Europeans who arrived in the Yangtze Delta region applied this local name to the Å river . The dividing sites of upstream , midstream and downstream are considered to be Yichang and Hukou ( Jiujiang ) respectively . Jinsha Jiang -- `` gold sands River '' ( edit ) The Jinsha River ( 金沙 江 , lit . `` Gold Dust '' or `` Golden - Sanded River '' ) is the name for 2,308 km ( 1,434 mi ) of the Yangtze from Yibin upstream to the confluence with the Batang River near Yushu in Qinghai Province . From antiquity until the Ming Dynasty , this stretch of the river was believed to be a tributary of the Yangtze while the Min River was thought to be the main course of the river above Yibin . In the Tribute to Yu , written in the fifth century BCE , this section is called the Hei Shui 黑 水 or the `` Black Water . '' The name `` Jinsha '' originates in the Song dynasty when the river attracted large numbers of gold prospectors . Gold prospecting along the Jinsha continued to this day . Prior to the Song dynasty , other names were used including , for example Lújiāng ( 瀘 江 ) from the Three Kingdoms period . Tongtian River ( edit ) The Tongtian River ( 通 天河 , lit . `` River Passing Through Heaven '' ) describes the 813 km ( 505 mi ) section from Yushu up to the confluence with the Dangqu River . The name comes from a fabled river in the Journey to the West . In antiquity , it was called the Yak River . In Mongolian , this section is known as the Murui - ussu ( lit . `` Winding Stream '' ) . and sometimes confused with the nearby Baishui . Tuotuo River ( edit ) The Tuotuo River ( 沱 沱 河 , p Tuótuó Hé , lit . `` Tearful River '' is the official headstream of the Yangtze , and flows 358 km ( 222 mi ) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong Massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River . ) In Mongolian , this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the `` Red River '' . The Tuotuo one of three main headstreams of the Yangtze . The Dangqu River ( 当 曲 , p Dāngqū ) is the actual geographic headwater of the Yangtze . The name is derived the Classical Tibetan for `` Marsh River '' ( འདམ ་ ཆུ , w ' Dam Chu ) . The Chumar River ( 楚 玛 尔 河 ) is the Chinese name for the northern headwater of the Yangtze , which flows from the Hoh Xil Mountains in Qinghai into the Tongtian . Chumar is Tibetan for the `` Red River . '' English ( edit ) The river was called Quian ( 江 ) and Quiansui ( 江水 ) by Marco Polo and appeared on the earliest English maps as Kian or Kiam , all recording dialects which preserved forms of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 江 as Kæwng . By the mid-19th century , these romanizations had standardized as Kiang ; Dajiang , e.g. , was rendered as `` Ta - Kiang '' . `` Keeang - Koo '' , `` Kyang Kew '' , `` Kian - ku '' , and related names derived from mistaking the Chinese term for the mouth of the Yangtze ( 江口 , p Jiāngkǒu ) as the name of the river itself . A map of China depicting the Yellow River 's southerly path following its stabilization by the Grand Eunuch Li Xing 's public works after the 1494 flood . The name Blue River began to be applied in the 18th century , apparently owing to a former name of the Dam Chu or Min and to analogy with the Yellow River , but it was frequently explained in early English references as a ' translation ' of Jiang , Jiangkou , or Yangzijiang . Very common in 18th - and 19th - century sources , the name fell out of favor due to growing awareness of its lack of any connection to the river 's Chinese names and to the irony of its application to such a muddy waterway . The 1615 Latin account of the Jesuit missions to China included descriptions of the `` Iansu '' and `` Iansuchian '' . The posthumous account 's translation of the name as `` Son of the Ocean '' shows that Ricci , who by the end of his life was fluent in literary Chinese , was introduced to it as the homophonic 洋子 江 rather than the ' proper ' 揚子江 . Further , although railroads and the Shanghai concessions subsequently turned it into a backwater , Yangzhou was the lower river 's principal port for much of the Qing Dynasty , directing Liangjiang 's important salt monopoly and connecting the Yangtze with the Grand Canal to Beijing . ( That connection also made it one of the Yellow River 's principal ports between the floods of 1344 and the 1850s , during which time the Yellow River ran well south of Shandong and discharged into the ocean only a few hundred kilometres away from the mouth of the Yangtze . ) By 1800 , English cartographers such as Aaron Arrowsmith had adopted the French style of the name as Yang - tse or Yang - tse Kiang . The British diplomat Thomas Wade emended this to Yang - tzu Chiang as part of his formerly popular romanization of Chinese , based on the Beijing dialect instead of Nanjing 's and first published in 1867 . The spellings Yangtze and Yangtze Kiang was a compromise between the two methods adopted at the 1906 Imperial Postal Conference in Shanghai , which established postal romanization . Hanyu Pinyin was adopted by the PRC 's First Congress in 1958 , but it was not widely employed in English outside mainland China prior to the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC in 1979 ; since that time , the spelling Yangzi has also been used . Tibetan ( edit ) The source and upper reaches of the Yangtze are located in ethnic Tibetan areas of Qinghai . In Tibetan , the Tuotuo headwaters are the Machu ( རྨ ་ ཆུ ་ , w rMa - chu , literally `` Red River '' or ( perhaps `` Wound - ( like Red ) River ? '' ) ) . The Tongtian is the Drichu ( འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ , w ' Bri Chu , literally `` River of the Female Yak '' ; transliterated into Chinese as 直 曲 , p Zhíqū ) . Geography ( edit ) Yangtze watershed Cruise on the Yangtze River before sunset The river originates from several tributaries in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau , two of which are commonly referred to as the `` source '' . Traditionally , the Chinese government has recognized the source as the Tuotuo tributary at the base of a glacier lying on the west of Geladandong Mountain in the Tanggula Mountains . This source is found at 33 ° 25 ′ 44 '' N 91 ° 10 ′ 57 '' E  /  33.42889 ° N 91.18250 ° E  / 33.42889 ; 91.18250 and while not the furthest source of the Yangtze , it is the highest source at 5,342 m ( 17,526 ft ) above sea level . The true source of the Yangtze , hydrologically the longest river distance from the sea , is at Jari Hill at the head of the Dam Qu tributary , approximately 325 km ( 202 mi ) southeast of Geladandong . This source was only discovered in the late 20th century and lies in wetlands at 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 and 5,170 m ( 16,960 ft ) above sea level just southeast of Chadan Township in Zadoi County , Yushu Prefecture , Qinghai . As the historical spiritual source of the Yangtze , the Geladandong source is still commonly referred to as the source of the Yangtze since the discovery of the Jari Hill source . These tributaries join and the river then runs eastward through Qinghai ( Tsinghai ) , turning southward down a deep valley at the border of Sichuan ( Szechwan ) and Tibet to reach Yunnan . In the course of this valley , the river 's elevation drops from above 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) to less than 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The headwaters of the Yangtze are situated at an elevation of about 4,900 m ( 16,100 ft ) . In its descent to sea level , the river falls to an altitude of 305 m ( 1,001 ft ) at Yibin , Sichuan , the head of navigation for riverboats , and to 192 m ( 630 ft ) at Chongqing ( Chungking ) . Between Chongqing and Yichang ( I - ch'ang ) , at an altitude of 40 m ( 130 ft ) and a distance of about 320 km ( 200 mi ) , it passes through the spectacular Yangtze Gorges , which are noted for their natural beauty but are dangerous to shipping . It enters the basin of Sichuan at Yibin . While in the Sichuan basin , it receives several mighty tributaries , increasing its water volume significantly . It then cuts through Mount Wushan bordering Chongqing and Hubei to create the famous Three Gorges . Eastward of the Three Gorges , Yichang is the first city on the Yangtze Plain . After entering Hubei , the Yangtze receives water from a number of lakes . The largest of these lakes is Dongting Lake , which is located on the border of Hunan and Hubei provinces , and is the outlet for most of the rivers in Hunan . At Wuhan , it receives its biggest tributary , the Han River , bringing water from its northern basin as far as Shaanxi . At the northern tip of Jiangxi , Lake Poyang , the biggest freshwater lake in China , merges into the river . The river then runs through Anhui and Jiangsu provinces , receiving more water from innumerable smaller lakes and rivers , and finally reaches the East China Sea at Shanghai . Four of China 's five main freshwater lakes contribute their waters to the Yangtze River . Traditionally , the upstream part of the Yangtze River refers to the section from Yibin to Yichang ; the middle part refers to the section from Yichang to Hukou County , where Lake Poyang meets the river ; the downstream part is from Hukou to Shanghai . The origin of the Yangtze River has been dated by some geologists to about 45 million years ago in the Eocene , but this dating has been disputed. . Image gallery ( edit ) The glaciers of the Tanggula Mountains , the traditional source of the Yangtze River The Tuotuo River , a headwater stream of the Yangtze River , known in Tibetan as Maqu , or the `` Red River '' The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu ( 石 鼓 ) in Yunnan Province , where the river turns 180 degrees from south - to north - bound The Jinsha River in Yunnan The Tiger Leaping Gorge near Lijiang downstream from Shigu Qutang Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Wu Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Xiling Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Characteristics ( edit ) The Yangtze flows into the East China Sea and was navigable by ocean - going vessels up 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from its mouth even before the Three Gorges Dam was built . As of June 2003 , this dam spans the river , flooding Fengjie , the first of a number of towns affected by the massive flood control and power generation project . This is the largest comprehensive irrigation project in the world and has a significant impact on China 's agriculture . Its proponents argue that it will free people living along the river from floods that have repeatedly threatened them in the past and will offer them electricity and water transport -- though at the expense of permanently flooding many existing towns ( including numerous ancient cultural relics ) and causing large - scale changes in the local ecology . Opponents of the dam point out that there are three different kinds of floods on the Yangtze River : floods which originate in the upper reaches , floods which originate in the lower reaches , and floods along the entire length of the river . They argue that the Three Gorges dam will actually make flooding in the upper reaches worse and have little or no impact on floods which originate in the lower reaches . Twelve hundred years of low water marks on the river were recorded in the inscriptions and the carvings of carp at Baiheliang , now submerged . The Yangtze is flanked with metallurgical , power , chemical , auto , building materials and machinery industrial belts and high - tech development zones . It is playing an increasingly crucial role in the river valley 's economic growth and has become a vital link for international shipping to the inland provinces . The river is a major transportation artery for China , connecting the interior with the coast . The river is one of the world 's busiest waterways . Traffic includes commercial traffic transporting bulk goods such as coal as well as manufactured goods and passengers . Cargo transportation reached 795 million tons in 2005 . River cruises several days long , especially through the beautiful and scenic Three Gorges area , are becoming popular as the tourism industry grows in China . Flooding along the river has been a major problem . The rainy season in China is May and June in areas south of Yangtze River , and July and August in areas north of it . The huge river system receives water from both southern and northern flanks , which causes its flood season to extend from May to August . Meanwhile , the relatively dense population and rich cities along the river make the floods more deadly and costly . The most recent major floods were the 1998 Yangtze River Floods , but more disastrous were the 1954 Yangtze River Floods , killing around 30,000 people . History ( edit ) See also : The Sand Pebbles ( film ) , USS Asheville ( PG - 21 ) , and Yangtze Patrol Geologic History ( edit ) Although the mouth of the Yellow River has fluctuated widely north and south of the Shandong peninsula within the historical record , the Yangtze has remained largely static . Based on studies of sedimentation rates , however , it is unlikely that the present discharge site predates the late Miocene ( c. 11 Ma ) . Prior to this , its headwaters drained south into the Gulf of Tonkin along or near the course of the present Red River . Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge Early History ( edit ) Further information : Baiyue , state of Wu , state of Yue , state of Chu , and Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty The Yangtze River is important to the cultural origins of southern China and Japan . Human activity has been verified in the Three Gorges area as far back as 27,000 years ago , and by the 5th millennium BC , the lower Yangtze was a major population center occupied by the Hemudu and Majiabang cultures , both among the earliest cultivators of rice . By the 3rd millennium BC , the successor Liangzhu culture showed evidence of influence from the Longshan peoples of the North China Plain . A study of Liangzhu remains found a high prevalence of haplogroup O 1 , linking it to Austronesian and Daic populations ; the same study found the rare haplogroup O 3d at a Daxi site on the central Yangtze , indicates possible connection with the Hmong , although `` only small traces '' of haplogroup O3d remains in Hmong today . What is now thought of as Chinese culture developed along the more fertile Yellow River basin ; the `` Yue '' people of the lower Yangtze possessed very different traditions -- blackening their teeth , cutting their hair short , tattooing their bodies , and living in small settlements among bamboo groves -- and were considered barbarous by the northerners . The Central Yangtze valley was home to sophisticated Neolithic Cultures . Later on it was the earliest part of the Yangtze valley to be integrated into the North Chinese cultural sphere . North Chinese people were active there from the Bronze Age . A map of the Warring States around 350 BC , showing the former coastline of the Yangtze delta . In the lower Yangtze , two Yue tribes , the Gouwu in southern Jiangsu and the Yuyue in northern Zhejiang , display increasing Zhou ( i.e. , North Chinese ) influence from the 9th century BC . Traditional accounts credit these changes to northern refugees ( Taibo and Zhongyong in Wu and Wuyi in Yue ) who assumed power over the local tribes , though these are generally assumed to be myths invented to legitimate them to other Zhou rulers . As the kingdoms of Wu and Yue , they were famed as fishers , shipwrights , and sword - smiths . Adopting Chinese characters , political institutions , and military technology , they were among the most powerful states during the later Zhou . In the middle Yangtze , the state of Jing seems to have begun in the upper Han River valley a minor Zhou polity , but it adapted to native culture as it expanded south and east into the Yangtze valley . In the process , it changed its name to Chu . Whether native or nativizing , the Yangtze states held their own against the northern Chinese homeland : some lists credit them with three of the Spring and Autumn period 's Five Hegemons and one of the Warring States ' Four Lords . They fell in against themselves , however . Chu 's growing power led its rival Jin to support Wu as a counter . Wu successfully sacked Chu 's capital Ying in 506 BC , but Chu subsequently supported Yue in its attacks against Wu 's southern flank . In 473 BC , King Goujian of Yue fully annexed Wu and moved his court to its eponymous capital at modern Suzhou . In 333 BC , Chu finally united the lower Yangtze by annexing Yue , whose royal family was said to have fled south and established the Minyue kingdom in Fujian . Qin was able to unite China by first subduing Ba and Shu on the upper Yangtze in modern Sichuan , giving them a strong base to attack Chu 's settlements along the river . The state of Qin conquered the central Yangtze region , previous heartland of Chu , in 278 BC , and incorporated the region into its expanding empire . Qin then used its connections along the Yangtze River the Xiang River to expand China into Hunan , Jiangxi and Guangdong , setting up military commanderies along the main lines of communication . At the collapse of the Qin Dynasty , these southern commanderies became the independent Nanyue Empire under Zhao Tuo while Chu and Han vied with each other for control of the north . From the Han Dynasty , the region of the Yangtze River became more and more important to China 's economy . The establishment of irrigation systems ( the most famous one is Dujiangyan , northwest of Chengdu , built during the Warring States period ) made agriculture very stable and productive . The Qin and Han empires were actively engaged in the agricultural colonization of the Yangtze lowlands , maintaining a system of dikes to protect farmland from seasonal floods . By the Song dynasty , the area along the Yangtze had become among the wealthiest and most developed parts of the country , especially in the lower reaches of the river . Early in the Qing dynasty , the region called Jiangnan ( that includes the southern part of Jiangsu , the northern part of Zhejiang , and the southeastern part of Anhui ) provided 1⁄3 -- 1⁄2 of the nation 's revenues . The Yangtze has long been the backbone of China 's inland water transportation system , which remained particularly important for almost two thousand years , until the construction of the national railway network during the 20th century . The Grand Canal connects the lower Yangtze with the major cities of the Jiangnan region south of the river ( Wuxi , Suzhou , Hangzhou ) and with northern China ( all the way from Yangzhou to Beijing ) . The less well known ancient Lingqu Canal , connecting the upper Xiang River with the headwaters of the Guijiang , allowed a direct water connection from the Yangtze Basin to the Pearl River Delta . Historically , the Yangtze became the political boundary between north China and south China several times ( see History of China ) because of the difficulty of crossing the river . This occurred notably during the Southern and Northern Dynasties , and the Southern Song . Many battles took place along the river , the most famous being the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD during the Three Kingdoms period . The Yangtze was the site of naval battles between the Song dynasty and Jurchen Jin during the Jin -- Song wars . In the Battle of Caishi of 1161 , the ships of the Jin emperor Wanyan Liang clashed with the Song fleet on the Yangtze . Song soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur using trebuchets at the Jurchen warships . The battle was a Song victory that halted the invasion by the Jin . The Battle of Tangdao was another Yangtze naval battle from the same year . Politically , Nanjing was the capital of China several times , although most of the time its territory only covered the southeastern part of China , such as the Wu kingdom in the Three Kingdoms period , the Eastern Jin Dynasty , and during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods . Only the Ming occupied most parts of China from their capital at Nanjing , though it later moved the capital to Beijing . The ROC capital was located in Nanjing in the periods 1911 -- 12 , 1927 -- 37 , and 1945 -- 49 . Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River , a Ming Dynasty landscape painting . Age of Steam ( edit ) Main articles : Steamboats on the Yangtze River and China Station The first merchant steamer in China , the Jardine , was built to order for the firm of Jardine Matheson in 1835 . She was a small vessel intended for use as a mail and passenger carrier between Lintin Island , Macao and Whampoa . However , after several trips , the Chinese authorities , for reasons best known to themselves , prohibited her entrance into the river . Lord Palmerston , the British Foreign Secretary who personified gunboat diplomacy , decided to wage war on China mainly on the `` suggestions '' of Jardine Matheson . In mid-1840 , a large fleet of warships appeared on the China coast , and with the first cannon fire aimed at a British ship , the Royal Saxon , the British started the First Opium War . The Imperial Government , forced to surrender , gave in to the demands of the British . British military was vastly superior during the conflict . British warships , constructed using such innovations as steam power combined with sail and the use of iron in shipbuilding , wreaked havoc on coastal towns ; such ships ( like the Nemesis ) were not only virtually indestructible using contemporary available weapons , but also highly mobile and able to support a gun platform with very heavy guns . In addition , the British troops were armed with modern rifled muskets and cannons , unlike the Qing forces . After the British took Canton , they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges , a devastating blow to the Empire as it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been . In 1842 , the Qing authorities sued for peace , which concluded with the Treaty of Nanjing signed on a gunboat in the river , negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843 . In the treaty , China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain , open five ports to Britain , and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria . In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue , the Qing empire also recognized Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in treaty ports . Play media Yangtze River steam boats filmed in 1937 U.S. and French conflicts ( edit ) The US , at the same time , wanting to protect its interests and expand trade , ventured the USS Wachusett six - hundred miles up the river to Hankow sometime in the 1860s , while the USS Ashuelot , a sidewheeler , made her way up the river to Yichang in 1874 . The first USS Monocacy , a sidewheel gunboat , began charting the Yangtze River in 1871 . The first USS Palos , an armed tug , was on Asiatic Station into 1891 , cruising the Chinese and Japanese coasts , visiting the open treaty ports and making occasional voyages up the Yangtze River . From June to September 1891 , anti-foreign riots up the Yangtze forced the warship to make an extended voyage as far as Hankow , 600 miles upriver . Stopping at each open treaty port , the gunboat cooperated with naval vessels of other nations and repairing damage . She then operated along the north and central China coast and on the lower Yangtze until June 1892 . The cessation of bloodshed with the Taiping Rebellion , Europeans put more steamers on the river . The French engaged the Chinese in war over the rule of Vietnam . The Sino - French Wars of the 1880s emerged with the Battle of Shipu having French cruisers in the lower Yangtze . USS Luzon The China Navigation Company was an early shipping company founded in 1876 in London , initially to trade up the Yangtze River from their Shanghai base with passengers and cargo . Chinese coastal trade started shortly after and in 1883 a regular service to Australia was initiated . Most of the company 's ships were seized by Japan in 1941 and services did not resume until 1946 . Robert Dollar was a later shipping magnate , who became enormously influential moving Californian and Canadian lumber to the Chinese and Japanese market . Yichang , or Ichang , 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from the sea , is the head of navigation for river steamers ; oceangoing vessels may navigate the river to Hankow , a distance of almost 1,000 km ( almost 600 mi ) from the sea . For about 320 km ( 200 mi ) inland from its mouth , the river is virtually at sea level . The Chinese Government , too , had steamers . It had its own naval fleet , the Nanyang Fleet , which fell prey to the French fleet . The Chinese would rebuild its fleet , only to be ravaged by another war with Japan ( 1895 ) , Revolution ( 1911 ) and ongoing inefficiency and corruption . Chinese companies ran their own steamers , but were second tier to European operations at the time . Navigation on the upper River ( edit ) Cruise boats on Yangtze A vehicle carrier on Yangtze A container carrier on Yangtze Steamers came late to the upper river , the section stretching from Yichang to Chongqing . Freshets from Himalayan snowmelt created treacherous seasonal currents . But summer was better navigationally and the three gorges , described as an `` 150 - mile passage which is like the narrow throat of an hourglass '' , posed hazardous threats of crosscurrents , whirlpools and eddies , creating significant challenges to steamship efforts . Furthermore , Chongqing is 700 -- 800 feet above sea level , requiring powerful engines to make the upriver climb . Junk travel accomplished the upriver feat by employing 70 - 80 trackers , men hitched to hawsers who physically pulled ships upriver through some of the most risky and deadly sections of the three gorges . Achibald John Little took an interest in Upper Yangtze navigation when in 1876 , the Chefoo Convention opened Chongqing to consular residence but stipulated that foreign trade might only commence once steamships had succeeded in ascending the river to that point . Little formed the Upper Yangtze Steam Navigation Co. , Ltd. and built Kuling but his attempts to take the vessel further upriver than Yichang were thwarted by the Chinese authorities who were concerned about the potential loss of transit duties , competition to their native junk trade and physical damage to their crafts caused by steamship wakes . Kuling was sold to China Merchants Steam Navigation Company for lower river service . In 1890 , the Chinese government agreed to open Chongqing to foreign trade as long as it was restricted to native crafts . In 1895 , the Treaty of Shimonoseki provided a provision which opened Chongqing fully to foreign trade . Little took up residence in Chongqing and built Leechuan , to tackle the gorges in 1898 . In March Leechuan completed the upriver journey to Chongqing but not without the assistance of trackers . Leechuan was not designed for cargo or passengers and if Little wanted to take his vision one step further , he required an expert pilot . In 1898 , Little persuaded Captain Samuel Cornell Plant to come out to China to lend his expertise . Captain Plant had just completed navigation of Persia 's Upper Karun River and took up Little 's offer to assess the Upper Yangtze on Leechuan at the end of 1898 . With Plant 's design input , Little had SS Pioneer built with Plant in command . In June 1900 , Plant was the first to successfully pilot a merchant steamer on the Upper Yangtze from Yichang to Chongqing . Pioneer was sold to British Royal Navy after its first run due to threat from the Boxer Rebellion and renamed HMS Kinsha . Germany 's steamship effort that same year on SS Suixing ended in catastrophe . On Suixing 's maiden voyage , the vessel hit a rock and sunk , killing its captain and ending realistic hopes of regular commercial steam service on the Upper Yangtze . In 1908 , local Sichuan merchants and their government partnered with Captain Plant to form Sichuan Steam Navigation Company becoming the first successful service between Yichang and Chongqing . Captain Plant designed and commanded its two ships , SS Shutung and SS Shuhun . Other Chinese vessels came onto the run and by 1915 , foreign ships expressed their interest too . Plant was appointed by Chinese Maritime Customs Service as First Senior River Inspector in 1915 . In this role , Plant installed navigational marks and established signaling systems . He also wrote Handbook for the Guidance of Shipmasters on the Ichang - Chungking Section of the Yangtze River , a detailed and illustrated account of the Upper Yangtze 's currents , rocks , and other hazards with navigational instruction . Plant trained hundreds of Chinese and foreign pilots and issued licenses and worked with the Chinese government to make the river safer in 1917 by removing some of the most difficult obstacles and threats with explosives . In August 1917 , British Asiatic Petroleum became the first foreign merchant steamship on the Upper Yangtze . Commercial firms , Robert Dollar Company , Jardine Matheson , Butterfield and Swire and Standard Oil added their own steamers on the river between 1917 - 1919 . Between 1918 - 1919 , Sichuan warlord violence and escalating civil war put Sichuan Steam Navigational Company out of business . Shutung was commandeered by warlords and Shuhun was brought down river to Shanghai for safekeeping . In 1921 , when Captain Plant died tragically at sea while returning home to England , a Plant Memorial Fund was established to perpetuate Plant 's name and contributions to Upper Yangtze navigation . The largest shipping companies in service , Butterfield & Swire , Jardine Matheson , Standard Oil , Mackenzie & Co. , Asiatic Petroleum , Robert Dollar , China Merchants S.N. Co. and British - American Tobacco Co. , contributed alongside international friends and Chinese pilots . In 1924 , a 50 - foot granite pyramidal obelisk was erected in Xintan , on the site of Captain Plant 's home , in a Chinese community of pilots and junk owners . One face of the monument is inscribed in Chinese and another in English . Though recently relocated to higher ground ahead of the Three Gorges Dam , the monument still stands overlooking the Upper Yangtze River near Yichang , a rare collective tribute to a westerner in China . Until 1881 , the India and China coastal and river services were operated by several companies . In that year , however , these were merged into the Indo - China Steam Navigation Company Ltd , a public company under the management of Jardine 's . The Jardine company pushed inland up the Yangtsze River on which a specially designed fleet was built to meet all requirements of the river trade . For many years , this fleet gave unequalled service . Jardine 's established an enviable reputation for the efficient handling of shipping . As a result , the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company invited the firm to attend to the Agency of their Shire Line which operated in the Far East . Standard Oil ran the tankers Mei Ping , Mei An and Mei Hsia , which were all destroyed on December 12 , 1937 when Japanese warplanes bombed and sank the U.S.S. Panay . One of the Standard Oil captains who survived this attack had served on the Upper River for 14 years . Navy ships ( edit ) JN Izumo in Shanghai , 1937 ; she sank riverboats in 1941 See also : Yangtze Incident With the Treaty Ports , the European powers and Japan were allowed to sail navy ships into China 's waters . The British , Americans and French did this . A full international fleet featured on Chinese waters : Austro - Hungarian , Portuguese , Italian , Russian and German navy ships came to Shanghai and the treaty ports . The Japanese engaged in open war with the Chinese twice , and Russians twice , over conquest of the Chinese Qing Empire -- in the First and Second Sino - Japanese War 1895 , and 1905 ; and the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 . Incidentally , both the French and Japanese navies were heavily involved in running opium and narcotics to Shanghai , where it was refined into morphine . It was then transhipped by liner back to Marseille and France ( i.e. French Connection ) for processing in Germany and eventual sale in the U.S. or Europe . In 1909 the gunboat USS Samar changed station to Shanghai , where she regularly patrolled the lower Yangtze River up to Nanking and Wuhu . Following an anti-foreign riots in Changsha in April 1910 , which destroyed a number of missions and merchant warehouses , Samar sailed up the Yangtze River to Hankow and then Changsa to show the flag and help restore order . The gunboat was also administratively assigned to the Asiatic Fleet that year , which had been reestablished by the Navy to better protect , in the words of the Bureau of Navigation , `` American interests in the Orient . '' After returning to Shanghai in August , she sailed up river again the following summer , passing Wuhu in June but then running aground off Kichau on July 1 , 1911 . After staying stuck in the mud for two weeks , Samar broke free and sailed back down river to coal ship . Returning upriver , the gunboat reached Hankow in August and Ichang in September where she wintered over owing to both the dry season and the outbreak of rebellion at Wuchang in October 1911 . Tensions eased and the gunboat turned downriver in July 1912 , arriving at Shanghai in October . Samar patrolled the lower Yangtze after fighting broke out in the summer 1913 , a precursor to a decade of conflict between provincial warlords in China . In 1919 , she was placed on the disposal list at Shanghai following a collision with a Yangtze River steamer that damaged her bow . The Spanish boats were replaced in the 1920s by USS Luzon and USS Mindanao were the largest , USS Oahu and USS Panay next in size , and USS Guam and USS Tutuila the smallest . China in the first fifty years of the 20th century , was in low - grade chaos . Warlords , revolutions , natural disasters , civil war and invasions contributed . Yangtze boats were involved in the Nanking Incident in 1927 when the Communists and Nationalists broke into open war . The Chiang Kai - shek 's massacre of the Communists in Shanghai in 1927 furthered the unrest , U.S. Marines with tanks were landed . River steamers were popular targets for both Nationalists and Communists , and peasants who would take periodic pot - shots at vessels . During the course of service the second USS Palos protected American interests in China down the entire length of the Yangtze , at times convoying U.S. and foreign vessels on the river , evacuating American citizens during periods of disturbance and in general giving credible presence to U.S. consulates and residences in various Chinese cities . In the period of great unrest in central China in the 1920s , Palos was especially busy patrolling the upper Yangtze against bands of warlord soldiers and outlaws . The warship engaged in continuous patrol operations between Ichang and Chungking throughout 1923 , supplying armed guards to merchant ships , and protecting Americans at Chungking while that city was under siege by a warlord army . The British Royal Navy had a series of Insect class gunboats which patrolled between Chungking and Shanghai . Cruisers and destroyers and Fly class vessels also patrolled . The most infamous incident was when Panay and HMS Bee in 1937 , were dive - bombed by Japanese aeroplanes during the notorious Nanking Massacre . The Westerners were forced to leave the Yangtze River with the Japanese takeover in 1941 . The former steamers were either sabotaged or pressed into Japanese or Chinese service . Probably the most curious incident involved HMS Amethyst in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War between Kuomintang and People 's Liberation Army forces ; and led to the award of the Dickin Medal to the ship 's cat Simon . Hydrology ( edit ) Periodic floods ( edit ) Tens of millions of people live in the floodplain of the Yangtze valley , an area that naturally floods every summer and is habitable only because it is protected by river dikes . The floods large enough to overflow the dikes have caused great distress to those who live and farm there . Floods of note include 1931 , 1935 , 1954 , 1998 . See also : 1931 China floods The 1931 Central China floods or the Central China floods of 1931 were a series of floods that occurred in the Republic of China . The floods are generally considered among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded , and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century ( when pandemics and famines are discounted ) . Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million . The Yangtze again flooded in 1935 , causing great loss of life . See also : 1954 Yangtze River Floods From June to September 1954 , the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province . Due to unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954 , the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June . Despite efforts to open three important flood gates to alleviate the rising water by diverting it , the flood level continued to rise until it hit the historic high of 44.67 m in Jingzhou , Hubei and 29.73 m in Wuhan . The number of dead from this flood was estimated at around 33,000 , including those who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster . See also : 1998 Yangtze River floods The 1998 Yangtze River floods ( 1998 年 中国 洪水 ) was a major flood that lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in the People 's Republic of China at the Yangtze River . The event was considered the worst Northern China flood in 40 years . In the summer of 1998 , China experienced massive flooding of parts of the Yangtze River , resulting in 3,704 dead , 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss . Other sources report a total loss of 4150 people , and 180 million people were affected . A staggering 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) were evacuated , 13.3 million houses were damaged or destroyed . The floods caused $26 billion in damages . See also : 2016 China floods Degradation of the River ( edit ) See also : Water resources in China § Water quality Barges on the river . Beginning in the 1950s dams and thousands of kilometres of dikes were built for flood control , land reclamation , irrigation and for the control of diseases vectors such as blood flukes that caused Schistosomiasis . More than a hundred lakes were thus cut off from the main river . There were gates between the lakes that could be opened during floods . However , farmers and settlements encroached on the land next to the lakes although it was forbidden to settle there . When floods came , it proved impossible to open the gates since it would have caused substantial destruction . Thus the lakes partially or completely dried up . For example , Baidang Lake shrunk from 100 square kilometers ( 39 sq mi ) in the 1950s to 40 square kilometers ( 15 sq mi ) in 2005 . Zhangdu Lake dwindled to one quarter of its original size . Natural fisheries output in the two lakes declined sharply . Only a few large lakes , such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake , remained connected to the Yangtze . Cutting off the other lakes that had served as natural buffers for floods increased the damage done by floods further downstream . Furthermore , the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically . Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of carp who thrived in eutrophic water conditions and who feeds on algae , causing widespread pollution . The pollution was exacerbated by the discharge of waste from pig farms as well as of untreated industrial and municipal sewage . In September 2012 , the Yangtze river near Chongqing turned red from pollution . The erection of the Three Gorges Dam has created an impassable `` iron barrier '' that has led to a great reduction in the biodiversity of the river . Yangtze sturgeon use seasonal changes in the flow of the river to signal when is it time to migrate . However , these seasonal changes will be greatly reduced by dams and diversions . Other animals facing immediate threat of extinction are the Baiji Dolphin , finless porpoise and the Yangtze Alligator . These animals numbers went into freefall cidental catches during fishing , river traffic , habitat loss and pollution . In 2006 the baiji dolphin became extinct ; the world lost an entire genus . Contribution to ocean pollution ( edit ) The Yangtze River produces the majority of the world 's ocean pollution , according to The Ocean Cleanup , a Dutch environmental research foundation that focuses on ocean pollution . Reconnecting lakes ( edit ) In 2002 a pilot program was initiated to reconnect lakes to the Yangtze with the objective to increase biodiversity and to alleviate flooding . The first lakes to be reconnected in 2004 were Zhangdu Lake , Honghu Lake , and Tian'e - Zhou in Hubei province on the middle Yangtze . In 2005 Baidang Lake in Anhui Province was also reconnected . Reconnecting the lakes improved water quality and fish were able to migrate from the river into the lake , replenishing their numbers and genetic stock . The trial also showed that reconnecting the lake reduced flooding . The new approach also benefitted the farmers economically . Pond farmers switched to natural fish feed , which helped them breed better quality fish that can be sold for more , increasing their income by 30 % . Based on the successful pilot project , other provincial governments emulated the experience and also reestablished connections to lakes that had previously been cut off from the river . In 2005 a Yangtze Forum has been established bringing together 13 riparian provincial governments to manage the river from source to sea . In 2006 China 's Ministry of Agriculture made it a national policy to reconnect the Yangtze River with its lakes . As of 2010 , provincial governments in five provinces and Shanghai set up a network of 40 effective protected areas , covering 16,500 km ( 6,400 sq mi ) . As a result , populations of 47 threatened species increased , including the critically endangered Yangtze alligator . In the Shanghai area , reestablished wetlands now protect drinking water sources for the city . It is envisaged to extend the network throughout the entire Yangtze to eventually cover 102 areas and 185,000 km ( 71,000 sq mi ) . The mayor of Wuhan announced that six huge , stagnating urban lakes including the East Lake ( Wuhan ) would be reconnected at the cost of US $2.3 billion creating China 's largest urban wetland landscape . Major cities along the river ( edit ) See also : Category : Populated places on the Yangtze River Map of the Yangtze river locating the Three Gorges Dam Satellite map showing the lake created by the Three Gorges Dam . Compare Nov. 7 , 2006 ( above ) with April 17 , 1987 ( below ) Yushu Panzhihua Yibin Luzhou Hejiang Chongqing Fuling Fengdu Wanzhou Yichang Yidu Jingzhou Shashi Shishou Yueyang Xianning Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Chaohu Chizhou Jiujiang Anqing Tongling Wuhu Hefei Chuzhou Ma'anshan Taizhou Yangzhou Zhenjiang Nanjing Jiangyin Nantong Shanghai Crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Yangtze River bridges and tunnels and Yangtze River Power Line Crossings ( show ) Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Until 1957 , there were no bridges across the Yangtze River from Yibin to Shanghai . For millennia , travelers crossed the river by ferry . On occasions , the crossing may have been dangerous , as evidenced by the Zhong'anlun disaster ( October 15 , 1945 ) . The river stood as a major geographic barrier dividing northern and southern China . In the first half of the 20th century , rail passengers from Beijing to Guangzhou and Shanghai had to disembark , respectively , at Hanyang and Pukou , and cross the river by steam ferry before resuming journeys by train from Wuchang or Nanjing West . After the founding of the People 's Republic in 1949 , Soviet engineers assisted in the design and construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , a dual - use road - rail bridge , built from 1955 to 1957 . It was the first bridge across the Yangtze River . The second bridge across the river was built a single - track railway bridge built upstream in Chongqing in 1959 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , also a road - rail bridge , was the first bridge to cross the lower reaches of the Yangtze , in Nanjing . It was built after the Sino - Soviet Split and did not receive foreign assistance . Road - rail bridges were then built in Zhicheng ( 1971 ) and Chongqing ( 1980 ) . Bridge - building slowed in the 1980s before resuming in the 1990s and accelerating in the first decade of the 21st century . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge was built in 1992 as part of the Beijing - Jiujiang Railway . A second bridge in Wuhan was completed in 1995 . By 2005 , there were a total of 56 bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze River between Yibin and Shanghai . These include some of the longest suspension and cable - stayed bridges in the world on the Yangtze Delta : Jiangyin Suspension Bridge ( 1,385 m , opened in 1999 ) , Runyang Bridge ( 1,490 m , opened 2005 ) , Sutong Bridge ( 1,088 m , opened 2008 ) . The rapid pace of bridge construction has continued . The city of Wuhan now has six bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze . A number of power line crossings have also been built across the river . Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , the first bridge crossing Yangtze , was completed in 1957 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , a beam bridge , was completed in 1968 . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge , an arch bridge , was completed in 1992 . The Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge , a suspension bridge near the Gezhouba Dam lock , was completed in 1996 . The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge , between Nantong and Suzhou , was one of the longest cable - stayed bridges in the world when it was completed in 2008 . The Caiyuanba Bridge , an arch bridge in Chongqing , was completed in 2007 . The cable - stayed Anqing Yangtze River Bridge at Anqing , was completed in 2005 . Dams ( edit ) The Three Gorges Dam in 2006 Diagram showing dams planned for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River As of 2007 , there are two dams built on the Yangtze river : Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam . Several dams are being constructed on the upper portion of the river , the Jinsha River . Tributaries ( edit ) A shipyard on the banks of the Yangtze building commercial river freight boats The Yangtze River has over 700 tributaries . The major tributaries ( listed from upstream to downstream ) with the locations of where they join the Yangtze are : Yalong River ( Panzhihua , Sichuan Province ) Min River ( Yibin , Sichuan Province ) Tuo River ( Luzhou , Sichuan Province ) Chishui River ( Southwest China ) ( Hejiang , Sichuan Province ) Jialing River ( Chongqing ) Wu River ( Fuling , Chongqing ) Qing River ( Yidu , Hubei Province ) Yuan River ( Dongting Lake ) Lishui River ( Dongting Lake ) Zi River ( Dongting Lake ) Xiang River ( Yueyang , Hunan ) Han River ( Wuhan , Hubei ) Gan River ( near Jiujiang , Jiangxi Province . ) Shuiyang River ( Dangtu , Anhui Province ) Qingyi River ( Wuhu , Anhui Province ) Chao Lake water system ( Chaohu , Anhui Province ) Lake Tai water system ( Shanghai ) Gan River in Jiangxi Province Han River in Hubei Province Lake Dongting and the Yuan , Zi , Li , and Xiang Rivers in Hunan Province Wu River in Guizhou Province Jialing River in eastern Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality Min River in central Sichuan Yalong River in western Sichuan Protected areas ( edit ) Sanjiangyuan ( `` Three Rivers ' Sources '' ) National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Wildlife ( edit ) The Yangtze River has a high species richness , including many endemics . A high percentage of these are seriously threatened by human activities . Fish ( edit ) The two sturgeon species in the Yangtze ( here Chinese sturgeon ) are both seriously threatened As of 2011 , 416 fish species are known from the Yangtze basin , including 362 that strictly are freshwater species . The remaining are also known from salt or brackish waters , such as the river 's estuary or the East China Sea . This makes it one of the most species rich rivers in Asia and by far the most species rich in China ( in comparison , the Pearl River has almost 300 fish species and the Yellow River 150 ) . 178 fish species are endemic to the Yangtze River Basin . Many are only found in some section of the river basin and especially the upper reach ( above Yichang , but below the headwaters in the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau ) is rich with 279 species , including 147 Yangtze endemics and 97 strict endemics ( found only in this part of the basin ) . In contrast , the headwaters , where the average altitude is above 4,500 m ( 14,800 ft ) , are only home to 14 highly specialized species , but 8 of these are endemic to the river . The largest orders in the Yangtze are Cypriniformes ( 280 species , including 150 endemics ) , Siluriformes ( 40 species , including 20 endemics ) , Perciformes ( 50 species , including 4 endemics ) , Tetraodontiformes ( 12 species , including 1 endemic ) and Osmeriformes ( 8 species , including 1 endemic ) . No other order has more than four species in the river and one endemic . Many Yangtze fish species have declined drastically and 65 were recognized as threatened in the 2009 Chinese red list . Among these are two that are considered entirely extinct ( Anabarilius liui liui and Atrilinea macrolepis ) , two that are extinct in the wild ( Anabarilius polylepis and Schizothorax parvus ) and five that are critically endangered ( Chinese paddlefish , Euchiloglanis kishinouyei , Megalobrama elongata , Schizothorax longibarbus and Leiocassis longibarbus ) . Additionally , both the Yangtze sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon are considered critically endangered by the IUCN . The survival of these two sturgeon may rely on the continued release of captive bred specimens . The Chinese sturgeon and Chinese paddlefish are the largest fish in the river and among the largest freshwater fish in the world , reaching lengths of 5 m ( 16 ft ) and 7 m ( 23 ft ) respectively . Although listed as critically endangered rather than extinct by both the Chinese red list and IUCN , the continued survival of the Chinese paddlefish is questionable . Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2008 by ichthyologists failed to catch any , but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals . The last definite record was a 3.6 m - long ( 12 ft ) specimen caught during illegal fishing in 2007 ; despite attempts to keep it alive , it died shortly afterwards . The silver carp is native to the river , but has ( like other Asian carp ) been spread through large parts of the world with aquaculture The largest threats to the Yangtze native fish are overfishing and habitat loss ( such as building of dams and land reclamation ) , but pollution , destructive fishing practices ( such as fishing with dynamite or poison ) and introduced species also cause problems . About ⁄ of the total freshwater fisheries in China are in the Yangtze Basin , but a drastic decline in size of several important species has been recorded , as highlighted by data from lakes in the river basin . Some experts recommend a 10 - year fishing moratorium to allow the remaining populations to recover . Dams present another serious problem , as several species in the river perform breeding migrations and most of these are non-jumpers , meaning that normal fish ladders designed for salmon are ineffective . For example , the Gezhouba Dam blocked the migration of the paddlerfish and two sturgeon , while also effectively splitting the Chinese high fin banded shark population into two and causing the extirpation of the Yangtze population of the Japanese eel . In an attempt of minimizing the effect of the dams , the Three Gorges Dam has released water to mimic the ( pre-dam ) natural flooding and trigger the breeding of carp species downstream . In addition to dams already built in the Yangtze basin , several large dams are planned and these may present further problems for the native fauna . While many fish species native to the Yangtze are seriously threatened , others have become important in fish farming and introduced widely outside their native range . A total of 26 native fish species of the Yangtze basin are farmed . Among the most important are four Asian carp : grass carp , black carp , silver carp and bighead carp . Other species that support important fisheries include northern snakehead , Chinese perch , Takifugu pufferfish ( mainly in the lowermost sections ) and predatory carp . Other animals ( edit ) The critically endangered Chinese alligator is one of the smallest crocodilians , reaching a maximum length of about 2 m ( 7 ft ) Due to commercial use of the river , tourism , and pollution , the Yangtze is home to several seriously threatened species of large animals ( in addition to fish ) : the finless porpoise , baiji ( Yangtze River dolphin ) , Chinese alligator , Yangtze giant softshell turtle and Chinese giant salamander . This is the only other place besides the United States that is native to an alligator and paddlefish species . In 2010 , the Yangtze population of finless porpoise was 1000 individuals . In December 2006 , the Yangtze River dolphin was declared functionally extinct after an extensive search of the river revealed no signs of the dolphin 's inhabitance . In 2007 , a large , white animal was sighted and photographed in the lower Yangtze and was tentatively presumed to be a baiji . However , as there have been no confirmed sightings since 2004 , the baiji is presumed to be functionally extinct at this time . `` Baijis were the last surviving species of a large lineage dating back seventy million years and one of only six species of freshwater dolphins '' . It has been argued that the extinction of the Yangtze River dolphin was a result of the completion of the Three Gorges Dam , a project that has affected many species of animals and plant life found only in the gorges area . Numerous species of land mammals are found in the Yangtze valley , but most of these are not directly associated with the river . Three exceptions are the semi-aquatic Eurasian otter , water deer and Père David 's deer . The entirely aquatic Chinese giant salamander is the world 's largest amphibian , reaching up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length In addition to the very large and exceptionally rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle , several smaller turtle species are found in the Yangtze basin , its delta and valleys . These include the Chinese box turtle , yellow - headed box turtle , Pan 's box turtle , Yunnan box turtle , yellow pond turtle , Chinese pond turtle , Chinese stripe - necked turtle and Chinese softshell turtle , which all are considered threatened . More than 160 amphibian species are known from the Yangtze basin , including the worlds largest , the critically endangered Chinese giant salamander . It has declined drastically due to hunting ( it is considered a delicacy ) , habitat loss and pollution . The polluted Dian Lake , which is part of the upper Yangtze watershed ( via Pudu River ) , is home to several highly threatened fish , but was also home to the Yunnan lake newt . This newt has not been seen since 1979 and is considered extinct . In contrast , the Chinese fire belly newt from the lower Yangtze basin is one of the few Chinese salamander species to remain common and it is considered Least Concern by the IUCN . The Chinese mitten crab is a commercially important species in the Yangtze , but invasive in other parts of the world . The Yangtze basin contains a large number of freshwater crab species , including several endemics . A particularly rich genus in the river basin is the potamid Sinopotamon . The Chinese mitten crab is catadromous ( migrates between fresh and saltwater ) and it has been recorded up to 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) up the Yangtze , which is the largest river in its native range . It is a commercially important species in its native range where it is farmed , but the Chinese mitten crab has also been spread to Europe and North America where considered invasive . The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii , now an invasive species in large parts of the world , originates from the Yangtze . See also ( edit ) China portal Category : Tributaries of the Yangtze River List of rivers in China Northern and Southern China , traditionally divided by the Huai River but sometimes considered to separate at the Yangtze South - North Water Transfer Project Steamboats on the Yangtze River Yangtze River Crossing Ship lifts in China Rediscovering the Yangtze River Yangtze Service Medal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : Yangtze River http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110538/Yangtze-River Jump up ^ Zhang Zengxin ; Tao Hui ; Zhang Qiang ; Zhang Jinchi ; Forher , Nicola ; Hörmann , Georg . `` Moisture budget variations in the Yangtze River Basin , China , and possible associations with large - scale circulation '' . Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 24 ( 5 ) : 579 -- 589 . doi : 10.1007 / s00477 - 009 - 0338 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Main Rivers '' . National Conditions . China.org.cn . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 27 . 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Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Carles , William Richard , `` The Yangtse Chiang '' , The Geographical Journal , Vol. 12 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1898 ) , pp. 225 -- 240 ; Published by : Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society ( with the Institute of British Geographers ) Danielson , Eric N. 2004 . Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol. II . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 598 - 0 . Danielson , Eric N. 2005 . The Three Gorges and The Upper Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol . III . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 599 - 9 . Grover , David H. 1992 American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze , 1920 - 1941 . Wesport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . Van Slyke , Lyman P. 1988 . Yangtze : nature , history , and the river . A Portable Stanford Book . ISBN 0 - 201 - 08894 - 0 Winchester , Simon . 1996 . The River at the Center of the World : A Journey Up the Yangtze and Back in Chinese Time , Holt , Henry & Company , 1996 , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3888 - 4 ; trade paperback , Owl Publishing , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5508 - 8 ; trade paperback , St. Martins , 2004 , 432 pages , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42337 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Along the Yangtze River . Geographic data related to Yangtze at OpenStreetMap Yangtze Three Gorges Gallery Yangtze river gallery The Yangtse River Vic in China : Photos and stories about the Yangtse River from families of Victoria University graduates . The Seven Great Rivers of China Amur River Hai River Huai River Liao River Pearl River Yangtze River Yellow River Major rivers of China Seven Great Rivers of Eastern China Yangtze Yellow Pearl Heilongjiang Huai Hai Liao Yangtze system Yalong Min Dadu Qingyi ( Sichuan ) Tuo Jialing Bailong Fu ( Sichuan ) Qu Wu Hanshui Muma Chi Du Bao Qing Chishui Xiang Xiao Lei Mi Zi Yuan Lishui Miluo Gan Fu ( Jiangxi ) Xin Qingyi ( Anhui ) Qinhuai Xitiao Huangpu Suzhou Creek Yellow system Black Daxia Tao Qingshui Wuding Fen Wei Jing Luo ( Henan ) Luo ( Shaanxi ) Qin Xiaoqing Pearl system North East Han ( Guangdong ) Mei Ting West Yujiang Yong Xun Qian Hongshui Nanpan Beipan Rong Li ( Guangxi ) Gui Liu Heilongjiang system Songhua 2nd Songhua Nen Mudan Ussuri Argun Kherlen Woken Huifa Huai system Guo Ying Shiguan Quan Hui Hong Hai system Chaobai Yongding Hutuo Ziya Daqing Wenyu Juma Sanggan Fuyang Wei Ju Jiyunhe Liao system Hun Taizi Xar Moron Xinkai Western Liao Eastern Liao Other major rivers Tarim Karatash Ili Shule Tumen Yalu Luan Red Minjiang Longjiang Lancang Beilun Nujiang Lion Spring Elephant Spring Yarlung Tsangpo ( Horse Spring ) Nyang Subansiri Irtysh Suifen Qiantang Puyang Jiao ( Shandong ) Dai Si Shu Cao'e Jiao ( Zhejiang ) Ou Mulan Jin ( Fujian ) Nandu Wanquan Taping Major canals Grand Canal Lingqu North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal Cities along the Yangtze Province - level Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Yunnan Lijiang ( SIchuan see below ) Dongchuan Sichuan Panzhihua ( Yunan see above ) Yibin Luzhou Chongqing Jiangjin Central Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Hubei Yichang Yidu Zhijiang Songzi Jingzhou Shishou ( Hunan see below ) Honghu Chibi Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Wuxue Hunan Yueyang Linxiang Jiangxi Ruichang Jiujiang Anhui Anqing Chizhou Tongling Wuhu Ma'anshan Jiangsu Nanjing Yizheng Jurong Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Yangzhong Taixing Danyang Changzhou Jingjiang Jiangyin Zhangjiagang Rugao Nantong Changshu Taicang Haimen Qidong Shanghai Baoshan Pudong Major cities along the Pearl River Major cities along the Yellow River VIAF : 251209406 GND : 4109116 - 4 SUDOC : 027637573 BNF : cb11963625t ( data ) NDL : 00647676 BNE : XX459168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze&oldid=800694799 '' Categories : Yangtze River Rivers of China Geography of Central China Geography of East China Geography of Western China Rivers of Anhui Rivers of Chongqing Rivers of Hubei Rivers of Jiangsu Rivers of Qinghai Rivers of Shanghai Rivers of Sichuan Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region Rivers of Yunnan Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Chinese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Articles with Latin - language external links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles containing Tibetan - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 03 : 12 . 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what is the source of the yangtze river
[ "The Tuotuo River (沱沱河, p Tuótuó Hé, lit. \"Tearful River\"[24] is the official headstream of the Yangtze, and flows 358 km (222 mi) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong Massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River.[26]) In Mongolian, this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the \"Red River\"." ]
[ "Qinghai" ]
-8316462548373917649
Spirit Riding Free
Spirit Riding Free - Wikipedia Spirit Riding Free Jump to : navigation , search Spirit Riding Free Genre Adventure Based on Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Voices of Amber Frank Sydney Park Bailey Gambertoglio Darcy Rose Byrnes Nolan North Kari Wahlgren Theme music composer Kari Kimmel Composer ( s ) Joachim Horsley James Allen Roberson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aury Wallington Jim Schumann Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release May 5 , 2017 -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80115432 Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar - nominated film , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron . The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix . Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small town of Miradero , Oregon , a 12 - year - old girl named Lucky , who had recently relocated from the city , encounters a wild horse named Spirit . Spirit , ( the offspring of the main protagonists from Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ; Spirit and Rain ) , is caught by wranglers and brought to be `` broken '' in Miradeo . Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion , and breaks him free . Lucky also meets two other girls , Prudence and Abigail , who both own horses , Chica Linda , a palomino , and Boomerang , a paint horse . They embark on everyday adventures across the land . Cast ( edit ) Amber Frank as Fortuna `` Lucky '' Esperanza Navarro Prescott Sydney Park as Pru Granger Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela Nolan North as Jim Prescott Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores Crew ( edit ) Voice director : Ginny McSwain Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date `` Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Stephanie Arnett May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) After Lucky Prescott arrives in Miradeo , she struggles to fit in , but not before befriending a wild stallion , Spirit , who has been wrangled for taming . `` Lucky and the Treacherous Trail '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky persuades Pru Granger to teach her the basics of riding a horse so that she and Spirit can participate in the Saddle Club race . `` Lucky and the Mysterious Map '' Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky decodes her father 's treasure map whilst camping , sneaking off with Pru , Abigail and Spirit to find the treasure . `` Lucky and the Competition Conundrum '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Maricela create a booth for a school fundraiser in the hopes of gaining Lucky Student of the Month , pitting themselves against Pru and Abigail . 5 `` Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Turo plot to save a horse that is being neglected by his owner , whilst Lucky 's father works on fixing a damaged dam before it becomes a danger to anyone . 6 `` Lucky and the Not - So - Secret Surprise '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky has Abigail help her plan Pru the best surprise birthday ever , but she eventually gets upset and things become a catastrophe . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 7 `` Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky meets a new friend named Javier . 8 `` Lucky and the Pie P.I. '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and his friends solve a mystery when pies are missing . 9 `` Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian '' Beth Sleven Nancy Cohen Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky thinks something is suspicious about her cousin when she thinks he is n't what she thinks . 10 `` Lucky and the Harvest Hunt '' Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends hunt for a scarecrow . 11 `` Lucky and the Christmas Spirit '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas . 12 `` Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming . 13 `` Lucky and the Price of Freedom '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses . She wins but Spirit is taken away from her because he is wild , she chases after Spirit but the train goes away and Lucky might never see spirit again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nashid , Naureen ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Interview with Kari Kimmel '' . Teal Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : DreamWorks ' ' Spirit Riding Free ' Races to Netflix '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` TRAILER : ' Spirit Riding Free ' Takes The Dreamworks Franchise In A New Direction '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perfect Match '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Readies Animated ' Spy Kids , ' ' Llama Llama ' Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-spirit-riding-free-s2-hoofs-it-to-netflix/ External links ( edit ) Official website at Netflix Official website at DreamWorks TV Spirit Riding Free on IMDb DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Computer - animated Antz ( 1998 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Traditionally animated The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( 2001 -- ) Madagascar ( 2005 -- ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 -- ) Trolls ( 2016 -- ) TV series Computer - animated Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Dinotrux ( 2015 -- ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 -- ) Spirit Riding Free ( 2017 -- ) Traditionally animated Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( 2016 -- ) Flash animated Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( 2016 -- ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Hoilday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_Riding_Free&oldid=800772261 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts Netflix original programming Television series by DreamWorks Animation Television programs based on films Netflix children 's programming American children 's animated television series Animated television series stubs Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 39 . About Wikipedia
when does season 2 of spirit riding free come out
[ "Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar-nominated film, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron. The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix.[5] Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017.[3] The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017.[6]" ]
[ "September 8, 2017" ]
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Military funerals in the United States
Military funerals in the United States - wikipedia Military funerals in the United States The United States Army Caisson Platoon of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' transports the flag - draped casket of Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway on a horse - drawn limbers and caissons during a military funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery , 2008 . A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin . In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded thirteen times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=842547204 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does flag go to at a military funeral
[ "As of January 1, 2000, Section 578 of Public Law 106-65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family. As mandated by federal law, an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces. One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran. The honor guard detail will, at a minimum, perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler, if available, or by audio recording. Today, there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often cannot provide one.[1] However, federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary." ]
[ "the next of kin" ]
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A Little Less Conversation
A Little Less Conversation - wikipedia A Little Less Conversation Jump to : navigation , search `` A Little Less Conversation '' The original picture sleeve of the 1968 single . Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Almost in Love '' Released September 1968 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Recorded 7 March 1968 , Western Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Rhythm and blues soul rock and roll Length 2 : 28 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Mac Davis , Billy Strange Producer ( s ) Elvis Presley Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Let Yourself Go '' / `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' ( 1968 ) `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( 1968 ) `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' ( 1968 ) `` Let Yourself Go '' / `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' ( 1968 ) `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( 1968 ) `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' ( 1968 ) `` A Little Less Conversation '' is a song written by Mac Davis and Billy Strange , originally performed by Elvis Presley for the 1968 film Live a Little , Love a Little . The song became a minor hit in the United States when released as a single with `` Almost in Love '' as the A-side . A 2002 remix by Junkie XL of a later re-recording of the song by Presley became a worldwide hit , topping the singles charts in nine countries and was awarded certifications in ten countries by 2003 . The song has made numerous appearances in popular culture and has been covered by several artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original recordings 2 1968 television special re-recording 2.1 Chart performance 3 Junkie XL / JXL version 3.1 Chart performance 3.2 Charts and certifications 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 3.2. 3 Decade - end positions 3.2. 4 Certifications 4 Other covers and remakes 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Original recordings ( edit ) `` A Little Less Conversation '' was first recorded on 7 March 1968 at Western Recorders in Hollywood , California , and released on a single backed by `` Almost in Love '' , another song from the movie . The song was not released on an LP until November 1970 , when it was included on the RCA Camden budget label LP Almost in Love . There are several different takes that were made of the song in the session on 7 March . The single version used take 16 , which was also used for the soundtrack of the film . The version released on the Almost In Love album is take 10 , which is 1 second longer in duration . The musicians on the 7 March recording session included Hal Blaine , drums ; Al Casey , guitar ; Larry Knechtel , bass ; and Don Randi , piano . 1968 television special re-recording ( edit ) Presley re-recorded the song in June 1968 for the soundtrack of his 1968 comeback special , with the intent of performing it during the program ( in part due to Live a Little , Love a Little being scheduled for release about a month before the special 's broadcast date ) . Ultimately , it was decided not to use this recording , and the song was dropped from the planned special . The newer version transposed the key of A major recording of three months earlier into E major and featured a vocal and heavy reverb with backup vocals from The Blossoms . In the mid-1990s , Joseph A. Tunzi sold this recording to Bertelsmann Music Group and it was initially included on the 1998 release Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special . Tunzi had been the first to document this recording in his 1996 book Elvis Sessions II : The Recorded Music of Elvis Aron Presley 1953 - 1977 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 69 Junkie XL / JXL version ( edit ) `` A Little Less Conversation '' Single by Elvis Presley vs. JXL from the album ELV1S and Radio JXL : A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin Released 1 May 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Big beat Length 3 : 30 ( Radio edit ) 6 : 09 ( Extended remix ) 6 : 22 ( Album version ) Songwriter ( s ) Mac Davis , Billy Strange Producer ( s ) JXL / Ad Bradley JXL singles chronology `` Beauty Never Fades '' ( 2002 ) `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( 2002 ) `` Breezer '' ( 2003 ) `` Beauty Never Fades '' ( 2002 ) `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( 2002 ) `` Breezer '' ( 2003 ) Audio sample `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( JXL Radio Edit Remix ) file help Following the song 's use in the 2001 film Ocean 's Eleven , `` A Little Less Conversation '' was remixed by Dutch musician Tom Holkenborg , better known as Junkie XL ( alternatively JXL ) . The electronic remix featured Elvis with a lower voice , and added emphasis to the 1968 guitars , horns , and a funk drum beat . Holkenborg is the first artist outside the Presley organization to receive authorization from the Elvis Presley estate to remix an Elvis Presley song ( in the 1980s , Elvis ' longtime producer Felton Jarvis had overseen remixes of a number of Elvis recordings that saw new backing added to Presley 's original vocals , the first of which were released as the album Guitar Man in 1981 ) . The electronic version of the song became a number - one hit in the UK in 2002 . The song also became a top ten hit in upwards of 17 other countries , reaching number 1 in 13 of them . In 2002 , the TV special version of `` A Little Less Conversation '' remixed by Junkie XL was used for Nike 's 2002 FIFA World Cup advertising campaign , titled `` Secret Tournament '' . A single , credited to `` Elvis vs. JXL '' , was issued and went on to become a Number 1 hit in over 20 countries . At about the same time , a compilation of Presley 's US number - one chart hits , titled ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits , was being prepared for release . At the last minute , `` A Little Less Conversation ( Junkie 's remix Version ) '' was added as the album 's 31st track just before its release in October 2002 . The full 6 : 09 version was edited slightly and extended to 6 : 22 , and this version was featured on the US version of Junkie XL 's 2004 album Radio JXL : A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also spent four consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 8 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australian Top 100 Singles Australian Dance Singles New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Decade - end positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position UK Singles Chart 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 7,500 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 894,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Without Me '' by Eminem `` Without Me '' by Eminem Australian Singles Chart number - one single 23 June 2002 -- 7 July 2002 28 July 2002 Succeeded by `` Without Me '' by Eminem `` A Thousand Miles '' by Vanessa Carlton Preceded by `` Light My Fire '' by Will Young UK Singles Chart number - one single 16 June 2002 -- 13 July 2002 Succeeded by `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' by Gareth Gates Other covers and remakes ( edit ) An uptempo eurodance remix was recorded by CJ Crew , appearing on the 2002 dance compilation Dancemania Speed 10 . There are three very exclusive releases in Spanish , the film Live a Little , Love a Little and two mixes played by Marco T. , a Colombian Rockabilly musician . In addition , Dolph Lundgren performed this song at Melodifestivalen 2010 . In Glee , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) sings a combination of a Spanish and English version of the song . The song is covered by Trisha Paytas on her Fat Chicks EP . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) Presley 's original `` A Little Less Conversation '' has been used in several political campaigns as a message of more accomplishment and less talk . The first time the song was used in political campaign was in 2003 by former Vermont Governor Howard Dean . In 2004 , Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Kerry used the song during his campaign . George W. Bush also used the song as the anthem of his reelection campaign in 2004 . Furthermore , in 2008 in Colorado Springs , Sarah Palin and John McCain emerged while `` A Little Less Conversation '' was playing in the background . In 2017 in the season 2 episode `` Beached '' of Lily 's Driftwood Bay Lord Stag says `` a little less conversation '' prompting Wee Rabbit to follow up with `` and a little more action '' when describing how Bull saved Squirty the whale calf while everyone else argued over who got to do it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Ernst , Elvis Presley , A Life in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions St. Martin 's Press , New York , 1998 p. 243 Jump up ^ `` Master & Session '' . elvisrecordings.com . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Elvis Sessions II : The Recorded Music of Elvis Aron Presley 1953 - 1977 , JAT Publishing , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 88846401 - 1 , Joseph A. Tunzi , Introduction by Al Pachucki , Pages 139 and 399 Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley Album & Song Chart History : Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis Makes Chart History '' . BBC News World Edition . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 June 2002 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis 's Legacy -- '' . Infoplease.com. 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Elvis and Oasis enjoy chart success '' . BBC News . July 7 , 2002 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Digital Songs : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley vs. JXL : A Little Less Conversation '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Single -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL , A Little Less Conversation '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single uke 25 , 2002 -- VG - lista . Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 - arhiva '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 12 - 26 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Elvis Presley vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Dance Singles 2002 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Top Selling Singles of 2002 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Year - end Charts '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by DJ Nihal on December 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Elvis vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Elvis vs. JXL in the field Interpret . Enter A Little Less Conversation in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Elvis vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Elvis vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Elvis vs. JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Elvis Presley vs. JXL ; ' A Little Less Conversation ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Elvis vs JXL -- A Little Less Conversation '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter A Little Less Conversation in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis Presley 's Top 50 biggest selling songs revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Presley , Elvis -- A Little Less Conversation '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Discogs , Dancemania Speed 10 Jump up ^ Saletan , William ; Zenilman , Avi . `` Profile : Howard Dean '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David ( 4 October 2004 ) . `` The 2004 Campaign : The Democratic Nominee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( 6 September 2008 ) . `` Pali Hits ' Change ' Theme and Criticizes Biden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come from '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Junkie XL Studio albums Saturday Teenage Kick ( 1997 ) Big Sounds of the Drags ( 2000 ) Radio JXL : A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin ( 2003 ) Today ( 2006 ) Booming Back at You ( 2008 ) EPs More More ( 2007 ) Soundtrack albums Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2016 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2016 ) Singles `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` Obsession '' Related Discography Music of FIFA World Cup Albums Gloryland Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! The Official Album Voices Listen Up ! One Love , One Rhythm Themes `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Un'estate italiana '' `` Gloryland '' `` The Cup of Life ( La Copa de la Vida ) '' `` Boom '' `` The Time of Our Lives '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' Anthems `` Anthem '' `` Let 's Get Together Now '' `` Celebrate the Day '' `` Sign of a Victory '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' Other official songs `` Back Home '' `` A Special Kind of Hero '' `` We Are the Champions '' `` World in Motion '' `` Together Now '' `` We 're on the Ball '' `` Oh Africa '' `` Vida '' `` Olé '' `` La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) '' Other songs / Non-official songs `` Argentine Melody ( Cancion de Argentina ) '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Shibobo '' `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' `` Vindaloo '' `` Carnaval de Paris '' `` Tema da Vitória '' `` 3 Lions ' 98 '' `` A Little Less Conversation ( JXL version ) '' `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Allez Ola Olé '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Coca - Cola Celebration Mix ) '' `` Adrenalina ( Univision version ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Little_Less_Conversation&oldid=832330641 '' Categories : Elvis Presley songs 1968 singles 2002 singles Television theme songs Number - one singles in Australia Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Mac Davis Songs written by Billy Strange 1968 songs Songs written for films RCA Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
elvis presley vs. junkie xl a little less conversation
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Mortal Kombat
Mortal Kombat - Wikipedia Mortal Kombat For other uses , see Mortal Kombat ( disambiguation ) . Mortal Kombat The original logo of the Mortal Kombat tournament Genres Fighting game Developer ( s ) Avalanche Software Eurocom Just Games Interactive Midway Games Midway Studios Los Angeles Other Ocean Interactive Point of View , Inc . NetherRealm Studios Publisher ( s ) Midway Games Williams Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Creator ( s ) Ed Boon John Tobias Platforms Amiga Android Arcade DOS Dreamcast Game Boy Game Boy Advance Game Boy Color GameCube Game.com IBM PC compatible iOS Microsoft Windows MS - DOS Nintendo 64 Nintendo DS PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Portable PlayStation Vita R - Zone Sega 32X Sega CD Sega Game Gear Sega Genesis Sega Master System Sega Saturn Super Nintendo Entertainment System TV game Wii Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One First release Mortal Kombat October 8 , 1992 Latest release Mortal Kombat XL March 1 , 2016 Mortal Kombat is a video game franchise originally developed by Midway Games ' Chicago studio in 1992 . Following Midway 's bankruptcy , the Mortal Kombat development team was acquired by Warner Bros. and turned into NetherRealm Studios . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment currently owns the rights to the franchise and rebooted it in 2011 . The development of the first game was originally based on an idea that Ed Boon and John Tobias had of making a video game starring Jean - Claude Van Damme , but as that idea fell through , a fantasy - horror themed fighting game titled Mortal Kombat was created instead . The original game has spawned many sequels and has spun a media franchise consisting of several action - adventure games , films ( animated and live - action with its own sequel ) , and television series ( animated and live - action ) . Other spin - offs include comic book series , a card game , and a live - action tour . Along with Capcom 's Street Fighter and Bandai Namco Entertainment 's Tekken , Mortal Kombat has become one of the most successful fighting franchises in the history of video games . As of June 2000 , the franchise had generated $5 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest - grossing media franchise of all time . The series has a reputation for high levels of bloody violence , including , most notably , its Fatalities ( finishing moves , requiring a sequence of button inputs to perform ) . The Fatalities , in part , led to the creation of the ESRB video game rating system . The series name itself is also known for using the letter `` K '' in place of `` C '' for the hard C sound , thus intentionally misspelling the word `` combat '' , as well as other words with the hard C sound within later games in the series . Early games in this series were also noted for their realistic digitized sprites ( which differentiated it from its contemporaries ' hand - drawn sprites ) and an extensive use of palette swapping to create new characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Finishing moves 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Development history 4.1 Origins 4.2 Graphics 4.3 Hidden content 5 Media 5.1 Video games 5.1. 1 Fighting games 5.1. 2 Action - adventure games 5.2 Other media 5.2. 1 Films 5.2. 2 Literature 5.2. 3 Music 5.2. 4 Television 5.2. 5 Other media 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Ratings , reviews , and awards 7 Legacy and cultural impact 7.1 Influence on other games 7.2 Influence on society 7.3 Competitive play 7.4 Controversies 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Further information : Fighting game Mortal Kombat II arcade cabinet 's gameplay control board The original three games and their updates , Mortal Kombat ( 1992 ) , Mortal Kombat II ( 1993 ) , Mortal Kombat 3 ( 1995 ) , Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 ( 1995 ) , and Mortal Kombat Trilogy ( 1996 ) , were styled in a 2D fighting fashion . The first two of them were played in the arcades with a joystick and five buttons : high punch , low punch , high kick , low kick , and block . Mortal Kombat 3 and its updates added a sixth `` run '' button . Characters in the early Mortal Kombat games play virtually identically to one another , with the only major differences being their special moves . Through the 1990s , the developer and publisher Midway Games would keep their single styled fighting moves with four attack buttons for a different array of punches and kicks and blocks . Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance changed this by differentiating characters normal moves and even giving them multiple fighting styles . Beginning in Deadly Alliance and until Mortal Kombat : Deception , the characters would have three fighting styles per character : two unarmed styles , and one weapon style . Few exceptions to this arose in Mortal Kombat : Armageddon , such as monster - like boss characters like Moloch and Onaga who would have only one fighting style . While most of the styles used in the series are based on real martial arts , some are entirely fictitious . Goro 's fighting styles , for example , are designed to take advantage of the fact that he has four arms . For Armageddon , fighting styles were reduced to a maximum of two per character ( generally one hand - to - hand combat style and one weapon style ) due to the sheer number of playable characters . Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe dropped the multiple fighting style trend altogether in favor of giving each character a much wider variety of special moves , but some characters still use multiple fighting styles . 2011 's Mortal Kombat returned to a single 2D fighting plane although characters are rendered in 3D ; unlike previous MK games , each of the controller 's four attack buttons corresponds to one of the character 's limbs , the buttons thus becoming front punch , back punch , front kick and back kick ( front and back indicating the limb closer to and farther from the opponent , respectively ) . According to Mortal Kombat co-creator Ed Boon , `` since the beginning , one of the things that 's separated us from other fighting games is the crazy moves we 've put in it , like fireballs and all the magic moves , so to speak . '' When asked if Capcom 's Street Fighter series would ever do a crossover game with Mortal Kombat , Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono called Mortal Kombat a very different game from Street Fighter . Capcom 's senior director of communications compared Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat by asking if the interviewer preferred the `` precision and depth '' of Street Fighter or the `` gore and comedy '' of Mortal Kombat ; he also stated that the Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat rivalry was considered similar to the Coke and Pepsi rivalry in the 1990s . Senior producer of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , Hans Lo , himself also called Street Fighter `` a little more cartoonic fantasy '' in comparison to Mortal Kombat . In 2013 , Boon named the hypothetical `` MKvsSF '' as his dream crossover game . In 2014 , Boon said his team has remained in touch with Capcom , but no one could resolve the incompatibility problem of Mortal Kombat being much more brutal than Street Fighter . Mortal Kombat : Deception and Mortal Kombat : Armageddon feature `` Konquest '' , a free - roaming action - adventure mode that significantly expanded on the single - player experience . Both games also include distinct minigame modes such `` Chess Kombat '' , an action - strategy game similar to Archon . Two other bonus minigames , `` Puzzle Kombat '' inspired by Puzzle Fighter and `` Motor Kombat '' inspired by Mario Kart , feature super deformed versions of Mortal Kombat characters . The games also contain various unlockable content and hidden `` cheats '' . Finishing moves ( edit ) Main article : Fatality ( Mortal Kombat ) Kung Lao 's `` Razor 's Edge '' fatality being performed on Mileena in 2011 's Mortal Kombat . NetherRealm Studios ' Ed Boon described it as possibly the most painful - looking finishing move in the series yet and promised these in the next game to be more extreme than ever I think ( Mortal Kombat ) represents the difference in philosophy . ( ... ) So in Street Fighter when you 're playing it 's the moment to moment gameplay that should be the best , whether you win or lose does n't really matter . Whereas in Mortal Kombat the fighting and playing is just a pathway to get to the result -- it 's the Fatality you want to see and you almost want to skip the fighting bit and get to the Fatality because that is the result . -- Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono The defining and best - known feature of the Mortal Kombat series is its finishing move system called Fatality . An original idea behind it was to give gamers a free hit at the end of the fight . The basic Fatalities are finishing moves that allow the victorious characters to end a match in a special way by murdering their defeated , defenseless opponents in a gruesome manner , usually in the predefined ways exclusive for the given character . The only exception from this is Mortal Kombat : Armageddon , which instead features the Kreate - A-Fatality , allowing the players to perform their own Fatalities by conducting a series of violent moves chosen from a pool that is common for all characters . Other finishing moves in the various Mortal Kombat games include Animalities ( introduced in Mortal Kombat 3 ) turning a victor into an animal to violently finish off the opponent ; Brutality ( introduced in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 ) which is bashing an opponent into pieces with a long combo of hits ; and Stage Fatalities / Death Traps ( introduced in the original Mortal Kombat Pit Stage where the victor can uppercut their opponent off of the platform into a bed of spikes below , and later made more difficult in Mortal Kombat II by requiring specific and different button sequences to be pressed ) utilizing parts of certain stages to execute a lethal finishing move ( such as a pool of acid ) . Mortal Kombat : Deception added the Hara - Kiri , a self - Fatality allowing the losers to engage in a suicide - based finishing move ( enabling a possible race between both players to see if the winning player can finish off the losing player before the losing character can kill himself or herself first ) . There are also some non-violent finishing moves in the series . Friendship moves , introduced in Mortal Kombat II and resulting in displays of friendship towards the enemy instead of slaughter , were made as a comical response to the attention the series gathered due to its violent content . Also introduced in MKII was the Babality , which turns the opponent into a baby and is humorous in the same vein . Mortal Kombat 3 marked the first appearance of the Mercy , where the victor restores a minimal amount of the opponent 's health bar and the fight then resumes ; the player must perform a Mercy to be able to perform an Animality . Plot ( edit ) The series takes place in a fictional universe consisting of eighteen surviving realms which , according to in - game backstories , were created by the Elder Gods . The Mortal Kombat : Deception manual described six of the realms as : `` Earthrealm , home to such legendary heroes as Liu Kang , Kung Lao , Sonya Blade , Johnny Cage , and Jax , and also under the protection of the Thunder God Raiden ; Netherrealm , the fiery depths of which are inhospitable to all but the most vile , a realm of demons and shadowy warriors such as Quan Chi and Noob Saibot ; Outworld , a realm of constant strife which Emperor Shao Kahn claims as his own ; Seido , the Realm of Order , whose inhabitants prize structure and order above all else ; the Realm of Chaos , whose inhabitants do not abide by any rules whatsoever , and where constant turmoil and change are worshipped ; and Edenia , which is known for its beauty , artistic expression , and the longevity of its inhabitants . '' The Elder Gods decreed that the denizens of one realm could only conquer another realm by defeating the defending realm 's greatest warriors in ten consecutive Mortal Kombat tournaments . The first Mortal Kombat game takes place in Earthrealm ( Earth ) where seven different warriors with their own reasons for entering participated in the tournament with the eventual prize being the continued freedom of their realm , threatened with a takeover by Outworld . Among the established warriors were Liu Kang , Johnny Cage and Sonya Blade . With the help of the thunder god Raiden , the Earthrealm warriors were victorious and Liu Kang became the new champion of Mortal Kombat . In Mortal Kombat II , unable to deal with his minion Shang Tsung 's failure , Outworld Emperor Shao Kahn lures the Earthrealm warriors to the Outworld where the Earthrealm warriors eventually defeat Shao Kahn . By the time of Mortal Kombat 3 , Shao Kahn revives Edenia 's ( now a part of his Outworld domain ) former queen Sindel in Earthrealm , combining it with Outworld as well . He then attempts to invade Earthrealm but is ultimately defeated by the Earthrealm warriors again . After Kahn 's defeat , Edenia was freed from Kahn 's grasp and returned to a peaceful realm , ruled by Princess Kitana . The following game , Mortal Kombat 4 , features the former elder god Shinnok attempting to conquer the realms and attempting to kill the thunder god Raiden . However , he is also defeated by the Earthrealm warriors . In Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , the evil sorcerers Quan Chi and Shang Tsung join forces to conquer the realms . By Mortal Kombat : Deception , after several fights , the sorcerers emerge victorious having killed most of Earthrealms ' warriors until Raiden steps forth to oppose them . The Dragon King Onaga , who had been freed by Reptile at the end of Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , had deceived Shujinko into searching for six pieces of Kamidogu , the source of Onaga 's power . Onaga then confronted the alliance of Raiden , Shang Tsung , and Quan Chi and thus obtained Quan Chi 's amulet , the final piece of his power . Only a few warriors remained to combat against the Dragon King and his forces . Shujinko eventually triumphed over the Dragon King and removed his threat to the Mortal Kombat universe . In Mortal Kombat : Armageddon the catastrophe known as Armageddon starts . Centuries before the first Mortal Kombat , Queen Delia foretold the realms would be destroyed because the power of all warriors from all the realms would rise to such greatness it would overwhelm and destabilize the realms , triggering an all - destructive chain of events . King Argus had his sons , Taven , and Daegon , put into incubation who would one day be awakened to save the realms from Armageddon by defeating a firespawn known as Blaze . In the end , however , Shao Kahn is the one who defeats Blaze , causing Armageddon . In Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) , it is revealed that the battle between the warriors of the six realms culminated into only two survivors : Shao Kahn and Raiden . Badly beaten , Raiden had only one last move he could make to prevent Shao Kahn from claiming the power of Blaze . He sends last - ditch visions of the entire course of the Mortal Kombat timeline to himself in the past right before the tenth Mortal Kombat tournament ( first game ) . This transfer of information to his former self causes a rift in time , causing a new `` reboot '' timeline to be introduced that splits off from the original Armageddon timeline , with a new outcome of Mortal Kombat history to be written . But this story leads to even worse unforeseen events . It ends with many of the main game characters dying at the hands of Queen Sindel and Raiden accidentally killing Liu Kang in self - defense . Eventually , the Elder Gods aid Raiden in killing Shao Kahn and saving Earthrealm . But as the scene goes on it is later revealed that this was all a plan by Shinnok and Quan Chi . Mortal Kombat X sees Shinnok and Quan Chi enacting their plan , leading an army of undead revenants of those that were killed in Shao Kahn 's invasion against the realms . A team of warriors led by Raiden , Johnny Cage , and Sonya Blade oppose Shinnok , and in the ensuing battle , Shinnok is imprisoned , Quan Chi escapes , and various warriors are resurrected and freed from Shinnok 's thrall . Twenty - five years later , Quan Chi resurfaces and allies himself with the insect - like D'Vorah in manipulating events that lead to Shinnok 's release . Though Quan Chi is killed by a vengeful Scorpion in the process , Shinnok resumes his assault against the realms . After a grueling , protracted battle , Shinnok is defeated by Cassandra Cage representing the next generation of Earthrealm 's warriors . With both Quan Chi and Shinnok gone , the undead revenants of Liu Kang and Kitana assume control of the Netherrealm and Lord Raiden now protects the Earthrealm not defensively but offensively with the help of the remaining revenants . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Mortal Kombat characters Cosplayers of Kitana , Reptile , and Sonya Blade at Dragon Con 2012 The series features scores of player characters ( 64 as of 2012 ) , including Baraka , Cassie Cage , Cyrax , Ermac , Goro , Jade , Jax Briggs , Johnny Cage , Kabal , Kano , Kenshi , Kitana , Kung Lao , Kurtis Stryker , Liu Kang , Mileena , Motaro , Nightwolf , Noob Saibot , Quan Chi , Raiden , Rain , Reptile , Scorpion , Sektor , Shang Tsung , Shao Kahn , Sheeva , Shinnok , Sindel , Smoke , Sonya Blade , and Sub-Zero . Among them are Earth 's humans and cyborgs , good and evil deities , and denizens of Outworld and other realms . There are also some guest and crossover characters , such as several DC Universe heroes and villains , as well as Alien ( Xenomorph ) from Alien , Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street , Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th , Kratos from God of War , Leatherface from Texas Chainsaw Massacre , and the Predator from Predator . Development history ( edit ) Timeline of release years 1992 Mortal Kombat 1993 Mortal Kombat II Mortal Kombat 3 Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 Mortal Kombat Trilogy 1997 Mortal Kombat 4 Mortal Kombat Mythologies : Sub-Zero 1998 1999 Mortal Kombat Gold 2000 Mortal Kombat : Special Forces Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance 2003 Mortal Kombat : Tournament Edition Mortal Kombat : Deception 2005 Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks 2006 Mortal Kombat : Armageddon Mortal Kombat : Unchained 2007 Ultimate Mortal Kombat 2008 Mortal Kombat Vs. DC Universe 2009 2011 Mortal Kombat ( Reboot ) Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection 2012 Mortal Kombat : Komplete Edition 2013 2014 2015 Mortal Kombat X 2016 Mortal Kombat XL Origins ( edit ) Mortal Kombat started development in 1991 with only four people : Ed Boon ( programming ) , John Tobias and John Vogel ( graphics ) , and Dan Forden ( sound design ) . Originally , Boon and Tobias were approached to create a video game adaptation of the 1992 film Universal Soldier starring martial arts film actor Jean - Claude Van Damme , with a digitized version of the action star fighting villains . Intending to make a game `` a lot more hard edge , a little bit more serious , a little bit more like Enter the Dragon or Bloodsport '' than Street Fighter II 's cartoon fantasy style , Boon and Tobias decided to continue their project even after the deal to use the Bloodsport license fell through . One of their own characters , Johnny Cage , became `` a spoof on the whole Van Damme situation '' . Mortal Kombat did n't rely on just good looks and gore for its success . Although the intense gore was a great way to attract attention , Mortal Kombat offered another side -- an often - overlooked side -- that kept people coming back for more : its storyline , including the uniquely different kind of gameplay as far as the fighting system within itself . -- GameSpot John Tobias said that his inspirations for the game 's story and characters came from the Chinese mythology and some of the stories and rumored events about the Shaolin monks . Regarding the film Big Trouble in Little China , Tobias wrote that although this movie `` kind of Americanized my obsession for supernatural kung fu films from China , it was not my biggest influence . My biggest influences came from Tsui Hark films -- Zu Warriors & The Swordsman . We had to get them from bootleggers in Chicago 's Chinatown . '' Tobias ' writing and artistic input on the series ended in 1997 , after the release of Mortal Kombat 3 . Fifteen years later , he said : `` I knew exactly what I was going to do with a future story . A few years ago I ( wrote ) a sort of sequel to the first MK film and an advancement to the game 's mythological roots . The goal was to not runaway from what came before with a retelling , but to move the themes forward . I did it for fun as an exercise in screenwriting , but it felt good to get that out of my system . '' Ed Boon recalled that for six out of the eight months while they were in production of the original Mortal Kombat , `` nobody could come up with a name nobody did n't hate '' . Some of the names suggested included `` Kumite '' , `` Dragon Attack '' , `` Death Blow '' and just `` Fatality '' . Someone had written down `` combat '' on the drawing board for the names in Boon 's office and then someone wrote a K over the C , according to Boon , `` just to be kind of weird '' . Steve Ritchie , a pinball designer at that time , was sitting in Boon 's office and saw the word `` Kombat '' and said to Boon , ' Why do n't you name it Mortal Kombat ? ' and that name `` just stuck '' . Since then , the series uses the letter `` K '' in place of `` C '' for various words containing the hard C sound . According to Boon , during the MK games ' development they usually spell the words correctly and only `` korrect it '' when one of the developers points out they should do it . Graphics ( edit ) Screenshot of a fight between Johnny Cage and Raiden ( played by Daniel Pesina and Carlos Pesina ) in 1992 's game The characters of the original Mortal Kombat and its initial sequels were created using digitized sprites mostly based on filmed actors , as opposed to drawn graphics . Early Mortal Kombat games were known for their extensive use of palette swap , a practice of re-coloring certain sprites to appear as different characters which was used for the ninja characters . In fact , many of the most popular characters have originated as simple palette swaps . In the very first game , the male ninja fighters were essentially the same character ; only the colors of their attire , fighting stance , and special techniques indicated the difference . Later games added other ninjas based on the same model , as well as several female ninja color swap characters initially also using just one base model ( beginning with Kitana in Mortal Kombat II ) . All of them gradually became very different characters in the following installments of the series . Mortal Kombat 4 brought the series into 3D , replacing the digitized fighters of previous games with polygon models animated using motion capture technology . Hidden content ( edit ) Mortal Kombat included secret characters , secret games , and other Easter eggs . For example , there is a hidden non-playable character in MK1 ( Reptile ) , and three of them in MK2 . Popular characters of Reptile and Jade were originally introduced as hidden enemies , becoming playable after returning in subsequent games . Also , there is a hidden game of Pong in Mortal Kombat II , and Mortal Kombat 3 includes a hidden game of Galaga . Many extras in the series have only been accessible through very challenging , demanding , and sometimes coincidental requirements . The Sega Mega Drive / Genesis versions contains some unique eggs , such as `` Fergality '' . The Sega Mega-CD version also contained an additional code ( known as the `` Dad 's Code '' ) , which changed the names of the fighters to that of characters from the classic comedy series Dad 's Army . Some Easter eggs originated from in - jokes between members of the development team . One example is `` Toasty '' , which found its way into the game in the form of a small image of sound designer Dan Forden , who would appear in the corner of the screen during gameplay ( after performing an uppercut ) and yell the phrase `` Toasty ! '' This egg was also the key to unlocking the hidden character Smoke when it happened in the Portal stage . In Mortal Kombat 4 , Forden would say `` Toasty ! 3D ! '' after Scorpion did his burn Fatality , a reference to the fact that it is the first 3D game of the series . `` Toasty ! '' is also found in Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks , appearing randomly after the character pulls off a chain of hits , though the picture of Forden was removed for that title , but brought back for the 2011 Mortal Kombat game . Yet another private joke was the hidden character Noob Saibot , who has appeared in various versions of the game starting with Mortal Kombat II . The character 's name derived from two of the series ' creators ' surnames , Ed Boon and John Tobias , spelled backwards . In addition , a counter for ERMACS on the game 's audits screen ( ERMACS being short for error macros ) , was interpreted by some players as a reference to a hidden character in the original Mortal Kombat . The development team decided to turn the rumor into reality , introducing Ermac in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 as an unlockable secret character . The character Mokap , introduced in Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , is a tribute to Carlos Pesina , who played Raiden in MK and MKII and has served as a motion capture actor for subsequent titles in the series . Media ( edit ) Main article : List of Mortal Kombat media Video games ( edit ) Overview over titles and versions in the Mortal Kombat series Title Release Original platform Ports Notes Mortal Kombat 1992 Arcade Various The original Mortal Kombat game . Mortal Kombat II 1993 Arcade Various Sequel to Mortal Kombat . Mortal Kombat 3 1995 Arcade Various Sequel to Mortal Kombat II . Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 1995 Arcade Various An update of Mortal Kombat 3 . Mortal Kombat Trilogy PS1 , N64 , Saturn Microsoft Windows , Game.com , R - Zone An update of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 . Mortal Kombat 4 1997 Arcade PS1 , N64 , Microsoft Windows Sequel to Mortal Kombat 3 . Mortal Kombat Mythologies : Sub-Zero 1997 PS1 , N64 N / A An action - adventure spin - off about Sub-Zero . Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat . Mortal Kombat Gold 1999 Dreamcast N / A An update of Mortal Kombat 4 . Mortal Kombat : Special Forces 2000 PS1 N / A An action - adventure spin - off about Jax . Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat . Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance 2002 PS2 , GCN , Xbox GBA ( 2003 ) Sequel to Mortal Kombat 4 . Mortal Kombat : Tournament Edition 2003 GBA N / A One of two GBA versions of Deadly Alliance . Mortal Kombat : Deception PS2 , GCN , Xbox N / A Sequel to Deadly Alliance . Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks 2005 PS2 , Xbox N / A An action - adventure spin - off about Liu Kang and Kung Lao set in an alternate timeline between MK and MKII . Mortal Kombat : Armageddon 2006 PS2 , Xbox Wii ( 2007 ) Sequel to Deception and the final title of the original main series . Mortal Kombat : Unchained 2006 PSP N / A The PSP version of Deception . Ultimate Mortal Kombat 2007 NDS N / A Another port of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 . Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe 2008 PS3 , X360 N / A A non-canonical crossover title set in an alternate timeline between MKII and MK3 . Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) 2011 PS3 , Xbox 360 PS Vita ( 2012 ) Reboot story combining Mortal Kombat , Mortal Kombat II , and Mortal Kombat 3 . Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection 2011 PSN , XBLA Microsoft Windows ( 2012 ) Includes MK , MKII and UMK3 . Mortal Kombat : Komplete Edition 2012 PS3 , Xbox 360 Microsoft Windows ( 2013 ) Re-release of Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) including its downloadable content . Mortal Kombat X 2015 PS4 , Xbox One Android , iOS A sequel to the 2011 game . Mortal Kombat XL 2016 PS4 , Xbox One Microsoft Windows Re-release of Mortal Kombat X including its downloadable content . Fighting games ( edit ) The original Mortal Kombat game was released for arcade machines during October 1992 , having since been ported to several console and home computer systems by Probe Software and released by Acclaim Entertainment . The sequel , Mortal Kombat II , was released for arcades in 1993 , featuring an increased roster and improved graphics and gameplay , then ported to the numerous home systems in 1993 - 1995 by Probe Entertainment and Sculptured Software , released again by Acclaim ; it was rereleased in 2007 for the PlayStation 3 . Mortal Kombat 3 followed in 1995 in both arcade and home versions . MK3 got two updates which expanded the number of characters and other features from the game : Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 , published that same year , and Mortal Kombat Trilogy the next year . The following game , Mortal Kombat 4 , was released in 1997 , marked the jump of the series to 3D rendered graphics instead of the series ' previously staple digitized 2D graphics . Mortal Kombat 4 was ported to the PlayStation , Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows . An update of MK4 titled Mortal Kombat Gold was released exclusively for the Dreamcast in 1999 . While to this point Mortal Kombat games were only titled with their installment number , starting with Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance in 2002 , the series ' naming scheme changed to favor the use of sub-titles instead . It was also at this point that the series started being targeted at consoles only , with Mortal Kombat 4 being the last game in the series to ever be released for the arcades . Deadly Alliance was released initially for the Xbox , PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) and GameCube . Deadly Alliance was also the first Mortal Kombat game to feature fully 3D gameplay , where up to Mortal Kombat 4 the gameplay had stayed in a 2D plane ; this trend would continue for the following two games . The next sequel was the 2004 Mortal Kombat : Deception , released for the PS2 , Xbox and GameCube . Its port for the PlayStation Portable , Mortal Kombat : Unchained , was developed by Just Games Interactive in 2006 . Mortal Kombat : Armageddon was published in the same year for the PS2 , Xbox , and in 2007 on the Wii . In 2008 , Midway released the Mortal Kombat Kollection , an anthology of the three then-most recent titles to the main franchise : Mortal Kombat : Deception , Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks , and Mortal Kombat : Armageddon . Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , a crossover between the Mortal Kombat franchise and DC Universe released in 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . A ninth game in the series , a reboot titled simply Mortal Kombat , was developed by former Midway Games Chicago , now owned by Warner Bros. Games and renamed as NetherRealm Studios . It was first released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 , and was ported for the PlayStation Vita in 2012 and for the Microsoft Windows in 2013 . A sequel , Mortal Kombat X was released in April 2015 on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . Ed Boon has stated that he would like to do an Mortal Kombat / Killer Instinct crossover game for the Xbox One . Action - adventure games ( edit ) Besides the fighting games , there are three action titles that work as spin - offs from the Mortal Kombat storyline . Mortal Kombat Mythologies : Sub-Zero was released in 1997 for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 ; its story is focused on the first incarnation character of Sub-Zero and is focused in the timeline of before the first Mortal Kombat game . The next action game was Mortal Kombat : Special Forces released in 2000 for the PlayStation ; it is an action game starring Major Jackson Briggs in his mission to destroy the Black Dragon . Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks was released in 2005 for the PS2 and the Xbox ; starring Liu Kang and Kung Lao and telling an alternate version of the events between the first and second Mortal Kombat games . A similar game titled Mortal Kombat : Fire & Ice , which would star Scorpion and again Sub-Zero , was canceled when Paradox Development ( Midway Studios -- Los Angeles ) , the creators of Shaolin Monks , `` could n't do it in time and under budget '' . Other media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Mortal Kombat was adapted into two major motion pictures , Mortal Kombat ( 1995 ) , and Mortal Kombat : Annihilation ( 1997 ) , both co-developed by Threshold Entertainment and released by New Line Cinema ( eventual corporate sibling , and later label , of Mortal Kombat rights holder Warner Bros . ) . Neither film was screened for critics prior to theatrical release . The first movie was released on August 18 , 1995 , grossing $23 million on its first weekend . Mortal Kombat , despite mixed reviews from critics , became a financial success , eventually grossing $70 million in the U.S. ( and over $122 million worldwide ) and gaining a cult following from fans of the series while jump starting the Hollywood career of its director Paul W.S. Anderson . That momentum did not carry over into John R. Leonetti 's Annihilation , however , which suffered from a poor reception by critics and fans alike , grossing only $36 million in the U.S. and $51 million worldwide , compared to the first movie 's worldwide intake of $122 million . In 2010 , director Kevin Tancharoen released an eight - minute Mortal Kombat short film titled Mortal Kombat : Rebirth , made as a proof of concept for Tancharoen 's pitch of a reboot movie franchise to Warner Brothers . Tancharoen later confirmed that while the short is entirely unofficial , it does feature the writing of Oren Uziel , who was rumored to be writing the screenplay for the third Mortal Kombat movie . In 2011 , New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. announced that Tancharoen has signed on to direct the reboot from a screenplay written by Uziel . In October 2013 , however , Tancharoen left the project to pursue `` other creative opportunities '' . In 2015 , James Wan signed - on to produce the reboot film ; Wan said he would not rush it . In 2016 , Simon McQuoid was reported to be in talks to direct the reboot . Literature ( edit ) Several Mortal Kombat comic books were based on the video game series , including the official Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat II comic books created by Tobias and advertised in the attract modes on early versions of the first two games . In 1994 , Malibu Comics launched an official MK comic book series , spawning two six - issue series ( `` Blood and Thunder '' and `` Battlewave '' ) , along with several miniseries and one - shot special issues dedicated to specific characters , until its publication ended in August 1995 . Two more comics were also made as tie - ins for Mortal Kombat 4 and the DC Universe crossover game and a new miniseries was published prior to the release of Mortal Kombat X in 2015 . Jeff Rovin penned a novelization of the first Mortal Kombat game , which was published in June 1995 in order to coincide with the release of the movie . Novelizations of both Mortal Kombat movies were written by Martin Delrio and Jerome Preisler . Music ( edit ) Mortal Kombat : The Album , a techno album based on the first game was created for Virgin America by Lords of Acid members Praga Khan and Oliver Adams as The Immortals in 1994 . Its iconic theme `` Techno Syndrome '' , incorporating the `` Mortal Kombat ! '' yell first shown in the Mortal Kombat commercial for home systems , was first released in 1993 as a single and was also used as a theme music for the Mortal Kombat film series . Each movie had their own soundtracks ( including the hit and award - winning compilation album Mortal Kombat : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , as had the second video game ( Mortal Kombat II : Music from the Arcade Game Soundtrack ) . The 2011 video game saw the release of Mortal Kombat : Songs Inspired by the Warriors , a new soundtrack album featuring electronic music by various artists . Television ( edit ) The franchise sparked two television series by New Line Television : the 1996 cartoon Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm and the 1998 live - action series Mortal Kombat : Conquest , both of them co-developed by Threshold Entertainment . Neither series ran for more than one season . In 2010 , Warner Premiere ordered a web series inspired by the Rebirth short , titled Mortal Kombat : Legacy and also directed by Kevin Tancharoen . The series ' first season was released for free on YouTube starting in April 2011 , promoted by Machinima.com , and the second season arrived in 2013 . In 2014 , Warner Bros and Blue Ribbon are developing a live - action untitled Mortal Kombat series that was to tie in with Mortal Kombat X for a planned 2016 release . Other media ( edit ) An animated prequel to the first movie , titled Mortal Kombat : The Journey Begins , was released direct - to - video in 1995 . The stage show Mortal Kombat : Live Tour was launched at the end of 1995 , expanded to 1996 , and featured Mortal Kombat characters in a theatrical display on stage . Brady Games produced the collectible card game Mortal Kombat Kard Game in 1996 . Score Entertainment 's 2005 collectible card game Epic Battles also used some of the Mortal Kombat characters . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of April 27 , 2011 . Game GameRankings Metacritic Mortal Kombat ( 1992 ) ( GEN ) 84.17 % ( SNES ) 83.33 % ( SCD ) 60.00 % ( GB ) 42.17 % -- Mortal Kombat II ( SNES ) 85.87 % ( GEN ) 85.62 % ( PS3 ) 68.40 % ( GB ) 64.50 % ( SAT ) 57.50 % ( PS3 ) 72 Mortal Kombat 3 ( SNES ) 80.23 % ( GEN ) 76.67 % ( PS1 ) 70.33 % -- Mortal Kombat 4 ( N64 ) 76.07 % ( PS1 ) 75.75 % ( PC ) 72.14 % ( DC ) 54.97 % ( GBC ) 46.00 % -- Mortal Kombat Mythologies : Sub-Zero ( PS1 ) 53.20 % ( N64 ) 44.84 % -- Mortal Kombat : Special Forces ( PS1 ) 40.23 % ( PS1 ) 28 Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance ( GBA ) 84.63 % ( Xbox ) 82.68 % ( PS2 ) 81.99 % ( GC ) 81.82 % ( GBA ) 81 ( Xbox ) 81 ( GC ) 81 ( PS2 ) 79 Mortal Kombat : Deception ( PS2 ) 82.00 % ( Xbox ) 81.31 % ( GC ) 77.43 % ( PSP ) 70.88 % ( PS2 ) 81 ( Xbox ) 81 ( GC ) 77 ( PSP ) 70 Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks ( Xbox ) 80.64 % ( PS2 ) 78.70 % ( Xbox ) 78 ( PS2 ) 77 Mortal Kombat : Armageddon ( Xbox ) 77.39 % ( PS2 ) 75.33 % ( Wii ) 72.49 % ( Xbox ) 77 ( PS2 ) 75 ( Wii ) 71 Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe ( PS3 ) 77.87 % ( X360 ) 74.55 % ( PS3 ) 76 ( X360 ) 72 Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) ( Vita ) 87.31 % ( PS3 ) 86.09 % ( X360 ) 85.67 % ( X360 ) 86 ( Vita ) 85 ( PS3 ) 84 Mortal Kombat X ( XONE ) 85.97 % ( PS4 ) 84.18 % ( PC ) 75.20 % ( XONE ) 86 ( PS4 ) 83 ( PC ) 76 Sales ( edit ) Mortal Kombat has been one of the most successful fighting game franchises in video game history only trailing Tekken and Street Fighter . The previous two Mortal Kombat games have been NetherRealm Studio 's best selling games with Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) at six million dollars and Mortal Kombat X at 5 million dollars . Ed Boon reported that the Mortal Kombat games have sold 26 million copies by 2007 , and the number has reportedly reached over 30 million by 2012 . As of April 2015 , after the release of Mortal Kombat X , the franchise had sold 35 million units . A particularly successful game was Mortal Kombat II , which had unprecedented opening week sales figures never seen before in the video game industry , for the first time beating the box office numbers of summer hit films . The Franchise generated more than 4 billion by the late 1990s. ` Ratings , Reviews , and Awards ( edit ) The 2008 edition of Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition awarded the Mortal Kombat series with seven world records , including `` most successful fighting game series '' . The franchise holds ten world records in the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , including the `` largest promotional campaign for a fighting video game '' ( Mortal Kombat 3 ) , `` highest grossing film based on a beat ' em up video game '' ( Mortal Kombat 1996 ) , and `` most successful video game spin - off soundtrack album '' ( Mortal Kombat : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ). The franchise also had three games win the Best Fighting Game of the year award . In 2004 , Mortal Kombat : Deception , in 2011 Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) , and in 2015 Mortal Kombat X . Numerous publications described it as one of the most important and also most violent series in the history of video games ; in 2011 , the staff of GameSpy wrote `` its place in fighting game history is undeniable '' . In 2009 , GameTrailers ranked Mortal Kombat as the ninth top fighting game franchise as well as the seventh bloodiest series of all time . In 2012 , Complex ranked Mortal Kombat as 37th best video game franchise overall , commenting on its `` legendary status in video game history '' . Mortal Kombat as a series was also ranked as the goriest video game ever by CraveOnline in 2009 and by G4tv.com in 2011 ; including it on their list of the goriest games , Cheat Code Central commented that `` Mortal Kombat had enough gore to simultaneously offend a nation and change gaming forever . '' Legacy and cultural impact ( edit ) Influence on other games ( edit ) According to IGN , during the 1990s `` waves of imitators began to flood the market , filling arcades with a sea of blood from games like Time Killers , Survival Arts , and Guardians of the Hood . Mortal Kombat had ushered in an era of exploitation games , both on consoles and in arcades , all engaging in a battle to see who can cram the most blood and guts onto a low - res screen . '' Notable Mortal Kombat clones , featuring violent finishing moves and / or digitized sprites , included Bio F.R.E.A.K.S. , BloodStorm , Cardinal Syn , Catfight , Eternal Champions , Kasumi Ninja , Killer Instinct , Mace : The Dark Age , Primal Rage , Street Fighter : The Movie , Tattoo Assassins , Thrill Kill , Ultra Vortek , Way of the Warrior , and Midway 's own War Gods . In a 2009 poll by GamePro , 21 % of voters chose Mortal Kombat as their favorite fighting game series , ranking it third after Street Fighter and Tekken . In 2012 , Capcom 's Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono said he is getting a lot of requests for Street Fighter vs. Mortal Kombat and understands why people want it , `` but it 's easier said than done . Having Chun Li getting her spine ripped out , or Ryu 's head bouncing off the floor ... it does n't necessarily match . '' In 2014 , martial artist Frankie Edgar opined Mortal Kombat has been far superior to Street Fighter . Influence on Society ( edit ) The series and its characters are also referenced in the various other works of popular culture , such as in the title of Powerglove 's debut album Metal Kombat for the Mortal Man and the Workaholics episode `` Model Kombat '' . According to Complex in 2012 , `` Years ago , MK became a phenomenon far outside gaming circles alone . Its name has become recognizable enough to be name dropped on sitcoms ( Malcolm in the Middle and Married ... with Children ) , found in movies ( Christian Slater plays MK4 in Very Bad Things ) , and used as part of cultural studies ( see Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins ' book From Barbie to Mortal Kombat : Gender and Computer Games ) . '' It was also featured in the film Doom Generation . The name `` Mortal Kombat '' was even given to a dangerous illegal recreational drug that was introduced and caused multiple fatalities in early 2014 . In 2012 , John Tobias said : `` If you look at any other pop culture phenomenon -- like if you look at the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , for instance -- it became popular at the time right around when Mortal Kombat became popular , and it had its highs and lows , and here they are once again talking about a major motion picture . That 's because of its place in pop culture . It 's always there for someone to pick up , polish off , blow the dust off of it , and re-release it . And Mortal Kombat will always be that way . It 'll be around 50 years from now . '' Competitive play ( edit ) Fighting games have been a popular genre among tournaments since the late 90s . Mortal Kombat has its place in some of the world 's biggest fighting game tournaments like Evo and Combo Breaker , as well as many local and online tournaments around the world . Since the 2011 Mortal Kombat game was released , the game has been one of the most popular games at these events . Between 2014 and 2017 , however , the game was mostly absent from the tournament scene , due to NetherRealm Studios being focused on their Injustice series as their top priority . The 2011 Mortal Kombat is expected to return to Combo Breaker in 2018 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Controversies surrounding Mortal Kombat The series was subject of a major video game controversy and several court cases , largely related to its extremely violent content , especially in relation to the original game which paved a way for the introduction of the ESRB ( Entertainment Software Rating Board ) game rating system in 1994 as well as Australian Classification Board . Various games in the series have been banned in a number of countries . SuperData Research CEO Joost van Dreunen said , `` Because of the obvious rift between gamers on the one hand and adult society on the other , Mortal Kombat set the tone for what constituted gamer culture . 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Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mortal Kombat . Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Official website ( Threshold Entertainment ) Mortal Kombat at MobyGames `` Mortal Kombat '' . TV Tropes . 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The Orville
The Orville - Wikipedia The Orville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. TV series . For other uses , see Orville ( disambiguation ) . The Orville Genre Science fiction Comedy - drama Created by Seth MacFarlane Starring Seth MacFarlane Adrianne Palicki Penny Johnson Jerald Scott Grimes Peter Macon Halston Sage J. Lee Mark Jackson Chad L. Coleman Theme music composer Bruce Broughton Composer ( s ) Joel McNeely John Debney Andrew Cottee Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Brannon Braga David A. Goodman Jason Clark Jon Favreau ( pilot ) Liz Heldens Lili Fuller Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/the-orville/ The Orville is an American science fiction comedy - drama series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane that premiered on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , with new episodes airing Thursdays on Fox during the 2017 -- 18 season . Seth MacFarlane stars as Ed Mercer , an officer in the Planetary Union 's line of exploratory space vessels whose career took a downturn following his divorce , and who is given the titular ship as his first command , only to discover that his ex-wife , Kelly Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in service to the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar state encompassing Earth and many other worlds . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , a year before the pilot , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Since then , he was cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hungover , but was informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . Penny Johnson Jerald as Doctor Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry , she chose to become a single mother , and her two sons , Marcus and Ty , travel aboard the Orville with her . Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . Peter Macon as Lieutenant Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species . Bortus exhibits a degree of stoic formality . For example , Bortus disapproves of the bridge crew discussing Mercer and Grayson 's breakup after Mercer leaves the bridge in the pilot episode . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . Moclans reproduce through the laying of eggs , which are incubated for 21 days . Bortus and his mate , Klyden , become parents in the series ' second episode , when Bortus incubates and hatches an egg . When the child is revealed to be female , a rare occurrence among Moclans , Bortus and Klyden 's desire to have her undergo sex reassignment surgery provides the allegorical conflict of the series ' third episode . Halston Sage as Lieutenant Alara Kitan , the Orville 's 23 - year - old Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . J. Lee as Lieutenant John LaMarr , the navigator of the Orville . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the pilot , based on their ironic view that they are both `` jerks '' . Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . Recurring ( edit ) Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child . He first appears at the end of the series ' second episode . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville , who in his first few appearances , repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer . Guest stars ( edit ) Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father . He first appears in the series premiere . Brian George as Doctor Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station in the series premiere Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker in Episodes 2 and 7 Jeffrey Tambor as Captain Mercer 's father , Ben in Episode 2 Holland Taylor as Captain Mercer 's mother , Jeannie in Episode 2 Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator in Episode 3 Rena Owen as Heveena in Episode 3 Robert Knepper as Hamelac in Episode 4 Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict Bio Ship in Episode 4 Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque , who appears in Episode 5 Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa , who appears in Episode 6 Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar , in Episode 6 Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' Jon Favreau Seth MacFarlane September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1LAB01 8.56 25th - century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after he catches her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville and finds ( to his dismay ) that his ex-wife will serve as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill Captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that can accelerate time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . `` Command Performance '' Robert Duncan McNeill Seth MacFarlane September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1LAB03 6.63 The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Ed presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . `` About a Girl '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1LAB04 4.05 When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life . `` If the Stars Should Appear '' James L. Conway Seth MacFarlane September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1LAB02 3.70 The Orville encounters a huge , 2000 - year - old derelict ship drifting into a star . Mercer , Grayson , Kitan , Finn , and Isaac enter , discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl , and do not know they are on a ship . Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac , who imposes a death penalty on `` Reformers '' who believe anything exists beyond the known world . While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack , Grayson 's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship 's bridge . An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl ( played by Liam Neeson ) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm . Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull 's window , enabling the populace to see stars for the first time , moving even Hamelac . Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship . Meanwhile , Klyden is frustrated that Bortus ' duties leave him little time for family . 5 `` Pria '' Jonathan Frakes Seth MacFarlane October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 1LAB05 3.43 The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship . Grayson is suspicious of their new guest , Pria Lavesque ( Charlize Theron ) , to whom Mercer is clearly attracted . Grayson 's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time - traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century . Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all , mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time . Meanwhile , Malloy tries to teach the concept of humor to Isaac , which soon backfires for him when Isaac pulls off a very unexpected practical joke . 6 `` Krill '' Jon Cassar David A. Goodman October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1LAB06 3.37 After recovering a Krill shuttle intact , Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana , a sacred religious text . They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony . Rather than destroy the bomb , and therefore the ship , they exploit the Krill 's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members , with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya , who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill 's hatred for the Union . 7 `` Majority Rule '' Tucker Gates Seth MacFarlane October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1LAB07 4.18 An undercover team led by Grayson lands on Sargas 4 , an Earth - like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st - century human civilization , to locate two missing anthropologists . There , LaMarr is arrested after a video of him dancing with a beloved statue receives more than a million `` down '' votes , and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to `` treatment '' for his actions . Alara and Claire locate one of the missing , but find him in an irreversible lobotomized state . With LaMarr facing a final vote to determine his guilt , Mercer brings one of the planet 's inhabitants , Lysella , aboard the Orville and learns about the `` Master Feed '' , which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John , narrowly swinging the vote in his favor . Now free , John and the others return to the ship and depart . The next day , Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote . 8 `` Into the Fold '' Brannon Braga Brannon Braga & Andre Bormanis November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1LAB08 3.83 While traveling to a recreational planet in a shuttle , Isaac , Finn , and her sons Marcus and Ty fall into a spatial fold , and crash on a planet devastated by famine and disease , and populated by scattered groups of cannibals . Finn is separated from the other three and captured by a survivalist named Drogen , who refuses to let her leave . While she works to escape , Isaac , who is unfamiliar with the care of human children , is forced to protect her sons while he tries to fix the shuttle 's communication systems . Despite his efforts , Ty becomes ill from a deadly toxin . Finn kills Drogen and reunites with the others , and Isaac and Marcus manage to hold off a large attack by the cannibals just as backup arrives . Finn uses a blood sample to create a cure for Ty , and thanks Isaac for watching over her sons . In turn , Isaac admits that , for all the faults he sees in them , he still thinks of them fondly . 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' Jamie Babbit TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1LAB09 TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' Jon Cassar TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1LAB10 TBD 11 `` New Dimensions '' Kelly Cronin TBA November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 1LAB11 TBD 12 TBA Kevin Hooks TBA TBA 1LAB12 TBD 13 TBA Seth MacFarlane TBA TBA 1LAB13 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script , which was given a 13 - episode order by Fox on May 4 , 2016 , making it the first live - action television series created by MacFarlane , as well as his first live - action starring role on television . Following the project 's greenlight , MacFarlane stated , `` I 've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid , and the timing finally feels right . ( ... ) I think this is gon na be something special . '' According to MacFarlane , The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek . He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool . Casting ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , MacFarlane 's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville , while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson , Ed 's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville , and Scott Grimes , who voices Steve Smith on American Dad ! ( another show created by MacFarlane ) , was cast as Gordon Malloy , Ed 's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville . On August 19 , Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars . On October 31 , Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast . On December 8 , Mark Jackson was cast . On April 3 , 2017 , Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role . At San Diego Comic Con , MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest - star in an episode . The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West . Filming ( edit ) On August 24 , 2016 , Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot . Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016 , and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27 , 2017 . Production wrapped on August 23 , 2017 . Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill also direct episodes of the show ; the two have directed Star Trek episodes in the past . Music ( edit ) The show uses a 75 - piece orchestra for the music in each episode , alongside several different composers . MacFarlane said `` We score it like a movie '' and `` We really put as much into that as we do into the effects . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 18 % approval rating , with an average rating of 4.61 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity , homage and satire , The Orville never quite achieves liftoff . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek , calling it a rip - off and `` Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . She criticized the lack of creativity , the blatant imitation , and was surprised that the show is `` uninterested in being a comedy '' . Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that `` All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here , and in many ways it 's kind of wonderful . I 'm honestly surprised something like this exists . '' He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor . Ratings ( edit ) The Orville has performed well in ratings . After its Sunday premiere on September 10 , the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 pm . In its first broadcast in the new time slot , The Orville became Fox 's highest rated Thursday 9pm broadcast in two years . After taking into account DVR and VOD , The Orville was Fox 's most - viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' September 10 , 2017 2.7 / 9 8.56 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Command Performance '' September 17 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.63 0.9 2.42 3.1 9.05 `` About a Girl '' September 21 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` If the Stars Should Appear '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.70 1.0 3.11 2.1 6.81 5 `` Pria '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.43 3.35 2.1 6.79 6 `` Krill '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.37 3.32 2.1 6.69 7 `` Majority Rule '' October 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Into the Fold '' November 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.83 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' November 9 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' November 16 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- orville , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca . `` TV News Roundup : ' The Orville ' Becomes Fox 's Biggest Drama Debut in Two Years in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville : Seth MacFarlane Explains Why His New Show Is n't Just a Comedy '' . TV Line . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Gets Movie - Style Scoring From Emmy - Winning Composers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane to Create , Executive - Produce and Star in New Series '' . FOX.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Gifted , The Orville and Other Fox Shows Premiere '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville Is More Earnest Star Trek Homage Than ' Family Guy in Space ' '' `` '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Orville Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Stars In Seth MacFarlane Fox Series , Scott Grimes Co-Stars '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville on FOX '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Look In 360 ° '' . YouTube . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About a Girl '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Command Performance '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Jackson Joins Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville '' . Deadline . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pria '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 5 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` MacFarlane is lost in space with ' Orville ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` If the Stars Should Appear '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 4 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael MacFarlane ( @ GirlMacFarlane ) '' . Twitter . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' adjusts down , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 109 ) ' Cupid 's Dagger ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` The awesomely talented @ BabbitJamie directing on @ TheOrville this week -- fun days '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 110 ) `` Firestorm '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't wait to have the genius of @ joncassar back for more ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 111 ) `` New Dimensions '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Thanks to our awesome @ TheOrville episode 11 director Kelly Cronin for a great show ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` @ KevHooks bringing his brilliance to @ TheOrville this week '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` That is a wrap on season 1 of @ TheOrville -- Thanks to our incomparable cast and crew for everything ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Talks New Comedy ' Orville ' '' . Access Hollywood YouTube Page . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Seth MacFarlane Got Charlize Theron To Be On ' The Orville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly YouTube Page . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Orville : Peter Macon and J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's New FOX Comedy '' . TV Series Finale . United States : DreamHost . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Halston Sage & Penny Johnson Jerald Join Seth MacFarlane 's Sci - Fi Dramedy At Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chad L. Coleman & Larry Joe Campbell Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlize Theron to guest on Seth MacFarlane 's space - set series The Orville '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau To Direct Seth MacFarlane 's Space Comedic Drama Series For Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Miller , Liz ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Star Trek ' Rip - Off is Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Seth MacFarlane On The Orville 's Unique Tone , ' Star Trek ' Roots '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` The Orville : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Critics Must Be Crazy : Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Captures The Spirit Of ' Star Trek ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` The Orville vs. Star Trek : Discovery Ratings : Both Open Competitively '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 - 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Orville on IMDb The Orville on Facebook Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orville&oldid=809425211 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American science fiction television series Comic science fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Parodies of Star Trek Space adventure television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Television series set in the future Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
whose voice is the robot on the orville
[ "\nChad Coleman as Klyden, Bortus' mate and father of their child. He first appears at the end of the series' second episode.\nNorm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit, an amorphous, gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville,[18] who in his first few appearances, repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn,[14][19] and frequently flirts with other females on the ship.[17]\nLarry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander[15] Steve Newton, Chief Engineer of the Orville.[17]\nRachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer.[20]\n" ]
[ "Rachael MacFarlane" ]
6129889652479093520
.30-06 Springfield
. 30 - 06 Springfield - wikipedia . 30 - 06 Springfield `` 30.06 '' redirects here . For the `` 30.06 sign '' in Texas gun law , see Gun laws in Texas § 30.06 signage . . 30 - 06 Springfield . 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge with soft tip Type Rifle round Place of origin United States Service history In service 1906 -- present Used by USA and others Wars World War I , World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , to present Production history Designer United States Military Designed 1906 Produced 1906 -- present Specifications Parent case . 30 - 03 Springfield Case type Rimless , bottleneck Bullet diameter . 308 in ( 7.8 mm ) Neck diameter . 340 in ( 8.6 mm ) Shoulder diameter . 441 in ( 11.2 mm ) Base diameter . 471 in ( 12.0 mm ) Rim diameter . 473 in ( 12.0 mm ) Rim thickness . 049 in ( 1.2 mm ) Case length 2.494 in ( 63.3 mm ) Overall length 3.34 in ( 85 mm ) Case capacity 68 gr H O ( 4.4 cm ) Rifling twist 1 turn in 10 inches ( 25.4 cm ) Primer type Large Rifle Maximum pressure ( C.I.P. ) 58,740 psi ( 405.0 MPa ) Maximum pressure ( SAAMI ) 60,200 psi ( 415 MPa ) Ballistic performance Bullet mass / type Velocity Energy 150 gr ( 10 g ) Nosler Ballistic Tip 2,910 ft / s ( 890 m / s ) 2,820 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,820 J ) 165 gr ( 11 g ) BTSP 2,800 ft / s ( 850 m / s ) 2,872 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,894 J ) 180 gr ( 12 g ) Core - Lokt Soft Point 2,700 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) 2,913 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,949 J ) 200 gr ( 13 g ) Partition 2,569 ft / s ( 783 m / s ) 2,932 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,975 J ) 220 gr ( 14 g ) RN 2,500 ft / s ( 760 m / s ) 2,981 ft ⋅ lbf ( 4,042 J ) Test barrel length : 24 inch ( 61 cm ) Source ( s ) : Federal Cartridge / Accurate Powder The . 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge ( pronounced `` thirty - aught - six '' or `` thirty - oh - six '' ) , 7.62 × 63mm in metric notation and called ``. 30 Gov 't ' 06 '' by Winchester , was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized ; it remained in use until the early 1980s . The ``. 30 '' refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches . The `` 06 '' refers to the year the cartridge was adopted -- 1906 . It replaced the . 30 - 03 , 6mm Lee Navy , and . 30 - 40 Krag cartridges . The . 30 - 06 remained the U.S. Army 's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62 × 51mm NATO ( commercial . 308 Winchester ) and 5.56 × 45mm NATO , both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service . It remains a very popular sporting round , with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Firearms 3 Performance 4 Recoil 5 Cartridge dimensions 6 Military cartridge types 6.1 United States 6.2 Commonwealth 6.3 French Union 7 U.S. military firearms using the . 30 - 06 cartridge 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) In the early 1890s , the U.S. military adopted the smokeless powder . 30 - 40 Krag rimmed cartridge . The 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220 - grain ( 14 g ) round - nose bullet . Around 1901 , the U.S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine . That led to the 1903 . 30 - 03 rimless service round that used the same 220 - grain ( 14 g ) round - nose bullet as the Krag . The . 30 - 03 achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) . Many European militaries at the beginning of the 20th century were adopting lighter - weight ( roughly 150 - to - 200 - grain ( 9.7 to 13.0 g ) ) , higher velocity , service rounds with pointed ( spitzer ) bullets : France in 1898 ( 8mm Lebel Balle D spitzer 198 grains ( 12.8 g ) with boat - tail ) , Germany in 1903 ( 7.92 × 57mm Mauser 153 grains ( 9.9 g ) S Patrone ) , Russia in 1908 ( 7.62 × 54mmR Lyokhkaya pulya ( light bullet ) ) , and Britain in 1910 (. 303 British Mark VII 174 grains ( 11.3 g ) ) . Consequently , the round - nosed U.S. . 30 - 03 service cartridge was falling behind . For these reasons , the U.S. military developed a new , lighter , cartridge in 1906 , the . 30 - 06 Springfield , `` cartridge , ball , caliber . 30 , Model of 1906 '' , or just M1906 . The . 30 - 03 case was modified to have a slightly shorter neck to fire a spitzer flat - based 150 - grain ( 9.7 g ) bullet that had a ballistic coefficient ( G1 BC ) of approximately 0.405 , a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) , and a muzzle energy of 2,429 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,293 J ) . The cartridge was loaded with military rifle ( MR ) 21 propellant , and its maximum range was claimed ( falsely ) to be 4,700 yd ( 4,300 m ) . The M1903 Springfield rifle , which had been introduced alongside the . 30 - 03 cartridge , was modified to accept the new . 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge . Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber , so that the more tapered bullet would not have to jump too far to reach the rifling . Other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome `` rod bayonet '' of the earlier Springfield rifles . The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated . When the M1906 cartridge was developed , the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards ( 1,650 m ) ; distances beyond that were estimated , but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent . The range discrepancy became evident during World War I. Before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery , long - range machine gun `` barrage '' or indirect fires were considered important in U.S. infantry tactics . When the U.S. entered World War I , it did not have many machine guns , so it acquired British and French machine guns . When those weapons were later replaced with U.S. machine guns firing the M1906 round , the effective range of the barrage was 50 percent less . Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir ( Massachusetts ) , Miami , and Daytona Beach showed the actual maximum range of the M1906 cartridge to be 3,300 to 3,400 yards ( 3,020 to 3,110 m ) . Germany , which was using the S Patrone ( S ball cartridge ) loaded with a similar 153 - grain ( 9.9 g ) flat - based bullet in its rifles , had apparently confronted and solved the same problem by developing an aerodynamically more refined bullet for long range machine gun use . The s.S. Patrone was introduced in 1914 and used a 197.5 - grain ( 12.80 g ) s.S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß ( heavy spitzer ) boat - tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 5,140 yd ( 4,700 m ) . For these reasons , in 1926 , the ordnance corps , after extensive testing of 7.5 × 55mm Swiss GP11 projectiles provided by the Swiss developed the . 30 M1 Ball cartridge loaded with a new improved military rifle ( IMR ) 1185 propellant and 174 - grain ( 11.3 g ) bullet with a 9 ° boat - tail and an ogive of 7 calibers nose cone that had a higher ballistic coefficient of roughly 0.494 ( G1 BC ) , that achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,647 ft / s ( 807 m / s ) and muzzle energy of 2,675 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,627 J ) . This bullet further reduced air resistance in flight , resulting in less rapid downrange deceleration , less lateral drift caused by crosswinds , and significantly greater supersonic and maximum effective range from machine guns and rifles alike . Its maximum range was approximately 5,500 yd ( 5,030 m ) . Additionally , a gilding metal jacket was developed that all but eliminated the metal fouling that plagued the earlier M1906 cartridge . Wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition . Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first . As a result , the older . 30 - 06 ammunition was expended for training ; stocks of . 30 M1 ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired . By 1936 , it was discovered that the maximum range of the . 30 M1 ball ammunition with its boat - tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many military firing ranges . An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the external ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible . A new cartridge was developed in 1938 that was essentially a duplicate of the old M1906 round , but loaded with IMR 4895 propellant and a new flat - based bullet that had a gilding metal jacket and a different lead alloy , and weighed 152 grains ( 9.8 g ) instead of 150 grains ( 9.7 g ) . This 1938 pattern cartridge , the cartridge , caliber . 30 , ball , M2 , achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,805 ft / s ( 855 m / s ) and muzzle energy of 2,656 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,601 J ) . The round weighed 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) and its maximum range was approximately 3,450 yd ( 3,150 m ) . Firearms ( edit ) M1 Garand 30 - 06 . Note the ammunition clip at 12 o'clock . It is ejected from the rifle after all eight rounds are depleted . A Winchester Model 70 Super Grade hunting rifle in . 30 - 06 with Leupold 6 × 42 scope In military service , the 30 - 06 was used in the bolt - action M1903 Springfield rifle , the bolt - action M1917 Enfield rifle , the semi-automatic M1 Garand rifle , the semi-automatic M1941 Johnson rifle , the Famage Mauser , the Browning Automatic Rifle ( BAR ) , and numerous machine guns , including the M1917 and M1919 series . It served the United States in both World Wars and in the Korean War , its last major use being in Vietnam . The Belgian army ( ABL ) bought the FN Model 1949 rifle in 30 - 06 calibre ( both as a sniper version with telescopic sights and as a general service weapon ) . The Belgium armed forces used the round widely in the Korean war , where the 30 - 06 calibre FN - 49 proved to be a superior weapon in terms of both accuracy and reliability to the American M1 Garand . The 30 - 06 FN - 49 saw widespread use in the various wars in and around the Belgian Congo . The 30 - 06 FN - 49 was also sold to the armies of Luxembourg , Indonesia and Colombia . Another customer was Brazil where it served the Navy . Large volumes of surplus brass made it the basis for dozens of commercial and wildcat cartridges , as well as being extensively used for reloading . In 1908 the Model 1895 Winchester lever - action rifle became the first commercially produced sporting rifle chambered in . 30 - 06 Springfield . It is still a very common round for hunting and is suitable for large game such as bison , Sambar deer , and bear , when used at close to medium ranges . In 1903 , the Army converted its M1900 Gatling guns in . 30 Army to fit the new . 30 - 03 cartridge as the M1903 . The later M1903 - ' 06 was an M1903 converted to . 30 - 06 . This conversion was principally carried out at the Army 's Springfield Armory arsenal repair shops . All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1911 , after 45 years of service . Ballistically , the . 30 - 06 is one of the most versatile cartridges ever designed . With `` hot '' handloads and a rifle capable of handling them , the . 30 - 06 is capable of performance rivaling many `` magnum '' cartridges . On the other hand , when loaded more closely to the original government spec , . 30 - 06 remains within the upper limit of felt recoil most shooters consider ' tolerable ' over multiple rounds , unlike the magnums , and is n't unnecessarily destructive of meat on game such as deer . With appropriate loads , it is suitable for any small or large heavy game found in North America . The . 30 - 06 's power and versatility ( combined with the availability of surplus firearms chambered for it and demand for commercial ammunition ) have kept the round as one of the most popular for hunting in North America . Performance ( edit ) The . 30 - 06 cartridge was designed when shots of 1,000 yards ( 900 m ) were expected . In 1906 , the original M1906 . 30 - 06 cartridge consisted of a 150 grains ( 9.7 g ) , flat - base cupronickel - jacketed - bullet . After World War I , the U.S. military needed better long - range performance machine guns . Based on weapons performance reports from Europe , a streamlined , 173 grains ( 11.2 g ) boattail , gilding - metal bullet was used . The . 30 - 06 cartridge , with the 173 grains ( 11.2 g ) bullet was called Cartridge , . 30 , M1 Ball . The . 30 - 06 cartridge was far more powerful than the smaller Japanese 6.5 × 50mm Arisaka cartridge and comparable to the Japanese 7.7 × 58mm Arisaka . The new M1 ammunition proved to be significantly more accurate than the M1906 round . In 1938 , the unstained , 9.8 grams ( 151 gr ) , flat - base bullet combined with the . 30 - 06 case became the M2 ball cartridge . The M2 Ball specifications required 2,740 feet per second ( 840 m / s ) minimum velocity , measured 78 feet ( 24 m ) from the muzzle . M2 Ball was the standard - issue ammunition for military rifles and machine guns until it was replaced by the 7.62 × 51mm NATO round in 1954 . For rifle use , M2 Ball ammunition proved to be less accurate than the earlier M1 cartridge ; even with match rifles , a target group of 5 inches ( 130 mm ) diameter at 200 yards ( 180 m ) using the 150 - grain ( 9.7 g ) M2 bullet was considered optimal , and many rifles did not perform nearly as well . The U.S. Marine Corps retained stocks of M1 ammunition for use by snipers and trained marksmen throughout the Solomon Islands campaign in the early years of the war . In an effort to increase accuracy some snipers resorted to use of the heavier . 30 - 06 M2 armor - piercing round , a practice that re-emerged during the Korean War . Others sought out lots of M2 ammunition produced by Denver Ordnance , which had proved to be more accurate than those produced by other wartime ammunition plants when used for sniping at long range . With regards to penetration , the M2 ball can penetrate 0.4 in ( 10.16 mm ) of mild steel at 100 yards ( 91 m ) , and 0.3 in ( 7.62 mm ) at 200 yards ( 180 m ) . M2 AP can penetrate 0.42 in ( 10.67 mm ) of armor steel at 100 yards ( 91 m ) . These figures come from Army documents . However , a test done by Brass Fetchers shows that M2 AP can actually penetrate up to 0.5 in ( 12.70 mm ) of MIL - A-12560 armor steel from a distance of 100 yards ( 91 m ) . The round struck the plate at a velocity of 2601 fps , and made a complete penetration . Winchester . 30 - 06 cartridge From left to right 9.3 × 62mm , . 30 - 06 Springfield , 7.92 × 57mm Mauser , 6.5 × 55mm and . 308 Winchester Eight . 30 - 06 cartridges loaded in an en bloc clip for the M1 Garand Commercially manufactured rifles chambered in . 30 - 06 are popular for hunting . Current . 30 - 06 factory ammunition varies in bullet weight from 7.1 to 14.3 grams ( 109.6 to 220.7 gr ) in solid bullets , and as low as 3.6 grams ( 55.6 gr ) with the use of a sub-caliber bullet in a sabot . Loads are available with reduced velocity and pressure as well as increased velocity and pressure for stronger firearms . The . 30 - 06 remains one of the most popular sporting cartridges in the world . Many hunting loads have over 3,000 foot - pounds ( 4,100 J ) of energy at the muzzle and use expanding bullets that can deliver rapid energy transfer to targets . Bullet Weight Federal Hodgdon Speer Hornady Nosler Barnes 110 gr ( 7.1 g ) N / A 3,505 ft / s ( 1,068 m / s ) 3,356 ft / s ( 1,023 m / s ) 3,500 ft / s ( 1,067 m / s ) N / A 3,471 ft / s ( 1,058 m / s ) 125 -- 130 gr ( 8.1 -- 8.4 g ) 3,140 ft / s ( 957.1 m / s ) 3,334 ft / s ( 1,016 m / s ) 3,129 ft / s ( 953.7 m / s ) 3,200 ft / s ( 975.4 m / s ) 3,258 ft / s ( 993.0 m / s ) 3,278 ft / s ( 999.1 m / s ) 150 gr ( 9.7 g ) 2,910 ft / s ( 887.0 m / s ) 3,068 ft / s ( 935.1 m / s ) 2,847 ft / s ( 867.8 m / s ) 3,100 ft / s ( 944.9 m / s ) 3,000 ft / s ( 914.4 m / s ) 3,031 ft / s ( 923.8 m / s ) 165 gr ( 10.7 g ) 2,800 ft / s ( 853.4 m / s ) 2,938 ft / s ( 895.5 m / s ) 2,803 ft / s ( 854.4 m / s ) 3,015 ft / s ( 919.0 m / s ) 3,002 ft / s ( 915.0 m / s ) 2,980 ft / s ( 908.3 m / s ) 180 gr ( 11.7 g ) 2,700 ft / s ( 823.0 m / s ) 2,798 ft / s ( 852.8 m / s ) 2,756 ft / s ( 840.0 m / s ) 2,900 ft / s ( 883.9 m / s ) 2,782 ft / s ( 848.0 m / s ) 2,799 ft / s ( 853.1 m / s ) 200 gr ( 13.0 g ) N / A 2,579 ft / s ( 786.1 m / s ) 2,554 ft / s ( 778.5 m / s ) N / A 2,688 ft / s ( 819.3 m / s ) 2,680 ft / s ( 816.9 m / s ) 220 gr ( 14.3 g ) 2,400 ft / s ( 731.5 m / s ) 2,476 ft / s ( 754.7 m / s ) N / A 2,500 ft / s ( 762.0 m / s ) 2,602 ft / s ( 793.1 m / s ) 2,415 ft / s ( 736.1 m / s ) The table above shows typical muzzle velocities available in commercial 30 - 06 loads along with maximum 30 - 06 muzzle velocities reported by several reloading manuals for common bullet weights . Hodgdon , Nosler , and Barnes report velocities for 24 inches ( 610 mm ) barrels . Hornady and Speer report velocities for 22 inches ( 560 mm ) barrels . The data are all for barrels with a twist rate of 1 turn in 10 inches ( 250 mm ) which is needed to stabilize the heaviest bullets . The higher muzzle velocities reported by Nosler for 165 grains ( 10.7 g ) and heavier bullets use loads employing a slow - burning , double - base powder ( Alliant Reloder 22 ) . The newer 7.62 × 51mm NATO /. 308 Winchester cartridge offers similar performance to standard military . 30 - 06 loadings in a smaller cartridge . However , the greater cartridge capacity of the . 30 - 06 allows much more powerful loadings if the shooter desires . Recoil ( edit ) One reason that the . 30 - 06 has remained a popular round for so long is that the cartridge is at the upper limit of power that is tolerable to most shooters . Recoil energy ( Free recoil ) greater than 20 foot - pounds force ( 27 J ) will cause most shooters to develop a serious flinch , and the recoil energy of an 8 - pound ( 3.6 kg ) rifle firing a 165 - grain ( 10.7 g ) 30 - 06 bullet at 2,900 feet per second ( 880 m / s ) is 20.1 foot - pounds force ( 27.3 J ) . Recoil - shy shooters can opt for lighter bullets , such as a 150 - grain ( 9.7 g ) bullet . In the same 8 - pound ( 3.6 kg ) rifle , a 150 - grain ( 9.7 g ) bullet at 2,910 feet per second ( 890 m / s ) will only generate 17.6 foot - pounds force ( 23.9 J ) of recoil energy . Young shooters can start out with even lighter bullets weighing 110 , 125 or 130 grains ( 7.1 , 8.1 or 8.4 g ) . Cartridge dimensions ( edit ) . 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge dimensions . All sizes in inches The . 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge case can hold 68.2 grains ( 4.42 g ) of water and has a volume of 4.42 millilitres ( 0.270 in ) . The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt - action rifles and machine guns alike , under extreme conditions . . 30 - 06 Springfield maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions . All sizes in millimeters . Americans defined the shoulder angle at alpha / 2 = 17.5 degrees . According to the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives ( C.I.P. ) the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm ( 1 in 10 in ) , 4 grooves , Ø lands = 7.62 mm (. 30 in ) , Ø grooves = 7.82 mm (. 308 in ) , land width = 4.49 mm (. 1768 in ) and the primer type is large rifle . According to the official C.I.P. guidelines , the . 30 - 06 Springfield case can handle up to 405 MPa ( 58,740 psi ) piezo pressure . In C.I.P. - regulated countries , every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125 % of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers . The 8 × 64mm S is the closest European ballistic twin of the . 30 - 06 Springfield . Military cartridge types ( edit ) Note : . 30 - 06 cartridges are produced commercially with many different bullets and to a number of different specifications . United States ( edit ) The . 30 - 06 round was replaced by the 7.62 × 51mm NATO round in 1954 . However , it remained in limited use in the army reserves and national guard for some time ; Frankfort Arsenal only stopped production in 1961 and Lake City Army Ammunition Plant was making . 30 - 06 until the late 1970s , with new production batches in 1993 and 2002 . The five most common bullets used in United States military loadings from left to right : M1903 bullet , M1906 ball , M1 ball , M2 ball , and M2 armor - piercing ( AP ) bullet . Black paint has chipped off the tip of AP bullet during rough handling . The cannelure indentation around each bullet is where the leading edge of the case would be crimped into the bullet . The four spitzer bullets used in the 1906 case were loaded with a nearly identical tangent ogive exposed for reliable functioning in self - loading firearms , while the earlier M1903 bullet is positioned to illustrate the longer neck of the preceding . 30 - 03 . Armor - piercing , M1917 : The M1917 was the first service - issue armor - piercing rifle ammunition used by the US Army . It had a steel core in a lead envelope with a partial cupro - nickel jacket which had an exposed soft tip . The exposed tip was designed to aid in the envelope peeling away on impact to allow the core to strike the target . It had the unintended effect of making the thin lead envelope an expanding bullet . Since expanding bullets were seen as violating the Hague Convention it did not see service in World War I . Armor - piercing , M1918 : The M1918 was similar to the armor - piercing M1917 round except it had a smooth cannelure near the case - mouth and had a full - metal - jacketed bullet . It replaced the AP M1917 round in service . Armor - piercing , M1922 ( 1922 -- 1934 ) : This was a redesigned armor - piercing round with a heavier steel core . It was the first armor - piercing round to have a black - painted bullet tip . Armor - piercing , M1 ( 1934 -- 1939 ) : This was a higher - velocity ( 3,180 fps ) AP round that was under development throughout its service . It was replaced in 1939 by the AP M2 , a redesign of the AP M1922 . Armor piercing , M2 ( 1939 -- 1954 ) : This cartridge is used against lightly armored vehicles , protective shelters , and personnel , and can be identified by its black bullet tip . Bullet is flat base , weight 163 -- 168 grains . Defense against the M2 projectile by name is one of the performance standards for Type IV body armor . Armor piercing incendiary , T15 / M14 ( 1943 -- ? ) and M14A1 : This cartridge may be substituted for the M2 armor - piercing round and is normally employed against flammable targets . The tip of the M14 bullet is colored with a blue tip over a black ring . The M14A1 featured an improved core design and incendiary charge . The M14A1 bullet is colored with aluminum paint . Ball , M1906 ( 1906 -- 1925 ) : This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets , and can be identified by its silver - colored bullet . The M1906 has a 9.7 g ( 150 - grain ) projectile and flat base . Its jacket is a cupro - nickel alloy which was found to quickly foul the bore . Ball , M1 ( 1925 -- 1937 ) : The M1 has an 11.2 g ( 173 - grain ) , nine - degree boat - tailed projectile designed for aerodynamic efficiency . Though it had a lower initial velocity , velocity and energy were greater at longer ranges due to its efficient shape . The harder bullet was made of seven parts lead to one part antimony . The jacket material was changed to gilding metal ( an alloy of 95 % copper and 5 % zinc ) to reduce fouling . Ball , M2 ( 1937 -- 1954 ) : With a 9.7 g ( 150 - grain ) bullet based on the profile of the M1906 , this cartridge incorporated the gilding - metal jacket of the M1 projectile combined with a slightly heavier , pure - lead core . It had a higher muzzle velocity than either of the earlier cartridges . Ball , M2 alternate ( 1943 -- 1945 ) : A wartime economy variant of the ball M2 that used a steel full metal jacket coated with gilding metal to conserve copper and tin . Blank , M1906 : This cartridge is used to simulate rifle fire . It is derived from the M1903 blank , but with a resized neck . It has a paper bullet that contains a tiny black powder charge to aid in breaking it up . Blank , M1909 : This cartridge is used to simulate rifle fire . The cartridge is identified by having no bullet , having a cannelure in the neck of the case , and the crimp is sealed by red lacquer . This is still a current cartridge for ceremonial M1 Garands . Modern M1909 blanks are rose crimped , but they have the same designation . This dummy cartridge uses a modified case bearing the headstamp FA 4 09 indicating manufacture at Frankford Arsenal in April 1909 . The case has been tin - plated , fluted with six longitudinal indentations , and perforated three times in alternating indentations . The hollow brass bullet retains a spring - loaded steel rod exposed in the primer pocket with 1 / 8 - inch of possible forward movement when struck by the firing pin . This rod is intended for the Hollifield Target Practice Rod device -- a pointed rod within the barrel which would be propelled out of the barrel when struck by the steel rod in the dummy cartridge to prick a paper target held just in front of the rifle . Dummy , M40 : This cartridge is used for training . The cartridge has six longitudinal corrugations and there is no primer . Explosive , T99 : Development of a cartridge that contained a small explosive charge which more effectively marked its impact . Often referred to as an `` observation explosive '' cartridge , it was meant to designate line - of - sight targets for cannon . The T99 was never adopted . Frangible , T44 / M22 ( April 1945 ) : The bullet disintegrates upon striking a hard or armored target , leaving a pencil - like mark to indicate a hit during bomber aerial gunnery practice . The cartridge is identified by a green bullet tip with a white ring to the rear of the green color . Gallery practice M1919 : A reduced - charge Ball cartridge with a 140 - gr . wax - coated lead round - nosed bullet used for target shooting at indoor facilities or near built - up areas . It was later renamed the guard M1 in 1933 and was used for guard and sentry duty at defense plants and military installations during World War 2 . Guard M1906 ( 1907 -- 1918 ) : A reduced - charge ball cartridge with a 150 - gr . FMJ pointed - nose bullet used for guard and sentry duty in built - up areas . The cartridge was originally marked with six cannelures in the middle , but this weakened the case and caused it to burst in a dirty rifle . It was later marked by six dents or flutes on the shoulder of the cartridge . Although production stopped in 1918 , there were plenty of stocks of the oddball round left until the 1920s . High pressure test , M1 : The cartridge is used to proof test 30 - 06 rifles and machine guns after manufacture , test , or repair . The cartridge is identified by stannic - stained ( silvered ) cartridge case loaded to a pressure of 60,000 -- 70,000 psi ( 413.7 -- 482.6 MPa ) . Incendiary , M1917 : Early incendiary cartridge , bullet had a large cavity in the nose to allow the material to more easily shoot forward on impact . As a result , the M1917 had a tendency to expand on impact . The M1917 had a blackened tip . Incendiary , M1918 : Variant of the M1917 with a normal bullet profile to comply with international laws regarding open - tipped expanding bullets . Incendiary , M1 : This cartridge is used against unarmored , flammable targets . The tip of the bullet is painted blue . Match , M72 : This cartridge is used in marksmanship competition firing , and can be identified by the word match on the head stamp . Tracer , M1 : Tracer for observing fire , signaling , target designation , and incendiary purposes . The M1 has a red tip . Tracer , M2 : Tracer for observing fire , signaling , target designation , and incendiary purposes . Has a short burn time . The M2 originally had a white tip , but then switched to a red tip like the M1 . Tracer , M2 alternate ( 1943 -- 1945 ) : A wartime economy variant of the tracer M2 that used a steel full metal jacket coated with gilding metal . It was ballistically matched to the ball M2 alternate . Tracer , T10 / M25 : Improved tracer over M1 / M2 . Designed to be less intense in terms of brightness than either the M1 or M2 tracers . The M25 had an orange tip . Rifle grenade cartridges , M1 ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , M2 ( 1941 ) , M3 ( 1941 -- 1953 ) , and M3E1 ( 1953 -- present ) : These cartridges are used in conjunction with rifle grenade launchers to propel rifle grenades . The cartridge has no bullet and the mouth is crimped . The differences between the three cartridges have to do with the powder charge and the subsequent range of the launchers . The M1 was a universal rifle grenade cartridge that replaced the specialized rifle grenade ( RG ) , chemical rifle grenade ( CRG ) , and chemical warfare grenade ( CWG ) cartridges and was used with cup - discharger rifle grenade launchers . The M2 was an experimental cartridge used as a testbed ; it used a propellant mixture of black powder and smokeless powder because it was feared that the smokeless powder would not reliably ignite by itself . The M3 was designed to be used with the M1 series ( for the M1903 Springfield rifle ) , M2 series ( for the M1917 Enfield rifle ) , and M7 series ( for the M1 Garand rifle ) spigot grenade launchers and used a propellant that was a mixture of five grains of FFFG black powder and 40 grains of IMR - 4898 smokeless powder . The M3E1 featured an extended case neck , a rosepetal crimp , and a full smokeless powder loading and was designed for use with the M7A3 spigot rifle grenade launcher and larger ENERGA rifle grenade . The grenade blanks were issued in double - rowed 10 - round cartons , usually as part of a set with the M13 metal grenade launcher assortment ammo can . Commonwealth ( edit ) The . 30 - 06 ( or `` caliber . 30 '' ) cartridge was adopted in 1940 during the beginnings of the Lend - Lease program in anticipation of using American weapons in front - line service . The British used American - made ammunition during the war , which was designated as cartridge S.A , . 30 to avoid confusing it with their own . 303 British service round . It was used after the war as belted machinegun ammunition by the Royal Armored Corps and was not declared obsolete until October , 1993 . The `` z '' after the numeral indicates that it used a nitrocellulose propellant rather than cordite . Marks of ammunition were originally designated with Roman numerals ( i.e. , . 303 Ball Mark VII ) , but were replaced with Arabic numerals by 1945 ( i.e. , . 303 Ball MK 7 ) . Cartridge S.A , . 30 ball MK Iz : This was the War Ministry 's designation for the 172 - grain . 30 - 06 Ball M1 round . It was not accepted for use in service , as the American military had already marked it as limited standard . Cartridge S.A , . 30 ball MK IIz : This was the War Ministry 's designation for the 150 - grain . 30 - 06 Ball M2 round . Lend - Lease ammo made for the British government had no mark designation and was headstamped . 300z . Cartridge S.A , . 30 ball MK 3z : This was the designation for an experimental round designed in 1945 for Royal Navy use that was based on the . 30 - 06 ball M2 . It was not adopted for service . Cartridge S.A , . 30 ball MK 4z : This is a boat - tailed cartridge with a 150 - grain full metal jacketed bullet . It is marked with a purple annulus . It was normally packed in 20 - round cartons . However , Commonwealth countries that used the M1 Garand ( like Pakistan ) bundled it in 16 - round cartons that contained two preloaded 8 - round Mannlicher - style en - bloc clips . Cartridge S.A , . 30 ball MK 5z : This was made under contract by Fabrique Nationale in the 1970s . Cartridge S.A , tracer . 30 inch G Mark 1z : This is a boat - tailed cartridge with a 150 - grain full metal jacketed bullet and a Berdan primer . It is marked with a red annulus and has a headstamp of . 30 G1z . Cartridge S.A , tracer . 30 inch G Mark 2z : This was made under contract by Fabrique Nationale in the 1970s and is paired with . 30 ball MK 5z . It is the same as the G Mark 1z , except it has a non-corrosive Berdan primer . It is marked with a red bullet tip and has a headstamp of . 30 G2z . Cartridge S.A. , incendiary . 30 inch B Mark Iz : US - made incendiary M1 cartridges . Cartridge S.A. , incendiary . 30 inch B Mark IIz : UK - made incendiary M1 cartridges . Cartridge S.A. , drill Mark I : This was the War Ministry 's designation for the US dummy M40 round . It had green paint on its flutes . Cartridge S.A. , drill Mark II : US dummy M40 round made by the UK from used US . 30 - 06 cases . It had a recapped headstamp , ball or AP bullet over a wooden dowel , and red paint on its flutes . Cartridge S.A. , drill Mark III : Training cartridge made by the Indian Army . Although described and specified in a 1945 ammunition manual , no copies have been discovered . Cartridge S.A. , drill Mark IV : Cartridge S.A. , drill Mark 5 : French Union ( edit ) The . 30 - 06 round was adopted in 1949 for use in American war surplus military aid weapons like the M1 Garand and M1919 medium machinegun . Military production was from the 1950s to the mid-1960s , while export production to French Union nations lasted until the late 1980s . Cartridge cases were softer than US specifications to prohibit their being recovered and reloaded by insurgents . 7.62 mm Modele 1949 Cartouche à Balle Ordinaire : This cartridge was based on the USGI . 30 - 06 ball M2 ( alternate ) round . It had a cupro - nickel - or gilding - metal - clad steel jacket with either a brass or lacquered Parkerized steel case with a Berdan primer . 7.62 mm Modele 1951 Cartouche à blanc pour Fusil : This blank cartridge has a papier - mâché bullet for training use in rifles . The bullet is painted green to tell it apart from regular ammo . 7.62 mm Modele 1951 Cartouche à blanc pour Fusil - Mitrailleur : This blank cartridge has a wooden bullet for training use in machineguns . The bullet is painted or tinted blue to tell it apart from regular ammo . 7.62 mm Modele 1952 Cartouche à blanc : This blank cartridge has a lacquered Parkerized steel case and is sealed by a blue cardboard disc at the case mouth . U.S. military firearms using the . 30 - 06 cartridge ( edit ) View from the turret of an M67 `` Zippo '' . On the right is a mounted M1919 Browning machine gun with an attached box of linked . 30 - 06 ammunition . M1903 / M1903A3 bolt - action rifle using Mauser - licensed stripper clips M1917 Enfield rifle , loading from Mauser - style stripper clips Gatling gun : Some U.S. Gatling guns were re-chambered for . 30 - 06 Model 1909 machine rifle : The Benét -- Mercié light machine gun was chambered for . 30 - 06 M1917 Chauchat : The US used a mix of Chauchats in . 30 - 06 and 8 mm Lebel Lewis gun : The US used a limited amount of Lewis guns chambered in . 30 - 06 in both World War I and World War II M1917 machine gun water - cooled M1919 machine gun , M37 machine gun , and AN / M2 aircraft machine gun . All air cooled machine guns feeding from belts . M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , loading from detachable magazines Marlin machine gun : Similar to the Colt -- Browning machine gun ( ' Potato Digger ' ) , but without the swinging ' digger ' piston ( linear gas - action piston replacing the swinging action ) , and used mainly on aircraft . M1 Garand , loading in a Mannlicher - type en bloc clip M1941 Johnson rifle , feeding from a 10 - round internal rotary magazine , loading from stripper clips M1941 Johnson LMG , feeding from magazine See also ( edit ) . 303 British 7 mm caliber Caliber conversion sleeve Delta L problem . 30 - 06 Springfield wildcat cartridges List of rifle cartridges Sectional density Table of handgun and rifle cartridges References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Accurate Powder reload data table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gun Digest Shooter 's Guide to Rifles Wayne van Zwoll , p 186 Jump up ^ Sharpe , Philip B. ( 1938 ) . The Rifle in America . William Morrow . p. 591 . The rimless cartridge case first used a standard 220 - grain Krag bullet but in 1906 the government decided that high velocity was necessary and accordingly adopted the German form of pointed or spitzer bullet , reducing the weight to 150 grains closely approximating the 154 - grain 8 mm Mauser . Jump up ^ `` Cartridge Specifications and Chronology '' . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The . 30 - 06 Springfield Cartridge '' . The M1 Garand Rifle . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , Julian S. ( 1962 ) . Hatcher 's Notebook ( 3rd ed . ) . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Company . p. 19 . LCCN 62 - 12654 . The maximum range was given in the handbooks as 4700 yards . Jump up ^ Hatcher 1962 , p. 20 Jump up ^ George , John ( 1981 ) . Shots Fired in Anger . NRA Press . pp. 402 -- 403 . Jump up ^ Hatcher 1962 , pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Hatcher 1962 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` FN Mauser Model 98 rifle and carbine operator 's manual '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` M118 History - Sniper Central '' . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Firestone , Adam C. `` Firearm Technical Trivia , July 1999 '' . www.cruffler.com . ^ Jump up to : Hatcher 1962 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : FM 23 - 10 Basic Field Manual : U.S. Rifle Caliber . 30 , M1903 , 20 September 1943 page 212 Archived April 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ``. 30 Caliber (. 30 - 06 Springfield ) Ammunition '' . www.inetres.com . Jump up ^ Paul Wahl and Don Toppel , The Gatling Gun , Arco Publishing , 1971 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , Roy , Ordnance Went Up Front , Samworth Press ( 1948 ) , p. 303 ISBN 978 - 1 - 884849 - 09 - 1 Jump up ^ U.S. Army ( April 1994 ) , Army Ammunition Data Sheets : Small Caliber Ammunition ( PDF ) , Technical Manual , TM 43 - 0001 - 27 , page 5 - 9 Jump up ^ George 1981 , p. 409 Jump up ^ George 1981 , pp. 81 , 428 , 434 -- 435 Jump up ^ `` ASMRB / Pulp Armor Penetration '' . Jump up ^ Armor Plate Shootout - 0.5 '' thick MIL - A-12560 armor plate . 31 January 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Federal Premium Ammunition - Rifle '' . www.federalpremium.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon Powder Company , Cartridge Load Recipe Report , 3 / 27 / 2010 , data.hodgdon.com Jump up ^ Speer Reloading Manual Number 12 , 1994 , Blount , Inc. , Lewiston , ID . pp. 286 - 294 . Jump up ^ Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading , Fourth Edition , 1991 , Hornady Manufacturing Company , Grand Island , NE . pp. 343 - 350 . Jump up ^ Nosler Reloading Guide Number Four , 1996 , Nosler , Inc. , Bend OR . pp. 322 - 329 . Jump up ^ Barnes Reloading Manual Number 2 - Rifle Data , 1997 , Barnes Bullets , Inc. , American Fork , UT . pp. 381 - 386 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Frank C. , Cartridges of the World ( Kindle Edition ) , 2009 , Frank C. Barnes and Krause Publications , Chapter 2 , Location 375 Jump up ^ Kim Lockhart. `` 30 - 06 Springfield : '' . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rifle Recoil Table '' . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` C.I.P. TDCC datasheet . 30 - 06 Spring . '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard - 0101.06 '' ( PDF ) . NIJ Standards . United States Department of Justice . July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Use of M1909 blanks in M1 rifles . Jump up ^ Punnett , Chris . `` An Introduction to Collecting . 30 - 06 Cartridges '' . International Ammunition Association , Inc . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ US T24 Machine gun ( MG42 ) forgottenweapons.com ; Retrieved 1 July 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` M3 Cart Page '' . www.billricca.com . Jump up ^ `` Gary 's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide - . 30 Caliber (. 30 - 06 Springfield ) Ammunition '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Collecting . 30 - 06 '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Bibliography C.I.P. CD - ROM edition 2003 C.I.P. decisions , texts and tables ( free current C.I.P. CD - ROM version download ) ( ZIP and RAR format ) External links ( edit ) Media related to . 30 - 06 at Wikimedia Commons Winchester firearms and cartridges Rifles Lever - action Henry rifle Model 1866 Model 1873 Model 1876 Model 1886 Model 1892 Model 1894 Model 1895 Model 53 Model 55 Model 64 Model 65 Model 71 Model 88 Model 150 Model 250 Model 255 Model 9422 Bolt - action Model 1878 Hotchkiss Model 1895 Lee Navy Model 1900 Model 1902 Model 1904 Model 43 Model 47 Model 51 Imperial Model 52 Model 54 Model 56 Model 57 Model 58 Model 59 Model 60 Model 60A Model 67 Model 68 Model 69 Model 70 Model 72 Model 75 Model 121 Model 131 Model 141 Model 320 Model 325 Model 670 Model 770 Pump - action Model 1890 Model 1906 Model 61 Model 62 Model 62A Model 270 Semi-automatic Model 1903 Model 1905 Model 1907 Model 1910 Model 30 Model 63 Model 74 Model 77 Model 100 Model 190 Model 490 Full - automatic Olin / Winchester FAL Model 1917 Falling - block action Model 1885 Shotguns Pump - action Model 1893 Model 1897 Model 1912 Model 25 Model 42 Model 1200 Model 1300 Lever - action Model 1887 Model 1901 Model 9410 Single - shot Model 20 Model 36 Model 37 Model 37A Model 41 Double - barrel Model 21 Model 24 Model 96 Model 101 Semi-automatic Model 1911 SL Model 40 Model 50 Model 59 Model 1400 Model 1500 SX - 1 Cartridges . 17 Winchester Super Magnum . 22 Magnum ( WMR ) . 218 Bee . 219 Zipper . 22 Hornet . 220 Swift . 223 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 225 Winchester . 243 Winchester . 243 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 25 - 20 WCF . 25 - 20 Winchester . 256 Winchester Magnum . 25 - 35 Winchester . 25 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 264 Winchester Magnum . 270 Winchester . 270 Winchester Short Magnum 7mm Winchester Short Magnum . 284 Winchester . 30 - 30 Winchester . 307 Winchester . 308 Winchester . 300 Winchester Short Magnum . 300 Winchester Magnum . 32 Winchester Special . 32 - 20 Winchester . 325 Winchester Short Magnum . 33 Winchester . 338 Winchester Magnum . 345 Winchester Self - Loading . 348 Winchester . 35 Winchester . 35 Winchester Self - Loading . 351 Winchester Self - Loading . 356 Winchester . 358 Winchester . 375 Winchester . 38 - 40 Winchester . 38 - 55 Winchester . 38 - 56 WCF . 38 - 72 Winchester . 40 - 60 Winchester . 40 - 72 Winchester . 401 Winchester Self - Loading . 405 Winchester . 44 Henry . 44 - 40 Winchester . 45 - 60 Winchester . 45 - 75 Winchester . 458 Winchester Magnum . 50 - 110 Winchester US infantry weapons of World War I Side arms M1911 pistol M1917 revolver M1909 revolver Colt Army M1901 revolver Rifles M1903 Springfield Pedersen Device M1917 Enfield Berthier rifle Automatic rifles Chauchat M1918 BAR Shotguns Winchester Model 1897 Winchester Model 1912 Browning Auto - 5 Remington Model 10 Machine guns and larger M1895 Colt - Browning M1909 Benét -- Mercié Lewis gun M1914 Hotchkiss M1917 Browning Grenades F1 Mills bomb Mk 1 Mk 2 VB Rifle Grenade Cartridges . 45 ACP . 38 Special . 30 - 06 Springfield U.S. infantry weapons of World War II and Korea Side arms M1911 / M1911A1 pistol Colt Model 1903 / 1908 Pocket Hammerless High Standard HDM M1917 revolver Smith & Wesson `` Victory '' revolver Colt New Service Colt Official Police Rifles and carbines M1903 Springfield M1917 Enfield M1 Garand M1 carbine M1941 Johnson Rifle Submachine guns M1928 / M1928A1 / M1 / M1A1 Thompson M3 / M3A1 ' Grease gun ' Reising M50 / M55 United Defense M42 Grenades Mk 2 M7 grenade launcher Shotguns Winchester Model 1897 Ithaca M37 Winchester Model 1912 Browning Auto - 5 Remington Model 31 Stevens M520 - 30 / M620 Machine guns and larger M1917 Browning M1918 BAR M1919 Browning M1941 Johnson LMG M2 Browning Lewis Gun Bazooka M2 flamethrower M1A1 flamethrower Cartridges . 22 LR . 45 ACP . 38 Special . 30 Carbine . 30 - 06 Springfield . 50 BMG Cartridges derived from the . 30 - 01 or its derivatives First generation . 30 - 03 Second generation Based on . 30 - 03 . 30 - 06 Springfield . 270 Winchester Third generation Based on . 30 - 06 Springfield . 25 - 06 Remington 6.5 - 06 A-Square . 280 Remington . 30 - 06 JDJ . 338 - 06 . 35 Whelen . 375 Whelen . 400 Whelen . 50 BMG Fourth generation Based on . 50 BMG . 416 Barrett . 510 DTC EUROP . 55 Boys 14.5 mm JDJ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.30-06_Springfield&oldid=845586106 '' Categories : . 30 - 06 Springfield firearms Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1906 Military cartridges Pistol and rifle cartridges Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 19 : 22 . 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Abe Gubegna
Abe Gubegna - wikipedia Abe Gubegna Jump to : navigation , search Abe Gubegna ( 1934 - 1980 ) , also spelled `` Abbé '' or `` Abbie '' , ( Amharic : አበ ጉበኛ ) was an Ethiopian novelist and playwright . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life & work 2 Works in English 3 References 4 External links Life & work ( edit ) He was born in Achefer , Yismala Giorgis and attended the local church schools where he became acquainted with liturgical poetry and music . actually he did n't attend a university / but he attended his seconadry school in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , he became a journalist and , later , a civil servant . He eventually decided to devote all his time to writing , becoming Ethiopia 's first full - time professional writer . He was very outspoken on political issues and many of his books were banned . At one point , he was sentenced to three years of forced confinement to a small area surrounding his home . During the `` Red Terror - White Terror '' days 1976 - 1979 he was one of the outspoken `` Apostles '' of change that nonetheless decried the blood shed others in the leftist movements believed were not only unavoidable but necessary . His vehemence against violence resulted in a newspaper article in which he suggested those thirsty for blood may be better served drinking their wive 's menustral flow . Though this comment garnered him the ill - will of those who urged bloodshed and violence there is no indication that it led to anything more than his being sidelined for his immodesty . His most famous novel is Aliwalidim ( I Will Not Be Born , 1962 ) , a satire about a baby who refuses to emerge from his mother 's womb because of the unjust world waiting outside . In his later years , he participated in the International Writing Fellowship Program at the University of Iowa . He is credited with the following well - known quote ( c. 1974 ) : `` Every day in Africa a gazelle wakes up . It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed . Every morning a lion wakes up . It knows that it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death . It does n't matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle . When the sun comes up , you better be running . '' Works in English ( edit ) Defiance , Oxford University Press ( 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 572420 - 8 The Savage Girl , Berhanena Selam ( 1964 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford University Press , brief biography from `` Defiance '' External links ( edit ) Saturday Monitor : Banning book could be a blessing in disguise VIAF : 163851822 LCCN : no96026324 SUDOC : 073384941 IATH : w64n13p6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Gubegna&oldid=785298123 '' Categories : 1934 births 1980 deaths Ethiopian journalists Ethiopian novelists Ethiopian dramatists and playwrights 20th - century novelists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Français Galego Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia
every morning in africa a gazelle wakes up author
[ "Abe Gubegna (1934-1980),[1] also spelled \"Abbé\" or \"Abbie\", (Amharic: አበ ጉበኛ) was an Ethiopian novelist and playwright." ]
[ "Abe Gubegna" ]
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David Bamber
David Bamber - wikipedia David Bamber Jump to : navigation , search For the former professional footballer , see Dave Bamber . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Bamber David James Bamber ( 1954 - 09 - 19 ) 19 September 1954 ( age 63 ) Walkden , Lancashire , England Occupation Actor Years active 1982 -- present Spouse ( s ) Julia Swift ( 1982 -- present ) David James Bamber ( born 19 September 1954 ) is an English actor . He has worked in television and theatre . He is an Associate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Bamber was born in Walkden , Lancashire . By September 1973 , he was at the Manchester Youth Theatre , playing Pandarus in Troilus and Cressida . Bamber studied drama at Bristol University , continuing his training at RADA where he won the Gold Medal in 1979 . Career ( edit ) Bamber has worked on many British television series , mini-series and TV films . He appeared in the BBC adaptations of Hanif Kureishi 's The Buddha of Suburbia and Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , in which he portrayed the Bennets ' clergyman cousin , Mr. Collins . He also played the part of a junior treasury minister and Stamp enthusiast , Julian Whitaker , in an episode of The New Statesman , in which Alan frames Whitaker and forces his resignation . In 1997 he starred as Eric Slatt in two series of Steven Moffat 's Chalk , contributing to the audio commentaries for the DVD release in 2008 . His best known international television role to date was his 2005 -- 2007 role as Marcus Tullius Cicero in the HBO / BBC2 original television series , Rome . In Poirot Series 3 : Episode 7 `` The Double Clue , '' he plays the effete middleman to a jewellery collector who is robbed . Bamber also played Adolf Hitler in Bryan Singer 's film , Valkyrie . Most recently he played the part of Noel in the Sky Atlantic series Camping . As a stage actor , Bamber won the 1995 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance as Guy in My Night with Reg , a role he reprised in a 1996 BBC television adaptation . His roles as a voice actor include Emperor Constantine in the Doctor Who audio drama , The Council of Nicaea and as Jeremy Longstaff in the 2008 radio series The Way We Live Right Now . Personal life ( edit ) Bamber is married to the actress Julia Swift , daughter of actors David Swift and Paula Jacobs . They have two sons , Theo ( 1991 ) and Ethan ( 1998 ) . Ethan has played cricket for England U19s . The family lives in North London . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Privates on Parade Flight Sgt . Charles Bishop Michael Blakemore 1985 The Doctor and the Devils Cronin Directed by Freddie Francis High Hopes Rupert Booth - Braine Directed by Mike Leigh 1992 Dakota Road Man on the train Directed by Nick Ward 1992 Year of the Comet Albert Directed by Peter Yates 1995 Pride and Prejudice Mr. Collins Directed by Simon Langton Wet and Dry Bafta nominated short directed by John McKay 2002 Gangs of New York Passenger Directed by Martin Scorsese 2002 The Bourne Identity Consulate Clerk Directed by Doug Liman 2002 Daniel Deronda Lush Directed by Tom Hooper 2003 I Capture the Castle Vicar Directed by Tim Fywell 2005 The Clap Krzysztof Veneer Award - winning short directed by Geoff Lindsey 2005 Rome Cicero Award - winning television series 2006 Midsomer Murders John Starkey `` Black Book '' 2006 Robin Hood Sheriff 's physician BBC Series 2006 Miss Potter Fruing Warne Directed by Chris Noonan 2007 The All Together Robin Swain Directed by Gavin Claxton 2007 Doc Martin Vicar Directed by Ben Bolt 2007 New Tricks Dale Newson Episode 4.4 Directed by Syd Macartney 2008 Valkyrie Adolf Hitler Directed by Bryan Singer 2009 Psychoville Robin Directed by Matt Lipsey The King 's Speech Theatre Director Directed by Tom Hooper 2011 The Borgias Theo Directed by Neil Jordan 2012 Henry IV , Part II Shallow Directed by Richard Eyre 2012 The Paradise Charles Chisholm one episode 2013 Blandings Herr Schnellhund one episode 2013 What Remains Joe Sellers Directed by Coky Giedroyc 2014 Doctor Who Captain Quell `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' 2015 Father Brown Walter Hubble Episode 3.2 `` The Curse of Amenhotep '' 2015 Death in Paradise Alan Butler Episode 4.3 2015 Christmas Eve Walt Directed by Mitch Davis 2015 The Sound of Music Live ! Herr Zeller UK version of The Sound of Music Live ! broadcast 20 December 2015 2016 Midsomer Murders Daniel Fargo Episode 18.4 `` A Dying Art '' 2016 Victoria Duke of Sussex Two episodes 2016 Camping Noel Six episodes 2016 Medici : Masters of Florence Pope Eugene IV Three episodes 2017 Gunpowder The Earl of Northumberland Three Episodes 2017 Mad to Be Normal Dr. Meridith 2018 Silent Witness Brian Hawke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bates , Merete , TROILUS AND CRESSIDA in Manchester , The Guardian ; 5 September 1973 Jump up ^ `` Ethan Bamber '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) `` David Bamber Page '' . Pride and Prejudice site . 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) David Bamber on IMDb Profile at HBO ' Rome ( hide ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Oliver Ford Davies ( 1989 / 1990 ) Ian McKellen ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Robert Stephens ( 1993 ) Mark Rylance ( 1994 ) David Bamber ( 1995 ) Alex Jennings ( 1996 ) Antony Sher ( 1997 ) Ian Holm ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Henry Goodman ( 2000 ) Conleth Hill ( 2001 ) Roger Allam ( 2002 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2004 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2005 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2006 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2009 ) Mark Rylance ( 2010 ) Roger Allam ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2012 ) Luke Treadaway ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Mark Strong ( 2015 ) Kenneth Cranham ( 2016 ) Jamie Parker ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34662905 LCCN : no2001011614 ISNI : 0000 0001 1757 632X GND : 137757956 BNF : cb140713932 ( data ) BNE : XX4882319 SNAC : w69c7415 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bamber&oldid=826540751 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the University of Bristol English male film actors English male musical theatre actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors Laurence Olivier Award winners People from Walkden Royal Shakespeare Company members English male Shakespearean actors Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from February 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - wikipedia List of states in the Holy Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search List of states in the Holy Roman Empire J O Q U V Z Free Imperial Cities - Imperial abbeys - Imperial Knights - Imperial Villages The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in the year 1600 , superimposed on modern borders . The Seven United Provinces seceded in 1581 , but it was recognized in 1648 . The Hohenstaufen - ruled Holy Roman Empire ( c. 1138 -- 1254 ) and the Kingdom of Sicily . Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow . This was the greatest territorial extent the HRE ever reached . This list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy , as well as many other feudal entities such as lordship , sous - fiefs and allodial fiefs . The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the medieval and early modern periods . It should be mentioned that the states that composed the Empire , while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority ( called Landeshoheit ) that granted them many attributes of sovereignty , were never fully sovereign states as the term is understood today . In the 18th century , the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories , the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of Imperial Knights . This page does not directly contain the list , but it discusses the format of the various lists , and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire . The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box at the top of this page ; each letter will lead the reader to a page where states of the Empire which began with that letter are listed . For a more complete history of the empire , see Holy Roman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of states 1.1 Key 2 Definition of terms 3 Notes column 3.1 Estate of the Empire ( Reichsstand ) 4 Grouped lists 4.1 Ecclesiastical orders 4.2 Livonian territories 4.3 Territories of Old Princely Families 4.4 Italian territories 4.5 Territories of New Princely Families 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 In English 7.2 In other languages 8 Maps and illustrations 9 External links Table of states ( edit ) While any such list could never be definitive , the list attempts to be as comprehensive as possible . It is sorted alphabetically and split into separate articles linked in the box below . List of states in the Holy Roman Empire J O Q U V Z Free Imperial Cities - Imperial abbeys - Imperial Knights - Imperial Villages There is also a separate list of Free Imperial Cities , as well as a list of participants in the Imperial Diet as of 1792 . Key ( edit ) The `` Circle '' column shows the Imperial Circle ( Reichskreis ) that the state belonged to . The `` Bench '' column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . Circles Benches Aust Austrian EL Council of Electors , the exclusive elite formally electing the Holy Roman Emperor Bav Bavarian EC Spiritual Bench of the Council of Princes ( individual voice ) Burg Burgundian PR Secular Bench of the Council of Princes ( individual voice ) El Rhin Electoral Rhenish Circle RP Rhenish prelates ( Council of Princes ) Franc Franconian SP Swabian prelates ( Council of Princes ) Low Rhen Lower Rhenish - Westphalian FC Franconian counts ( Council of Princes ) Low Sax Lower Saxon SC Swabian counts ( Council of Princes ) Upp Rhin Upper Rhenish WE Westphalian counts ( Council of Princes ) Upp Sax Upper Saxon WT Wetterau counts ( Council of Princes ) Swab Swabian RH Rhenish Bench of the Council of Imperial Cities None `` Circle - free '' SW Swabian Bench of the Council of Imperial Cities Note that in the `` Circle '' column , `` n / a '' denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform . Other abbreviations used in the list are : Abp . Archbishopric Bp . Bishopric Co . Countship ( sometimes also called county ) D . Duchy Ldg . Landgraviate Mrg . Margraviate Pr . Principality RA Reichsabtei ( Imperial abbacy , a monastery enjoying Imperial immediacy ) Definition of terms ( edit ) Imperial Abbey Reichsabt : A Reichsabt , literally ' Imperial Abbot ' or ' Abbot of the Empire ' , was an Abbot whose abbey was granted within the Holy Roman Empire the status of Reichsabtei ( or Reichskloster ) , literally ' Imperial Abbey ' ( or -- Monastery ) , meaning that it enjoyed Imperial immediacy ( Reichsunmittelbarkeit ) , like an Imperial City , making him a prince of the church , with the rank of a Prince of the Empire , like a prince - bishop . Imperial Circle : An Imperial Circle ( in German Reichskreis , plural Reichskreise ) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire , primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes , but also as a means of organisation within the Imperial Diet . Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) : The Imperial Diet was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire . The same name was used within the North German Confederation and within Germany until 1945 . Imperial Estate : An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( German singular : Reichsstand , plural : Reichsstände ) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet . Several states had no seats in the Empire , while some officials ( such as the Hereditary Usher ) were non-voting members ; neither qualified as Imperial States . Imperial Free City : In the Holy Roman Empire , an imperial free city ( German : freie Reichsstadt ) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only -- as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire , which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes ( Fürsten ) of the Empire , such as dukes or prince - bishops . Free cities also had independent representation in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire . Imperial immediacy ( Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit , adjectives reichsfrei , reichsunmittelbar ) : Immediacy was a privileged feudal and political status , a form of statehood , which a city , religious entity or feudal principality of minor lordship could attain within the Holy Roman Empire . An immediate city , abbey or territory was under the direct authority of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Imperial Diet , without any intermediary Liege lord ( s ) . Advantages were that immediate regions had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves , and held juridical rights ( including the Blutgericht , ' high ' justice including capital punishment ) themselves . De facto immediacy corresponded to a semi-independence with a far - reaching autonomy . Imperial Reform : In 1495 , an attempt was made at a Diet in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure , commonly referred to as Imperial Reform ( in German : Reichsreform ) . Imperial State : An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( German singular : Reichsstand , plural : Reichsstände ) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet . Mediatization : defined broadly , is the annexation of one monarchy by another monarchy in such a way that the ruler of the annexed state keeps his or her noble title , and sometimes a measure of power . Thus , for example , when a sovereign county is annexed to a larger principality , its reigning count might find himself subordinated to a prince , but would nevertheless remain a count , rather than be stripped of his title . Prince of the Empire : A Prince of the Empire is any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire ( not only German - speaking countries , but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions ) and entitled to a voting seat ( or in a collective voting unit , such as the Grafenbank ) in Imperial Diet or Reichstag . Prince - abbot : A Prince - abbott is a cleric who is a prince of the church ( like a prince - bishop ) in the sense of an ex-officio temporal lord of a feudal entity , known as prince - abbacy or abbey - principality , in an area that is ruled by the head of an abbey . The designated abbey may be a monastery or a convent . Thus , because of the possibility of it being a convent , an abbey - principality is one of the few cases in which the rule can be restricted to female incumbents , styled princess - abbess . In many cases they were prince of the empire of a Reichsabtei in or near Germany , with a seat in the Imperial Diet . Prince - Bishop : A Prince - Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial prince of the church on account of one or more secular principalities , usually pre-existent nobiliary titles held concurrently with their inherent clerical office . If the see is an archbishopric , the correct term is prince - archbishop ; the equivalent in the regular clergy is a prince - abbot . Prince - elector : The prince - electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire ( German : sing . Kurfürst , pl . Kurfürsten ) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire , having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors . Secularization : Secularization is a process of transformation as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly separated relationship . In this context , often referring to the transfer of Prince - Bishoprics to the control of lay rulers . Notes column ( edit ) The `` Notes '' column shows , in capsule form , the territorial development of the different states or polities ( acquisition or loss of possessions , union of rulers or dynasties , etc . ) ; the royal or noble dynasties , including their various branches , which ruled over territories or polities ; the transmission of succession rights ( marriage , female succession , conquest , cession , pledge , etc . ) ; the attributes of `` statehood '' ( right to mint coins , holding markets and fairs , entering into treaties and pacts , appointment of civil officials , etc . ) ; and the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever these are available . Estate of the Empire ( Reichsstand ) ( edit ) The following excerpt from François Velde 's Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law provides an excellent overview on what an Estate ( or State ) of the Empire is . For his purpose , the author deals only with the hereditary territorial rulers but it should be remembered that the Estates also included a substantial number of non-hereditary territorial rulers such as the ecclesiastical states ( prince - bishoprics and imperial abbeys ) and free imperial cities . The special status of these families manifested itself in the constitution of the Empire as it evolved in the 16th c . To the status of territorial ruler corresponded a seat and vote in one of the colleges of the Reichstag , the Imperial Diet . In the late 16th c. , the multiplication of votes due to territorial fragmentation led to reforms . After the Diet held at Augsburg in 1582 , the list of votes remained fixed , notwithstanding further territorial divisions . Furthermore , the right to vote became attached to a land , rather than to a person or family ( of course , land was inheritable within families ) . A member of the Diet with seat and vote ( individual or shared ) was called a Reichsstand , or state of the Empire . At some point ( Abt 1911 , 103 n2 cites various possible dates , from the turn of the 16th c. to 1653 to the 18th c . ) , the definition of Hochadel became congruent with being a Reichsstand ( adjective : reichsständisch ) . The reason is that the Emperor , as `` fons nobilitatium , '' had the power to create new princes , counts and barons of the Empire , a power which he began to use more frequently . The existing princes , counts and barons were obviously loathe to see the value of their title diminished . The members of the Diet complained and , after 1582 , it became the rule that such new princes and counts would not of right have a seat at the Diet . Furthermore , in 1653 the Electoral Capitulation included strict rules on the process by which the Emperor could create new states of the Empire . In particular , any new member had to possess an immediate territory of sufficient size , and had to be accepted by his peers ( princes or counts ) . Thus a distinction emerged between families that were part of the Diet in 1582 : the `` old princely '' and `` old comital '' ( altfürstliche , altgräfliche ) families families who were admitted to the Diet between 1582 and 1803 : the `` new princely '' ( neufürstliche ) and `` new comital '' ( neugräfliche ) families families or individuals who received the title of Reichsfreiherr , Reichsgraf or Reichsfürst but were not admitted to the Diet Only the first two groups were part of the Hochadel . Those in the third group were titular counts and princes but in no way accepted as part of the Hochadel . Thus it would seem that having seat and vote in the Reichstag would be a clear criterion for belonging to the Hochadel . But there were further complications : In principle , the possession of a territory was a pre-condition for admission in the Diet . However , in the second half of the 18th century a number of counts sat on the counts ' benches without any such territory . They were called `` personalists '' because they had been admitted on a personal basis ( ad personam ) , and some jurists did not consider them to be part of the upper nobility ( e.g. , Pütter 1795 , 143 ) . Possession of a large immediate territory was a condition for entry , but not a condition for remaining in the Diet . It happened that territories became subjected to another state of the Empire , thus losing immediate status ; yet the owner remained in the Diet . Consequently , whereas , in the 16th century , it was fairly easy to say who was in the upper nobility and who was n't , it had become more difficult by the turn of the 19th century . Three concepts came into play : immediacy ( Reichsunmittelbarkeit ) , sovereignty over a territory ( Landeshoheit ) , a seat and vote at the Imperial Diet ( Reichsstandschaft ) . The three were `` usually '' related , in that the sovereign of a territory was a state of the Empire , and a state of the Empire usually had sovereignty over an immediate territory ; but there were exceptions both ways . Various authors emphasized one or a combination of these elements . Thus , Runde ( 1791 ) required all three ; Pütter emphasized sovereignty ; Gönner and Leist emphasized seat and vote at the Diet . Among 19th century authors , the main division was between those who required all three criteria , and those who considered Reichsstandschaft to be the sole criterion ( Hohler , Klüber , Zoepf , Rehm ) . Using the second , slightly broader concept , at the end of the 18th century the high nobility consisted of those families which had seat and vote at the Imperial Diet , with title of either prince or count ( the last baronial family died out in 1775 ) , numbering about 25 princely ( fürstliche ) and 80 comital ( gräfliche ) families . Grouped lists ( edit ) The following lists are going to be included into the table above . Ecclesiastical orders ( edit ) The Teutonic Order 1529 : College of Princes 1793 : Council of Princes The Order of St. John 1793 : Council of Princes Livonian territories ( edit ) Livonian Confederation Livonian Order ( secularized 16th century , to Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) Archbishopric of Riga in Livonia ( secularized in 16th century , to Poland ) Bishopric of Dorpat ( conquered by Russia in 1558 ) Bishopric of Ösel - Wiek ( sold 1560 to Denmark ) Bishopric of Courland ( sold 1560 to Denmark ) Territories of Old Princely Families ( edit ) Holstein - Gottorp Holstein - Gottorp - Oldenburg Holstein - Glückstadt Italian territories ( edit ) Carrara Finale Florence Genoa Guastalla Lucca Mantua Massa Milan Modena and Reggio Montferrat Parma Piedmont Saluzzo Siena Tuscany Territories of New Princely Families ( edit ) Thurn und Taxis , held Friedberg - Scheer ( 1754 ) See also ( edit ) Imperial State Imperial Circle Estates List of Reichstag participants ( 1792 ) Imperial Diet Prince - elector Prince of the church , mainly Prince - Bishop List of historic states of Germany ( after 1815 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gagliardo , G. , Reich and Nation , The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality , 1763 -- 1806 , Indiana University Press , 1980 , p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gagliardo , p. 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ François Velde : Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law . 2004 -- 2007 . Retrieved 2012 October 09 . Jump up ^ Abt , Emil . Mißheiraten in den deutschen Fürstenhäusern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der standesherrlichen Familien . Heidelberg , 1911 . Carl Winter . ( Diss . ) Jump up ^ Gönner , Nikolaus Thaddäus . Teutsches Staatsrecht . Landshut : Krüll , 1804 . § 74 . Jump up ^ Leist , Justus Christoph . Lehrbuch des Teutschen Staatsrechts . Göttingen : Schneider , 1803 . § 32 . Further reading ( edit ) In English ( edit ) The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre . `` The Dukes of Arenberg '' . ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Austrian Federal Ministry for Education , Science and Culture . `` aeiou : The Annotable , Elektronic , Interactive , Osterreich ( Austria ) , Universal Information System '' . ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . `` Austrian and German Mediatized Houses , 1871 -- 1919 '' . ( 3 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . `` Braunschweig -- Brunswick . A history '' . ( 4 ) . Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . Cahoon , Benjamin M. ( 2000 -- 2006 ) . `` Europe Index '' in WorldStatesmen.org. ( 5 ) . June 26 , 2006 . Dotor , Santiago ( 2004 ) . `` Historical Flags ( Schleswig - Holstein , Germany ) '' in FOTW : Flags of the World Web Site. ( 6 ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . `` Freiburg 's History for Pedestrians '' ( 2006 ) . ( 7 ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Graz , Thomas . `` Thomas 's Glassware Tour to Central Europe : Old Glasses from Old Europe '' in German History Ring. ( 8 ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2006 . Hilkens , Bob ( 2000 ) . `` States and Regents of the World : An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries '' . ( 9 ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . `` History of the House of Sayn '' . ( 10 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2006 . Kane , Ed ( 2000 ) . `` Castle Directory : Alphabetical Listing of German Castles and Fortifications '' . ( 11 ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . The History Files : Kingdoms of Europe . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 ( Updated February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Lippe ( - Detmold ) : Chronology of Lippe '' in Genealogy.net. ( 12 ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . Martinsson , Örjan . `` Historical Atlas : Europe '' . ( 13 ) . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . `` Medieval German Counties '' . ( 14 ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . `` Milestones in Pomeranian History , with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow '' . ( 15 ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Pantel , Mike ( 2000 ) . `` The History of Baden - Wurttemberg '' . ( 16 ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . Principality of Liechtenstein . `` Liechtenstein at a Glance : History '' . ( 17 ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . Reitwiesner , William Addams ( 1998 ) . `` One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word ' Mediatized ' . What does it mean ? '' . ( 18 ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2006 . Rozn , Val ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . `` The German Reigning Houses : Titles , territories , regnal chronologies '' . ( 19 ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Rozn , Val ( 2002 ) . `` The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire '' . ( 20 ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Rozn , Val ( 2002 ) . `` The Last Years of the Ancient Empire '' . ( 21 ) . Retrieved June 24 , 2006 Sainty , Guy Stair . `` European Royal Houses '' . ( 22 ) . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . Sainty , Guy Stair . `` The Knights of Saint John in Germany '' . ( 23 ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2006 . `` Schaumburg - Lippe '' in Genealogy.net. ( 24 ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . `` Sovereigns in Germany '' . ( 25 ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . Voss , Hans Peter . `` History of Schleswig Holstein '' . ( 26 ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . In other languages ( edit ) Bursik , Heinrich ( 1998 ) . `` Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau '' . ( 27 ) . For Google - translated English version ( 28 ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . `` Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim - Tecklenburg '' . ( 29 ) . For Google - translated English version , see ( 30 ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Höckmann , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` Territorial arrangement of North Rhine - Westphalia 1789 '' . ( Translation from the original in German through Google Search ) . ( 31 ) . ( Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . `` Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer '' . ( 32 ) . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . Ortwein , Friedrich J. `` Die Herren zu Rappoltstein '' ( The Lords of Rappoltstein ) `` . ( 33 ) . ( For English translation : ( 34 ) ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . `` Die Reichsstände '' . ( 35 ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2006 . Wember , Heinz . `` Die Genealogie ( Genealogy ) von Montfort : Bludenz , Bregenz , Feldkirch , Heiligenberg , Herrenberg , Langenargen , Pfullendorf , Rheinegg , Rothenfels , Sargans , Tettnang , Tosters , Tübingen , Vaduz , Wasserburg , Werdenberg , Zollern '' . ( 36 ) . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . List of imperial circles of 1532 List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521 Maps and illustrations ( edit ) Höckmann , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` Historical maps -- Germany at the end of the 18th century '' . ( 37 ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Westermann , Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte ( in German ; exquisite detailed maps ) External links ( edit ) Carantha : History of Slovenia - Carantania The Catholic Encyclopedia Cawley , Charles , Foundation for Medieval Genealogy , Medieval Lands database , Foundation for Medieval Genealogy , Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane ( On ruling families and polities in present - day Republic of Italy ) HIS DATA : Historische Herrscher der Territorien ( Adel ) ( German ) HIS DATA : Historical Rulers of the Territories ( Aristocracy ) ( English translation ) Internet Medieval Sourcebook Regional Research in German - speaking Countries World Statesmen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&oldid=823659669 '' Categories : German feudalism States of the Holy Roman Empire Lists of states in the Holy Roman Empire Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating an MLCC with a warning Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 16 : 27 . 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Large denominations of United States currency
Large denominations of United States currency - wikipedia Large denominations of United States currency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and history 1.1 Public versus institutional use 1.2 Passive retirement 2 High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data 3 High - denomination United States banknotes 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Notes 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Overview and history ( edit ) Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works . Public versus institutional use ( edit ) Series 1934 gold certificates ( $100 , $1,000 , $10,000 and $100,000 ) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9 , 1933 ( see United States Executive Order 6102 ) . Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intra-government ( i.e. , Federal Reserve Bank ) transactions and were not issued to the public . This series was discontinued in 1940 . The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green . See history of the United States dollar . Passive retirement ( edit ) Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States , high - denomination bills were last printed on December 27 , 1945 , and officially discontinued on July 14 , 1969 , by the Federal Reserve System , due to ' lack of use ' . The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then . The Federal Reserve began taking high - denomination currency out of circulation ( destroying large bills received by banks ) in 1969 . As of May 30 , 2009 , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist ; 342 remaining $5,000 bills ; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills . Due to their rarity , collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them . Some are in museums in other parts of the world . For the most part , these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions . This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934 . However , for the most part , the introduction of an electronic money system has made large - scale cash transactions obsolete . When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering , it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future , despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 ( a $500 bill is now worth less , in real terms , than a $100 bill was worth in 1969 ) . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website , `` The present denominations of our currency in production are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 and $100 . The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal . Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today . '' High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data ( edit ) Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations Abbr Type Size Series dates High denomination series date Comments $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,000 LT Legal tender Large 1862 -- 1923 1862 1863 1869 1874 1875 1878 1880 1862 1863 1869 1878 1880 1878 1878 -- CITN Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863 -- 1864 1863 1864 1864 -- -- -- IBN Interest bearing note Exception 1861 -- 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 -- -- SC Silver certificate Large 1878 -- 1923 1878 1880 1878 1880 1891 -- -- -- TN Treasury note Large 1890 -- 1891 1891 1890 1891 -- -- -- NBN National bank note Large 1865 -- 1875 1865 1875 1865 1875 -- -- -- FRN Federal reserve note Large 1914 -- 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 -- NGBN National gold bank note Large 1870 -- 1883 1870 -- -- -- -- GC Gold certificate Large 1865 -- 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1907 1922 1865 1870 1882 1888 1865 1870 1875 1882 1888 1900 -- FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928 -- present 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 -- GC Gold certificate Small 1928 -- 1934 1928 1928 1934 1928 1928 1934 1934 High - denomination United States banknotes ( edit ) The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives . High denomination United States banknotes Value Type Series Fr . Image Portrait / engraving Comments 000500 $500 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 183c Gallatin - Albert Albert Gallatin 4 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 LT 1869 Fr. 184 Adams - John - Quincy John Quincy Adams ( Charles Burt ) Justice ( Stephen A. Schoff ) 4 known ( only one privately ) 000500 $500 LT 1874 -- 78 Fr. 185b Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 LT 1880 Fr. 185l Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 000500 $500 CITN 1864 Fr. 194a Proof zStandard Bearer - New Ironsides Standard Bearer ( left ) ( George D. Baldwin ) New Ironsides ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Unknown 000500 $500 SC 1878 Fr. 345a Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) Unique ( variety and type ) 000500 $500 SC 1880 Fr. 345c Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 TN 1891 Fr. 379 Proof Sherman - William William Tecumseh Sherman None issued 000500 $500 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 464 zCivilization - Sirius - Burgoyne Civilization ( left ) ( James D. Smillie ) Sirius arriving in New York ( right ) Surrender of General Burgoyne ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 000500 $500 FRN 1918 Fr. 1132d Marshall - John John Marshall ( Charles Schlecht ) de Soto discovering the Mississippi ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 000500 $500 GC 1863 Fr. 1166d Proof zEagle - shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 000500 $500 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166i Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) Unique 000500 $500 GC 1882 -- 1922 Fr. 1216a Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2200g McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 000500 $500 GC 1928 Fr. 2407 McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 186e Morris - Robert Robert Morris ( Charles Schlecht ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1869 Fr. 186f Proof Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton 2 known 001000 $1,000 LT 1878 Fr. 187a Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1880 Fr. 187k Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 4 known ( variety ) ~ 20 -- 25 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 201 Proof zJustice - Liberty Justice ( left ) ; Liberty ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 206 Proof zShips Guerriere and the Constitution ( left ) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1878 Fr. 346a Proof Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1880 Fr. 346d Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) 5 known ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 SC 1891 Fr. 346e Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Liberty ( Charles Burt ) 2 known 001000 $1,000 TN 1890 Fr. 379a Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 TN 1891 Fr. 379c Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 465 Proof zScott - Winfield - Washington - George Scott entering City of Mexico ( left ) ( Alfred Jones ) United States Capitol ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1133d Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Eagle ( rev ) ( Marcus W. Baldwin ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166e Proof zEagle - shield - Justice - scales Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Justice with scales Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166o Proof Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( Charles Burt ) Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1218g Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1907 -- 22 Fr. 1219 Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton 001000 $1,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2210g Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2408 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2409 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 005000 $5,000 LT 1878 Fr. 188 Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Eagle ( William Chorlton ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 005000 $5,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 202 Proof zAltar - of - Liberty The Altar of Liberty ( Louis Delnoce ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 IBN 1865 Fr. 212h Proof zJustice - New Ironsides Justice ( left ) New Ironsides ( center ) ( James Smillie ) 005000 $5,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1134d Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Louis Delnoce ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166f Proof zEagle - Shield - Female Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Female Unique 005000 $5,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166k Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1221a Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 005000 $5,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2220g Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2410 Madison - James James Madison 010000 $10,000 LT 1878 Fr. 189 Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 010000 $10,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1135d Chase - Salmon Salmon Chase ; Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( rev ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 010000 $10,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166g Proof zEagle - Shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 010000 $10,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166l Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson Unique 010000 $10,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1223a Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 010000 $10,000 GC 1900 Fr. 1225 Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) 010000 $10,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2230b Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2411 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2412 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 100000 $100,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2413 Wilson - Woodrow Woodrow Wilson ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Reverse ( Frederick Pauling ) See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Currency of the United States Gold certificate Fake denominations Silver certificate ( United States ) Silver standard Treasury Note ( 1890 -- 91 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , where they were encased in acrylic . The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors . Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below : Demand notes , Federal Reserve bank notes ( large or small size ) , legal tender ( small size ) , silver certificates ( small size ) , National Bank Notes ( small size ) The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book . Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes . Their `` average '' dimension is 7 ⁄ × 3 ⁄ inches ( 187 × 79 mm ) . Small size notes ( described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes ) are an `` average '' 6 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ ( 156 × 67 mm ) , the size of modern U.S. currency . `` Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches ( 2 mm ) to account for margins and cutting '' . Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN , IBN , and RC , all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions . Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed . Jump up ^ Issued HD IBN are virtually unknown . There may be one $500 and 2 -- 3 $1,000 known from all issue dates . Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared , but the note was never issued . Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN . None are reported , only four notes have not been redeemed . Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two - note $500 -- $1,000 sheets from the Treasury . The bank returned the shipment intact . Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863 , Gold certificates were not issued until 1865 . Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation . Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number . Jump up ^ When the information is available , the engraver 's name has been added in parentheses . Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait . Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number , or specific combination of signatures and seal type ; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design , it is the total number of note known for the entire design type . Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes , 4 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes , 2 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 232 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fricke , 2014 , p. 122 & 124 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . Act of July , 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C. : 1861 Jump up ^ `` Large denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Somebody Call Officer Crumb ! : How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . As to `` cereal boxes '' as a repository for ill - gotten bribes compare `` Little Tin Box '' in the musical Fiorello ! . Jump up ^ our Treasury -- FAQs : Denominations of Currency . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , generally . Jump up ^ Friedberg , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heritage Auctions ( # 3521 ) 2013 January 9 -- 14 FUN Signature Auction '' . HA.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 237 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fricke , Pierre ( 2014 ) . Collecting Confederate Paper Money . Pierre Fricke . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Hessler , Gene ( 2004 ) . U.S. Essay , Proof and Specimen Notes ( 2 ed . ) . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 62 - 2 . Huntoon , Peter W. ( 1995 ) . United States Large Size National Bank Notes . Society of Paper Money Collectors , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9648774 - 1 - 4 . Newman , Eric P. ( 2008 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 5 ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 326 - X . Schwartz , John ; Lindquist , Scott ( 2011 ) . Standard Guide to Small - Size U.S. Paper Money -- 1928 to Date . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1703 - 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token ( hide ) Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency&oldid=801312300 '' Categories : Paper money of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 11 . 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Swee'Pea
Swee'Pea - wikipedia Swee'Pea Jump to : navigation , search `` Swee ' Pea '' is also the nickname of the jazz composer Billy Strayhorn . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swee'Pea Popeye character First appearance July 24 , 1933 Created by E.C. Segar Portrayed by Wesley Ivan Hurt ( 1980 film ) Voiced by Mae Questel ( 1936 -- 1938 , 1950s -- 1960s ) Margie Hines ( 1938 -- 1943 ) Marilyn Schreffler ( 1970s -- 1980s ) Corinne Orr ( 1972 ) Tabitha St. Germain ( 2004 ) Information Gender Male Family Popeye ( adoptive father ) Swee'Pea ( alternatively spelled Swee'pea and Sweapea on some titles and once called Sweep Pea ) is a character in E.C. Segar 's comic strip Thimble Theatre / Popeye and in the cartoon series derived from it . His name refers to the flower known as the sweet pea . Before his addition to the animated shorts , the name `` Sweet Pea '' was a term of affection used by main character Popeye . In the cartoon We Aim to Please , he addressed girlfriend Olive Oyl that way . In the comics , Swee'Pea is a baby found on Popeye 's doorstep ( actually delivered to him in a box ) in a July 24 , 1933 strip . Popeye adopts and raises him as his son , or , as he puts it `` boy - kid '' . Initially , Swee'Pea's speech consisted entirely of the sound `` glop '' . As the years went on , Swee'Pea apparently aged enough to speak normally , and could throw punches if necessary ; however , his appearance remained that of a crawling baby . In the strip for August 17 , 1933 , Popeye christens Swee'Pea as ' Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom ' . Although Swee'Pea remains his most common sobriquet , he is occasionally referred to as Scooner by Popeye and others in later strips . In November 2004 , Popeye officially adopted Swee'pea in a ceremony officiated by Judge Greg Mathis and hosted by the National Council for Adoption in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 1.1 Appearances 2 Parodies 3 References 4 External links Film ( edit ) In the animated Popeye cartoons produced by Max Fleischer and later by Famous Studios , Swee'Pea was portrayed as being in the care of Olive Oyl , although it was unclear whether he was her own child ( in the King Features cartoons of the early 1960s , it is implied that Swee'Pea is Popeye 's nephew ) . From 1936 -- 1938 Mae Questel provided the voice for Swee'Pea which was then taken over by voice actress Margie Hines from 1938 to 1943 . Mae Questel was recast as Swee'Pea in the ( 1960s ) Popeye shorts . Marilyn Schreffler replaced Mae Questel as the voice of Swee'Pea from the ( 1970s -- 1980s ) , Corinne Orr also did the role as Swee'Pea in Popeye Meets The Man Who Hated Laughter ( 1972 ) . Swee'Pea was also voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in Popeye 's Voyage The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) . In the feature film Popeye , Swee'Pea is found inside a basket that his mother has secretly switched with an identical one belonging to Olive Oyl ; a note attached to him asks Popeye to look after Swee'Pea until his mother can return to claim him . Popeye proposes the name Swee'Pea for the child ; Olive objects , saying it sounds ridiculous , and he retorts , `` Well , what were you going to call him ? Baby Oyl ? '' In the film , Swee'Pea can also foretell the future ; answering questions in the affirmative by a quick rising whistle . In the film he was played by Wesley Ivan Hurt . In other accounts , Swee'Pea is depicted as royalty . After Swee'Pea's birth father is killed , Swee'Pea is made the Crown Prince of Demonia . As Swee'Pea is of royal birth , he needed protection from an evil uncle who wanted to eliminate him and take control of the country . Swee'Pea's mother left him on the doorstep of the Oyl home , knowing Popeye the trustworthy sailor would protect him . Alice the Goon ( originally depicted as a slave of the Sea Hag ) reappeared in a flower dress and hat and officially became Swee'Pea's babysitter after protests by parents who said the hairy monster frightened children . Appearances ( edit ) Popeye the Sailor with Little Swee'Pea ( 1936 ) Lost and Foundry ( 1937 ) I Likes Babies and Infinks ( 1937 ) The Football Toucher Downer ( 1937 ) Popeye the Sailor with the Jeep ( 1938 ) Wotta Nitemare ! ( 1939 ) Never Sock a Baby ( 1939 ) Nurse Mates ( 1940 ) Doing Imposskible Stunts ( 1940 ) Puttin ' on the Act ( 1940 ) Child Psykolojiky ( 1941 ) Baby Wants a Bottleship ( 1942 ) Baby Wants Spinach ( 1950 ) Thrill of Fair ( 1951 ) Child Sockology ( 1953 ) Nurse to Meet Ya ( 1955 ) Popeye Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) Parodies ( edit ) In MAD Magazine # 21 ( 1951 ) , a parody of Swee ' Pea named `` Swee ' Back '' appeared in Poopeye . Unlike Swee ' Pea ' , this version could speak in an adult and coherent way and perpetually lured Poopeye into fights with other comic strip characters ( claiming that each one had struck him ) , including `` Mammy Jokeum '' ( a parody of `` Mammy Yokum '' from Li'l Abner ) , `` Melvin of the Apes '' ( a parody of Tarzan ) and `` Superduperman '' ( a parody of Superman ) . After Poopeye had defeated all of them thanks to spinach - containing foods provided by `` Mazola Oil '' ( a parody of Olive Oyl ) , Swee ' Back revealed his true identity as an adult midget named Mister Swee ' Back ( also `` Mad Man '' Swee ' Back ) who was the Broccoli King and that he had set Poopeye up to be defeated because of Poopeye 's spinach use causing broccoli to be outsold . Although punched out by Swee ' Back , Poopeye found some spinach and obliterated the evil Swee ' Back . The story was reprinted in the paperback MAD Strikes Back ( 1962 ) , which was later reprinted in a 50th Anniversary Edition ( iBooks , Inc. , New York , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4478 - 7 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grandinetti , Fred M. ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Popeye : An Illustrated Cultural History , 2d ed . '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Caso , Frank ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Altman : In the American Grain '' . Reaktion Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gunden , Kenneth Von ( February 1 , 1989 ) . `` Flights of Fancy : The Great Fantasy Films '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Phelps , Donald ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Reading the Funnies '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Popeye official site `` Older Swee'Pea '' ( hide ) Popeye created by E.C. Segar Characters Main Popeye Bluto Olive Oyl Wimpy Supporting Swee'Pea Alice the Goon Eugene the Jeep George W. Geezil Harold Hamgravy Castor Oyl Poopdeck Pappy Sea Hag Authors and artists Hy Eisman Seymour Kneitel Roger Langridge Bobby London Bruce Ozella Bill Pearson Bud Sagendorf E.C. Segar Tom Sims George Wildman Doc Winner Bela Zaboly Theatrical shorts Popeye the Sailor Fleischer Studios cartoons Famous Studios cartoons Popeye the Sailor DVD series : Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 , Volume 4 and Volume 5 Television shows Popeye the Sailor The All New Popeye Hour Popeye and Son The Popeye Show Film / specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba 's Forty Thieves Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter The Popeye Valentine 's Day Special - Sweethearts at Sea Popeye ( 1980 ) Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy Popeye Video games Arcade game Popeye ( Game Boy ) Popeye 2 Popeye no Eigo Asobi Popeye Saves the Earth Rush for Spinach Ijiwaru Majo Seahag no Maki Beach Volleyball Other Popeye Song Folio Popeye Village Popeye and Bluto 's Bilge - Rat Barges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swee%27Pea&oldid=796120287 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1933 Fictional adoptees Popeye characters Fictional royalty Child characters in comics Male characters in comics Animated human characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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who did sweet pea belong to on popeye
[ "In the comics, Swee'Pea is a baby found on Popeye's doorstep (actually delivered to him in a box) in a July 24, 1933 strip. Popeye adopts and raises him as his son, or, as he puts it \"boy-kid\". Initially, Swee'Pea's speech consisted entirely of the sound \"glop\". As the years went on, Swee'Pea apparently aged enough to speak normally, and could throw punches if necessary; however, his appearance remained that of a crawling baby. In the strip for August 17, 1933, Popeye christens Swee'Pea as 'Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom'. Although Swee'Pea remains his most common sobriquet, he is occasionally referred to as Scooner by Popeye and others in later strips." ]
[ "Popeye" ]
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Personal income in the United States
Personal income in the United States - Wikipedia Personal income in the United States This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Median personal income for the population age 25 or older in 2005 U.S. Productivity , Real Hourly Compensation and Trade Policy ( 1948 - 2013 ) Real GDP , Real Wages and Trade Policy in the U.S. ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Personal income is an individual 's total earnings from wages , investment interest , and other sources . The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017 . The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016 . Inflation - adjusted ( `` real '' ) per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008 , but has since remained generally level . Income patterns are evident on the basis of age , sex , ethnicity and educational characteristics . In 2005 roughly half of all those with graduate degrees were among the nation 's top 15 % of income earners . Among different demographics ( gender , marital status , ethnicity ) for those over the age of 18 , median personal income ranged from $3,317 for an unemployed , married Asian American female to $55,935 for a full - time , year - round employed Asian American male . According to the US Census , men tended to have higher income than women , while Asians and Whites earned more than African Americans and Hispanics . Contents 1 Income statistics 1.1 Personal income and disposable personal income 1.2 Census Money Income 2 By educational attainment 3 Income distribution 4 Over time , by ethnicity and sex 5 By ethnicity and origin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Income statistics ( edit ) In the United States the most widely cited personal income statistics are the Bureau of Economic Analysis 's personal income and the Census Bureau 's per capita money income . The two statistics spring from different traditions of measurement -- personal income from national economic accounts and money income from household surveys . BEA 's statistics relate personal income to measures of production , including GDP , and is considered an indicator of consumer spending . The Census Bureau 's statistics provide detail on income distribution and demographics and are used to produce the nation 's official poverty statistics . Personal income and disposable personal income ( edit ) BEA 's personal income measures the income received by persons from participation in production , from government and business transfers , and from holding interest - bearing securities and corporate stocks . Personal income also includes income received by nonprofit institutions serving households , by private non-insured welfare funds , and by private trust funds . BEA also publishes disposable personal income , which measures the income available to households after paying federal and state and local government income taxes . Income from production is generated both by the labor of individuals ( for example , in the form of wages and salaries and of proprietors ' income ) and by the capital that they own ( in the form of rental income of persons ) . Income that is not earned from production in the current period -- such as capital gains , which relate to changes in the price of assets over time -- is excluded . BEA 's monthly personal income estimates are one of several key macroeconomic indicators that the National Bureau of Economic Research considers when dating the business cycle . Personal income and disposable personal income are provided both as aggregate and as per capita statistics . BEA produces monthly estimates of personal income for the nation , quarterly estimates of state personal income , and annual estimates of local - area personal income . More information is found on BEA 's website . See also : Per capita personal income in the United States Census money income ( edit ) The Census Bureau collects income data on several major surveys , including the Annual Social and Economic Supplement ( ASEC ) of the Current Population Survey ( CPS ) , the Survey of Income and Program Participation ( SIPP ) , and the American Community Survey ( ACS ) . The CPS is the source of the official national estimates of poverty and the most widely cited source of annual household income estimates for the United States . The CPS measure of money income is defined as the total pre-tax cash income received by people on a regular basis , excluding certain lump - sum payments and excluding capital gains . The Census Bureau also produces alternative estimates of income and poverty based on broadened definitions of income that include many of these income components that are not included in money income . The Census Bureau releases estimates of household money income as medians , percent distributions by income categories , and on a per capita basis . Estimates are available by demographic characteristics of householders and by the composition of households . More details on income concepts and sources are found on the Census Bureau 's website . By educational attainment ( edit ) Median personal income by educational attainment ( 2017 ) Measure Some high school High school graduate Some college Associate 's degree Bachelor 's degree or higher Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Persons , age 25 + w / earnings $24,576 $33,669 $37,968 $37,968 $61,440 $56,592 $70,608 $91,538 $79,231 Male , age 25 + w / earnings $22,214 $32,307 $39,823 $43,785 $70,437 $62,304 $78,222 $111,881 $91,604 Female , age 25 + w / earnings $20,784 $28,896 $33,360 $33,360 $54,480 $49,248 $61,200 $65,012 $68,887 Persons , age 25 + , employed full - time $30,598 $38,102 $43,377 $47,401 $71,221 $64,074 $77,285 $117,679 $101,307 Income distribution ( edit ) Of those individuals with income who were older than 15 years of age , approximately 50 % had incomes below $30,000 while the top 10 % had incomes exceeding $95,000 a year in 2015 . The distribution of income among individuals differs substantially from household incomes as 39 % of all households had two or more income earners . As a result , 25 % of households have incomes above $100,000 , even though only 9.2 % of Americans had incomes exceeding $100,000 in 2010 . As a reference point , the US minimum wage since 2009 has been $7.25 per hour or $15,080 for the 2080 hours in a typical work year . The minimum wage is approximately 25 % over the official U.S. government - designated poverty income level for a single person unit ( before taxes ) and about 63 % of the designated poverty level for a family of four , assuming only one worker ( before taxes ) . ( See Poverty in the United States ) . Annual wages of $30,160 ; $45,240 ; $75,400 ; $150,800 and $1.5 M correspond to 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 and 100 times minimum wage respectively . Income distribution among all those above age 25 and those between 25 and 64 with earnings . NOTE : 25 + statistics will not add up exactly to 100 % due to the unemployment rate Income range Number of people Percent in group Percent at or below Cumulative percentages Under $2,500 14,689,000 6.48 6.48 less than $25 k 42.87 % less than $50 k 70.23 % less than $100 k 90.85 % $2,500 to $4,999 6,262,000 2.76 9.24 $5,000 to $7,499 7,657,000 3.38 12.62 $7,500 to $9,999 10,551,000 4.65 17.27 $10,000 to $12,499 12,474,000 5.50 22.77 $12,500 to $14,999 8,995,000 3.97 26.74 $15,000 to $17,499 10,672,000 4.71 31.44 $17,500 to $19,999 7,931,000 3.50 34.94 $20,000 to $22,499 11,301,000 4.86 39.80 $22,500 to $24,999 6,962,000 3.07 42.87 $25,000 to $50,000 $25,000 to $27,499 9,623,000 4.24 47.12 $25 k -- $50 k 27.36 % $27,500 to $29,999 5,535,000 2.44 49.56 $30,000 to $32,499 10,399,000 4.59 54.15 $32,500 to $34,999 4,429,000 1.95 56.10 $35,000 to $37,499 7,975,000 3.52 59.62 $37,500 to $39,999 3,930,000 1.73 61.35 $40,000 to $42,499 8,091,000 3.57 64.92 $42,500 to $44,999 3,113,000 1.37 66.29 $45,000 to $47,499 5,718,000 2.52 68.81 $47,500 to $49,999 3,221,000 1.42 70.23 $50,000 to $75,000 $50,000 to $52,499 7,130,000 3.14 73.38 $50 k -- $75 k 14.06 % $50 k -- $100 k 20.62 % $52,500 to $54,999 2,489,000 1.10 74.47 $55,000 to $57,499 3,834,000 1.69 76.16 $57,500 to $59,999 2,066,000 0.91 77.08 $60,000 to $62,499 5,047,000 2.23 79.30 $62,500 to $64,999 1,894,000 0.84 80.14 $65,000 to $67,499 3,289,000 1.45 81.59 $67,500 to $69,999 1,493,000 0.66 82.24 $70,000 to $72,499 3,264,000 1.44 83.68 $72,500 to $74,999 1,372,000 0.61 84.29 $75,000 to $100,000 $75,000 to $77,499 2,922,000 1.29 85.58 $75 k -- $100 k 6.56 % $77,500 to $79,999 1,307,000 0.58 86.15 $80,000 to $82,499 2,725,000 1.20 87.36 $82,500 to $84,999 1,021,000 0.45 87.81 $85,000 to $87,499 1,508,000 0.67 88.47 $87,500 to $89,999 856,000 0.38 88.85 $90,000 to $92,499 1,966,000 0.87 89.72 $92,500 to $94,999 712,000 0.31 90.03 $95,000 to $97,499 1,090,000 0.48 90.51 $97,500 to $99,999 768,000 0.34 90.85 $100,000 or more $100,000 or more 20,755,000 9.15 100 9.15 % SOURCE : US Census Bureau , Current Population Survey 2016 Over time , by ethnicity and sex ( edit ) This chart is median income of 15 year olds or older , who have non-zero income . Amounts are shown in nominal dollars and in real dollars ( in parentheses , 2017 dollars ) . 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2016 Overall Male $2,570 ( $26,270 ) $4,080 ( $33,940 ) $6,670 ( $42,270 ) $12,530 ( $37,530 ) $20,293 ( $38,210 ) $28,343 ( $40,490 ) $30,513 ( $39,740 ) $38,869 ( $38,896 ) Female $953 ( $9,742 ) $1,261 ( $10,490 ) $2,237 ( $14,180 ) $4,920 ( $14,690 ) $10,070 ( $18,960 ) $16,063 ( $22,950 ) $17,629 ( $22,960 ) $24,892 ( $24,892 ) White / European American Male $2,709 ( $27,690 ) $4,296 ( $35,740 ) $7,011 ( $44,430 ) $13,328 ( $39,790 ) $21,170 ( $39,860 ) $29,797 ( $42,570 ) $31,335 ( $40,810 ) $40,632 ( $40,632 ) Female $1,060 ( $10,840 ) $1,352 ( $11,250 ) $2,266 ( $14,360 ) $4,947 ( $14,770 ) $10,317 ( $19,430 ) $16,079 ( $22,970 ) $17,648 ( $22,990 ) $25,221 ( $25,221 ) Black / African American Male $1,471 ( $15,040 ) $2,260 ( $18,800 ) $4,157 ( $26,340 ) $8,009 ( $23,910 ) $12,868 ( $24,230 ) $21,343 ( $30,490 ) $22,740 ( $29,620 ) $29,376 ( $29,376 ) Female $474 ( $4,846 ) $837 ( $6,963 ) $2,063 ( $13,070 ) $4,580 ( $13,670 ) $8,328 ( $15,680 ) $15,581 ( $22,260 ) $18,379 ( $23,940 ) $22,690 ( $22,690 ) Asian Male NA NA NA NA $19,394 ( $36,520 ) $30,833 ( $44,050 ) $32,419 ( $42,230 ) $46,590 ( $46,590 ) Female NA NA NA NA $11,086 ( $20,870 ) $17,356 ( $24,800 ) $20,618 ( $26,860 ) $26,771 ( $26,771 ) By ethnicity and origin ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2013 ) Personal income varied significantly with an individual 's racial characteristics with racial discrepancies having remained largely stagnant since 1996 . Overall , Asian Americans earned higher median personal incomes than any other racial demographic . Asian Americans had a median income roughly ten percent higher than that of Whites . The only exception was among the holders of graduate degrees who constitute 8.9 % of the population . Among those with a master 's , professional or doctorate degree , those who identified as White had the highest median individual income . This racial income gap was relatively small . Those identifying as Hispanic or Latino ( who may have been of any `` race '' ) had the lowest overall median personal income , earning 28.51 % less than Whites and 35 % less than Asian Americans . The second largest racial or ethnic gap was between Whites and African Americans with the former earning roughly 22 % more than the latter . Thus one can observe a significant discrepancy with the median income of Asians and Whites and that of African Americans and Hispanics . Overall the race gap between African Americans and Whites has remained roughly equal between both races over the past decade . Both races saw a gain in median income between 1996 and 2006 , with the income growth among African Americans slightly outpacing that of Whites . In 1996 the median income for Whites was $5,957 ( 31 % ) higher than for Blacks . In 2006 the gap in median incomes was nearly identical with the median income for Whites being $5,929 ( 22 % ) higher than that for African Americans . While the gap remains numerically unchanged , the percentage difference between the two races has decreased as a result of mutual increases in median personal income . Measuring income by per capita is another way to look at personal earnings by race . Unlike median statistics , per capita statistics are affected by extremely high and low incomes . According to the U.S Census Bureau `` The per capita income for the overall population in 2008 was $26,964 ; for non-Hispanic Whites , it was $31,313 ; for Blacks , it was $18,406 ; for Asians , it was $30,292 ; and for Hispanics , it was $15,674 . '' For information on the income of households , see Household income in the United States . The number of thousands of individuals in each income bracket Percent of households with six figure incomes and individuals with incomes in the top 10 % , exceeding $77,500 Median personal income by race ( note : can be misleading , since `` Hispanics '' includes people of all racial categories ) Race Overall median High school Some college College graduate Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Doctorate Total population All , age 25 + 32,140 26,505 31,054 49,303 43,143 52,390 70,853 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 39,509 31,610 37,150 56,027 50,959 61,324 79,292 White alone All , age 25 + 33,030 27,311 31,564 49,972 43,833 52,318 71,268 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 40,422 32,427 38,481 56,903 51,543 61,441 77,906 Asian alone All , age 25 + 36,152 25,285 29,982 51,481 42,466 61,452 69,653 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 42,109 27,041 33,120 60,532 51,040 71,316 91,430 African American All , age 25 + 27,101 22,379 27,648 44,534 41,572 48,266 61,894 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 32,021 26,230 32,392 47,758 45,505 52,858 73,265 Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) All , age 25 + 23,613 22,941 28,698 41,596 37,819 50,901 67,274 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 27,266 26,461 33,120 46,594 41,831 53,880 N / A Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . Adjusted gross income , which includes AGI by year for the US Economy of the United States Income inequality metrics Atkinson index Gini coefficient Hoover index Theil index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , 25 + , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , B. ; Shao , Lin . `` Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity : Recent Recoveries and the Long - Term Trend '' . ^ Jump up to : `` USUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS FIRST QUARTER 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Median Personal Income in the United States '' . 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Real Disposable Personal Income : Per capita '' Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Rich Are Enjoying The Recovery While Wages Fall For Everyone Else '' ThinkProgress , January 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , females , 18 or older , unemployed , personal income , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , male , 18 or older , employed full - time year round , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The NBER 's Business Cycle Dating Committee '' . www.nber.org . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product - U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) '' . www.bea.gov . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Poverty '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment rates and earnings by educational attainment '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , `` Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Households : 2014 '' `` . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US DOL , Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , distribution of personal income , 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , income distribution , ages 25 - 64 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Taken from World Almanac ( in turn sourced to US Census Bureau ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Asian Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Whites , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Hispanic Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for African Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income by race , age 25 + , 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2008 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income , age 25 + , 2006 statistics forum '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . 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average salary of a person in the united states
[ "Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full-time workers in 2017.[3] The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016.[4] Inflation-adjusted (\"real\") per-capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level.[5][6]\n" ]
[ "$31,099" ]
-3936167802788540289
Big Machine Vodka 400 at the Brickyard
Big Machine vodka 400 at the Brickyard - wikipedia Big Machine vodka 400 at the Brickyard Big Machine Vodka 400 at the Brickyard Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Venue Indianapolis Motor Speedway Location Speedway , Indiana , United States Corporate sponsor Big Machine Label Group First race 1994 ( 1994 ) Distance 400 miles ( 640 km ) Laps 160 ( Stage 1 : 50 Stage 2 : 50 Stage 3 : 60 ) Previous names Brickyard 400 ( 1994 -- 2004 , 2010 ) Allstate 400 at the Brickyard ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Brickyard 400 presented by BigMachineRecords.com ( 2011 ) Crown Royal presents the Your Hero 's Name Here 400 at the Brickyard powered by BigMachineRecords.com ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Crown Royal presents the Your Hero 's Name Here 400 at the Brickyard ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400 ( 2017 ) Most wins ( driver ) Jeff Gordon ( 5 ) Most wins ( team ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 10 ) Most wins ( manufacturer ) Chevrolet ( 17 ) Circuit information Surface Asphalt Turns The Big Machine Vodka 400 at the Brickyard is an annual 400 - mile ( 640 km ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series points race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana . The inaugural race was held in 1994 , and the 400 was the first race other than the Indianapolis 500 to be held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway since 1916 . In its inaugural season , the Brickyard 400 became NASCAR 's most - attended event , drawing an estimated crowd of more than 250,000 spectators in 1994 . It also pays NASCAR 's second - highest purse , second only to the Daytona 500 . As of 2018 , the Brickyard 400 is the final race of NASCAR 's `` regular season '' , Following the race , the top 16 drivers in points standings advance to the ten - race Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series playoffs . The term `` Brickyard '' is a reference to the nickname historically used for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway . When the race course opened in August 1909 , the track surface was crushed stone and tar . That surface was the cause of numerous and sometimes fatal accidents , so the track was subsequently repaved with 3.2 million bricks . Over time the bricks were paved over with asphalt , and now only a one - yard strip of bricks at the start / finish line remains exposed . From 2005 to 2009 , the race was known as the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard under a naming rights arrangement with Allstate Insurance . From 2011 to 2014 , Big Machine Label Group , a music company , was the presenting sponsor , and starting in 2017 returns as the title sponsor , featuring the name of its new vodka product . From 2012 to 2016 , Crown Royal was the title sponsor of the race , and it was part of the `` Your Hero 's Name Here '' program . The names of the winners of the Brickyard 400 are inscribed on the PPG Trophy , which is permanently housed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum . Jeff Gordon won the inaugural Brickyard 400 on August 6 , 1994 . He is the most - successful driver in the history of the race , with a record five victories and three pole positions . Hendrick Motorsports has been the most successful team with ten total wins and five poles . Contents 1 Race origins 1.1 Early years 1.2 1990s 2 Race details 2.1 Super Weekend 2.2 Attendance 3 Race recaps 3.1 1994 -- 1999 3.2 2000 -- 2009 3.3 2010 -- present 4 Past winners 4.1 Notes 4.2 Multiple winners ( drivers ) 4.3 Multiple winners ( teams ) 4.4 Manufacturer wins 4.5 Crown Royal Your Name Here 400 sweepstakes winners 5 Pole position winners 6 Statistics 6.1 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series records 6.2 Daytona 500 & Brickyard 400 6.3 Brickyard 400 and Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions 6.4 Brickyard 400 & Indianapolis 500 7 Pre-race ceremonies 8 Television and radio 8.1 ABC 8.2 NBC / TNT 8.3 ESPN 8.4 NBCSN / NBC 8.5 Radio 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Race origins ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Richard Petty during the Open Test in 1993 . The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opened in 1909 , and the first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911 . It became a tradition that the Indianapolis 500 was the only race held at the track annually . With the exception of a Labor Day race meet in 1916 , no other races were held at the track through 1993 . As the NASCAR Winston Cup Series began to grow in stature and popularity , speculation began to grow in the 1980s and early 1990s about the possibility of holding a race at Indy . From 1971 - 1980 , NASCAR held races at Ontario Motor Speedway , which was built as a replica of Indianapolis . With their experiences at Ontario , it was generally presumed that the stock cars would find Indy 's nearly identical layout equally competitive . In the mid-to - late 1960s , stock car racing slowly began to develop a following in Indiana , with the introduction of the USAC Stock Car Yankee 300 at Indianapolis Raceway Park and the State Fair Century at the Fairgrounds . Later , the Kroger 200 at the IRP oval became a popular stop on the NASCAR Busch Series . During the reigns of Speedway presidents Tony Hulman ( 1946 -- 1977 ) , John Cooper ( 1980 -- 1981 ) and Joe Cloutier ( 1978 -- 1979 , 1983 -- 1989 ) , the idea of hosting a second race at the Speedway was considered from time to time , but never seriously pursued by the board of directors . Cloutier in particular , seemed the most resistant . Not only was tradition and fan interest an issue , but logistical scheduling issues were also obstacles . The congested and aging Gasoline Alley garage area , narrow pit lane , existing retaining walls and catch fences were considered insufficient for the large , heavy stock cars , thus significant capital improvements would be required to properly host NASCAR . Clotier wanted to assure that a second race at the Speedway would outdraw Indianapolis 500 time trials , otherwise it would not make financial sense . Around 1968 , USAC proposed a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for the USAC Stock Car division . It was to be called the `` Tony Hulman Classic , '' but Hulman and the Speedway management politely declined the offer . In 1980 , due to a tax dispute with the City of Daytona Beach and Volusia County , Bill France openly threatened to move the Firecracker 400 to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway . A few weeks later , however , the parties reconciled , and the plan to move the race was withdrawn . Though no stock car races had ever been held , the Speedway did occasionally see stock car testing and endurance runs . In 1956 , Ford set a 500 - mile stock car record , and in 1956 , the Nichels Engineering Endurance Run was held . A.J. Foyt was known to have used his garage at Indy to store race cars during the summer months , and in 1979 was said to have taken his NASCAR stock car for test laps . When Joe Cloutier died in December 1989 , Tony George was named the president of the Speedway . Upon his appointment , George immediately began taking the Speedway in new business directions . 1990s ( edit ) On September 24 , 1991 , A.J. Foyt filmed a commercial for Craftsman tools at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway . While filming in the garage area , Foyt , and Speedway president Tony George decided to take Foyt 's NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car for a few laps around the track . Foyt was the first driver to do so , and later on , George himself took a few laps . The event was not planned , and had no implications , but was an unusual sight , and stirred up some mild interest and speculation for the future . In December 1991 , Tony George proposed to the board of directors a plan to hold a second major event at the Speedway . The board approved the measure , and the Speedway started taking steps towards hosting a second race , preferably a NASCAR Winston Cup event , but also considering IROC . In March 1992 , NASCAR drivers Dave Marcis , Jim Sauter , and Dick Trickle ( all of whom were IROC test drivers ) were invited to test IROC cars at the Speedway . Trickle reportedly ran a lap that was hand -- timed at 153 mph ( 246 km / h ) . At the time , the Speedway was considering hosting an IROC event during May as part of the on - track activities leading up the Indianapolis 500 . The second weekend of Indy 500 qualifying was becoming less - popular with fans , and an additional event was an idea to boost attendance . The test was considered successful , but several improvements would have to be made to the track before it was safe for the IROC cars to race there . After much consideration , it was determined that it would not be economically feasible to hold the IROC race . Plans for that event were put on hold . Instead , nine top NASCAR teams were invited to test ( see below ) . On June 22 -- 23 , 1992 , nine top NASCAR Winston Cup series teams were invited to Indianapolis to participate in a Goodyear tire test . Over the weekend , the teams had raced in the Miller Genuine Draft 400 at Michigan International Speedway . Although no official announcements were made , it was in fact an unofficial compatibility test to see if stock cars would be competitive at the circuit . An estimated 10,000 spectators watched two days of history in the making . A.J. Foyt took a few laps around the track in Dale Earnhardt 's car on the second day . Following the test , the Indianapolis Motor Speedway started an extensive improvement project . The outside retaining wall and catch fence were replaced . The new wall and fence were decidedly stronger , and could support the 3,500 pound NASCAR stock cars . The pit area was widened , and the individual pit stalls were replaced in concrete . This was done to better support the pneumatic jacks used by the Indy cars , and to handle the refuel spillage of gasoline from the NASCAR machines . The largest project , however , involved the removal of the track apron , and the construction of the new warm - up lane , similar to that built at Nazareth Speedway in 1987 . The Gasoline Alley garage area had already been rebuilt in 1986 , and it was said to have been designed to accommodate stock cars if and when a race were ever to materialize . On April 14 , 1993 Speedway President Tony George , and the president of NASCAR , Bill France , Jr. jointly announced the Inaugural Brickyard 400 would be held Saturday August 6 , 1994 . A new race logo was also unveiled . On August 16 -- 17 the same year , thirty - five NASCAR teams took part in an open test at the Speedway . It was held as the teams returned from the second race at Michigan , the Champion Spark Plug 400 . The top 35 teams in NASCAR points received invitations . Hosting the test in August mimicked the weather conditions expected for the race in 1994 . Several thousand spectators attended , and many announcements were made . NASCAR legend Richard Petty , who had retired from competition the previous November , took four laps himself , then donated his car to the Speedway museum . Race details ( edit ) For its first running in 1994 , the race was slotted for a Saturday afternoon at 12 : 15 pm EST ( 1 : 15 pm EDT ) , on August 6 . At the time the first weekend of August was open on the NASCAR schedule . Since the race was not being held on a holiday weekend , track officials decided to reserve Sunday as a make - up date in case of rain on Saturday . In 1994 , practice and pole qualifying was held on Thursday . Practice , second round qualifying , and `` Happy Hour '' final practice were scheduled for Friday . In addition , during the first year , a special `` pacing '' practice was held where the field followed behind the pace car to measure pit road speed . Starting in 1995 , an additional practice session was scheduled for Wednesday afternoon . Pole qualifying was still held Thursday , and second round qualifying was held Friday . This schedule continued through 2000 . From 1998 to 2003 , an IROC event was situated in the schedule . The IROC race would be held the day before the Brickyard 400 . Starting in 2001 , the race was moved to Sunday . In addition , NASCAR eliminated second - round qualification . The schedule was compressed so practice was held Friday , and the single pole qualifying round was held Saturday . `` Happy hour '' final practice was also held Saturday . This schedule differed from typical NASCAR weekend schedules , which normally saw practice and pole qualification on Fridays . Moving the pole qualification to Saturday allowed for a potential larger audience , and also opened the schedule up for the Kroger 200 held at nearby Indianapolis Raceway Park . In 2007 , coinciding with ESPN taking over NASCAR television rights , the race swapped dates with Pocono . The Brickyard 400 moved to the last weekend in July , and Pocono to the first weekend in August . Super weekend ( edit ) In 2012 , the Brickyard 400 became part of Super Weekend at the Brickyard , consisting of four days of racing on both the oval and the road course . The WeatherTech SportsCar Championship ( formerly Grand Am ) utilized the road course on Friday for the Brickyard Grand Prix along with the Brickyard Sports Car Challenge for the Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge series . The NASCAR Xfinity Series left IRP and moved to Indy for the Indiana 250 . The Brickyard 400 continued to headline on Sunday . After low attendance , the road course races were removed from the schedule after 2014 . The road course races may move to a stand - alone weekend in the future . By 2016 , with races only on the oval for the Xfinity and NASCAR Cup Series , the `` Super Weekend '' moniker was dropped . Attendance ( edit ) At the onset , the Brickyard 400 saw some of the largest crowds in NASCAR history . The first running in 1994 saw a sold - out record crowd of over 250,000 spectators . Track officials claimed to have received requests for tickets three to four times what they could fulfill , and had to resort to a lottery system to distribute tickets . In an effort to prevent the Brickyard 400 from upstaging the Indianapolis 500 in gate attendance , some bleacher seating was removed for the 400 , and infield general admission was not offered for the first several years . In addition , some infield bleachers were dismantled and infield grass mound seating was closed off to spectators for the first couple of years for safety reasons . It was determined that the inside fences and guardrails that existed at the time were not sufficiently robust for the 3,500 - pound stock cars . In 1996 , a new concrete wall and catch fence was built along the inside of the backstretch , and the grass mounds were re-opened to spectators . After a tire controversy at the 2008 race , subsequent attendance began to sharply decline at the 400 . Other factors that have been cited include poor sightlines compared to other NASCAR tracks , the overall lack of competition , and uncomfortably hot summer temperatures in July / August . In addition , following the change from a track - organised television contract to a centralized NASCAR television package , the local television blackout the Speedway imposed was lifted . The track has long been criticized for being poorly - suited for stock cars prompting some fans to choose other tracks . The subsequent addition of new races within a 160 - mile radius , spaced only weeks apart at Chicagoland and Kentucky , have given fans other options . The 2016 running of the race saw the lowest attendance in the race 's history , with fewer than 50,000 people in attendance , leaving nearly 200,000 empty seats . NASCAR realigned the three Midwestern races for the 2018 schedule , so that Chicagoland and Kentucky will be held two weeks apart in July , while Indianapolis moves to September . Distanced on the calendar from the other nearby races , and serving as the important final race before the NASCAR playoffs , race organizers look for a boost in attendance . The expectations are that it will be conducted in cooler weather , and with the crowning of the regular season champion , and the last chance for prospective drivers to make the 16 - driver playoff field , there is anticipation for renewed interest in the event . Race recaps ( edit ) 1994 -- 1999 ( edit ) Jeff Gordon ( No. 24 ) following Rick Mast ( No. 1 ) at the 1994 Brickyard 400 . 1994 : The first running of the Brickyard 400 in 1994 saw the largest crowd to date to witness a NASCAR event , and the single largest race purse to date . Rick Mast won the pole position , and became the first stock car driver to lead a lap at Indy . Young second - year driver Jeff Gordon took the lead late in the race after Ernie Irvan suffered a flat tire . Gordon drove on to a historic win in NASCAR 's debut at Indy . In an effort to attract more entries , the event was concurrently included on the NASCAR Winston West schedule . No Winston West competitors qualified on speed , but point leader Mike Chase made the field via a Winston West provisional . Gordon 's inaugural Brickyard 400 winning car ( nicknamed `` Booger '' ) is on display at the Hendrick Motorsports museum . 1995 : Second - round qualification was rained out on Friday , and only a short `` happy hour '' practice followed . On Saturday , rain delayed the start of the race until late in the afternoon . Dale Earnhardt cruised to victory , in a race that was slowed only once for four laps under yellow . Rusty Wallace and Dale Jarrett battled close over the final 20 laps for second , with Wallace holding off the challenge . 1996 : Dale Jarrett and his Robert Yates Racing crew began the tradition of the winning driver and crew kissing the row of bricks at the start - finish line , which has carried over to the Indianapolis 500 . The race saw several blown tires after the speedway removed some rumble strips from the apron of the corners ; Kyle Petty was injured when he blew a tire , slammed into the outside and inside wall off turn four , and was T - boned by Sterling Marlin . Johnny Benson led the most laps ( 70 ) , but faded to 8th at the finish . Jarrett became the first driver to win both the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 in the same year . After injuries suffered at Talladega , defending race winner Dale Earnhardt was relieved by Mike Skinner on lap 7 , who drove to a 15th - place finish . 1997 : In the final twenty laps , Dale Jarrett , Jeff Gordon , and Mark Martin held the top three spots , but none of the three would be able to make it to the finish without one final pit stop for fuel . Jeff Burton and Ricky Rudd also were close on fuel . On lap 145 , Robby Gordon brushed the wall , and Burton ran over debris . Burton was forced to pit under green , but as he was finishing his stop , the caution came out . Burton flew out of the pits to beat the leaders , and for a moment it appeared he was in the cat bird 's seat with four fresh tires , and would be the leader after all other drivers cycled through their stops . However , he was penalized for speeding while exiting the pit lane , and dropped to 15th . Ricky Rudd was among a few drivers who stayed out , and his gamble put him in the lead . Rudd drove the final 46 laps without a pit stop to take the victory , and is to - date , the only owner / driver ever to win the Brickyard 400 . 1998 : Jeff Gordon became the first repeat winner , holding off Mark Martin for the win . Dale Jarrett dominated the second 100 miles of the race but lost his chance near the halfway point when he ran out of fuel , and coasted back to the pits ; he lost four laps but made them up due to numerous cautions . Gordon 's victory was the first in the Winston No Bull 5 program . 1999 : Late in the race , Dale Jarrett leads , but fourth - place Bobby Labonte is the only car in the top five that can go the distance without pitting for fuel . A caution comes out with 17 laps to go , allowing the leaders to pit , foiling Labonte 's chances to steal the win . As the leaders pitted , in an unexpected move , Dale Jarrett took on only two tires . Jeff Burton saw this and pulled away after taking only two tires . His pit crew , however , had already tried to loosen the lug nuts on the left side . Jarrett led the rest of the way , becomes the second two - time winner , and erases his heartbreak from 1998 . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 : Rusty Wallace led 114 laps , and was leading late in the race when Bobby Labonte charged down the backstretch . Labonte took the lead at the stripe , and pulled away for the win . The race was slowed by only 2 cautions for 7 laps . 2001 : With 25 laps to go , Jeff Gordon passed Sterling Marlin on a restart , and pulled away for the win . Gordon became the first 3 - time winner of the Brickyard 400 . 2002 : Kurt Busch and Jimmy Spencer , locked in a burgeoning feud dating back to Bristol , collided on lap 36 . Busch hit the turn 3 wall . Veteran Bill Elliott added the Brickyard to his long resume , and Rusty Wallace finished second for the third time . 2003 : With 16 laps to go , Kevin Harvick used lap traffic to get by Matt Kenseth on a restart . A huge pileup occurred in turn three , and Harvick held off over the final ten laps to become the first driver to win the race from the pole position . 2004 : For the first time in NASCAR Cup Series history , the Green - white - checker finish rule caused a race to be extended , in this case for one additional lap . On the extra lap , Casey Mears blew a tire , Ricky Rudd hit the wall , then Mark Martin and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. suffered tire failures . Jeff Gordon retained the lead to become the first four - time winner of the Brickyard . Gordon also joined A.J. Foyt , Al Unser , Sr. , and Rick Mears as the only 4 - time winners in the entire history of Indianapolis . 2005 : Hometown favorite Tony Stewart won his first race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway , and climbed the catch fence to celebrate , in the same fashion as Hélio Castroneves . 2006 : After suffering a blown front left tire early in the race that caused some fender damage , Jimmie Johnson passed Dale Earnhardt Jr. with six laps left to win at Indy for the first time , and became only the second driver to win both the Daytona 500 , and Brickyard 400 in the same year . The other was Dale Jarrett in 1996 . 2007 : Juan Pablo Montoya became the first ( and , to date , only ) driver to race in all three of the major events hosted by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( Indy 500 , Brickyard 400 , and the U.S.G.P. ) . Montoya , a rookie in the NASCAR Cup Series , finished second to Tony Stewart . Stewart 's 2007 winning car is owned and on rotating display at the Speedway museum . 2008 : The Car of Tomorrow was used at Indy for the first time . The Goodyear tires suffered bad wear patterns , causing blowouts in some cases after only ten laps of green - flag racing . Lengthy competition cautions were put out at roughly 10 - lap intervals for teams to change tires , which caused controversy and angered fans and media . Jimmie Johnson managed to tame the tire problems by winning for the second time in his career at Indy , holding off a mild challenge from Carl Edwards . 2009 : Former Indy 500 winner Juan Pablo Montoya dominated most of the race , leading 116 laps . However , with 35 laps to go , Montoya was penalized ( not without protest and a heated rant ) for speeding in the pits . The infraction left Jimmie Johnson holding off polesitter Mark Martin for the victory . Johnson became the second three - time winner , and the first back -- to -- back winner of the 400 . 2010 -- present ( edit ) 2010 : 2000 Indianapolis 500 winner Juan Pablo Montoya dominated most of the race for the second year in a row , leading a total of 86 laps . However , he gave up the lead when he took 4 tires in a late pit stop . He would restart 7th with 18 laps to go and was not ever able to recover . Montoya crashed with 16 to go and before the caution came out , Kevin Harvick had passed Jamie McMurray for the lead . On the final restart , McMurray passed Harvick to go on to win the 400 . This made him become the third driver to win the Daytona 500 and the Brickyard 400 during the same season , following Dale Jarrett in 1996 and Jimmie Johnson in 2006 . McMurray 's win also gave his team owner Chip Ganassi wins in the Daytona 500 , the Indianapolis 500 , and the Brickyard 400 all in the same season , making him the first team owner to do so . 2011 : The final caution came out on lap 121 with Brad Keselowski out in front . With 39 laps to go , it would be difficult for the leaders to make it to the finish on fuel if they pit under the yellow . Since race laps at Indy are in the 51 - second range , and a pit stop ( including entering and exiting the pit lane ) takes upwards of 40 -- 45 seconds , green flag pits stops are not necessarily discouraged , unlike other circuits . Among the drivers who pitted on lap 123 was Paul Menard . After the green came back out , Jeff Gordon pitted on lap 134 . As the leaders shuffled through their final pit stops , Menard took over the lead on lap 145 . Meanwhile , Gordon , with two new tires , dramatically began charging through the field and was quickly in the top ten before moving up to 2nd position on lap 158 . With now less than two laps to go , Menard stretched his fuel and held off Gordon on the last lap to score his first career Cup victory . Menard is the only driver to - date to have scored his first career Cup Series win at the Brickyard . 2012 : The final caution came out on lap 130 with Jimmie Johnson leading . Over the final 20 laps , Johnson held off Kyle Busch and Greg Biffle to tie Jeff Gordon with four Brickyard 400 victories . Along with Gordon in NASCAR , Johnson also joined A.J. Foyt , Al Unser , Sr. , and Rick Mears as the only 4 - time winners in the entire history of Indianapolis 2013 : During his final pit stop , Jimmie Johnson took on four tires when a lug nut broke loose . His stop lasted 17.4 seconds . Ryan Newman pitted a lap later . Aware of Johnson 's struggles , Newman elected to take on only two tires . Newman emerged with a 7 - second lead over Johnson with 16 laps to go . Johnson closed to within 2 seconds , but fell short as Newman held on for the victory . 2014 : The race was served as its last air with ESPN , With 17 laps to go , Jeff Gordon passed Kasey Kahne on a restart on the outside of turn one to take the lead for the final time . Twenty years after winning the inaugural Brickyard 400 , Gordon won the race for a record 5th time . Also , with this win , as of 2017 , Jeff Gordon would break himself out of a 5 - way tie with A.J. Foyt , Al Unser , Sr. , Rick Mears , and teammate Jimmie Johnson , to become the first , and so far only , 5 - time winner in the entire history of Indianapolis Motor Speedway . 2015 : The race was first aired on NBCSN . Kyle Busch won his first Brickyard 400 , holding off Joey Logano in a green -- white -- checker finish . Busch swept the weekend , winning also the Xfinity race on Saturday . Attention for the weekend was focused heavily on a new `` high - drag '' aerodynamic rules package implemented to improve competition . Jeff Gordon , racing for the final time at the Brickyard , was involved in a spin on lap 50 , brushed the wall , and placed 42nd . With Logano 's second place , Team Penske -- still winless in the Brickyard 400 -- finished 2nd for the fourth time . 2016 : Jeff Gordon came from retirement to fill in for Dale Earnhardt Jr. , who was recovering from a concussion , Kyle Busch won his second Brickyard 400 , holding off the field in overtime and also winning the Xfinity race for a second year in a row . 2017 : In the first Brickyard 400 to include stage racing , the first two stages were dominated by Kyle Busch . However , he was involved in an accident with Martin Truex , Jr. on lap 111 following a restart that took out both cars . During the final stage , darkness began to become a factor following a red flag for rain early in the race , and two additional red flags for cleaning up following multiple wrecks . It appeared that Trevor Bayne , who was gambling on fuel mileage , was headed for his second career Cup Series win ; but a caution came out at lap 150 that foiled his plan . Kasey Kahne had just pitted for fresh tires and fuel moments before the caution came out , and used that to take the lead after everyone else pitted . Kahne was able to stay in front for the first attempt at a restart finish , but was overtaken by Brad Keselowski on the second of these restarts . The caution came out again for Bayne and others crashing on the frontstretch . This brought another restart , but with Keselowski as the control car and Kahne second . Kahne amazingly managed to outrun Keselowski into the first corner and down the backstretch , and took the victory in overtime for his first win since 2014 when the caution came out yet again , this time for Denny Hamlin spinning into the wall , but as they had crossed the overtime line at the end of the straight , the race was finalized under yellow . This was the tenth victory for Hendrick Motorsports in the Brickyard 400 . The race was the longest running event at Indianapolis Motor Speedway since the 1913 Indianapolis 500 due to rain delays , red flags , and crashes that causes the lengthening of the race . Past winners ( edit ) Year Date No . Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Laps Miles ( km ) 1994 August 6 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 01 : 51 131.932 Report 1995 August 5 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 34 : 38 155.218 Report August 3 88 Dale Jarrett Robert Yates Racing Ford 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 52 : 02 139.508 Report 1997 August 2 10 Ricky Rudd Rudd Performance Motorsports Ford 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 03 : 28 130.828 Report 1998 August 1 24 Jeff Gordon ( 2 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 2 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 09 : 19 126.77 Report 1999 August 7 88 Dale Jarrett ( 2 ) Robert Yates Racing ( 2 ) Ford 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 41 : 57 148.288 Report 2000 August 5 18 Bobby Labonte Joe Gibbs Racing Pontiac 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 33 : 56 155.918 Report 2001 August 5 24 Jeff Gordon ( 3 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 3 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 03 : 30 130.79 Report 2002 August 4 9 Bill Elliott Evernham Motorsports Dodge 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 11 : 57 125.033 Report 2003 August 3 29 Kevin Harvick Richard Childress Racing ( 2 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 58 : 22 134.548 Report August 8 24 Jeff Gordon ( 4 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 4 ) Chevrolet 161 * 402.5 ( 647.76 ) 3 : 29 : 56 115.037 Report 2005 August 7 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing ( 2 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 22 : 03 118.782 Report 2006 August 6 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports ( 5 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 54 : 57 137.182 Report 2007 July 29 20 Tony Stewart ( 2 ) Joe Gibbs Racing ( 3 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 24 : 28 117.379 Report 2008 July 27 48 Jimmie Johnson ( 2 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 6 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 3 : 28 : 29 115.117 Report 2009 July 26 48 Jimmie Johnson ( 3 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 7 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 44 : 31 145.882 Report July 25 Jamie McMurray Earnhardt Ganassi Racing Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 56 : 24 136.054 Report 2011 July 31 27 Paul Menard Richard Childress Racing ( 3 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 52 : 18 140.766 Report 2012 July 29 48 Jimmie Johnson ( 4 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 8 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 54 : 19 137.68 Report 2013 July 28 39 Ryan Newman Stewart - Haas Racing Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 36 : 22 153.485 Report 2014 July 27 24 Jeff Gordon ( 5 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 9 ) Chevrolet 160 400 ( 643.737 ) 2 : 39 : 41 150.297 Report 2015 July 26 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing ( 4 ) Toyota 164 * 410 ( 659.831 ) 3 : 06 : 51 131.656 Report 2016 July 24 18 Kyle Busch ( 2 ) Joe Gibbs Racing ( 5 ) Toyota 170 * 425 ( 683.971 ) 3 : 17 : 46 128.940 Report 2017 July 23 5 Kasey Kahne Hendrick Motorsports ( 10 ) Chevrolet 167 * 417.5 ( 671.901 ) 3 : 39 : 00 114.384 Report 2018 September 9 Report Notes ( edit ) 2004 & 2015 - 2017 : Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish . 2016 - 2017 races took two attempts . 2017 : Race was red - flagged three times , first due to weather and then due to crashes , and also set a record for cautions , collectively extending the race to nearly 9 : 00 p.m. eastern , just minutes from sunset . Multiple winners ( drivers ) ( edit ) The winner of the Brickyard 400 is presented with the PPG Trophy in victory lane . Driver trophies for the Brickyard 400 . # Wins Driver Years Won 5 Jeff Gordon 1994 , 1998 , 2001 , 2004 , 2014 Jimmie Johnson 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 Dale Jarrett 1996 , 1999 Tony Stewart 2005 , 2007 Kyle Busch 2015 , 2016 Multiple winners ( teams ) ( edit ) # Wins Team Years Won 10 Hendrick Motorsports 1994 , 1998 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 5 Joe Gibbs Racing 2000 , 2005 , 2007 , 2015 , 2016 Richard Childress Racing 1995 , 2003 , 2011 Robert Yates Racing 1996 , 1999 Manufacturer wins ( edit ) # Wins Manufacturer Years Won 17 Chevrolet 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Ford 1996 , 1997 , 1999 Toyota 2015 , 2016 Pontiac 2000 Dodge 2002 Crown Royal Your Name Here 400 sweepstakes winners ( edit ) From 2011 to 2016 , Crown Royal was the title sponsor of the race ; Under Crown Royal sponsorship , the race was part of Crown Royal 's `` Your Hero 's Name Here '' program , in which the race was named after an armed forces member or first responder nominated by fans . The nominated hero also received a VIP experience for the race , and presented the winner 's trophy . For the 2016 race , retired Navy SEAL Jason Redman won the nomination . Redman chose to for the race to be named after his charity , the Combat Wounded Coalition , instead , resulting in the race being titled Crown Royal Presents the Combat Wounded Coalition 400 at the Brickyard . Year Winner 2012 Curtiss Shaver 2013 Samuel Deeds 2014 John Wayne Walding 2015 Jeff Kyle 2016 Jason Redman * Pole position winners ( edit ) Jeff Gordon won the pole position three times for the Brickyard 400 . Year Driver Car Make Entrant Speed 1994 Rick Mast Ford Jackson Bros. Motorsports 172.414 mph 1995 Jeff Gordon Chevrolet Hendrick Motorsports 172.536 mph Jeff Gordon Chevrolet Hendrick Motorsports 176.419 mph 1997 Ernie Irvan Ford Robert Yates Racing 177.736 mph 1998 Ernie Irvan Pontiac MB2 Motorsports 179.394 mph 1999 Jeff Gordon Chevrolet Hendrick Motorsports 179.612 mph 2000 Ricky Rudd Ford Robert Yates Racing 181.068 mph Brett Bodine Ford Brett Bodine Racing 181.072 mph ( FQ ) 2001 Jimmy Spencer Ford Haas - Carter Motorsports 179.666 mph 2002 Tony Stewart Pontiac Joe Gibbs Racing 182.960 mph 2003 Kevin Harvick Chevrolet Richard Childress Racing 184.343 mph Casey Mears Dodge Chip Ganassi Racing 186.293 mph 2005 Elliott Sadler Ford Robert Yates Racing 184.116 mph 2006 Jeff Burton Chevrolet Richard Childress Racing 182.778 mph 2007 Reed Sorensen Dodge Chip Ganassi Racing 184.207 mph 2008 Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Hendrick Motorsports 181.763 mph 2009 Mark Martin Chevrolet Hendrick Motorsports 182.054 mph Juan Pablo Montoya Chevrolet Earnhardt Ganassi Racing 182.278 mph 2011 David Ragan Ford Roush Fenway Racing 182.994 mph 2012 Denny Hamlin Toyota Joe Gibbs Racing 182.763 mph 2013 Ryan Newman Chevrolet Stewart - Haas Racing 187.531 mph 2014 Kevin Harvick Chevrolet Stewart - Haas Racing 188.470 mph ( TR ) 2015 Carl Edwards Toyota Joe Gibbs Racing 183.464 mph 2016 Kyle Busch Toyota Joe Gibbs Racing 184.634 mph 2017 Kyle Busch Toyota Joe Gibbs Racing 187.301 mph ( FQ ) -- Denotes fastest qualifier ; was accomplished in second - round qualifying ( TR ) -- Denotes one - lap stock car track record Statistics ( edit ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series records ( edit ) ( As of 2017 ) Most Wins 5 Jeff Gordon Most Top 5s 12 Jeff Gordon Most Top 10s 17 Jeff Gordon Starts 23 Jeff Gordon Poles Jeff Gordon Most Laps Completed 3519 Jeff Gordon Most Laps Led 528 Jeff Gordon Avg . Start * 6.6 Juan Pablo Montoya Avg . Finish * 9.7 Tony Stewart & Kevin Harvick Most laps led in single Brickyard 149 Kyle Busch * from minimum 5 starts . Daytona 500 & Brickyard 400 ( edit ) Three drivers have won the Daytona 500 and the Brickyard 400 in the same season : 1996 : Dale Jarrett 2006 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Jamie McMurray Five other drivers ( Jeff Gordon , Dale Earnhardt , Bill Elliott , Kevin Harvick , and Ryan Newman ) have won both the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 in their respective careers , although not in the same season . Brickyard 400 and Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions ( edit ) The winner of the Brickyard 400 has gone on to win the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series championship in the same season nine times out of 23 runnings from 1994 to 2016 . This includes a notable streak of four consecutive seasons ( 1998 - 2001 ) , and 8 out of 12 years from 1998 - 2009 . Jeff Gordon ( 2 ) and Jimmie Johnson ( 3 ) are the only two drivers to have accomplished it more than once . 1998 : Jeff Gordon 1999 : Dale Jarrett 2000 : Bobby Labonte 2001 : Jeff Gordon 2005 : Tony Stewart 2006 : Jimmie Johnson 2008 : Jimmie Johnson 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2015 : Kyle Busch Brickyard 400 & Indianapolis 500 ( edit ) Through 2017 , a total of 18 drivers have competed in both the Brickyard 400 and Indianapolis 500 . An additional twelve drivers have attempted to qualify for both , but failed to qualify at one or the other , or both races . Juan Pablo Montoya and Jacques Villeneuve are the only two drivers to compete at the Indy 500 , Brickyard 400 , and USGP at Indy . Montoya holds the highest finish between the two races , with two wins in the 500 and a second place in the 400 . Larry Foyt was the first driver to compete in both events after having competed in the 400 first ; all other participants except A.J. Allmendinger and Kurt Busch had competed in the 500 prior to racing in the 400 . Juan Pablo Montoya has also competed in the Brickyard Grand Prix and Grand Prix of Indianapolis . Two - time Indy 500 pole winner Scott Brayton was initially entered in the 1995 Brickyard 400 , but wrecked his car during a private test session . He suffered a broken ankle and a concussion , and withdrew from the event . Geoff Brabham , Larry Foyt , Max Papis , and Bill Elliott have all also competed in the Indy Legends Charity Pro -- Am race . Of those four drivers , Elliott , the 2002 Brickyard 400 winner , is the only one to have never driven in the Indy 500 in his career . The drivers who have raced in both the 500 and 400 in the same year are denoted ( * * ) . A.J. Foyt Danny Sullivan Geoff Brabham John Andretti * * Tony Stewart * * Juan Pablo Montoya * * Jacques Villeneuve Scott Pruett Sam Hornish , Jr . Jason Leffler Robby Gordon * * Larry Foyt J.J. Yeley Max Papis Patrick Carpentier A.J. Allmendinger * * Danica Patrick Kurt Busch * * Failed to qualify : Raced in the 500 but failed to qualify for the 400 : Gary Bettenhausen , Pancho Carter , Stan Fox , Andy Hillenburg , Davy Jones , P.J. Jones , Christian Fittipaldi Raced in the 400 but failed to qualify for the 500 : Casey Mears , Ken Schrader , Scott Speed Failed to qualify at both 500 and 400 : Charlie Glotzbach , Stanton Barrett Neil Bonnett , who entered but did not qualify for the 1979 Indianapolis 500 , announced plans to enter the 1994 Brickyard 400 . However , Bonnett was fatally injured in a crash at Daytona in February 1994 , five months before the Brickyard 400 was to be held . Pre-race ceremonies ( edit ) Pre-race ceremonies in 1994 . 1994 Chevy Monte Carlo pace car . At the onset of the Brickyard 400 in 1994 , track officials were determined to not detract from the traditional nature of the Indianapolis 500 , and establish `` new traditions '' for the Brickyard 400 . At it inception , the `` 400 Festival '' , a local civic organization ( similar to the 500 Festival in May ) , was founded to promote the event and organize various events in around the community in the days leading up to the race . After a handful of years , the 400 Festival disbanded . Since the 2000s , the annual Hauler Parade now kicks off the race weekend . The teams transporters parade into the Town of Speedway , and the participants take part in an interactive fan fest with spectators . Several of the key fixtures of the Indy 500 pre-race traditions were dropped or tweaked . The Purdue band was omitted , in favor of other schools from the state ( Indiana State and Indiana University ) . The song `` Back Home Again in Indiana '' was decidedly not included , however , Jim Nabors was invited in 1994 to sing the national anthem . Unlike the Indy 500 , a celebrity pace car driver is seldom used in NASCAR , and one was not used for the first many years of the Brickyard 400 . In more recent years a ceremonial pace car driver has been added . Chevrolet has been the exclusive provider of the pace car for all editions from 1994 - 2018 . In a slight contrast to the Indy 500 , many of the national anthem performers invited have been from country music , as a gesture to NASCAR 's ties to the south . It also reflects upon one of the event 's longtime sponsors - Big Machine Records . Contemporary Christian singers have also been invited several times . Traditions that were kept include a balloon release , a flyby , and an invocation ( The last two are part of most NASCAR events ) . Rev. Howard Brammer of Traders Point Christian Church has conducted the invocation for every Brickyard 400 from 1994 to 2015 ; differing from the Indy 500 , where the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis is normally invited . In 1998 , for the first time since 1954 , a person gave the starting command at the track who was not a member of the Hulman - George family . The president of NASCAR , Bill France , Jr. gave the command , celebrating the 50th anniversary of NASCAR . Year Pace Car Pace Car Driver National anthem Starting command NASCAR Starters Honorary starter 1994 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Z34 Elmo Langley Jim Nabors Mary F. Hulman Doyle Ford Stephen Goldsmith 1995 Chevrolet C / K 1500 Elmo Langley Steve Wariner Mary F. Hulman Doyle Ford Chevrolet Camaro Z28 Elmo Langley Rhett Akins Mary F. Hulman Doyle Ford 1997 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Z34 Buster Auton Tracy Byrd Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise Stephen Goldsmith 1998 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Z34 Buster Auton The Marching Hundred Bill France , Jr . Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise 1999 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Buster Auton Ricochet Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise 2000 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Buster Auton Melvin Carraway Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise 2001 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Jay Leno ( start ) Buster Auton ( race ) Straight No Chaser Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise Chuck Conaway 2002 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Kurt Ridder ( start ) Buster Auton ( race ) Jimmy Ryser Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise John G. Middlebrook 2003 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Buster Auton Montgomery Gentry Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise Larry Rockwell Chevrolet Monte Carlo Brett Bodine Rascal Flatts Mari Hulman George Jimmy Howell Rodney Wise James Spencer 2005 Chevrolet SSR Brett Bodine Diamond Rio Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise Dennis Haysbert 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Brett Bodine Kelly Rowland Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise Chris Noth 2007 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Brett Bodine Sgt . Byron Bartosh Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise James Denton 2008 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Brett Bodine Daniel Rodríguez Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise John C. McGinley 2009 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Brett Bodine Casey Jamerson Kristen Santos ( ASL ) Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise Tyler Hansbrough Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Brett Bodine Steven Curtis Chapman Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise Dallas Clark 2011 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Hope Solo ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Rascal Flatts Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise Scott Borchetta 2012 60th Anniversary Chevrolet Corvette Ron Howard ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Raul Malo Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise 2013 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 Sage Steele ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Cassadee Pope Mari Hulman George Rick Monroe Rodney Wise 2014 Chevrolet SS Chris Pratt ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Drake White Mari Hulman George 2015 Chevrolet SS Lauren Holiday ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Kellie Pickler Mari Hulman George 2016 Chevrolet SS Akbar Gbaja - Biamila ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Cassadee Pope Tony George David Rojas 2017 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 Jeff Gordon ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Carly Pearce Tony George 2018 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( start ) Brett Bodine ( race ) Carly Pearce Tony George In 2016 , Tony Stewart led the field out , but took his spot in the field before the green flag wove . Television and radio ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) From 1994 to 2000 , the race was broadcast live on ABC Sports , who had televised the Indianapolis 500 since 1965 . ESPN / ESPN2 carried live coverage of practice and qualifying . The race was scheduled for the first Saturday in August , at 12 : 15 pm EST ( 1 : 15 pm EDT ) . Saturday was chosen for the running of the race to allow for Sunday as a rain date . In the Indianapolis market , the race was blacked out , and aired in same - day tape delay later in the evening . Prior to the first running , ESPN covered the feasibility tests in both 1992 and 1993 through its SpeedWeek program . During the 1992 test , ESPN utilized on - board footage from inside Kyle Petty 's car , captured from Petty 's personal video camera . During the summer leading up to the 1994 race , ESPN broadcast a series of preview shows titled Road to the Brickyard . In 1995 , rain delayed the start until 4 : 25 EST ( 5 : 25 EDT ) . ABC had already signed off , and made the decision to air the race via tape delay on ESPN the following day . In the greater Indianapolis area , the race was shown tape delay that night at 7 pm on WRTV as planned . The 1995 race ran until 7 : 03 pm EST ( 8 : 03 pm EDT ) , which was believed to be the second - latest time of day cars have ever driven on the track . Year Network Lap - by - lap Color commentator ( s ) Pit reporters Ratings 1994 ABC Bob Jenkins Benny Parsons Jack Arute Jerry Punch Gary Gerould 5.7 1995 ABC ESPN Benny Parsons Jack Arute Jerry Punch Gary Gerould 4.3 ( ABC ) ABC Benny Parsons Danny Sullivan ( turn 2 ) Jack Arute Jerry Punch Gary Gerould 4.3 1997 ABC Benny Parsons Jack Arute Jerry Punch Bill Weber 5.3 / 18 1998 ABC Benny Parsons Jack Arute Jerry Punch Bill Weber 4.1 / 14 1999 ABC Benny Parsons Jerry Punch Bill Weber Ray Dunlap 4.6 / 15 2000 ABC Benny Parsons Ray Evernham Jerry Punch Bill Weber Ray Dunlap 3.7 / 10 Note : Paul Page served as pre-race host in 1994 -- 1996 . NBC / TNT ( edit ) From 2001 to 2006 , the race was broadcast on NBC , as part of a new eight - year , $ 2.4 - billion centralized television deal involving FOX / FX and NBC / TNT . The race was moved from Saturday to Sunday , and the start time was moved to 1 : 45 pm EST ( 2 : 45 pm EDT ) . In 2006 , Indiana began observing Daylight Saving Time , and the race was scheduled for 2 : 45 pm EDT . After switching to NBC and the centralized television contract , the local blackout policy was lifted . During this contract , TNT carried pole qualifying live . The final `` Happy Hour '' practice was carried live on CNN / SI in 2001 , and on Speed from 2002 to 2006 . Year Network Host Lap - by - lap Color commentator ( s ) Pit reporters Ratings Viewers 2001 NBC Bill Weber Allen Bestwick Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Bill Weber Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 6.2 / 16 2002 NBC Bill Weber Allen Bestwick Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Bill Weber Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 6.3 / 16 10.2 million 2003 NBC Bill Weber Allen Bestwick Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Bill Weber Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 6.0 / 15 9.7 million NBC Bill Weber Allen Bestwick Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Bill Weber Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 6.1 / 15 9.3 million 2005 NBC Bill Weber Bill Weber Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Allen Bestwick Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 6.2 / 15 9.5 million 2006 NBC Bill Weber Bill Weber Benny Parsons Wally Dallenbach Allen Bestwick Dave Burns Marty Snider Matt Yocum 5.5 / 13 8.645 million Notes : Bill Weber served as pre-race host on the NBC `` War Wagon '' from 2001 to 2004 , and in the booth in 2005 -- 2006 . ESPN ( edit ) From 2007 to 2014 , under the terms of a new $4.48 - billion contract , television rights were held by ESPN . The race swapped dates with the Pennsylvania 500 , and effectively moved up one weekend . The change was made so that ESPN / ABC could kick off their NASCAR coverage with the more - attractive telecast . The move to cable drew some mild controversy after thirteen years of having been on network television . The starting time was slightly earlier than in the past , at 2 : 30 pm EDT . Practice and qualifying are carried by ESPN , ESPN2 , and Speed . In 2009 - 2014 , the race was advertised on ESPN as Brickyard 400 presented by Golden Corral . The different name is due to a standing policy by NASCAR to not mention the race 's title sponsor on - air more than the required twice per hour unless an advertising premium is paid to the network . Year Network NASCAR Countdown Lap - by - lap Color commentator ( s ) Pit reporters Ratings Viewers 2007 ESPN Brent Musburger Suzy Kolber Brad Daugherty Jerry Punch Rusty Wallace Andy Petree Allen Bestwick Dave Burns Jamie Little Mike Massaro 4.2 ( 4.9 cable ) 6.574 million 2008 ESPN Allen Bestwick Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Jerry Punch Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Dave Burns Jamie Little Mike Massaro Shannon Spake 4.3 ( 5.1 cable ) 6.668 million 2009 ESPN Allen Bestwick Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Ray Evernham Jerry Punch Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Dave Burns Jamie Little Shannon Spake Vince Welch 4.1 ( 4.8 cable ) 6.487 million ESPN Allen Bestwick Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Ray Evernham Marty Reid Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Jerry Punch Dave Burns Jamie Little Vince Welch 3.6 ( 4.2 cable ) 5.709 million 2011 ESPN Nicole Briscoe Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Allen Bestwick Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Jerry Punch Dave Burns Jamie Little Vince Welch 4.0 ( 4.6 cable ) 6.337 million 2012 ESPN Nicole Briscoe Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Ray Evernham Allen Bestwick Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Jerry Punch Dave Burns Jamie Little Vince Welch 3.3 5.1 million 2013 ESPN Nicole Briscoe Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Ray Evernham Allen Bestwick Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Jerry Punch Dave Burns Jamie Little Vince Welch 3.6 5.5 million 2014 ESPN Nicole Briscoe Rusty Wallace Brad Daugherty Allen Bestwick Dale Jarrett Andy Petree Jerry Punch Dave Burns Jamie Little Vince Welch 3.4 5.2 million NBCSN / NBC ( edit ) Under the terms of a new $2.7 billion television deal from 2015 to 2024 , the race is part of the NASCAR on NBC package . In 2015 and 2016 , the race aired live on NBCSN . In 2017 , as a deal with broadcasting changes , the race will air on NBC . Also in 2015 and again in 2016 , the race was advertised on NBCSN as NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Racing from the Brickyard Presented by Golden Corral , with the Golden Corral sponsorship being transferred from ESPN . Crown Royal has never paid the advertising premiums required by the network broadcasting the race to be mentioned as title sponsor of the race , either to ESPN / ABC or to NBC . In 2017 , the race aired on NBC , returning to a broadcast network for the first time since 2006 . The race will move back to NBCSN in 2018 . Year Network Host Lap - by - lap Color commentator ( s ) Pit reporter ( s ) Ratings Viewers 2015 NBCSN Krista Voda Kyle Petty Dale Jarrett Rick Allen Jeff Burton Steve Letarte Dave Burns Marty Snider Mike Massaro Kelli Stavast 3.0 4.7 million 2016 NBCSN Krista Voda Kyle Petty Dale Jarrett Rick Allen Jeff Burton Steve Letarte Dave Burns Marty Snider Mike Massaro Kelli Stavast 3.1 5.2 million 2017 NBC Krista Voda Kyle Petty Dale Jarrett Rick Allen Jeff Burton Steve Letarte Dave Burns Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Parker Kligerman 3.3 5.6 million 2018 NBCSN Krista Voda Kyle Petty Dale Jarrett Rick Allen Jeff Burton Steve Letarte Dale Earnhardt Jr . Dave Burns Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Parker Kligerman Radio ( edit ) All races have been broadcast on radio through the IMS Radio Network . Since 2004 , Performance Racing Network has co-produced the race . Doug Rice , who is the chief announcer for PRN , currently anchors the broadcast . John Andretti is the current driver expert . From 1994 to 1999 , Mike Joy anchored the broadcast . From 2000 to 2003 , Mike King served as chief announcer . In 2004 , Doug Rice joined King as co-anchor . In 2007 - 2008 , the co-anchors were Doug Rice and Bob Jenkins . In 2009 , Jenkins moved to Versus , and as a result , Chris Denari took over as co-anchor with Doug Rice . See also ( edit ) Lilly Diabetes 250 IROC at Indy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Allstate terminates Brickyard sponsorship '' . IndyStar.com. 2009 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Brickyard 400 presented by Big Machine Records '' . IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com. 2011 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation 's Heroes To Be Honored At Crown Royal ' Your Hero 's Name Here ' 400 at the Brickyard '' . IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com. 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crown Royal campaign to sponsor Brickyard 400 '' . July 28 , 2011 . Sporting New Wire Service . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Event Detail '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crown Royal honors U.S. Marine as namesake of Brickyard 400 '' . NASCAR.com . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Overpeck , Dave ( August 17 , 1968 ) . `` '' Stocks `` : The speed market zooms ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 64 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Overpeck , Dave ( August 17 , 1968 ) . `` '' Stocks `` : The speed market zooms ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 65 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Overpeck , Dave ( August 17 , 1968 ) . `` '' Stocks `` : The speed market zooms ( Part 3 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 66 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( July 10 , 1979 ) . `` September Race At Speedway ? '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 1 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Overpeck , Dave ( May 11 , 1981 ) . `` NASCAR circuit coming to IMS ? '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Mittman , Dick ( May 28 , 1983 ) . `` Cloutier Nixes Second Race '' . The Indianapolis News . p. 9 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley . July 22 , 2015 . WFNI . Jump up ^ `` Firecracker 400 To Indianapolis ? '' . The Indianapolis Star . December 7 , 1979 . p. 41 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Firecracker Move to Indy Withdrawn '' . The Indianapolis Star . January 13 , 1980 . p. 29 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Ford V8 Sets ' 500 ' Stock Car Record '' . The Indianapolis news . June 18 , 1956 . p. 19 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley . August 4 , 2004 . Network Indiana . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR at Indy ? '' . The Indianapolis Star . September 25 , 1991 . p. 23 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Lowenkron , Hank ( April 7 , 1992 ) . `` IROC cars at Speedway for feasibility test '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 39 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( June 4 , 1992 ) . `` NASCAR biggies to run tire tests at Speedway ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 39 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( June 4 , 1992 ) . `` NASCAR biggies to run tire tests at Speedway ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 43 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Donald Davidson ( historian ) '' . The Talk of Gasoline Alley . Episode 4 . Indianapolis : WFNI. 2008 - 07 - 23 . WFNI . Jump up ^ Cadou Jr. , Jep ( August 9 , 1985 ) . `` Speedway 's new 96 garages will accent spaciousness ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 1 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Cadou Jr. , Jep ( August 9 , 1985 ) . `` Speedway 's new 96 garages will accent spaciousness ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 8 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Cavin , Curt ( August 18 , 1993 ) . `` Petty gets in 4 laps , but it was just for PR '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 45 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Remondini , David J. ( July 31 , 1994 ) . `` Brickyard tickets are summer 's hottest ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 21 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Remondini , David J. ( July 31 , 1994 ) . `` Brickyard tickets are summer 's hottest ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 22 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Cavin , Curt ( August 6 , 1994 ) . `` ' And it 's a new track announcement ' at IMS '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 38 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/columnists/gregg-doyel/2016/07/24/doyel-2016-brickyard-400-race-no-one-saw/87507680/ Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Indianapolis Motor Speedway is Jeff Gordon 's personal playground '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR : NASCAR Drivers , Race Standings & News '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gordon earns fifth Brickyard 400 victory '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winner selected in Brickyard 400 naming contest '' . Indianapolis Star . Gannett . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bout with wall ends Brayton 's Brickyard run '' . The Indianapolis Star . July 27 , 1995 . p. 46 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bonnett plans limited return '' . The Indianapolis Star . October 28 , 1993 . p. 45 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Glick , Shav ( February 12 , 1994 ) . `` Bonnett Killed in Crash at Daytona '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt Jr. to drive pace car at Brickyard 400 '' . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 1968 Indianapolis 500 Autolite 500 Daily Trackside Summary , Volume III , No. 26 ; Sunday May 26 , 1968 : Rain delayed the start of practice for Bump Day , and the day was extended beyond the 6 pm close . `` ... the extension period which was held today from 7 : 31 pm to 7 : 54 p.m ( EST ) at which time official deemed the track unsafe to run due to darkness ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Brickyard 400 shoots a brick '' . SportsMediaWatch.com. 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) . `` ESPN 's NASCAR Sprint Cup Coverage Launches at Indianapolis '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Tripp ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ESPN , Michigan track collaborate on title sponsor '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Leone , Christopher ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` ESPN Needs to Cut the Corporate Crap and Display Race Sponsor Names Properly '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brickyard 400 Up From Last Year '' . SportsMediaWatch.com. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit The Bricks : Record Low Rating For Brickyard 400 '' . SportsMediaWatch.com. 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN 's Brickyard 400 Rocks a 4.6 on the TV Ratings Scale , Nationwide Registers 1.5 '' . Pressdog.com ( from ESPN PR ) . 2011 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy . `` Motorsports This Week '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR schedule 2017 start times revealed for all three series '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brickyard 400 Hits Record - Low , But Sets NBCSN Record High Jump up ^ Paulsen ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR Brickyard Viewership Up , Sets NBCSN Record '' . SportsMediaWatch.com . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brickyard 400 . Brickyard 400 Official site Previous race : Bojangles ' Southern 500 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Big Machine Vodka 400 at the Brickyard Next race : South Point 400 Races in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Current Championship Daytona Atlanta Las Vegas Phoenix California Martinsville Texas Bristol Richmond Talladega Dover Kansas Charlotte Pocono Michigan Sonoma Chicagoland Daytona Kentucky New Hampshire Pocono Watkins Glen Michigan Bristol Darlington Indianapolis Playoffs Las Vegas Richmond Charlotte Dover Talladega Kansas Martinsville Texas Phoenix Homestead Exhibition Advance Auto Parts Clash Can - Am Duels Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race Previous Champioship North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World Texas World Ontario Darlington Trenton Atlanta California New Hampshire Exhibition Suzuka Motegi Calder Park Note : The Cup Series has multiple events at the same racing venue . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Machine_Vodka_400_at_the_Brickyard&oldid=857088945 '' Categories : 1994 establishments in Indiana NASCAR races at Indianapolis Motor Speedway Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races Recurring sporting events established in 1994 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Olympics on NBC commentators
Olympics on NBC commentators - wikipedia Olympics on NBC commentators This article includes a list of hosts and commentators of the Olympic Games on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosts 1.1 Additional notes 2 By event 2.1 Winter Olympics 2.1. 1 1972 2.1. 1.1 Other 2.1. 2 2002 2.1. 2.1 Other 2.1. 3 2006 2.1. 3.1 2006 Sportsdesk reporters 2.1. 4 2010 2.1. 4.1 2010 Sportsdesk reporters 2.1. 4.2 2010 Olympic correspondents 2.1. 5 2014 2.1. 5.1 2014 Olympic studio hosts 2.1. 5.1. 1 Substitutes for Bob Costas 2.1. 5.2 2014 Sportsdesk reporters 2.1. 5.3 2014 Olympic correspondents 2.1. 6 2018 2.1. 6.1 2018 Sportsdesk reporters 2.1. 6.2 2018 Olympic correspondents 2.2 Summer Olympics 2.2. 1 1988 2.2. 2 1992 2.2. 3 1996 2.2. 4 2000 2.2. 4.1 2000 Sportsdesk reporters 2.2. 5 2004 2.2. 5.1 2004 Sportsdesk reporters 2.2. 6 2008 2.2. 6.1 2008 Sportsdesk reporters 2.2. 6.2 2008 Olympic correspondents 2.2. 7 2012 2.2. 7.1 2012 Sportsdesk Reporters 2.2. 7.2 2012 Olympic Correspondents 2.2. 8 2016 2.2. 8.1 2016 Sportsdesk Reporters 2.2. 8.2 2016 Olympic Correspondents 3 Summer Youth Olympics 3.1 2014 3.1. 1 On - site reporters 4 References 5 External links Hosts ( edit ) Source ( please note that the paragraph containing the anchors for the 2008 Olympics was accidentally copied and pasted into the capsule for the 2010 Olympics ) : Year Prime - Time Host Daytime Host ( s ) Late - Night Host ( s ) Cable Host ( s ) 1964 Summer Bill Henry 1972 Winter Curt Gowdy 1980 Summer Bryant Gumbel * 1988 Summer Bryant Gumbel Gayle Gardner , Jimmy Cefalo , and Jane Pauley Bob Costas and Gayle Gardner 1992 Summer Bob Costas Bob Costas , Dick Enberg , Gayle Gardner and Katie Couric Jim Lampley and Hannah Storm Don Criqui , Gayle Gardner , Ahmad Rashād Dan Hicks and Kathleen Sullivan ( both for the Olympics Triplecast ) 1996 Summer Greg Gumbel 2000 Summer Hannah Storm Bob Costas Jim Lampley ( MSNBC ) and Pat O'Brien ( CNBC ) 2002 Winter Dan Hicks Jim Lampley ( both CNBC and MSNBC ) 2004 Summer Jim Lampley Pat O'Brien ( first week ) and Dan Hicks ( second week ) Fred Roggin ( CNBC ) , Lester Holt ( MSNBC ) , Pat O'Brien ( MSNBC ) , Mary Carillo ( Bravo ) , and Jim Lampley ( USA ) 2006 Winter Jim Lampley Fred Roggin ( MSNBC / USA / CNBC ( Curling ) ) , Bill Clement ( MSNBC / USA / CNBC ( Hockey ) ) , Bill Macatee ( USA ) 2008 Summer Mary Carillo Alex Flanagan ( CNBC / USA ) , Matt Vasgersian ( USA ) , Melissa Stark ( MSNBC ) , Bill Patrick ( MSNBC ) , Fred Roggin ( CNBC ) and Lindsay Czarniak ( Oxygen ) 2010 Winter Al Michaels Fred Roggin ( MSNBC / USA / CNBC ( Curling ) ) , Bill Patrick ( MSNBC / USA / CNBC ( Hockey ) ) , 2012 Summer Al Michaels and Dan Patrick Michelle Beadle ( NBCSN ) , Liam McHugh ( NBCSN ) , Willie Geist ( NBCSN ) , Kelly Tilghman ( MSNBC ) , Rob Simmelkjaer ( MSNBC ) , Fred Roggin ( CNBC ) and Pat O'Brien ( Bravo ) 2014 Winter Bob Costas , Matt Lauer and Meredith Vieira Lester Holt ( weekdays ) and Al Michaels ( weekends ) Bob Costas , Matt Lauer and Meredith Vieira Dan Patrick ( NBCSN , weekdays and weekends ) , Rebecca Lowe ( NBCSN , weekdays and weekends ) , Al Michaels ( NBCSN , weekdays only ) , Fred Roggin ( CNBC / MSNBC / USA Network ( Curling ) ) , Liam McHugh ( MSNBC / NBCSN / USA Network ( Hockey ) ) , Kathryn Tappen ( MSNBC / NBCSN / USA Network ( Hockey ) ) 2016 Summer Bob Costas Al Michaels and Mike Tirico Ryan Seacrest Dan Patrick ( NBC / NBCSN ) , Rebecca Lowe ( NBC / NBCSN ) , Liam McHugh ( NBCSN ) , Carolyn Manno ( NBCSN ) , Dave Briggs ( Bravo ( Tennis ) ) , Ahmed Fareed ( USA Network ) , Brett Haber ( Bravo ( Tennis ) ) , Fred Roggin ( CNBC ) , Rob Simmelkjaer ( MSNBC ) 2018 Winter Mike Tirico Rebecca Lowe Mike Tirico Liam McHugh ( NBCSN ) , Carolyn Manno ( NBCSN ) , Ahmed Fareed ( NBCSN ) , Fred Roggin ( CNBC / NBCSN / USA Network ( Curling ) ) , Kathryn Tappen ( CNBC / NBCSN / USA Network ( Hockey ) ) , Tessa Bonhomme ( CNBC / NBCSN / USA Network ( Hockey ) ) Additional notes ( edit ) ( * ) Though the United States boycotted these games , NBC held the rights to the Moscow Olympics , and the number of hours broadcast were reduced from 100 + hours to little more than three . The host for the two - hour wrap - up show was Bryant Gumbel , who was scheduled to be the main prime - time host . Therefore , he is given credit for being the anchor . Among those who were also supposed to have prominent roles in NBC 's 1980 Moscow coverage were Donna DeVarona , Dick Enberg , Joe Garagiola , Merle Harmon , Charlie Jones , Bruce Jenner , David Letterman , and O.J. Simpson . Another of NBC 's hosts is Jim Lampley . Lampley has served as late - night host in 1992 , 1996 and 2006 . He was the daytime host in 2004 , 2006 and 2008 . During 2000 and 2002 , he hosted cable coverage . The Beijing Games were his 14th Olympic assignment ( including work for ABC , CBS and TNT ) , more than for any other commentator . Al Michaels was weekday and weekend host of the 2010 Winter Olympics . This marked his first Olympic assignment since the 1988 Winter Olympics , which was the last to date aired on Michaels ' long - time employer ABC Sports . Hannah Storm also hosted four Olympics ( late - night : 1992 and 1996 , daytime : 2000 and 2002 ) for NBC . She left NBC for CBS News in 2002 , then moved to ESPN in 2008 ; she began her new assignment as SportsCenter anchor on the first weekday of the Beijing Games ( August 11 ) . Pat O'Brien anchored coverage of the 2002 Winter Olympics from the Medals Plaza in Salt Lake City . Due to an eye infection , Costas was replaced by Matt Lauer for the Primetime and Late Night telecasts on February 11 , 12 , and 13th , 2014 . Meredith Viera took over the Prime Time duties from Lauer due to Costas ' prolonged illness for February 14 and 15 . Matt Lauer was the replacement for February 16 . Bob Costas returned on February 17 as the anchor for the rest of the Olympics . For the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing , China , limited tape - delayed coverage aired on NBC , NBCSN , and Universal Sports , with 54.5 total hours of coverage airing - 24.5 hours on NBC and NBCSN , and the remaining 30 on Universal Sports . Josh Elliott was listed as a studio host , although for the NBCSN broadcasts , the play - by - play announcers for each sport tossed to commercial breaks and pre-taped segments . Bob Costas hosted the August 18 , 2016 late - night show from Rio , as the outdoor set at Copacabana Beach , where Ryan Seacrest was based for the Rio Games , had lost power , and it could not be restored in time . By event ( edit ) Winter Olympics ( edit ) 1972 ( edit ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Alpine skiing Jim Simpson Billy Kidd Biathlon Cross country skiing Jim Simpson Figure skating Jim Simpson Peggy Fleming Men 's ice hockey Al Michaels Ski jumping Jay Randolph Art Devlin Short track ( demonstration sport ) Jay Randolph Terry McDermott Speed skating Jay Randolph Terry McDermott Other ( edit ) Jack Perkins ( features ) 2002 ( edit ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Katie Couric Alpine skiing Tim Ryan Todd Brooker Christin Cooper Steve Porino Biathlon Bob Papa Al Trautwig Paul Robbins Dwight Stones Bobsleigh Tim Singer John Morgan Bonny Warner Mary Carillo Cross-country skiing Bob Papa Al Trautwig Josh Thompson Dwight Stones Curling Don Chevrier Don Duguid Elfi Schlegel Figure skating Tom Hammond Scott Hamilton Sandra Bezic Tracy Wilson Beth Ruyak Freestyle skiing Steve Podborski Trace Worthington Tara Teigen Men 's ice hockey Gary Thorne Kenny Albert Bill Clement John Davidson ( Gold Medal Game only ) Joe Micheletti Darren Pang Women 's ice hockey Kenny Albert Lisa Brown - Miller Darren Pang Luge / Skeleton Tim Singer Duncan Kennedy Mary Carillo Short track Ted Robinson Eric Flaim Chris Wragge Ski jumping Mike Breen Jeff Hastings Len Berman Snowboarding Pat Parnell Kevin Delaney Tara Teigen Speed skating Dan Hicks Dan Jansen Andrea Joyce Closing Ceremony Dan Hicks Mary Carillo Opening Ceremony tease narrators : Jim McKay and Bob Costas These Olympics also began NBC 's still - running tradition of closing montages , with images of each Games set to the score from the Remember the Titans soundtrack . Other ( edit ) Jim McKay ( special correspondent ) 2006 ( edit ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporters Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Brian Williams Mary Carillo Alpine skiing Tim Ryan Todd Brooker Steve Porino Lewis Johnson Biathlon Len Berman Chad Salmela Bobsleigh / Skeleton Bob Papa Carol Lewis John Morgan Bob Neumeier Cross country skiing Al Trautwig Paul Robbins Dwight Stones Curling Don Chevrier Don Duguid Elfi Schlegel Figure skating Tom Hammond Scott Hamilton ( Singles ) Dick Button ( Pairs ) Tracy Wilson ( Ice Dance ) Sandra Bezic Andrea Joyce Freestyle skiing Steve Podborski Trace Worthington Robbie Floyd Men 's ice hockey Mike Emrick Kenny Albert Dave Strader Eddie Olczyk Peter McNab Brian Engblom Joe Micheletti Pierre McGuire Women 's ice hockey Mike Emrick Kenny Albert Dave Strader A.J. Mleczko Joe Micheletti Peter McNab Pierre McGuire Luge Bob Papa Duncan Kennedy Bob Neumeier Short track Ted Robinson Dan Weinstein Lesley Visser Ski jumping Matt Vasgersian Jeff Hastings Tim Daggett Snowboading Pat Parnell Todd Richards Tina Dixon Speed skating Dan Hicks Dan Jansen Melissa Stark Closing Ceremony Dan Hicks Mary Carillo Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Andre Braugher 2006 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Julie Foudy Lester Holt Alan Abrahamson Bob Hager Roger Cressey Kevin Corke Otis Livingston Craig Hummer Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Alpine skiing Tim Ryan Todd Brooker Christin Cooper Steve Porino Biathlon Al Trautwig Chad Salmela Bobsleigh / Luge / Skeleton Bob Papa Duncan Kennedy ( Luge ) John Morgan ( Bobsled ) Lea Ann Parsley ( Skeleton ) Lewis Johnson Cross country skiing Al Trautwig Chad Salmela Curling Andrew Catalon Don Duguid Colleen Jones Elfi Schlegel Figure skating Tom Hammond Scott Hamilton ( Pairs , Men 's Singles ) Tracy Wilson ( Ice Dance ) Sandra Bezic ( Ladies Singles ) Andrea Joyce Freestyle skiing Todd Harris Jonny Moseley Tina Dixon Men 's ice hockey Mike Emrick Kenny Albert Eddie Olczyk Joe Micheletti Pierre McGuire Mike Milbury Cammi Granato Jeremy Roenick Women 's ice hockey Mike Emrick Kenny Albert A.J. Mleczko Joe Micheletti Short track Ted Robinson Andy Gabel Andrea Joyce Ski jumping Matt Vasgersian Jeff Hastings Snowboarding Pat Parnell Todd Richards Tina Dixon Speed skating Dan Hicks Dan Jansen Andrea Kremer Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Andre Braugher 2010 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Lester Holt Jimmy Roberts Alex Flanagan Dwight Stones Peter Alexander 2010 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) Dick Button Cris Collinsworth Dan Patrick 2014 ( edit ) Source for all other commentators without individual sources : Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Matt Lauer Meredith Vieira David Remnick Alpine skiing Dan Hicks Todd Brooker Christin Cooper Steve Porino Biathlon Steve Schlanger Chad Salmela Stacey Wooley Alex Flanagan Bobsleigh / Luge / Skeleton Leigh Diffey Duncan Kennedy ( Luge ) John Morgan ( Bobsled ) Bree Schaaf ( Skeleton ) Lewis Johnson Cross-country skiing Al Trautwig Chad Salmela Alex Flanagan Curling Andrew Catalon Jason Knapp John Benton Pete Fenson Kevin Martin Trenni Kusnierek Figure skating Terry Gannon ( NBCSN ) Tom Hammond ( NBC Primetime ) Scott Hamilton ( NBC Primetime ) Sandra Bezic ( NBC Primetime ) Tracy Wilson ( NBC Primetime ) Johnny Weir ( NBCSN ) Tara Lipinski ( NBCSN ) Nancy Kerrigan Andrea Joyce Freestyle skiing Matt Vasgersian Todd Harris ( ski cross ) Jonny Moseley Luke Van Valin Carolyn Manno Men 's Ice Hockey Mike Emrick Dave Strader Kenny Albert Eddie Olczyk Pierre McGuire Brian Engblom Women 's Ice Hockey Mike Emrick Dave Strader Kenny Albert A.J. Mleczko Pierre McGuire Natalie Darwitz Brian Engblom Nordic combined Bob Papa ( ski jumping ) Al Trautwig ( cross-country ) Jeff Hastings ( ski jumping ) Chad Salmela ( cross-country ) Randy Moss Short track Terry Gannon Apolo Ohno Andrea Joyce Ski jumping Bob Papa Jeff Hastings Randy Moss Snowboarding Todd Harris Todd Richards Tina Dixon Speed skating Ted Robinson Dan Jansen Steve Sands Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Peter Dinklage For the very first time , NBCSN will air complete coverage of figure skating live , with expanded coverage and features aired as a part of NBC 's Primetime coverage . Mike Milbury , Keith Jones , and Jeremy Roenick will serve as studio analysts for ice hockey coverage . 2014 Olympic studio hosts ( edit ) Lester Holt -- ( Daytime coverage ) Bob Costas -- ( Primetime and Late - Night coverage ) Al Michaels -- ( Weekend daytime coverage ) Rebecca Lowe -- ( Weekday and weekend coverage on NBCSN ) Substitutes for Bob Costas ( edit ) Bob Costas had health problems with his eyes so , the following substituted for him : Matt Lauer Meredith Vieira 2014 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Sal Masekela Nastia Liukin Tanith Belbin Richard Engel Willie Geist Stephanie Gosk Nancy Snyderman Brian Shactman Jimmy Roberts ( features reporter ) 2014 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) Maria Sharapova Mary Carillo Cris Collinsworth Ato Boldon Vladimir Posner Apolo Ohno Lindsey Vonn Tom Davis Jr Jason Lee Scott 2018 ( edit ) Source : Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Mike Tirico Katie Couric Alpine skiing Dan Hicks Bode Miller Steve Porino Heather Cox Biathlon Steve Schlanger * Bill Seward * Chad Salmela * Damon Hack Bobsleigh / Luge / Skeleton Leigh Diffey Duncan Kennedy ( Luge ) John Morgan ( Bobsled ) Bree Schaaf ( Skeleton ) Lewis Johnson Cross-country skiing Al Trautwig * Steve Schlanger * Chad Salmela * Curling Jason Knapp Bill Doleman * Jim Kozimor * Kevin Martin Pete Fenson * Trenni Kusnierek Figure skating Terry Gannon Chris Vosters ( 4K telecast ) * Tara Lipinski Johnny Weir Tanith White Charlie White ( 4K telecast ) * Andrea Joyce Freestyle skiing Trace Worthington Todd Harris Jonny Moseley Luke Van Valin Kelli Stavast Men 's Ice Hockey Kenny Albert Gord Miller Mike Milbury Pierre McGuire Brian Boucher Women 's Ice Hockey Kenny Albert John Walton A.J. Mleczko Pierre McGuire Leila Rahimi Short track Ted Robinson Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * Apolo Ohno Dan Weinstein ( 4K telecast ) * Andrea Joyce Ski jumping Paul Burmeister Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * Johnny Spillane Jessica Jerome ( 4K telecast ) * Abby Chin Snowboarding Todd Harris Trace Worthington Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * Todd Richards Tina Dixon Kaitlyn Farrington ( 4K telecast ) * Tina Dixon Speed skating Tom Hammond Joey Cheek Steve Sands Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Sterling K. Brown Keith Jones , Jeremy Roenick , Anson Carter , and Erika Lawler will serve as studio analysts for ice hockey coverage . Jones and Roenick will work with Kathryn Tappen in Pyeongchang , while Carter and Lawler will work with Tessa Bonhomme in Stamford . Jon Rosen and Mike Johnson will work both the men 's and women 's hockey tournaments for the 4K telecast ; like the other 4K commentators , they will work from Stamford . During the Games , a live , nightly figure skating preview show called Olympic Ice Presented by Toyota will air two editions : a televised edition , and a digital - exclusive edition . Liam McHugh will anchor the televised version on NBCSN , with analysis from Tanith White and Scott Hamilton . Krista Voda will host the digital - exclusive edition , which will be produced in Stamford ; joining Voda will be Kristi Yamaguchi , Charlie White , and Ben Agosto . 2018 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Dylan Dreyer Willie Geist Rich Lerner Julia Mancuso Natalie Morales Gadi Schwartz Anne Thompson Rutledge Wood 2018 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) Ato Boldon Mary Carillo David Chang Dale Earnhardt Jr . David Feherty Scott Hamilton Jimmy Roberts J.C. Ramo Summer Olympics ( edit ) 1988 ( edit ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2009 ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Baseball ( demonstration sport ) Jay Randolph Jim Kaat Basketball Dick Enberg Tom Hammond Al McGuire ( men ) and Nancy Lieberman - Cline ( women ) Jim Gray Boxing Marv Albert Ferdie Pacheco Wallace Matthews Canoeing Joel Meyers Steve Gladstone Cycling Gary Gerould Brian Drebber and Davis Phinney Diving Tom Hammond Charlie Jones Steve McFarland Equestrian Jim Simpson Bill Steinkraus Football Seamus Malin Gymnastics Dick Enberg Mary Lou Retton and Bart Conner Handball Greg Lewis Kayaking Bucky Waters Eric Evans Rowing Joel Meyers Steve Gladstone Marathon Larry Rawson Swimming Don Criqui Candy Costie - Burke ( synchronized ) and John Naber Armen Keteyian Table Tennis Spensor Ross Bud Collins & Sean O'Neill Tennis Bud Collins JoAnne Russell Track and field Charlie Jones Greg Foster Frank Shorter Dwight Stones Jim Gray Volleyball Bob Trumpy Chris Marlowe Water polo Jim Kruse Wrestling Russ Hellickson Jeff Blatnick Closing Ceremony Bryant Gumbel Dick Enberg 1992 ( edit ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Baseball Basketball Marv Albert Mike Fratello Jim Gray Boxing Bob Trumpy Al Bernstein Beasley Reece Canoeing Joel Meyers Eric Evans Cycling Diving Tom Hammond Charlie Jones Equestrian Tom Leibel Melanie Smith - Taylor Football Jim Donovan Seamus Malin Gymnastics John Tesh ( Artistic & Rhythmic ) Dick Enberg ( Artistic ) Greg Lewis ( Triplecast ) Tim Daggett and Elfi Schlegel ( Artistic ) Wendy Hilliard ( Rhythmic ) Peter Vidmar and Julianne McNamara ( Triplecast ) Rowing Joel Meyers Swimming Charlie Jones Synchronized Swimming Al Trautwig Tracie Conforto Tennis Bud Collins Track and field Tom Hammond Dwight Stones Volleyball Chris Marlowe Paul Sunderland Water polo Charlie Jones Jim Kruse Wrestling Russ Hellickson Jeff Blatnick Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Dick Enberg Baseball Basketball Marv Albert ( men ) Mike Breen ( women ) Matt Goukas and Magic Johnson ( men ) Cheryl Miller ( women ) Cheryl Miller Jim Gray ( men ) Boxing Marv Albert Bob Papa Al Bernstein Beasley Reece Canoeing Charlie Jones Bill Endicott Cycling Phil Liggett Diving Dan Hicks Cynthia Potter Equestrian Jim Simpson Melanie Smith - Taylor Football Jim Donovan Seamus Malin Gymnastics John Tesh Tim Daggett ( Artistic only ) and Elfi Schlegel Beth Ruyak Rowing Charlie Jones Bill Endicott Swimming Dan Hicks Summer Sanders and Rowdy Gaines Jim Gray Synchronized Swimming Don Criqui Tracie Conforto Tennis Bud Collins Mary Carillo Track and field Tom Hammond Dwight Stones Craig Masback and Carol Lewis Volleyball Chris Marlowe Randy Rosenbloom ( beach ) Paul Sunderland Kirk Kilgour ( beach ) Bill Walton Water polo Don Criqui Jim Kruse Weightlifting Bob Trumpy Phil Simms Wrestling Russ Hellickson Jeff Blatnick Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Bob Costas ( Costas , however , only narrated the first 27 seconds of the tease ; the remainder of the tease was a montage of athletes from different countries training , and of shots of cities like Beijing , Athens , and Sydney , among others , all of which was set to a truncated version of Neil Diamond 's `` America '' . ) 2000 ( edit ) Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Katie Couric Archery John Dockery Baseball Ted Robinson Joe Magrane Basketball Mike Breen Doug Collins ( men ) Peter Vecsey ( men ) Ann Meyers ( women ) Craig Sager Beach Volleyball Jim Watson Mike Dodd Bill Walton Boxing Marv Albert Teddy Atlas Fred Roggin Canoeing Gary Thorne Jon Lugbill Len Berman Cycling Al Trautwig ( road cycling ) Phil Liggett ( track cycling and mountain biking ) Jessica Grieco ( track cycling ) Diving Dan Hicks Cynthia Potter Andrea Joyce Equestrian Tim Ryan Melanie Smith - Taylor Harry Smith Gymnastics Al Trautwig Michele Tafoya ( rhythmic gymnastics ) Tim Daggett Elfi Schlegel Beth Ruyak Rowing Gary Thorne Yasmin Farooq Sailing Gary Jobson Soccer Andres Cantor Alexi Lalas ( men ) Amy Allmann ( women ) Softball Michele Tafoya Tracy Warren Swimming Dan Hicks Rowdy Gaines Jim Gray Synchronized Swimming Andrea Joyce Tracie Conforto Tennis Bud Collins Mary Carillo Track and field Tom Hammond Dwight Stones Carol Lewis Lewis Johnson Marty Liquori Frank Shorter ( marathon ) Jim Gray Triathlon Al Trautwig Mark Allen Mark Morgan Volleyball Chris Marlowe Paul Sunderland Water polo Bob Papa Jim Kruse Weightlifting Ernie Johnson , Jr . Sam Maxwell Wrestling Russ Hellickson Jeff Blatnick Mike Adamle Opening Ceremony tease narrator : James Earl Jones 2000 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Bob Arnot Donna De Varona Sara James Andrea Joyce Ahmad Rashād Jimmy Roberts Summer Sanders Harry Smith Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Katie Couric Andrea Joyce Archery John Dockery Badminton Don Chevrier Bill Clement Baseball Matt Vasgersian Joe Magrane Basketball Marv Albert ( men ) Mike Breen ( women ) Doug Collins ( men ) Ann Meyers ( women ) Craig Sager Beach Volleyball Chris Marlowe Karch Kiraly Heather Cox Boxing Bob Papa Teddy Atlas Kenny Rice Canoeing Randy Rosenbloom Ted Robinson Jon Lugbill Cycling Pat Parnell Steve Podborski Paul Sherwen Robbie Floyd Diving Ted Robinson Cynthia Potter Melissa Stark Equestrian Tim Ryan Robert Ridland Fencing John Dockery Field Hockey Spero Dedes Siri Lindley Gymnastics Al Trautwig ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Andrea Joyce ( Rhythmic ) Tim Daggett ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Elfi Schlegel ( All Disciplines ) Andrea Joyce ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Handball Pete Pranica Dawn Lewis Modern Pentathlon Bill Clement Marty Liquori Rowing Randy Rosenbloom Yasmin Farooq Trace Worthington Sailing Gary Jobson Shooting John Dockery Steve Mason Soccer JP Dellacamera Marcelo Balboa ( men ) Lori Walker ( women ) Softball Matt Vasgersian Dot Richardson Swimming Dan Hicks Rowdy Gaines Melissa Stark Synchronized Swimming Don Chevrier Tracie Conforto Table Tennis Don Chevrier Bill Clement Taekwondo John Dockery Pat Croce Tennis Barry MacKay Jim Courier Len Berman Track and field Tom Hammond Dwight Stones Craig Masback Carol Lewis Lewis Johnson Marty Liquori Tom Feuer Bob Neumeier Triathlon Al Trautwig Siri Lindley Mark Morgan Volleyball Jim Watson Mike Dodd Water polo Mike Emrick Julie Swail Weightlifting Pat Parnell Ray Bentley Wrestling Russ Hellickson Jeff Blatnick Len Berman Closing Ceremony Dan Hicks Mary Carillo Lewis Johnson Opening Ceremony tease narrator : James Earl Jones 2004 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Billy Bush Mark Morgan Nancy Newman 2008 ( edit ) * These announcers were to call the action in their respective sports from NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Sport Sports commentator Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Mary Carillo Dan Hicks Matt Lauer Joshua Cooper Ramo Craig Sager Heather Cox Jim Gray Marty Snider Bob Neumeier Andrea Kremer Andrea Joyce ( artistic only ) Archery Joe Castellano * Denise Parker * Badminton Jim Kozimor * Steve Kearney * Baseball Eric Collins * Joe Magrane * Basketball Mike Breen Chris Carrino * Mike Crispino * Eric Collins * Doug Collins Ann Meyers Teresa Edwards * Bob Salmi * Craig Sager Beach volleyball Chris Marlowe Karch Kiraly Heather Cox Boxing Bob Papa Teddy Atlas Jim Gray Canoeing Tim Ryan ( flatwater ) Craig Hummer ( whitewater ) Joe Jacobi ( both disciplines ) Cycling Craig Hummer Kenan Harkin Paul Sherwen Marty Snider Diving Ted Robinson Cynthia Potter Bob Neumeier Andrea Kremer Equestrian Kenny Rice * Melanie Smith - Taylor * Fencing Joe Castellano * Pete Pranica * Andrew Catalon * Mika'il Sankofa * Gymnastics Al Trautwig ( artistic and trampoline ) Andrea Joyce ( rhythmic ) Elfi Schlegel ( all disciplines ) Tim Daggett ( artistic and trampoline only ) Andrea Joyce ( artistic only ) Team handball Andrew Catalon * Dawn Lewis * Field hockey Mike Corey * Nick Conway * Modern pentathlon Ron Vaccaro Rob Stull Rowing Tim Ryan Yaz Farooq Shooting Bill Clement * Shari LeGate * Soccer JP Dellacamera * Glenn Davis * Adrian Healey * Steve Cangialosi * Marcelo Balboa * Brandi Chastain * Shep Messing * Lori Walker * Softball Joe Castellano * Michele Smith * Swimming Dan Hicks Craig Hummer ( open - water races ) Rowdy Gaines Andrea Kremer Synchronized swimming Craig Hummer Heather Olson Table tennis Bill Clement * Sean O'Neill * Tennis Barry MacKay * Jimmy Arias * Track and field Tom Hammond Ron Vaccaro ( race walking ) Lewis Johnson Carol Lewis Dwight Stones Ato Boldon Craig Masback Ed Eyestone Bob Neumeier Triathlon Craig Hummer Siri Lindsey Marty Snider Volleyball Paul Sunderland Kevin Barnett Water polo Bob Fitzgerald Wolf Wigo Weightlifting Pete Pranica * Shane Hamman * Wrestling Matt Devlin Rulon Gardner Closing Ceremony Bob Costas Mary Carillo Dan Hicks Matt Lauer Joshua Cooper Ramo Craig Sager Heather Cox Jim Gray Marty Snider Bob Neumeier Andrea Kremer Andrea Joyce ( artistic only ) Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Andre Braugher NBC did not plan coverage of judo , sailing , or taekwondo on any of its networks . Coverage in the U.S. was to be available only online at NBCOlympics.com . 2008 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) Alan Abrahamson Peter Alexander Lindsay Czarniak Julie Foudy Lester Holt Eyee Hsu Nancy Snyderman Lindsay Soto 2008 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) Mary Carillo Jimmy Roberts Cris Collinsworth Bela Karolyi 2012 ( edit ) * These announcers called the action in their respective sports from NBC 's headquarters in New York City . Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Bob Costas Mary Carillo Matt Lauer Meredith Vieira Archery Craig Hummer * Rick McKinney * Badminton Jim Kozimor * Steve Kearney * Basketball Bob Fitzgerald Chris Carrino * Dave Strader * Doug Collins Ann Meyers Tim Capstraw * Donny Marshall * Lisa Leslie * Carolyn Peck * Doc Rivers ( studio analyst ) Craig Sager Beach Volleyball Chris Marlowe Kevin Wong Heather Cox Boxing Bob Papa Teddy Atlas BJ Flores * and Laila Ali * ( studio analysts ) Russ Thaler Canoeing Terry Gannon ( Flatwater ) Randy Moss ( Whitewater ) Eric Giddens Cycling Steve Schlanger ( Road ) Todd Harris ( Track & BMX ) Paul Sherwen ( Road & Track ) Jamie Bestwick ( BMX ) Todd Harris Diving Ted Robinson Dan Hicks * * Cynthia Potter Alex Flanagan Equestrian Tim Ryan Melanie Smith - Taylor Fencing Craig Hummer * Jeff Bukantz * Field Hockey Mike Corey * Missy Meharg * Gymnastics Al Trautwig ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Andrea Joyce ( Rhythmic ) Elfi Schlegel ( All Disciplines ) Tim Daggett ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Andrea Joyce ( Artistic & Trampoline ) Handball Mike Gorman * Dawn Lewis * Judo Craig Hummer * Leo White * Modern Pentathlon Steve Cangialosi * Eli Bremer * Rowing Terry Gannon Yaz Farooq Shooting Jason Knapp * Shari LeGate * Soccer Arlo White JP Dellacamera * Glenn Davis * Steve Cangialosi * Allen Hopkins * Kyle Martino Marcelo Balboa * Shep Messing * Cobi Jones * Brandi Chastain Kate Markgraf * Cat Whitehill * Angela Hucles * Michele Tafoya Swimming Dan Hicks Steve Schlanger ( open - water races ) Rowdy Gaines Andrea Kramer Synchronized Swimming Randy Moss Heather Olson Table Tennis Ari Wolfe * Sean O'Neill * Taekwondo Jim Watson * Pat Croce * Tennis Brett Haber Andrew Catalon Ted Robinson ( men 's singles final only ) Justin Gimbelstob Rennae Stubbs John McEnroe ( men 's singles final only ) Jon Wertheim Track and Field Tom Hammond Randy Moss ( Marathon ) Ato Boldon Dwight Stones Craig Masback Tim Hutchings Chris Maddocks ( Marathon ) Lewis Johnson Triathlon Steve Schlanger Julie Swail Volleyball Paul Sunderland Kevin Barnett Michele Tafoya Water Polo Mike Emrick Steve Schlanger Randy Moss Wolf Wigo Julie Swail Pierre McGuire Weightlifting Jim Watson * Shane Hamman * Wrestling Jason Knapp * Rulon Gardner * Closing Ceremony Bob Costas Al Michaels Ryan Seacrest Michele Tafoya and Lewis Johnson * * - Hicks only called diving on Day 9 , when Robinson called the men 's singles final for tennis . Opening Ceremony tease narrators : Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor NBC did not plan coverage of sailing . Coverage in the U.S. was to be available only online at NBCOlympics.com . 2012 Sportsdesk Reporters ( edit ) Stephanie Gosk Tamron Hall Marshall Harris Lester Holt Carolyn Manno Pierre McGuire Apolo Ohno Dr. Nancy Snyderman Michele Tafoya Kelly Tilghman 2012 Olympic Correspondents ( edit ) Mary Carillo Béla Károlyi John McEnroe Jimmy Roberts Ryan Seacrest Meredith Vieira Shaun White 2016 ( edit ) * These announcers called the action in their respective sports from NBC Sports Group 's International Broadcast Center in Stamford , Connecticut . Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Reporter Opening Ceremony Matt Lauer Meredith Vieira Hoda Kotb Michele Tafoya Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Archery Bill Doleman * Rick McKinney * Badminton Jim Kozimor * Charmaine Reid * Basketball Marv Albert Marc Zumoff Mike Gorman * Dave Feldman Doug Collins Ann Meyers Fran Fraschilla * Swin Cash * Brian Scalabrine ( 4K telecast ) * Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Kerith Burke Beach Volleyball Chris Marlowe Jason Knapp Kevin Wong Dain Blanton Kathryn Tappen Boxing Kenny Rice * BJ Flores * Chris Mannix Canoeing Leigh Diffey ( Flatwater ) Steve Schlanger ( Whitewater ) * Eric Giddens Cycling Paul Sherwen Steve Schlanger ( BMX ) * Christian Vande Velde Jamie Bestwick ( BMX ) * Steve Porino Diving Ted Robinson Cynthia Potter Laura Wilkinson Kelli Stavast Laura Wilkinson Equestrian Randy Moss * Melanie Smith - Taylor * Fencing Dave Benz * Jeff Bukantz * Field Hockey Mike Corey * AJ Mleczko * Golf Terry Gannon Steve Sands Johnny Miller Nick Faldo Annika Sorenstam Judy Rankin David Feherty Karen Stupples Tom Abbott David Feherty Peter Jacobsen Curt Byrum Todd Lewis Jerry Foltz Kay Cockerill Steve Sands Gymnastics Al Trautwig Andrea Joyce ( Rhythmic ) Tim Daggett Nastia Liukin Jonathan Horton * Andrea Joyce Handball Chris Carrino * Dawn Lewis * Judo Steve Schlanger * Bill Spaulding * Leo White * Modern Pentathlon Bill Spaulding * Eli Bremer * Rowing Leigh Diffey Mary Whipple Rugby Bill Seward Brian Hightower Tracy Wilson Shooting Steve Schlanger * Bill Spaulding * Rich Burk * Shari LeGate * Soccer Arlo White Steve Bower * Steve Cangialosi * Mark Followill * Kate Markgraf Robbie Earle * Stuart Holden * Kyle Martino * Robbie Mustoe * Danielle Slaton * Aly Wagner * Sebastian Salazar Swimming Dan Hicks Rich Burk ( 4K telecast ) * Rowdy Gaines Brendan Hansen ( 4K telecast ) * Michele Tafoya Synchronized swimming Dave Benz * Heather Olson * Table Tennis Ari Wolfe * Sean O'Neill * Taekwondo Bill Doleman * Pat Croce * Tennis Andrew Catalon * Steve Weissman * Paul Annacone * James Blake * Rennae Stubbs * Jon Wertheim ( Studio Analyst ) * Trenni Kusnierek Track and Field Tom Hammond Todd Harris ( Field Events ) Kenny Albert ( NBCSN ) Rich Burk ( Marathon ) * Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * Ato Boldon Craig Masback Tim Hutchings Trey Hardee Sanya Richards - Ross Chris Maddocks ( Marathon ) * Rob Vermillion ( 4K telecast ) * Lewis Johnson Triathlon Al Trautwig Julie Swail Steve Porino Volleyball Paul Sunderland Kevin Barnett Heather Cox Water Polo Paul Burmeister Wolf Wigo Julie Swail Pierre McGuire Weightlifting Ed Cohen * Shane Hamman * Wrestling Jason Knapp John Smith Closing Ceremony Mike Tirico Mary Carillo Ryan Seacrest Michele Tafoya Lewis Johnson Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Giancarlo Esposito 2016 Sportsdesk Reporters ( edit ) Jac Collinsworth Dalen Cuff Alex Flanagan Jill Martin Craig Melvin Apolo Ohno Gadi Schwartz Anne Thompson Rutledge Wood Al Michaels Mike Tirico 2016 Olympic Correspondents ( edit ) Mary Carillo David Feherty Béla Károlyi Hoda Kotb Tara Lipinski Jimmy Roberts Johnny Weir Source : Summer Youth Olympics ( edit ) 2014 ( edit ) * Source for all commentators , hosts , and reporters ; please note that the press release does not specify which sports Knapp , Watson , and Corey are covering during the Games : * All commentary for sports and ceremonies is being done from the NBC Sports Group International Broadcast Center in Stamford , Connecticut . Sport Play - by - play announcer Color commentator Opening Ceremony Josh Elliott Mary Carillo Beach Volleyball Mike Corey Kevin Wong Diving Jim Watson Laura Wilkinson Gymnastics Jim Watson Alicia Sacramone Swimming Jason Knapp Kaitlin Sandeno Track and Field Jason Knapp Mike Corey Nick Symmonds On - site reporters ( edit ) Tanith Belbin Lewis Johnson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBCUNIVERSAL 'S OLYMPIC TRADITION '' . NBC Sports Group Press Box . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` The Olympiad Covering the Best At Barcelona '' . The Washington Post . p . Y07 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC 's big Beijing Crew is ready to go '' . Sports Business News . July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Sports Group Announces Hosts and Correspondents for London Olympic Games on NBC '' . TV by the Numbers. April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Patrick , Rebecca Lowe And Lester Holt To Host Nbc Olympics Coverage '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas To Host Both Primetime & Late Night For Nbc 'S Sochi Winter Olympics Coverage '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : YOUR 2014 WINTER OLYMPICS ANNOUNCING ASSIGNMENTS Jump up ^ BOB COSTAS PASSES OLYMPIC TORCH TO MIKE TIRICO AS NBC 'S PRIMETIME OLYMPIC HOST Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Remembering Games That Were Barely There '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 26 , 1988 ) . `` The Mourning Anchor '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` NBCUNIVERSAL 'S OLYMPIC TRADITION '' . NBC Sports Group Home . Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Joe Garagiola - Donna de Varona - 1980 NBC Olympics Interview on YouTube Jump up ^ Hanson , Jeff ( 17 July 1988 ) . `` NBC Recalls Moscow Olympic Boycott '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lampley '' . HBO . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay . `` Matt Lauer to take over for ailing Bob Costas on primetime NBC Olympics duty '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa . `` Matt Lauer Back As Sochi Olympics Primetime Anchor ; Bob Costas Still `` Day To Day '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris . `` Bob Costas to return to NBC 's Olympic telecast on Monday night '' . USA Today Sports . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : NBC OLYMPICS AND UNIVERSAL SPORTS COMBINE TO PRESENT 54.5 HOURS OF 2014 YOUTH OLYMPIC GAMES FROM NANJING , CHINA Jump up ^ `` Williams , Costas Lead CTV , NBC into 2010 Olympic Winter Games '' . February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 Interesting Facts You May Not Nnow About the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Salt Lake City Opening Ceremony Introduction. mpg Jump up ^ 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics Closing Credits Jump up ^ 2006 XX Olympics Opening Ceremony : NBC 's Six Minutes of Passion , Four Hours of Fire ^ Jump up to : THIS IS US STAR STERLING K. BROWN VOICES NBC 'S OPENING FILM THAT WELCOMES VIEWERS TO THE WINTER OLYMPICS Jump up ^ `` NBC 's F1 / IndyCar voice , Leigh Diffey , to make Olympic broadcast debut at Sochi '' . Motorsportstalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Norm ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Martin hired by NBC as a curling commentator '' . Canada.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Weir , Tara Lipinski & Tanith Belbin To Join Nbc Olympics In Sochi '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Two - Time Olympic Figure Skating Medalist Nancy Kerrigan To Join Nbc Olympics In Sochi '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / TheToddHarris : Hey @ awfulannouncing some not '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Al Michaels & Apolo Anton Ohno Named To Nbc Sports Group 'S Sochi Winter Olympics Team '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ WINTER IS COMING -- Peter Dinklage Narrates Opening Tease of NBC 's Opening Ceremony Coverage Jump up ^ `` Sal Masekela To Join Nbc Olympics In Sochi '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 U.S. OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALIST NASTIA LIUKIN TO JOIN NBC OLYMPICS IN SOCHI '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` International Tennis Star Maria Sharapova To Join Nbc Olympics In Sochi '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Carillo , Cris Collinsworth & Ato Boldon To Join Nbc Olympics In Sochi As Correspondents '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow - Based Tv Journalist Vladimir Pozner To Join Nbcuniversal 'S Olympics Coverage In Sochi '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Vonn Joins ' Today ' & Nbc Sports '' . Nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ NBC OLYMPICS ANNOUNCES RECORD 89 COMMENTATORS FOR COVERAGE OF THE XXIII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES FROM PYEONGCHANG , SOUTH KOREA Jump up ^ 1996 Atlanta Olympics Opening Ceremonies Intro Jump up ^ Sydney 2000 Olympic Games - NBC TV Intro Jump up ^ 2004 Olympics Opening Intro Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/london-olympics-2012/2012/6/29/3124172/2012-olympics-nbc-broadcasters-comprehensive-guide Jump up ^ Olympic opening ceremonies : Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor lend their voices Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . deadline.com . Jump up ^ NBC LIGHTS PRIMETIME COVERAGE TORCH WITH RIO OLYMPICS OPENING FILM NARRATED BY GIANCARLO ESPOSITO Jump up ^ RECORD 170 COMMENTATORS JOIN NBC OLYMPICS ' COVERAGE OF THE GAMES OF THE XXXI OLYMPIAD FROM RIO DE JANEIRO , BRAZIL External links ( edit ) InBaseline Summer Olympics 1988 Summer Olympics - InBaseline 1992 Summer Olympics - InBaseline 1996 Summer Olympics - InBaseline 2000 Summer Olympics - InBaseline Winter Olympics 2002 Winter Olympics hide Olympics on NBC Commentators Olympic Ice 2008 Summer Olympics on NBC Olympics Triplecast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympics_on_NBC_commentators&oldid=847391214 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic broadcasters Olympics on NBC Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles to be expanded from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 01 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
2006 gold medalist who's been a speed skating commentator for nbc olympic telecast
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Adel al-Jubeir
Adel Al - Jubeir - wikipedia Adel Al - Jubeir Jump to : navigation , search Adel al - Jubeir Al - Jubeir in 2016 Minister of Foreign Affairs Incumbent Assumed office 29 April 2015 Monarch Salman Preceded by Saud Al Faisal Saudi Ambassador to the United States In office 29 January 2007 -- 28 April 2015 Preceded by Turki bin Faisal Al Saud Succeeded by Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud Personal details ( 1962 - 02 - 01 ) 1 February 1962 ( age 55 ) Al Majma'ah , Saudi Arabia Political party Independent Alma mater University of North Texas Georgetown University Adel bin Ahmed Al - Jubeir ( Arabic : عادل بن أحمد الجبير ‎ ‎ ; born 1 February 1962 ) is a diplomat who has been Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs since 29 April 2015 . He is the second person not belonging to the House of Saud to hold the office , after Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel . He previously served as the Saudi Ambassador to the United States from 2007 to 2015 , and he was also a foreign policy advisor to King Abdullah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Diplomatic career 4 Developments during tenure as ambassador 4.1 Arms transfers 4.2 Assassination plot 5 Foreign Minister 5.1 Iran nuclear deal 5.2 Russian involvement in Syria 5.3 Removal of Assad 5.4 Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen 6 Honors 7 Personal life 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Al - Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah , Riyadh Province , Saudi Arabia . He attended schools in Saudi Arabia , Germany , Yemen , Lebanon and the U.S . He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982 , and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984 . In 2006 , he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas . Political career ( edit ) In 1987 , Al - Jubeir was appointed into the Saudi Diplomatic Service and posted to the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC , where he served as Special Assistant to then Ambassador Prince Bandar bin Sultan . It was in 1991 during the first Gulf War when Al - Jubeir first appeared to the world as a spokesman for the Saudi government . In 1990 - 91 , he was part of the Saudi team that established the Joint Information Bureau at Dhahran , a city in Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province , during Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm . He was a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference in October 1991 , and a member of the Saudi delegation to the Multilateral Arms Control Talks in Washington , DC in 1992 . In December 1992 , he was dispatched with the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope . Al - Jubeir was a member of the Saudi Arabian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly , and was a visiting diplomatic fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City , 1994 - 95 . During his tenure at the Saudi Embassy , Al - Jubeir developed strong ties on Capitol Hill , in the Administration , the media and with major think tanks in Washington . In 2000 , Al - Jubeir became Director of the Saudi Information and Congressional Affairs Office at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC . In late 2000 , he was named Foreign Affairs Advisor in the Crown Prince 's Court . In August 2005 , King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz appointed Al - Jubeir to the position of Advisor at the Royal Court . Following the September 11 attacks , Al - Jubeir returned to the United States to address the many questions and criticisms that faced the Kingdom at that time . Al - Jubeir became the face of Saudi Arabia through hundreds of television appearances as well as other media interviews and visited more than 25 cities around the country where he gave talks to World Affairs Councils , universities , civic organizations , business institutions and other interested groups about current events and the state of Saudi / U.S. relations . Diplomatic career ( edit ) On 29 January 2007 Al - Jubeir was appointed as Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America with the rank of Minister . As ambassador , Al - Jubeir focused on strengthening the bilateral relationship by building ties across government departments in both countries . Another key area of focus was the welfare of Saudi citizens living in the United States . Other issues of focus included counter-terrorism , regional peace and security , bilateral trade , cultural exchange and interfaith dialogue . Prior to becoming ambassador , he was instrumental in establishing and maintaining the U.S. - Saudi Strategic Dialogue , which was initiated by King Abdullah and President Bush as a means to institutionalize relations between the two nations and deepen coordination on strategic , political and economic issues . As Ambassador Al - Jubeir travelled frequently to the Kingdom for consultations with the King and other senior Saudi officials . He was regularly seen with King Abdullah in meetings with world leaders and accompanied King Abdullah on many state visits including Oman , China , India , Pakistan , Malaysia in 2006 , Germany , Italy , Turkey , and Egypt in 2007 , the G20 London Summit and Doha Arab Summit in 2009 and G20 Toronto Summit in 2010 . Ambassador Al - Jubeir was part of King Abdullah 's delegation on his visit to the Vatican in November 2007 , where King Abduallah met with Pope Benedict XVI , the first meeting between a Saudi monarch and a Pope . In July 2008 , King Abdullah convened an interfaith conference in Madrid , Spain , bringing together major figures from Islam , Judaism , Christianity , Hinduism , Buddhism , Shintoism and Confucianism to reinforce the common values shared by their respective faiths . In November 2007 , Al - Jubeir joined Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al - Faisal for the meeting of the Arab League Foreign Ministers in Cairo in preparation for the Annapolis Peace Conference . He was also a member of the Saudi delegation to the Annapolis Peace Conference in November 2007 . During Ambassador Al - Jubeir 's tenure , Saudi Arabia and the U.S. signed a series of bilateral agreements in key areas including civil nuclear cooperation , enhanced security arrangements , reciprocal visa policies , health and medical services , science and technology cooperation , among others . The two countries also established two Joint Task Forces -- one to combat terrorists , another to combat terror financing . Experts from both governments and militaries worked side - by - side , sharing real - time information about terror networks . In October 2010 , Saudi intelligence provided key information to American officials that foiled an attempted terrorist plot involving parcel bombs heading to the United States that originated in Yemen . The bombs were found and defused before reaching their intended targets . According to news reports , a double - agent in Yemen was the source of the tip - off . Al - Jubeir enhanced the embassy 's focus on its ties with the United States Congress through extensive meetings and briefings with members of Congress and staff as well as facilitating visits to the Kingdom . In the spring of 2007 , Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi visited the Kingdom with a Congressional delegation , the first visit by a sitting Speaker of the House . In addition , the tempo of visits by senior U.S. officials increased substantially during his tenure as ambassador , including two visits by President Bush , multiple visits by Vice President Dick Cheney and visits by President Obama in 2009 and 2014 . Other visits included National Security Advisors James L. Jones and Thomas Donilon ; Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry ; Secretaries of Treasury Henry Paulson and Timothy Geithner ; Secretary of Energy Steven Chu ; Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates , Leon Panetta and Chuck Hagel ; CENTCOM Commanders Generals David Petraeus , James Mattis and Lloyd J. Austin III ; FBI Director Robert Mueller ; Homeland Security Advisor John O. Brennan and Special Envoys George J. Mitchell , Dennis Ross , Richard Holbrooke and a large number of sub cabinet officials . Visits to the United States by senior Saudi officials since 2007 have included two Heads of State visits by King Abdullah in November 2008 and July 2010 . In addition , there were a number of visits by Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al - Faisal , then Minister of Defense now King Salman bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Interior Prince Muhammad bin Nayef , then Assistant to the Minister of Interior for Security Affairs now Second Deputy Prime Minister , Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Ali Al - Naimi , Finance Minister Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al - Assaf , then Governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Mohammed al - Jasser , then Minister of Commerce Abdullah Alireza , President of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities Prince Sultan bin Salman and Minister of Higher Education Dr. Khalid Al - Angary . In addition to visits by government officials , there have been numerous trade delegations to and from both countries as well as academic exchanges , including visits by the head of the Human Rights Committee and members of the Majlis Al - Shura ( Consultative Council ) . These visits reflect the breadth and depth of the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia . Ambassador al - Jubeir served as the Escorting Minister for Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama on their respective visits to the Kingdom . On 3 June 2009 , U.S. President Barack Obama traveled to Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on a two - day official visit to Saudi Arabia . President Obama was received by King Abdullah , Second Deputy Prime Minister Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Ambassador Al - Jubeir at King Khalid International Airport . During his visit to Saudi Arabia , President Obama stated that he chose Saudi Arabia as the first stop on his Middle East tour because the Kingdom is a key ally and the cradle of Islam . The President and King Abdullah met and held extensive bilateral talks at the King 's ranch in al - Janadriyah on the outskirts of Riyadh . During their discussions , the two leaders focused on regional and international developments and Saudi - U.S. bilateral relations . King Abdullah presented President Obama with the Collar of Abdulaziz Al Saud , the Kingdom 's highest award bestowed upon heads of state . On 29 June 2010 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting between King Abdullah and U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington , D.C. The two held on talks on a wide range of issues of mutual interest and common concern . On 8 January 2011 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting in New York between King Abdullah and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former U.S. President Bill Clinton as well as meetings between the King and French President Nicolas Sarkozy and United Nations General Secretary Ban Ki - moon . In 2007 , he headed the Kingdom 's delegation to the Law of the Seas Conference at the United Nations . In 2009 , he met with UN General Secretary Ban Ki - moon to discuss the ongoing situation in Darfur and in July 2011 , he led the Saudi delegation to the U.N. High Level Meeting on Youth . Developments during tenure as Ambassador ( edit ) In 2012 , the U.S. Embassy and Consulates in the Kingdom issued more than 90,000 visas to Saudis . The Saudi Embassy in Washington and Consulates in the U.S. issued more than 70,000 visas . These are historically high numbers . As a result of an agreement reached in May 2008 , the two countries agreed to issue five - year multiple - entry visas to citizens of both countries . In May 2013 , Saudi Arabia and the United States signed a bilateral agreement for air services aimed at implementing an open skies policy between the two countries . As a consequence , American carriers can expand services into Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabian Airlines can increase the frequency of its flights to the U.S. National Security Advisor Susan Rice greets Prince Mutaib and Ambassador Al - Jubeir , November 2014 Former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia , James B. Smith stated , `` Offering new types of visas to foreign scientists and experts , as well as for student exchanges in scientific fields , opens doors for the people of Saudi Arabia to learn from other countries and for the world to learn from and about Saudi Arabia . '' Saudi Arabia is the 10th largest trading partner of the United States . Investments between the two countries are also at record numbers . The United States is the number one source of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in Saudi Arabia . Strategic partnerships between Saudi Arabia and the U.S. continue to flourish . In 2010 , Alcoa and Saudi Ma'aden signed a contract worth approximately $15 billion to build the world 's largest aluminum refinery and smelter complex in the Kingdom . In 2011 , Saudi Aramco and Dow Chemical Company approved the formation of a joint venture to build and operate a world - scale , fully integrated chemical complex in Jubail Industrial City , valued at $20 billion . In 2013 , the Saudi government Public Investment fund signed a management contract with Fluor for the $7 billion Riyadh - Jeddah railway project . Also in 2013 , a Bechtel led consortium was selected for a multibillion - dollar rail project of the Riyadh Metro network . Saudi Arabia is also a large investor in the U.S. economy . Arms transfers ( edit ) In 2008 , the Kingdom secured sophisticated weapon systems , which include the Joint Direct Attack Munitions . In December 2011 , the U.S. and Saudi Arabia finalized a defense packages that included F - 15 fighter aircraft and upgrades for 70 existing aircraft , as well as munitions , spare parts , training , maintenance and logistics to Saudi Arabia . The sale was worth $29.4 billion . Assassination plot ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Iran assassination plot This section is transcluded from 2011 Iran assassination plot . ( edit history ) Foreign Minister ( edit ) With John Kerry , United States Secretary of State , in Riyadh on May 6 , 2015 With Sebastian Kurz in 2015 In April 2015 , he was appointed as foreign minister by King Salman of Saudi Arabia . He is the second commoner to hold the position . Iran nuclear deal ( edit ) Speaking on the nuclear program of Iran al Jubeir said the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action appears to have the provisions needed to curtail Iran 's ability to obtain a nuclear weapon . Adel al - Jubeir told reporters the kingdom has been reassured by Washington while consultations continue about the deal , which he said stipulates effective inspections , and the possibility of snap - back sanctions if Iran violates the agreement . `` We are currently in talks with the American government regarding these details , but it ( the deal ) generally seems to have achieved these objectives , '' said al - Jubeir , in Washington in July 2015 . Russian involvement in Syria ( edit ) Following the Russian intervention in Syria in support of Syrian president in 2015 , Bashar al - Assad al - Jubeir declared : `` There is no future for Assad in Syria '' . He spelled out that if the president did not step down as part of a political transition , his country would embrace a military option , `` which also would end with the removal of Bashar al - Assad from power '' . Removal of Assad ( edit ) `` Bashar al - Assad will leave - have no doubt about it , '' Saudi Arabia 's Foreign Minister Adel al - Jubeir told CNN . `` He will either leave by a political process or he will be removed by force . '' Saudi Arabia has sent troops and fighter jets to a Turkish military base ahead of a possible ground invasion of Syria . Jubeir said Saudi Arabia is prepared to contribute ground troops to the fight in Syria , but only as part of a US - led coalition . He added : `` We will push as much as we can to ensure that the political process works . But if that does n't work , it will be because of the obstinance of the Syrian regime and that of its allies . `` And should that prove to be the case , then it becomes clear that there is no option to remove Bashar al - Assad except by force . '' Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen ( edit ) In September 2016 , al - Jubeir said that the United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia 's close ally , must continue to support Saudi Arabia 's military intervention in Yemen , saying : `` Saudi Arabia is fighting a legitimate war . We did not start this : the Iranian - backed Houthis started this . We have a situation where many of the claims being made about civilian casualties are not accurate ... many of the schools and hospitals that have been hit were no longer being used as schools and hospitals but as military centres by the Houthis . '' Honors ( edit ) In December 2002 , al - Jubeir was chosen as Person of the Week by Time . He has lectured at universities and academic institutions in the U.S. and appears frequently in the media . In 2007 , he received the `` Commendatore a Sua Eccellenza '' from the Italian president . In 2009 , he received the Ambassador of the Year award from the U.S. - Arab Chamber of Commerce for his contributions to Saudi - U.S. relations . In 2011 , he was presented with the Diplomatic Achievement Award from the National Council on U.S. - Arab Relations . Personal life ( edit ) Adel Al - Jubeir is married to Farah Al - Fayez , and is step - father to her twin girls by her deceased husband . He also has two sons of his own by his wife . See also ( edit ) List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of current foreign ministers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saudi king replaces crown prince in cabinet reshuffle '' . Al Jazeera. 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutMinistry/MinisterOfForeignAffairs/Pages/Default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Al - Jubeir presents his credentials to President Bush '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` University of North Texas North Texan Online Summer 2006 : Honored Alumni '' . northtexan.unt.edu. 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Wire report '' . Saudi Press Agency . 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) . `` U.S. , Saudi Arabia Inagurate ( sic ) New ' Strategic Dialogue ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins Asian tour with visit to China '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah concludes India visit by signing the Delhi Declaration '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah to visit China , India , Malaysia , and Pakistan '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah on state visit to Malaysia '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Germany '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Italy '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah pays state visit to Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet praises King Abdullah 's visits to Europe , Egypt and Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah holds historic meeting with Pope Benedict XVI '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Ambassador highlights the upcoming World Conference on Dialogue '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. - Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation '' . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of understanding for cooperation between the ministry of health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States in the field of public health and medical sciences '' . Global Health . 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Saudi Arabia sign science and technology MOU '' . U.S. -- Saudi Arabian Business Council . 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Help in Package Plot Is Part of Security Shift '' . The New York Times . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger . `` Cargo plane bomb plot : Saudi double agent ' gave crucial alert ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , President Obama hold talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` White House issues statement on King Abdullah , President Obama 's talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , Clinton meet in New York '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news05281301.aspx Jump up ^ Smith , James ( 2011 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Science diplomacy : Finding paths to Saudi - US cooperation '' . Arab News . Jump up ^ `` Trade Mission Highlights Close U.S. Ties with Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia in brief '' ( PDF ) . U.S. - Saudi Arabian Business Council . May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoa in Saudi Arabia '' . Aloca . Jump up ^ `` Dow and Saudi Aramco announce joint venture to drive downstream growth through world - scale chemicals project '' . Business Wire. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01021302.aspx Jump up ^ `` Riyadh Metro to Revolutionize Transport in Region - Bechtel '' . Bechtel. 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Joshua Earnest on U.S. Sale of Defense Equipment to Saudi Arabia '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi FM : Iran deal may stop Tehran from getting nuke weapon '' . The Big Story . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma Graham - Harrison and Saeed Kamali Dehghan ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Gulf states plan military response as Putin raises the stakes in Syria '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` Assad ' will be removed by force ' if peace talks fail , Saudi Foreign Minister claims '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK must keep supporting Yemen campaign to prevent terror in West , says Saudi foreign minister '' . The Daily Telegraph . 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Copper , Helene ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wild Days Behind Him , Envoy Keeps Low Profile '' . The NYork Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , Gail ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Diplomatic Nuptials '' . Washington Magazine . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Appearances on C - SPAN Adel al - Jubeir on Charlie Rose Adel al - Jubeir collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post The Saudi 's Red Carpet , The Washington Diplomat , 13 September 2007 . The Saudi / U.S. Relationship with Foreign Affairs Advisor Adel Al - Jubeir , `` Viewpoint '' Washingtonpost.com , 13 July 2005 . Person of the Week : Adel Al - Jubeir , Time , 5 December 2002 . Peace Prosperity : An Interview with Saudi Ambassador Al - Jubeir , Diplomatic Connection , August 2009 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adel al - Jubeir . Political offices Preceded by Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Minister of Foreign Affairs 2015 -- present Incumbent Current foreign ministers of the G20 Malcorra Bishop Nunes Freeland Wang Mogherini Le Drian Gabriel Swaraj Marsudi Alfano Kōno Videgaray Lavrov Al - Jubair Mashabane Kang Çavuşoğlu Johnson Tillerson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adel_al-Jubeir&oldid=797562086 '' Categories : 1962 births Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States Georgetown University alumni Government ministers of Saudi Arabia Living people Saudi Arabian diplomats Saudi Arabian politicians University of North Texas alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Polski Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 21 : 38 . 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where did the saudi foreign minister go to school
[ "Al-Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. He attended schools in Saudi Arabia, Germany, Yemen, Lebanon and the U.S. He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982, and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984.[4] In 2006, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas.[5]", "Al-Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. He attended schools in Saudi Arabia, Germany, Yemen, Lebanon and the U.S. He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982, and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984.[4] In 2006, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas.[5]" ]
[ "University of North Texas", "Georgetown University" ]
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Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
Bone Thugs - N - Harmony - wikipedia Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Jump to : navigation , search Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in 2010 Background information Origin Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Genres Hip hop gangsta rap G - funk horrorcore R&B Years active 1991 -- present Labels eOne Ruthless BTNH Full Surface WMG Universal Associated acts Eazy - E DJ U-Neek LT Hutton Mariah Carey The Notorious B.I.G. Mo Thugs Master P Twista Swizz Beatz The Game Bow Wow Machine Gun Kelly Members Bizzy Bone Wish Bone Layzie Bone Krayzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Bone Thugs - N - Harmony is an American hip hop group . It consists of rappers Bizzy Bone , Wish Bone , Layzie Bone , Krayzie Bone , and Flesh - n - Bone . American West Coast rapper Eazy - E signed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to Ruthless Records in late 1993 , when Bone Thugs debuted with their EP Creepin on ah Come Up . The EP included their breakout hit single `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' . In 1995 , the group released its second album , E. 1999 Eternal , which included hits `` 1st of tha Month '' and `` East 1999 '' . A tribute to then - recently deceased Eazy - E , titled `` Tha Crossroads '' , won a Grammy award in 1997 . The Art of War , the group 's third album , was also released in 1997 . Bone Thugs is the only group that has worked with 2Pac , Notorious B.I.G. , Eazy - E , and Big Pun while they were still alive . The editors of About.com ranked them # 12 on their list of the `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' , and MTV called them `` the most melodic hip - hop group of all time '' . In 2000 , BTNHResurrection reached platinum in one month , while 2002 's Thug World Order received more moderate sales and promotion , going gold and peaking at # 3 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . After that album , the group went on hiatus from their label and released their sixth studio album , Thug Stories , independently in 2006 . In 2007 they had another major - label release , Strength & Loyalty , on Swizz Beatz 's label Full Surface Records . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony `` officially '' returned with their 2010 album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros . Due to conflicts within the group , longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label , The Life Entertainment . They would later return , officially re-unifying the group . In August 2013 , however , Layzie Bone announced that he would be stepping aside to work more on his solo career . In the same month , BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment ( formerly known as Koch Records ) , who they had previously partnered with to release 2006 's Thug Stories . Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group . On April 28th the entire group performed a show in Biloxi , MS along with Juvenile & Nelly . On June 1st of 2018 , Bone Thugs will be reuniting for a show just outside Boston , Massachusetts , at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere , MA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1991 -- 93 : B.O.N.E. Enterprise early years 1.2 1994 : Creepin on ah Come Up 1.3 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal 1.4 1997 -- 2001 : The Art of War and BTNHResurrection 1.5 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories 1.6 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and T.H.U.G.S. 1.7 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : The World 's Enemy and The Art of War : World War III 1.8 2014 -- present : New album , New Waves 2 Discography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) 1991 -- 93 : Bone Enterprise early years ( edit ) Formed in Cleveland , Ohio in 1991 , the group was originally called `` The Band - Aid Boys '' . They then formed B.O.N.E. Enterpri $ e , which consisted of four members -- Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Wish Bone ( all except for Flesh - n - Bone ) -- and recorded an album entitled Faces of Death in the studio of their then - mentor , Kermit Henderson ( Krayzie Bone 's older brother ) on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993 . Like so many aspiring rappers around the country , they put in calls to executives at record companies , hoping to find someone who would listen . In hopes of securing a record deal , the group was given an audition over the phone , receiving an unfulfilled promise from rapper Eazy - E to call them back . Determined to reach him , they scrounged together the money for one - way bus tickets to Los Angeles . They left for a three - day Greyhound trek and spent four months on the city streets , putting in frequent calls to find him . Nothing came of their search except the news that Eazy - E was , in fact , on his way to Cleveland for a show . The quartet returned to Ohio , where Diego Blak ( born Diego Hodge ) , a marketer and promoter who had been co-executive producer of Faces Of Death , introduced them to Eazy - E at a concert he promoted in Cleveland . There , on November 2 , 1993 , they auditioned for Eazy in his dressing room ; Krayzie performed his verse of `` Flow Motion '' from the Faces of Death album , and Eazy was impressed . B.O.N.E Enterpri $ e then traveled back to Los Angeles after the Cleveland show to seal the deal . At this point , Eazy renamed them Thugs - N - Harmony , but as they wanted to keep the bone name , they made their name Bone Thugs - N - Harmony . Eazy signed the group ( minus Flesh - n - Bone ) to his label Ruthless Records . 1994 : Creepin on ah Come up ( edit ) Released in June 1994 , the EP Creepin on ah Come Up was Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's debut with Ruthless . The album 's subject matter was focused almost entirely on violent criminal activity . Peaking at # 12 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and # 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , it included the hit singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' , the second of which featured a verse by Eazy - E. `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart , and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' peaked at # 41 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Rap Tracks . After a slow start that saw the album 's success limited to gangsta rap audiences , it broke through to the mainstream . The EP marked a major change in style for the group , as they now fully embraced the G - funk common in West Coast hip hop of the time . Beats were supplied by DJ Yella , Rhythum D , and Kenny McCloud , and it was the group 's first collaboration with newcomer producer DJ U-Neek , who would craft the group 's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums . For over a year , Eazy - E nurtured their career , continuing to serve as their executive producer and teaching them the business skills he had taught himself over the years . The growing relationship was cut short , however , when Eazy - E died on March 26 , 1995 , from complications from AIDS . Briefly , the young rappers thought they had lost everything with the loss of their friend and mentor . However , the group 's potential was already apparent , and Ruthless Records continued to support them . 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal ( edit ) In 1995 , the group 's second album , E. 1999 Eternal , was released . It included the singles `` 1st of tha Month '' , which peaked at # 14 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Hot Rap Tracks , and `` Tha Crossroads '' , which reached # 1 on both the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts . The album generally saw positive reviews from critics as Bone had diversified its content and musical style . Critics were particularly intrigued by the album due to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ability to reduce the banality associated with gangsta rap in their music at a time when the subgenre had become exceedingly cliché . A considerable portion of the album 's concept was built upon violent subject matter , yet they also incorporated deeper themes , as its songs dealt with more spirituality and occult mysticism . The album was produced by DJ U-Neek ( with co-production from Tony C. and Kenny McCloud ) . E. 1999 Eternal also introduced Bone 's trademark tracks devoted entirely to the use of marijuana . The album name originated from one of the street names of a corner ( E. 99th street & St. Clair ) that was a familiar hangout to Bone members , as well as Eazy - E 's album , Eternal E. Naming it after Eazy - E 's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper who had helped them reach success . Also in 1995 , Flesh - n - Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album , entitled T.H.U.G.S , which was certified gold by the RIAA . In 1996 , due to their success , the Cleveland clan established their own label , Mo Thugs Records , and released the Family Scriptures compilation album to introduce many of the Cleveland - based and other artists whom they were developing . E. 1999 Eternal is the group 's most commercially successful album ; it has since been certified 5x platinum by the RIAA . There were plans for Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to collaborate with West Coast rapper 2Pac on a studio album called One Nation . The project would bring together other hip hop artists from all areas of the American map such as Boot Camp Clik , OutKast , Scarface , E-40 , and more . As 2Pac was unfortunately shot the album never came into fruition. However , bootlegs of songs produced while Pac was still alive have been distributed . 1997 -- 2001 : the Art of War and BTNHResurrection ( edit ) In 1997 , the group released the double - disc set The Art of War . The album saw Bone further explore a wide variety of subjects and styles , with even more focus on God and family and an overall more ambient , mellow sound . The group still incorporated violent lyrics , however , with a large portion of the album dedicated to what they labeled `` clones '' who claimed Bone had stolen their quick - tongued rapping style and vice versa . The album had been rumored to be titled `` DNA Level C '' which is Cleveland backwards . The single `` Look into My Eyes '' appeared on the soundtrack of the film Batman & Robin . It peaked at # 4 on the Hot 100 and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . `` If I Could Teach The World '' , the other single from The Art of War , peaked at # 27 on the Hot 100 and # 3 on the Hot Rap Tracks , and won an American Music Award . The album also included `` Thug Luv '' with Tupac Shakur . The group 's promotional efforts were dampened by the absence of Bizzy Bone from the album 's videos and from large portions of the ensuing tour and other public appearances . This absence eventually fueled rumors of a break - up . In 2000 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released BTNHResurrection , featuring the single `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' , which peaked on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart at # 52 . The album 's first half featured a slew of hardcore and dark tracks , with the second half being considerably more introspective and soft . Other singles from the album , including `` Ca n't Give it Up '' , failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 , and the big - budget video for `` Change the World '' failed to receive any rotation . This was their first group album to prominently feature Flesh - n - Bone , whose presence had been limited on previous releases because he had never signed with the group 's label , Ruthless Records . Flesh was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000 . Pleading guilty , Flesh was sentenced to 11 years in prison . The group again began having public disputes with Bizzy Bone . Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting BTNHResurrection because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money . He dropped a million - dollar lawsuit he had filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract . Three members of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released solo albums in 2001 : Bizzy Bone with The Gift , Layzie Bone ( under the name L - Burna ) with Thug by Nature , and Krayzie Bone with Thug on da Line . 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories ( edit ) In 2002 , the group released Thug World Order . This album , made up of what were described as overly - violent and political songs , saw a drastic change in subject matter and tone for the group . The lyrics were almost completely void of any violence , while a larger number of tracks focused on the group itself . In contrast , several songs originally intended to be included on the album that were leaked after its release portrayed a much different album . The album debuted at # 12 on the Billboard 200 . The first single released from the album was `` Get Up & Get It '' , featuring 3LW . The second single , `` Home '' , which featured Phil Collins performing part of his song `` Take Me Home '' , peaked at # 33 on the Rhythmic Top 40 , impacting the charts in a number of countries , most notably the United Kingdom . Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003 , leaving only 3 active members : Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , and Wish Bone . Thug World Order was also Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's final album with Ruthless Records ; after their original contract with Ruthless had expired , they decided they wanted to do their own thing . Thug Stories , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's seventh album , was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19 , 2006 . It marked the first time Bone Thugs had recorded as a trio since they released an internet - only EP album called Bone 4 Life in September 2005 . Thug Stories featured a slightly more mature style , and the group leaned more heavily towards its harmonic roots than its `` thug '' origins . The album sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at # 25 on the Billboard 200 and # 1 on the Independent Albums chart . 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and Thugs ( edit ) Originally to be called The Bone Thugs Story , Strength & Loyalty was released on May 8 , 2007 on Interscope Records imprint Full Surface Records . Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years , the album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , and # 1 on iTunes and the Billboard urban music charts . The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey , The Game , will.i.am , Akon , Twista , Bow Wow , Yolanda Adams , and Felecia . Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz , Akon , Pretty Boy & Bradd Young , DJ Toomp , Jermaine Dupri , will.i.am , and others . The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz . The first single was `` I Tried '' , which was their first top - 10 hit in 10 years , peaking at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . The second single was `` Lil Love '' , which failed to reach the success of its predecessor . The album has been certified gold by the RIAA . 2007 also saw the release of the semi-autobiographical film I Tried , directed by Rich Newey , which explored what might have happened to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had they not gotten their break with Eazy - E. Layzie , Krayzie , and Wish Bone starred in the film , playing themselves . Also in 2007 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony won the American Music Award for Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band , Duo or Group . T.H.U.G.S. , an album featuring previously - unreleased , largely remixed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony songs that had n't made the final cut of the BTNHResurrection and Thug World Order albums , was released on November 13 , 2007 by their former record label , Ruthless Records . Although the album embodies old tracks , there are some notable changes : new beats , distorted production , voice manipulation , and new song titles . The sole single off the album was `` Young Thugs '' , which was accompanied by a newly filmed music video featuring Krayzie , Layzie , Bizzy , and Wish . In November 2007 , Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the Bone Brothers III album with Bizzy Bone , spurring speculation about a full Bone reunion . In a video interview , Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues might prevent an official reunion . Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during that time , and he and the three then - active members had a `` good conversation '' . After nearly a decade of incarceration , Flesh - n - Bone was released from prison on July 13 , 2008 . In an interview , Bizzy confirmed his return , the group having reunited in time for Flesh 's release . 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : the World 's Enemy and the Art of War : World War III ( edit ) Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's five members officially returned with their new album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released on May 4 , 2010 by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros. Uni5 also marks the return of long - time Bone collaborator DJ U-Neek , who was absent from 2007 's Strength & Loyalty but had produced for the group throughout their career , including on hits `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Tha Crossroads '' . This studio effort leans toward radio - friendly numbers and proper grown - man tracks , with the core four members offering life lessons as Bizzy gives his Biblical perspective . They released the singles `` See Me Shine '' , featuring Jay Rush and Lyfe Jennings , and `` Rebirth '' , featuring Thin - C , a member of the Mo Thugs . A third single , `` Meet Me in the Sky '' , was released on March 22 . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony announced on their blog over the summer of 2011 that they were planning a new album for 2012 . They reiterated those plans in a November interview . Throughout 2011 , Krayzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Layzie Bone spoke about many new projects coming in 2012 . Those projects were to include an anniversary album featuring all 5 members ; a Bizzy & Krayzie duet album ; and compilation albums of unreleased Bone Thugs - N - Harmony material from the mid to late 90 's and 2000 's , prospectively titled Lost Archives Vol. 1 . The group put their differences aside to reunite and belatedly mark their 20th anniversary at the Rock the Bells festival series of summer 2012 . During the summer of 2012 , West Coast rapper Game sampled Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's `` 1st Of Tha Month '' on his new posse cut `` Celebration '' , with the legendary group 's blessing . Game also posted a picture on his Twitter showing the word `` bone '' constructed out of cannabis . He later confirmed that he was working in the studio with Bone Thugs - N - Harmony on a remix of `` Celebration '' for his album Jesus Piece . The Art of War : World War III was officially announced by Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in an interview with The Source ( magazine ) on March 25 , 2013. . In early November 2013 , Krayzie Bone told HipHopDX that the Art of War III album would feature only Layzie , Bizzy , and Flesh - N - Bone , and that neither he nor Wish Bone had recorded any material for that album . However , Krayzie and Wish both ended up appearing on the album in the form of previously unreleased tracks that had been cut from Uni5 : The World 's Enemy . The Art of War : World War III was released on December 10 , 2013 . 2014 -- present : new album , new Waves ( edit ) On July 15 , 2014 , it was announced that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony would release their final album in 2015 . There would be only a single copy released , to be auctioned off , with bidding starting at $1 million . The group also announced they would be conducting a 20 - country world tour beginning in December 2014 . The following day , Krazyie Bone revealed that the album would be titled E. 1999 Legends . He then told XXL that he had approached the group about a reunion album in the middle of the previous year , and they had begun recording it at the end of 2013 . Krayzie estimated that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had probably recorded 75 to 100 songs since they began work on the album , which was planned as a double - disc project . The first disc was to contain Bone Thugs - N - Harmony content exclusively , with no features , and would have 18 -- 20 songs . The second disc was planned to feature a large number of big - name guest appearances such as Mariah Carey , Kendrick Lamar , Phil Collins , Wiz Khalifa , Drake , A $ AP Mob , and Linkin Park , along with beats from Dr. Dre & DJ U-Neek , who had each been tapped for the album . Damizza would be producing / overseeing the entire E. 1999 Legends album project , which was projected to be distributed through Damizza 's Baby Ree Records label . On February 14 , 2015 -- Valentine 's Day -- producer and long - time Bone collaborator Damizza officially presented the single `` More Than Thugs '' , slated to appear on the Damizza Presents album . The group 's vocal delivery on the song would be considered by many as vintage Bone Thugs - N - Harmony vocal sound . As of late April 2015 , the video for `` More Than Thugs '' was in the editing stage and featured all 5 members . Flesh Bone and Wish Bone were in the studio with Damizza in 2015 to complete the eight Bone songs that were close to finished for the E. 1999 Legends album . Under direction from A&R team and long - time manager Steve Lobel and agent Jamie Adler , they are also working on the remix of Machine Gun Kelly 's Cleveland anthem single `` Till I Die '' . In August 2015 , Krayzie announced that the first bid of at least $1 million had been received for E. 1999 Legends . In 2017 , Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone announced that they would be releasing their long - awaited duet album together entitled New Waves under the name Bone Thugs . The album 's lead single `` Coming Home '' featuring Stephen Marley was released on March 24 . Krayzie confirmed that the full Bone Thugs - n - Harmony group was working on a new album , but said that they would no longer be auctioning off the album 's rights . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony discography See also : Mo Thugs discography Studio albums Faces of Death ( 1993 ) Creepin on ah Come Up ( 1994 ) E. 1999 Eternal ( 1995 ) The Art of War ( 1997 ) BTNHResurrection ( 2000 ) Thug World Order ( 2002 ) Thug Stories ( 2006 ) Strength & Loyalty ( 2007 ) Uni5 : The World 's Enemy ( 2010 ) The Art of War : World War III ( 2013 ) New Waves ( 2017 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bone Thugs - n - Harmony References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Biography '' . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony official website . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lacy , Eric . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony sends Detroit back in time with legendary lyrical skills at Oakaloosa Festival '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Hip Hop Groups of All Time '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Video of Krayzie explaining why he left BTNH Jump up ^ 2011 interview with Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? Breaking Down Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . GlobalGrind.com . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Layzie Bone Announces Departure From Bone thugs - n - harmony '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Layzie Bone Quits Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . XXL Magazine . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Signs With eOne Entertainment '' . HipHopDX.com . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone -- Audition To Eazy E '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony -- E. 1999 Eternal . '' The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . London : Muze , 1998 . Print . Jump up ^ Meara , Paul ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Black Moon Recall Meeting Tupac And Creating The `` One Nation '' Album `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten Tupac Letter Reveals `` One Nation '' Album With Outkast & More `` . The Source . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Basham , David ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Flesh - N - Bone Convicted On Assault , Weapons Charges '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tina ( September 22 , 2000 ) . `` UPDATE : Flesh - N - Bone Gets 11 Years In Assault Case '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Bizzy Bone Has A Gift For Negotiation '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Three Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Members Dropping Solo LPs '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Bone Thugs Say Bizzy Is Out For Good This Time '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ bone thugs - n - harmony ( Author ) . `` bone thugs - n - harmony - Bone 4 Life - Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : News : Strength & Loyalty Certified Gold '' . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Shoot New Movie ; Launch New Watch Collection '' . AllHipHop.com . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ThugLine TV -- Krayzie Bone speaks on reunion '' . YouTube . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jasarevic , Mina ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Bizzy Bone : Thicker Than Water Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop '' . HipHop DX . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` See Me Shine ( feat . Lyfe Jennings , Phaedra & J Rush ) ( Explicit ) : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Call Reunion a ' Kick - Start to a Beautiful Situation ' '' . Rolling Stone . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Photo by thegame Instagram . Instagram.com . Retrieved on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In The Studio : Game & Bone Thugs Work On ' Celebration ' Remix '' . HipHop - N - More . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Art Of War III Is Not ' What Everyone Thinks ' It Is '' . HipHopDX.com. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Will Sell One Copy Of Their Reunion Album For $1 Million '' . XXL Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's Last Album Will Be Called E. 1999 Legends '' . XXL Magazine . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Bone Thugs - N - Harmony E. 1999 / Legends Album Has $1 Million Bid '' . HipHopDX.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie and Bizzy Bone spark next chapter of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . Cleveland.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Official website Official Facebook page Bone Thugs - N - Harmony at AllMusic Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ArtistDirect page I Tried movie Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone Thugs - n - Harmony . ( hide ) Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Bizzy Bone Layzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Wish Bone Krayzie Bone Studio albums Faces of Death Creepin on ah Come Up E. 1999 Eternal The Art of War BTNHResurrection Thug World Order Thug Stories Strength & Loyalty Uni5 : The World 's Enemy The Art of War : World War III New Waves Compilations The Collection , Volume 1 The Collection , Volume 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits ( Chopped & Screwed ) T.H.U.G.S. Thug Smoke Fest Thuggish II Singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' `` Foe tha Love of $ '' `` 1st of tha Month '' `` East 1999 '' `` Tha Crossroads '' `` Days of Our Livez '' `` Look into My Eyes '' `` If I Could Teach the World '' `` War '' `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' `` Change the World '' `` Money , Money '' `` Home '' `` Fire '' `` Take the Lead ( Wanna Ride ) '' `` I Tried '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` Young Thugs '' `` See Me Shine '' `` Rebirth '' `` Meet Me in the Sky '' `` Gone '' Related articles Discography Bone Brothers Mo Thugs ThugLine Records Ruthless Records BTNH Worldwide Full Surface Records Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony BNF : cb13987349n ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2290 0913 MusicBrainz : 2fa45bbb - 0efb - 4950 - 9d40 - 94bf23cbfec1 SUDOC : 158459318 VIAF : 135057024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony&oldid=841107280 '' Categories : 1991 establishments in Ohio EOne Music artists G - funk groups Gangsta rap groups Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Midwest hip hop groups Musical groups established in 1991 Musical groups from Cleveland Ruthless Records artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 32 . 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who is bone thugs n harmony signed to
[ "Due to conflicts within the group, longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label, The Life Entertainment.[5][6][7] They would later return, officially re-unifying the group. In August 2013, however, Layzie Bone announced that he would be stepping aside to work more on his solo career.[8][9] In the same month, BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment (formerly known as Koch Records), who they had previously partnered with to release 2006's Thug Stories.[10] Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group. On April 28th the entire group performed a show in Biloxi, MS along with Juvenile & Nelly. On June 1st of 2018, Bone Thugs will be reuniting for a show just outside Boston, Massachusetts, at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere, MA." ]
[ "eOne Entertainment" ]
-6031860124723808413
Take Me to the River
Take Me to the River - wikipedia Take Me to the River For the 2015 American film , see Take Me to the River ( film ) . `` Take Me to the River '' Song by Al Green from the album Al Green Explores Your Mind Released October 2 , 1974 Recorded 1974 , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Soul Length 3 : 45 Label Hi Songwriter ( s ) Al Green , Mabon `` Teenie '' Hodges Producer ( s ) Willie Mitchell Al Green Explores Your Mind track listing `` Sha - La - La ( Make Me Happy ) '' `` Take Me to the River '' `` God Blessed Our Love '' `` The City '' `` One Nite Stand '' `` I 'm Hooked on You '' `` Stay with Me Forever '' `` Hangin ' On '' `` School Days '' `` Take Me to the River '' is a 1974 song written by singer Al Green and guitarist Mabon `` Teenie '' Hodges . Hit versions were recorded by both Syl Johnson and Talking Heads . In 2004 , Al Green 's original version was ranked number 117 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Recording and composition 2 Reception and legacy 3 Notable cover versions 4 Talking Heads version 4.1 Charts 5 References 6 External links Recording and composition ( edit ) Al Green originally recorded the song for his 1974 album , Al Green Explores Your Mind , produced by Willie Mitchell and featuring musicians Charles , Leroy and Mabon Hodges ( The Hodges Brothers ) , drummer Howard Grimes , and the Memphis Horns . Green and Mabon Hodges wrote the song while staying in a rented house at Lake Hamilton , Arkansas , for three days in 1973 in order to come up with new material . According to Mitchell , Green wrote the words and Green and Hodges wrote the tune together . Green dedicated his performance on the record to `` ... Little Junior Parker , a cousin of mine , he 's gone on but we 'd like to kinda carry on in his name ... '' According to one writer , `` Green 's song squares the singer 's early religious convictions with more earthly interests '' , but when the singer became a pastor of the Full Gospel Tabernacle Church in 1976 , he dropped the song from his repertoire . Writing in The Independent in 1994 , Tim de Lisle wrote : `` Musically , it was much like any other track sung by Green and produced by Willie Mitchell , the Southern - soul maestro who ran Hi Records , the Memphis Horns and the Memphis Strings : R'n'B with lashings of subtlety , a light , easy , late - night sound , in which the strings , the horns , the organ , the guitars and that wild - honey voice blend into a single swinging , winning thing . It does n't sound like a band playing : it sounds like a lot of instruments humming . '' Reception and legacy ( edit ) Al Green also used the title Take Me to the River for his autobiography , published in 2000 . In 2004 , Green 's original recording was ranked number 117 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . The song was used as the title track of the award - winning 2008 compilation album Take Me to the River : A Southern Soul Story 1961 - 1977 . The song played prominent role in an episode of the HBO series The Sopranos in which a Big Mouth Billy Bass played a major role . It was also used in the 1993 movie Blood In Blood Out and also featured in the 1991 film The Commitments , sung on stage by the group of the same name . Notable cover versions ( edit ) U.S. vinyl single of the Syl Johnson version The record company , Hi Records , did not release Green 's track as a single , but instead passed the song to his labelmate , Syl Johnson . Johnson 's recording of the song , featuring most of the same musicians as on Green 's version , but with additional harmonica and a grittier vocal performance , reached # 48 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1975 , and # 7 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart . In 2000 , the tune was used in the popular animatronic singing toy `` Big Mouth Billy Bass '' . The recording was arranged and produced for the toy 's manufacturers , Gemmy Industries , by Al Thomas of Designer Music . According to Teenie Hodges , he made more money in royalties from that version than from any previous versions . `` Take Me to the River '' has also been notably recorded and performed by other artists . Rock band Foghat recorded the song for their 1976 album Night Shift . Two years later , Levon Helm and Bryan Ferry re-recorded it separately for their own solo albums . Blues rock singer Delbert McClinton recorded the song for his 1980 album , The Jealous Kind . Disco singer Claudja Barry recorded the song for her 1981 album , Made in Hong Kong . Jazz singer Diane Schuur recorded the song for her 1985 album , Schuur Thing . Tina Turner recorded the song as the B - side track for her 1987 single `` Break Every Rule . '' Tom Jones and Curtis Stigers performed the song live as a duet , the performance later included in the Australian edition 's bonus disc of Jones ' 1994 album , The Lead and How to Swing It . Annie Lennox recorded her version for her 1995 album , Medusa . Grateful Dead performed the song live four times during the 1995 tour , the first time on April first , at the Pyramid in Memphis ( home of Rev Al Green , writer of this song . Eva Cassidy performed the song live at Blues Alley in Washington , D.C. venue on January 1996 , later included in her live album , released before her death that same year . The Italian bluesman Zucchero Fornaciari sampled part of the melody for realizing his song Baila in the album Shake of 2001 . Phish performed the song three times in concert tours . The band performed it as a soundcheck track for the State Theatre concert in Minneapolis , Minnesota on April 9 , 1993 . The band re-performed it twice onstage , both incomplete : one as a medley with another song `` David Bowie '' at the Lawrence Joel Coliseum in Winston - Salem , North Carolina on November 21 , 1995 , and another at Espace Julien ( Marseille , France ) on July 10 , 1997 . Hootie & the Blowfish and a gospel choir performed it live at the sixth annual Billboard Music Awards ( 1995 ) . The Dave Matthews Band performed the song live at Chicago 's Soldier Field football stadium during the 1999 winter acoustic tour . Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed the song alongside several other songs as part of the 20 - minute live performance of `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' at the 1999 Detroit concert during the 1999 -- 2000 Reunion Tour . Courtney Love recorded the song for the Empire episode , `` Out , Damned Spot '' ( 2015 ) . Talking Heads version ( edit ) `` Take Me to the River '' US vinyl release Single by Talking Heads from the album More Songs About Buildings and Food B - side `` Thank You for Sending Me an Angel '' Released 1978 Format 7 '' Genre New wave Length 3 : 36 ( Edited version ) Label Sire Sire 1032 Songwriter ( s ) Al Green , Mabon `` Teenie '' Hodges Producer ( s ) Brian Eno , Talking Heads Talking Heads singles chronology `` Pulled Up '' ( 1978 ) `` Take Me to the River '' ( 1978 ) `` Life During Wartime '' ( 1979 ) `` Pulled Up '' ( 1978 ) `` Take Me to the River '' ( 1978 ) `` Life During Wartime '' ( 1979 ) The band Talking Heads recorded the song for their second album More Songs About Buildings and Food ( 1978 ) . Their version , recorded with co-producer Brian Eno in Nassau , Bahamas , was edited and released as a single , and reached # 26 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1979 , as well as hitting the singles charts in Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Thomas Ryan wrote of Talking Heads ' version that it `` broadsided the status quo by combining the best ingredients of conventional pop music and classic soul music , stirring them together , and then presenting the mix in the guise of punk rock . '' In the liner notes for Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads , singer David Byrne writes : `` Coincidence or conspiracy ? There were at least four cover versions of this song out at the same time : Foghat , Bryan Ferry , Levon Helm , and us . More money for Mr Green 's full gospel tabernacle church , I suppose . A song that combines teenage lust with baptism . Not equates , you understand , but throws them in the same stew , at least . A potent blend . All praise the mighty spurtin ' Jesus . '' Live versions were included on Talking Heads ' albums The Name of This Band is Talking Heads and Stop Making Sense . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 26 Canadian Singles Chart 34 New Zealand Singles Chart 20 US Billboard Hot 100 26 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ AllMusic Review by Jason Elias . `` Explores Your Mind - Al Green Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Article by Tim de Lisle , The Independent , 6 February 1994 Jump up ^ Article by Paul Williams , Crawdaddy ! magazine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Article in The Independent on `` Take Me to the River '' , 31 January 2003 Jump up ^ `` CBSi '' . FindArticles.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Steve Leggett ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Take Me to the River : A Southern Soul Story 1961 -- 1977 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Big Music News , Features & Stories MOJO '' . Mojo4music.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth Billy Bass - 15th Anniversary Edition '' . Gemmy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Bianca. `` 50 years of rock - and - roll Cover Feature Memphis News and Events '' . Memphis Flyer . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Kip ( November 29 , 1980 ) . `` Closeup : Delbert McClinton -- The Jealous Kind '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Book . Jump up ^ Kantor , Justin M. ( 2003 ) . Review on Made in Hong Kong . All Music Guide to Soul : The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul . San Francisco : Backbook Beats . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ( 2010 ) . Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948 -- 1991 ( 7th ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . Jump up ^ Ellis & Sutherland 2000 , p. 493 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ellis & Sutherland 2000 , p. 507 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Arista Records ( May 8 , 1995 ) . `` From Diva to Medusa ... to Masterpiece '' . New York . p. 10 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Bryony ; Ellis , Lucy ( 2001 ) . Annie Lennox : The Biography . Omnibus Press . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Al Green '' . 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Jump up ^ Martell , Nevin ( 2004 ) . `` The Lillywhite Sessions '' . Dave Matthews Band : Music for the People ( Revised trade paperback ed . ) . Pocket Books . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 9382 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave ( 2004 ) . `` The Price of the Ticket '' . Bruce Springsteen : Two Hearts -- The Definitive Biography , 1972 -- 2003 . Routledge . p. 506 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Werner , Craig ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . `` ' Holler If Ya Hear Me ' '' . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race & the Soul of America . University of Michigan Press . p. 350 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Courtney Love Channels Al Green for ' Take Me to the River ' Cover '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why Fox 's ' Empire ' Is Unstoppable '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads - Take Me To The River '' . Discogs.com. 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` '' Take Me To The River '' - Talking Heads `` . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Talking Heads '' . Australian-charts.com . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads Top Singles positions '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads -- Take Me to the River '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Ellis , Lucy ; Sutherland , Byrony ( 2000 ) . Tome Jones : Close Up . London : Omnibus Press . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . The Mockingbird Foundation ( 2000 ) . The Phish Companion : A Guide to the Band and Their Music . Miller Freeman Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 631 - 9 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via Google Books . 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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 August 2018 . 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 15 November 2017 Teams 210 ( from 6 confederations ) Tournament statistics Matches played 872 Goals scored 2,454 ( 2.81 per match ) Attendance 18,720,691 ( 21,469 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup , with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts . All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process , and for the first time in World Cup history , all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition , but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches . Bhutan , South Sudan , Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 , qualification matches were played before that . The first , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal in qualification . Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw . Contents 1 Qualified teams 2 Qualification process 2.1 Proposal for expansion 2.2 Summary of qualification 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Confederation qualification 4.1 AFC 4.1. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.1. 2 Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) 4.2 CAF 4.2. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.3 CONCACAF 4.3. 1 Final positions ( fifth round ) 4.4 CONMEBOL 4.4. 1 Final positions 4.5 OFC 4.5. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.6 UEFA 4.6. 1 Final positions ( first round ) 4.6. 2 Play - offs ( second round ) 5 Inter-confederation play - offs 5.1 CONCACAF v AFC 5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL 6 Top goalscorers 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Qualified teams ( edit ) Teams qualified for World Cup Teams failed to qualify for World Cup Teams expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Countries were not FIFA members Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Consecutive finals appearances Previous best performance Russia Hosts 2 December 2010 11th 2014 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 12 June 2017 5th 2014 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 3 September 2017 13th 2014 Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners - up 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 5 September 2017 5th 2006 Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 5 October 2017 19th 2014 17 Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 7 October 2017 6th 2014 Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners - up 7 October 2017 5th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 8 October 2017 8th 2006 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 First round ( 1934 ) , Group stage ( 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 9 October 2017 1st -- -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 9 October 2017 12th Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 10 October 2017 13th 2014 Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 10 October 2017 6th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 10 October 2017 1st -- -- Senegal CAF Third Round Group D winners 10 November 2017 2nd 2002 Quarter - finals ( 2002 ) Morocco CAF Third Round Group C winners 11 November 2017 5th 1998 Round of 16 ( 1986 ) Tunisia CAF Third Round Group A winners 11 November 2017 5th 2006 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Switzerland UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 11th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 ) Croatia UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 5th 2014 Third place ( 1998 ) Sweden UEFA Second Round winners 13 November 2017 12th 2006 Runners - up ( 1958 ) Denmark UEFA Second Round winners 14 November 2017 5th Quarter - finals ( 1998 ) Australia CONCACAF v AFC play - off winners 15 November 2017 5th 2014 Round of 16 ( 2006 ) Peru OFC v CONMEBOL play - off winners 15 November 2017 5th 1982 Quarter - finals ( 1970 ) , Second round ( 1978 ) Notes : This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions . : Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result . : Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as `` West Germany '' , as a separate East German state and team existed then . : This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams , who between them qualified on 10 occasions . : No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . : In 1978 , the second round was another group stage which involved 8 teams qualified from the first round . Qualification process ( edit ) The number of teams participating in the final tournament was 32 . Even though the qualification process began in March 2015 , the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Proposal for expansion ( edit ) In October 2013 , UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018 . The format would have been the same , but in groups of five instead of four . This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter 's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams . However , FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be `` unlikely '' , while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was `` preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part . '' Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017 , when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Summary of qualification ( edit ) While all FIFA members entered the tournament , not all competed . Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015 . Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway , which eventually resulted in their elimination . Brazil were the first team to achieve qualification for the tournament following their 3 -- 0 victory over Paraguay and Uruguay 's loss to Peru on 28 March 2017 . Peru became the 32nd and final team to qualify when , 233 days after Brazil secured their place , they beat New Zealand 2 -- 0 on aggregate in the OFC - CONMEBOL play - off . Confederation Available slots in finals Teams started Teams eliminated Teams qualified Qualifying start date Qualifying end date AFC 4.5 46 41 5 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 CAF 5 54 49 5 7 October 2015 14 November 2017 CONCACAF 3.5 35 32 22 March 2015 15 November 2017 CONMEBOL 4.5 10 5 5 8 October 2015 15 November 2017 OFC 0.5 11 11 0 31 August 2015 15 November 2017 UEFA 13 + 1 54 + 1 41 13 + 1 4 September 2016 14 November 2017 Total 31 + 1 210 + 1 179 31 + 1 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 Note : One team each from AFC , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and OFC played in the inter-confederation play - offs , between 10 -- 15 November 2017 ( CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL ) . Note : UEFA total includes + 1 for Russia as hosts . Format ( edit ) The formats of the qualifying competitions depended on each confederation ( see below ) . Each round might be played in either of the following formats : League format , where more than two teams formed groups to play home - and - away round - robin matches , or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee , single round - robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory . Knockout format , where two teams played home - and - away two - legged matches . Tiebreakers ( edit ) In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage , the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA ( regulations Article 20.8 ) . In knockout format , the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round . In the event that aggregate scores finish level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time are played , divided into two fifteen - minutes halves . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out ( regulations Article 20.9 ) . Confederation qualification ( edit ) AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 : First round : 12 teams ( ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fourth - placed CONCACAF team . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts Iran 10 22 South Korea 10 15 Syria 10 13 Uzbekistan 10 13 5 China PR 10 12 6 Qatar 10 7 Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Japan 10 20 Saudi Arabia 10 19 Australia 10 19 United Arab Emirates 10 13 5 Iraq 10 11 6 Thailand 10 Source : FIFA Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The third - placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) CAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015 . However , on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds would be played instead of four . First round : 26 teams ( ranked 28 -- 53 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 13 winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 27 and 13 first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 20 winners advanced to the third round . Third round : The 20 teams which had advanced from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Zimbabwe , even though they entered the competition , were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Therefore , only 53 African teams were involved in the draw . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CAF Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts Tunisia 6 14 DR Congo 6 13 Libya 6 Guinea 6 Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Nigeria 6 13 Zambia 6 8 Cameroon 6 7 Algeria 6 Source : FIFA Group C Pos Team Pld Pts Morocco 6 12 Ivory Coast 6 8 Gabon 6 6 Mali 6 Source : FIFA Group D Pos Team Pld Pts Senegal 6 14 Burkina Faso 6 9 Cape Verde 6 6 South Africa 6 Source : FIFA Group E Pos Team Pld Pts Egypt 6 13 Uganda 6 9 Ghana 6 7 Congo 6 Source : FIFA CONCACAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested , which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds , with both the fourth round and the final round ( referred to as ' The Hex ' ) played as group stages . The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23 -- 31 March 2015 . CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015 : First round : 14 teams ( teams ranked 22 -- 35 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The seven winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 20 teams ( teams ranked 9 -- 21 and seven first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The ten winners advanced to the third round . Third round : 12 teams ( teams ranked 7 -- 8 and ten second round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : 12 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 6 and six third round winners ) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round . Fifth round : The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home - and - away round - robin matches in one single group . The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fourth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Asian Football Confederation play - off . Final positions ( fifth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CONCACAF Fifth Round The draw for the fifth round ( to decide the fixtures ) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach , United States . Pos Team Pld Pts Mexico 10 21 Costa Rica 10 16 Panama 10 13 Honduras 10 13 5 United States 10 12 6 Trinidad and Tobago 10 6 Source : FIFA CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions . The ten teams played in a league of home - and - away round - robin matches . The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fifth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Final positions ( edit ) Pos Team Pld Pts Brazil 18 41 Uruguay 18 31 Argentina 18 28 Colombia 18 27 5 Peru 18 26 6 Chile 18 26 7 Paraguay 18 24 8 Ecuador 18 20 9 Bolivia 18 14 10 Venezuela 18 12 Source : FIFA OFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : American Samoa , Cook Islands , Samoa , and Tonga played a round - robin tournament at a single country . The winners advanced to the second round . Second round ( OFC Nations Cup ) : A total of eight teams ( Fiji , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tahiti , Vanuatu , and the first round winner ) played the tournament at a single country . For the group stage , they were divided into two groups of four teams . The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying . The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage ( semi-finals and final ) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Third round : The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The two group winners met in a two - legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fifth - placed CONMEBOL team . The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament . A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches in the second round , followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home - and - away round - robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play - offs . However , it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision , and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one - off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- OFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts New Zealand 10 New Caledonia 5 Fiji Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Solomon Islands 9 Tahiti 6 Papua New Guinea Source : FIFA Final The draw for the final ( which decided the order of legs ) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 8 -- 3 Solomon Islands 6 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Russia qualified automatically as hosts . The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA - affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22 -- 23 March 2015 in Vienna . First round ( group stage ) : The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups ( seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams ) to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the eight best runners - up advanced to the second round ( play - offs ) . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams , Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to Group H , so that each of the nine groups then had six teams . Second round ( play - offs ) : The eight best runners - up from the first round played one other team over two legs , home and away . The four winners qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Final positions ( first round ) ( edit ) The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup Advance to Second round ( play - offs ) Group A Group B Group C Pos Team Pld Pts France 10 23 Sweden 10 19 Netherlands 10 19 Bulgaria 10 13 5 Luxembourg 10 6 6 Belarus 10 5 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal 10 27 Switzerland 10 27 Hungary 10 13 Faroe Islands 10 9 5 Latvia 10 7 6 Andorra 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Germany 10 30 Northern Ireland 10 19 Czech Republic 10 15 Norway 10 13 5 Azerbaijan 10 10 6 San Marino 10 0 Source : FIFA Group D Group E Group F Pos Team Pld Pts Serbia 10 21 Republic of Ireland 10 19 Wales 10 17 Austria 10 15 5 Georgia 10 5 6 Moldova 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Poland 10 25 Denmark 10 20 Montenegro 10 16 Romania 10 13 5 Armenia 10 7 6 Kazakhstan 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts England 10 26 Slovakia 10 18 Scotland 10 18 Slovenia 10 15 5 Lithuania 10 6 6 Malta 10 Source : FIFA Group G Group H Group I Pos Team Pld Pts Spain 10 28 Italy 10 23 Albania 10 13 Israel 10 12 5 Macedonia 10 11 6 Liechtenstein 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Belgium 10 28 Greece 10 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17 Estonia 10 11 5 Cyprus 10 10 6 Gibraltar 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Iceland 10 22 Croatia 10 20 Ukraine 10 17 Turkey 10 15 5 Finland 10 9 6 Kosovo 10 Source : FIFA Ranking of runners - up In deciding the eight best runners - up , the matches against the sixth - placed team in each group were discarded . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 8 7 0 18 6 + 12 21 Advance to second round ( play - offs ) Italy 8 5 12 8 + 4 17 Denmark 8 13 6 + 7 14 Croatia 8 8 + 4 14 5 Sweden 8 18 9 + 9 13 6 Northern Ireland 8 10 6 + 4 13 7 Greece 8 9 5 + 4 13 8 Republic of Ireland 8 7 5 + 2 13 9 Slovakia 8 0 11 6 + 5 12 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Play - offs ( second round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Second Round The draw for the second round ( play - offs ) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich , Switzerland . The winners of each tie qualified for the World Cup . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Northern Ireland 0 -- 1 Switzerland 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 Denmark 5 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 Sweden 1 -- 0 Italy 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 Inter-confederation play - offs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( inter-confederation play - offs ) There were two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals . The first legs were played on 10 and 11 November 2017 , and the second legs were played on 15 November 2017 . The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . CONCACAF v AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras 1 -- 3 Australia 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 OFC v CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC -- CONMEBOL play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 0 -- 2 Peru 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 Top goalscorers ( edit ) 16 goals Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 15 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 11 goals Tim Cahill Romelu Lukaku Christian Eriksen Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Mile Jedinak Omar Kharbin Edinson Cavani 9 goals Carlos Ruiz André Silva Hassan Al - Haydos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Mehdi Taremi Chris Wood Marcus Berg Jozy Altidore For each confederation and inter-confederation play - offs , see sections in each article : AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Inter-confederation play - offs Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This player 's goal tally includes one or more goals which the player scored in matches that were subsequently forfeited , but which FIFA continues to count in its statistics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia disqualified from 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and AFC Asian Cup 2019 qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan 's World Cup debut ended early by rain '' . bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA chief Platini calls for 40 team World Cup '' . Reuters. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter wants more Africa slots for World Cup '' . Confederation of African Football . 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup expansion ' unlikely ' , says Valcke '' . Soccerway. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association '' . FIFA.com. 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil qualify for 2018 World Cup after Coutinho and Neymar down Paraguay '' . The Guardian . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peru beat New Zealand 2 - 0 to secure final place '' . BBC Sport. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria ; sigue el Hexagonal '' ( New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Mexico . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June '' . Sportsnet. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15 '' . CONCACAF. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 '' . CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary competition format outlined '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee decisions '' . OFC . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee outcomes '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 20 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Heat goes on NZ after switch '' . New Zealand Herald . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 3 draw complete '' . Oceania Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand at home first in OFC play - off '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee date in Vienna '' . UEFA.org. 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New distribution concept for club competitions approved '' . UEFA.org. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus switches to World Cup qualifying '' . UEFA.com. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com '' . uefa.com . UEFA . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it stands : ranking of second - placed teams '' . UEFA.com. 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup European play - off draw to take place on 17 October '' . FIFA.com. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dates set for Socceroos - Honduras World Cup qualifier '' . SBS the World Game . 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifying . Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=853301783 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 19 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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which country has qualified for the first time in 2018 fifa world cup
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Comedy Circus
Comedy Circus - wikipedia Comedy Circus Comedy Circus Logo of Comedy Circus Created by Optimystix Entertainment Written by Raaj Shaandilyaa Raj Verma Amberdeep Singh Harsh Limbachiya Vankush Arora Khalid Azmi Dinesh Brigedier Gaurav Dubey Directed by Nikul Desai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 18 Production Running time 90 minutes Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Picture format 576i Original release 16 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 16 ) External links Website Comedy Circus is an Indian reality based comedy show that airs on Sony TV . Contents 1 Season summary 2 Overview 3 References 4 External links Season summary ( edit ) Year Season Host Judges Winners 2009 Comedy Circus Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Johnny Lever Satish Shah Kashif Khan and Ali Asgar 2008 Comedy Circus 2 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh з Satish Shah Shekhar Suman Juhi Parmar and V.I.P. 2008 Kaante Ki Takkar Purbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Shakeel siddiqui Urvashi dholakia Krushna Abhishek Rajeev Thakurr Kamiya Ali Asgar Kashif Khan 2009 Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Ali Asgar 2009 Comedy Circus 20 - 20 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Ajay Jadeja Shekhar Suman Raja Sagoo Nigaar Khan 2009 Dekh India Dekh Jennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2009 Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka Mouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Melissa Pais Comedy Circus Mahasangram Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Swapnil Joshi and V.I.P. Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars Rashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Parvati Sehgal Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo Anita Hassanandani Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Kapil Sharma Mukti Mohan 2010 - 2011 Jubilee Comedy Circus Pooja Kanwal Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Shikha Singh Rahul Mahajan and Rajeev Nigam Krishna Abhishek Rakhi Sawant 2011 Comedy Circus Ke Taansen Saumya Tandon Archana Puran Singh Daler Mehndi Kapil Sharma Ali Asgar 2011 Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Shweta Tiwari 2011 - 2012 Kahani Comedy Circus Ki Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Sumona Chakravarti and Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2012 - 2013 Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe Barkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Siddharth Sagar Mohit Baghel 2013 - 2014 Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Arbaaz Khan - Overview ( edit ) The first season of Comedy Circus had the tag line `` Jodi Jamegi , Public Hassegi '' . Comedy Circus started its second season on 26 April 2008 . Comedy Circus ka naya daur adka premiered on 24 October 2009 . The first episode also contained ( ( Govinda ) ) who introduced new artists and was guest judge . Comedy Circus -- Maha Sangram involved contestants of three previous seasons . Archana represented season 1 , Shekhar represented season 2 and Rohit represented season 3 . Teams were scored by the opposite team representatives , with the audience watching the show to determine eliminations . The winners of this show were Swapnil Joshi and VIP . A new season of the show is starting from 15 September 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . Feb 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCO28fZ078A Jump up ^ `` Sony innovates ' Comedy Circus ' '' . Indiantelevision.com. 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony to launch second season of Comedy Circus from 26 April '' . Indiantelevision.com. 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Ka Tadka on Comedy Circus '' . Real Bollywood. 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus returns with ' Teen Ka Tadka ' '' . The Times of India . 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New season of Comedy Circus promises to be fun , watch teaser - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official site Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comedy_Circus&oldid=857067489 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian stand - up comedy television series 2007 Indian television series debuts Sony Entertainment Television series 2000s Indian television series 2010s Indian television series Television series by Optimystix Entertainment Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी پښتو اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
winner of comedy circus ke ajoobe grand finale
[ "\n\n\nYear\nSeason\nHost\nJudges\nWinners\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nJohnny Lever\nSatish Shah\n\n\nKashif Khan and\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2008\nComedy Circus 2 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh з\nSatish Shah\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nJuhi Parmar and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2008\n Kaante Ki Takkar \nPurbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nShakeel siddiqui\nUrvashi dholakia\nKrushna Abhishek\nRajeev Thakurr\nKamiya\nAli Asgar\nKashif Khan\n\n\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China \nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 20 - 20 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nAjay Jadeja\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nRaja Sagoo\nNigaar Khan\n\n\n2009\n\n Dekh India Dekh \nJennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka \nMouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nMelissa Pais\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Mahasangram [1]\nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nSwapnil Joshi and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars \nRashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nParvati Sehgal\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo \nAnita Hassanandani\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nMukti Mohan\n\n\n2010-2011\n\n Jubilee Comedy Circus \nPooja Kanwal\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShikha Singh\nRahul Mahajan\nand\n\nRajeev Nigam\nKrishna Abhishek\nRakhi Sawant\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Taansen \nSaumya Tandon\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nDaler Mehndi\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur \nRoshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShweta Tiwari\n\n\n2011-2012\n\n Kahani Comedy Circus Ki \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nSumona Chakravarti\nand\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2012-2013\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe \nBarkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nSiddharth Sagar\nMohit Baghel\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n2013-2014\n\nComedy Circus Ke Mahabali\nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nArbaaz Khan\n\n-\n\n", "\n\n\nYear\nSeason\nHost\nJudges\nWinners\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nJohnny Lever\nSatish Shah\n\n\nKashif Khan and\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2008\nComedy Circus 2 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh з\nSatish Shah\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nJuhi Parmar and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2008\n Kaante Ki Takkar \nPurbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nShakeel siddiqui\nUrvashi dholakia\nKrushna Abhishek\nRajeev Thakurr\nKamiya\nAli Asgar\nKashif Khan\n\n\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China \nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 20 - 20 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nAjay Jadeja\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nRaja Sagoo\nNigaar Khan\n\n\n2009\n\n Dekh India Dekh \nJennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka \nMouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nMelissa Pais\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Mahasangram [1]\nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nSwapnil Joshi and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars \nRashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nParvati Sehgal\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo \nAnita Hassanandani\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nMukti Mohan\n\n\n2010-2011\n\n Jubilee Comedy Circus \nPooja Kanwal\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShikha Singh\nRahul Mahajan\nand\n\nRajeev Nigam\nKrishna Abhishek\nRakhi Sawant\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Taansen \nSaumya Tandon\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nDaler Mehndi\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur \nRoshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShweta Tiwari\n\n\n2011-2012\n\n Kahani Comedy Circus Ki \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nSumona Chakravarti\nand\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2012-2013\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe \nBarkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nSiddharth Sagar\nMohit Baghel\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n2013-2014\n\nComedy Circus Ke Mahabali\nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nArbaaz Khan\n\n-\n\n", "\n\n\nYear\nSeason\nHost\nJudges\nWinners\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nJohnny Lever\nSatish Shah\n\n\nKashif Khan and\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2008\nComedy Circus 2 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh з\nSatish Shah\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nJuhi Parmar and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2008\n Kaante Ki Takkar \nPurbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nShakeel siddiqui\nUrvashi dholakia\nKrushna Abhishek\nRajeev Thakurr\nKamiya\nAli Asgar\nKashif Khan\n\n\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China \nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 20 - 20 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nAjay Jadeja\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nRaja Sagoo\nNigaar Khan\n\n\n2009\n\n Dekh India Dekh \nJennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka \nMouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nMelissa Pais\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Mahasangram [1]\nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nSwapnil Joshi and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars \nRashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nParvati Sehgal\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo \nAnita Hassanandani\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nMukti Mohan\n\n\n2010-2011\n\n Jubilee Comedy Circus \nPooja Kanwal\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShikha Singh\nRahul Mahajan\nand\n\nRajeev Nigam\nKrishna Abhishek\nRakhi Sawant\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Taansen \nSaumya Tandon\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nDaler Mehndi\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur \nRoshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShweta Tiwari\n\n\n2011-2012\n\n Kahani Comedy Circus Ki \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nSumona Chakravarti\nand\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2012-2013\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe \nBarkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nSiddharth Sagar\nMohit Baghel\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n2013-2014\n\nComedy Circus Ke Mahabali\nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nArbaaz Khan\n\n-\n\n", "\n\n\nYear\nSeason\nHost\nJudges\nWinners\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nJohnny Lever\nSatish Shah\n\n\nKashif Khan and\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2008\nComedy Circus 2 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh з\nSatish Shah\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nJuhi Parmar and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2008\n Kaante Ki Takkar \nPurbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nShakeel siddiqui\nUrvashi dholakia\nKrushna Abhishek\nRajeev Thakurr\nKamiya\nAli Asgar\nKashif Khan\n\n\n\n\n2009\n Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China \nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 20 - 20 \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nAjay Jadeja\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nRaja Sagoo\nNigaar Khan\n\n\n2009\n\n Dekh India Dekh \nJennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2009\n\n Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka \nMouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nMelissa Pais\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Mahasangram [1]\nPurbi Joshi\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nSwapnil Joshi and\nV.I.P.\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars \nRashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nParvati Sehgal\n\n\n2010\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo \nAnita Hassanandani\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nShekhar Suman\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nMukti Mohan\n\n\n2010-2011\n\n Jubilee Comedy Circus \nPooja Kanwal\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nRohit Shetty\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShikha Singh\nRahul Mahajan\nand\n\nRajeev Nigam\nKrishna Abhishek\nRakhi Sawant\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Taansen \nSaumya Tandon\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nDaler Mehndi\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nAli Asgar\n\n\n2011\n\n Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur \nRoshni Chopra\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nShweta Tiwari\n\n\n2011-2012\n\n Kahani Comedy Circus Ki \nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan\n\n\nKapil Sharma\nSumona Chakravarti\nand\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\n\n\n2012-2013\n\n Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe \nBarkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nSohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan\n\n\nKrishna Abhishek\nSudesh Lehri\nSiddharth Sagar\nMohit Baghel\n[2]\n\n\n\n\n2013-2014\n\nComedy Circus Ke Mahabali\nShruti Seth\n\n\nArchana Puran Singh\nArbaaz Khan\n\n-\n\n" ]
[ "Krishna Abhishek", "Sudesh Lehri", "Siddharth Sagar", "Mohit Baghel" ]
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United States Army
United States Army - wikipedia United States Army Jump to : navigation , search United States Army Military service mark of the United States Army Founded 14 June 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 06 - 14 ) Country United States of America Type Army Role Land warfare Size 476,000 Regular Army ( 2017 ) 343,000 Army National Guard ( 2017 ) 199,000 Army Reserve ( 2017 ) 1,018,000 total uniformed personnel ( 2017 ) 330,000 civilian personnel 4,836 aircraft Part of U.S. Department of Defense Dept. of the Army ( since 1947 ) Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Motto ( s ) `` This We 'll Defend '' Colors Black , gold March `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' Anniversaries Army Birthday : 14 June Engagements See list Revolutionary War War of 1812 Mexican War Civil War Indian Wars War with Spain China Relief Expedition Philippine Insurrection Mexican Expedition World War I World War II Korean War 1958 Lebanon crisis Vietnam Conflict Dominican Civil War Invasion of Grenada Invasion of Panama Somali Civil War Persian Gulf War Kosovo War Global War on Terrorism Afghanistan Campaign Iraq Campaign Inherent Resolve Campaign Website Army.mil Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Defense James Mattis Secretary of the Army Mark Esper Chief of Staff GEN Mark A. Milley Vice Chief of Staff GEN James C. McConville Sergeant Major of the Army SMA Daniel A. Dailey Insignia Flag ( 1956 -- present ) Emblem of the U.S. Department of the Army Logo ( 2001 -- present ) Seal of the U.S. Department of the Army Field flag ( 1962 -- present ) The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution , Article 2 , Section 2 , Clause 1 and United States Code , Title 10 , Subtitle B , Chapter 301 , Section 3001 . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) -- before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the Secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the United States Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined - component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is `` to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained , land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders '' . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground - based offensive and defensive force of the United States . Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 19th century 2.2. 1 Early wars on the Frontier 2.2. 2 American Civil War 2.2. 3 Later 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.3. 1 World wars 2.3. 2 Cold War 2.3. 2.1 1945 -- 1960 2.3. 2.2 1960 -- 1970 2.3. 2.3 1970 -- 1990 2.3. 3 1990s 2.4 21st century 3 Organization 3.1 Army components 3.2 Army commands and army service component commands 3.3 Structure 3.4 Combat maneuver organizations 3.5 Special operations forces 4 Personnel 4.1 Commissioned officers 4.2 Warrant officers 4.3 Enlisted personnel 4.4 Training 5 Equipment 5.1 Weapons 5.2 Vehicles 5.3 Uniforms 5.3. 1 Berets 5.4 Tents 5.5 3D printing 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading 9 External links Mission ( edit ) The United States Army serves as the land - based branch of the U.S. Armed Forces . Section 3062 of Title 10 , U.S. Code defines the purpose of the army as : Preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States , the Commonwealths and possessions and any areas occupied by the United States Supporting the national policies Implementing the national objectives Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Army This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from / to History of the United States Army . Origins ( edit ) Storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations , resulting in the Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain , with George Washington appointed as its commander . The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them . As the Revolutionary War progressed , French aid , resources and military thinking influenced the new army . A number of European soldiers came on their own to help , such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills . The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780 -- 1781 , sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit - and - run tactics , hitting where the British were weakest to wear down their forces . Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton , but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and the Philadelphia campaign in 1777 . With a decisive victory at Yorktown and the help of the French , the Continental Army prevailed against the British . After the war , the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies . State militias became the new nation 's sole ground army , with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point 's arsenal . However , because of continuing conflict with Native Americans , it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army . The Regular Army was at first very small and after General St. Clair 's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash , the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States , which was established in 1791 and renamed the United States Army in 1796 . 19th century ( edit ) Early wars on the Frontier ( edit ) Further information : Army on the Frontier General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders during the defense of New Orleans , the final major and most one - sided battle of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 , the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain , had mixed results . The U.S. Army did not conquer Canada but it did destroy Native American resistance to expansion in the Old Northwest and it validated its independence by stopping two major British invasions in 1814 and 1815 . After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813 , the U.S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada , burned York and defeated Tecumseh , which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse . Following U.S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada , British troops who had dubbed the U.S. Army `` Regulars , by God ! '' , were able to capture and burn Washington , which was defended by militia , in 1814 . The regular army , however proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore , prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum . Two weeks after a treaty was signed ( but not ratified ) , Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip , and became a national hero . U.S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane , Levant and Penguin in the final engagements of the war . Per the treaty , both sides ( the United States and Great Britain ) returned to the geographical status quo . Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict . The army 's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles . It took long wars ( 1818 -- 1858 ) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma . The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians ' winter food supply , but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter . The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes , but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century . The U.S. Army fought and won the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) , which was a defining event for both countries . The U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of territory that eventually became all or parts of the states of California , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , Arizona , Wyoming and New Mexico . American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Union Army The Battle of Gettysburg , the turning point of the American Civil War The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties . After most slave states , located in the southern U.S. , formed the Confederate States , the Confederate States Army , led by former U.S. Army officers , mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower . Forces of the United States ( the `` Union '' or `` the North '' ) formed the Union Army , consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state , north and south , except South Carolina . For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states . The Confederates had the advantage of defending a large territory in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat . The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline , blockading the ports , and taking control of the river systems . By 1863 , the Confederacy was being strangled . Its eastern armies fought well , but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River . In the Vicksburg Campaign of 1862 -- 1863 , General Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest . Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties , he had General Robert E. Lee under siege in Richmond as General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas . The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House . All other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months . The war remains the deadliest conflict in U.S. history , resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men on both sides . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 % of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6.4 % in the North and 18 % in the South . Later 19th century ( edit ) Army soldiers in 1890 Following the Civil War , the U.S. Army had the mission of containing western tribes of Native Americans on the Indian reservations . They set up many forts , and engaged in the last of the American Indian Wars . U.S. Army troops also occupied several Southern states during the Reconstruction Era to protect freedmen . The key battles of the Spanish -- American War of 1898 were fought by the Navy . Using mostly new volunteers , the U.S. Army defeated Spain in land campaigns in Cuba and played the central role in the Philippine -- American War . 20th century ( edit ) U.S. Army troops assault a German bunker , France , c. 1918 Starting in 1910 , the army began acquiring fixed - wing aircraft . In 1910 , Mexico was having a civil war , peasant rebels fighting government soldiers . The army was deployed to U.S. towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property . In 1916 , Pancho Villa , a major rebel leader , attacked Columbus , New Mexico , prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917 . They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918 . World wars ( edit ) For a list of campaigns see List of United States Army campaigns during World War II The United States joined World War I as an `` Associated Power '' in 1917 on the side of Britain , France , Russia , Italy and the other Allies . U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war . With the armistice in November 1918 , the army once again decreased its forces . In 1939 , estimates of the Army 's strength range between 174,000 and 200,000 soldiers , smaller than that of Portugal 's , which ranked it 17th or 19th in the world in size . General George C. Marshall became Army Chief of Staff in September 1939 and set about expanding and modernizing the Army in preparation for war . U.S. soldiers hunt Japanese infiltrators during the Bougainville Campaign The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . On the European front , U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily and later fought in Italy . On D - Day 6 June 1944 and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany , millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role . In the Pacific War , U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control . Following the Axis surrenders in May ( Germany ) and August ( Japan ) of 1945 , army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations . Two years after World War II , the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 . In 1948 , the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman . Cold War ( edit ) 1945 -- 1960 ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers look on an atomic bomb test of Operation Buster - Jangle at the Nevada Test Site during the Korean War . The end of World War II set the stage for the East -- West confrontation known as the Cold War . With the outbreak of the Korean War , concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose . Two corps , V and VII , were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and U.S. strength in Europe rose from one division to four . Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany , with others in Belgium , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom , until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack . During the Cold War , U.S. troops and their allies fought communist forces in Korea and Vietnam . The Korean War began in 1950 , when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security Council meeting , removing their possible veto . Under a United Nations umbrella , hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea and later to invade the northern nation . After repeated advances and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army 's entry into the war , the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953 . 1960 -- 1970 ( edit ) The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel , the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders . While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959 , in intelligence and advising / training roles , they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965 , after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident . U.S. forces effectively established and maintained control of the `` traditional '' battlefield , but they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army . On a tactical level , U.S. soldiers ( and the U.S. military as a whole ) did not lose a sizable battle . A U.S. Army infantry patrol moves up to assault the last North Vietnamese Army position at Dak To , South Vietnam during Operation Hawthorne During the 1960s , the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve . In 1967 , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to eight divisions ( one mechanized infantry , two armored , and five infantry ) , but increased the number of brigades from seven to 18 ( one airborne , one armored , two mechanized infantry and 14 infantry ) . The loss of the divisions did not sit well with the states . Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them . Under the proposal , the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base . However , no reduction in total Army National Guard strength was to take place , which convinced the governors to accept the plan . The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968 . 1970 -- 1990 ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers prepare to take La Comandancia in the El Chorrillo neighborhood of Panama City during the United States invasion of Panama The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army -- the Regular Army , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force . Believing that no U.S. President should be able to take the United States ( and more specifically the U.S. Army ) to war without the support of the U.S. people , General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible , without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve . The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization . The army converted to an all - volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology . The Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 created unified combatant commands bringing the army together with the other four military services under unified , geographically organized command structures . The army also played a role in the invasions of Grenada in 1983 ( Operation Urgent Fury ) and Panama in 1989 ( Operation Just Cause ) . By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close . Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength . By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23 % , from 750,000 to 580,000 . A number of incentives such as early retirement were used . 1990s ( edit ) M1 Abrams move out before the Battle of Al Busayyah during the Gulf War In 1990 , Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor , Kuwait , and U.S. land forces quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia . In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced , a U.S. - led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops , the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations , to drive out Iraqi forces . The campaign ended in total victory , as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army . Some of the largest tank battles in history were fought during the Gulf war . The Battle of Medina Ridge , Battle of Norfolk and the Battle of 73 Easting were tank battles of historical significance . After Operation Desert Storm , the army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s but did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities . In 1990 the Department of Defense issued guidance for `` rebalancing '' after a review of the Total Force Policy , but in 2004 , Air War College scholars concluded the guidance would reverse the Total Force Policy which is an `` essential ingredient to the successful application of military force . '' 21st century ( edit ) Army Rangers take part in a raid during operation in Nahr - e Saraj , Afghanistan On 11 September 2001 , 53 Army civilians ( 47 employees and six contractors ) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al - Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building , as part of the September 11 attacks . Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest - ranking military official killed at the Pentagon and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner Jr. on 18 June 1945 in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II . U.S. Army soldiers with 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division return fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Barawala Kalay Valley in Kunar province , Afghanistan , March 2011 In response to the 11 September attacks and as part of the Global War on Terror , U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 , displacing the Taliban government . The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003 . It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long - term deployment operations . In the following years , the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency , resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members ( as of March 2008 ) and injuries to thousands more . 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 -- 2011 . Until 2009 , the army 's chief modernization plan , its most ambitious since World War II , was the FCS program . In 2009 , many systems were canceled and the remaining were swept into the BCT modernization program . In response to Budget sequestration in 2013 , the army is planned to shrink to a size not seen since the World War II buildup . From 2016 to 2017 , the army retired hundreds of OH - 58 Kiowa Warrior observation helicopters without an adequate successor . The 2015 expenditure for Army research , development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014 . By 2017 , the Brigade Modernization project was completed and its headquarters , the Brigade Modernization Command , was renamed the Joint Modernization Command , or JMC , to reflect its evolving mission at TRADOC . ( TRADOC is the Army Command whose mission is to define the architecture and organization of the Army , to train and supply soldiers to FORSCOM and to design hardware , as well as to define materiel for AMC ) . Organization ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Army Organization chart Army components ( edit ) U.S. general officers , World War II , Europe The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775 . In the first one hundred years of its existence , the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works . During times of war , the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments . States also maintained full - time militias which could also be called into the service of the army . By the twentieth century , the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century . During World War I , the `` National Army '' was organized to fight the conflict , replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers . It was demobilized at the end of World War I , and was replaced by the Regular Army , the Organized Reserve Corps and the State Militias . In the 1920s and 1930s , the `` career '' soldiers were known as the `` Regular Army '' with the `` Enlisted Reserve Corps '' and `` Officer Reserve Corps '' augmented to fill vacancies when needed . In 1941 , the `` Army of the United States '' was founded to fight World War II . The Regular Army , Army of the United States , the National Guard and Officer / Enlisted Reserve Corps ( ORC and ERC ) existed simultaneously . After World War II , the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve . The Army of the United States was re-established for the Korean War and Vietnam War and was demobilized upon the suspension of the draft . Currently , the Army is divided into the Regular Army , the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard . Some states further maintain state defense forces , as a type of reserve to the National Guard , while all states maintain regulations for state militias . State militias are both `` organized '' , meaning that they are armed forces usually part of the state defense forces , or `` unorganized '' simply meaning that all able bodied males may be eligible to be called into military service . The unorganized militia has never been activated in the history of the United States , and by law this would only be done in the event of an extreme national emergency , such as a mainland invasion of the United States . The U.S. Army is also divided into several branches and functional areas . Branches include officers , warrant officers , and enlisted Soldiers while functional areas consist of officers who are reclassified from their former branch into a functional area . However , officers continue to wear the branch insignia of their former branch in most cases , as functional areas do not generally have discrete insignia . Some branches , such as Special Forces , operate similarly to functional areas in that individuals may not join their ranks until having served in another Army branch . U.S. Army branches and functional areas Branch Insignia Branch Insignia Functional Area ( FA ) Acquisition Corps ( AC ) Air Defense Artillery ( AD ) Information Network Engineering ( FA 26 ) Adjutant General 's Corps ( AG ) Includes Army Bands ( AB ) Armor ( AR ) Includes Cavalry ( CV ) Electronic Warfare Officer ( FA 29 ) Aviation ( AV ) Civil Affairs Corps ( CA ) Information Operations ( FA 30 ) Chaplain Corps ( CH ) Strategic Intelligence ( FA 34 ) Chemical Corps ( CM ) Cyber Corps ( CY ) Space Operations ( FA 40 ) Dental Corps ( DC ) Corps of Engineers ( EN ) Public Affairs Officer ( FA 46 ) Electronic Warfare ( EW ) Field Artillery ( FA ) Academy Professor ( FA 47 ) Finance Corps ( FI ) Infantry ( IN ) Foreign Area Officer ( FA 48 ) Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JA ) Logistics ( LG ) Operations Research / Systems Analysis ( FA 49 ) Medical Corps ( MC ) Military Intelligence Corps ( MI ) Force Management ( FA 50 ) Military Police Corps ( MP ) Medical Service Corps ( MS ) Acquisition ( FA 51 ) Medical Specialist Corps ( SP ) Army Nurse Corps ( AN ) Simulation Operations ( FA 57 ) Ordnance Corps ( OD ) Psychological Operations ( PO ) Health Services ( FA 70 ) Public Affairs ( PA ) Quartermaster Corps ( QM ) Laboratory Sciences ( FA 71 ) Signal Corps ( SC ) Special Forces ( SF ) Preventive Medicine Sciences ( FA 72 ) Transportation Corps ( TC ) Veterinary Corps ( VC ) Behavioral Sciences ( FA 73 ) Before 1903 , members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized ( i.e. , activated ) by the President . Since the Militia Act of 1903 , all National Guard soldiers have held dual status : as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and when activated as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President . Since the adoption of the total force policy , in the aftermath of the Vietnam War , reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations . For example , Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War , peacekeeping in Kosovo , Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Army commands and Army service component commands ( edit ) Headquarters , United States Department of the Army ( HQDA ) : Army Commands Current commander Location of headquarters United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) GEN Robert B. Abrams Fort Bragg , North Carolina United States Army Materiel Command ( AMC ) GEN Gustave F. Perna Redstone Arsenal , Alabama United States Army Training and Doctrine Command ( TRADOC ) GEN Stephen J. Townsend Fort Eustis , Virginia Army Service Component Commands Current commander Location of headquarters United States Army Africa ( USARAF ) / Ninth Army / United States Army Southern European Task Force BG Eugene J. LeBoeuf ( acting ) Caserma Ederle , Vicenza , Italy United States Army Central ( ARCENT ) / Third Army LTG Michael X . Garrett Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) / Seventh Army ( U.S. ) LTG Christopher Cavoli Clay Kaserne , Wiesbaden , Germany United States Army North ( ARNORTH ) / Fifth Army LTG Jeffrey S. Buchanan Joint Base San Antonio , Texas United States Army Pacific ( USARPAC ) GEN Robert B. Brown Fort Shafter , Hawaii United States Army South ( ARSOUTH ) / Sixth Army MG Clarence K.K. Chinn Joint Base San Antonio , Texas Surface Deployment and Distribution Command ( SDDC ) MG Kurt J. Ryan Scott AFB , Illinois United States Army Cyber Command ( ARCYBER ) LTG Paul Nakasone Fort Belvoir , Virginia United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command / United States Army Strategic Command ( USASMDC / ARSTRAT ) LTG James H. Dickinson Redstone Arsenal , Alabama United States Army Special Operations Command ( USASOC ) LTG Kenneth E. Tovo Fort Bragg , North Carolina Operational Force Headquarters Current commander Location of headquarters Eighth Army ( EUSA ) LTG Thomas S. Vandal Yongsan Garrison , South Korea Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery Jack E. Lechner Arlington , Virginia United States Army Marketing and Engagement Brigade ( USAMEB ) COL Brian M. Cavanaugh Fort Knox , Kentucky United States Army Acquisition Support Center ( USASC ) Craig A. Spisak Fort Belvoir , Virginia United States Army Civilian Human Resources Agency ( CHRA ) Barbara P. Panther Washington , D.C. United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) LTG Todd T. Semonite Washington , D.C. United States Army Criminal Investigation Command ( USACIDC ) MG Mark S. Inch Quantico , Virginia United States Army Financial Management Command ( USAFMC ) BG David C. Coburn Indianapolis , Indiana United States Army Human Resources Command ( HRC ) MG Jason T. Evans Alexandria , Virginia United States Army Installation Management Command ( IMCOM ) LTG Kenneth R. Dahl Joint Base San Antonio , Texas United States Army Intelligence and Security Command ( INSCOM ) MG Christopher S. Ballard Fort Belvoir , Virginia United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) LTG Nadja West Joint Base San Antonio , Texas United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) MG Michael L. Howard Fort Lesley J. McNair , Washington , D.C. United States Army Recruiting Command ( USAREC ) MG Jeffrey J. Snow Fort Knox , Kentucky United States Army Test and Evaluation Command ( ATEC ) MG Peter D. Utley Alexandria , Virginia United States Army War College ( AWC ) MG John S. Kem Carlisle , Pennsylvania United States Military Academy ( USMA ) LTG Robert L. Caslen West Point , New York Source : U.S. Army organization Structure ( edit ) Main article : Transformation of the United States Army See Structure of the United States Army for detailed treatment of the history , components , administrative and operational structure and the branches and functional areas of the Army . U.S. Army soldiers of 1st Battalion , 175th Infantry Regiment , Maryland Army National Guard conduct an urban cordon and search exercise as part of the army readiness and training evaluation program in the mock city of Balad at Fort Dix , New Jersey U.S. soldiers from the 6th Infantry Regiment taking up positions on a street corner during a foot patrol in Ramadi , Iraq The U.S. Army is made up of three components : the active component , the Regular Army ; and two reserve components , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve . Both reserve components are primarily composed of part - time soldiers who train once a month -- known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies ( UTAs ) -- and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year . Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code , while the National Guard is organized under Title 32 . While the Army National Guard is organized , trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army , when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors . However , the District of Columbia National Guard reports to the U.S. President , not the district 's mayor , even when not federalized . Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor 's wishes . The U.S. Army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army , who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority , direction and control of the Secretary of Defense . The Chief of Staff of the Army , who is the highest - ranked military officer in the army , serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army , i.e. , its service chief ; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States , the Secretary of Defense and the National Security Council on operational military matters , under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In 1986 , the Goldwater -- Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders , who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility , thus the secretaries of the military departments ( and their respective service chiefs underneath them ) only have the responsibility to organize , train and equip their service components . The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense . The 1st Cavalry Division 's combat aviation brigade performs a mock charge with the horse detachment By 2013 , the army shifted to six geographical commands that align with the six geographical unified combatant commands ( COCOM ) : United States Army Central headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina United States Army North headquartered at Fort Sam Houston , Texas United States Army South headquartered at Fort Sam Houston , Texas United States Army Europe headquartered at Clay Kaserne , Wiesbaden , Germany United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter , Hawaii United States Army Africa headquartered at Vicenza , Italy U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the 3rd Special Forces Group patrol a field in the Gulistan district of Farah , Afghanistan The army also transformed its base unit from divisions to brigades . Division lineage will be retained , but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade , not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage . The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular , i.e. , all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division . As specified before the 2013 end - strength re-definitions , the three major types of ground combat brigades are : Armored brigades , with strength of 4,743 troops as of 2014 . Stryker brigades , with strength of 4,500 troops as of 2014 . Infantry brigades , with strength of 4,413 troops as of 2014 . In addition , there are combat support and service support modular brigades . Combat support brigades include aviation ( CAB ) brigades , which will come in heavy and light varieties , fires ( artillery ) brigades ( now transforms to division artillery ) and battlefield surveillance brigades . Combat service support brigades include sustainment brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army . Combat maneuver organizations ( edit ) To track the effects of the 2018 budget cuts , see Transformation of the United States Army # Divisions and Brigades The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions and one deployable division headquarters ( 7th Infantry Division ) as well as several independent units . The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth . In June 2013 , the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers . Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno projected that the Army was to shrink to `` 450,000 in the active component , 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve '' by 2018 . However , this plan was scrapped by the new administration and now the Army plans to grow by 16,000 soldiers to a total of 476,000 by October 2017 . The National Guard and the Army Reserve will see a smaller expansion . Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve there are a further 8 divisions , over 15 maneuver brigades , additional combat support and combat service support brigades and independent cavalry , infantry , artillery , aviation , engineer and support battalions . The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units . United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters I Corps LTG Gary J. Volesky Joint Base Lewis - McChord , Washington III Corps LTG Paul E. Funk II Fort Hood , Texas XVIII Airborne Corps LTG Paul LaCamera Fort Bragg , North Carolina First Army ( FUSA ) LTG Stephen Twitty Rock Island Arsenal , Illinois United States Army Reserve Command ( USARC ) LTG Charles D. Luckey Fort Bragg , North Carolina Combat maneuver units aligned under FORSCOM Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to 1st Armored Division Fort Bliss , Texas 1 Stryker Brigade Combat Team ( BCT ) , 2 armored BCTs , 1 Division Artillery ( DIVARTY ) , 1 Combat Aviation Brigade ( CAB ) and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 1st Cavalry Division Fort Hood , Texas 3 armored BCTs , 1 DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 1st Infantry Division Fort Riley , Kansas 2 armored BCTs , 1 DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 3d Cavalry Regiment Fort Hood , Texas 4 Stryker squadrons , 1 fires squadron , 1 engineer squadron and 1 support squadron ( overseen by the 1st Cavalry Division ) III Corps 3rd Infantry Division Fort Stewart , Georgia 2 armored BCT , 1 DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade as well as the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Georgia Army National Guard XVIII Airborne Corps 4th Infantry Division Fort Carson , Colorado 1 infantry BCT , 1 Stryker BCT , 1 armored BCT , DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 7th Infantry Division Joint Base Lewis - McChord , Washington Administrative control of 2 Stryker BCTs and 1 DIVARTY of the 2nd Infantry Division as well as the 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team of the Washington and California Army National Guard I Corps 10th Mountain Division Fort Drum , New York 2 infantry BCTs , 1 DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade as well as the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( Mountain ) of the Vermont Army National Guard XVIII Airborne Corps 82nd Airborne Division Fort Bragg , North Carolina 3 airborne infantry BCTs , 1 airborne DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 airborne sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps 101st Airborne Division Fort Campbell , Kentucky 3 air assault infantry BCTs , 1 air assault DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps Combat maneuver units aligned under other organizations Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to 2nd Cavalry Regiment Rose Barracks , Vilseck , Germany 4 Stryker squadrons , 1 engineer squadron , 1 fires squadron and 1 support squadron U.S. Army Europe 2nd Infantry Division Camp Red Cloud , South Korea 2 Stryker BCTs , 1 mechanized brigade from the ROK Army , 1 DIVARTY ( under administrative control of 7th ID ) and 1 sustainment brigade . An ABCT was deactivated and in its place a stateside ABCT from the active divisions is rotated in on a regular basis . Eighth Army 25th Infantry Division Schofield Barracks , Hawaii 2 infantry BCTs , 1 airborne infantry BCT , 1 Stryker BCT , 1 DIVARTY , 1 CAB and 1 sustainment brigade U.S. Army Pacific 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team Camp Ederle , Vicenza , Italy 3 airborne infantry battalions ( including 1st Battalion , 143rd Infantry Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard ) , 1 airborne field artillery battalion , 1 cavalry squadron , 1 airborne engineer battalion ( 54th Brigade Engineer Battalion ( BEB ) , effective 17 June 2015 ) and 1 airborne support battalion U.S. Army Europe Combat maneuver units aligned under the Army National Guard , until federalized Name Locations Subunits 28th Infantry Division Pennsylvania , Ohio and Maryland 2nd Infantry BCT , 56th Stryker BCT and 28th Combat Aviation Brigade 29th Infantry Division Virginia , Maryland , North Carolina and Florida 30th Armored BCT , 53rd Infantry BCT , 116th Infantry BCT and 29th CAB 34th Infantry Division Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa and Idaho 1st Armored BCT , 2nd Infantry BCT , 32nd Infantry BCT , 116th Cavalry BCT and 34th CAB 35th Infantry Division Kansas , Missouri , Illinois , Oklahoma , Georgia and Arkansas 33rd Infantry BCT , 39th Infantry BCT , 45th Infantry BCT and 35th CAB 36th Infantry Division Texas , Louisiana and Mississippi 56th Infantry BCT , 72nd Infantry BCT , 155th Armored BCT , 256th Infantry BCT , 36th CAB and the 3rd BCT ( Regular Army ) ( formerly of the 10th Mountain Division ) 38th Infantry Division Indiana , Michigan , Ohio and Tennessee 37th Infantry BCT , 76th Infantry BCT , 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment and 38th CAB 40th Infantry Division California , Oregon , Washington and Hawaii 29th Infantry BCT , 41st Infantry BCT , 79th Infantry BCT and 40th CAB 42nd Infantry Division New York , New Jersey and Vermont 27th Infantry BCT , 50th Infantry BCT and 42nd CAB For a description of U.S. Army tactical organizational structure , see : a U.S. context and also a global context . Special operations forces ( edit ) United States Army Special Operations Command ( Airborne ) ( USASOC ) : Name Headquarters Structure and purpose 1st Special Forces Command ( Airborne ) Fort Bragg , North Carolina The 1st SFC ( A ) manages seven special forces groups ( the 1st SFG ( A ) , 3rd SFG ( A ) , 5th SFG ( A ) , 7th SFG ( A ) , 10th SFG ( A ) , 19th SFG ( A ) ( ARNG ) and 20th SFG ( A ) ( ARNG ) ) that are trained for unconventional warfare , foreign internal defense , special reconnaissance , direct action and counter-terrorism missions . The command also manages two military information support groups ( the 4th MISG ( A ) and 8th MISG ( A ) ) that are trained to conduct psychological operations ; the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade ( Airborne ) that enables military commanders and U.S. ambassadors to improve relationships with various stakeholders via five operational battalions ( 91st CA BN , 92nd CA BN , 96th CA BN , 97th CA BN and 98th CA BN ) ; and the 528th Sustainment Brigade ( Airborne ) that provides combat service support and combat health support units via a Special Troops Battalion ; the 112th Special Operations Signal Battalion ( Airborne ) , an ARSOF Support Operations Cell , six ARSOF Liaison Elements ; and two Medical Role II teams . The command also has an organic Military Intelligence Battalion providing multi-source intelligence information and analysis . Army Special Operations Aviation Command Ft . Bragg , North Carolina Organizes , mans , trains , resources and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive , special operations aviation support to Special Operations Forces ( SOF ) consisting of five units : USASOC Flight Company ( UFC ) , Special Operations Training Battalion ( SOATB ) , Technology Applications Program Office ( TAPO ) , Systems Integration Management Office ( SIMO ) and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( 160th SOAR ) 75th Ranger Regiment Fort Benning , Georgia Three maneuver battalions ( the 1st Ranger BN , 2nd Ranger BN , and 3rd Ranger BN ) and a Special Troops Battalion of elite airborne infantry specializing in direct action raids and airfield seizures . John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School Ft . Bragg , North Carolina The SWCS selects and trains Army Special Forces , Civil Affairs and Military Information Support Operations Soldiers consisting of five distinct units and the Directorate of Training and Doctrine : 1st Special Warfare Training Group ( Airborne ) , Special Warfare Education Group ( Airborne ) , Special Warfare Medical Group ( Airborne ) , Special Forces Warrant Officer Institute , and David K. Thuma Noncommissioned Officers Academy . 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment - Delta Ft . Bragg , North Carolina Elite special operations and counter-terrorism unit under the control of Joint Special Operations Command . Personnel ( edit ) Main articles : Ranks and Insignia of NATO , United States Army officer rank insignia , and United States Army enlisted rank insignia These are the U.S. Army ranks authorized for use today and their equivalent NATO designations . Although no living officer currently holds the rank of General of the Army , it is still authorized by Congress for use in wartime . Commissioned officers ( edit ) Main article : Commissioned Officers There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer including the United States Military Academy , Reserve Officers ' Training Corps and Officer Candidate School . Regardless of which road an officer takes , the insignia are the same . Certain professions including physicians , pharmacists , nurses , lawyers and chaplains are commissioned directly into the army and are designated by insignia unique to their staff community . Most army commissioned officers are promoted based on an `` up or out '' system . The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 establishes rules for timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time . Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as `` General ( last name ) '' regardless of the number of stars . Likewise , both colonels and lieutenant colonels are addressed as `` Colonel ( last name ) '' and first and second lieutenants as `` Lieutenant ( last name ) '' . US DoD Pay Grade O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 Insignia Title Second Lieutenant First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Brigadier General Major General Lieutenant General General General of the Army Abbreviation 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA NATO Code OF - 1 OF - 2 OF - 3 OF - 4 OF - 5 OF - 6 OF - 7 OF - 8 OF - 9 OF - 10 Note : General of the Army is reserved for wartime . Warrant officers ( edit ) Main article : Warrant officers Warrant officers are single track , specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area . They are initially appointed as warrant officers ( in the rank of WO1 ) by the Secretary of the Army , but receive their commission upon promotion to chief warrant officer two ( CW2 ) . By regulation , warrant officers are addressed as `` Mr. ( last name ) '' or `` Ms. ( last name ) '' by senior officers and as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' by all enlisted personnel . However , many personnel address warrant officers as `` Chief ( last name ) '' within their units regardless of rank . US DoD pay grade W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Insignia Title Warrant Officer 1 Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 5 Abbreviation WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 NATO Rank WO - 1 WO - 2 WO - 3 WO - 4 WO - 5 Enlisted personnel ( edit ) Main article : Enlisted personnel Sergeants and corporals are referred to as NCOs , short for non-commissioned officers . This distinguishes corporals from the more numerous specialists who have the same pay grade , but do not exercise leadership responsibilities . Privates ( E1 and E2 ) and privates first class ( E3 ) are addressed as `` Private ( last name ) '' , specialists as `` Specialist ( last name ) '' , corporals as `` Corporal ( last name ) '' and sergeants , staff sergeants , sergeants first class and master sergeants all as `` Sergeant ( last name ) '' . First sergeants are addressed as `` First Sergeant ( last name ) '' and sergeants major and command sergeants major are addressed as `` Sergeant Major ( last name ) '' . US DoD Pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Insignia No insignia Title Private Private Private First Class Specialist Corporal Sergeant Staff Sergeant Sergeant First Class Master Sergeant First Sergeant Sergeant Major Command Sergeant Major Sergeant Major of the Army Abbreviation PV1 1 PV2 1 PFC SPC 2 CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG 1SG SGM CSM SMA NATO Code OR - 1 OR - 2 OR - 3 OR - 4 OR - 4 OR - 5 OR - 6 OR - 7 OR - 8 OR - 8 OR - 9 OR - 9 OR - 9 1 PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished . 2 SP4 is sometimes encountered instead of SPC for specialist . This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at pay grades E-5 to E-7 . Training ( edit ) Rangers practice fast roping techniques from an MH - 47 during an exercise at Fort Bragg A trainer with Company A , 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment , Task Force Strike , 101st Airborne Division assists Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji , Iraq on 18 July 2016 Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories -- individual and collective . Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training ( AIT ) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties ( MOS ) . Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14 -- 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training ( OSUT ) , which combines Basic Training and AIT . The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier and some highly technical MOS training may require many months ( e.g. , foreign language translators ) . Depending on the needs of the army , Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations , but two of the longest - running are the Armor School and the Infantry School , both at Fort Benning , Georgia . Following their basic and advanced training at the individual - level , soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an `` additional skill identifier '' ( ASI ) . The ASI allows the army to take a wide - ranging MOS and focus it into a more specific MOS . For example , a combat medic , whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment , may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist , a dialysis specialist or even a licensed practical nurse . For commissioned officers , training includes pre-commissioning training , known as Basic Officer Leader Course A , either at USMA or via ROTC , or by completing OCS . After commissioning , officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course B , ( formerly called Officer Basic Course ) , which varies in time and location according their future assignments . Officers will continue to attend standardized training at different stages of their career . U.S. Army soldiers familiarizing with the latest INSAS 1B1 during exercise Yudh Abhyas 2015 Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit 's assigned station , but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers ( CTC ) ; the National Training Center ( NTC ) at Fort Irwin , California , the Joint Readiness Training Center ( JRTC ) at Fort Polk , Louisiana and the Joint Multinational Training Center ( JMRC ) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels , Germany . ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment , at unit level and for other echelons as required by the mission . Individual - level replenishment still requires training at a unit level , which is conducted at the continental U.S. ( CONUS ) replacement center ( CRC ) at Fort Bliss , in New Mexico and Texas before their individual deployment . Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Equipment of the United States Army Weapons ( edit ) Lockheed Martin Terminal High Altitude Area Defense ( THAAD ) system used by the army for ballistic missile protection Individual weapons The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges . The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle , the M4 carbine , as well as the 7.62 × 51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers . The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol ; the M11 pistol is also used . Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program . Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades , such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade . Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons , including the M249 SAW ( Squad Automatic Weapon ) , to provide suppressive fire at the squad level . Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher . The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close - quarters combat . The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen . Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle , the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle . American troops of the 28th Infantry Division march down the Champs - Élysées , in the victory parade following the Liberation of Paris 3rd Infantry Division soldiers manning an M1A1 Abrams in Iraq Crew served weapons The army employs various crew - served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons . The M240 is the U.S. Army 's standard Medium Machine Gun . The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a vehicle - mounted machine gun . In the same way , the 40 mm MK 19 grenade machine gun is mainly used by motorized units . The U.S. Army uses three types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available . The smallest of these is the 60 mm M224 , normally assigned at the infantry company level . At the next higher echelon , infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm M252 mortars . The largest mortar in the army 's inventory is the 120 mm M120 / M121 , usually employed by mechanized units . Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers , including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 ( which will replace the M198 ) . The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct - fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability . The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters . The FIM - 92 Stinger is a shoulder - launched , heat seeking anti-aircraft missile . The FGM - 148 Javelin and BGM - 71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles . Vehicles ( edit ) A US soldier on patrol with the support of a Humvee vehicle U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare . It fields the highest vehicle - to - soldier ratio in the world as of 2009 . The army 's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle ( HMMWV ) , commonly called the Humvee , which is capable of serving as a cargo / troop carrier , weapons platform and ambulance , among many other roles . While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles , one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles . The M1A2 Abrams is the army 's main battle tank , while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle . Other vehicles include the Stryker , the M113 armored personnel carrier and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected ( MRAP ) vehicles . The U.S. Army 's principal artillery weapons are the M109A6 Paladin self - propelled howitzer and the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System ( MLRS ) , both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units . While the United States Army Aviation Branch operates a few fixed - wing aircraft , it mainly operates several types of rotary - wing aircraft . These include the AH - 64 Apache attack helicopter , the OH - 58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance / light attack helicopter , the UH - 60 Black Hawk utility tactical transport helicopter and the CH - 47 Chinook heavy - lift transport helicopter . Restructuring plans call for reduction of 750 aircraft and from 7 to 4 types . Under the Johnson - McConnell agreement of 1966 , the Army agreed to limit its fixed - wing aviation role to administrative mission support ( light unarmed aircraft which can not operate from forward positions ) . For UAVs , the Army is deploying at least one company of drone MQ - 1C Gray Eagles to each Active Army division . Uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Uniforms of the United States Army The Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) currently features a digital Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) and is designed for use in woodland , desert and urban environments . However , soldiers operating in Afghanistan and trainees in Basic Combat Training ( as of 2017 ) , are being issued a fire - resistant ACU with the `` MultiCam '' pattern , officially known as Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern or `` OCP '' . The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in the former service uniform An element of the 18th Infantry Regiment , wearing ASUs , representing the United States at the 2010 Victory Day commemoration in Moscow The standard garrison service uniform is the Army Service Uniform , which functions as both a garrison uniform ( when worn with a white shirt and necktie ) and a dress uniform ( when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for after six p.m. or black tie events ) . Berets ( edit ) The U.S. Army 's black beret is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty , having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap . After years of complaints that it was not suited well for most work conditions , Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011 . Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status , whether the wearer is parachute - qualified or not ( maroon beret ) . Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade ( tan beret ) and Special Forces ( rifle green beret ) may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions . Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools . Tents ( edit ) The Army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment . The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks ( sleeping quarters ) , DFAC buildings ( dining facilities ) , forward operating bases ( FOBs ) , after action review ( AAR ) , tactical operations center ( TOC ) , morale , welfare and recreation ( MWR ) facilities , as well as security checkpoints . Furthermore , most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center . The U.S. Army is beginning to use a more modern tent called the deployable rapid assembly shelter or DRASH . In 2008 , DRASH became part of the Army 's Standard Integrated Command Post System . 3D printing ( edit ) In November 2012 , the U.S. Army developed a tactical 3D printing capability to allow it to rapidly manufacture critical components on the battlefield . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal Military of the United States portal America 's Army ( Video games for recruitment ) Army CHESS ( Computer Hardware Enterprise Software and Solutions ) Army National Guard Comparative military ranks History of the United States Army List of active United States military aircraft List of former United States Army medical units List of wars involving the United States Military -- industrial complex Officer Candidate School ( United States Army ) Reserve Officers ' Training Corps and Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps Soldier 's Creed Structure of the United States Army Timeline of United States military operations Transformation of the United States Army U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Regimental System United States Military Academy United States Army Basic Training United States Army Center of Military History United States Volunteers Vehicle markings of the United States military Warrant Officer Candidate School ( United States Army ) Notes and references ( edit ) ^ `` Important Information and Guidelines About the Use of Department of Defense Seals , Logos , Insignia , and Service Medals '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . 16 October 2015 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ( 1983 ) . The Continental Army ( Army Lineage Series ) . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . ISBN 9780160019319 . OCLC 8806011 . ^ Maass , John R. `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Pike , John . `` U.S. Military Personnel End Strength '' . www.globalsecurity.org . ^ `` World Air Forces 2017 '' . Flightglobal : 17 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . ^ Usa , Ibp . U.S. Future Combat & Weapon Systems Handbook . p. 15 . ^ U.S. Army Official Branding Toolkit ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=70415 ^ `` Department of Defense Directive 1005.8 '' . Permanent.access.gpo.gov. 31 October 1977 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Subject : `` Order of Precedence of Members of Armed Forces of the United States When in Formation '' ( Paragraph 3 . PRESCRIBED PROCEDURE ) ^ `` 14 June : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . an excerpt from Robert Wright , The Continental Army ^ Library of Congress , Journals of the Continental Congress , Volume 27 ^ `` Army Birthdays '' . United States Army Center of Military History . 15 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . ^ `` The United States Army - Organization '' . army.mil . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ DA Pamphlet 10 - 1 Organization of the United States Army ; Figure 1.2 Military Operations . ^ `` 10 USC 3062 : Policy ; composition ; organized peace establishment '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ Cont'l Cong. , Formation of the Continental Army , in 2 Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 89 -- 90 ( Library of Cong . eds. , 1905 ) . ^ Cont'l Cong. , Commission for General Washington , in 2 Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 96 - 7 ( Library of Cong . eds. , 1905 ) . ^ Cont'l Cong. , Instructions for General Washington , in 2 Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 100 - 1 ( Library of Cong . eds. , 1905 ) . ^ Cont'l Cong. , Resolution Changing `` United Colonies '' to `` United States '' , in 5 Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 747 ( Library of Cong . eds. , 1905 ) . ^ Ron Field and Richard Hook , The Seminole Wars 1818 -- 58 ( 2009 ) ^ `` The U.S. - Mexican War - PBS '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Tinkler , Robert . `` Southern Unionists in the Civil War '' . csuchico.edu/ . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . ^ McPherson , James M. , ed . The Atlas of the Civil War , ( Philadelphia , PA , 2010 ) ^ Maris Vinovskis ( 1990 ) . Toward a social history of the American Civil War : exploratory essays . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39559 - 3 ^ Cragg , Dan , ed. , The Guide to Military Installations , Stackpole Books , Harrisburg , 1983 , p. 272 . ^ `` U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II '' . Politifact . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ `` Excerpt - General George C. Marshall : Strategic Leadership and the Challenges of Reconstituting the Army , 1939 - 41 '' . ssi.armywarcollege.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ US Army TRADOC ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Woodruff , Mark . Unheralded Victory : The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army 1961 -- 1973 ( Arlington , VA : Vandamere Press , 1999 ) . ^ Wilson , John B. ( 1997 ) . Maneuver and Firepower : The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades . Washington , DC : Center of Military History , Chapter XII , for references see Note 48 . ^ `` Army National Guard Constitution '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . ^ Carafano , James , Total Force Policy and the Abrams Doctrine : Unfulfilled Promise , Uncertain Future Archived 10 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Foreign Policy Research Institute , 3 February 2005 . ^ An Army at War : Change in the Midst of Conflict , p. 515 , via Google Books ^ `` 10 Most Epic Tank Battles in Military History '' . www.militaryeducation.org . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ VUA Citation ^ `` These were the 6 most massive tank battles in US history '' . Wearethemighty.com. 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Section 1101 , National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 , Department of Defense Interim Report to Congress , September 1990 ( see `` rebalancing '' as used in finance . ) ^ Downey , Chris , The Total Force Policy and Effective Force , Air War College , 19 March 2004 . ^ `` September 11 , 2001 Pentagon Victims '' . patriotresource.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . ^ `` 9 / 11 a day of remembrance '' . The Star Press . Muncie , Indiana . ^ Burnham , G ; Lafta , R ; Doocy , S ; Roberts , L ( 2006 ) . John Pike , ed . `` U.S. Casualties in Iraq '' . The Lancet . GlobalSecurity.org ( published 4 September 2007 ) . 368 ( 9545 ) : 1421 -- 1428 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 69491 - 9 . PMID 17055943 . Archived from the original ( web page ) on 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ `` The Human Cost of the War in Iraq : A Mortality Study , 2002 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . ( 603 KB ) . By Gilbert Burnham , Shannon Doocy , Elizabeth Dzeng , Riyadh Lafta , and Les Roberts . A supplement to the second Lancet study . ^ 597 killed in 2003 , ( 1 ) , 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 ( with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009 ) , ( 2 ) 652 killed in May 2004 , ( 3 ) 45 killed in March 2009 , ( 4 ) 676 killed in 2010 , ( 5 ) 451 killed in 2011 ( with the exception of February ) , ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . thus giving a total of 26,405 dead . ^ `` DEFENSE SECRETARY GATES OBSERVES ARMY FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS PROGRESS '' . US Fed News Service . 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ `` FCS Program Transitions to Army BCT Modernization '' . defencetalk.com . 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Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ HMMWV , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Abrams Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Bradley , United States Army Fact Files ^ Stryker , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ M113 , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Paladin , Army.mil ^ MLRS , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Apache , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Kiowa , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Blackhawk , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Chinook , U.S. Army Fact Files ^ Stevenson , Beth ( 22 January 2015 ) , `` US Army continues to face financial challenge of rotary fleet maintenance '' , Flightglobal , Reed Business Information , archived from the original on 23 January 2015 , retrieved 23 January 2015 ^ Kyle Jahner , Army Times ( 3 : 35 p.m. EST January 8 , 2015 ) `` Army to build dedicated drone runway at Fort Bliss '' ^ News , A.B.C. ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` Thousands of Army recruits head home for holidays '' . ABC News . ^ Lopez , C. ( 20 February 2010 ) . `` Soldiers to get new cammo pattern for wear in Afghanistan '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . ^ NG , DHS Technologies to support SICPS / TMSS United Press International ^ `` US army builds its own 3D printer '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document `` Army Birthdays '' . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of United States military history `` Desert Storm / Shield Valorous Unit Award ( VUA ) Citations '' . US Army Center of Military History . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Bailey , Beth . America 's Army : Making the All - Volunteer Force ( 2009 ) ISBN 0674035364 Bluhm , Jr , , Raymond K. ( Editor - in - Chief ) ; Andrade , Dale ; Jacobs , Bruce ; Langellier , John ; Newell , Clayton R. ; Seelinger , Matthew ( 2004 ) . U.S. Army : A Complete History ( Beaux Arts ed . ) . Arlington , VA : The Army Historical Foundation . p. 744 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88363 - 640 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Guide to American Military History ( 1999 ) online at many libraries Clark , J.P. Preparing for War : The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army , 1815 -- 1917 ( Harvard UP , 2017 ) 336 pp . Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard history Kretchik , Walter E. U.S. Army Doctrine : From the American Revolution to the War on Terror ( University Press of Kansas ; 2011 ) 392 pages ; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras : 1779 -- 1904 , 1905 -- 1944 , 1944 -- 1962 , and 1962 to the present . Woodward , David R . 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I Don't Want to Miss a Thing
I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single , CD single Recorded Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia , Hollywood , Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . This song was also featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . The track was also heard in an episode of `` Jewelpet Sunshine '' which is the third season of the Jewelpet franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Decade - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Mark Chesnutt version 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Other appearances 8 References 9 External links Reception ( edit ) This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 in many countries around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The chorus of the song is highly reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren co-wrote , `` Just Like Jesse James '' , which appeared on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone . The song helped open up Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that time period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was left uncredited . The song is notable for having been nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1998 -- September 26 , 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13 , 1998 -- November 22 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10 , 1998 -- October 17 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . In 2013 , another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered this on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performs the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 68 ( 1 ) . September 28 , 1998 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 , 1998 / Archive Chart : October 10 , 1998 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Latin Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt '' . CMT . February 9 , 1999 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Aerosmith - I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing . AerosmithVEVO 's channel on YouTube . June 29 , 2014 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=800889344 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 20 . 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who wrote the song don t want to miss a thing
[ "\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" is a power ballad[2] performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler's daughter Liv Tyler starred in. Written by Diane Warren, the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (the first #1 for the band after 28 years together). It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film, the other two being \"What Kind of Love Are You On\" and \"Sweet Emotion\". The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26, 1998. The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries. It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart.[3]" ]
[ "Diane Warren" ]
-6274079179702521480
List of FA Cup Finals
List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : FA Cup Final The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2017 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1875 -- 76 Wanderers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1876 -- 77 Wanderers 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground ! Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1937 -- 38 Preston North End 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1945 -- 46 Derby County 4 -- 1 ! * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1964 -- 65 Liverpool 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1969 -- 70 Chelsea 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1970 -- 71 Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1982 -- 83 Manchester United 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1984 -- 85 Manchester United 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1986 -- 87 Coventry City 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1988 -- 89 Liverpool 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1989 -- 90 Manchester United 3 -- 3 ! * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1992 -- 93 Arsenal 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 ! 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 ! 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2006 -- 07 Chelsea 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2013 -- 14 Arsenal 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 7 2007 19 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Chelsea 7 1970 2012 5 2017 12 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Cup_Finals&oldid=826209359 '' Categories : FA Cup FA Cup Finals Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from January 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 21 : 14 . 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who won the most fa cups in england
[ "As of 2017, the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories.[2] The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions, and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once: Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal.[2] The cup has been won by a non-English team once. The cup is currently held by Arsenal, who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final." ]
[ "Arsenal" ]
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Fermentation in winemaking
Fermentation in winemaking - wikipedia Fermentation in winemaking Jump to : navigation , search Fermenting must The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage . During fermentation , yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide ( as a by - product ) . In winemaking , the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation . The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage , which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation . Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks , which is common with many white wines like Riesling , in an open wooden vat , inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Process 2.1 Other compounds involved 3 Winemaking considerations 4 Other types of fermentation 4.1 Bottle fermentation 4.2 Carbonic maceration 4.3 Malolactic fermentation 5 References History ( edit ) See also : History of wine The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans . The earliest uses of the word `` fermentation '' in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent `` boiling '' within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide . The Latin fervere means , literally , to boil . In the mid-19th century , Louis Pasteur noted the connection between yeast and the process of the fermentation in which the yeast act as catalyst and mediator through a series of a reaction that convert sugar into alcohol . The discovery of the Embden -- Meyerhof -- Parnas pathway by Gustav Embden , Otto Fritz Meyerhof and Jakub Karol Parnas in the early 20th century contributed more to the understanding of the complex chemical processes involved in the conversion of sugar to alcohol . Process ( edit ) See also : Yeast in winemaking `` Bloom '' , visible as a dusting on the berries In winemaking , there are distinctions made between ambient yeasts which are naturally present in wine cellars , vineyards and on the grapes themselves ( sometimes known as a grape 's `` bloom '' or `` blush '' ) and cultured yeast which are specifically isolated and inoculated for use in winemaking . The most common genera of wild yeasts found in winemaking include Candida , Klöckera / Hanseniaspora , Metschnikowiaceae , Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces . Wild yeasts can produce high - quality , unique - flavored wines ; however , they are often unpredictable and may introduce less desirable traits to the wine , and can even contribute to spoilage . It should be noted that few yeast , and lactic and acetic acid bacterial colonies naturally live on the surface of grapes , but traditional wine makers , particularly in Europe , advocate use of ambient yeast as a characteristic of the region 's terroir ; nevertheless , many winemakers prefer to control fermentation with predictable cultured yeast . The cultured yeasts most commonly used in winemaking belong to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( also known as `` sugar yeast '' ) species . Within this species are several hundred different strains of yeast that can be used during fermentation to affect the heat or vigor of the process and enhance or suppress certain flavor characteristics of the varietal . The use of different strains of yeasts is a major contributor to the diversity of wine , even among the same grape variety . Alternative , non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae , yeasts are being used more prevalently in the industry to add greater complexity to wine . After a winery has been in operation for a number of years , few yeast strains are actively involved in the fermentation process . The use of active dry yeasts reduces the variety of strains that appear in spontaneous fermentation by outcompeting those strains that are naturally present . The addition of cultured yeast normally occurs with the yeast first in a dried or `` inactive '' state and is reactivated in warm water or diluted grape juice prior to being added to the must . To thrive and be active in fermentation , the yeast needs access to a continuous supply of carbon , nitrogen , sulfur , phosphorus as well as access to various vitamins and minerals . These components are naturally present in the grape must but their amount may be corrected by adding nutrients to the wine , in order to foster a more encouraging environment for the yeast . Newly formulated time - release nutrients , specifically manufactured for wine fermentations , offer the most advantageous conditions for yeast . Oxygen is needed as well , but in wine making , the risk of oxidation and the lack of alcohol production from oxygenated yeast requires the exposure of oxygen to be kept at a minimum . Dry winemaking yeast ( left ) and yeast nutrients used in the rehydration process to stimulate yeast cells . Upon the introduction of active yeasts to the grape must , phosphates are attached to the sugar and the six - carbon sugar molecules begin to be split into three - carbon pieces and go through a series of rearrangement reactions . During this process , the carboxylic carbon atom is released in the form of carbon dioxide with the remaining components becoming acetaldehyde . The absence of oxygen in this anaerobic process allows the acetaldehyde to be eventually converted , by reduction , to ethanol . During the conversion of acetaldehyde , a small amount is converted , by oxidation , to acetic acid which , in excess , can contribute to the wine fault known as volatile acidity ( vinegar taint ) . After the yeast has exhausted its life cycle , they fall to the bottom of the fermentation tank as sediment known as lees . Yeast ceases its activity whenever all of the sugar in must has been converted into other chemicals or whenever the alcohol content has reached 15 % alcohol per unit volume ; a concentration strong enough to halt the enzymatic activity of almost all strains of yeast . Other compounds involved ( edit ) The metabolism of amino acids and breakdown of sugars by yeasts has the effect of creating other biochemical compounds that can contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine . These compounds can be considered `` volatile '' like aldehydes , ethyl acetate , ester , fatty acids , fusel oils , hydrogen sulfide , ketones and mercaptans or `` non-volatile '' like glycerol , acetic acid and succinic acid . Yeast also has the effect during fermentation of releasing glycoside hydrolase which can hydrolyse the flavor precursors of aliphatics ( a flavor component that reacts with oak ) , benzene derivatives , monoterpenes ( responsible for floral aromas from grapes like Muscat and Traminer ) , norisoprenoids ( responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay ) , and phenols . Some strains of yeasts can generate volatile thiols which contribute to the fruity aromas in many wines such as the gooseberry scent commonly associated with Sauvignon blanc . Brettanomyces yeasts are responsible for the `` barnyard aroma '' characteristic in some red wines like Burgundy and Pinot noir . Methanol is not a major constituent of wine . The usual concentration range is between 0.1 g / liter and 0.2 g / liter . These small traces have no adverse effect on people and no direct effect on the senses . Winemaking considerations ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is visible during the fermentation process in the form of bubbles in the must . During fermentation , there are several factors that winemakers take into consideration , with the most influential to ethanol production being sugar content in the must , the yeast strain used , and the fermentation temperature . The biochemical process of fermentation itself creates a lot of residual heat which can take the must out of the ideal temperature range for the wine . Typically , white wine is fermented between 18 - 20 ° C ( 64 - 68 ° F ) though a wine maker may choose to use a higher temperature to bring out some of the complexity of the wine . Red wine is typically fermented at higher temperatures up to 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) . Fermentation at higher temperatures may have adverse effect on the wine in stunning the yeast to inactivity and even `` boiling off '' some of the flavors of the wines . Some winemakers may ferment their red wines at cooler temperatures , more typical of white wines , in order to bring out more fruit flavors . To control the heat generated during fermentation , the winemaker must choose a suitable vessel size or else use a cooling device . Various kinds of cooling devices are available , ranging from the ancient Bordeaux practice of placing the fermentation vat atop blocks of ice to sophisticated fermentation tanks that have built - in cooling rings . A risk factor involved with fermentation is the development of chemical residue and spoilage which can be corrected with the addition of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , although excess SO can lead to a wine fault . A winemaker who wishes to make a wine with high levels of residual sugar ( like a dessert wine ) may stop fermentation early either by dropping the temperature of the must to stun the yeast or by adding a high level of alcohol ( like brandy ) to the must to kill off the yeast and create a fortified wine . The ethanol produced through fermentation acts as an important co-solvent to the non-polar compound that water can not dissolve , such as pigments from grape skins , giving wine varieties their distinct color , and other aromatics . Ethanol and the acidity of wine act as an inhibitor to bacterial growth , allowing wine to be safely kept for years in the absence of air . Other types of fermentation ( edit ) A California Chardonnay that shows it has been barrel fermented . In winemaking , there are different processes that fall under the title of `` Fermentation '' but might not follow the same procedure commonly associated with wine fermentation . Bottle fermentation ( edit ) Bottle fermentation is a method of sparkling wine production , originating in the Champagne region where after the cuvee has gone through a primary yeast fermentation the wine is then bottled and goes through a secondary fermentation where sugar and additional yeast known as liqueur de tirage is added to the wine . This secondary fermentation is what creates the carbon dioxide bubbles that sparkling wine is known for . Carbonic maceration ( edit ) The process of carbonic maceration is also known as whole grape fermentation where instead of yeast being added , the grapes fermentation is encouraged to take place inside the individual grape berries . This method is common in the creation of Beaujolais wine and involves whole clusters of grapes being stored in a closed container with the oxygen in the container being replaced with carbon dioxide . Unlike normal fermentation where yeast converts sugar into alcohol , carbonic maceration works by enzymes within the grape breaking down the cellular matter to form ethanol and other chemical properties . The resulting wines are typically soft and fruity . Malolactic fermentation ( edit ) Instead of yeast , bacteria play a fundamental role in malolactic fermentation which is essentially the conversion of malic acid into lactic acid . This has the benefit of reducing some of the tartness and making the resulting wine taste softer . Depending on the style of wine that the winemaker is trying to produce , malolactic fermentation may take place at the very same time as the yeast fermentation . Alternatively , some strains of yeast may be developed that can convert L - malate to L - lactate during alcohol fermentation . For example , Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ML01 ( S. cerevisiae strain ML01 ) , which carries a gene encoding malolactic enzyme from Oenococcus oeni and a gene encoding malate permease from Schizosaccharomyces pombe . S. cerevisiae strain ML01 has received regulatory approval in both Canada and the United States . Co-fermentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 - 269 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 74 - 84 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ H. Johnson Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 16 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0 - 671 - 68702 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . pg3 - 4 Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 778 - 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 268 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ `` fermentation . '' Oddbins Dictionary of Wine . London : Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd , 2004 . Credo Reference . Web . 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg 780 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 277 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 82 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 168 - 169 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 33 - 34 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ D. Bird `` Understanding Wine Technology '' pg 89 - 92 DBQA Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 891267 - 91 - 4 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 35 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ http://landfood.ubc.ca/wine/vanvuuren/vanvuuren_malolatic-yeast.html Jump up ^ http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=EA0C2846-1 Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass Drink portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermentation_in_winemaking&oldid=784558625 '' Categories : Fermentation in food processing Oenology Wine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2017 , at 23 : 47 . 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how long does it take grape juice to ferment into wine
[ "The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation. The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage, which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation. Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines.[1][2]" ]
[ "from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation" ]
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Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 movie Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day . If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 . There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy . Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day . This was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Cherry blossom
Cherry blossom - wikipedia Cherry blossom `` Cherry Blossom '' and `` Sakura '' redirect here . For other uses , see Cherry Blossom ( disambiguation ) and Sakura ( disambiguation ) . Cherry blossoms at the Tokyo Imperial Palace Cherry blossoms at Sugimura park , Hashimoto Cherry blossoms in Fukushima Yachounomori Garden , Tatebayashi , Gunma , Japan A cherry blossom is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus , particularly the Japanese cherry , Prunus serrulata , which is called sakura after the Japanese ( 桜 or 櫻 ; さくら ) . Currently it is widely distributed , especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan , Nepal , Taiwan , Korea , China , West Siberia , India , Iran , and Afghanistan . Along with the chrysanthemum , the cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan . Many of the varieties that have been cultivated for ornamental use do not produce fruit . Edible cherries generally come from cultivars of the related species Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Flower viewing 2 Symbolism in Japan 3 Varieties and blooming 4 By country 4.1 Australia 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Canada 4.4 China 4.5 France 4.6 Germany 4.7 India 4.8 Korea 4.9 Netherlands 4.10 New Zealand 4.11 Taiwan ( China ) 4.12 Thailand 4.13 Turkey 4.14 United Kingdom 4.15 United States 5 Culinary use 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Flower viewing ( edit ) Main article : Hanami `` Hanami '' is the centuries - old practice of picnicking under a blooming sakura or ume tree . The custom is said to have started during the Nara period ( 710 -- 794 ) , when it was ume blossoms that people admired in the beginning , but by the Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) cherry blossoms came to attract more attention , and hanami was synonymous with sakura . From then on , in both waka and haiku , `` flowers '' ( 花 , hana ) meant `` cherry blossoms '' . The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court , but soon spread to samurai society and , by the Edo period , to the common people as well . Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this . Under the sakura trees , people had lunch and drank sake in cheerful feasts . Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige Every year the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the public track the sakura zensen ( cherry blossom front ) as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs . The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January , and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April . It proceeds into areas at the higher altitudes and northward , arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later . Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in large numbers at parks , shrines and temples with family and friends to hold flower - viewing parties . Hanami festivals celebrate the beauty of the cherry blossom and for many are a chance to relax and enjoy the beautiful view . The custom of hanami dates back many centuries in Japan . The eighth - century chronicle Nihon Shoki ( 日本 書 紀 ) records hanami festivals being held as early as the third century AD . Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees outside of them . Since the fiscal and school year both begin in April , in many parts of Honshu , the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season . The Japan Cherry Blossom Association developed a list of Japan 's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots with at least one location in every prefecture . Symbolism in Japan ( edit ) A 100 yen coin depicting cherry blossom In Japan , cherry blossoms symbolize clouds due to their nature of blooming en masse , besides being an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life , an aspect of Japanese cultural tradition that is often associated with Buddhist influence , and which is embodied in the concept of mono no aware . The association of the cherry blossom with mono no aware dates back to 18th - century scholar Motoori Norinaga . The transience of the blossoms , the exquisite beauty and volatility , has often been associated with mortality and graceful and readily acceptance of destiny and karma ; for this reason , cherry blossoms are richly symbolic , and have been utilized often in Japanese art , manga , anime , and film , as well as at musical performances for ambient effect . There is at least one popular folk song , originally meant for the shakuhachi ( bamboo flute ) , titled `` Sakura '' , and several pop songs . The flower is also represented on all manner of consumer goods in Japan , including kimono , stationery , and dishware . Cherry blossoms at Himeji Castle , Japan The Sakurakai or Cherry Blossom Society was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established with the goal of reorganizing the state along totalitarian militaristic lines , via a military coup d'état if necessary . During World War II , the cherry blossom was used to motivate the Japanese people , to stoke nationalism and militarism among the populace . Even prior to the war , they were used in propaganda to inspire `` Japanese spirit '' , as in the `` Song of Young Japan '' , exulting in `` warriors '' who were `` ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter '' . In 1932 , Akiko Yosano 's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure sufferings in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms . Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf , involving all Japanese ships , would expose Japan to serious danger if they failed , were countered with the plea that the Navy be permitted to `` bloom as flowers of death '' . The last message of the forces on Peleliu was `` Sakura , Sakura '' -- cherry blossoms . Japanese pilots would paint them on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission , or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions . A cherry blossom painted on the side of the bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life ; in this way , the aesthetic association was altered such that falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor . The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura or wild cherry blossom . The government even encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms . In its colonial enterprises , Imperial Japan often planted cherry trees as a means of `` claiming occupied territory as Japanese space '' . Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in Irezumi , the traditional art of Japanese tattoos . In tattoo art , cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish , dragons or tigers . Varieties and blooming ( edit ) Japan has a wide variety of cherry blossoms ( sakura ) ; well over 200 cultivars can be found there . The following species , hybrids , and varieties are used for sakura : Prunus apetala var . pilosa Prunus campanulata Prunus × furuseana Prunus incisa var . incisa Prunus incisa var . kinkiensis Prunus × introrsa Prunus × kanzakura Prunus × miyoshii Prunus padus Prunus × parvifolia Prunus pendula Prunus pseudocerasus Prunus × sacra Prunus sargentii Prunus serrulata Prunus × sieboldii Prunus × subhirtella Prunus × syodoi Prunus × tajimensis Prunus × takenakae Prunus verecunda Prunus × yedoensis White cherry blossoms ( sakura ) The most popular variety of cherry blossom in Japan is the Somei Yoshino . Its flowers are nearly pure white , tinged with the palest pink , especially near the stem . They bloom and usually fall within a week , before the leaves come out . Therefore , the trees look nearly white from top to bottom . The variety takes its name from the village of Somei ( now part of Toshima in Tokyo ) . It was developed in the mid - to late - 19th century at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period . The Somei Yoshino is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often depict the variety in the Edo period or earlier ; such depictions are anachronisms . Winter sakura or fuyuzakura ( Prunus subhirtella autumnalis ) begins to bloom in the fall and continues blooming sporadically throughout the winter . It is said to be a cross between edohiganzakura , the Tokyo Higan cherry ( P. incisa ) and mamezakura ( P. pendula ) . Other categories include yamazakura , yaezakura , and shidarezakura . The yaezakura have large flowers , thick with rich pink petals . The shidarezakura , or weeping cherry , has branches that fall like those of a weeping willow , bearing cascades of pink flowers . By country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Panoramic view from the Symbolic Mountain at the Japanese gardens . The view takes in the gardens and the plains of the Cowra district across to the nearby mountains . During World War II , a prisoner of war ( POW ) camp near the town of Cowra in New South Wales , Australia , was the site of one of the largest prison escapes of the war , on 5 August 1944 . During the Cowra breakout and subsequent rounding up of POWs , four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese soldiers died and 108 prisoners were wounded . The Japanese War Cemetery holding the dead from the Breakout was tended after the war by members of the Cowra RSL and ceded to Japan in 1963 . In 1971 the Cowra Tourism Development decided to celebrate this link to Japan , and proposed a Japanese garden for the town . The Japanese government agreed to support this development as a sign of thanks for the respectful treatment of their war dead ; the development also received funding from the Australian government and private entities . The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima ( 1914 -- 2000 ) , a world - renowned designer of Japanese gardens at the time . The first stage was opened in 1979 , and a second stage in 1986 . The gardens were designed in the style of the Edo period and are a kaiyū - shiki or strolling garden . They are designed to show all of the landscape types of Japan . At five hectares ( 12 acres ) , the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere . An annual cherry blossom festival during September is now a major event in Cowra 's tourism calendar . Brazil ( edit ) Cherry blossom in the Praça do Japão ( Japan Square ) , Curitiba , Brazil With the Japanese diaspora to Brazil , many immigrants brought seedlings of cherry trees . In São Paulo State , home to the largest Japanese community outside Japan , it is common to find them in Japan - related facilities and in some homes , usually of the cultivars Prunus serrulata ' Yukiwari ' and Prunus serrulata var . lannesiana ' Himalaya ' . Some cities , as Garça and Campos do Jordão , have annual festivals to celebrate the blooming of the trees and the Japanese culture . In the Parana State ( in southern Brazil ) , many cities received many of these immigrants , who planted the trees , as in Apucarana , Maringá , Cascavel and especially in the capital city of Curitiba . In the capital city of Parana , the first seedlings were brought by Japanese immigrants in the first half of the 20th century , but large quantities of them were only planted from the 1990s , with the opening of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba . Nowadays the seedlings are produced locally and used in afforestation of streets and squares -- as in the Japanese Square , where there are more than 30 cherry trees around the square which were sent by the Japanese Empire to Curitiba . Canada ( edit ) Vancouver , British Columbia is famous for its thousands of cherry trees ( estimated 50,000 ) lining many streets and in many parks , including Queen Elizabeth Park and Stanley Park . Vancouver holds the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival every year . With multiple varieties and a temperate climate , they begin to bloom in February yearly and peak in April . High Park in Toronto , Ontario features many Somei - Yoshino cherry trees ( the earliest species to bloom and much loved by the Japanese for their fluffy white flowers ) that were given to Toronto by Japan in 1959 . Through the Sakura Project , the Japanese Consulate donated a further 34 cherry trees to High Park in 2001 , plus cherry trees to various other locations like Exhibition Place , McMaster University , York University ( near Calumet College and on Ottawa Road near McLaughlin College ) and the University of Toronto 's main ( next to Robarts Library ) and Scarborough campuses . Niagara Falls also has many near the Falls itself . Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington and Hamilton was also the recipient of a number of Somei - Yoshino cherry trees that were donated by the Consulate - General of Japan in Toronto as part of the Sakura Project . The trees are located in the Arboretum and the Rock Garden and were planted to celebrate the continual strengthening of friendship between Japan and Canada . Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May . China ( edit ) Cherry trees naturally grow in the middle northern or southern part of China , the area nearby the sea . However , the most famous cherry blossom parks in China reflect Japan 's brief occupation of parts of China during the first half of the 20th century or the donation from Japan thereafter : Longwangtang Cherry Blossom Park in Lushun , Dalian , Liaoning East Lake Cherry Blossom Park near Wuhan University , in Donghu District , Wuhan , Hubei Wuhan University , in Donghu District , Wuhan , Hubei Nanshan Botanical Garden in Nan'an District , Chongqing France ( edit ) Blooming cherry blossom trees in Parc de Sceaux , France Parc de Sceaux , located in a suburb of Paris , has two orchards of cherry trees , one for white cherry blossoms ( Prunus avium ) and one for pink cherry blossoms ( Prunus serrulata ) , the later with about 150 trees that attract many visitors when they bloom in early April . Germany ( edit ) The cherry blossom is a major tourist attraction in Germany 's Altes Land orchard region . The largest Hanami in Germany , in Hamburg , with Japanese - style fireworks , organized by the German - Japanese society , draws tens of thousands spectators every spring . Starting in 2015 , Hamburg will be allowed to bestow the title of `` Cherry Blossom Queen '' by the Japan Cherry Blossom Association , one of only three cities worldwide to receive this privilege . The first Cherry Blossom Queen of Hamburg will be crowned by the Cherry Blossom Queen of Japan on May 23 . In 1990 , along prior sections of the Berlin Wall , Japan donated cherry blossoms to express appreciation of German reunification . The gift was supported by donations from the Japanese people allowing for over 9,000 trees to be planted . The first trees were planted in November of that year near Glienicker Bridge . The Cherry Blossom festival in the Bonn Altstadt is also very famous : de : Kirschblütenfest Bonn . India ( edit ) A Mughal imperial poet seated in a cherry blossom garden Oriental white - eye in a wild Himalayan cherry In India , the cherry blossom is an attraction as well , most notably in Himalayan states like Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Jammu & Kashmir , Sikkim & northern districts of West Bengal of Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling . Temple towns like Kalpa , Sarahan , Chitkul , Sangla and Narkanda are notable for their wild cherry blossom during spring covering Himalayan foothills . They can also be seen in various British - era botanical gardens especially in Nilgiri Hills , Garo Hills , Khasi Hills as well as in some hill stations in the Western Ghats . Prunus cerasoides is wild Himalayan cherry and sour cherry , known in Hindi as padma or padmakashtha , is a deciduous cherry tree found in parts of East , South and Southeast Asia . It is of the family Rosaceae and the genus Prunus . Recently Kolkata municipal department and the forest department planted cherry blossoms across main city places like Rajarhat . They were in full bloom the first week of March 2017 . Korea ( edit ) Cherry blossoms at POSTECH , South Korea The origins of cherry blossoms in South Korea is contentious . The Japanese planted Yoshino cherry trees at Seoul 's Changgyeonggung Palace and the viewing of cherry blossoms was introduced to Korea during Japanese rule . The festivals continued even after the Japanese surrendered at the end of WWII but have been controversial , and many cherry trees were cut down to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Japanese surrender because they were seen as symbols of the occupation . Yet Koreans continued to plant Yoshino cherry trees and festivals began attracting a wide range of tourists . Many Korean media assert that the Yoshino cherry is the same species as a Korean indigenous , endangered species called king cherry , whose mass production is still being studied . In 2007 , a study conducted on the comparison of king cherry and Yoshino cherry concluded that these trees were categorized as distinct species . In 2016 , a study on DNA analyses suggested the independent origin between king cherry and yoshino cherry each other . In 2016 , a new scientific name Cerasus × nudiflora was given to King cherry to distinguish it from Yoshino cherry ( Prunus × yedoensis ) . In Korea most of the places for cherry blossom festivals , including Yeouido and Jinhae , are still planted with Yoshino cherry trees . In Korea , cherry blossoms have the meaning of purity and beauty . Netherlands ( edit ) Sakura Amsterdamse Bos In the year 2000 , the Japan Women 's Club ( JWC ) donated 400 cherry blossom trees to the city of Amstelveen . The trees have been planted in the cherry blossom park in the Amsterdamse Bos . A special detail is that every tree has a name -- 200 trees have female Japanese names , 200 trees have female Dutch names . New Zealand ( edit ) Cherry blossoms and water wheel in Hagley Park Hagley Park is the largest urban open space in Christchurch , New Zealand and has many cherry blossom trees of several varieties . Taiwan ( China ) ( edit ) Typically found in mountainous areas , cherry blossoms are a popular attraction in Taiwan , with numerous specially tailored viewing tours . Among the most easily accessible and thus most popular locations for viewing them are Yangmingshan , in Taipei , and Wuling Farm , in Taichung . Thailand ( edit ) Cherry blossoms are found in Northern Thailand . Turkey ( edit ) Cherry blossoms in Turkey . ( Ankara / Dikmen Vâdisi , Spring 2016 ) In 2005 , Japanese cherry trees were presented by Japan to the Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden in Istanbul , Turkey . Each tree represents one sailor of the frigate Ertogrul which was a famous frigate of the Ottoman Turkish navy . On the way back from a goodwill visit to Japan in 1890 she ran into a typhoon and sank with loss of 587 Ottoman Turkish sailors . That loss is being remembered at every anniversary . The Japanese cherry trees represent memory of those who died and provide remembrance . United kingdom ( edit ) Batsford Arboretum in Gloucestershire ( England ) , holds the national collection of Japanese village cherries , sato - sakura group . Keele University in Staffordshire ( England ) , has one of the UK 's largest collections of flowering cherries , with more than 150 varieties . United States ( edit ) Cherry blossoms in Washington , D.C. Japan gave 3,020 cherry blossom trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the nations ' then - growing friendship , replacing an earlier gift of 2,000 trees which had to be destroyed due to disease in 1910 . These trees were planted in Sakura Park in Manhattan and line the shore of the Tidal Basin and the roadway in East Potomac Park in Washington , D.C. The first two original trees were planted by first lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda on the bank of the Tidal Basin . The gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965 . In Washington , D.C. the cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction ( and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival ) when they reach full bloom in early spring . Just outside of Washington , D.C. , the suburb of Kenwood in Bethesda , Maryland has roughly 1,200 trees that are popular with locals and tourists . New Jersey 's Branch Brook Park , which is maintained by the Essex County , is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nation 's largest collection of cherry blossom trees , with about 5,000 . Also , Balboa Park of San Diego has 2,000 cherry blossom trees that blossom in mid to late March . In Los Angeles , over 2,000 trees are located at Lake Balboa in Van Nuys . These trees were donated by an anonymous Japanese benefactor and were planted in 1992 . They originated from a single parent tree and were developed to grow in warm climates . Philadelphia is also home to over 2,000 flowering Japanese cherry trees , half of which were a gift from the Japanese government in 1926 in honor of the 150th anniversary of American independence , with the other half planted by the Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia between 1998 and 2007 . Philadelphia 's cherry blossoms are located within Fairmount Park , and the annual Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia celebrates the blooming trees . The University of Washington in Seattle also has cherry blossoms in its Quad . Other US cities have an annual cherry blossom festival ( or sakura matsuri ) , including the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon , Georgia , which features over 300,000 cherry trees . The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York City also has a large , well - attended festival . Portsmouth , New Hampshire , is the site of the peace conference that produced the Treaty of Portsmouth , for which the original Washington , DC cherry trees were given in thanks . Several cherry trees planted on the bank of the tidal pond next to Portsmouth City Hall were the gift of Portsmouth 's Japanese sister city of Nichinan -- the hometown of Marquis Komura Jutarō , Japan 's representative at the conference . Ohio University in Athens , Ohio , has 200 somei yoshino trees , a gift from its sister institution , Japan 's Chubu University . Cherry blossoms in Washington D.C. Cherry blossoms at the Pittock Mansion in Oregon Cherry blossoms in Newark , New Jersey Cherry blossoms in Owensboro , Kentucky Culinary use ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pickled blossoms A cup of sakurayu Cherry blossoms and leaves are edible and both are used as food ingredients in Japan : The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu ( ume vinegar ) , and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi , ( a traditional Japanese confectionery , ) or anpan , ( a Japanese sweet bun , most - commonly filled with red bean paste . ) Salt - pickled blossoms in hot water are called sakurayu , and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea . The leaves , mostly from the Ōshima cherry because of the softness , are also pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi . Since the leaves contain coumarin , which is toxic in large doses , it is not recommended to eat them in great quantities . See also ( edit ) Kabazaiku : sakura wood craftsmanship Kigo : discussion of the role of sakura in Japanese poetry List of Award of Garden Merit flowering cherries Ohka : Special Attack Aircraft of World War II Sakura Square Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia The Cherry Orchard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The history and cultural symbolism of both the seven wild species and the hundreds of forms known for centuries as sato - zakura , or garden cherries and information about growing and propagating is found in Kuitert , Wybe ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Japanese Flowering Cherries '' . Timber Press . Jump up ^ `` Sakura '' . Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , Unabridged . Merriam - Webster . 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Japanese flowering cherry Jump up ^ `` Japanese flowering cherry '' . Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , Unabridged . Merriam - Webster . 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . any of certain ornamental hybrid cherries developed in Japan chiefly from two species ( Prunus serrulata and P. sieboldii ) that bear a profusion of white or pink usually double and often fragrant flowers followed by small inedible fruit ... Jump up ^ `` 財団 法人 日本 花 の 会 -- The Flower Association of Japan '' . hananokai.or.jp . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` さくら の 基礎 知識 - 公益 財団 法人 日本 さくら の 会 -- JAPAN Cherry Blossom Association '' . sakuranokai.or.jp . Jump up ^ Honoca . `` The beauty and history of sakura , Japan 's national flower '' . Tsunagu Japa . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooklyn Botanic Garden ( 2006 ) . Mizue Sawano : The Art of the Cherry Tree . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . p. 12 . ISBN 1 - 889538 - 25 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots -- GoJapanGo ( English language version of list ) '' . Japan 's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots -- GoJapanGo . Mi Marketing Pty Ltd . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Choy Lee , Khoon . Japan -- between Myth and Reality. 1995 , page 142 . Jump up ^ Young , John and Nakajima - Okano , Kimiko . Learn Japanese : New College Text . 1985 , page 268 . ^ Jump up to : Slaymaker , Douglas . The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction. 2004 , page 122 . Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History p 414 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04156 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ohnuki - Tierney , Emiko . Kamikaze , Cherry Blossoms , and Nationalisms. 2002 , page 9 - 10 . Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , The Dark Valley : A Panorama of the 1930s , p441 ISBN 0 - 375 - 40881 - 9 Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History p 427 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04156 - 5 Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 -- 1945 p 539 Random House New York 1970 Jump up ^ Meirion and Susie Harries , Soldiers of the Sun : The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 424 ISBN 0 - 394 - 56935 - 0 Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Kerri : One Hundred Million Hearts . Vintage Book , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 676 - 97512 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ivan Morris , The Nobility of Failure : Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan , p290 Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs '' . Freetattoodesigns.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Brandow Samuels , Gayle . Jump up ^ Origins of Japanese flowering cherry ( Prunus subgenus Cerasus ) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers Jump up ^ `` Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry ( Prunus subgenus Cerasus ) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers '' . Jump up ^ `` サクラ 栽培 品種 の 分類 体系 の 再編 と データベース 化 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 桜の 新しい 系統 保全 ― 形質 ・ 遺伝子 ・ 病害 研究 に 基づく 取組 ― '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The observation of flowering dates in the Cherry Preservation Forest at the Tama Forest Science Garden over a 30 year period '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Winter - flowering cherry '' . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Festa da Cerejeira em Garça recebe mais de 150 mil visitantes '' ( in Portuguese ) . TV TEM . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Festa da Cerejeira em Flor 2014 celebra a Cultura do Japão em Campos do Jordão '' ( in Portuguese ) . Guia de Campos do Jordão . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cerejeiras enfeitam cidade no norte do Paraná '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jornal Nacional . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cerejeiras enfeitam Cascavel '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo Vídeos . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temporada das Cerejeiras em Curitiba '' ( in Portuguese ) . Diário Urbano . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Novo colorido em parques e praças '' ( in Portuguese ) . Prefeitura de Curitiba . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Square '' . Prefeitura de Curitiba . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival -- VCBF.CA '' . vcbf.ca . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aktuelles aus der Gesellschaft '' . Deutsch - Japanische Gesellschaft zu Hamburg e.V . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Sakura Campaign - The State of Berlin '' . Berlin.de . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Blossoms in Shillong '' . mapsofindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Prunus cerasoides '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navendu Pāgé . `` Cerasus cerasoids -- Wild Himalayan Cherry '' . Flowers of India . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 가슴 과 어깨 에 벚꽃 을 꽂고 희생 다짐 하는 18 세 조종사 ( in Korean ) . Joongang . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ohnuki - Tierney , Emiko . Kamikaze , Cherry Blossoms , and Nationalisms. 2002 , page 122 - 3 . Jump up ^ Choi Sung - Un ( 2008 ) . `` Biting the cherry : Cherry blossoms and their attendant festivals herald the spring in Korea despite associations with a dark chapter with the country 's history '' . IK - Journal . Investkorea.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' 포트 맥 강변 의 왕 벚나무 도 제주도 산 `` '' ( King cherry around Potmac river derived from Jeju ) . Chosun.com. 7 February 2017 . 두 나라 에서 발견 된 왕 벚나무 는 유 전적으로 동일 합니다 ( Cherry trees found in both countries are genetically identical ) Jump up ^ `` 전국 봄꽃 축제 어디로 갈까 ? '' ( National spring flower Festival , Where to go ? ) . Dong - a Ilbo. 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 왕 벚꽃 100 년 논란 `` 제주 가 진짜 원산지 '' '' ( King cherry 100 years controversy `` Jeju is the real origin '' ) . Yonhapnews. 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 광복 70 년 수교 50 년 제주 와 일본 을 말하다 / 제 1 부 제주 왕벚 의 세계화 ) ( 3 ) 대량 생산 전초 기지 '' ( ( 70 years liberation , 50 years diplomatic relations : Jeju and Japan story / Part 1 . Globalization of King cherry of Jeju ) ( 3 ) Outpost of Mass production ) . Halla Ilbo . March 23 , 2015 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Korean Red List of Threatened Species Second Edition ( PDF ) . National Institute of Biological Resources . 2014 . p. 156 . Prunus × yedoensis Matsumura , Rosales : Rosaceae , Prunus × yedoensis is a deciduous tree endemic to Korea that only about 5 populations occur at Mt . Halla in Jeju - do . The estimated number of individuals is very small . This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests at 450 - 900 m above sea level . The species is assessed as EN B2ab ( iv ) . There are currently no regional conservation measures . Jump up ^ Kim , Chan - Soo ( 2009 ) . `` Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island , Korea '' ( PDF ) . Korean Journal of Plant Resources . 22 ( 6 ) : 558 ~ 570 . Jump up ^ 몰락 한 왕조 궁궐 에 핀 사쿠라 일제 는 갔어도 벚꽃 놀이 는 남아 ( in Korean ) . 中央 日報 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roh , M.S. , Cheong , E.J. , Choi , I-Y and Young , Y.H. ( 2007 ) . `` Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA '' . Scientia Horticulturae. 114 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scienta. 2007.06. 005 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cho , Myong - suk ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` The origin of flowering cherry on oceanic islands : The saga continues in Jeju Island '' . Botany . Botanical Society of America . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Katsuki , Toshio ; et al. ( December 2016 ) . `` Nomenclature of Tokyo cherry ( Cerasus × yedoensis ' Somei - yoshino ' , Rosaceae ) and allied interspecific hybrids based on recent advances in population genetics '' . Taxon . International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 65 ( 6 ) : 1415 -- 1419 . doi : 10.12705 / 656.13 . Jump up ^ `` 벚꽃 ' 한 - 일 원산지 논쟁 ' 왜 끝나지 않나 '' ( Cherry `` Korea - Japan origin controversy '' Why does not end ? ) ( in Korean ) . Hankyoreh. April 3 , 2015 . 여의도 와 진해 를 포함 해 우리나라 벚꽃 축제 의 주인공 은 모두 일본 이 원예종 으로 만든 왕 벚나무 이다 . ( The protagonists of Cherry Blossom Festivals in Korea including Yeouido and Jinhae are all cultivated Yoshino cherry made in Japan . ) Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) 여의도 화려한 벚꽃 뒤엔 ... 일본 검은 속셈 있었나 '' ( Behind the brilliant Japanese cherry blossom -- Dark ulterior motives ? ) ( in Korean ) . Segye.com. 22 January 2008 ... From 1966 until the mid-1980s , Koreans in Japan and Japanese people donated about 60,000 cherry seedlings to Jinhae City . Jump up ^ `` 때되면 한 - 일 원산지 논쟁 , 벚꽃 에게 물어봐 ! '' ( Korea - Japan Origin debate . Ask cherry ! ) . The Hankyoreh. April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 한라산 자생 우수 품종 왕 벚나무 로 일본 산 대체 한다 '' ( Replace Japanese trees with the excellent varieties of King cherry trees native to Mt . Halla ) . Yonhapnews. April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Blossom '' . naver dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Spring blossoms in Hagley Park Christchurch '' . New Zealand Travel Insider . Jump up ^ `` Northern Thailand 's Own Sakura Cherry Blossoms '' . Siam and Beyond . Jump up ^ `` Batsford Arboretum '' . Batsarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Keele University Arboretum flowering cherry collection '' . keele.ac.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` nps.gov -- Cherry Blossom History '' . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Roland M. and Alan F. Fusonie. ( 1977 ) . `` The Japanese Flowering Cherry Trees of Washington , D.C. : A Living Symbol of Friendship . National Arboretum Contribution No. 4 . '' Washington : USDA , Agricultural Research Service . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Greatest Springtime Celebration '' . National Cherry Blossom Festival . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Block , Deborah . `` Spectacular Cherry Blossoms in Maryland Lure International Visitors '' . VOA . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Student scientists track nation 's largest collection of cherry blossom trees at Essex County park '' . The Star - Ledger . August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Kate ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Cherry Blossom Trees Flourish in Newark '' . WNYC . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Di Ionno , Mark ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` The story behind Branch Brook Park 's cherry blossom trees '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ rap pr ( 2006 - 04 - 10 ) . `` The Big Bloom of Cherry Blossoms at Lake Balboa in Van Nuys '' . Laparks.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` BBG.org '' . BBG.org. 2008 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Seacord . `` Cherry trees have historical significance '' . SeacoastOnline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio University Outlook '' . Ohio.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sakura . Japanese Cherry Blossom Events & Locations Copenhagen Sakura Festival Flowering cherry Database , Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Flowering cherry introduction , Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute International Cherry Blossom Festival Online , Information about the 300,000 Yoshino cherry trees in Macon , Georgia and the 10 - day celebration held in mid-March Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival , Information about the 37,000 cherry trees in Greater Vancouver ( Canada ) , What 's in bloom now , Cherry Scout reports and maps , Cultivar identification . Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia , Information about cherry trees and the annual two - week Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia . GND : 4561760 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherry_blossom&oldid=849731781 '' Categories : Cherry blossom Cherries Flora of Japan Flowers Garden plants of Asia Japanese style of gardening Ornamental trees National symbols of Japan Plants used in bonsai Prunus Spring ( season ) Trees of Japan Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 23 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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where do cherry blossom trees grow in the us
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Elite Eight
Elite Eight - wikipedia Elite Eight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . For National Ringette League , see National Ringette League § NRL National Champions . In the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship or the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , the `` Elite Eight '' ( also called the `` Great Eight '' ) are the final eight teams and , thus represent the regional finals , or national quarterfinals . In Division I and Division III , the Elite Eight consists of the two teams in each of the four regional championship games . The winners advance to the Final Four . Since 1997 , when the NCAA trademarked the phrase , in Division II the Elite Eight consists of the eight winners of the eight Division II regions . Like the Division I Final Four , the Division II Elite Eight games are all held in one predetermined location . In the men 's Division I , the lowest - seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was # 12 Missouri in 2002 , who upset # 5 - seed Miami ( Florida ) , # 4 - seed Ohio State , and # 8 - seed UCLA before losing to # 2 - seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year . Eight # 11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight : LSU in 1986 , Loyola Marymount in 1990 , Temple in 2001 , George Mason in 2006 , Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 , Dayton in 2014 , Xavier in 2017 , and Loyola Chicago in 2018 . On average , three of the four # 1 seeds make it to the Elite Eight each year . In men 's play , the Elite Eight exists intact for less than 24 hours between the second Friday evening and the following Saturday afternoon of the tournament . The Elite Eight also represents the halfway mark of the men 's tournament since each qualifying team must win three rounds ( games ) to reach the national quarterfinals , with three rounds remaining to reach and win the national championship game . Like `` March Madness , '' the phrase `` Elite Eight '' originally referred to the Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship , the single - elimination high school basketball tournament run by the Illinois High School Association . When the IHSA finals were reduced from sixteen to eight teams in 1956 , a replacement nickname for Sweet Sixteen was needed , and Elite Eight won popular favor . The IHSA trademarked the term in 1995 ; the trademark rights are now held by the March Madness Athletic Association , a joint venture between the NCAA and IHSA formed after a 1996 court case allowed both organizations to use `` March Madness '' for their own tournaments . Elite Eight can also refer to the eight NCAA Division I baseball teams that reach the College World Series . Notable Elite Eight teams in the men 's Division I NCAA tournament ( edit ) During the first 12 years of the tournament ( 1939 - 50 , inclusive ) only eight teams competed , meaning every team that qualified in those years was an automatic `` Elite Eight '' team . Idaho State in 1977 , which defeated UCLA in the previous round to end the Bruins ' streak of consecutive Final Four appearances at 10 to end the John Wooden - era dynasty 11 - seed Loyola Marymount in 1990 . One of the team 's stars , Hank Gathers , collapsed and died on the court during the WCC Tournament , and teammates ( including Bo Kimble , who shot his first free throw of each tournament game left - handed ) honored Gathers during the tournament . 12 - seed Missouri and 10 - seed Kent State in 2002 10 - seed Providence College in 1997 10 - seed Gonzaga in 1999 11 - seed Temple finished the 2001 regular season on a remarkable run , won Atlantic - 10 tournament behind play of Lynn Greer before succumbing to Michigan State . 11 - seed George Mason in 2006 , which became the first 11 - seed to advance to the Final Four since 1986 , after defeating 1 - seed Connecticut in overtime in the Elite Eight 10 - seed Davidson College in 2008 11 - seed Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 ( the first `` First Four '' team to advance to the Elite Eight ) 11 - seed Dayton in 2014 10 - seed Syracuse in 2016 11 - seed Xavier in 2017 11 - seed Loyola -- Chicago in 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark record for serial no . 74687330 ( Elite Eight ) '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bruins were finally floored NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elite_Eight&oldid=839272367 '' Categories : Sports terminology NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is the last time an 11 seed made it to the elite 8
[ "In the men's Division I, the lowest-seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was #12 Missouri in 2002, who upset #5-seed Miami (Florida), #4-seed Ohio State, and #8-seed UCLA before losing to #2-seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year. Eight #11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight: LSU in 1986, Loyola Marymount in 1990, Temple in 2001, George Mason in 2006, Virginia Commonwealth in 2011, Dayton in 2014, Xavier in 2017, and Loyola Chicago in 2018." ]
[ "2018" ]
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Territorial evolution of Germany
Territorial evolution of Germany - wikipedia Territorial evolution of Germany Jump to : navigation , search Germany , 1871 - 1918 Territorial evolution of Germany in the 20th century Pre-World War II ( show ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Silesian Uprisings ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Polish Corridor Return of the Saar Basin ( 1935 ) Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 1936 ) Anschluss with Austria ( 1938 ) Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Seizure of Czechoslovakia ( 1939 ) Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany ( 1939 ) World War II ( show ) Großdeutschland Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) Post-World War II ( show ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Dutch annexations ( 1949 ) Belgian annexations ( 1949 ) Treaty of Zgorzelec ( 1950 ) Return of Heligoland ( 1952 ) Saar Treaty ( 1956 ) `` Little Reunification '' with Saarland ( 1957 ) Return of Selfkant ( 1963 ) Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) Two Plus Four Treaty ( 1990 ) German - Polish Border Treaty ( 1990 ) Areas ( show ) Former eastern territories of Germany Adjacent countries ( show ) Territorial evolution of Poland Territorial changes of the Baltic states The territorial changes of Germany include all changes in the borders and territory of Germany from its formation in 1871 to the present . Modern Germany was formed in 1871 when Otto von Bismarck unified most of the German states , with the notable exception of Austria , into the German Empire . After the First World War Germany lost about 10 % of its territory to its neighbours and the Weimar Republic was formed . This republic included territories to the east of today 's German borders . The period of Nazi rule from the 1930s through the end of the Second World War brought significant territorial losses for the country . Nazi Germany initially expanded the country 's territory dramatically and conquered most of Europe , though not all areas were added to Germany proper . The Nazis ' fortunes changed after the failure of the invasion of Soviet Union . The Nazi regime eventually collapsed , and the Allies occupied Germany . Immediately after the war , all territorial gains were reversed and pre-war Germany was split into British , French and American occupation zones in the northwest , west and south and a Soviet occupation zone in the centre ; the capital Berlin was similarly divided into four sectors . The former eastern territories of Germany were ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union and the Oder and Neisse Rivers became Germany 's new eastern boundary . This territory became Poland 's so - called `` Recovered Territories '' , while approximately one - third of East Prussia became Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast ; virtually the entire German population in these areas was expelled or fled . In the west , the Saar area formed a French - controlled protectorate with limited autonomy , but its own citizenship laws . With the onset of the Cold War , the western part of Germany was unified as the Trizone , becoming the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949 ( `` West Germany '' ) . Western - occupied West Berlin declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 but was denied by the occupying powers . The Soviet zone , including the Soviet sector of Berlin , became the communist German Democratic Republic ( `` East Germany '' ) in October the same year . Effective 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany , as provided by its Grundgesetz ( constitution ) art . 23 ( Little Reunification ) . Following the end of the Cold War , East Germany , including East Berlin , and West Berlin used the same West German constitutional clause and declared their accession to the Federal Republic of Germany effective 3 October 1990 -- an event referred to as German reunification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 1.2 The rise of European nationalism 2 Formation of the German Empire 2.1 Prussia 2.2 North German Confederation 2.3 Heligoland 3 World War I 3.1 Brest - Litovsk 4 Territorial changes after World War I 4.1 Treaty of Versailles 4.2 Sudetenland 4.3 Silesian uprisings 5 Interbellum 5.1 Territorial claims of German nationalists 5.2 Rhineland 5.3 Saar region 5.4 Anschluss 5.5 Czechoslovakia 5.5. 1 Sudetenland 5.5. 2 Invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia 5.6 Memel Territory 6 World War II 6.1 Poland 6.2 Alsace - Lorraine 6.3 Eupen and Malmedy 6.4 Luxembourg 6.5 Parts of Yugoslavia 6.6 South Tyrol 6.7 Recognition 7 Territorial changes after World War II 7.1 The Yalta Conference 7.2 The Potsdam Conference 7.2. 1 Finalization of the Polish - German border 7.3 Belgium 7.4 Netherlands 7.5 France 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) German settlement in Central and eastern Europe ( edit ) After the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Knights in the Middle Ages during the Prussian Crusade , German settlers were brought in to seize the land , displacing the indigenous Old Prussians , a tribe of the Baltic people . Main article : History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes is based on historical events in Germany and Western Europe . Migrations that took place over more than a millennium led to pockets of Germans living throughout Central and Eastern Europe as far east as Russia . The existence of these enclaves was sometimes used by German nationalists , such as the Nazis , to justify territorial claims . The rise of European nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Nationalism The territorial changes of Germany after World War II can be interpreted in the context of the evolution of global nationalism and European nationalism . The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism in Europe . Previously , a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler . As principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage , a ruler could wind up with many different ethnicities under his dominion . The concept of nationalism was based on the idea of a `` people '' who shared a common bond through race , religion , language and culture . Furthermore , nationalism asserted that each `` people '' had a right to its own state . Thus , much of European history in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century can be understood as efforts to realign national boundaries with this concept of `` one people , one state '' . Many interior conflicts were a result of more or less pressurising citizens of alternative ethnicities and / or other native languages to assimilate to the ethnicity dominant in the state . Switzerland was the exception , lacking a common native language . Much conflict would arise when one nation asserted territorial rights to land outside its borders on the basis of an ethnic bond with the people living on the land . Another source of conflict arose when a group of people who constituted a minority in one nation would seek to secede from the nation either to form an independent nation or join another nation with whom they felt stronger ties . Yet another source of conflict was the desire of some nations to expel people from territory within its borders because people did not share a common bond with the majority of people of that nation . Formation of the German Empire ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Germany Growth of Brandenburg - Prussia . During the Partitions of Poland between 1772 and 1795 , Prussia annexed large swaths of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( marked in yellow ) States of the German Empire ( Prussia shown in blue ) Prussia ( edit ) Territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia , which in the 19th century would lead the future German reunification efforts , started with the annexation of territories belonging to the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Between 1772 and 1795 , Prussia took 141,400 km2 ( 54,600 sq mi ) of the Commonwealth 's western territory -- areas known as Greater Poland , Pomorze and Mazovia ( renaming them as South Prussia , West Prussia and New East Prussia ) -- and with it nearly 1 million Polish speaking inhabitants . Frederick the Great immediately sent 57,475 German families to the newly conquered lands in order to solidify his new acquisitions , and abolished the use of the Polish language . North German Confederation ( edit ) Following the Napoleonic wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the North German Confederation , led by Prussia , was combined with the southern states of Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria and Hesse and the formerly French newly annexed Alsace - Lorraine to form the German Empire in 1871 . In some areas of Prussia 's eastern provinces , such as the Province of Posen , the majority of the population was Polish . Many Lorrainians were by native language French . Most of the Alsatians and the Lorrainians of German native language rather clung to France ( see Député protestataire ( fr ) ) , despite all nationalistic claim that language and culture would and should determine one 's national affiliation . Heligoland ( edit ) Britain ceded Heligoland to Germany in 1890 in accordance with the terms of the Heligoland -- Zanzibar Treaty . The Heligolanders , then still prevailingly fluent in their Heligolandic dialect of North Frisian , adopted German citizenship , like many other Frisians of Germany along the North Sea coast . World War I ( edit ) World War I Allied propaganda poster showing German expansionist ambitions Brest - Litovsk ( edit ) As part of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Russia 's new Bolshevik ( communist ) government renounced all claim to Finland , the future Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) , Poland , Belarus , Ukraine . Most of these territories were in effect ceded to the German Empire , intended to become economically dependent on and politically closely tied to that empire under different German kings and dukes . Regarding the ceded territories , the treaty stated that `` Germany and Austria - Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these territories in agreement with their population '' with few other effects than the appointment of German rulers to the new thrones of Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland . Territorial changes after World War I ( edit ) Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Versailles Further information : Schleswig Plebiscite ; East Prussian plebiscite ; Upper Silesia plebiscite ; and Saar status referendum , 1935 Germany after Versailles Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I obliged Germany to cede some territory to other countries . Besides the loss of the German colonial empire the territories Germany lost were : Alsace - Lorraine , which were part of Germany for 48 years , in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on 26 February 1871 , and the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 , returned under French sovereignty without a plebiscite as a precondition to armistice ( i.e. and therefore not as a clause of the Treaty of Versailles ) with effect from the date of the armistice ( 11 November 1918 ) , ( 14,522 km or 5,607 sq mi , 1,815,000 inhabitants ( 1905 ) ) . Northern Schleswig including the German - dominated towns of Tondern ( Tønder ) , Apenrade ( Aabenraa ) and Sonderburg ( Sønderborg ) in Schleswig - Holstein , after the Schleswig Plebiscite , to Denmark ( 3,984 km or 1,538 sq mi , 163,600 inhabitants ( 1920 ) ) . The Prussian provinces Posen and West Prussia , which Prussia had annexed in Partitions of Poland ( 1772 -- 1795 ) , were given to the new country of Poland . Most of this territory had already been liberated by local Polish population during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918 - 1919 ( 53,800 km or 20,800 sq mi , 4,224,000 inhabitants ( 1931 ) , including 510 km or 200 sq mi and 26,000 inhabitants from Upper Silesia ) . Minor areas of both the provinces remained in Germany and were combined to become the new Prussian province of Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia . In these territories ceded to Poland , a sizeable German population remained . The Hlučín Region ( Hlučínsko around Hulczyn ) of Upper Silesia to Czechoslovakia ( area 316 or 333 km2 , 49,000 inhabitants ) . East Upper Silesia , to Poland ( area 3,214 km or 1,241 sq mi out of 10,950 km or 4,230 sq mi - around 30 % with 965,000 inhabitants ) , after Upper Silesia plebiscite in which 60 % had voted in favor of remaining German and 40 % wanted whole Upper Silesia to become Polish . The vote was designed to provide guidance on how to divide the area , and most of the areas voting for Poland were separated from Germany . The area of Eupen - Malmedy to Belgium , along with the Vennbahn railway trackbed ( which created six German enclaves within Belgian territory ) . The northern part of East Prussia as Memelland under control of France , Italy , Japan and the United Kingdom , later transferred to Lithuania without a vote . The area of Soldau in East Prussia ( a railway station on the Warsaw - Danzig route ) to Poland ( area 492 km or 190 sq mi ) . From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia Warmia and Masuria , an area to Poland ( see East Prussian plebiscite ) ; contrary what nationalists claim , that ethnicity should determine national identity , the majority of the Slavonic Masurians voted to remain part of Germany . The Saar area to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years , after that a vote between France and Germany , to decide to which country it would belong . During this time the coal was given to France . The port of Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) with the delta of Vistula river at the Baltic Sea was made the Free City of Danzig ( Freie Stadt Danzig ) under the League of Nations . ( area 1,893 km or 731 sq mi , 408,000 inhabitants ( 1929 ) ) , 90 % Germans . Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria . Sudetenland ( edit ) The Sudeten Germans had attempted to prevent the German language border areas of former Austria - Hungary from becoming part of Czechoslovakia in 1918 . Once part of Bohemia , they had proclaimed the German - Austrian province of Sudetenland in October 1918 , voting instead to join the newly declared Republic of German Austria in November 1918 . However , this had been forbidden by the victorious allied powers of the First World War ( the Treaty of Saint - Germain ) and by the Czechoslovak government , partly with force of arms in 1919 . Many Sudeten Germans rejected an affiliation to Czechoslovakia , since they had been refused the right to self - determination promised by US president Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points of January 1918 . Silesian uprisings ( edit ) Main article : Silesian uprisings The Silesian Uprisings ( Polish : Powstania śląskie ) were a series of three armed uprisings ( 1919 -- 1921 ) of Poles in the Upper Silesia region against Weimar Republic in order to separate the region ( where in some parts Poles constituted a majority ) from Germany and join it with the Second Polish Republic . Interbellum ( edit ) German territorial losses , 1919 -- 1945 Territorial claims of German nationalists ( edit ) By World War I , there were isolated groups of Germans or so - called Schwaben as far southeast as the Bosphorus ( Turkey ) , Georgia , and Azerbaijan . After the war , Germany 's and Austria - Hungary 's loss of territory and the rise of communism in the Soviet Union meant that more Germans than ever constituted sizable minorities in various countries . German nationalists used the existence of large German minorities in other countries as a basis for territorial claims . Many of the propaganda themes of the Nazi regime against Czechoslovakia and Poland claimed that the ethnic Germans ( Volksdeutsche ) in those territories were persecuted . The Nazis negotiated a number of population transfers with Joseph Stalin and others with Benito Mussolini so that both Germany and the other country would increase their ethnic homogeneity . However , these population transfers were not sufficient to appease the demands of the Nazis . The Heim ins Reich rhetoric of the Nazis over the continued disjoint status of enclaves such as Danzig and East Prussia was an agitating factor in the politics leading up to World War II , and is considered by many to be among the major causes of Nazi aggressiveness and thus the war . Adolf Hitler used these issues as a pretext for waging wars of aggression against Czechoslovakia and Poland . Rhineland ( edit ) Main article : Remilitarization of the Rhineland On 7 March 1936 , Hitler sent a small expeditionary force into the demilitarized Rhineland . This was a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 , official end of World War I ) , and as such , France and Britain were within their rights , via the Treaty , to oust the German forces . British public opinion blocked any use of military force , thus preventing French action , as they were internally divided and would not act without British support . Saar region ( edit ) Main article : Saar ( League of Nations ) In 1933 , a considerable number of anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar , as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich 's control . As a result , anti-Nazi groups campaigned heavily for the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany . However , long - held sentiments against France remained entrenched , with very few sympathizing openly with France . When the 15 - year - term was over , a plebiscite was held in the territory on 13 January 1935 : 90.3 % of those voting wished to join Germany . On 17 January 1935 , the territory 's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council . On 1 March , Nazi Germany took over the region and appointed Josef Bürckel as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes , `` Imperial Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland '' . As the new Gau was extended to the Rhine , including the historic Palatinate , the region 's name was changed again on 8 April 1940 to Gau Saarpfalz ( Saar - Palatinate ) . After the Battle of France , the re-annexed French département of Moselle was incorporated in the Reichsgau . Anschluss ( edit ) Main article : Anschluss The Allies were , on paper , committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany . This notwithstanding , the Anschluss was among the first major steps in the Austrian - born Adolf Hitler 's long - desired creation of an empire including German - speaking lands and territories Germany had lost after World War I . The events of 12 March 1938 , marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation . However , the 1938 Anschluss , regardless of its popularity , was enacted by Germany . Earlier , Hitler 's Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party ( Austrian Nazi Party ) in its bid to seize power from Austria 's Austrofascist leadership . Fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures , the chancellor of Austria , Kurt Schuschnigg , tried to hold a plebiscite . Although Schuschnigg expected Austria to vote in favour of maintaining autonomy , a well - planned coup d'état by the Austrian Nazi Party of Austria 's state institutions in Vienna took place on 11 March , prior to the vote . With power quickly transferred over to Germany , the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss . The Nazis held a plebiscite within the following month , where they received 99.73 % of the vote . No fighting ever took place and the strongest voices against the annexation , particularly Fascist Italy , France and the United Kingdom ( parties to the Stresa Front ) , were powerless or , in the case of Italy , appeased . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) The partition of Czechoslovakia from 1938 through 1939 . German gains in purple ( dark : Sudetenland , light : Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ) Main article : German occupation of Czechoslovakia Sudetenland ( edit ) Main article : Munich Agreement On 29 September 1938 , Adolf Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement . The Czechoslovak government capitulated on September 30 and reluctantly agreed to abide by the agreement . The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting October 10 , and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further . Hitler and Chamberlain signed an additional resolution determining to resolve all future disputes between Germany and the United Kingdom through peaceful means . This is often confused with the Four - Power Munich Agreement itself , not least because most photographs of Chamberlain 's return show him waving the paper containing the resolution , not the Munich Agreement itself . Without fortification which was built in Sudetenland , Czechoslovakia was now defenseless . On 5 October , Edvard Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia , realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was fait accompli . Following the outbreak of World War II , he would form a Czechoslovak government - in - exile in London . Invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main articles : Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovak Republic ( 1939 - 1945 ) Germany in 1939 before the start of World War II On 13 March 1939 , Nazi armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia , which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich . The eastern half of the country , Slovakia , became a separate pro-Nazi state , the Slovak Republic . Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia , realising his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed , and immediately began to mobilize the British Empire 's armed forces on a war footing . France did the same . Though no immediate action followed , Hitler 's move on Poland in September started World War II in Europe . Memel territory ( edit ) Main article : Klaipėda Region By late 1938 , Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory . In the early hours of 23 March 1939 , after a political ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to Berlin , the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys and his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel , using the facilities erected in previous years . World War II ( edit ) The Third Reich at its greatest extent , 1942 Territorial expansion of Germany proper from 1933 to 1941 as explained to Wehrmacht soldiers , a Nazi era map in German . See also : Nazi Germany Main article : Areas annexed by Nazi Germany Poland ( edit ) Main article : Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany After invading Poland in 1939 , Germany annexed the lands it was forced to give to a reformed Poland in 1919 -- 1922 by the Treaty of Versailles , including the `` Polish Corridor '' , West Prussia , the Province of Posen , and East Upper Silesia . The Volkstag of the Free City of Danzig voted to become a part of Germany again , although Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned . Parts of Poland that had not been part of Wilhelmine Germany were also incorporated into the Reich . Map of NS administrative division in 1944 Two decrees by Adolf Hitler ( 8 October and 12 October 1939 ) provided for the division of the annexed areas of Poland into the following administrative units : Reichsgau Wartheland ( initially Reichsgau Posen ) , which included the entire Poznań Voivodeship , most of the Łódź Voivodeship , five counties of the Pomeranian Voivodeship , and the Działdowo / Soldau County of the Warsaw Voivodeship ; Reichsgau Danzig - West Prussia ( initially Reichsgau West Prussia ) , which consisted of the remaining area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the Free City of Danzig ; Ciechanów District ( Regierungsbezirk Zichenau ) , consisting of the five northern counties of Warsaw Voivodeship ( Płock , Płońsk , Sierpc , Ciechanów , and Mława ) , which became a part of East Prussia ; Katowice District ( Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz ) , or unofficially East Upper Silesia ( Ost - Oberschlesien ) , which included Sosnowiec , Będzin , Chrzanów , and Zawiercie Counties , and parts of Olkusz and Żywiec Counties . These territories had an area of 94,000 km ( 36,000 sq mi ) and a population of 10,000,000 people . The remainder of the Polish territory was annexed by the Soviet Union ( c. 52 % ; see Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ) or made into the German - controlled General Government occupation zone . After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Białystok Voivodeship , which included the Białystok , Bielsk Podlaski , Grajewo , Łomża , Sokółka , Volkovysk , and Grodno Counties , was `` attached to '' ( not incorporated into ) East Prussia , while East Galicia was added to the General Government . Alsace - Lorraine ( edit ) After the invasion of France in 1940 , Germany annexed the départements of Bas - Rhin , Haut - Rhin and Moselle ( Alsace - Lorraine ) . The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation , however , in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West . Eupen and Malmedy ( edit ) See Eupen - Malmedy Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxembourg was invaded and occupied by German Forces in June 1940 . It was formally annexed to Germany in August 1942 . Parts of Yugoslavia ( edit ) From : History of Slovenia `` After Yugoslavia fell , Germany , Italy , and Hungary each annexed parts of Slovenia , the largest part being Lower Styria which was annexed to the `` Ostmark '' ( Nazi German Austria ) . '' South Tyrol ( edit ) See Annexation of South Tyrol to Nazi Germany and Italian Social Republic . Recognition ( edit ) All areas that were incorporated into Nazi Germany between 1937 and 8 May 1945 were de facto repudiated at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences , and were therefore non-issues in the post-war division of Nazi Germany . One exception was Memelland , the incorporation of which at the end of March 1939 was recognised by the UK and France , but not by the USA . Territorial changes after World War II ( edit ) Main article : Former eastern territories of Germany Allied occupation zones in Germany , 1947 As it became evident that the Allies were going to defeat Nazi Germany decisively , the question arose as to how to redraw the borders of Central and Eastern European countries after the war . In the context of those decisions , the problem arose of what to do about ethnic minorities within the redrawn borders . The territorial changes at the end of World War II were part of negotiated agreements between the victorious Allies to redraw national borders and arrange for deportation of all Germans that were east of the Oder -- Neisse line . The Allies occupied Germany , but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany ( West Germany , as well as West Berlin , and East Germany ) . The Germanies and West Berlin reunified in 1990 . The Yalta Conference ( edit ) Main article : Yalta Conference The final decision to move Poland 's boundary westward was made by the US , Britain and the Soviets at the Yalta Conference , shortly before the end of the war . The precise location of the border was left open ; the western Allies also accepted in general the principle of the Oder River as the future western border of Poland and of population transfer as the way to prevent future border disputes . The open question was whether the border should follow the eastern or western Neisse rivers , and whether Stettin , the traditional seaport of Berlin , should remain German or be included in Poland . Originally , Germany was to retain Stettin while the Poles were to annex East Prussia with Königsberg. ( 1 ) . Eventually , however , Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year - round warm water port for the Soviet Navy and argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead . The wartime Polish government in exile had little to say in these decisions. ( 2 ) Key points of the meeting that are relevant to the territorial changes of Germany are as follows : There was an agreement that the priority would be the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany . After the war , Germany would be split into four occupied zones , with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin as well , prior unification of Germany . Stalin agreed to let France have the fourth occupation zone in Germany and Austria , carved out from the British and American zones . France would also be granted a seat in the Allied Control Council . Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification . The status of Poland was discussed , but was complicated by the fact that Poland was at this time under the control of the Red Army . It was agreed to reorganize the Provisionary Polish Government that had been set up by the Red Army through the inclusion of other groups such as the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity and to have democratic elections . This effectively excluded the Polish government - in - exile that had evacuated in 1939 . The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line , and Poland would receive substantial territorial compensation in the west from Germany , although the exact border was to be determined at a later time . A `` Committee on Dismemberment of Germany '' was to be set up . The purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into several nations , and if so , what borders and inter-relationships the new German states were to have . The Potsdam Conference ( edit ) Main article : Potsdam Agreement Further information : Oder -- Neisse line , Former eastern territories of Germany , and Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) At the Potsdam Conference the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union placed the German territories within the 1937 Nazi Germany borders east of the Oder -- Neisse line , and with the exception of parts of East Prussia , as formally under Polish administrative control ( These were referred to by the Polish communist government as the `` Western Territories '' or `` Regained Territories '' ) . It was anticipated that a final peace treaty would follow shortly and either confirm this border or determine whatever alterations might be agreed upon . Northern East Prussia and Memelland were placed under Soviet administrative control . The 1919 Versailles Treaty created Free City of Danzig was also placed under Polish administration . The German population east of the Oder -- Neisse line was expelled . At the end of the conference , the Three Heads of Government agreed on the following actions : The Oder -- Neisse line Issuance of a statement of aims of the occupation of Germany by the Allies : demilitarization , denazification , democratization and decartelization . ( see also : The industrial plans for Germany ) Division of Germany and Austria respectively into four occupation zones ( earlier agreed in principle at Yalta ) , and the similar division of each 's capital , Berlin and Vienna , into four and five sectors ( one quadripartite sector ) , respectively . Reversion of all German annexations in Europe after 1937 , among these were Sudetenland , Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , the westmost parts of Poland , and others . Germany 's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder -- Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25 % compared to its 1937 borders . The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , all of Silesia ( except for its westernmost part around the city of Görlitz ) , the eastern part of Brandenburg , and most of Pomerania ( including former Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia ) . These areas included large urban centres such as Stettin , Breslau , Landsberg an der Warthe and so on . Expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany , and ethnically German denaturalised citizens of other states such Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Yugoslavia . France , which had not participated in the Potsdam conference , took its liberties to dismiss this point and therefore refused to absorb any expellees in its zone of occupation . Finalization of the Polish - German border ( edit ) West Germany , East Germany , and the Saarland , 1949 . The problem with the status of these territories was that the concluding document of the Potsdam Conference in 1945 was not a legally binding treaty , but a memorandum between the USSR , the USA and the UK . It regulated the issue of the eastern German border , which was to be the Oder -- Neisse line , but the final article of the memorandum said that the final decisions concerning Germany were to be subject to a separate peace treaty . Based upon this interpretation of the Potsdam Agreement , the CDU controlled German government maintained that the Oder -- Neisse line was completely unacceptable and subject to negotiation . Also the Social Democrats of the SPD initially refused to accept the Oder -- Neisse line . Thus , the official German government position on the status of areas vacated by settled German communities east of the Oder -- Neisse rivers was that the areas were `` temporarily under Polish ( or ( Soviet ) ) administration . '' Between 1970 and 1990 , the West German political establishment gradually recognised the `` facts on the ground '' and accepted clauses in the Treaty on the Final Settlement , whereby Germany renounced all claims to territory east of the Oder -- Neisse line . In the Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ; ratified in 1972 ) West Germany recognized the Oder -- Neisse line as Poland 's western border and renounced any present and future territorial claims ; this was reaffirmed by both German states in the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany as a pre-condition for re-union . The treaty was ratified in 1991 by the united Germany . United Germany and Poland then finally settled the issue of the Oder -- Neisse border by the German -- Polish Border Treaty in November 1990 . This ended the legal limbo which meant that for 45 years , people on both sides of the border could not be sure whether the status quo reached in 1945 might be changed at some future date . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War The `` Working Party on Provisional Adjustments to the Western Frontiers of Germany '' approved in 1949 the provisional transfer of 20 km ( 7.7 sq mi ) containing 500 inhabitants to Belgium : Bildchen ( returned in 1956 ) Lichtenbusch ( returned in 1956 ) Fringshaus -- roads between Roetgen and Fringshaus , Fringshaus and Lammersdorf , Fringshaus and Konzen ( first two returned in 1956 ) Leykoul ( eastern part returned in 1956 ) Elsenborn Losheim ( only the village returned in 1956 ) Hemmeres ( returned in 1956 ) As part of the 1956 treaty , in exchange for the territory ceded by Germany , Belgium ceded to Germany its territory north of the Fringshaus roads and bounded by the Vennbahn . The detached territory , in 1956 containing 704 inhabitants including refugees , was , prior to its 1956 dissolution and partition between West Germany and Belgium , ruled as an independent territory by Belgian Army Major General Paul Bolle , who enjoyed dictatorial powers . Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II Despite the more extensive annexation proposals of the Bakker - Schut Plan , only a few border modifications were implemented . On 23 April 1949 , Dutch troops occupied an area of 69 km ( 27 sq mi ) , the largest parts of which were Elten ( near Emmerich am Rhein ) and Selfkant . Many other small border changes were executed , mostly in the vicinity of Arnhem and Dinxperlo . At that time , these areas were inhabited by a total of almost 10,000 people . Starting in March 1957 , West Germany negotiated with the Netherlands for the return of these areas . The negotiations led to an agreement ( German : Vertrag vom 8 . April 1960 zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und dem Königreich der Niederlande zur Regelung von Grenzfragen und anderen zwischen beiden Ländern bestehenden Problemen ; short : Ausgleichsvertrag , i.e. treaty of settlement ) made in The Hague on 8 April 1960 , in which Germany agreed to pay DEM 280 million for the return of Elten , Selfkant , and Suderwick , as Wiedergutmachung . The territory was returned to Germany on 1 August 1963 , except for one small hill ( about 3 km , 1.2 sq mi ) near Wyler village , called Duivelsberg / Wylerberg which was annexed by the Netherlands . France ( edit ) Main article : Monnet plan Starting on 16 February 1946 France disentangled the Saar area and established the separate Saar Protectorate , further attaching parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate ( Saarpfalz ) . Like the former eastern territories of Germany the Saar area was out of the jurisdiction of the Allied Control Council for Germany and thus no part of Allied - occupied Germany . However , unlike the eastern territories the domestic Saar population was not expelled by the controlling French . With effect of 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany , as provided by its Grundgesetz ( constitution ) art . 23 ( Little Reunification ) , thus becoming the new federal state of Saarland . See also ( edit ) Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany Areas annexed by Nazi Germany References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Timeline : Germany - BBC News Jump up ^ Ritter , Gerhard ( 1974 ) . Frederick the Great : A Historical Profile . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 179 -- 180 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02775 - 2 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Chwalba , Historia Polski 1795 - 1918 , Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 , Kraków , pages 175 - 184 , and 307 - 312 . ISBN 830804140X . Jump up ^ Cf . the report `` Vor 50 Jahren : Der 15 . April 1950 . Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland - Pfalz '' of the Central Archive of the State of Rhineland - Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states . Jump up ^ International Boundary Study Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research Jump up ^ Autocrat 's Adieu Time Magazine , 8 October 1956 . Jump up ^ Cf . Bundesgesetzblatt ( Federal Law Gazette ) , part III , no . 181 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Territorial evolution of Germany at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_Germany&oldid=819621344 '' Categories : Geographic history of Germany Aftermath of World War I in Germany Aftermath of World War II in Germany German diaspora in Europe Foreign relations of Germany Territorial evolution of Germany Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Polish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 10 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what territory did germany lose in the treaty of versailles
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Head Above Water (Avril Lavigne song)
Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) - Wikipedia Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) `` Head Above Water '' Single by Avril Lavigne from the album Head Above Water Released September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 40 Label BMG Songwriter ( s ) Avril Lavigne Stephan Moccio Travis Clark Producer ( s ) Stephan Moccio Avril Lavigne singles chronology `` Fly '' ( 2015 ) `` Head Above Water '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Head Above Water '' on YouTube `` Head Above Water '' is a song by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne from her upcoming sixth studio album , Head Above Water ( 2018 ) . It was written by Lavigne , Stephan Moccio , and Travis Clark ; while being produced by Moccio . It was released as the lead single from the album on September 19 , 2018 , by BMG . It is Lavigne 's first single as a lead artist since `` Fly '' , released in April 2015 . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Release history 9 References Background and release ( edit ) Those were the worst years of my life as I went through both physical and emotional battles . I was able to turn that fight into music I 'm really proud of . I wrote songs in my bed and on the couch and recorded there mostly as well . Words and lyrics that were so true to my experience came pouring out of me effortlessly -- Lavigne on releasing `` Head Above Water '' as lead single . After more than a year from the release of the last single from her fifth studio album , on December 25 , 2016 , Lavigne announced via her Instagram account that she was working on new music for her upcoming sixth studio album . On August 18 , 2018 , Lavigne posted on Instagram that new music is coming in September. ( 4 ) At the end of August , the song `` Head Above Water '' was registered ( 3 ) and Lavigne deleted almost all her pictures on Instagram. ( 5 ) On September 1 , Lavigne shared a picture of her underwater via her social media. ( 6 ) Several people reported that the image was related to the song `` Head Above Water '' . On September 6 , Lavigne posted a lengthy letter to her fans on her website detailing her struggle in the past few years and how she overcame it , this also included a release date for `` Head Above Water ''. ( 2 ) She wrote on the letter about the song `` I had accepted death and could feel my body shutting down . I felt like I was drowning . Like I was going under water and I just needed to come up for air . Like I was in a river being pulled in a current . Unable to breathe . Praying to God for Him to help me just keep my head above the water . To help me see through the stormy weather . '' ( 2 ) Lavigne shared a 30 - second - snippet of the song on September 13 , 2018. ( 7 ) The song was officially released on YouTube and worldwide streaming services on September 19 , 2018. ( 8 ) ( 9 ) Composition ( edit ) `` Head Above Water '' is backed by steady - building mix of piano , strings , synths and thunderous drums . Lavigne describes it as a `` spiritual experience . '' Musically the song is in the key of F major and shifts between 2 / 4 and 4 / 4 time signatures . Critical reception ( edit ) Marina Pedrosa of Billboard wrote that `` Head Above Water '' `` is a powerful , spiritual epiphany detailing the Canadian singer 's journey through her battle with Lyme disease . '' Robin Murray of Clash complimented the track 's production and deemed it `` ( a ) highly personal note '' . Murray described the song 's lyrics and production in detail : `` Now , we 've never been 100 % behind Avril Lavigne 's music , but we ca n't help but be touched by the way she 's approached what must be an enormously challenging situation . '' Writing for Spin , Anna Gaca described the track as `` dramatic piano ballad of resilience '' . Madeline Roth of MTV Canada named `` Head Above Water '' an `` emotionally charged comeback '' . Roth was impressed with the fact that song was n't `` just metaphorical '' , because `` it documents a culminating moment in Lavigne 's years - long struggle with Lyme disease '' . Katherine Gillespie from Paper wrote that `` Head Above Water '' is `` heavy piano ballad about just that : trying to stay alive . '' Lindsay Elizabeth of Faithwire gave the song a positive review , called the song a `` powerful worship ballad '' . Elizabeth further praised that `` Lavigne details her relationship with God , and how He saved her when she thought she was at the end of her life . '' Michael Foust of Christian Headlines described the song as `` God - centric song '' that even could be labeled `` praise and worship '' , while Jody Rosen of Jezebel considered the song 's nature as `` dramatic Christian rock vibes '' and comparing it to Rachel Platten 's 2015 single `` Fight Song ''. The song picked # 1 in 23 countries at iTunes Worldwide . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Head Above Water '' was filmed in Iceland ( Vík í Mýrdal ) and directed by Elliott Lester and it was released on September 27 , 2018 , on Lavigne 's 34th birthday . The music video ends with an important message to join Lavigne 's fight against Lyme disease by joining her namesake foundation , which supports Lyme disease prevention , treatment , and research . Live performances ( edit ) Lavigne gave the first televised performance of the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 26 , 2018 . On October 15 , Lavigne released a new live performance of the song on Honda Stage in her YouTube channel from a partnership between iHeart Radio and Honda . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from Tidal . Avril Lavigne -- main vocals Stephan Moccio -- producer , vocal production , piano , keyboards , background vocals Kylen Deporter -- record engineering assistance , background vocals Chad Kroeger -- vocal production Chris Baseford -- vocal production , record engineering , drum programming Jay Paul Bicknell -- additional production , record engineering , drum programming John Hanes -- record engineering Aaron Sterling -- drums , additional record engineering Serban Ghenea -- mixing engineering Jonathan Martin Berry -- guitar Paul Bushnell -- bass guitar Kevin Fox -- cello Vanessa Freebairn - Smith -- cello Will Quinnell -- mastering Chris Gehringer -- mastering engineering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 16 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 42 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 23 Croatia ( HRT ) 82 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 93 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 58 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Greece Digital Songs ( IFPI Greece ) 95 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 93 Italy ( FIMI ) 97 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 42 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 14 New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 21 Singapore ( RIAS ) 12 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 94 Spain Physical / Digital Songs ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 84 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Christian Airplay ( Billboard ) 47 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various September 19 , 2018 Digital download BMG Italy September 21 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio United States October 8 , 2018 Hot adult contemporary radio Christian radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Says the Night She ' Accepted ' She Was Dying Inspired Her New Album '' . Entertainment Tonight . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With Powerful Pop / Rock Ballad `` Head Above Water '' `` . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne announces highly - anticipated new single ' Head Above Water ' in letter to fans '' . BMG . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam . `` Listen to Avril Lavigne 's battling new single ' Head Above Water ' '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After 5 Years , Avril Lavigne Is Back '' . Vogue . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavigne , Avril . `` Avril Lavigne `` Head Above Water '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Makes Powerful Comeback With Emotional Single ' Head Above Water ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin . `` Listen : Avril Lavigne - ' Head Above Water ' '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna . `` Avril Lavigne -- `` Head Above Water '' `` . Spin . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` Avril lavigne makes an emotionally charged comeback with ' head above water ' '' . MTV Canada . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Katherine . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With an Angsty Piano Ballad '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Lindsay . `` Avril Lavigne Releases First Song in Five Years -- And It 's a Worship Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foust , Michael . `` Avril Lavigne Cries Out to God in Emotional , Chart - Topping Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Avril Lavigne Returns , and Lana Del Rey 's ' Venice Bitch ' Is the Soundtrack to a Sun - Soaked Drive '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade . `` Avril Lavigne goes to Iceland in ' Head Above Water ' music video '' . UPI.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Shares Silly Behind - The - Scenes Clips From Set of New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne on Twitter '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Performs Emotional ' Head Above Water ' for First Time on ' Kimmel ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Gives Intimate Performance Of ' Head Above Water ' For iHeartRadio Honda Stage Series '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Head Above Water / Avril Lavigne '' . Tidal . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 492 '' . auspOp . September 29 , 2018 . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Telecharges -- Classement 2018 de la semaine 39 '' . SNEP . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Chart ( International ) Εβδομάδα : 42 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . October 3 , 2018 . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Avril Lavigne '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIM CHARTS Top 20 Most Streamed International '' ( PDF ) . ( RIM ) . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Hot Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIAS Top 30 International Streaming Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( RIAS ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain Digital & Physical Songs Sales '' . spanishcharts.com . September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Christian Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AVRIL LAVIGNE `` Head Above Water '' ( Radio Date : 21 / 09 / 2018 ) `` . radiodate.it . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Head Above water - Daily Play MPE ® '' . Daily Play MPE ® . October 5 , 2018 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Head Above Water `` Head Above Water '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_Above_Water_(Avril_Lavigne_song)&oldid=866504618 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs 2010s ballads Avril Lavigne songs Pop ballads Pop rock songs Songs written by Avril Lavigne Songs written by Stephan Moccio Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardchristianairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was avril lavigne's head above water video filmed
[ "The music video for \"Head Above Water\" was filmed in Iceland (Vík í Mýrdal) and directed by Elliott Lester[15][16] and it was released on September 27, 2018, on Lavigne's 34th birthday.[17] The music video ends with an important message to join Lavigne's fight against Lyme disease by joining her namesake foundation, which supports Lyme disease prevention, treatment, and research.\n" ]
[ "Iceland" ]
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Only the Brave (2017 film)
Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 American film . For other uses , see Only the Brave . Only the Brave Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Kosinski Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Thad Luckinbill Trent Luckinbill Michael Menchel Dawn Ostroff Molly Smith Jeremy Steckler Written by Ken Nolan Eric Warren Singer Based on GQ article No Exit by Sean Flynn Starring Josh Brolin Miles Teller Jeff Bridges James Badge Dale Taylor Kitsch Jennifer Connelly Music by Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Claudio Miranda Edited by Billy Fox Production company Black Label Media Di Bonaventura Pictures Condé Nast Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $38 million Box office $22.5 million Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer , based on the GQ article `` No Exit '' by Sean Flynn . The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots , an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013 , and is dedicated in their memory . It features an ensemble cast , including Josh Brolin , Miles Teller , Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch , James Badge Dale , Jennifer Connelly , Alex Russell , and Ben Hardy . Principal photography began in June 2016 in New Mexico . Only the Brave was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 20 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics , with praise aimed at the cast and the film 's touching tribute to its subjects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 The Granite Mountain Hotshots 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) A drama based on the elite crew of firefighters battling the Yarnell Hill Fire , a wildfire in Yarnell , Arizona in June 2013 . Cast ( edit ) The Granite Mountain Hotshots ( edit ) Josh Brolin as Eric `` Supe '' Marsh , Amanda 's husband Miles Teller as Brendan `` Donut '' McDonough James Badge Dale as Jesse Steed Alex Russell as Andrew Ashcraft Scott Foxx as Travis Carter Dylan Kenin as Robert Caldwell Ryan Busch as Dustin DeFord Sam Quinn as Grant McKee Taylor Kitsch as Chris MacKenzie Kenny Miller as Sean Misner Thad Luckinbill as Scott Norris Ben Hardy as Wade Parker Nicholas Jenks as John Percin , Jr . Jake Picking as Anthony `` Baby - G '' Rose Matthew Van Wettering as Joe Thurston Geoff Stults as Travis Turbyfill Ryan Jason Cook as William Warneke Scott Haze as Clayton Whitted Michael McNulty as Kevin Woyjeck Brandon Bunch as Garret Zuppiger Others ( edit ) Jennifer Connelly as Amanda Marsh , Eric 's wife Jeff Bridges as Duane Steinbrink , Marvel 's husband Andie MacDowell as Marvel Steinbrink , Duane 's wife Natalie Hall as Natalie Johnson Rachel Singer as Mrs. McDonough , Brendan 's mother Brytnee Ratledge as Juliann Ashcraft Pell James as Claire Caldwell Jenny Gabrielle as Desiree Steed Barbie Robertson as Marsena Thurston Jade Kammerman as Stephanie Turbyfill Production ( edit ) On March 1 , 2016 , Josh Brolin and Miles Teller joined the cast of the film . Jeff Bridges and Taylor Kitsch also joined the cast . Principal photography on the film began on June 13 , 2016 , in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos . Music ( edit ) Joseph Trapanese composed the film 's score . Dierks Bentley released a single called `` Hold The Light '' , featuring S. Carey . The single and the music video was released on October 6 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Only the Brave , originally titled Granite Mountain , was originally scheduled to be released on October 20 , 2017 , by Sony Pictures . Before that the film was set a release date for September 22 , 2017 , but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the distribution rights change to Sony . Lionsgate will retain international rights in select countries for the film . The trailer came out on July 19 , and the film was retitled Only the Brave . Box Office ( edit ) As of December 17 , 2017 , Only the Brave has grossed $18 million in the United States and Canada , and $4.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $22.4 million , against a production budget of $38 million . In the United States and Canada , Only the Brave was released alongside Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , The Snowman and Geostorm , and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,575 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $305,000 from Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day . It ended up debuting to $6 million , finishing 5th at the box office . In its second week the film dropped 42.5 % to $3.4 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 89 % based on 131 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Only the Brave 's impressive veteran cast and affecting fact - based story add up to a no - frills drama that 's just as stolidly powerful as the real - life heroes it honors . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Bilge Ebiri of Village Voice wrote , `` Only the Brave is a visually splendid , spellbinding , and surreal movie that also happens to be an emotionally shattering , over-the - top ugly - cry for the ages . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` an engaging account of a tragic real - life story . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying : `` The blending of practical effects and CGI is impressive , and we come to understand the risks these men are taking , but some of the techniques and approaches they take remain a mystery , up to and through the climactic fire . Not that we need a manual to understand these men were working - class , everyday heroes . '' Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment , also praised the film , saying , `` Only the Brave is without question the best firefighter film since Backdraft and one that pays tribute to the brave men that sacrificed their own lives to protect thousands of others . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charliedavid Page ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` SWITCH . Film review : Only The Brave - True story of tragedy handled with respect and authenticity '' . SWITCH . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sicario ' Sequel , ' Granite Mountain ' Move From Lionsgate to Sony '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only The Brave ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Only the Brave Is a Powerful Tribute '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Brolin and Miles Teller to Star in Firefighter Action Movie ' No Exit ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch Join Josh Brolin - Miles Teller Firefighter Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Higdon , Marissa ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` '' Granite Mountain '' starring Josh Brolin tells the story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots - Albuquerque Business First `` . Albuquerque Business First . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Granite Mountain , ' movie version of fallen Yarnell firefighters ' story , to begin production '' . AZCentral . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Granite Mountain '' to Film in New Mexico `` . krwg.org . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley ft . S. Carey Hold The Light ( From `` Only The Brave '' Soundtrack ) ( Official Video ) `` . Vevo . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Dates ' Granite Mountain ' , ' Wonder ' & ' How To Be A Latin Lover ' For 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' : First Trailer Has Josh Brolin Leading an Elite Team of Firefighters '' . Collider . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Boo 2 ! ' To Shut Down Expensive ' Geostorm ' In Crowded Weekend -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Horror Has Few Scares At B.O. As ' Jigsaw ' Dulls To $16 M+ , ' Suburbicon ' Condemned With D - CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Only the Brave '' Is One Big , Manly , Beautiful Ugly - Cry `` . Village Voice . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only the Brave ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' lays out the humanity of its firefighting heroes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only The Brave ' Review : Bravery Done Right '' . We Live Entertainment . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Only the Brave on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) Oblivion ( 2013 ) Only the Brave ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_the_Brave_(2017_film)&oldid=816077014 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s drama films American films American drama films Films set in 2013 Films set in Arizona Films about firefighting Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
is the movie brave based on a true story
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Red tape
Red tape - wikipedia Red tape Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the idiom referring to excessive bureaucratic regulation . For other uses , see Red tape ( disambiguation ) . American Civil War `` Red Tape '' binding redeemed Confederate States of America bond coupons Red tape is an idiom that refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision - making . It is usually applied to governments , corporations , and other large organizations . One definition is the `` collection or sequence of forms and procedures required to gain bureaucratic approval for something , especially when oppressively complex and time - consuming '' . Another definition is the `` bureaucratic practice of hair splitting or foot dragging , blamed by its practitioners on the system that forces them to follow prescribed procedures to the letter '' . Things often described as `` red tape '' include filling out paperwork , obtaining licenses , having multiple people or committees approve a decision and various low - level rules that make conducting one 's affairs slower , more difficult , or both . Red tape can also include `` filing and certification requirements , reporting , investigation , inspection and enforcement practices , and procedures '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Red tape reduction 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Origins ( edit ) Bundle of US pension documents from 1906 bound in red tape The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards one or more specific regions . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The origin of the term is somewhat obscure , but it is first noted in historical records in the 16th century , when Henry VIII besieged Pope Clement VII with around eighty or so petitions for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . A photo of the petitions from Cardinal Wolsey and others , now stored in the Vatican archives , can be seen on page 160 of Saints and Sinners : A History of The Popes , by Eamon Duffy ( published by Yale University Press in 1997 ) . The documents can be viewed rolled and stacked in their original condition , each one sealed and bound with the obligatory red tape , as was the custom . It is generally believed that the term originated with the Spanish administration of Charles V , King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor , in the early 16th century , who started to use red tape in an effort to modernize the administration that was running his vast empire . The red tape was used to bind the most important administrative dossiers that required immediate discussion by the Council of State , and separate them from issues that were treated in an ordinary administrative way , which were bound with ordinary string . Most of the red tapes arriving at the Council of State were manufactured in the city of ' s - Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands , because most of the important dossiers came from the Low Countries ( present - day Belgium , Netherlands and Luxembourg which at that time also belonged to the Spanish Habsburg dynasty ) and the Holy Roman Empire ( mainly present - day Germany ) . The Spanish name for red tape `` balduque '' was derived from the Spanish translation of the city of ' s - Hertogenbosch French name Bois - le - Duc , which is `` Bolduque '' . Although they were not governing such a vast territory as Charles V , this practice of using red tape to separate the important dossiers that had to be discussed , was quickly copied by the other modern European monarchs to speed up their administrative machines . In this age of civil servants using computers and information technology , a legacy from the administration of the Spanish Empire can still be observed where some parts of the higher levels of the Spanish administration continue the tradition of using red tape to bind important dossiers that need to be discussed and to keep them bound in red tape when the dossier is closed . This is , for example , the case for the Spanish Council of State , the supreme consultative council of the Spanish Government . In contrast , the lower Spanish courts use ordinary twine to bundle documents as their cases are not supposed to be heard at higher levels . The Spanish Government plans to phase out the use of paper and abandon the practice of using twine . The tradition continued through to the 17th and 18th century . Charles Dickens , in David Copperfield wrote , `` Britannia , that unfortunate female , is always before me , like a trussed fowl : skewered through and through with office - pens , and bound hand and foot with red tape '' . The English practice of binding documents and official papers with red tape was popularized in Thomas Carlyle 's writings , protesting against official inertia with expressions like `` Little other than a red tape Talking - machine , and unhappy Bag of Parliamentary Eloquence '' . To this day , most defense barristers ' briefs , and those from private clients , are tied in a pink - coloured ribbon known as `` pink tape '' or `` legal tape '' . Even in modern times , Spanish bureaucracy is notorious for unusually extreme levels of red tape ( in the figurative sense ) . As of 2013 , the World Bank ranked Spain 136 out of 185 countries for ease of starting a business , which took on average 10 procedures and 28 days . Similar issues persist throughout Latin America . As of 2009 in Mexico , it took six months and a dozen visits to government agencies to obtain a permit to paint a house , and to obtain a monthly prescription for gamma globulin for X-linked agammaglobulinemia , a patient had to obtain signatures from two government doctors and stamps from four separate bureaucrats before presenting the prescription to a dispensary . Red tape Reduction ( edit ) The `` cutting of red tape '' - meaning a reduction of bureaucratic obstacles to action . Business representatives often claim red tape is a barrier to business , particularly small business . In Canada , the Canadian Federation of Independent Business has done extensive research into the impact of red tape on small businesses . The European Commission has a competition that offers an award for the `` Best Idea for Red Tape Reduction '' . The competition is `` aimed at identifying innovative suggestions for reducing unnecessary bureaucracy stemming from European law '' . In 2008 , the European Commission held a conference entitled ' Cutting Red Tape for Europe ' . The goal of the conference was `` reducing red tape and overbearing bureaucracy , '' in order to help `` business people and entrepreneurs improve competitiveness '' . In the UK , the ruling Conservative Party is actively reducing red tape with a joint team working across a newly ( 2016 ) formed ministry , the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Cabinet Office . It follows on from the Red Tape Challenge that ran from 2011 to 2014 under the Conservative - Lib Dem Coalition of 2010 - 2015 . At its launch , then - Prime Minister David Cameron spoke of his intention to limit and reduce the 21,000 statutory rules and regulations in force at the time . By the end of the 3 - year initiative , 2,400 regulations had been scrapped , representing over 10 % of the total . In all , it was estimated that businesses would be £ 40m a year better off as a result . Another key change as a result of this initiative was ' Businesses with good records have had fire safety inspections reduced from 6 hours to 45 minutes , with the intention of allowing managers to quickly get back to their day job ' , something that was highlighted following the Grenfell Tower tragedy , with some suggesting that the extend of fire spread would 've been limited prior to the change . See also ( edit ) Busy work Instruction creep Micromanagement Paperwork Reduction Act Paternalism Prig Purple crocodile Sir Humphrey Appleby Typical intellectual engagement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` red tape : Definition from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What is red tape ? definition and meaning '' . Businessdictionary.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Red Tape Reduction Initiative Business '' . Gov.nl.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Del ( 2015 ) . The People 's Government : An Introduction to Democracy . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 176 . ISBN 9781107043879 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ p. 1152 , Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable , 17th Edition ; Revised by J Ayto , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Graff , Marie Louise ( 2009 ) . CultureShock ! Spain ( 6th ed . ) . Tarrytown , NY : Marshall Cavendish . p. 57 . ISBN 9789814435949 . Jump up ^ Buck , Tobias ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Spain hopes new law to cut red tape will attract entrepreneurs '' . Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jose Luis Guasch ; Benjamin Herzberg ( 2008 ) . `` Increasing Competitiveness Through Regulatory and Investment Climate Improvements in Latin America ; the Case of Mexico '' . In Haar , Jerry ; Price , John . Can Latin America Compete ? Confronting the Challenges of Globalization . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 255 . ISBN 9781403975430 . Jump up ^ Ellingwood , Ken ( 2 January 2009 ) . `` No stamp of approval for Mexico bureaucrats '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Elizabeth ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` For Redress of Grievances , Mexicans Turn to Bureaucracy Contest '' . New York Times . New York Times Company . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` cfib.ca '' . cfib.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Red Tape Report '' . Cfib-fcei.ca . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ European Commission ^ Jump up to : `` Cutting Red Tape home page '' . Cutting Red Tape . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` < ? bloginfo ( ' name ' ) ? > - Home '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Tape Challenge - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Business - friendly enforcement saves firms over £ 40 million - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Letters ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower shows that poor tenants can not rely on armchair auditors to protect them '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Grenfell inquiry will be a stitch - up . Here 's why '' . 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` London Building Act ' would have averted Grenfell disaster ' '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scrapped fire safety laws ' burdened ' builders -- official report '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Barry Bozeman ( 2000 ) Bureaucracy and Red Tape Prentice - Hall Publishing . OECD ( 2006 ) ' Cutting red tape ; national strategies for administrative simplification ' OECD Editions , Paris . External links ( edit ) Red Tape Reduction Commission ( Canada ) Shortage of skilled workers knocks red tape off top of business constraints league table - Grant Thornton IBR Red Tape Rising : Obama 's Torrent of New Regulation -- Heritage Foundation , Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&oldid=800104573 '' Categories : Slang Organizational theory Public choice theory Metaphors referring to objects Bureaucratic organization Waste of resources Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2012 Articles with disproportional geographic scope from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States . The number of associate justices is determined by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869 . Like the chief justice , associate justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote . This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution , which states that the president `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court . '' Although the Constitution refers to them as `` Judges of the Supreme Court '' , the title actually used is `` Associate Justice '' , introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789 . Associate justices were traditionally styled `` Mr. Justice '' in court opinions , but the title was shortened to `` Justice '' in 1980 , a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice . Article III of the Constitution specifies that associate justices , and all other United States federal judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once confirmed , a justice 's tenure of office ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it ; the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any other justice . However , in drafting opinions , the chief justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion . Otherwise , the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision . Furthermore , the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices . The chief justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ( $255,500 per year , as opposed to $244,400 per year for each associate justice ) . Associate justices have seniority by order of appointment , although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior . If two justices are appointed on the same day , the older is designated the senior justice of the two . Currently , the senior associate justice is Anthony Kennedy . By tradition , when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court , the justices state their views in order of seniority . The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justices 's duties when he is unable to , or if that office is vacant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current associate justices 2 Retired associate justices 3 List of associate justices 3.1 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Current associate justices ( edit ) Currently , there are eight associate justices on the Court . The justices , ordered by seniority , are : Anthony Kennedy ( 1936 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Clarence Thomas ( 1948 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( 1933 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Stephen Breyer ( 1938 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Samuel Alito ( 1950 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Sonia Sotomayor ( 1954 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Elena Kagan ( 1960 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Neil Gorsuch ( 1967 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Retired associate justices ( edit ) An associate justice who leaves the Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 371 ) may retire in senior status rather than resign . After retirement , they keep their title , and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building , and employ law clerks . The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions . Federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 294 ) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve -- if designated and assigned by the chief justice -- on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals , or on the U.S. district courts . Retired justices are not , however , authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court ( unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted do so in their former courts ) ; neither are they known or designated as a `` senior judge '' . When , after his retirement , William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary , maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status , he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court . Currently , there are three living retired associate justices : Sandra Day O'Connor , retired January 31 , 2006 ; David Souter , retired June 29 , 2009 ; and John Paul Stevens , retired June 29 , 2010 . Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits . Stevens has not performed any judicial duties . List of associate justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 101 persons have served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : Associate Justice Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Appointed by Prior position John Rutledge ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 001 ! September 26 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) George Washington 1st Governor of South Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) William Cushing ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 002 ! September 27 , 1789 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court ( 1777 -- 1789 ) James Wilson ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 003 ! September 29 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) Delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) John Blair ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 004 ! September 30 , 1789 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses ( 1766 -- 1770 ) 5 James Iredell ( new seat ) February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 005 ! May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 2nd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) 6 Thomas Johnson J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 006 ! August 5 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 1st Governor of Maryland ( 1777 -- 1779 ) 7 William Paterson T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 007 ! March 4 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 2nd Governor of New Jersey ( 1790 -- 1793 ) 8 Samuel Chase Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 008 ! January 27 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court ( 1791 -- 1796 ) 9 Bushrod Washington Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 009 ! December 20 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) John Adams Delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention ( 1788 ) 10 Alfred Moore Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 010 ! December 10 , 1799 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 3rd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1782 -- 1791 ) 11 William Johnson Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 011 ! May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) Thomas Jefferson Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives ( 1798 -- 1800 ) 12 Henry Brockholst Livingston Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 012 ! January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1802 -- 1807 ) 13 Thomas Todd ( new seat ) March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 013 ! March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals ( 1806 -- 1807 ) 14 Gabriel Duvall Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 014 ! November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) James Madison U.S. Representative for Maryland 's 2nd district ( 1794 -- 1796 ) 15 Joseph Story Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 015 ! February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Massachusetts 's 2nd district ( 1808 -- 1809 ) 16 Smith Thompson Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 016 ! September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) James Monroe 6th United States Secretary of the Navy ( 1819 -- 1823 ) 17 Robert Trimble Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 017 ! May 9 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) John Quincy Adams Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 18 John McLean Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 018 ! March 7 , 1829 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) Andrew Jackson 6th United States Postmaster General ( 1823 -- 1829 ) 19 Henry Baldwin Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 019 ! January 6 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 14th district ( 1817 -- 1822 ) 20 James Moore Wayne W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 020 ! January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Georgia 's at - large district ( 1829 -- 1835 ) 21 Philip Pendleton Barbour Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 021 ! March 15 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1830 -- 1836 ) 22 John Catron ( new seat ) March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 022 ! March 8 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals ( 1824 -- 1834 ) 23 John McKinley ( new seat ) September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 023 ! April 22 , 1837 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) Martin Van Buren United States Senator from Alabama ( 1826 -- 1831 , 1837 ) 24 Peter Vivian Daniel Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 024 ! March 3 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 25 Samuel Nelson Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 025 ! February 14 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) John Tyler Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1831 -- 1845 ) 26 Levi Woodbury Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 026 ! September 20 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) James K. Polk 13th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1834 -- 1841 ) 27 Robert Cooper Grier Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 027 ! August 4 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) Judge for the Pennsylvania state District Court for Allegheny County ( 1833 -- 1846 ) 28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 028 ! September 22 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) Millard Fillmore Massachusetts State Representative 29 John Archibald Campbell McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 029 ! March 23 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) Franklin Pierce Alabama State Representative 30 Nathan Clifford Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 030 ! January 12 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) James Buchanan 19th United States Attorney General ( 1846 -- 1848 ) 31 Noah Haynes Swayne McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 031 ! January 24 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) Abraham Lincoln U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio ( 1830 -- 1834 ) 32 Samuel Freeman Miller Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 032 ! July 16 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 33 David Davis Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 033 ! October 17 , 1862 -- March 3 , 1877 ( Resigned ) Judge of the Illinois 3rd Circuit Court ( 1848 -- 1862 ) 34 Stephen Johnson Field ( new seat ) March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 034 ! March 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 5th Chief Justice of California ( 1859 -- 1863 ) 35 William Strong Grier February 18 , 1870 035 ! February 18 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 9th district ( 1847 -- 1851 ) 36 Joseph Philo Bradley ( new seat ) March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 036 ! March 21 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 37 Ward Hunt Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 037 ! December 11 , 1872 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1868 -- 1872 ) 38 John Marshall Harlan Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 038 ! November 29 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) Rutherford B. Hayes 14th Attorney General of Kentucky ( 1863 -- 1867 ) 39 William Burnham Woods Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 039 ! December 21 , 1880 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( 1869 -- 1880 ) 40 Stanley Matthews Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 040 ! May 12 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) James Garfield United States Senator from Ohio ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 41 Horace Gray Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 041 ! December 20 , 1881 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) Chester A. Arthur Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1873 -- 1881 ) 42 Samuel Blatchford Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 042 ! March 22 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1878 -- 1882 ) 43 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 043 ! January 16 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) Grover Cleveland 16th United States Secretary of the Interior ( 1885 -- 1888 ) 44 David Josiah Brewer Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 044 ! December 18 , 1889 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) Benjamin Harrison Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1884 -- 1889 ) 45 Henry Billings Brown Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 045 ! December 29 , 1890 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ( 1875 -- 1890 ) 46 George Shiras Jr . Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 046 ! July 26 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice 47 Howell Edmunds Jackson L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 047 ! February 18 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1891 -- 1893 ) 48 Edward Douglass White Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 048 ! February 19 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) Grover Cleveland United States Senator from Louisiana ( 1891 -- 1894 ) 49 Rufus Wheeler Peckham H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 049 ! December 9 , 1895 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals 50 Joseph McKenna Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 050 ! January 21 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) William McKinley 42nd United States Attorney General ( 1897 -- 1898 ) 51 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 051 ! December 4 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) Theodore Roosevelt Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 52 William R. Day Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 052 ! February 23 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1899 -- 1903 ) 53 William Henry Moody Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 053 ! December 12 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 45th United States Attorney General ( 1904 -- 1906 ) 54 Horace Harmon Lurton Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 054 ! December 20 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) William Howard Taft Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1893 -- 1909 ) 55 Charles Evans Hughes Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 055 ! October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 36th Governor of New York ( 1907 -- 1910 ) 56 Willis Van Devanter E. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 056 ! December 16 , 1910 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1903 -- ` 1910 ) 57 Joseph Rucker Lamar Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 057 ! December 17 , 1910 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia ( 1901 -- 1905 ) 58 Mahlon Pitney J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 058 ! March 13 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) U.S. Representative for New Jersey 's 4th district ( 1895 -- 1899 ) 59 James Clark McReynolds Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 059 ! August 29 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) Woodrow Wilson 48th United States Attorney General ( 1913 -- 1914 ) 60 Louis Brandeis J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 060 ! June 1 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice : Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter 61 John Hessin Clarke Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 061 ! July 24 , 1916 -- September 5 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio ( 1914 -- 1916 ) 62 George Sutherland Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 062 ! September 5 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) Warren G. Harding United States Senator from Utah ( 1905 -- 1917 ) 63 Pierce Butler Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 063 ! December 21 , 1922 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) President of the Minnesota State Bar Association 64 Edward Terry Sanford Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 064 ! January 29 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee ( 1908 -- 1923 ) 65 Harlan F. Stone McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 065 ! February 5 , 1925 -- July 3 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) Calvin Coolidge 52nd United States Attorney General ( 1924 -- 1925 ) 66 Owen Josephus Roberts Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 066 ! May 20 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) Herbert Hoover Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia 67 Benjamin N. Cardozo Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 067 ! March 2 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1927 -- 1932 ) 68 Hugo Black Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 068 ! August 18 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) Franklin D. Roosevelt United States Senator from Alabama ( 1927 -- 1937 ) 69 Stanley Forman Reed Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 069 ! January 27 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 22nd United States Solicitor General ( 1935 -- 1938 ) 70 Felix Frankfurter Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 070 ! January 20 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) Chairman of Harvard Law School 71 William O. Douglas Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 071 ! April 15 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 3rd Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( 1937 -- 1939 ) 72 Frank Murphy Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 072 ! January 18 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 56th United States Attorney General ( 1939 -- 1940 ) 73 James F. Byrnes McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 073 ! July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) United States Senator from South Carolina ( 1931 -- 1941 ) 74 Robert H. Jackson Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 074 ! July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 57th United States Attorney General ( 1940 -- 1941 ) 75 Wiley Blount Rutledge Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 075 ! February 11 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1939 -- 1943 ) 76 Harold Hitz Burton Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 076 ! September 22 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) Harry S. Truman United States Senator from Ohio ( 1944 -- 1945 ) 77 Tom C. Clark Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 077 ! August 19 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 59th United States Attorney General ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 78 Sherman Minton W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 078 ! October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1941 -- 1949 ) 79 John Marshall Harlan II R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 079 ! March 17 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) Dwight D. Eisenhower Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1954 -- 1955 ) 80 William J. Brennan Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 080 ! October 15 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 81 Charles Evans Whittaker Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 081 ! March 22 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1956 -- 1957 ) 82 Potter Stewart Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 082 ! October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 83 Byron White Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 083 ! April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) John F. Kennedy 4th United States Deputy Attorney General ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 84 Arthur Goldberg Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 084 ! September 28 , 1962 -- July 26 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 9th United States Secretary of Labor ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 85 Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 085 ! October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) Lyndon B. Johnson United States Under Secretary of the Interior 86 Thurgood Marshall Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 086 ! October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 32nd United States Solicitor General ( 1965 -- 1967 ) 87 Harry Blackmun Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 087 ! June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 88 Lewis Franklin Powell Jr . Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 088 ! January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) President of the American Bar Association ( 1964 -- 1965 ) 89 William Rehnquist J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 089 ! January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 90 John Paul Stevens Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 090 ! December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) Gerald Ford Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1970 -- 1975 ) 91 Sandra Day O'Connor Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 091 ! September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) Ronald Reagan Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 92 Antonin Scalia Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 092 ! September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 93 Anthony Kennedy Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 093 ! February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) 94 David Souter Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 094 ! October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) George H.W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 ) 95 Clarence Thomas Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 095 ! October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 096 ! August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent Bill Clinton Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) 97 Stephen Breyer Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 097 ! August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 98 Samuel Alito O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 098 ! January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) 99 Sonia Sotomayor Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 099 ! August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent Barack Obama Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 100 Elena Kagan Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 100 ! August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 45th Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 101 Neil Gorsuch Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 101 ! April 8 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government , or with a private corporation -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment . Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5 , 1791 , but was not sworn in until August 6 , 1792 . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted ( remained in office ) . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , February 13 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 . See also ( edit ) Associate Justice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1834 ) ( approved September 24 , 1789 ) . `` An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States '' . In Gales , Joseph , Sr . The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States ; With an Appendix , Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents and all the Laws of a Public Nature ; With a Copious Index . vol. 2 . Washington , DC : Gales and Seaton . p. 2239 ( 2239 -- 2255 ) -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( 2005 ) . Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice . New York : HarperCollins . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court justices : They do OK financially '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 3 Jump up ^ Woodward , Robert ; Armstrong , Scott ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 480 -- 488 , 526 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Justices '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klebanow , Diana & Jonas , Franklin L. ( 2003 ) . People 's Lawyers : Crusaders for Justice in American History . M.E. Sharpe . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0765606730 -- via Google Books . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Christensen , George A. ( 1983 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Gravesites of the Justices '' . Yearbook . Supreme Court Historical Society . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Christensen , George A. ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Revisited '' . Journal of Supreme Court History . University of Alabama . 33 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon & Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. & Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 9679 - 4 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name Members of the Supreme Court of the United States from the Court 's website . Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Order of precedence in the United States of America * The President The Vice President The Governor ( of the state in which the event is held ) The Speaker of the House The Chief Justice Former President Carter Former President GHW Bush Former President Clinton Former President GW Bush Former President Obama Ambassadors of the United States The Secretary of State The Associate Justices Retired Justice Stevens Retired Justice O'Connor Retired Justice Souter The President 's Cabinet The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Senate The Governors of the States ( by order of statehood ) Former Vice President Mondale Former Vice President Quayle Former Vice President Gore Former Vice President Cheney Former Vice President Biden The House of Representatives * not including acting officeholders , visiting dignitaries , auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=816043051 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States people United States federal judges Legal professions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who are the associate justices of the supreme court
[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(1936-07-23) July 23, 1936 (age 81)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClarence Thomas\n(1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 69)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933 (age 84)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Breyer\n(1938-08-15) August 15, 1938 (age 79)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Alito\n(1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 67)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 63)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElena Kagan\n(1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 57)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 50)\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Anthony Kennedy", "Clarence Thomas", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "Stephen Breyer", "Samuel Alito", "Sonia Sotomayor", "Elena Kagan", "Neil Gorsuch" ]
-7752810420650229972
Area codes 705 and 249
Area codes 705 and 249 - wikipedia Area codes 705 and 249 Jump to : navigation , search Area codes 705 and 249 are telephone area codes that cover most of northeastern and central Ontario in Canada . 705 was initially created in 1957 by the North American Numbering Plan ( NANPA ) from portions of the area covered by area codes 613 and 519 , and covered nearly all of Ontario north and west of the Golden Horseshoe . Area code 807 , covering northwestern Ontario , was split from area code 705 in early 1962 . Although 705 was not close to exhaustion at the time , creating a new area code was thought necessary in order to improve routing of calls from Manitoba and western Canada to northwestern Ontario . Greater routing efficiency has since been achieved with the implementation of highly computerized digital exchanges that were not available in the early 1960s . On March 19 , 2011 , area code 249 was added as an overlay code . Since this date , all calls require ten - digit dialing . Previously , CNAC had considered `` erasing '' the 807 - 705 boundary and turning 807 into an overlay for all of northern Ontario -- in effect , undoing the 1962 split . However , this was not recommended due to potential confusion . The incumbent local exchange carriers in 705 / 249 are Bell Canada , Northern Telephone , Bell Aliant ( Ontera ) , Eastlink , Nexicom , and some municipally - owned carriers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Communities included 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Communities included ( edit ) These are among the areas that use this area code ( as of 2016 ) with their corresponding phone exchanges : Alliston ( 249 ) - 221 , 501 , 900 ( 705 ) - 250 , 391 , 415 , 434 , 435 , 440 , 502 , 530 , 890 Angus ( 249 ) - 227 , ( 705 ) - 230 , 423 , 424 , 516 Bala ( 705 ) - 762 Barrie ( 249 ) - 251 , 315 , 359 , 535 , 595 , 877 , 888 , ( 705 ) - 220 , 229 , 241 , 252 , 279 , 300 , 302 , 305 , 309 , 315 , 321 , 331 , 333 , 393 , 401 , 408 , 417 , 481 , 500 , 503 , 623 , 627 , 712 , 715 , 716 , 717 , 718 , 719 , 720 , 721 , 722 , 725 , 726 , 727 , 728 , 730 , 733 , 734 , 735 , 737 , 739 , 770 , 780 , 790 , 791 , 792 , 794 , 795 , 796 , 797 , 798 , 800 , 812 , 814 , 816 , 817 , 818 , 828 , 881 , 896 , 903 , 915 , 970 , 984 , 985 , 986 , 993 , 999 Baysville ( 705 ) - 767 Beaverton ( 705 ) - 217 , 426 , 504 Blind River ( 705 ) - 356 , 576 Bobcaygeon ( 249 ) - 490 , ( 705 ) - 213 , 392 , 731 , 738 Bonfield ( 705 ) - 776 Bracebridge ( 249 ) - 218 , 502 , ( 705 ) - 204 , 205 , 394 , 637 , 640 , 641 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 706 , 708 , 801 , 952 Brechin ( 705 ) - 484 , 505 , 714 Bruce Mines ( 705 ) - 785 Burk 's Falls ( 705 ) - 382 Buckhorn ( 705 ) - 657 , 659 Callander ( 705 ) - 712 , 713 , 752 Campbellford ( 249 ) - 503 , ( 705 ) - 202 , 395 , 409 , 632 , 653 , 661 , 947 Chapleau ( 705 ) - 600 , 864 , 902 , 904 Cobalt ( 705 ) - 679 Cochrane ( 705 ) - 271 , 272 , 913 Collingwood ( 249 ) - 225 , 499 , ( 705 ) - 293 , 351 , 416 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 467 , 532 , 539 , 606 , 607 , 888 , 994 Cookstown ( 705 ) - 458 , 916 Creemore ( 705 ) - 466 Desbarats ( 705 ) - 782 Dorset ( 705 ) - 766 Dunsford ( 705 ) - 793 Dwight ( 705 ) - 635 Echo Bay ( 705 ) - 248 Elliot Lake ( 705 ) - 261 , 461 , 578 , 827 , 847 , 848 , 849 Elmvale ( 705 ) - 322 Englehart ( 705 ) - 544 Espanola ( 249 ) - 200 , 217 , 999 , ( 705 ) - 480 , 501 , 583 , 601 , 862 , 863 , 869 , 936 Fenelon Falls ( 249 ) - 998 , ( 705 ) - 215 , 886 , 887 Goulais River ( 705 ) - 649 Gravenhurst ( 705 ) - 687 , 703 , 710 Greater Sudbury ( 249 ) - 266 , 269 , 350 , 360 , 377 , 431 , 805 , 878 , ( 705 ) - 207 , 222 , 244 , 280 , 379 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 , 421 , 442 , 449 , 451 , 453 , 459 , 470 , 479 , 483 , 485 , 507 , 512 , 521 , 522 , 523 , 524 , 525 , 546 , 547 , 550 , 551 , 552 , 553 , 554 , 556 , 560 , 561 , 562 , 564 , 566 , 585 , 586 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 591 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 596 , 597 , 598 , 599 , 618 , 621 , 626 , 662 , 664 , 665 , 669 , 670 , 671 , 673 , 674 , 675 , 677 , 682 , 688 , 690 , 691 , 692 , 693 , 694 , 695 , 698 , 699 , 805 , 806 , 815 , 820 , 822 , 823 , 824 , 825 , 829 , 830 , 831 , 832 , 836 , 853 , 855 , 858 , 866 , 867 , 885 , 897 , 898 , 899 , 918 , 919 , 920 , 921 , 923 , 929 , 966 , 967 , 969 , 983 , 988 Haliburton ( 249 ) - 993 , ( 705 ) - 286 , 306 , 447 , 448 , 488 , 489 , 455 , 457 , 754 , 809 , 854 , 935 Hearst ( 705 ) - 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 219 , 222 , 280 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 Hastings ( 705 ) - 609 , 696 , 697 , 922 Hearst ( 705 ) - 362 , 372 , 960 Honey Harbour ( 705 ) - 756 , 906 Huntsville ( 249 ) - 700 , 704 , 995 , ( 705 ) - 224 , 349 , 380 , 388 , 535 , 571 , 704 , 783 , 784 , 787 , 788 , 789 , 825 , 909 , 990 Innisfil ( 705 ) - 290 , 291 , 294 , 431 , 436 , 456 , 458 , 615 , ( 905 ) - 775 , 778 Iroquois Falls ( 705 ) - 232 , 258 Iron Bridge ( 705 ) - 509 , 843 Kapuskasing ( 249 ) - 994 , ( 705 ) - 319 , 332 , 335 , 337 , 347 , 371 , 557 , 577 Kirkfield ( 705 ) - 438 Kirkland Lake ( 249 ) - 992 , ( 705 ) - 462 , 469 , 567 , 568 , 642 , 962 Lakefield ( 705 ) - 651 , 652 Latchford ( 705 ) - 676 Lefroy ( 705 ) - 456 Lindsay ( 249 ) - 332 , ( 705 ) - 212 , 307 , 308 , 320 , 324 , 328 , 340 , 341 , 344 , 464 , 701 , 702 , 821 , 878 , 879 , 880 , 928 , 934 , 982 Little Britain ( 705 ) - 786 Little Current ( 249 ) - 997 , ( 705 ) - 368 , 370 , 398 , 603 , 968 Massey ( 705 ) - 602 , 865 Mattawa ( 249 ) - 996 , ( 705 ) - 200 , 218 , 744 McKellar ( 705 ) - 389 Midland ( 249 ) - 301 492 , ( 705 ) - 209 , 245 , 427 , 433 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 540 , 543 , 937 , 956 Millbrook ( 705 ) - 932 Moose Factory ( 705 ) - 658 Moosonee ( 705 ) - 336 , 912 North Bay ( 249 ) - 328 , 352 , 358 , 362 ( 705 ) - 223 , 303 , 316 , 358 , 402 , 471 , 472 , 473 , 474 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 482 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 , 496 , 497 , 498 , 499 , 667 , 707 , 758 , 825 , 839 , 840 , 845 , 978 , 980 , 995 Orillia ( 249 ) - 385 , ( 705 ) - 238 , 242 , 259 , 298 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 329 , 330 , 345 , 350 , 413 , 418 , 558 , 619 , 826 , 907 , 955 Oro - Medonte ( 705 ) - 487 , 835 Parry Sound ( 249 ) - 219 , 701 , 988 , ( 705 ) - 203 , 346 , 378 , 746 , 751 , 771 , 773 , 774 , 901 , 938 , 996 Pefferlaw ( 249 ) - 204 , ( 705 ) - 318 , 437 , 513 Penetanguishene ( 705 ) - 549 , 614 Peterborough ( 249 ) - 357 , 494 , ( 705 ) - 201 , 243 , 270 , 292 , 295 , 296 , 304 , 312 , 313 , 400 , 403 , 486 , 536 , 559 , 612 , 616 , 639 , 651 , 652 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 659 , 660 , 700 , 740 , 741 , 742 , 743 , 745 , 748 , 749 , 750 , 755 , 760 , 761 , 768 , 772 , 775 , 799 , 802 , 808 , 813 , 837 , 838 , 868 , 872 , 874 , 875 , 876 , 877 , 891 , 917 , 926 , 927 , 930 , 931 , 933 , 939 , 940 , 944 , 954 , 957 , 974 , 977 , 979 , 991 Port Carling ( 705 ) - 765 Port Loring / Loring ( 705 ) - 757 Port McNicoll / Victoria Harbour ( 705 ) - 534 Powassan ( 705 ) - 724 Restoule ( 705 ) - 729 Rosseau ( 249 ) - 222 , ( 705 ) - 732 Sables - Spanish Rivers ( Massey ) ( 705 ) - 865 Sault Ste . Marie ( 249 ) - 252 , 356 , 493 , 525 , 889 , ( 705 ) - 206 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 260 , 297 , 420 , 450 , 541 , 542 , 574 , 575 , 759 , 777 , 779 , 908 , 910 , 941 , 942 , 943 , 945 , 946 , 949 , 963 , 971 , 975 , 987 , 989 , 992 , 998 Searchmont ( 705 ) - 781 Sebright ( 705 ) - 833 Severn Bridge ( 705 ) - 689 Smooth Rock Falls ( 705 ) - 314 , 338 South River ( 705 ) - 386 Spanish ( 705 ) - 844 St. Joseph Island ( 705 ) - 246 Stayner ( 249 ) - 220 , ( 705 ) - 428 , 430 , 517 Stroud ( 705 ) - 431 , 436 , 615 Sturgeon Falls ( 705 ) - 452 , 753 Sudbury - see Greater Sudbury above Sundridge ( 705 ) - 384 Timmins ( 249 ) - 351 , 361 ( 705 ) - 221 , 225 , 235 , 240 , 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 274 , 288 , 360 , 363 , 365 , 399 , 406 , 412 , 465 , 531 , 579 , 620 , 625 , 709 , 951 Temagami ( 705 ) - 569 Temiskaming Shores ( 249 ) - 991 , ( 705 ) - 407 , 425 , 469 , 570 , 572 , 622 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 631 , 647 , 648 , 672 , 680 , 948 Trout Creek ( 705 ) - 723 Udora ( 249 ) - 205 , ( 705 ) - 228 , 317 Wasaga Beach ( 705 ) - 352 , 422 , 429 , 617 Wawa ( 249 ) - 268 , ( 705 ) - 414 , 804 , 856 , 914 Premium calls : 1 + ( 249 / 705 ) - 976 . See also ( edit ) List of North American area codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Telecom Decision CRTC 2009 - 622 '' . Crtc.gc.ca. 2009 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ NPA 705 Relief Planning . Canadian Numbering Administration . 2009 - 07 - 28 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . External links ( edit ) CNA Exchange Codes list for 705 , 249 Area Code Map of Canada Ontario area codes : 226 / 519 / 548 , 249 / 705 , 289 / 365 / 905 , 343 / 613 , 416 / 437 / 647 , 807 North : 867 West : 807 , 906 Area codes 705 / 249 East : 613 / 343 , 819 / 873 South : 905 / 289 / 365 , 519 / 226 / 548 , 906 , 989 Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut area codes : 867 Quebec area codes : 418 / 581 , 438 / 514 , 450 / 579 , 819 Michigan area codes : 231 , 248 / 947 , 269 , 313 , 517 , 586 , 616 , 734 , 810 , 906 , 989 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_705_and_249&oldid=803532705 '' Categories : Area codes in Canada Communications in Ontario Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where is area code 705 in ontario canada
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Ishtar Gate
Ishtar gate - wikipedia Ishtar gate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin The Ishtar Gate ( Arabic : بوابة عشتار ‎ ) was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon . It was constructed in about 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city . It was excavated in the early 20th century and a reconstruction using original bricks , completed in 1930 , is now shown in the Pergamon Museum , Berlin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Ishtar Gate and Processional Way 4 Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II 5 Excavation and display 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned 604 - 562 B.C.E , the peak of the Neo-Babylonian Empire . He is known as the biblical conqueror who , after the capture of Jerusalem , deported Jews to Babylon . King Nebuchadnezzar II ordered the construction of the gate and dedicated it to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar . The gate was constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas - relief mušḫuššu ( dragons ) , aurochs ( bulls ) , and lions , symbolizing the gods Marduk , Adad , and Ishtar respectively . The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar , according to the dedication plaque . The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli , a deep - blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy . The blue glazed bricks would have given the façade a jewel - like shine . Through the gate ran the Processional Way , which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions , bulls , dragons and flowers on enamelled yellow and black glazed bricks , symbolizing the goddess Ishtar . The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses . These included Ishtar , Adad and Marduk . During celebrations of the New Year , statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way . The gate , being part of the Walls of Babylon , was considered one of the original Seven Wonders of the World . It was replaced on that list by the Lighthouse of Alexandria from the third century BC . Design ( edit ) The front of the gate has a low relief sculpted design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon . Marduk , the national deity and chief god , is depicted as a dragon with a snake - like head and tail , a scaled body of a lion , and powerful talons for back feet . Marduk was seen as the divine champion of good against evil and the incantations of the Babylonians often sought his protection . Close - up of an aurochs from the Ishtar Gate The second god shown in the pattern of reliefs on the Ishtar Gate is Adad ( also known as Ishkur ) , whose sacred animal was the aurochs , a now - extinct ancestor of cattle . Adad had power over destructive storms and beneficial rain . The design of the Ishtar gate also includes linear borders and patterns of rosettes , often seen as symbols of fertility . The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms . Each of the animal reliefs were also made from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable molds . Seams between the bricks were carefully planned not to occur on the eyes of the animals or any other aesthetically unacceptable places . The bricks were sun - dried and then fired once before glazing . The clay was brownish red in this bisque - fired state . The background glazes are mainly a vivid blue , which imitates the color of the highly - prized lapis lazuli . Gold and brown glazes are used for the animal images . The borders and rosettes are glazed in black , white , and gold . It is believed that the glaze recipe used plant ash , sandstone conglomerates , and pebbles for silicates . This combination was repeatedly melted , cooled , and then pulverized . This mixture of silica and fluxes is called a frit . Color - producing minerals , such as cobalt , were added in the final glaze formulations . This was then painted onto the bisque - fired bricks and fired to a higher temperature in a glaze firing . After the glaze firing , the bricks were assembled leaving narrow horizontal seams from one to six millimeters . The seams were then sealed with a naturally - occurring black viscous substance called bitumen , like modern asphalt . The Ishtar Gate is only one small part of the design of ancient Babylon that also included the palace , temples , an inner fortress , walls , gardens , other gates and the Processional Way . The lavish city was decorated with over 15 million baked bricks , according to estimates . Ishtar gate and Processional Way ( edit ) Model of the main procession street ( Aj - ibur - shapu ) towards Ishtar Gate Once per year the Ishtar Gate and connecting Processional Way were used for a New Year 's procession , which was part of a religious festival celebrating the beginning of the agricultural year . In Babylon , the rituals surrounding this holiday lasted twelve days . The New Year 's celebrations started immediately after the barley harvest , at the time of the vernal equinox . This was the first day of the ancient month of Nisan , equivalent to today 's date of March 20 or 21 . The Processional Way , which has been traced to a length of over half a mile , extended north from the Ishtar Gate and was designed with brick relief images of lions , the symbol of the goddess Ishtar ( also known as Inanna ) . Worshipped as the Mistress of Heaven , Ishtar represented the power of sexual attraction and was thought to be savage and determined . Symbolized by the star and her sacred animal the lion , she was also the goddess of war and the protector of ruling dynasties and their armies . The idea of protection of the city is further incorporated into this gateway design by the use of crenelated buttresses along both sides to this entrance into the city . Friezes with sixty ferocious lions representing Ishtar decorated each side of the Processional Way , designed with variations in the color of the fur and the manes . On the east side , they had a left foot forward and on the west side , they had the right foot forward . Each lion was made of forty - six molded bricks in eleven rows . The purpose of the New Year 's holiday was to affirm the supremacy of Marduk and his representative on earth , the king , and to offer thanks for the fertility of the land . Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II ( edit ) The cuneiform inscription of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin . The inscription of the Ishtar Gate is written in Akkadian cuneiform in white - glazed and blue glazed bricks , and was a dedication by Nebuchadnezzar to explain the gate 's purpose . On the wall of the Ishtar Gate the inscription is 15 meters tall by 10 meters wide and includes 60 lines of writing . The inscription was created around the same time as the gates construction , around 605 - 562 BCE . Inscription : Nebuchadnezzar , King of Babylon , the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk , the highest priestly prince , beloved of Nabu , of prudent deliberation , who has learnt to embrace wisdom , who fathomed Their ( Marduk and Nabu ) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty , the untiring Governor , who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa , the wise , the humble , the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida , the first born son of Nabopolassar , the King of Babylon , am I . Both gate entrances of the ( city walls ) Imgur - Ellil and Nemetti - Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower . ( Therefore , ) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted . I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them . I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings . I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder . I let the temple of Esiskursiskur , the highest festival house of Marduk , the lord of the gods , a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities , be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks . Excavation and display ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An aurochs above a flower ribbon ; missing tiles are replaced A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way was built at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldewey and finished in the 1930s . It includes the inscription plaque . It stands 14 m ( 46 ft ) high and 30 m ( 100 ft ) wide . The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914 , and , during that time , 14 m ( 45 ft ) of the foundation of the gate was uncovered . Photo of the remains from the 1930s of the excavation site in Babylon Claudius James Rich , British resident of Baghdad and a self - taught historian , did personal research on Babylon because it intrigued him . Acting as a scholar and collecting field data , he was determined to discover the wonders to the ancient world . C.J. Rich 's topographical records of the ruins in Babylon were the first ever published , in 1815 . It was reprinted in England no fewer than three times . C.J. Rich and most other 19th century visitors thought a mound in Babylon was a royal palace , and that was eventually confirmed by Robert Koldewey 's excavations , who found two palaces of King Nebuchadnezzar and the Ishtar Gate . Robert Koldewey , a successful German excavator , had done previous work for the Royal Museum of Berlin , with his excavations at Surghul ( Ancient Nina ) and Al - hiba ( ancient Lagash ) in 1887 . Koldewey 's part in Babylon 's excavation began in 1899 . The method that the British were comfortable with was excavating tunnels and deep trenches , which was damaging the mud brick architecture of the foundation . Instead , it was suggested that the excavation team focus on tablets and other artefacts rather than pick at the crumbling buildings . Despite the destructive nature of the archaeology used , the recording of data was immensely more thorough than in previous Mesopotamian excavations . Walter Andre , one of Koldewey 's many assistants , was an architect and a draftsman , the first at Babylon . His contribution was documentation and reconstruction of Babylon . A small museum was built at the site and Andre was the museum 's first director . One of most complex and impressive architectural reconstructions in the history of archaeology , was the rebuilding of Babylon 's Ishtar gate and processional way in Berlin . Hundreds of crates of glaze brick fragments were carefully desalinated and then pieced together . Fragments were combined with new bricks baked in a specially designed kiln to re-create the correct color and finish . It was a double gate ; the part that is shown in the Pergamon Museum today is the smaller , frontal part . The larger , back part was considered too large to fit into the constraints of the structure of the museum ; it is in storage . Pergamon Museum , Ishtar gate Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world . Only four museums acquired dragons , while lions went to several museums . The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions , dragons , and bulls . Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen , Denmark , has one lion , one dragon and one bull . The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon . The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg , Sweden , has one dragon and one lion ; the Louvre , the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich , the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna , the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York , the Oriental Institute in Chicago , the Rhode Island School of Design Museum , the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven , Connecticut , each have lions . One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin 's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum A smaller reproduction of the gate was built in Iraq under Saddam Hussein as the entrance to a museum that has not been completed . Along with the restored palace , the gate was completed in 1987 . The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate . the replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller . The purpose of the replica 's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq 's history . Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq war ( see Impact of the U.S. military ) . Gallery ( edit ) Photo of the remains from the 1930s of the excavation site in Babylon Model of the main procession street ( Aj - ibur - shapu ) towards Ishtar Gate Model of the gate ; the double structure is clearly recognisable . Aurochs and mušḫuššus from the gate in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums One of the mušḫuššus from the gate Building inscription of King Nebuchadnezzar II Mesopotamian lions and flowers decorated the processional street . Close - up of an aurochs from the Ishtar Gate The replica Ishtar Gate in Babylon in 2004 The replica Ishtar Gate in Babylon , Iraq in 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Panel with striding lion Work of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . The Met 's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred ( 2005 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages . Belmont , CA : Thompson Learning , Inc. p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 10 . ISBN 9781136748103 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bertman , Stephen ( 7 July 2003 ) . Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . Oxford University Press . p. 130 - 132 . ISBN 0195183649 . ^ Jump up to : King , Leo ( 2008 ) . `` The Ishtar Gate '' . Ceramics Technical . No. 26 ( 2008 ) : 51 -- 53 . Retrieved 21 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ Bahrani , Zainab ( 2017 ) . Mesopotamia : Ancient Art and Architecture . London : Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 51917 - 2 . Jump up ^ Marzahn , Joachim ( 1981 ) . Babylon und das Neujahrsfest . Berlin : Berlin : Vorderasiatisches Museum . pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maso , Felip ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Inside the 30 - Year Quest for Babylon 's Ishtar Gate '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bilsel , Can ( 2012 ) , Antiquity on display : regimes of the authentic in Berlin 's Pergamon Museum , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957055 - 3 Jump up ^ Bernbeck , Reinhard ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` The exhibition of architecture and the architecture of an exhibition '' . Archaeological Dialogues. 7 ( 02 ) : 98 . doi : 10.1017 / S1380203800001665 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ British Museum Website Archived 2014 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Neil ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Hussein 's Babylon : A Beloved Atrocity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Matson , F.R. ( 1985 ) , Compositional Studies of the Glazed Brick from the Ishtar Gate at Babylon , Museum of Fine Arts . The Research Laboratory , ISBN 0 - 87846 - 255 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ishtar Gate . Pictures of lion & dragon at the Röhsska museum , Gothenburg Neo-Babylonian Art : Ishtar Gate and Processional Way , Smarthistory Coordinates : 32 ° 32 ′ 36 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 20 '' E  /  32.54333 ° N 44.42222 ° E  / 32.54333 ; 44.42222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishtar_Gate&oldid=841292166 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 6th century BC Babylon Gates Tourist attractions in Berlin Antikensammlung Berlin Nebuchadnezzar II Babylonian art and architecture Sculpture of the Ancient Near East Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin Tiling Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 23 : 56 . 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where was the ishtar gate erected and what was its purpose
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Quarterback U
Quarterback U - wikipedia Quarterback U Jump to : navigation , search Quarterback U is a nickname used by sportswriters to refer to colleges that have trained a series of notable football quarterbacks ( QBs ) . It is a literary device invoked in the individual discretion of sportswriters and does not represent any formal decision - making process or organized sportswriters ' poll . Generally speaking , the term implies that many of the school 's former quarterbacks later had successful careers in professional football , particularly in the National Football League ( NFL ) . A Wall Street Journal article on November 18 , 2012 , pointed out that ' Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U . Since the 1970 merger ( between the AFL and NFL ) , quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games , easily the most of any major - conference program . ' After Purdue QBs ' 724 NFL games , the next best schools were the University of Washington ( 623 starts ) , Miami ( 573 ) , University of Southern California ( 547 ) and Notre Dame ( 543 ) . In August 2009 , an Altoona Mirror writer sought to name `` Quarterback U '' by player achievements , such as NFL starts , Pro Bowl appearances , and Heisman Trophies won . He noted that , in the Super Bowl era , USC ( 15 ) , Notre Dame ( 13 ) , Washington ( 12 ) , Miami ( 10 ) , Stanford ( 10 ) , and UCLA ( 10 ) produced at least ten starting NFL quarterbacks , while Purdue recorded the most combined NFL career starts ( 704 ) . The article concluded that no single program deserved the title significantly more than others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 Brigham Young University 1.2 Purdue University 1.3 Stanford University 1.4 Texas Tech University 1.5 University of Maryland 1.6 University of Miami 1.7 University of Michigan 1.8 University of Southern California 1.9 University of Washington 2 References Examples ( edit ) Brigham Young University ( edit ) Sports writers dubbed the BYU as a Quarterback U from the mid-1980s through the 1990s , during which time it produced Jim McMahon , Steve Young , Gifford Nielsen , Robbie Bosco and Ty Detmer . The Deseret News wrote that the last great BYU signal caller was 2001 Heisman Trophy runner - up Brandon Doman , who also later served as the Cougars ' offensive coordinator . It also asserted that , upon Doman 's graduation , head coach Gary Crowton rotated quarterbacks so frequently that it adversely affected their performance . Purdue University ( edit ) In the 1960s , Purdue became known as ' Quarterback U ' and ' Cradle of Quarterbacks ' by media and rivals such as Ohio State and Notre Dame due to its prominent QBs . Between 1967 and 1974 , Purdue QBs Len Dawson and Bob Griese started five Super Bowls , winning three ; Cecil Isbell led the Green Bay Packers to a NFL title in 1939 , Elmer Oliphant led the Buffalo All - Americans to a disputed NFL title in 1921 ; Purdue has produced NFL starting QBs in Mike Phipps , Gary Danielson , Jim Everett , Mark Hermann , and Kyle Orton ; Scott Campbell and Curtis Painter were well - known backup quarterbacks , Joey Elliott is a starting QB in the Canadian Football League . The tradition has continued through to this day with Drew Brees winning the Super Bowl XLIV , in which he was also named MVP. 15 Purdue QBs went on to the NFL ; Purdue is tied for first with Alabama in producing Super Bowl winning quarterbacks . According to ESPN.com , Purdue QBs have won ( and started ) more NFL games than any other school ; thrown for the most touchdowns and yards in the NFL . Purdue QBs have won more League TD titles ( 14 through the 2012 NFL season ) than any other school . Stanford University ( edit ) As early as 1975 , the term Quarterback U had been applied to Stanford University , which had produced such players as Frankie Albert , John Brodie , Jim Plunkett , Don Bunce , and Mike Boryla . This reputation was enhanced when Bill Walsh joined the Cardinal as head coach , and quarterbacks Guy Benjamin , Steve Dils , and Turk Schonert promptly led the NCAA in passing in 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 . They were followed by perhaps Stanford 's best - known quarterback , John Elway , who played at the university from 1979 to 1982 , finishing second in the Heisman voting his senior season . Elway would go on to have a Hall of Fame career with the Broncos and win the Super Bowl in 1997 and 1998 . By 1989 , the San Jose Mercury News surmised that Stanford 's `` once bright legacy '' as Quarterback U appeared `` to be flickering out '' . However , recently Stanford 's quarterback tradition has experienced something of a revival under Andrew Luck . Luck finished second in the voting for the Heisman trophy , the award given to college football 's most outstanding player , in both 2010 and 2011 . When drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft , he became the fourth Stanford quarterback taken with the first overall pick , following Elway , Plunkett and Bobby Garrett , but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983 . Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls , winning 4 , and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards . Texas Tech University ( edit ) In 2005 , a Sporting News writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional `` U '' monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000 . Its author cited head coach Mike Leach 's numerous 4,000 - yard - plus passers . University of Maryland ( edit ) During the 1980s , the term was also applied to Maryland , which produced several NFL - caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross and offensive coordinator and quarterbacks / receivers coach Joe Krivak . These Maryland quarterbacks included Boomer Esiason , Frank Reich , Neil O'Donnell , Scott Zolak , and Stan Gelbaugh . In 2005 , The Washington Post reapplied the label to the Terrapins under head coach Ralph Friedgen and offensive coordinator Charlie Taaffe , after Sam Hollenbach became the Atlantic Coast Conference 's leading passer . That coaching staff also groomed Shaun Hill and Scott McBrien . University of Miami ( edit ) In the 1980s , the term was often applied to the University of Miami . In 2003 , Tracy Gale , a sport publicist working for the University of Miami , named Fran Curci , who was Miami 's quarterback in 1959 , as the start of what he called `` Miami 's Quarterback U tradition . '' George Mira , Jim Kelly , Bernie Kosar , Vinny Testaverde , Steve Walsh , Ken Dorsey , Craig Erickson , and Gino Torretta are some Hurricanes quarterbacks that influenced his use of the term . The term is still often applied , although Miami currently has fewer quarterbacks starting in the NFL than it has in the past . In 2008 , all three Miami quarterbacks entered the season with no game experience , and pundits charged head coach Randy Shannon with rebuilding the program 's reputation of producing high - quality signalcallers . University of Michigan ( edit ) In recent years , sportswriters have mentioned several schools as being appropriate for the designation . A 2005 ESPN article cited that , since 1988 , Michigan sent as many starting quarterbacks to the NFL as the University of Miami . It argued that `` three yards and a cloud of dust '' is no longer the offensive philosophy at Michigan . A year later , Rivals.com proclaimed that Michigan was `` the new Quarterback U . '' Elvis Grbac , Todd Collins , Tom Brady , Jim Harbaugh , Brian Griese and Chad Henne are some of the Wolverine quarterbacks who have gone on to start in the NFL . University of Southern California ( edit ) After the 2008 season , The Los Angeles Times claimed that USC , more traditionally known as `` Tailback U '' , was the school most deserving of the designation . In 2009 , 4 former USC quarterbacks started in an NFL game : Matt Leinart , Matt Cassell , Carson Palmer , and Mark Sanchez . University of Washington ( edit ) Washington quarterbacks have consistently advanced to the NFL , with 16 of the previous 18 starting quarterbacks as of 2012 having started in the NFL . Washington 's Pro Football Hall of Fame member Warren Moon is fourth in all - time passing yardage , reflecting his CFL and NFL careers . Other notable alumni include Chris Chandler , Mark Brunell , Damon Huard and Jake Locker . ESPN points to the program 's history by the early 1980s . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nick Foles , Philadelphia Eagles : The Great Arizona Wildcats Quarterback Drought Ends - WSJ.com Jump up ^ `` Quarterback U : Which school deserves the title ? '' . Altoona Mirror . Aug 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tulane 's King steals attention from the original Quarterback U , ; BYU preparing for record - setting QB , The Salt Lake Tribune , December 30 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Back to BYU 's future , Deseret News , March 24 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Brigham Young great gives inside look at Quarterback U , Albuquerque Tribune , October 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Star Indianapolis news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Indianapolis , Ind . indystar.com '' . Indy.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Tim . `` Purdue Boilermakers - Big 12 Blog - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - Thru : # 1 Ohio State v. # 10 Purdue , 1969 '' . Our Honor Defend . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Quarterback U '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue 's quarterback tradition continues to shine brightly '' . American Chronicle. 2010 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue is Quarterback U. - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cradle Of Quarterbacks ' : Revisited - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Cradle Continues To Rock - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the 2013 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Since 1950 , Purdue quarterbacks have compiled 865 NFL starts , more than any other school . Jump up ^ Stanford factory for QBs , The Chicago Tribune , September 17 , 1975 . Jump up ^ p. 35 , `` Annual Champions '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 30 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ QUARTERBACK U. ONCE - BRIGHT LEGACY AT STANFORD APPEARS TO BE FLICKERING OUT , San Jose Mercury News , September 22 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Gemmell , Kevin . `` Luck second in Heisman voting , again '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom FitzGerald ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` 2 Stanford players in NFL draft 's 1st round '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Success is worth waiting for at Quarterback U : forget about pro potential and draft prospects -- I 'm all about the U , The Sporting News , May 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Peter King , Quarterback U Archived August 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sports Illustrated , November 25 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Ken Murray , Ex-Maryland Qbs Not A Passing Fancy , The Baltimore Sun , January 9 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Quarterback U ? Maryland grooms them , then NFL grabs them , The Washington Times , September 22 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Maryland Makes Its Mark as Quarterback U. , The Washington Post , October 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Jacory Harris has earned entry into elite club at Quarterback U '' . Sports Illustrated . Oct 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Coaching 101 : A Great Program Produces Great Coaches , University of Miami , December 23 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Berlin named Miami 's starting quarterback , USA Today , April 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Dorsey continues record run , The Seattle Post-Intelligencer , November 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ This Year , Quarterback U . Is Awaiting a Quarterback , The New York Times , July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Viv Bernstein , A.C.C. Notebook : Plenty of Competition at Quarterback U , The New York Times , November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Randy Shannon will have a tough task to rebuild Quarterback U , Orlando Sentinel , July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michigan joins the `` Quarterback U '' conversation , ESPN , August 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Path to NFL for QBs goes through Michigan Archived September 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Position U breakdown Archived May 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ USC lays claim to another title : Quarterback - U , Los Angeles Times , March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , Bob ( Aug 25 , 2009 ) . `` Young : USC now ' Quarterback U ' '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Michael ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Quarterback U : Top 25 Quarterback Schools in College Football '' . bleacherreport.com . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( December 15 , 1996 ) . `` Ex-Huskies ' Careers Are Part Of Legacy Unmatched At Any Other School '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huard , Brock ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Which school is QB U right now ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarterback_U&oldid=821475985 '' Categories : College football in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
college that has produced the most nfl quarterbacks
[ "A Wall Street Journal article on November 18, 2012, pointed out that 'Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U. Since the 1970 merger (between the AFL and NFL), quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games, easily the most of any major-conference program.' After Purdue QBs' 724 NFL games, the next best schools were the University of Washington (623 starts), Miami (573), University of Southern California (547) and Notre Dame (543).[1]" ]
[ "Purdue" ]
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Jon Cryer
Jon Cryer - wikipedia Jon Cryer Jump to : navigation , search For the British politician , see John Cryer . Jon Cryer Cryer at his Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony on September 19 , 2011 Jonathan Niven Cryer ( 1965 - 04 - 16 ) April 16 , 1965 ( age 53 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor screenwriter television director producer podcaster Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sarah Trigger ( m . 1999 ; div. 2004 ) Lisa Joyner ( m . 2007 ) Children Parent ( s ) Gretchen Cryer David Cryer Jonathan Niven Cryer ( born April 16 , 1965 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , television director , and film producer . Born into a show business family , Cryer made his motion picture debut as a teenaged photographer in the 1984 romantic comedy No Small Affair ; his breakout role came in 1986 , playing `` Duckie '' Dale in the John Hughes - written film Pretty in Pink . In 1998 , he wrote and produced the independent film Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God ... Be Back by Five . Although Cryer gained fame with his early film roles , it took several years to find success on television ; none of his star vehicles , including The Famous Teddy Z , Partners , and The Trouble with Normal , lasted more than 22 episodes . In 2003 , Cryer was cast as Alan Harper on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men , for which he won two Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2012 . Cryer received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television in 2011 . Cryer 's other film appearances include Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) , Hiding Out ( 1987 ) , Hot Shots ( 1991 ) , Tortured ( 2008 ) , Shorts ( 2009 ) , and Hit by Lightning ( 2014 ) . He also has a recurring role in the CBS drama series , NCIS , playing Dr. Cyril Taft . After appearing on the podcast Crime Writers On ... it was announced Cryer is joining the team at the Undisclosed podcast for their second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Politics 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Cryer was born in New York City , New York . His mother , Gretchen Cryer ( née Kiger ; * 1935 ) , is a playwright , songwriter , actress , and singer ; his father , Donald David Cryer ( born 1936 ) , is an actor and singer who originally studied to be a minister . Cryer 's paternal grandfather , Rev. Dr. Donald W. Cryer ( 1909 -- 1988 ) , was a well - known Methodist minister . He has two sisters , Robin and Shelly . When Cryer was twelve years old , he decided that he wanted to become an actor . When his mother heard this , she thought he should have a backup plan , and joked : `` Plumbing is a pretty good career . '' Cryer attended Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center for several summers as a teenager , and is a 1983 graduate of the Bronx High School of Science . He was classmates with screenwriter and film director Boaz Yakin . To his mother 's `` great disappointment '' , Cryer skipped college and went to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London , United Kingdom for a summer short course in Shakespeare . Career ( edit ) Cryer 's first professional acting effort was as David in the Broadway play Torch Song Trilogy , replacing Matthew Broderick , whom he `` closely resembled '' . Cryer was later an understudy and replacement for Broderick in Neil Simon 's Brighton Beach Memoirs in 1989 . Cryer at the Los Angeles premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest in 2006 At age 19 , Cryer appeared in the 1984 romantic comedy film No Small Affair , in the lead role as Charles Cummings , after the original production with Matthew Broderick was shut down due to a heart attack by director , Martin Ritt . He went on to have small roles in films and television movies , and he made his breakthrough as Phil `` Duckie '' Dale in the John Hughes - scripted film Pretty in Pink . In an interview with the Daily News , Cryer 's mother said that after Pretty in Pink , she started getting calls from teenage girls from all over the world , who would leave hysterical , giggling messages on her answering machine . In 1989 , he got the lead role in the TV comedy series , The Famous Teddy Z . His performance gained poor reviews and the show was canceled after the first season . A year later , he starred with Charlie Sheen in the Jim Abrahams comedy Hot Shots ! , which was received very positively . Cryer is frequently linked to the Brat Pack . In a March 2009 interview on Anytime with Bob Kushell , Cryer stated that he had auditioned for St. Elmo 's Fire but was not cast in a role . In 1993 , he was asked to audition for the role of Chandler Bing on Friends , while doing a play in London . His reading was videotaped by a British casting agent but the tape failed to arrive in the U.S. before the network had made its final decision . In 1995 , he was cast as Bob in the sitcom Partners , which , like his prior show The Famous Teddy Z , was canceled after its first season . In an interview with Time Out New York he stated , `` Hey , every show I 'm in goes down . Think about this : George Clooney was in 28 pilots , or something . It means nothing '' . After guest starring on shows such as Dharma & Greg and The Outer Limits , he successfully wrote and produced the film , Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God ... Be Back by Five . It debuted in 1998 at the Los Angeles Film Festival and gained positive reviews from critics . Leonard Maltin from Playboy Magazine called it `` A breath of fresh air '' . That same year , Cryer landed in another TV series , the Fox sitcom Getting Personal , alongside Vivica A. Fox and Duane Martin . Although the show was picked up for a second season after its abbreviated spring run , it was canceled that fall , after airing 17 episodes in total . In 2000 , he was cast as the lead in a comedy series called The Trouble With Normal . For the third time , Cryer starred in a show which was canceled after its first season . Cryer 's long run of unsuccessful TV projects finally ended three years later . Against the wishes of CBS executives ( who were aware of his past failures ) and due to a friendship with Charlie Sheen , he was cast in 2003 to portray Alan Harper on the hit comedy series Two and a Half Men . He has earned seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations and two wins for his acting work on the show . In a comment on the show 's high ratings , he said : `` When you 're on a show that 's fighting for survival every week , you stop trusting your instincts , because you think , ' My instincts have n't worked so far . ' But when people clearly like the show and are watching it in great numbers , it takes a huge amount of pressure off you . It allows you to trust your instincts and go with what has worked for you before . '' After former co-star Charlie Sheen 's departure from the series , Cryer 's character became the show 's main protagonist ( with Ashton Kutcher being cast as the co-lead ) throughout the final four seasons , mainly due to the show 's retooled plot . At the end of the series of Two and a Half Men , Cryer is the only actor to have appeared in every episode of the series , since Sheen was fired in March 2011 and his on - screen son Angus T. Jones left the series at the end of season 10 , after expressing the show as `` filth '' and that Jones is a `` paid hypocrite '' . All appeared to be forgiven , however , as Jones , contrary to Charlie Sheen , appeared to great applause in the finale . Before being cast for Two and a Half Men , Cryer auditioned for the role of Gaius Baltar on the Sci - Fi Channel 's reimagined Battlestar Galactica , but the role went to James Callis . In 2008 , Cryer appeared with Laurence Fishburne and James Cromwell in the film Tortured , and in 2009 co-starred with James Spader in the film Shorts . Cryer made a guest appearance on the sitcom series Husbands in its second season . He was initially cast to voice the lead character in DisneyToon Studios ' animated film Planes , a spin - off of Pixar 's Cars franchise , but later dropped out and was replaced by Dane Cook . Cryer did however receive a credit on the film for `` additional story material . '' In 2015 , Cryer released a book titled So That Happened , a breezy , often comic tale chronicling Cryer 's 30 - year career on stage , film and television . Cryer currently appears in the highly popular CBS drama series , NCIS where he currently plays Navy Dr. Cyril Taft who treats NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) . Cryer had expressed a desire to appear in NCIS since it premiered on September 23 , 2003 . Pursuing a passion for criminal justice Cryer joined the team of the popular podcast Undisclosed where he will be voicing the weekly addendum episode for the second season . Personal life ( edit ) Cryer with wife Lisa Joyner in September 2011 Cryer married British actress Sarah Trigger in 1999 , with whom he has a son , Charlie Austin . The pair divorced in 2004 . In February 2007 , on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , he announced that he would marry entertainment reporter Lisa Joyner ; the couple married in Mexico in June 2007 . On September 29 , 2009 , Jon and Lisa announced that they adopted a baby girl , whom they named Daisy . When Pretty in Pink co-star Molly Ringwald told Out magazine in 2012 that she believed Cryer 's character was gay , Cryer defended Duckie and other `` slightly effeminate dorks , '' and said he has had to live with others ' `` faulty '' gaydar . Also in 2012 , Joyner told Jeff Probst that when she and Cryer started dating , she wondered if he might be gay because `` he never kissed me . '' Cryer was asked in 2014 if he was `` mistaken for gay '' ; he again called himself `` an effeminate heterosexual dork '' and cracked a joke about never being propositioned : `` Fellas , you 're dropping the ball . '' Politics ( edit ) Prior to the 2008 presidential election , Cryer attended a fundraiser hosted by the McCain campaign and , according to news reports , endorsed Senator John McCain . When Cryer did not make a public endorsement for the 2012 race , his spokeswoman said that the 2008 report aligning him with the Republican Party was a `` mistake '' and that Cryer is `` not really political . '' He had attended events for both Republicans and Democrats `` because he wanted to hear what both sides had to say . '' With regards to presumptive 2016 GOP nominee Donald Trump , Cryer shared his feelings on the May 5 , 2016 , episode of the podcast Never Not Funny . Cryer stated , `` I have been pointing out , and I have been screaming to the rooftops , that Donald Trump is the Charlie Sheen of politics . ( ... ) I have to tell you , I love Charlie Sheen , I loved working with him when he was sober , but he was , he 's full of shit . He has been full of shit , you know , he has serious addiction . You know , his addiction is obviously serious , drugs , and , but , Trump is just addicted to feeling important . You know , and I think if anybody is under the delusion that he cares about , uh , uh , anybody in America besides himself , they are , they are stoned and need to rethink their priorities , ' cause he 's , you know , ' cause it 's just ridiculous that 's he 's gotten as far as he has . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 No Small Affair Charles Cummings 1985 Noon Wine Teenage Herbert O.C. and Stiggs Randall Schwab Jr . 1986 Pretty in Pink Phil `` Duckie '' Dale Morgan Stewart 's Coming Home Morgan Stewart Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Lenny Luthor Dudes Grant Hiding Out Andrew Morenski Max Hauser 1988 Rap Master Ronnie : A Report Card Penn & Teller Get Killed Frat boy 1991 Hot Shots ! Jim `` Wash Out '' Pfaffenbach The Waiter Tommy Kazdan Heads Guy Franklin The Pompatus of Love Mark Writer Cannes Man Himself 1997 Plan B Stuart Winer 1998 Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God ... Be Back by Five Daniel Writer and producer Holy Man Barry 2000 Clayton Glam Jimmy Pells 2003 The Metro Chase Mr. Stamm 2008 Unstable Fables : 3 Pigs and a Baby Richard Pig Voice Tortured Brian 2009 Weather Girl Charles Shorts : The Adventures of the Wishing Rock Dad Thompson Stay Cool Javier Due Date Alan Harper Cameo 2013 Ass Backwards Dean Morris 2014 Hit by Lightning Ricky Miller Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Amazing Stories Phil Episode : `` Miscalculation '' 1988 Cinemax Comedy Experiment Episode : Rap Master Ronnie : A Report Card 1989 -- 90 The Famous Teddy Z Teddy Zakalokis 1995 -- 96 Partners Bob Producer The Outer Limits Trevor McPhee Episode : `` Vanishing Act '' 1997 It 's Good to Be King Mort 1997 Dharma & Greg Brian Episode : `` Shower the People You Love with Love '' 1998 Getting Personal Sam Wagner Producer Episode : `` Sam I Am '' 1998 Hercules : The Animated Series The Winged Wolves Voice Episode : `` Hercules and the Underworld Takeover '' 1998 Mr. Show with Bob & David Duckie Episode : `` It 's Perfectly Understandishable '' 1998 Two Guys , a Girl and a Pizza Place Justin Episode : `` Two Guys , a Girl and a Thanksgiving '' 2000 Family Guy Kevin Swanson Voice Episode : `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' 2000 -- 01 The Trouble With Normal Zack Mango 2002 Andy Richter Controls the Universe Lemuel Praeger Episode : `` Gimme a C '' 2002 Practice , The The Practice Terry Pender Episode : `` Of Thee I Sing '' 2003 Becker Roger Episode : `` Chris ' Ex '' 2003 Hey Joel Joel Stein Voice 2003 Stripperella Voice 2003 -- 15 Two and a Half Men Alan Harper 262 episodes ; ( Season 1 -- 12 ) Lead role ; Directed three episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2009 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2012 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2011 ) 2005 Danny Phantom Freakshow Voice Episode : `` Control Freaks '' 2006 American Dad ! Quacky Voice Episode : `` It 's Good to Be The Queen '' 2006 Danny Phantom Freakshow Voice Episode : `` Reality Trip '' 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Himself Uncredited Cameo 2010 -- 11 Hannah Montana Kenneth Truscott Episodes : `` The Wheel Near My Bed ( Keeps on Turnin ' ) '' `` I Am Mamaw , Hear Me Roar ! '' 2012 Husbands Vic Del Rey Episodes : `` The Straightening '' `` A Better Movie of What We 're Like '' 2013 , 2016 Mom Customer Episode : `` Pilot '' ; also director of 2 episodes : `` Corned Beef and Handcuffs '' and `` Xanax and a Baby Duck '' 2015 -- 16 NCIS Dr. Cyril Taft ( Navy Surgeon ) 3 episodes 2016 - 17 The Ranch Bill Jensen 2 Episodes 2016 Lady Dynamite Himself Episode : `` Pilot '' 2017 Justice League Action Felix Faust Episode : Hat Trick References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jon Cryer : Biography '' . bio.com . A&E . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Silverman , Stephen M. ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` Kristin Chenoweth , Jon Cryer Are Emmy Night 's First Winners '' . People . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Cryer Wins Emmy '' . Two and a Half Men Fan Site . September 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Cryer Biography ( 1965 - ) '' . Filmreference . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Donald Eugene ( 1981 ) . Indiana authors and their books , 1967 -- 1980 . Wabash College . p. 90 . ISBN 99904 - 4 - 038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Conn , Suzy ( February 20 , 2005 ) . `` More on Gretchen Cryer '' . Blogway Baby . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Cryer : Profile , Latest News and Related Articles '' . Notes . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Scott ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Jon Cryer : Failed Friend Who Became a Man '' . The Trades . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni '' . Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Report on Black / Jewish Relations in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Foundation for Ethnic Understanding. 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Jon Cryer '' . Parade. April 18 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alan Was Matthew BBroderick 's Character . David was the Adopted Son Jon Cryer : Bibliography Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 9 , 1984 ) . `` Jon Cryer In ' No Small Affair ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Do n't You Forget About Duckie '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . To mark a new special - edition DVD of `` Pretty in Pink '' , Emmy nominee Jon Cryer chats with Mandi Bierly about the movie 's original ending , ' Try a Little Tenderness ' , and more ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( May 25 , 1990 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Famous Teddy Z ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Shots ! ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lurie , Karen ( 2002 ) . `` Brat Pack '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture . Gale Group . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Jon Cryer '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 2 . Episode 1 . March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Went to Coney Island on a Mission From God ... Be Back By Five ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Cover of ' Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God ... Be Back by Five ' '' . HD Magazine . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel R. ( July 23 , 2003 ) . `` Sheen and Cryer : Sitcom Survivors '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Cryer Emmy Award Nominee '' . emmys.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Maria ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` How ' Two and a Half Men ' Star Became a ' Paid Hypocrite . ' '' . Christianity Today . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Beginning of the End : A ' Battlestar Galactica ' Oral History '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . p. 42 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Cryer , Denton ' Tortured ' by thriller '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Beth ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Cryer , Spader join Rodriguez 's ' Shorts ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Stars Drop in on Male Newylweds in ' Husbands ' '' . Tubefilter.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Cryer Leads Voice Cast For DisneyToon 's Planes '' . DisneyToon Studio . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 -- via Animation World Network . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets Theatrical Release Date For ' Planes ' '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dane Cook Leads the Voice Cast for Disney 's Planes '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planes Review '' . Screendaily.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ April MacIntyre ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Jon Cryer marries Lisa Joyner '' . Monstersand Critics . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Cynthia ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Jon Cryer of Two and a Half Men to Wed in Summer '' . People . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Two and a Half Men ' star Jon Cryer and wife Lisa Joyner adopt baby girl '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two and a Half Men star Jon Cryer wants his ex-wife left homeless , lawyer claims '' . News Limited . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Diego ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Cryer : Duckie Was n't Gay '' . Out . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jeff Probst Show . xfinitytv.comcast.net . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis M. `` Jon Cryer On His Sexuality : I 'm Just an ' Effeminate Heterosexual Dork ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dinan , Stephen & Hallow , Ralph Z. ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hollywood conservatives to rally for McCain '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity endorsements in the 2012 presidential campaign '' . The Hill . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodin , Emily ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Conservative celebs mostly not yet committed for 2012 presidential race '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pardo , Jimmy ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Cryer , NEVER NOT FUNNY # 1812 '' . Never Not Funny . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Jon Cryer ( category ) Jon Cryer Bio at CBS - Two and a Half Men Jon Cryer on IMDb Jon Cryer at the Internet Broadway Database Jon Cryer at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Jon Cryer at AllMovie Jon Cryer at Emmys.com Awards for Jon Cryer Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Alan Young ( 1950 ) Sid Caesar ( 1951 ) Jimmy Durante ( 1952 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1953 ) Danny Thomas ( 1954 ) Phil Silvers ( 1955 ) Sid Caesar ( 1956 ) Jack Benny ( 1957 ) Jack Benny ( 1959 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1964 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1965 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1966 ) Don Adams ( 1967 ) Don Adams ( 1968 ) Don Adams ( 1969 ) William Windom ( 1970 ) Jack Klugman ( 1971 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1972 ) Jack Klugman ( 1973 ) Alan Alda ( 1974 ) Tony Randall ( 1975 ) Jack Albertson ( 1976 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1977 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1978 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1979 ) Richard Mulligan ( 1980 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1981 ) Alan Alda ( 1982 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1983 ) John Ritter ( 1984 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1985 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1986 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1987 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1988 ) Richard Mulligan ( 1989 ) Ted Danson ( 1990 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1991 ) Craig T. Nelson ( 1992 ) Ted Danson ( 1993 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1994 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1995 ) John Lithgow ( 1996 ) John Lithgow ( 1997 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1998 ) John Lithgow ( 1999 ) Michael J. 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List of heads of state of Nigeria
List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia List of heads of state of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution Human rights President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Subdivisions States State governors Local Government Areas Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 Political parties Foreign relations Nigeria portal Other countries Atlas This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria , from independence in 1960 to the present day . From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria , Elizabeth II , who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor - General . Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President . In 1979 , under the 1979 Constitution , the President gained executive powers , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution , the head of state and government has been called the President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) 1.1 Governors - General 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 5 Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) 6 Third Republic ( 1993 ) 7 Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic 9 Living former heads of state 10 References 11 External links Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne . Queen Reign Royal House Prime Minister No Portrait Name Start End Duration Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 7003109500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 0 days Windsor Balewa Governors - General ( edit ) Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 , rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government , with the sole of exception of James Robertson , the former colonial governor , who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government . Governor - General Term of office Monarch Prime Minister No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 7003104900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Under the 1963 Constitution , the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state . The President was elected by Parliament for a five - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) Prime Minister ( s ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966 ( deposed . ) 7002838000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( assassinated . ) 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 days Federal Military Government General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed . ) 7003328400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 362 days Federal Military Government General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated . ) 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days Federal Military Government 5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned . ) 7003135400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 258 days Federal Military Government Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Under the 1979 Constitution , the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President was head of both state and government . The President was elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 6 Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983 ( deposed . ) 7003155200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 91 days National Party of Nigeria Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Major - General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 7 Major - General Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 ( deposed . ) 1 year , 239 days Supreme Military Council 8 General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993 ( resigned . ) 7003292100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit ) The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution . The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989 , when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ) , the military Head of State , promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993 . IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989 , and his government established two political parties : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991 , while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest . M.K.O. Abiola , a wealthy Yoruba businessman , won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 9 Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993 ( deposed . ) 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 days Independent Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 10 General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- 1998 ) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998 ( died in office . ) 7003166400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 203 days Provisional Ruling Council 11 General Abdulsalami Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999 ( resigned . ) 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days Provisional Ruling Council Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit ) Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President is head of both state and government . The President is elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President . Status Denotes Vice President acting as President President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 12 Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days People 's Democratic Party 13 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ( 1951 -- 2010 ) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010 ( died in office . ) 7003107200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days People 's Democratic Party 14 Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 -- ) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 7003185100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 25 days People 's Democratic Party 15 Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 124 days All Progressives Congress Living former heads of state ( edit ) Name Term / Reign Office Date of birth Elizabeth II 1952 -- 1961 Queen of Nigeria ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Yakubu Gowon 1966 -- 1975 Military ruler ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1934 ( age 82 ) Olusegun Obasanjo 1976 -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 Military ruler President of Nigeria ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Shehu Shagari 1979 -- 1983 President of Nigeria ( 1925 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1925 ( age 92 ) Ibrahim Babangida 1985 -- 1993 Military ruler ( 1941 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Ernest Shonekan President of Nigeria ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998 -- 1999 Military ruler ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Goodluck Jonathan 2010 -- 2015 President of Nigeria ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1957 ( age 59 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents & Heads of State '' . StateHouse , Federal Republic of Nigeria . Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010 External links ( edit ) State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=792304679 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latviešu Norsk Occitan Suomi Svenska Türkçe Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Man of the Woods Tour
Man of the Woods tour - wikipedia Man of the Woods tour 2018 Justin Timberlake tour Man of the Woods Tour Tour by Justin Timberlake Associated album Man of the Woods Start date March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) End date January 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 31 ) Legs No. of shows 85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total Justin Timberlake concert chronology The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 ) The Man of the Woods Tour is the sixth and current headlining concert tour by American singer Justin Timberlake . It is in support of his fifth studio album Man of the Woods ( 2018 ) . The tour began on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto , Canada and is scheduled to end January 31 , 2019 , in New York City . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Show 2 Commercial performance 3 Critical reception 4 Setlist 5 Tour dates 6 Notes 7 References Background ( edit ) The tour was first announced in January 2018 , and due to demand additional dates were released soon after . On February 5 , 2018 , the day following Timberlake 's Super Bowl LII halftime show , Timberlake announced European tour dates , as well as second and third North American tour dates . Timberlake will tour Europe after the first North American leg , then will tour North America again starting in the fall . The third North American leg will begin in January 2019 . Show ( edit ) During a portion of the concert , Timberlake and his band the `` Tennessee Kids '' sing around a campfire . The `` Stage Bar '' VIP Experience on the tour includes a bar near the center stage , and a drink ticket . A disco dance floor is near the stage , where Timberlake performs `` Rock Your Body '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In May 2018 , Billboard reported grosses totalling $36.6 million from the first five weeks , with 255,780 attendees at 16 shows , thus reaching number one on the magazine 's weekly ranking Hot Tours . The magazine expects the tour to reach a total of $275 million and 2 million attendees by the time it concludes . Timberlake 's sold - out Orlando concert on May 14 was the highest - grossing , single - day concert in Amway Center history with $2,387,112 and 17,839 attendees . As of August 2018 , The Man of the Woods Tour has grossed over $125 million . Timberlake 's September 20 night concert at Rupp Arena grossed $2 million , making it the highest - grossing one - night concert in the arena 's history , besting the previous record set by the Eagles , which grossed $1.8 million in June 2015 . Critical reception ( edit ) Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids performing in Miami . Toronto Star journalist Nick Krewen , who attended the opening date , gave it a score of four - out - of - four , writing `` ( the ) stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle ... Even with some of the most elaborate , sophisticated visual technology available at his disposal , pop superstar Justin Timberlake managed to have his campfire moment at the Air Canada Centre Tuesday night . With a literal campfire . '' Chicago Tribune 's Bob Gendron , who attended the show at the United Center , praised the spectacle and said `` Parade leader . Spurned lover . Assertive dancer . Down - on - his - knees relationship savior . Bartender who handed shots out to his large ensemble . Outdoors lover who gathered around a campfire to play familiar songs . Timberlake embraced an array of roles , blurring the lines between entertainer , singer and actor . '' Adam Graham of the Detroit News wrote it `` was an engrossing spectacle that turned the arena into his personal wooded playland ; no concert artist has come close to using Little Caesars Arena 's space this creatively , save for perhaps Lady Gaga . ( ... ) Timberlake was cool and commanding , taking the stage in a jean jacket and track pants and still looking like he owned the place . '' Graham also praised Timberlake 's band the Tennessee Kids , `` ( they ) became his own E Street Band -- there were times , especially when the band turned around and played to the fans at the back of the arena , that the show recalled a Bruce Springsteen concert . '' For GQ , Alim Kheraj , after attending the concert at London 's O2 Arena , deemed Timberlake `` one of the greatest live performers of all time . '' He considered `` Timberlake and the Man of the Woods Tour has as its secret weapon : captivation . With more than two decades of experience in the entertainment industry , he knows how to maintain an audience 's attention , how to mould them so they 're pumped at his signals and ( mostly ) when to take his foot off the accelerator . ( ... ) Similarly , unlike a legacy artist , his show is still exciting , carefully crafted to bring fans the best in audio - visual technology while ensuring that , musically , things line up too . '' Timberlake on stage in February 2018 . Franklin Soults of The Boston Globe described the first half of the show as `` ritzy glamour , '' with the `` undercut with casual outfits and attitudes that made the extravaganza feel almost relaxed , like a professional athlete 's seemingly effortless performance during a career - topping late season . '' Despite describing the sing - along around the campfire as `` clumsy , '' he did believe that Timberlake won the crowd back towards the end of the show . The Oakland Press ' Gary Graff said `` You 'd be hard - pressed to find a production that makes full use of an arena in as complete a way as Timberlake is doing '' and opined `` the whole affair was tightly choreographed to appear precision at times , loose and improvisational at others . Timberlake and company were best when they were at their funkiest . '' Peter Larsen in Daily Breeze said in his review that Timberlake delivered `` with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum , '' and noted the opening act The Shadowboxers `` surely won over many with their energetic performance . '' Jimmie Tramel of Tulsa World said Timberlake brought `` cool factor '' to BOK Center , and noted his `` appeal is such that among those spotted walking into the arena was state senator and former University of Tulsa football coach David Rader . '' Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic said `` there were plenty of breathtaking nature scenes projected on the scrims that dotted the arena , '' while `` it felt more like a night at the club in downtown Phoenix than a trip to Payson , '' about Timberlake he commented , `` he 's only gotten better , as he proved repeatedly in the course of a heavily choreographed performance . His sense of showmanship has also gotten stronger through the years . '' Setlist ( edit ) The following set list is from the show on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Filthy '' `` Midnight Summer Jam '' `` LoveStoned '' `` SexyBack '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Higher Higher '' `` Señorita '' `` Suit & Tie '' ( contains elements of `` Sho Nuff '' ) `` SoulMate '' ( European leg only ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Mirrors '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Flannel '' ( cut from the set after August 2 , 2018 ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` Dreams '' / `` Ex-Factor '' / `` Come Together '' / `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( each sung by a backup singer ) `` Morning Light '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Say Something '' `` Montana '' `` Summer Love '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Supplies '' `` Like I Love You '' ( added to the set on March 28 , 2018 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Notes On May 9 , 2018 , during the concert in Nashville , Chris Stapleton joined Timberlake on stage to perform `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- North America March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128 March 15 , 2018 March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918 March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064 March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462 March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255 March 28 , 2018 March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220 April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777 April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928 April 5 , 2018 April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799 April 9 , 2018 April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916 April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319 April 15 , 2018 April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706 April 25 , 2018 April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470 April 29 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640 May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710 May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208 May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016 May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486 May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113 May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415 May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871 May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950 May 25 , 2018 May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488 May 28 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372 June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659 June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122 Leg 2 -- Europe July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303 July 4 , 2018 July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601 July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280 July 11 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776 July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273 July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467 July 18 , 2018 July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404 July 22 , 2018 July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015 August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128 August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944 August 5 , 2018 August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597 August 9 , 2018 August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779 August 13 , 2018 August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406 August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731 August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113 August 21 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152 August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716 August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879 August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565 Leg 3 -- North America September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287 September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- -- September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- -- September 29 , 2018 October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- -- October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- -- October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- -- October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- -- October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- -- October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- -- October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- -- October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- -- November 5 , 2018 November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- -- November 9 , 2018 November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- -- November 13 , 2018 November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- -- November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- -- November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- -- November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- -- December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- -- December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- -- December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- -- December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- -- December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- -- December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- -- December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- December 22 , 2018 Leg 4 -- North America January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- -- January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- -- January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- -- January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- -- January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- -- January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- -- January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- -- January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- -- January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- -- January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- Total -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on October 11 , 2018 at Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa was originally scheduled to take place on October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The show on October 22 , 2018 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on March 21 , 2018 , but was postponed due to severe weather conditions . Jump up ^ The show on December 19 , 2018 at KeyBank Center in Buffalo was originally scheduled to take place on October 28 , 2018 , but was postponed due to Timberlake suffering from bruised vocal chords . Jump up ^ The show on January 28 , 2019 at Pepsi Centre in Denver was originally scheduled to take place on January 29 , 2019 . Jump up ^ The show on January 31 , 2019 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on October 24 , 2018 , but was postponed due to damaged vocal cords . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sands , Sarah Michaud . `` Bringing Sexy Back ! Justin Timberlake Announces The Man of the Woods Tour After Releasing New Single -- Get the Dates '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Due To Demand , Justin Timberlake Adds Ten New Dates To The Man Of The Woods Tour '' . Benzinga . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Laura ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake announces Scottish tour date after Super Bowl performance '' . dailyrecord . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Timberlake Extends was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods Tour '' . billboard . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Man of the Woods Tour : $37 Million Earned , And Counting '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amway Center makes history with Justin Timberlake concert '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ http://www.venuesnow.com/news/detail/timberlake Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Rupp concert sets one - night record . But he 's about to be beat by a Beatle '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake 's stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake embraces array of roles at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Review : Timberlake is the ' Man ' at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit News . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake is one of the greatest live performers of all time '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Soults , Franklin ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` JT steps in and out of the woods at the Garden '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake sets the Woods on fire at Little Caesars '' . The Oakland Press . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake delivers with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum '' . Daily Breeze . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake brings cool factor , fans to BOK Center for Man of the Woods tour stop '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake ' Man of the Woods ' tour brings sexy back to downtown Phoenix '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods TourT '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brittney ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` See Justin Timberlake , Chris Stapleton 's Nashville Reunion for ' Tennessee Whiskey ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boxscore : `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadowboxers Will Open for Justin Timberlake on Select European Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` New Date Alert '' . Canadian Tire Centre . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC MySpace Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Spin the Wheel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_the_Woods_Tour&oldid=866320266 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours 2019 concert tours Justin Timberlake concert tours Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with broken reference names Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who's opening for justin timberlake in chicago
[ "\nList of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act\n\nAttendance\n\nRevenue\n\n\nLeg 1 — North America[1][21]\n\n\nMarch 13, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nAir Canada Centre\n\nFrancesco Yates\n\n32,142 / 32,142\n\n$3,463,128\n\n\nMarch 15, 2018\n\n\nMarch 18, 2018\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nUnited States\n\nCapital One Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n16,274 / 16,274\n\n$2,809,918\n\n\nMarch 22, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n17,288 / 17,288\n\n$2,867,064\n\n\nMarch 25, 2018\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n15,645 / 15,645\n\n$2,390,462\n\n\nMarch 27, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n33,006 / 33,006\n\n$5,304,255\n\n\nMarch 28, 2018\n\n\nMarch 31, 2018\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n18,237 / 18,237\n\n$2,504,220\n\n\nApril 2, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n17,131 / 17,131\n\n$2,246,777\n\n\nApril 4, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n30,976 / 30,976\n\n$4,604,928\n\n\nApril 5, 2018\n\n\nApril 8, 2018\n\nMontreal\n\nCanada\n\nBell Centre\n\nFrancesco Yates\n\n29,726 / 29,726\n\n$3,200,799\n\n\nApril 9, 2018\n\n\nApril 12, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nUnited States\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n14,862 / 14,862\n\n$2,098,916\n\n\nApril 14, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n30,493 / 30,493\n\n$5,113,319\n\n\nApril 15, 2018\n\n\nApril 24, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n31,221 / 31,221\n\n$4,385,706\n\n\nApril 25, 2018\n\n\nApril 28, 2018\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n33,242 / 33,242\n\n$4,901,470\n\n\nApril 29, 2018\n\n\nMay 2, 2018\n\nPhoenix\n\nTalking Stick Resort Arena\n\n16,288 / 16,288\n\n$2,319,640\n\n\nMay 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n17,162 / 17,162\n\n$2,464,710\n\n\nMay 7, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n17,687 / 17,687\n\n$2,579,208\n\n\nMay 9, 2018\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n16,055 / 16,055\n\n$2,551,016\n\n\nMay 11, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n12,149 / 12,149\n\n$2,194,486\n\n\nMay 14, 2018\n\nOrlando\n\nAmway Center\n\n16,208 / 16,208\n\n$2,387,113\n\n\nMay 15, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n\nMay 18, 2018\n\nMiami\n\nAmerican Airlines Arena\n\n15,126 / 15,126\n\n$2,113,415\n\n\nMay 19, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n16,369 / 16,369\n\n$2,361,871\n\n\nMay 23, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n29,926 / 29,926\n\n$4,452,950\n\n\nMay 25, 2018\n\n\nMay 27, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n33,482 / 33,482\n\n$4,898,488\n\n\nMay 28, 2018\n\n\nMay 30, 2018\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n14,594 / 14,594\n\n$2,148,372\n\n\nJune 1, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n17,074 / 17,074\n\n$2,340,659\n\n\nJune 2, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n17,303 / 17,303\n\n$2,668,122\n\n\nLeg 2 — Europe[3][22][21]\n\n\nJuly 3, 2018\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nAccorHotels Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n26,047 / 26,047\n\n$2,110,303\n\n\nJuly 4, 2018\n\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n7,686 / 10,232\n\n$853,601\n\n\nJuly 9, 2018\n\nLondon\n\nEngland\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n32,312 / 35,322\n\n$3,991,280\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nMannheim\n\nGermany\n\nSAP Arena\n\n10,476 / 10,476\n\n$1,030,776\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nZiggo Dome\n\n15,064 / 15,064\n\n$1,724,273\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nSportpaleis\n\n34,819 / 34,819\n\n$3,191,467\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nCologne\n\nGermany\n\nLanxess Arena\n\n30,638 / 30,638\n\n$3,333,404\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nStockholm\n\nSweden\n\nFriends Arena\n\n23,303 / 23,303\n\n$1,818,015\n\n\nAugust 2, 2018\n\nOslo\n\nNorway\n\nTelenor Arena\n\n15,409 / 15,409\n\n$1,235,128\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nCopenhagen\n\nDenmark\n\nRoyal Arena\n\n26,234 / 26,234\n\n$3,307,944\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nHamburg\n\nGermany\n\nBarclaycard Arena\n\n23,654 / 23,654\n\n$2,424,597\n\n\nAugust 9, 2018\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nBerlin\n\nMercedes-Benz Arena\n\nBazzi\n\n27,022 / 27,022\n\n$2,761,779\n\n\nAugust 13, 2018\n\n\nAugust 16, 2018\n\nZürich\n\nSwitzerland\n\nHallenstadion\n\n12,380 / 12,380\n\n$1,622,406\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nVienna\n\nAustria\n\nWiener Stadthalle\n\n13,363 / 13,363\n\n$1,486,731\n\n\nAugust 20, 2018\n\nFrankfurt\n\nGermany\n\nFesthalle\n\n22,226 / 22,226\n\n$2,407,113\n\n\nAugust 21, 2018\n\n\nAugust 24, 2018\n\nArnhem\n\nNetherlands\n\nGelreDome\n\n34,497 / 34,497\n\n$3,395,152\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018\n\nAmsterdam\n\nZiggo Dome\n\n15,658 / 15,658\n\n$1,711,716\n\n\nAugust 27, 2018\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n11,383 / 11,383\n\n$965,879\n\n\nAugust 29, 2018\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n13,859 / 13,859\n\n$1,281,565\n\n\nLeg 3 — North America[4][21]\n\n\nSeptember 19, 2018\n\nLexington\n\nUnited States\n\nRupp Arena\n\nTBA\n\n17,342 / 17,342\n\n$2,017,287\n\n\nSeptember 21, 2018\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 25, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 28, 2018\n\nSaint Paul\n\nXcel Energy Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 29, 2018\n\n\nOctober 2, 2018\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 5, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018[a]\n\nOttawa\n\nCanadian Tire Centre\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nQuebec City\n\nVideotron Centre\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 15, 2018\n\nUniversity Park\n\nUnited States\n\nBryce Jordan Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 18, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018[b]\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 4, 2018\n\nEdmonton\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Place\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 5, 2018\n\n\nNovember 8, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nRogers Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 9, 2018\n\n\nNovember 12, 2018\n\nTacoma\n\nUnited States\n\nTacoma Dome\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 13, 2018\n\n\nNovember 16, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nModa Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 18, 2018\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 20, 2018\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 27, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 29, 2018\n\nPhoenix\n\nTalking Stick Resort Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 1, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 3, 2018\n\nFresno\n\nSave Mart Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 5, 2018\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 8, 2018\n\nOmaha\n\nCHI Health Center Omaha\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 10, 2018\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 13, 2018\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 14, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 17, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 19, 2018[c]\n\nBuffalo\n\nKeyBank Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 21, 2018\n\nUncasville\n\nMohegan Sun Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 22, 2018\n\n\nLeg 4 — North America[4]\n\n\nJanuary 4, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nUnited States\n\nCapital One Arena\n\nTBA\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 6, 2019\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 8, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nAtlanta\n\nState Farm Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 17, 2019\n\nNorth Little Rock\n\nVerizon Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nSan Antonio\n\nAT&T Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 24, 2019\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nOklahoma City\n\nChesapeake Energy Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 28, 2019[d]\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 31, 2019[e]\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nTotal\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n" ]
[ "The Shadowboxers" ]
4406439178540710801
The Raven
The Raven - wikipedia The Raven This article is about the narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe . For other uses , see The Raven ( disambiguation ) . `` The Raven '' depicts a mysterious raven 's midnight visit to a mourning narrator , as illustrated by John Tenniel ( 1858 ) . `` The Raven '' Audio 7min 12s Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` The Raven '' is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe . First published in January 1845 , the poem is often noted for its musicality , stylized language , and supernatural atmosphere . It tells of a talking raven 's mysterious visit to a distraught lover , tracing the man 's slow fall into madness . The lover , often identified as being a student , is lamenting the loss of his love , Lenore . Sitting on a bust of Pallas , the raven seems to further distress the protagonist with its constant repetition of the word `` Nevermore '' . The poem makes use of folk , mythological , religious , and classical references . Poe claimed to have written the poem logically and methodically , intending to create a poem that would appeal to both critical and popular tastes , as he explained in his 1846 follow - up essay , `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . The poem was inspired in part by a talking raven in the novel Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of ' Eighty by Charles Dickens . Poe borrows the complex rhythm and meter of Elizabeth Barrett 's poem `` Lady Geraldine 's Courtship '' , and makes use of internal rhyme as well as alliteration throughout . `` The Raven '' was first attributed to Poe in print in the New York Evening Mirror on January 29 , 1845 . Its publication made Poe popular in his lifetime , although it did not bring him much financial success . The poem was soon reprinted , parodied , and illustrated . Critical opinion is divided as to the poem 's literary status , but it nevertheless remains one of the most famous poems ever written . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Analysis 2.1 Allusions 2.2 Poetic structure 3 Publication history 3.1 Illustrators 4 Composition 5 Critical reception 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The Raven Once upon a midnight dreary , while I pondered , weak and weary , Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore -- While I nodded , nearly napping , suddenly there came a tapping , As of some one gently rapping , rapping at my chamber door . `` ' Tis some visiter , '' I muttered , `` tapping at my chamber door -- Only this and nothing more . '' Ah , distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December ; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor . Eagerly I wished the morrow ; -- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow -- sorrow for the lost Lenore -- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore -- Nameless here for evermore . And the silken , sad , uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me -- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before ; So that now , to still the beating of my heart , I stood repeating `` ' Tis some visiter entreating entrance at my chamber door -- Some late visiter entreating entrance at my chamber door ; -- This it is and nothing more . '' Presently my soul grew stronger ; hesitating then no longer , `` Sir , '' said I , `` or Madam , truly your forgiveness I implore ; But the fact is I was napping , and so gently you came rapping , And so faintly you came tapping , tapping at my chamber door , That I scarce was sure I heard you `` -- here I opened wide the door ; -- Darkness there and nothing more . Deep into that darkness peering , long I stood there wondering , fearing , Doubting , dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before ; But the silence was unbroken , and the stillness gave no token , And the only word there spoken was the whispered word , `` Lenore ? '' This I whispered , and an echo murmured back the word , `` Lenore ! '' -- Merely this and nothing more . Back into the chamber turning , all my soul within me burning , Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before . `` Surely , '' said I , `` surely that is something at my window lattice ; Let me see , then , what thereat is , and this mystery explore -- Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore ; -- ' Tis the wind and nothing more ! '' Open here I flung the shutter , when , with many a flirt and flutter , In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore ; Not the least obeisance made he ; not a minute stopped or stayed he ; But , with mien of lord or lady , perched above my chamber door -- Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door -- Perched , and sat , and nothing more . Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling , By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore , `` Though thy crest be shorn and shaven , thou , '' I said , `` art sure no craven , Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore -- Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night 's Plutonian shore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly , Though its answer little meaning -- little relevancy bore ; For we can not help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door -- Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door , With such name as `` Nevermore . '' But the Raven , sitting lonely on the placid bust , spoke only That one word , as if his soul in that one word he did outpour . Nothing farther then he uttered -- not a feather then he fluttered -- Till I scarcely more than muttered `` Other friends have flown before -- On the morrow he will leave me , as my Hopes have flown before . '' Then the bird said `` Nevermore . '' Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken , `` Doubtless , '' said I , `` what it utters is its only stock and store Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore -- Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore Of ' Never -- nevermore ' . '' But the Raven still beguiling my sad fancy into smiling , Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird , and bust and door ; Then , upon the velvet sinking , I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy , thinking what this ominous bird of yore -- What this grim , ungainly , ghastly , gaunt , and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking `` Nevermore . '' This I sat engaged in guessing , but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom 's core ; This and more I sat divining , with my head at ease reclining On the cushion 's velvet lining that the lamp - light gloated o'er , But whose velvet - violet lining with the lamp - light gloating o'er , She shall press , ah , nevermore ! Then , methought , the air grew denser , perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by seraphim whose foot - falls tinkled on the tufted floor . `` Wretch , '' I cried , `` thy God hath lent thee -- by these angels he hath sent thee Respite -- respite and nepenthe , from thy memories of Lenore ; Quaff , oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Prophet ! '' said I , `` thing of evil ! -- prophet still , if bird or devil ! -- Whether Tempter sent , or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore , Desolate yet all undaunted , on this desert land enchanted -- On this home by Horror haunted -- tell me truly , I implore -- Is there -- is there balm in Gilead ? -- tell me -- tell me , I implore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Prophet ! '' said I , `` thing of evil ! -- prophet still , if bird or devil ! By that Heaven that bends above us -- by that God we both adore -- Tell this soul with sorrow laden if , within the distant Aidenn , It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore -- Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore . '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Be that word our sign of parting , bird or fiend ! '' I shrieked , upstarting -- `` Get thee back into the tempest and the Night 's Plutonian shore ! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken ! Leave my loneliness unbroken ! -- quit the bust above my door ! Take thy beak from out my heart , and take thy form from off my door ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' And the Raven , never flitting , still is sitting , still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door ; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon 's that is dreaming , And the lamp - light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor ; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted -- nevermore ! -- Edgar Allan Poe `` Not the least obeisance made he '' , as illustrated by Gustave Doré ( 1884 ) `` The Raven '' follows an unnamed narrator on a dreary night in December who sits reading `` forgotten lore '' by a dying fire as a way to forget the death of his beloved Lenore . A `` tapping at ( his ) chamber door '' reveals nothing , but excites his soul to `` burning '' . The tapping is repeated , slightly louder , and he realizes it is coming from his window . When he goes to investigate , a raven flutters into his chamber . Paying no attention to the man , the raven perches on a bust of Pallas above the door . Amused by the raven 's comically serious disposition , the man asks that the bird tell him its name . The raven 's only answer is `` Nevermore '' . The narrator is surprised that the raven can talk , though at this point it has said nothing further . The narrator remarks to himself that his `` friend '' the raven will soon fly out of his life , just as `` other friends have flown before '' along with his previous hopes . As if answering , the raven responds again with `` Nevermore '' . The narrator reasons that the bird learned the word `` Nevermore '' from some `` unhappy master '' and that it is the only word it knows . Even so , the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven , determined to learn more about it . He thinks for a moment in silence , and his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore . He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels , and wonders if God is sending him a sign that he is to forget Lenore . The bird again replies in the negative , suggesting that he can never be free of his memories . The narrator becomes angry , calling the raven a `` thing of evil '' and a `` prophet '' . Finally , he asks the raven whether he will be reunited with Lenore in Heaven . When the raven responds with its typical `` Nevermore '' , he is enraged , and , calling it a liar , commands the bird to return to the `` Plutonian shore '' -- but it does not move . Presumably at the time of the poem 's recitation by the narrator , the raven `` still is sitting '' on the bust of Pallas . The narrator 's final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the raven 's shadow and shall be lifted `` Nevermore '' . Analysis ( edit ) Poe wrote the poem as a narrative , without intentional allegory or didacticism . The main theme of the poem is one of undying devotion . The narrator experiences a perverse conflict between desire to forget and desire to remember . He seems to get some pleasure from focusing on loss . The narrator assumes that the word `` Nevermore '' is the raven 's `` only stock and store '' , and , yet , he continues to ask it questions , knowing what the answer will be . His questions , then , are purposely self - deprecating and further incite his feelings of loss . Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poem 's narrator . The narrator begins as `` weak and weary , '' becomes regretful and grief - stricken , before passing into a frenzy and , finally , madness . Christopher F.S. Maligec suggests the poem is a type of elegiac paraclausithyron , an ancient Greek and Roman poetic form consisting of the lament of an excluded , locked - out lover at the sealed door of his beloved . Allusions ( edit ) The raven perches on a bust of Pallas Athena , a symbol of wisdom meant to imply the narrator is a scholar . Illustration by Édouard Manet for Stéphane Mallarmé 's translation , Le Corbeau ( 1875 ) . Poe says that the narrator is a young scholar . Though this is not explicitly stated in the poem , it is mentioned in `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . It is also suggested by the narrator reading books of `` lore '' as well as by the bust of Pallas Athena , Greek goddess of wisdom . He is reading in the late night hours from `` many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore '' . Similar to the studies suggested in Poe 's short story `` Ligeia '' , this lore may be about the occult or black magic . This is also emphasized in the author 's choice to set the poem in December , a month which is traditionally associated with the forces of darkness . The use of the raven -- the `` devil bird '' -- also suggests this . This devil image is emphasized by the narrator 's belief that the raven is `` from the Night 's Plutonian shore '' , or a messenger from the afterlife , referring to Pluto , the Roman god of the underworld ( also known as Dis Pater in Roman mythology ) . A direct allusion to Satan also appears : `` Whether Tempter sent , or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore ... '' Poe chose a raven as the central symbol in the story because he wanted a `` non-reasoning '' creature capable of speech . He decided on a raven , which he considered `` equally capable of speech '' as a parrot , because it matched the intended tone of the poem . Poe said the raven is meant to symbolize `` Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance '' . He was also inspired by Grip , the raven in Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of ' Eighty by Charles Dickens . One scene in particular bears a resemblance to `` The Raven '' : at the end of the fifth chapter of Dickens 's novel , Grip makes a noise and someone says , `` What was that -- him tapping at the door ? '' The response is , `` ' Tis someone knocking softly at the shutter . '' Dickens 's raven could speak many words and had many comic turns , including the popping of a champagne cork , but Poe emphasized the bird 's more dramatic qualities . Poe had written a review of Barnaby Rudge for Graham 's Magazine saying , among other things , that the raven should have served a more symbolic , prophetic purpose . The similarity did not go unnoticed : James Russell Lowell in his A Fable for Critics wrote the verse , `` Here comes Poe with his raven , like Barnaby Rudge / Three - fifths of him genius and two - fifths sheer fudge . '' The Free Library of Philadelphia has on display a taxidermied raven that is reputed to be the very one that Dickens owned and that helped inspire Poe 's poem . Poe may also have been drawing upon various references to ravens in mythology and folklore . In Norse mythology , Odin possessed two ravens named Huginn and Muninn , representing thought and memory . According to Hebrew folklore , Noah sends a white raven to check conditions while on the ark . It learns that the floodwaters are beginning to dissipate , but it does not immediately return with the news . It is punished by being turned black and being forced to feed on carrion forever . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lover 's unfaithfulness . The raven 's role as a messenger in Poe 's poem may draw from those stories . Nepenthe , a drug mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey , erases memories ; the narrator wonders aloud whether he could receive `` respite '' this way : `` Quaff , oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore ! '' Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead , a reference to the Book of Jeremiah ( 8 : 22 ) in the Bible : `` Is there no balm in Gilead ; is there no physician there ? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered ? '' In that context , the Balm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes ( suggesting , perhaps , that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore ) . In 1 Kings 17 : 1 - 5 Elijah is said be from Gilead , and to have been fed by ravens during a period of drought . Poe also refers to `` Aidenn '' , another word for the Garden of Eden , though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven . Poetic structure ( edit ) The poem is made up of 18 stanzas of six lines each . Generally , the meter is trochaic octameter -- eight trochaic feet per line , each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable . The first line , for example ( with / representing stressed syllables and x representing unstressed ) : Syllabic structure of a verse Stress / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x Syllable Once up - on mid - night drear - y , while pon - dered weak and wear - y Manet 's illustration of the raven flying through the window . Poe , however , claimed the poem was a combination of octameter acatalectic , heptameter catalectic , and tetrameter catalectic . The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB , or AA , B , CC , CB , B , B when accounting for internal rhyme . In every stanza , the `` B '' lines rhyme with the word `` nevermore '' and are catalectic , placing extra emphasis on the final syllable . The poem also makes heavy use of alliteration ( `` Doubting , dreaming dreams ... '' ) . 20th - century American poet Daniel Hoffman suggested that the poem 's structure and meter is so formulaic that it is artificial , though its mesmeric quality overrides that . Poe based the structure of `` The Raven '' on the complicated rhyme and rhythm of Elizabeth Barrett 's poem `` Lady Geraldine 's Courtship '' . Poe had reviewed Barrett 's work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal and said that `` her poetic inspiration is the highest -- we can conceive of nothing more august . Her sense of Art is pure in itself . '' As is typical with Poe , his review also criticizes her lack of originality and what he considers the repetitive nature of some of her poetry . About `` Lady Geraldine 's Courtship '' , he said `` I have never read a poem combining so much of the fiercest passion with so much of the most delicate imagination . '' Publication History ( edit ) The Raven and Other Poems , Wiley and Putnam , New York , 1845 . Poe first brought `` The Raven '' to his friend and former employer George Rex Graham of Graham 's Magazine in Philadelphia . Graham declined the poem , which may not have been in its final version , though he gave Poe $15 as charity . Poe then sold the poem to The American Review , which paid him $9 for it , and printed `` The Raven '' in its February 1845 issue under the pseudonym `` Quarles '' , a reference to the English poet Francis Quarles . The poem 's first publication with Poe 's name was in the Evening Mirror on January 29 , 1845 , as an `` advance copy '' . Nathaniel Parker Willis , editor of the Mirror , introduced it as `` unsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception , masterly ingenuity of versification , and consistent , sustaining of imaginative lift ... It will stick to the memory of everybody who reads it . '' Following this publication the poem appeared in periodicals across the United States , including the New York Tribune ( February 4 , 1845 ) , Broadway Journal ( vol. 1 , February 8 , 1845 ) , Southern Literary Messenger ( vol. 11 , March 1845 ) , Literary Emporium ( vol. 2 , December 1845 ) , Saturday Courier , 16 ( July 25 , 1846 ) , and the Richmond Examiner ( September 25 , 1849 ) . It has also appeared in numerous anthologies , starting with Poets and Poetry of America edited by Rufus Wilmot Griswold in 1847 . The immediate success of `` The Raven '' prompted Wiley and Putnam to publish a collection of Poe 's prose called Tales in June 1845 ; it was his first book in five years . They also published a collection of his poetry called The Raven and Other Poems on November 19 by Wiley and Putnam which included a dedication to Barrett as `` the Noblest of her Sex '' . The small volume , his first book of poetry in 14 years , was 100 pages and sold for 31 cents . In addition to the title poem , it included `` The Valley of Unrest '' , `` Bridal Ballad '' , `` The City in the Sea '' , `` Eulalie '' , `` The Conqueror Worm '' , `` The Haunted Palace '' and eleven others . In the preface , Poe referred to them as `` trifles '' which had been altered without his permission as they made `` the rounds of the press '' . Illustrators ( edit ) An illustration by Édouard Manet , from Mallarmé 's translation , depicting the first two lines of the poem . Later publications of `` The Raven '' included artwork by well - known illustrators . Notably , in 1858 `` The Raven '' appeared in a British Poe anthology with illustrations by John Tenniel , the Alice in Wonderland illustrator ( The Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe : With Original Memoir , London : Sampson Low ) . `` The Raven '' was published independently with lavish woodcuts by Gustave Doré in 1884 ( New York : Harper & Brothers ) . Doré died before its publication . In 1875 , a French edition with English and French text , Le Corbeau , was published with lithographs by Édouard Manet and translation by the Symbolist Stéphane Mallarmé . Many 20th - century artists and contemporary illustrators created artworks and illustrations based on `` The Raven '' , including Edmund Dulac , István Orosz , and Ryan Price . Composition ( edit ) Main article : The Philosophy of Composition Poe capitalized on the success of `` The Raven '' by following it up with his essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) , in which he detailed the poem 's creation . His description of its writing is probably exaggerated , though the essay serves as an important overview of Poe 's literary theory . He explains that every component of the poem is based on logic : the raven enters the chamber to avoid a storm ( the `` midnight dreary '' in the `` bleak December '' ) , and its perch on a pallid white bust was to create visual contrast against the dark black bird . No aspect of the poem was an accident , he claims , but is based on total control by the author . Even the term `` Nevermore '' , he says , is used because of the effect created by the long vowel sounds ( though Poe may have been inspired to use the word by the works of Lord Byron or Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ) . Poe had experimented with the long o sound throughout many other poems : `` no more '' in `` Silence '' , `` evermore '' in `` The Conqueror Worm '' . The topic itself , Poe says , was chosen because `` the death ... of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world . '' Told from `` the lips ... of a bereaved lover '' is best suited to achieve the desired effect . Beyond the poetics of it , the lost Lenore may have been inspired by events in Poe 's own life as well , either to the early loss of his mother , Eliza Poe , or the long illness endured by his wife , Virginia . Ultimately , Poe considered `` The Raven '' an experiment to `` suit at once the popular and critical taste '' , accessible to both the mainstream and high literary worlds . It is unknown how long Poe worked on `` The Raven '' ; speculation ranges from a single day to ten years . Poe recited a poem believed to be an early version with an alternate ending of `` The Raven '' in 1843 in Saratoga , New York . An early draft may have featured an owl . In the summer of 1844 , when the poem was likely written , Poe , his wife , and mother - in - law were boarding at the farmhouse of Patrick Brennan . The location of the house , which was demolished in 1888 , has been a disputed point and , while there are two different plaques marking its supposed location on West 84th Street , it most likely stood where 206 West 84th Street is now . Critical reception ( edit ) Gustave Doré 's illustration of the final lines of the poem accompanies the phrase `` And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor / Shall be lifted -- nevermore ! '' In part due to its dual printing , `` The Raven '' made Edgar Allan Poe a household name almost immediately , and turned Poe into a national celebrity . Readers began to identify poem with poet , earning Poe the nickname `` The Raven '' . The poem was soon widely reprinted , imitated , and parodied . Though it made Poe popular in his day , it did not bring him significant financial success . As he later lamented , `` I have made no money . I am as poor now as ever I was in my life -- except in hope , which is by no means bankable '' . The New World said , `` Everyone reads the Poem and praises it ... justly , we think , for it seems to us full of originality and power . '' The Pennsylvania Inquirer reprinted it with the heading `` A Beautiful Poem '' . Elizabeth Barrett wrote to Poe , `` Your ' Raven ' has produced a sensation , a fit o ' horror , here in England . Some of my friends are taken by the fear of it and some by the music . I hear of persons haunted by ' Nevermore ' . '' Poe 's popularity resulted in invitations to recite `` The Raven '' and to lecture -- in public and at private social gatherings . At one literary salon , a guest noted , `` to hear ( Poe ) repeat the Raven ... is an event in one 's life . '' It was recalled by someone who experienced it , `` He would turn down the lamps till the room was almost dark , then standing in the center of the apartment he would recite ... in the most melodious of voices ... So marvelous was his power as a reader that the auditors would be afraid to draw breath lest the enchanted spell be broken . '' Parodies sprung up especially in Boston , New York , and Philadelphia and included `` The Craven '' by `` Poh ! '' , `` The Gazelle '' , `` The Whippoorwill '' , and `` The Turkey '' . One parody , `` The Pole - Cat '' , caught the attention of Andrew Johnston , a lawyer who sent it on to Abraham Lincoln . Though Lincoln admitted he had `` several hearty laughs '' , he had not , at that point read `` The Raven '' . However , Lincoln eventually read and memorized the poem . `` The Raven '' was praised by fellow writers William Gilmore Simms and Margaret Fuller , though it was denounced by William Butler Yeats , who called it `` insincere and vulgar ... its execution a rhythmical trick '' . Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson said , `` I see nothing in it . '' A critic for the Southern Quarterly Review wrote in July 1848 that the poem was ruined by `` a wild and unbridled extravagance '' and that minor things like a tapping at the door and a fluttering curtain would only affect `` a child who had been frightened to the verge of idiocy by terrible ghost stories '' . An anonymous writer going by the pseudonym `` Outis '' suggested in the Evening Mirror that `` The Raven '' was plagiarized from a poem called `` The Bird of the Dream '' by an unnamed author . The writer showed 18 similarities between the poems and was made as a response to Poe 's accusations of plagiarism against Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . It has been suggested Outis was really Cornelius Conway Felton , if not Poe himself . After Poe 's death , his friend Thomas Holley Chivers said `` The Raven '' was plagiarized from one of his poems . In particular , he claimed to have been the inspiration for the meter of the poem as well as the refrain `` nevermore '' . `` The Raven '' has influenced many modern works , including Vladimir Nabokov 's Lolita in 1955 , Bernard Malamud 's `` The Jewbird '' in 1963 and Ray Bradbury 's `` The Parrot Who Knew Papa '' in 1976 . The process by which Poe composed `` The Raven '' influenced a number of French authors and composers , such as Charles Baudelaire and Maurice Ravel , and it has been suggested that Ravel 's Boléro may have been deeply influenced by `` The Philosophy of Composition . '' The poem is additionally referenced throughout popular culture in films , television , music , and video games . The name of the Baltimore Ravens , a professional American football team , was inspired by the poem . Chosen in a fan contest that drew 33,288 voters , the allusion honors Poe , who spent the early part of his career in Baltimore and is buried there . See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of ravens `` The Raven '' in popular culture `` Lenore '' -- an earlier poem by Poe `` Outis '' as a pseudonym Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Meyers , 163 ^ Jump up to : Silverman , 239 ^ Jump up to : Kopley & Hayes , 192 ^ Jump up to : Silverman , 237 Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore -- Works -- Poems -- The Raven '' . Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . December 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Poe , 773 ^ Jump up to : Poe , 774 ^ Jump up to : Poe , 775 Jump up ^ Cornelius , Kay . `` Biography of Edgar Allan Poe '' in Bloom 's BioCritiques : Edgar Allan Poe , Harold Bloom , ed . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2002 . p. 21 ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6173 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Kopley & Hayes , 194 Jump up ^ Hoffman , 74 Jump up ^ Hirsch , 195 - 6 Jump up ^ Hoffman , 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Maligec , Christopher F.S. ( 2009 ) . `` ' The Raven ' as an Elegiac Paraclausithyron '' . Poe Studies . 42 : 87 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1947 - 4697.2009. 00015. x . ^ Jump up to : Sova , 208 Jump up ^ Granger , 53 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 195 Jump up ^ Silverman , 240 Jump up ^ Meyers , 162 ^ Jump up to : `` Cremains / Ravens '' . palimpsest.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cornelius , Kay . `` Biography of Edgar Allan Poe '' in Bloom 's BioCritiques : Edgar Allan Poe , Harold Bloom , ed . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2002 . p. 20 ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6173 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Poe 's Raven Stuffed at Free Library '' . Philadelphia Magazine . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , 53 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 8 : 22 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 17 : 1 - 5 Jump up ^ Kopley & Hayes , 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Hoffman , 76 Jump up ^ Thomas & Jackson , 485 ^ Jump up to : Meyers , 160 Jump up ^ Peeples , 142 Jump up ^ Hoffman , 79 Jump up ^ Ostrom , 5 Jump up ^ Silverman , 530 Jump up ^ `` The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe '' . Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Meyers , 177 ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Jackson , 591 ^ Jump up to : Peeples , 136 Jump up ^ Silverman , 299 Jump up ^ Sova , 209 Jump up ^ Scholnick , Robert J. `` In Defense of Beauty : Stedman and the Recognition of Poe in America , 1880 -- 1910 '' , collected in Poe and His Times : The Artist and His Milieu , edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV . Baltimore : The Edgar Allan Poe Society , 1990 . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 9616449 - 2 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Digital Gallery for Édouard Manet illustrations -- Le corbeau '' . New York Public Library Digital Gallery . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orosz , István . `` The poet in the mirror '' . Gallery Diabolus . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . -- Anamorphic illustration for `` The Raven '' Jump up ^ Orosz , István . `` The poet in the mirror '' . Gallery Diabolus . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . -- the same illustration with a chrome - plated brass cylinder Jump up ^ Price , Ryan . `` Illustrations by Ryan Price '' . Ingram Gallery . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krutch , 98 Jump up ^ Silverman , 295 -- 296 Jump up ^ Forsythe , 439 -- 452 Jump up ^ Weiss , 185 Jump up ^ Hemstreet , William ( December 21 , 1907 ) . `` '' Raven '' Mantel is in Brooklyn `` . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Theodore F. ( January 4 , 1908 ) . `` Poe 's Life at the Brennan House '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe Street '' . Manhattan Past . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot ; Leadon , Fran ( 2010 ) . AIA Guide to New York City . Oxford University Press . p. 383 . ISBN 0195383869 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , 80 Jump up ^ Peeples , 133 ^ Jump up to : Silverman , 238 Jump up ^ Krutch , 155 Jump up ^ Krutch , 153 Jump up ^ Silverman , 279 Jump up ^ Krutch , 154 Jump up ^ Thomas & Jackson , 635 Jump up ^ Basler , Roy P. and Carl Sandberg . Abraham Lincoln : his speeches and writings . New York : De Capo Press , 2001 : 185 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Meyers , 184 Jump up ^ Silverman , 265 Jump up ^ Thomas & Jackson , 739 Jump up ^ Moss , 169 Jump up ^ Moss , 101 Jump up ^ Parks , Edd Winfield . Ante - Bellum Southern Literary Critics . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1962 : 182 . Jump up ^ Kopley & Hayes , 196 Jump up ^ Lanford , 243 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Naming Baltimore 's Team : Ravens '' . Baltimore Ravens . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2006 . References ( edit ) Adams , John F. `` Classical Raven Lore and Poe 's Raven '' in Poe Studies . Vol . V , no . 2 , December 1972 . Available online Forsythe , Robert . `` Poe 's ' Nevermore ' : A Note '' , as collected in American Literature 7 . January 1936 . Granger , Byrd Howell . `` Marginalia -- Devil Lore in ' The Raven ' '' from Poe Studies vol . V , no . 2 , December 1972 Available online Hirsch , David H. `` The Raven and the Nightingale '' as collected in Poe and His Times : The Artist and His Milieu , edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV . Baltimore : The Edgar Allan Poe Society , Inc. , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 9616449 - 2 - 3 Hoffman , Daniel . Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2321 - 8 Kopley , Richard and Kevin J. Hayes . `` Two verse masterworks : ' The Raven ' and ' Ulalume ' '' , collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe , edited by Kevin J. Hayes . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79727 - 6 Krutch , Joseph Wood . Edgar Allan Poe : A Study in Genius . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1926 . Lanford , Michael ( 2011 ) . `` Ravel and ' The Raven ' : The Realisation of an Inherited Aesthetic in Boléro . '' Cambridge Quarterly 40 ( 3 ) , 243 -- 265 . Meyers , Jeffrey . Edgar Allan Poe : His Life and Legacy . New York City : Cooper Square Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1038 - 7 Moss , Sidney P. Poe 's Literary Battles : The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu . Southern Illinois University Press , 1969 . Ostrom , John Ward . `` Edgar A. Poe : His Income as Literary Entrepreneur '' , collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5 , no . 1 . June 1982 . Peeples , Scott . Edgar Allan Poe Revisited . New York : Twayne Publishers , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 4572 - 6 Poe , Edgar Allan . Edgar Allan Poe : Complete Tales & Poems . Edison , NJ : Castle Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 1453 - 1 Silverman , Kenneth . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 Sova , Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . New York City : Checkmark Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X Thomas , Dwight and David K. Jackson . The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe , 1809 -- 1849 . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 1 Weiss , Susan Archer . The Home Life of Poe . New York : Broadway Publishing Company , 1907 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Raven '' dated 2014 - 12 - 06 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutThe Ravenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Edgar Allan Poe at Curlie The Raven illustrated by Gustave Doré . From the Collections at the Library of Congress Le Corbeau = The Raven : Poëme avec illustrations par Édouard Manet . From the Collections at the Library of Congress Text `` The Raven '' -- Full text of the first printing , from the American Review , 1845 `` The Raven '' -- Full text of the final authorized printing , from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner , 1849 `` Le Corbeau '' -- The French Translation of `` The Raven '' by Stéphane Mallarmé `` Le Corbeau '' -- The French Translation of `` The Raven '' by Charles Baudelaire `` Bela '' - The Basque Translation by Jon Mirande , 1950 . `` Ha - orev '' - Hebrew translation by Vladimir Jabotinsky , 1914 . `` Der Raab '' - Yiddish translation by Vladimir Jabotinsky . `` Voron '' - Russian translation by Avdotij Vyvihov . Commentary The Poe Decoder -- Essay on the symbols , words and composition of `` The Raven '' The Raven . With Literary and Historical Commentary by John H. Ingram . London G. Redway. 1885 . Illustrated Illustrations from The Raven , Gustave Doré illustrations from the University at Buffalo Libraries ' Rare & Special Books collection The Raven illustrated by Édouard Manet at Project Gutenberg The Raven illustrated by Gustave Doré at Project Gutenberg Audio Reading of ' The Raven ' and text by Classic Poetry Aloud ( MP3 ) The Raven public domain audiobook at LibriVox Edgar Allan Poe 's `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) Film The Raven ( 1915 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Raven ( 1963 ) The Raven ( 2006 ) Evil Calls : The Raven ( 2011 ) The Raven ( 2012 ) Literature Barnaby Rudge The Blessed Damozel Cadaeic Cadenza Music The Raven ( Lou Reed album ) `` The Raven '' ( The Alan Parsons Project song ) `` That 's How the Story Ends '' ( Five Iron Frenzy song ) Other Edgar Allan Poe : Once Upon a Midnight ( play ) `` Treehouse of Horror '' The Raven ( painting series ) The Pigeon `` The Raven '' in popular culture Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination WorldCat Identities BNE : XX2135733 BNF : cb12038661v ( data ) LCCN : n82225090 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Raven&oldid=866336274 '' Categories : Poetry by Edgar Allan Poe Fictional ravens Fictional characters introduced in 1845 1845 poems Narrative poems Works originally published in The American Review : A Whig Journal Works involved in plagiarism controversies Poems adapted into films Works published under a pseudonym Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Articles with Curlie links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Pälzisch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
lyrics to the raven by edgar allan poe
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2018 Little League World Series
2018 Little League World Series - wikipedia 2018 Little League World Series 2018 Little League World Series Dates August 16 -- August 26 Teams participating 16 Champion Honolulu Little League , Honolulu , Hawaii Runner - up South Seoul Little League , Seoul , South Korea ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Little League World Series was held from August 16 to August 26 at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Eight teams from the United States and eight teams from around the world competed in the 72nd edition of the tournament . Honolulu Little League of Honolulu , Hawaii defeated South Seoul Little League of Seoul , South Korea in the championship by a 3 -- 0 score . It was the third championship for a team from Hawaii , having won previously in 2005 and 2008 . Contents 1 Teams 2 Results 2.1 United States bracket 2.2 International bracket 2.3 Consolation games 2.4 Third place game 2.5 World Championship 3 Champions path 4 MLB Little League Classic 5 References Teams ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series qualification Regional qualifying tournaments were held between June and August 2018 . United States International Grosse Pointe Woods , Michigan Great Lakes Region Grosse Pointe Woods - Shores Little League Seoul , South Korea Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region South Seoul Little League Staten Island , New York Mid-Atlantic Region Mid-Island Little League Gold Coast , Queensland Australia Region Gold Coast Little League Des Moines , Iowa Midwest Region Grandview Little League Surrey , British Columbia Canada Region Whalley Little League Coventry , Rhode Island New England Region Coventry Little League Guayama , Puerto Rico Caribbean Region Radames López Little League Coeur d'Alene , Idaho Northwest Region Coeur d'Alene Little League Barcelona , Spain Europe and Africa Region Catalunya Little League Peachtree City , Georgia Southeast Region Peachtree City American Little League Kawaguchi , Saitama Japan Region Kawaguchi Little League Houston , Texas Southwest Region Post Oak Little League Arraiján , Panama Latin America Region Vacamonte Little League Honolulu , Hawaii West Region Honolulu Little League Matamoros , Tamaulipas Mexico Region Matamoros A.C. Little League Results ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series results The draw to determine the opening round pairings took place on June 14 , 2018 . United States bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 2 New York 5 August 19 -- Game 14 Iowa New York August 16 -- Game 4 Texas Rhode Island August 22 -- Game 24 ( F / 5 ) Texas New York 0 August 17 -- Game 6 Hawaii 10 Michigan 5 August 19 -- Game 16 Idaho Michigan August 17 -- Game 8 ( F / 11 ) Hawaii 8 Georgia 0 Hawaii August 25 -- U.S. championship Hawaii August 18 -- Game 10 Georgia 0 Iowa 9 August 20 -- Game 18 Rhode Island 5 Michigan 5 Iowa August 22 -- Game 22 Michigan August 18 -- Game 12 Georgia Idaho 0 August 20 -- Game 20 ( F / 9 ) Georgia Texas 6 Georgia 7 August 23 -- Game 26 New York Georgia 7 International bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 1 ( F / 9 ) Puerto Rico August 19 -- Game 13 South Korea South Korea 5 August 16 -- Game 3 Mexico Mexico August 22 -- Game 23 ( F / 4 ) Australia South Korea 10 August 17 -- Game 5 ( F / 5 ) Japan 0 Spain August 19 -- Game 15 Japan 11 Japan August 17 -- Game 7 Panama Panama 8 Canada August 25 -- International championship South Korea August 18 -- Game 9 Japan Puerto Rico 6 August 20 -- Game 17 Australia 0 Panama Puerto Rico August 22 -- Game 21 Puerto Rico 9 August 18 -- Game 11 ( F / 10 ) Canada Spain August 20 -- Game 19 Canada Mexico Canada 6 August 23 -- Game 25 Japan Puerto Rico 0 Consolation games ( edit ) Teams that lose their first two games get to play a consolation game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games . These games are labeled Game A and Game B . Game A August 20 -- Lamade Stadium ( F / 4 ) Rhode Island 15 Australia 0 Game B August 23 -- Lamade Stadium Idaho 5 Spain 0 Third place game ( edit ) This consolation game is played between the runner - up of the United States championship and the runner - up of the International championship . Third place game August 26 -- Lamade Stadium Georgia Japan 8 World Championship ( edit ) Little League World Championship August 26 -- Lamade Stadium South Korea 0 Hawaii 2018 Little League World Series Champions Honolulu Little League Honolulu , Hawai ʻi Champions path ( edit ) The Honolulu LL reached the LLWS with an undefeated record in seven games . In total , their record was 12 -- 0 . Round Opposition Result Hawai ʻi State Tournament Winner 's Bracket Semifinals Waipi ʻo LL 4 -- 2 ( F / 7 ) Winner 's Bracket Final Hilo LL 5 -- 4 Finals Waipi ʻo LL 11 -- 0 ( F / 4 ) West Regional Tournament Winner 's Bracket Opening Round Sunnyside LL 7 -- 3 Winner 's Bracket Semifinal Dixie LL 8 -- 2 Semifinal Silverado LL 5 -- 1 Finals Tri-City LL 11 -- 2 MLB Little League Classic ( edit ) Main article : 2018 MLB Little League Classic On September 29 , 2017 , Major League Baseball announced that the second MLB Little League Classic would be played on August 19 , 2018 , between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . The game was again played at BB&T Ballpark at Historic Bowman Field , with the Mets winning , 8 -- 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates Announced for the 2018 Little League World Series Tournaments '' . littleleague.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Honolulu wins 2018 Little League World Series Championship '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2018 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Little League World Series Schedule Announced '' . littleleague.org . Little League International . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2018 LLBWS PDF Bracket Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Tournament Results '' . Unpage.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phils , Mets to play in MLB Little League Classic '' . Major League Baseball . MLB.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mets vs. Phillies '' . ESPN . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Little_League_World_Series&oldid=856749158 '' Categories : 2018 Little League World Series Little League World Series 2018 in baseball 2018 in sports in Pennsylvania August 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in sports in Texas 2018 in Japanese sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is representing mexico in little league world series
[ "\n\n\nUnited States\n\nInternational\n\n\n Grosse Pointe Woods, MichiganGreat Lakes RegionGrosse Pointe Woods-Shores Little League\n\n Seoul, South KoreaAsia-Pacific and Middle East RegionSouth Seoul Little League\n\n\n Staten Island, New YorkMid-Atlantic RegionMid-Island Little League\n\n Gold Coast, Queensland Australia RegionGold Coast Little League\n\n\n Des Moines, IowaMidwest RegionGrandview Little League\n\n Surrey, British Columbia Canada RegionWhalley Little League\n\n\n Coventry, Rhode IslandNew England RegionCoventry Little League\n\n Guayama, Puerto RicoCaribbean RegionRadames López Little League\n\n\n Coeur d'Alene, IdahoNorthwest RegionCoeur d'Alene Little League\n\n Barcelona, SpainEurope and Africa RegionCatalunya Little League\n\n\n Peachtree City, GeorgiaSoutheast RegionPeachtree City American Little League\n\n Kawaguchi, Saitama Japan RegionKawaguchi Little League\n\n\n Houston, TexasSouthwest RegionPost Oak Little League\n\n Arraiján, PanamaLatin America RegionVacamonte Little League\n\n\n Honolulu, HawaiiWest RegionHonolulu Little League\n\n Matamoros, Tamaulipas Mexico RegionMatamoros A.C. Little League\n" ]
[ "Matamoros, Tamaulipas" ]
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Premier League
Premier League - wikipedia Premier League This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 02 - 20 ) Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City ( 3rd title ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) Most appearances Gareth Barry ( 653 ) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer ( 260 goals ) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports and BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ) . The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches ( playing each other home and away ) . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . It is often known outside England as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion , rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons , as of 2016 . Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 3 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) , and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Following the 2003 -- 04 season , Arsenal acquired the nickname `` The Invincibles '' as they became , and still remain , the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game . The record of most points in a season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017 -- 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Top Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) 1.5 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2018 -- 19 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 4.3. 1 Wales 4.3. 2 Scotland and Ireland 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share of all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation ( edit ) See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that season . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal , Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Coventry City , Crystal Palace , Everton , Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Middlesbrough , Norwich City , Nottingham Forest , Oldham Athletic , Queens Park Rangers , Sheffield United , Sheffield Wednesday , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . Luton Town , Notts County , and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season ARS CHE LIV MUN 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top four 10 8 7 10 out of 10 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League third qualifying round Champions League first qualifying round Europa League or UEFA Cup `` Top four '' dominance ( 2000s ) ( edit ) One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Top Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , while every season during the 2000s saw the `` Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . During the 2000s , only four sides outside the `` Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League : Leeds United ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Newcastle United ( 2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03 ) , Everton ( 2004 -- 05 ) and Tottenham Hotspur ( 2009 -- 10 ) -- each occupying the final Champions League spot , with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season , who finished third . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Top Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' Between 2005 and 2012 , there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals , with only `` Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage . Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Manchester United ( 2008 ) and Chelsea ( 2012 ) won the competition during this period , with Arsenal ( 2006 ) , Liverpool ( 2007 ) , Chelsea ( 2008 ) and Manchester United ( 2009 and 2011 ) all losing Champions League finals . Leeds United were the only non - `` Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League , in the 2000 -- 01 season . Additionally , between the 1999 -- 2000 and 2009 -- 10 seasons , four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals , with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001 . Arsenal ( 2000 ) , Middlesbrough ( 2006 ) and Fulham ( 2010 ) all lost their finals . Emergence of the `` Big six '' ( 2010s ) ( edit ) The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis , turning the `` Big Four '' into the `` Big Six '' . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table , no side has won consecutive Premier League titles . Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season . That season also saw two of the `` Big Four '' ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season . Results of the ' Big Six ' during the 2010s Season ARS CHE LIV MCI MUN TOT 2010 -- 11 6 5 2011 -- 12 6 8 2012 -- 13 7 5 2013 -- 14 7 6 2014 -- 15 6 5 2015 -- 16 10 8 5 2016 -- 17 5 6 2017 -- 18 6 5 Top four 6 5 8 5 Top six 8 7 5 8 7 8 out of 8 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League play - off round Europa League With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league , greater competition for qualification now exists , albeit from a narrow base of six clubs . In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17 , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005 . Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league , qualifying for the Champions League as a result . Off the pitch , the `` Big Six '' wield financial power and influence , with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play . Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success . The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the `` Big Six '' and the rest of the division . All of the `` Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million , with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million . Leicester City was the closest club to the `` Big Six '' in terms of revenue , recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League . The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham , who did n't play in European competition , had revenues of € 213.3 million , nearly half of the fifth largest club , Liverpool ( € 424.2 million ) . Development ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League seasons The number of clubs was reduced to 20 , down from 22 , in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season -- the year prior to the formation of the Premier League . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga , be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure ( edit ) The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . Rick Parry was the league 's first chief executive . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format ( edit ) Competition ( edit ) There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions ( edit ) Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition ( edit ) Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2017 -- 18 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had six runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with eleven wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2018 -- 19 season . Champions ( edit ) See also : List of English football champions No . Season Champion 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 5 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 6 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 7 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 8 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 9 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 10 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 11 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 13 2004 -- 05 Chelsea No . Season Champion 14 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 15 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 16 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 17 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 18 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 19 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 21 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 22 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 23 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 24 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea 26 2017 -- 18 Manchester City Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2018 -- 19 season ( edit ) The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2018 -- 19 season . Club Position in 2017 -- 18 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 6th 1904 -- 05 102 27 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 AFC Bournemouth 12th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 15th 1979 -- 80 6 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7th 1888 -- 89 56 5 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Cardiff City 2nd in the Championship 1921 -- 22 17 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Chelsea 5th 1907 -- 08 84 27 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 11th 1969 -- 70 19 10 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 8th 1888 -- 89 116 27 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Fulham 3rd in the Championship 1949 -- 50 26 14 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Huddersfield Town 16th 1920 -- 21 33 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 9th 1908 -- 09 50 13 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 4th 1894 -- 95 104 27 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 1st 1899 -- 1900 90 22 2002 -- 03 5 2017 -- 18 Manchester United 2nd 1892 -- 93 94 27 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 10th 1898 -- 99 87 24 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 17th 1966 -- 67 42 20 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 3rd 1909 -- 10 84 27 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 14th 1982 -- 83 12 6 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Ham United 13th 1923 -- 24 61 23 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Wolverhampton Wanderers 1st in the Championship 1888 -- 89 64 5 2018 -- 19 1958 -- 59 Swansea City , Stoke City , and West Bromwich Albion were relegated to the Championship for the 2018 -- 19 season , while Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2017 -- 18 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Brighton and Hove Albion , and Huddersfield Town are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 4 , 2 and 2 seasons ( out of 27 ) respectively . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales London Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Wolverhampton Wanderers London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2018 -- 19 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Watford Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs ( edit ) See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales ( edit ) In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but they were relegated after their maiden season . Cardiff were promoted again in 2017 - 18 but the number of Welsh clubs will remain the same as Swansea City were relegated from the Premier League in the same season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland ( edit ) Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship ( edit ) See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2007 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No Sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , five places counting upwards , and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Others Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 60 2001 -- 2004 110 110 2004 -- 2007 138 138 2007 -- 2009 96 Setanta 42 -- 138 2009 -- 2010 96 ESPN 42 138 2010 -- 2013 115 ESPN 23 138 2013 -- 2016 116 BT 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 42 168 2019 -- 2022 128 52 Amazon 20 200 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 , 2004 -- present BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide ( edit ) The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues ( edit ) See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 , 2011 -- 12 and 2017 - 18 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League stadiums As of the 2017 -- 18 season , Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity : Wembley Stadium , the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur , has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court , the home of Bournemouth , having a capacity of 11,360 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2016 -- 17 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596 . This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . In the 2017 -- 18 season , 11 managers were sacked , the most recent being Alan Pardew of West Bromwich Albion . There have been several studies into the reasoning behind , and effects of , managerial sackings . Most famously , Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam , performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings . Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Pep Guardiola Manchester City 2017 -- 18 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager Eddie Howe Bournemouth 12 October 2012 7003210300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 277 days Sean Dyche Burnley 30 October 2012 7003208500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 259 days Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 27 May 2014 7003151100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 50 days Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 31 December 2014 7003129300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 197 days Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 8 October 2015 7003101200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 281 days David Wagner Huddersfield Town 5 November 2015 7002984000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 253 days Slaviša Jokanović Fulham 27 December 2015 7002932000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 201 days Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 11 March 2016 7002857000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 127 days José Mourinho Manchester United 27 May 2016 7002780000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 50 days Pep Guardiola Manchester City 1 July 2016 7002745000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 15 days Neil Warnock Cardiff City 5 October 2016 7002649000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 284 days Nuno Espirito Santo Wolverhampton Wanderers 31 May 2017 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 12 September 2017 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 days Claude Puel Leicester City 25 October 2017 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 days Javi Gracia Watford 21 January 2018 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 days Mark Hughes Southampton 14 March 2018 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days Manuel Pellegrini West Ham United 22 May 2018 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 days Unai Emery Arsenal 23 May 2018 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days Marco Silva Everton 31 May 2018 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Maurizio Sarri Chelsea 14 July 2018 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Players ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of Premier League winning players Appearances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 653 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand As of 9 May 2018 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations ( edit ) See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees ( edit ) See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 13 May 2018 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 2018 208 491 0.42 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 162 492 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards ( edit ) Trophy ( edit ) The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards ( edit ) In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players who win the title , the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season . A man of the match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match . Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month , Player of the Month and Goal of the Month . These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season . The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season , The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season . From the 2017 -- 18 season , players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof . Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement . 20 seasons awards ( edit ) Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Gareth Barry ( 652 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher , Gareth Barry , Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . Best Goal : Wayne Rooney , 12 February 2011 , Man . United vs Man . City Best Save : Craig Gordon , 18 December 2010 , Sunderland vs Bolton Best Team : 2003 -- 04 Arsenal See also ( edit ) English football portal List of English football champions List of English Football League managers Football records in England References ( edit ) Jump up ^ When will goal - line technology be introduced ? Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . The total number of matches can be calculated using the formula n * ( n - 1 ) where n is the total number of teams . Jump up ^ `` United ( versus Liverpool ) Nations '' . The Observer. 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Premier League lands £ 3bn deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Soccer Leagues Get 25 % Rise in TV Rights Sales , Report Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 4 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Premier League Payments to Clubs '' . Premier League . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the fa premier league is owned by 20 shareholders who are
[ "The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL)[47][48][49] is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league.[50] The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.[51]\n" ]
[ "the 20 member clubs" ]
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Greg Finley
Greg Finley - Wikipedia Greg Finley This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Greg Finley Gregory Finley ( 1984 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Portland , Maine , United States Occupation Actor Years active 2007 - present Gregory P. Finley II ( born December 22 , 1984 ) in Portland , Maine , is an American actor , best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed , iZombie and Girder in The Flash . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Finley is best known for his role as Jack Pappas , on The Secret Life Of The American Teenager . In February 2010 , Finley was cast in the Dark Sky Films thriller Hypothermia , directed by James Felix McKenney . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Graduation Day Ben Chase Short film 2012 Hypothermia Stevie Cote , Jr . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Office assistant 1 episode : `` Snakes '' Cold Case Grant Hall 1 episode : `` Shuffle , Ball Change '' 2008 -- 13 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jack Pappas Series regular 2012 House Bobby Hatcher 1 episode : `` Gut Check '' 2013 Emily Owens , M.D. Dan 1 episode : `` Emily and ... the Perfect Storm '' Necessary Roughness Joe Crabchek 1 episode : `` The Game 's Afoot '' 2014 Star - Crossed Drake Series regular Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddie Thorpe 1 episode : `` Gridiron Soldier '' The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 2 episodes 2015 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Scott Hunt / Male superhero 1 episode : `` Hero to Zero '' 2015 iZombie Drake Holloway 6 Episodes 2016 The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 1 episode : `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ABC Family : Greg Finley , who plays Jack Pappas on The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump up ^ Full ' Hypothermia ' Cast , Start of Principal Photography External links ( edit ) Official MySpace Greg Finley on IMDb BNF : cb16675691g ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0004 0327 3418 LCCN : n2013054513 VIAF : 299935549 This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Finley&oldid=843102212 '' Categories : Male actors from Portland , Maine American male television actors Living people People from Scarborough , Maine 1984 births American actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lumbaart Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays jack on secret life of the american teenager
[ "Gregory P. Finley II (born December 22, 1984) in Portland, Maine, is an American actor, best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed, iZombie and Girder in The Flash." ]
[ "Gregory P. Finley II" ]
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Grammy Award records
Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . All the records are as of the 2017 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Eldest winners 1.10 Most honoured albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most categories 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 23 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill Paul McCartney 15 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 23 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt 15 Jimmy Sturr 18 Tony Bennett Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 Shirley Caesar 11 10 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift CeCe Winans 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 11 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson Steven Epstein 15 David Frost 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Eldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the eldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honoured albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 8 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is three . Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and one engineer / mixer have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most wins , three each , is shared by : Paul Simon , artist Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer Tom Coyne , mastering engineer Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Artists who have won all four general field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Toto ( 1983 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight awards in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Toto ( 1983 ) 6 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four general field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Six artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or group with Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 20 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 20 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra 12 Diana Ross 12 Busta Rhymes Lenny Gomulka Peter Kater 16 Musiq Soulchild 11 Connie Smith Vanessa L. Williams Jazmine Sullivan R. Carlos Nakai Alan Parsons Elly Ameling Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 7 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 11 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Grammy nominations in the most categories ( edit ) Bob Dylan has been nominated in more categories than any other musician . He has been nominated in 12 different categories . These were in folk , spoken word , country , general , gospel , historical , rock , music video , visual media , pop , american roots , and traditional . He is followed by Sir Paul McCartney who has received nominations in the general field , pop , arrangement , rock , visual media , music video , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap . Béla Fleck is the artist with the third most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the country , pop , jazz , bluegrass , world music , classical , folk , and spoken word , as well as composition and arranging categories . Jack White is the artist with the fourth most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Mark Knopfler is the artist with the fifth most nominations among categories . Knopfler has been nominated in the rock , general field , country , music video , music for visual media , surround sound , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Artists who had been nominated for all four general field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=815406975 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . 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who has the most grammys of all time
[ "The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]" ]
[ "Sir Georg Solti" ]
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2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open
2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open - wikipedia 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open Date 17 -- 23 September Edition 35th WTA Premier Draw 28S / 16D Prize money $799,000 Surface Hard / indoor Location Tachikawa , Tokyo , Japan Venue Arena Tachikawa Tachihi Champions Singles Karolína Plíšková Doubles Miyu Kato / Makoto Ninomiya ← 2017 Pan Pacific Open 2019 → The 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open is a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts . It was the 35th edition of the Pan Pacific Open , and part of the Premier Series of the 2018 WTA Tour . It took place at the Arena Tachikawa Tachihi in Tachikawa , Tokyo , Japan , on 17 -- 23 September 2018 . Contents 1 Points and prize money 1.1 Point distribution 1.2 Prize money 2 Singles main draw entrants 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Other entrants 2.3 Withdrawals 2.4 Retirements 3 Doubles main draw entrants 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Other entrants 4 Champions 4.1 Singles 4.2 Doubles 5 References 6 External links Points and prize money ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q2 Q1 Singles 470 305 185 100 55 25 13 Doubles N / A N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q2 Q1 Singles $137,125 $76,063 $39,080 $21,010 $11,265 $7,150 $3,447 $1,750 Doubles $42,850 $22,900 $12,510 $6,365 $3,460 N / A N / A N / A ^ * Qualifiers prize money is also the Round of 32 prize money ^ † Per team Singles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Rank Seeds DEN Caroline Wozniacki FRA Caroline Garcia JPN Naomi Osaka 7 CZE Karolína Plíšková 8 USA Sloane Stephens 9 5 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 14 6 AUS Ashleigh Barty 17 7 CZE Barbora Strýcová 25 8 Rankings are as of September 10 , 2018 Other entrants ( edit ) The following players received wild cards into the main singles draw : Victoria Azarenka Kurumi Nara Kristýna Plíšková Caroline Wozniacki The following players received entry from the singles qualifying draw : Eugenie Bouchard Gabriela Dabrowski Zarina Diyas Misaki Doi Nao Hibino Alison Riske Withdrawals ( edit ) Mihaela Buzărnescu → replaced by Aliaksandra Sasnovich Angelique Kerber → replaced by Belinda Bencic Madison Keys → replaced by Anett Kontaveit Elise Mertens → replaced by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Anastasija Sevastova → replaced by Camila Giorgi Carla Suárez Navarro → replaced by Donna Vekić Retirements ( edit ) Victoria Azarenka Doubles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Country Player Rank Seed CZE Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková CZE Barbora Strýcová 18 CAN Gabriela Dabrowski CHN Xu Yifan 27 TPE Chan Hao - ching CHN Yang Zhaoxuan 48 USA Raquel Atawo GER Anna - Lena Grönefeld 59 Rankings are as of September 10 , 2018 Other entrants ( edit ) The following pair received a wildcard into the doubles main draw : Erina Hayashi / Moyuka Uchijima Champions ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open -- Singles Karolína Plíšková def . Naomi Osaka 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open -- Doubles Miyu Kato / Makoto Ninomiya def . Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková / Barbora Strýcová , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toray Pan Pacific Open Overview '' . wtatennis.com . Jump up ^ `` Toray Pan Pacific Open Tennis Tournament 2018 : Announcing 18 main draw singles players and one wild card player '' . toray.co.jp . ^ Jump up to : `` Rankings explained '' . WTA . Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open . Official website Tokyo tournaments 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open&oldid=862643022 '' Categories : 2018 WTA Tour Pan Pacific Open 2018 in Japanese sport September 2018 sports events in Asia 2018 Toray Pan Pacific Open Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 18 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
toray pan pacific open 2018 order of play
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George Lopez (TV series)
George Lopez ( TV series ) - Wikipedia George Lopez ( TV series ) `` The George Lopez Show '' redirects here . For the late - night program hosted by the same comedian , see Lopez Tonight . For the similar but unrelated sitcoms co-created by the same comedian , see Saint George ( TV series ) and Lopez ( TV series ) . George Lopez Genre Sitcom Created by Bruce Helford George Lopez Robert Borden Starring George Lopez Constance Marie Luis Armand Garcia Masiela Lusha Valente Rodriguez Belita Moreno Emiliano Díez Aimee Garcia Theme music composer Thomas Allen , Harold Ray Brown , Morris Dickerson , Gerald Goldstein , Lonnie Jordan , Lee Levitin , Charles Miller , and Howard E. Scott Opening theme `` Low Rider '' , performed by War Ending theme Instrumental closing theme , composed by Nicholas `` Aqua '' McCarrell ( select episodes of seasons 2 -- 6 seen in syndication ) Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden ( season 1 ) Nicholas `` Aqua '' McCarrell ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 120 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Helford Deborah Oppenheimer Sandra Bullock ( all ; entire run ) Robert Borden ( season 1 - 6 ) Dave Caplan ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) Mark Torgove & Paul A. Kaplan George Lopez ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Camera setup Film ; Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Fortis Films Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( SDTV ) NTSC ( 1080i ) ( HDTV ) Audio format Surround ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Original release March 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 27 ) -- May 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) External links Website George Lopez is an American television sitcom created by comedian George Lopez , Bruce Helford and Robert Borden , which originally aired for six seasons , 120 episodes , on ABC from March 27 , 2002 , to May 8 , 2007 . It is currently in syndication . George Lopez stars the titular comedian George Lopez , who plays a fictionalized version of himself and revolves around his life at work and raising his family at home . The series was produced by Fortis Films and Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television . The executive producers consisted of Lopez himself , Bruce Helford , Deborah Oppenheimer and Sandra Bullock . Contents 1 Premise 2 Characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 4.4 Cancellation 5 Distribution 5.1 Broadcast and syndication 5.2 DVD 5.3 Online media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Awards 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The season 4 cast of George Lopez ( from left to right ) : Valente Rodriguez as Ernie Cardenas , Constance Marie with Luis Armand Garcia as Angie and Max Lopez , Emiliano Díez as Vic Palmero , Belita Moreno as Benny Lopez , George Lopez , and Masiela Lusha as Carmen Lopez . The comedy revolves around a fictionalized portrayal of Lopez , working at the Powers Brothers aviation factory and raising his family consisting of his wife Angie , his daughter Carmen , and his son , Max , after having endured a dysfunctional and miserable childhood at the hands of his alcoholic , neglectful mother Benny , who is portrayed as selfish and cold - hearted . Other characters include Angie 's indulgent father Vic Palmero , a wealthy doctor , and George 's best childhood friend Ernie Cardenas , noted for his unsuccessful attempts at dating and his socially awkward behavior . After Carmen 's departure from the series , the role fulfilled by her character was replaced with Angie 's overindulged niece Veronica , with a large trust fund that has been entrusted under George 's care . Multiple storylines in the series are established through the unveiling of a secret guarded by Benny throughout George 's whole childhood , most notably the discovery that his father Manny is still alive after George had been convinced by his mother that he died . Throughout a majority of the program , George tries to locate the whereabouts of his father , who was introduced at last in one episode and was revealed to be a nasty , yet successful businessman , having remarried with his second lover Lydia and fathered a few more children . However , Manny 's personality was commonly depicted as being abusive toward his son and former wife in the few appearances that he made , before his death in one episode of kidney disease . Nonetheless , he prohibits his son 's family from attending his funeral in protection of his reputation , much to George 's fury . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of George Lopez characters Character Portrayed by Seasons 5 6 George Edward Lopez George Lopez Main Angelina `` Angie '' Lopez ( née Palmero ) Constance Marie Main Ernesto `` Ernie '' Cardenas Valente Rodriguez Main Maximilian `` Max '' Victor Roberto Magic Johnson Lopez Luis Armand Garcia Main Carmen Consuela Lopez Masiela Lusha Main Flashback Benita `` Benny '' Lopez ( née Diaz ) Belita Moreno Main Dr. Victor `` Vic '' Garcia Lantigua Palmero Emiliano Díez Recurring Main Veronica Ann Palmero Aimee Garcia Recurring Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of George Lopez episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) March 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 27 ) April 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 17 ) 70 9.0 24 October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 50 10.4 28 September 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 21 ) 96 7.4 24 September 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) 79 7.2 5 22 October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) 82 7.2 6 18 January 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 24 ) May 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) 95 6.1 Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Comedian George Lopez had been performing standup throughout the early 1990s , expressing interest in having his own comedy television show like Seinfeld . Lopez was only willing to do a show if it meant that the roles were not demeaning to Latinos , vowing never to play a murderer , drug dealer or gang member . With an absence of TV deals , he continued to perform standup through the 1990s and into the 2000s . In August 2000 , after being given one of Lopez 's comedy albums to listen to , actress Sandra Bullock saw Lopez perform live at the Brea Improv Comedy Club . Bullock had been interested in developing a TV show with a Latino storyline , being concerned about the lack of visibility for Latinos on American television . Bullock approached Lopez backstage after the show and made her pitch to produce and star in a situational comedy centered around the comedian . Though Bullock had connections through Hollywood , The George Lopez Show was not an easy sell . Bullock sought the help of Bruce Helford ( who created The Drew Carey Show and had been a head writer for Roseanne ) , and , due to his history with ABC on those shows , became a co-creator and executive producer of Lopez 's show . Bullock , Helford , and two of the show 's other executive producers met with ABC executives later that month , and the network tested the show with 4 episodes , before committing to 13 episodes the following fall and eventually adding an additional 9 . Lopez was given full starring , creator , producer and writer credits for the show . The George Lopez Show was seen as an attempt from ABC to diversify their programming , while still appealing to the widest possible audience . ABC executives were hopeful that Lopez 's humor and relatability would draw a large family audience , focusing on marketing the series as much as possible . The network bought promotional time for the show on Spanish - language networks , and took out full - page ads in some magazines . Lopez drew much of the material for the show from his own life experiences , especially his upbringing in the San Fernando Valley . Upon the series debut , Lopez became one of the few Latinos to star in a television comedy series , following in the footsteps of Desi Arnaz , Freddie Prinze , and John Leguizamo . Casting ( edit ) For the first five seasons , the show had an all - Latino cast with the exception of Albanian American actress Masiela Lusha , who played George 's daughter Carmen . During the show 's fifth season , Aimee Garcia was cast as George 's niece , Veronica . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song is `` Low Rider '' , performed by War . The theme plays in the opening credits and was present when the show aired on ABC as well as syndication , but was replaced in the DVD releases of all seasons except 1 episode due to licensing costs . At the 9th ALMA Awards in 2007 , George Lopez called the song the `` Chicano National Anthem '' . Cancellation ( edit ) The series finale aired on May 8 , 2007 , after the show was canceled by ABC . According to Lopez , ABC prime - time entertainment president Steve McPherson called him over the weekend and explained that the network would lose money if the show was picked up again , and that it was n't doing well financially . Lopez stated that the explanation was `` painful to hear , '' noting that the show had four different time slots in only five years and had to constantly compete against shows like American Idol , yet the final season of the show was still able to outperform two comedy series that were renewed by ABC : Notes from the Underbelly and The Knights of Prosperity . Lopez said that ABC `` dealt with us from the bottom of the deck '' and that it was `` hard to take after what was a good run . '' Lopez attributed the cancellation in part to the fact that the show was not produced directly by ABC Studios , but instead by Warner Bros. Television . Lopez also criticized ABC 's decision to approve the show Cavemen , being perplexed at the circumstances : `` So a Chicano ca n't be on TV , but a caveman can ? '' According to Lopez , 170 staff members who worked on the show lost their jobs . Lopez explained that he `` took the five years of good , and I did a lot with the good . My popularity , I was involved in charities , I overcame my illness , all on TV . I shared all of that with America -- every secret I had ... Every emotion . Everything was open to the show . And what happens ? '' In spite of the cancellation , nightly episode re-runs continue to air on various networks both in the United States and abroad ( see the `` Syndication '' section below ) . On September 2 , 2016 , George Lopez announced through his Instagram that there are talks to bringing the show back on the air , but nothing has been announced . Distribution ( edit ) Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) The show entered syndication one month after the series finale on ABC , and is distributed by Warner Bros. Television Distribution . The show aired in broadcast syndication on independent stations , and affiliates of Fox , The CW and MyNetworkTV as well as The CW Plus stations in the United States from 2007 - 2011 and on Telelatino in Canada . The show moved to ION Television on Thursday , Sept. 29 , 2011 . On March 8 , 2007 , it was announced that George Lopez would join the Nick at Nite lineup . It first aired on Nick at Nite on September 10 , 2007 -- it was the most current non-original show to air on Nick at Nite ( until it was announced that Everybody Hates Chris would join the lineup , followed by The Goldbergs and Mom ) . To this date , it continues to be their highest rated series and one of cable 's best for an off - network sitcom . Never a major hit in primetime , the show became an unexpected success in syndication . Many markets also moved the show from overnight timeslots to more desirable ones . Episodes from the first four seasons of George Lopez do not use those respective seasons ' opening titles , the season five version is used instead ( this is evident as Emiliano Diez is credited in the sequence , which is slightly longer than how they were originally broadcast on ABC , though there is also a short version also used in syndication that also differs from the original short opening credits that does not credit him for seasons 1 - 3 , even though Diez did not make his first guest appearance until season two and did not become a cast regular until season four ) ; the final two seasons use those seasons ' appropriate versions of the opening credits . On MTV Tr3s , the show premiered on the network 's redebut July 12 , 2010 and reruns are being shown there . On ION Television , the show premiered on the network 's Sunday marathon starting on October 2 , 2011 but then , was later pulled off their schedule . In May 2016 , the series was added to TV Land 's line - up . DVD ( edit ) On April 17 , 2007 , Warner Home Video released seasons 1 and 2 on DVD in Region 1 . After over six years since the release of the first and second seasons , Warner Bros. released the third season on July 16 , 2013 . The fourth season was released on June 23 , 2015 . The fifth season was released on August 18 , 2015 . The sixth and final season was released on November 24 , 2015 . Online Media ( edit ) The complete series was also published in high - definition on the iTunes Store and Amazon Video . The show 's theme song `` Low Rider '' is intact in these releases . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) George Lopez was critically acclaimed and received positive reviews from critics . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 8 : 30 pm March 27 , 2002 April 17 , 2002 2001 -- 02 70 9.0 October 2 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 2002 -- 03 50 10.4 Friday 8 : 00 pm September 26 , 2003 May 21 , 2004 2003 -- 04 96 7.4 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm September 28 , 2004 May 17 , 2005 2004 -- 05 79 7.2 5 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm October 5 , 2005 April 12 , 2006 2005 -- 06 82 7.2 6 January 24 , 2007 May 8 , 2007 2006 -- 07 95 6.1 Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2002 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Masiela Lusha Won Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Luis Armand Garcia Nominated Best Family Television Series ( Comedy or Drama ) George Lopez Won 2003 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Thomas Allen , Harold Ray Brown , Morris Dickerson , Gerald Goldstein , Lonnie Jordan , Lee Levitin , Charles Miller , and Howard E. Scott Won Imagen Awards Best Primetime Comedy Series -- Television George Lopez Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Masiela Lusha Won Most Popular Mom & Dad in a Television Series Constance Marie & George Lopez Nominated Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Television Comedy Belita Moreno Won Best Primetime Series -- Comedy George Lopez Won Best Actress in a Television Comedy Constance Marie Won Best Actor in a Television Comedy George Lopez Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actor J.B. Gaynor Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Peter Smokler ( director of photography ) for `` Bringing Home the Bacon '' Nominated 2005 Imagen Awards Henessy Privilège George Lopez Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series John Shaffner ( art director ) and Judi Giovanni ( set decorator ) for episodes `` Leave it to Lopez '' / `` The Simple Life '' / `` Trouble in Paradise '' Won 2007 ALMA Award Outstanding Television Series , Mini-Series , or TV Movie George Lopez Nominated Outstanding Actress -- Television Series , Mini-Series , or TV Movie Constance Marie Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress -- Television Series , Mini-Series , or TV Movie Aimee Garcia Nominated Belita Moreno Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue # 713 Jun 06 , 2003 . June 6 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report : 01 Thru 210 '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doggrell , Glenn ( March 11 , 1992 ) . `` Getting Funny , Not Angry : Comedy : George Lopez deals with the stereotyping of Latinos by using humor to help fight the slights . He is appearing in Oceanside '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Mark ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` The good , the bad , the funny '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvo , Dana ( April 14 , 2002 ) . `` George Lopez '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( November 27 , 2002 ) . `` A Life So Sad He Had to Be Funny ; George Lopez Mines a Rich Vein of Gloom With an All - Latino Sitcom '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV Series Finale - 2007 Canceled Shows : ABC Cuts Some Beloved Series , TV Series Finale , archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 17 , retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 ^ Jump up to : George Lopez lashes out at ABC - Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 14 , retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 Jump up ^ Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) . `` ION Television Fall 2011 Schedule Now Has George Lopez ; Centric Weekend Marathons - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez at Nick At Nite '' . Nick At Nite . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lopez ' A Sleeper Hit Broadcasting & Cable '' . www.broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez DVD news : Warner to release Seasons 1 & 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez DVD news : Announcement for George Lopez - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez DVD news : Announcement for George Lopez - The Complete 4th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez DVD news : Announcement for George Lopez - The Complete 5th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ All of these releases are now out of print. Finalized Release Date for the 6th and Final Season on DVD Archived 2015 - 11 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` George Lopez , Seasons 1 & 2 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Amazon . `` Amazon.com : George Lopez : The Complete First and Second Seasons ( HD ) '' Retrieved on June 24 , 2014 . Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue # 713 Jun 06 , 2003 . June 6 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . 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Rectifier
Rectifier - wikipedia Rectifier Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rectifier ( disambiguation ) . A rectifier diode ( silicon controlled rectifier ) and associated mounting hardware . The heavy threaded stud attaches the device to a heatsink to dissipate heat . A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current ( AC ) , which periodically reverses direction , to direct current ( DC ) , which flows in only one direction . The process is known as rectification , since it `` straightens '' the direction of current . Physically , rectifiers take a number of forms , including vacuum tube diodes , mercury - arc valves , stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates , semiconductor diodes , silicon - controlled rectifiers and other silicon - based semiconductor switches . Historically , even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used . Early radio receivers , called crystal radios , used a `` cat 's whisker '' of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena ( lead sulfide ) to serve as a point - contact rectifier or `` crystal detector '' . Rectifiers have many uses , but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high - voltage direct current power transmission systems . Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power . As noted , detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers . In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame . Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave , the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that , though unidirectional , consists of pulses of current . Many applications of rectifiers , such as power supplies for radio , television and computer equipment , require a steady constant DC current ( as would be produced by a battery ) . In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter , which may be a capacitor , choke , or set of capacitors , chokes and resistors , possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady current . More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function , converting DC to AC , is called an inverter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rectifier devices 2 Rectifier circuits 2.1 Single - phase rectifiers 2.1. 1 Half - wave rectification 2.1. 2 Full - wave rectification 2.2 Three - phase rectifiers 2.2. 1 Three - phase , half - wave circuit 2.2. 2 Three - phase , full - wave circuit using center - tapped transformer 2.2. 3 Three - phase bridge rectifier uncontrolled 2.2. 4 Three - phase bridge rectifier controlled 2.2. 5 Twelve - pulse bridge 2.3 Voltage - multiplying rectifiers 3 Quantification of rectifiers 4 Rectifier voltage drop 5 Harmonic distortion 6 Rectifier output smoothing 6.1 Performance with low impedance source 6.2 Capacitor input filter 6.3 Choke input filter 6.4 Resistor as input filter 6.5 Higher order and cascade filters 6.6 Voltage regulators 7 Applications 8 Rectification technologies 8.1 Electromechanical 8.1. 1 Synchronous rectifier 8.1. 2 Vibrating rectifier 8.1. 3 Motor - generator set 8.2 Electrolytic 8.3 Plasma type 8.3. 1 Mercury - arc 8.3. 2 Argon gas electron tube 8.4 Diode vacuum tube ( valve ) 8.5 Solid state 8.5. 1 Crystal detector 8.5. 2 Selenium and copper oxide rectifiers 8.5. 3 Silicon and germanium diodes 8.5. 4 High power : thyristors ( SCRs ) and newer silicon - based voltage sourced converters 9 Current research 10 See also 11 References Rectifier devices ( Edit ) Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers , vacuum tube thermionic diodes and copper oxide - or selenium - based metal rectifier stacks were used . With the introduction of semiconductor electronics , vacuum tube rectifiers became obsolete , except for some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio equipment . For power rectification from very low to very high current , semiconductor diodes of various types ( junction diodes , Schottky diodes , etc . ) are widely used . Other devices that have control electrodes as well as acting as unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple rectification is required -- e.g. , where variable output voltage is needed . High - power rectifiers , such as those used in high - voltage direct current power transmission , employ silicon semiconductor devices of various types . These are thyristors or other controlled switching solid - state switches , which effectively function as diodes to pass current in only one direction . Rectifier circuits ( Edit ) Rectifier circuits may be single - phase or multi-phase ( three phase being the most common number of phases ) . Most low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single - phase , but three - phase rectification is very important for industrial applications and for the transmission of energy as DC ( HVDC ) . Single - phase rectifiers ( Edit ) Half - wave rectification ( Edit ) In half - wave rectification of a single - phase supply , also called uncontrolled one - pulse midpoint circuit , either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed , while the other half is blocked . Mathematically , it is a ramp function ( for positive pass , negative block ) : passing positive corresponds to the ramp function being the identity on positive inputs , blocking negative corresponds to being zero on negative inputs . Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output , mean voltage is lower . Half - wave rectification requires a single diode in a single - phase supply , or three in a three - phase supply . Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current ; half - wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full - wave rectifiers , and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output . Half - wave rectifier The no - load output DC voltage of an ideal half - wave rectifier for a sinusoidal input voltage is : V r m s = V p e a k 2 V d c = V p e a k π ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where : V , V -- the DC or average output voltage , V , the peak value of the phase input voltages , V , the root mean square ( RMS ) value of output voltage . Full - wave rectification ( Edit ) Full - wave rectifier , with vacuum tube having two anodes . A full - wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity ( positive or negative ) at its output . Mathematically , this corresponds to the absolute value function . Full - wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC ( direct current ) , and yields a higher average output voltage . Two diodes and a center tapped transformer , or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source ( including a transformer without center tap ) , are needed . Single semiconductor diodes , double diodes with common cathode or common anode , and four - diode bridges , are manufactured as single components . Graetz bridge rectifier : a full - wave rectifier using four diodes . For single - phase AC , if the transformer is center - tapped , then two diodes back - to - back ( cathode - to - cathode or anode - to - anode , depending upon output polarity required ) can form a full - wave rectifier . Twice as many turns are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier , but the power rating is unchanged . Full - wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes . The average and RMS no - load output voltages of an ideal single - phase full - wave rectifier are : V d c = V a v = 2 ⋅ V p e a k π V r m s = V p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) & = ( \ frac ( 2 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Very common double - diode rectifier vacuum tubes contained a single common cathode and two anodes inside a single envelope , achieving full - wave rectification with positive output . The 5U4 and the 80 / 5Y3 ( 4 pin ) / ( octal ) were popular examples of this configuration . Three - phase rectifiers ( Edit ) Single - phase rectifiers are commonly used for power supplies for domestic equipment . However , for most industrial and high - power applications , three - phase rectifier circuits are the norm . As with single - phase rectifiers , three - phase rectifiers can take the form of a half - wave circuit , a full - wave circuit using a center - tapped transformer , or a full - wave bridge circuit . Thyristors are commonly used in place of diodes to create a circuit that can regulate the output voltage . Many devices that provide direct current actually generate three - phase AC . For example , an automobile alternator contains six diodes , which function as a full - wave rectifier for battery charging . Three - phase , half - wave circuit ( Edit ) Controlled three - phase half - wave rectifier circuit using thyristors as the switching elements , ignoring supply inductance An uncontrolled three - phase , half - wave midpoint circuit requires three diodes , one connected to each phase . This is the simplest type of three - phase rectifier but suffers from relatively high harmonic distortion on both the AC and DC connections . This type of rectifier is said to have a pulse - number of three , since the output voltage on the DC side contains three distinct pulses per cycle of the grid frequency : The peak values V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) of this three - pulse DC voltage are calculated from the RMS value V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) of the input phase voltage ( line to neutral voltage , 120 V in North America , 230 V within Europe at mains operation ) : V p e a k = 2 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) . The average no - load output voltage V a v ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) ) results from the integral under the graph of a positive half - wave with the period duration of 2 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ( from 30 ° to 150 ° ) : V d c = V a v = 1 2 3 π ∫ 30 ∘ 150 ∘ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ φ ⋅ d φ = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ ( − cos ⁡ 150 ∘ + cos ⁡ 30 ∘ ) = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ ( − ( − 3 2 ) + 3 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( 30 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ^ ( 150 ^ ( \ circ ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ varphi = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ left ( - \ cos 150 ^ ( \ circ ) + \ cos 30 ^ ( \ circ ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) - \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ V L N 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V a v = 3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ V L N 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 6 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ≈ 1 , 17 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) Three - phase , full - wave circuit using center - tapped transformer ( Edit ) Controlled three - phase full - wave rectifier circuit using thyristors as the switching elements , with a center - tapped transformer , ignoring supply inductance If the AC supply is fed via a transformer with a center tap , a rectifier circuit with improved harmonic performance can be obtained . This rectifier now requires six diodes , one connected to each end of each transformer secondary winding . This circuit has a pulse - number of six , and in effect , can be thought of as a six - phase , half - wave circuit . Before solid state devices became available , the half - wave circuit , and the full - wave circuit using a center - tapped transformer , were very commonly used in industrial rectifiers using mercury - arc valves . This was because the three or six AC supply inputs could be fed to a corresponding number of anode electrodes on a single tank , sharing a common cathode . With the advent of diodes and thyristors , these circuits have become less popular and the three - phase bridge circuit has become the most common circuit . Three - phase bridge rectifier uncontrolled ( Edit ) Disassembled automobile alternator , showing the six diodes that comprise a full - wave three - phase bridge rectifier . For an uncontrolled three - phase bridge rectifier , six diodes are used , and the circuit again has a pulse number of six . For this reason , it is also commonly referred to as a six - pulse bridge . The B6 circuit can be seen simplified as a series connection of two three - pulse center circuits . For low - power applications , double diodes in series , with the anode of the first diode connected to the cathode of the second , are manufactured as a single component for this purpose . Some commercially available double diodes have all four terminals available so the user can configure them for single - phase split supply use , half a bridge , or three - phase rectifier . For higher - power applications , a single discrete device is usually used for each of the six arms of the bridge . For the very highest powers , each arm of the bridge may consist of tens or hundreds of separate devices in parallel ( where very high current is needed , for example in aluminium smelting ) or in series ( where very high voltages are needed , for example in high - voltage direct current power transmission ) . Controlled three - phase full - wave bridge rectifier circuit ( B6C ) using thyristors as the switching elements , ignoring supply inductance The pulsating DC voltage results from the differences of the instantaneous positive and negative phase voltages V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) , phase - shifted by 30 ° : The ideal , no - load average output voltage V a v ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) ) of the B6 circuit results from the integral under the graph of a DC voltage pulse with the period duration of 1 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ( from 60 ° to 120 ° ) with the peak value v ^ D C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) : V d c = V a v = 1 1 3 π ∫ 60 ∘ 120 ∘ 3 ⋅ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ φ ⋅ d φ = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ ( − cos ⁡ 120 ∘ + cos ⁡ 60 ∘ ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ ( − ( − 1 2 ) + 1 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ^ ( 120 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ varphi = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ left ( - \ cos 120 ^ ( \ circ ) + \ cos 60 ^ ( \ circ ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) - \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ V L N π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V a v = 3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ V L N π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 6 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ≈ 2 , 34 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) 3 - phase AC input , half - wave and full - wave rectified DC output waveforms If the three - phase bridge rectifier is operated symmetrically ( as positive and negative supply voltage ) , the center point of the rectifier on the output side ( or the so - called isolated reference potential ) opposite the center point of the transformer ( or the neutral conductor ) has a potential difference in form of a triangular common - mode voltage . For this reason , the two centers must never be connected to each other , otherwise short - circuit currents would flow . The ground of the three - phase bridge rectifier in symmetrical operation is thus decoupled from the neutral conductor or the earth of the mains voltage . Powered by a transformer , earthing of the center point of the bridge is possible , provided that the secondary winding of the transformer is electrically isolated from the mains voltage and the star point of the secondary winding is not on earth . In this case , however , ( negligible ) leakage currents are flowing over the transformer windings . The common - mode voltage is formed out of the respective average values of the differences between the positive and negative phase voltages , which form the pulsating DC voltage . The peak value of the delta voltage v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) ) amounts 1⁄4 of the peak value of the phase input voltage V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) and is calculated with V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) minus half of the DC voltage at 60 ° of the period : v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e = V p e a k − 3 ⋅ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ 60 ∘ 2 = V p e a k ⋅ ( 1 − 3 ⋅ sin ⁡ 60 ∘ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) - ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( 2 ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) 1 - ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot \ sin 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) ) = V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) 0 , 25 The RMS value of the common - mode voltage is calculated from the form factor for triangular oscillations : V c o m m o n − m o d e = v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e 3 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) If the circuit is operated asymmetrically ( as a simple supply voltage with just one positive pole ) , both the positive and negative poles ( or the isolated reference potential ) are pulsating opposite the center ( or the ground ) of the input voltage analogously to the positive and negative waveforms of the phase voltages . However , the differences in the phase voltages result in the six - pulse DC voltage ( over the duration of a period ) . The strict separation of the transformer center from the negative pole ( otherwise short - circuit currents will flow ) or a possible grounding of the negative pole when powered by an isolating transformer apply correspondingly to the symmetrical operation . Three - phase bridge rectifier controlled ( Edit ) The controlled three - phase bridge rectifier uses thyristors in place of diodes . The output voltage is reduced by the factor cos ( α ) : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ α ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos \ alpha ) Or , expressed in terms of the line to line input voltage : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ α ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos \ alpha ) Where : V , the peak value of the line to line input voltages , V , the peak value of the phase ( line to neutral ) input voltages , α , firing angle of the thyristor ( 0 if diodes are used to perform rectification ) The above equations are only valid when no current is drawn from the AC supply or in the theoretical case when the AC supply connections have no inductance . In practice , the supply inductance causes a reduction of DC output voltage with increasing load , typically in the range 10 -- 20 % at full load . The effect of supply inductance is to slow down the transfer process ( called commutation ) from one phase to the next . As result of this is that at each transition between a pair of devices , there is a period of overlap during which three ( rather than two ) devices in the bridge are conducting simultaneously . The overlap angle is usually referred to by the symbol μ ( or u ) , and may be 20 30 ° at full load . With supply inductance taken into account , the output voltage of the rectifier is reduced to : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ ( α + μ ) ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ alpha + \ mu ) ) The overlap angle μ is directly related to the DC current , and the above equation may be re-expressed as : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ ( α ) − 6 f L c I d ( \ displaystyle ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ alpha ) ) - ( 6fL_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) I_ ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ) ) Where : L , the commutating inductance per phase I , the direct current Three - phase Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 0 ° without overlap Three - phase Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 0 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Three - phase controlled Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 20 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Three - phase controlled Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 40 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Twelve - pulse bridge ( Edit ) Twelve pulse bridge rectifier using thyristors as the switching elements Although better than single - phase rectifiers or three - phase half - wave rectifiers , six - pulse rectifier circuits still produce considerable harmonic distortion on both the AC and DC connections . For very high - power rectifiers the twelve - pulse bridge connection is usually used . A twelve - pulse bridge consists of two six - pulse bridge circuits connected in series , with their AC connections fed from a supply transformer that produces a 30 ° phase shift between the two bridges . This cancels many of the characteristic harmonics the six - pulse bridges produce . The 30 degree phase shift is usually achieved by using a transformer with two sets of secondary windings , one in star ( wye ) connection and one in delta connection . Voltage - multiplying rectifiers ( Edit ) Main article : Voltage multiplier See also : Voltage doubler Switchable full bridge / voltage doubler . The simple half - wave rectifier can be built in two electrical configurations with the diodes pointing in opposite directions , one version connects the negative terminal of the output direct to the AC supply and the other connects the positive terminal of the output direct to the AC supply . By combining both of these with separate output smoothing it is possible to get an output voltage of nearly double the peak AC input voltage . This also provides a tap in the middle , which allows use of such a circuit as a split rail power supply . A variant of this is to use two capacitors in series for the output smoothing on a bridge rectifier then place a switch between the midpoint of those capacitors and one of the AC input terminals . With the switch open , this circuit acts like a normal bridge rectifier . With the switch closed , it act like a voltage doubling rectifier . In other words , this makes it easy to derive a voltage of roughly 320 V ( ± 15 % , approx . ) DC from any 120 V or 230 V mains supply in the world , this can then be fed into a relatively simple switched - mode power supply . However , for a given desired ripple , the value of both capacitors must be twice the value of the single one required for a normal bridge rectifier ; when the switch is closed each one must filter the output of a half - wave rectifier , and when the switch is open the two capacitors are connected in series with an equivalent value of half one of them . Cockcroft Walton voltage multiplier Cascaded diode and capacitor stages can be added to make a voltage multiplier ( Cockroft - Walton circuit ) . These circuits are capable of producing a DC output voltage potential up to about ten times the peak AC input voltage , in practice limited by current capacity and voltage regulation issues . Diode voltage multipliers , frequently used as a trailing boost stage or primary high voltage ( HV ) source , are used in HV laser power supplies , powering devices such as cathode ray tubes ( CRT ) ( like those used in CRT based television , radar and sonar displays ) , photon amplifying devices found in image intensifying and photo multiplier tubes ( PMT ) , and magnetron based radio frequency ( RF ) devices used in radar transmitters and microwave ovens . Before the introduction of semiconductor electronics , transformerless vacuum tube receivers powered directly from AC power sometimes used voltage doublers to generate roughly 300 VDC from a 100 -- 120 V power line . Quantification of rectifiers ( Edit ) It has been suggested that Transformer utilization factor be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . This section is missing information about conversion ratios for at least three - phase half - wave and full - wave rectification , since these rectifiers have their own sections in this article ... Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2017 ) Several ratios are used to quantify the function and performance of rectifiers or their output , including transformer utilization factor ( TUF ) , conversion ratio ( η ) , ripple factor , form factor , and peak factor . The two primary measures are DC voltage ( or offset ) and peak - peak ripple voltage , which are constituent components of the output . Conversion ratio ( also called `` rectification ratio '' , and confusingly , `` efficiency '' ) η is defined as the ratio of DC output power to the input power from the AC supply . Even with ideal rectifiers , the ratio is less than 100 % because some of the output power is AC power rather than DC which manifests as ripple superimposed on the DC waveform . The ratio can be improved with the use of smoothing circuits which reduce the ripple and hence reduce the AC content of the output . Conversion ratio is reduced by losses in transformer windings and power dissipation in the rectifier element itself . This ratio is of little practical significance because a rectifier is almost always followed by a filter to increase DC voltage and reduce ripple . In some three - phase and multi-phase applications the conversion ratio is high enough that smoothing circuitry is unnecessary . In other circuits , like filament heater circuits in vacuum tube electronics where the load is almost entirely resistive , smoothing circuitry may be omitted because resistors dissipate both AC and DC power , so no power is lost . For a half - wave rectifier the ratio is very modest . P A C = V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) ) ( the divisors are 2 rather than √ 2 because no power is delivered on the negative half - cycle ) P D C = V p e a k π ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) ) Thus maximum conversion ratio for a half - wave rectifier is , η = P D C P A C ≈ 40.5 % ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) \ over P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) ) \ approx 40.5 \ % ) Similarly , for a full - wave rectifier , P A C = V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) P D C = 2 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ 2 ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( 2 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) \ cdot ( 2 \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) ) η = P D C P A C ≈ 81.0 % ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) \ over P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) ) \ approx 81.0 \ % ) Three - phase rectifiers , especially three - phase full - wave rectifiers , have much greater conversion ratios because the ripple is intrinsically smaller . For a three - phase half - wave rectifier , P A C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = 3 \ cdot ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) ) P D C = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ I p e a k 2 π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) For a three - phase full - wave rectifier , P A C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = 3 \ cdot ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) P D C = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) Rectifier voltage drop ( Edit ) A real rectifier characteristically drops part of the input voltage ( a voltage drop , for silicon devices , of typically 0.7 volts plus an equivalent resistance , in general non-linear ) -- and at high frequencies , distorts waveforms in other ways . Unlike an ideal rectifier , it dissipates some power . An aspect of most rectification is a loss from the peak input voltage to the peak output voltage , caused by the built - in voltage drop across the diodes ( around 0.7 V for ordinary silicon p -- n junction diodes and 0.3 V for Schottky diodes ) . Half - wave rectification and full - wave rectification using a center - tapped secondary produces a peak voltage loss of one diode drop . Bridge rectification has a loss of two diode drops . This reduces output voltage , and limits the available output voltage if a very low alternating voltage must be rectified . As the diodes do not conduct below this voltage , the circuit only passes current through for a portion of each half - cycle , causing short segments of zero voltage ( where instantaneous input voltage is below one or two diode drops ) to appear between each `` hump '' . Peak loss is very important for low voltage rectifiers ( for example , 12 V or less ) but is insignificant in high - voltage applications such as HVDC power transmission systems . Harmonic distortion ( Edit ) Non-linear loads like rectifiers produce current harmonics of the source frequency on the AC side and voltage harmonics of the source frequency on the DC side , due to switching behavior . Rectifier output smoothing ( Edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that Ripple ( electrical ) # Ripple voltage be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . The AC input ( yellow ) and DC output ( green ) of a half - wave rectifier with a smoothing capacitor . Note the ripple in the DC signal . While half - wave and full - wave rectification deliver unidirectional current , neither produces a constant voltage . There is a large AC ripple voltage component at the source frequency for a half - wave rectifier , and twice the source frequency for a full - wave rectifier . Ripple voltage is usually specified peak - to - peak . Producing steady DC from a rectified AC supply requires a smoothing circuit or filter . In its simplest form this can be just a capacitor ( also called a filter , reservoir , or smoothing capacitor ) , choke , resistor , Zener diode and resistor , or voltage regulator placed at the output of the rectifier . In practice , most smoothing filters utilize multiple components to efficiently reduce ripple voltage to a level tolerable by the circuit . Full - wave diode - bridge rectifier with parallel RC shunt filter The filter capacitor releases its stored energy during the part of the AC cycle when the AC source does not supply any power , that is , when the AC source changes its direction of flow of current . Performance with low impedance source ( Edit ) The above diagram shows reservoir performance from a near zero impedance source , such as a mains supply . As the rectifier voltage increases , it charges the capacitor and also supplies current to the load . At the end of the quarter cycle , the capacitor is charged to its peak value Vp of the rectifier voltage . Following this , the rectifier voltage starts to decrease to its minimum value Vmin as it enters the next quarter cycle . This initiates the discharge of the capacitor through the load . The size of the capacitor C is determined by the amount of ripple r that can be tolerated , where r = ( Vp - Vmin ) / Vp . These circuits are very frequently fed from transformers , and have significant resistance . Transformer resistance modifies the reservoir capacitor waveform , changes the peak voltage , and introduces regulation issues . Capacitor input filter ( Edit ) It has been suggested that Filter capacitor be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . It has been suggested that Capacitor - input filter be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . For a given load , sizing of a smoothing capacitor is a tradeoff between reducing ripple voltage and increasing ripple current . The peak current is set by the rate of rise of the supply voltage on the rising edge of the incoming sine - wave , reduced by the resistance of the transformer windings . High ripple currents increase I R losses ( in the form of heat ) in the capacitor , rectifier and transformer windings , and may exceed the ampacity of the components or VA rating of the transformer . Vacuum tube rectifiers specify the maximum capacitance of the input capacitor , and SS diode rectifiers also have current limitations . Capacitors for this application need low ESR , or ripple current may overheat them . To limit ripple voltage to a specified value the required capacitor size is proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output peaks of the rectifier per input cycle . Full - wave rectified output requires a smaller capacitor because it is double the frequency of half - wave rectified output . To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that 's infeasibly large . Choke input filter ( Edit ) It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke - input filter . The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother : current is drawn over the entire cycle , instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half - cycle as in a capacitor input filter . The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower -- the average of an AC half - cycle rather than the peak ; this is about 90 % of the RMS voltage versus 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) times the RMS voltage ( unloaded ) for a capacitor input filter . Offsetting this is superior voltage regulation and higher available current , which reduce peak voltage and ripple current demands on power supply components . Inductors require cores of iron or other magnetic materials , and add weight and size . Their use in power supplies for electronic equipment has therefore dwindled in favour of semiconductor circuits such as voltage regulators . Resistor as input filter ( Edit ) In cases where ripple voltage is insignificant , like battery chargers , the input filter may be a single series resistor to adjust the output voltage to that required by the circuit . A resistor reduces both output voltage and ripple voltage proportionately . A disadvantage of a resistor input filter is that it consumes power in the form of waste heat that is not available to the load , so it is employed only in low current circuits . Higher order and cascade filters ( Edit ) To further reduce ripple , the initial filter element may be followed by additional alternating series and shunt filter components , or by a voltage regulator . Series filter components may be resistors or chokes ; shunt elements may be resistors or capacitors . The filter may raise DC voltage as well as reduce ripple . Filters are often constructed from pairs of series / shunt components called RC ( series resistor , shunt capacitor ) or LC ( series choke , shunt capacitor ) sections . Two common filter geometries are known as Pi ( capacitor , choke , capacitor ) and T ( choke , capacitor , choke ) filters . Sometimes the series elements are resistors - because resistors are smaller and cheaper - when a lower DC output is desirable or permissible . Another kind of special filter geometry is a series resonant choke or tuned choke filter . Unlike the other filter geometries which are low - pass filters , a resonant choke filter is a band - stop filter : it is a parallel combination of choke and capacitor which resonates at the frequency of the ripple voltage , presenting a very high impedance to the ripple . It may be followed by a shunt capacitor to complete the filter . Voltage regulators ( Edit ) A more usual alternative to additional filter components , if the DC load requires very low ripple voltage , is to follow the input filter with a voltage regulator . A voltage regulator operates on a different principle than a filter , which is essentially a voltage divider that shunts voltage at the ripple frequency away from the load . Rather , a regulator increases or decreases current supplied to the load in order to maintain a constant output voltage . A simple passive shunt voltage regulator may consist of a series resistor to drop source voltage to the required level and a Zener diode shunt with reverse voltage equal to the set voltage . When input voltage rises , the diode dumps current to maintain the set output voltage . This kind of regulator is usually employed only in low voltage , low current circuits because SS diodes have both voltage and current limitations . It is also very inefficient , because it dumps excess current , which is not available to the load . A more efficient alternative to a shunt voltage regulator is an active voltage regulator circuit . An active regulator employs reactive components to store and discharge energy , so that most or all current supplied by the rectifier is passed to the load . It may also use negative and positive feedback in conjunction with at least one voltage amplifying component like a transistor to maintain output voltage when source voltage drops . The input filter must prevent the troughs of the ripple dropping below the minimum voltage required by the regulator to produce the required output voltage . The regulator serves both to significantly reduce the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics . Applications ( Edit ) See also : Capacitive power supply The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply ( AC to DC converter ) . Rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment . AC / DC power supplies may be broadly divided into linear power supplies and switched - mode power supplies . In such power supplies , the rectifier will be in series following the transformer , and be followed by a smoothing filter and possibly a voltage regulator . Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more complicated . One method of DC - to - DC conversion first converts power to AC ( using a device called an inverter ) , then uses a transformer to change the voltage , and finally rectifies power back to DC . A frequency of typically several tens of kilohertz is used , as this requires much smaller inductance than at lower frequencies and obviates the use of heavy , bulky , and expensive iron - cored units . Another method of converting DC voltages uses a charge pump , using rapid switching to change the connections of capacitors ; this technique is generally limited to supplies up to a couple of watts , owing to the size of capacitors required . Output voltage of a full - wave rectifier with controlled thyristors Rectifiers are also used for detection of amplitude modulated radio signals . The signal may be amplified before detection . If not , a very low voltage drop diode or a diode biased with a fixed voltage must be used . When using a rectifier for demodulation the capacitor and load resistance must be carefully matched : too low a capacitance makes the high frequency carrier pass to the output , and too high makes the capacitor just charge and stay charged . Rectifiers supply polarised voltage for welding . In such circuits control of the output current is required ; this is sometimes achieved by replacing some of the diodes in a bridge rectifier with thyristors , effectively diodes whose voltage output can be regulated by switching on and off with phase fired controllers . Thyristors are used in various classes of railway rolling stock systems so that fine control of the traction motors can be achieved . Gate turn - off thyristors are used to produce alternating current from a DC supply , for example on the Eurostar Trains to power the three - phase traction motors . Rectification technologies ( Edit ) Electromechanical ( Edit ) Before about 1905 when tube type rectifiers were developed , power conversion devices were purely electro - mechanical in design . Mechanical rectification systems used some form of rotation or resonant vibration ( e.g. vibrators ) driven by electromagnets , which operated a switch or commutator to reverse the current . These mechanical rectifiers were noisy and had high maintenance requirements . The moving parts had friction , which required lubrication and replacement due to wear . Opening mechanical contacts under load resulted in electrical arcs and sparks that heated and eroded the contacts . They also were not able to handle AC frequencies above several thousand cycles per second . Synchronous rectifier ( Edit ) Main article : Synchronous rectification To convert alternating into direct current in electric locomotives , a synchronous rectifier may be used . It consists of a synchronous motor driving a set of heavy - duty electrical contacts . The motor spins in time with the AC frequency and periodically reverses the connections to the load at an instant when the sinusoidal current goes through a zero - crossing . The contacts do not have to switch a large current , but they must be able to carry a large current to supply the locomotive 's DC traction motors . Vibrating rectifier ( Edit ) Main article : Mechanical rectifier A vibrator battery charger from 1922 . It produced 6A DC at 6V to charge automobile batteries . These consisted of a resonant reed , vibrated by an alternating magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet , with contacts that reversed the direction of the current on the negative half cycles . They were used in low power devices , such as battery chargers , to rectify the low voltage produced by a step - down transformer . Another use was in battery power supplies for portable vacuum tube radios , to provide the high DC voltage for the tubes . These operated as a mechanical version of modern solid state switching inverters , with a transformer to step the battery voltage up , and a set of vibrator contacts on the transformer core , operated by its magnetic field , to repeatedly break the DC battery current to create a pulsing AC to power the transformer . Then a second set of rectifier contacts on the vibrator rectified the high AC voltage from the transformer secondary to DC . Motor - generator set ( Edit ) Main articles : Motor - generator and Rotary converter A small motor - generator set A motor - generator set , or the similar rotary converter , is not strictly a rectifier as it does not actually rectify current , but rather generates DC from an AC source . In an `` M-G set '' , the shaft of an AC motor is mechanically coupled to that of a DC generator . The DC generator produces multiphase alternating currents in its armature windings , which a commutator on the armature shaft converts into a direct current output ; or a homopolar generator produces a direct current without the need for a commutator . M-G sets are useful for producing DC for railway traction motors , industrial motors and other high - current applications , and were common in many high - power D.C. uses ( for example , carbon - arc lamp projectors for outdoor theaters ) before high - power semiconductors became widely available . Electrolytic ( Edit ) The electrolytic rectifier was a device from the early twentieth century that is no longer used . A home - made version is illustrated in the 1913 book The Boy Mechanic but it would only be suitable for use at very low voltages because of the low breakdown voltage and the risk of electric shock . A more complex device of this kind was patented by G.W. Carpenter in 1928 ( US Patent 1671970 ) . When two different metals are suspended in an electrolyte solution , direct current flowing one way through the solution sees less resistance than in the other direction . Electrolytic rectifiers most commonly used an aluminum anode and a lead or steel cathode , suspended in a solution of tri-ammonium ortho - phosphate . The rectification action is due to a thin coating of aluminum hydroxide on the aluminum electrode , formed by first applying a strong current to the cell to build up the coating . The rectification process is temperature - sensitive , and for best efficiency should not operate above 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . There is also a breakdown voltage where the coating is penetrated and the cell is short - circuited . Electrochemical methods are often more fragile than mechanical methods , and can be sensitive to usage variations , which can drastically change or completely disrupt the rectification processes . Similar electrolytic devices were used as lightning arresters around the same era by suspending many aluminium cones in a tank of tri-ammonium ortho - phosphate solution . Unlike the rectifier above , only aluminium electrodes were used , and used on A.C. , there was no polarization and thus no rectifier action , but the chemistry was similar . The modern electrolytic capacitor , an essential component of most rectifier circuit configurations was also developed from the electrolytic rectifier . Plasma type ( Edit ) The development of vacuum tube technology in the early 20th century resulted in the invention of various tube - type rectifiers , which largely replaced the noisy , inefficient mechanical rectifiers . Mercury - arc ( Edit ) Main article : Mercury - arc valve Early 3 - phase industrial mercury vapor rectifier tube 150 kV mercury - arc valve at Manitoba Hydro power station , Radisson , Canada converted AC hydropower to DC for transmission to distant cities . A rectifier used in high - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) power transmission systems and industrial processing between about 1909 to 1975 is a mercury - arc rectifier or mercury - arc valve . The device is enclosed in a bulbous glass vessel or large metal tub . One electrode , the cathode , is submerged in a pool of liquid mercury at the bottom of the vessel and one or more high purity graphite electrodes , called anodes , are suspended above the pool . There may be several auxiliary electrodes to aid in starting and maintaining the arc . When an electric arc is established between the cathode pool and suspended anodes , a stream of electrons flows from the cathode to the anodes through the ionized mercury , but not the other way ( in principle , this is a higher - power counterpart to flame rectification , which uses the same one - way current transmission properties of the plasma naturally present in a flame ) . These devices can be used at power levels of hundreds of kilowatts , and may be built to handle one to six phases of AC current . Mercury - arc rectifiers have been replaced by silicon semiconductor rectifiers and high - power thyristor circuits in the mid 1970s . The most powerful mercury - arc rectifiers ever built were installed in the Manitoba Hydro Nelson River Bipole HVDC project , with a combined rating of more than 1 GW and 450 kV . Argon gas electron tube ( Edit ) Tungar bulbs from 1917 , 2 ampere ( left ) and 6 ampere The General Electric Tungar rectifier was a mercury vapor ( ex. : 5B24 ) or argon ( ex. : 328 ) gas - filled electron tube device with a tungsten filament cathode and a carbon button anode . It operated similarly to the thermionic vacuum tube diode , but the gas in the tube ionized during forward conduction , giving it a much lower forward voltage drop so it could rectify lower voltages . It was used for battery chargers and similar applications from the 1920s until lower - cost metal rectifiers , and later semiconductor diodes , supplanted it . These were made up to a few hundred volts and a few amperes rating , and in some sizes strongly resembled an incandescent lamp with an additional electrode . The 0Z4 was a gas - filled rectifier tube commonly used in vacuum tube car radios in the 1940s and 1950s . It was a conventional full - wave rectifier tube with two anodes and one cathode , but was unique in that it had no filament ( thus the `` 0 '' in its type number ) . The electrodes were shaped such that the reverse breakdown voltage was much higher than the forward breakdown voltage . Once the breakdown voltage was exceeded , the 0Z4 switched to a low - resistance state with a forward voltage drop of about 24 V . Diode vacuum tube ( valve ) ( Edit ) See also : List of vacuum tubes Vacuum tube diodes The thermionic vacuum tube diode , originally called the Fleming valve , was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 as a detector for radio waves in radio receivers , and evolved into a general rectifier . It consisted of an evacuated glass bulb with a filament heated by a separate current , and a metal plate anode . The filament emitted electrons by thermionic emission ( the Edison effect ) , discovered by Thomas Edison in 1884 , and a positive voltage on the plate caused a current of electrons through the tube from filament to plate . Since only the filament produced electrons , the tube would only conduct current in one direction , allowing the tube to rectify an alternating current . Thermionic diode rectifiers were widely used in power supplies in vacuum tube consumer electronic products , such as phonographs , radios , and televisions , for example the All American Five radio receiver , to provide the high DC plate voltage needed by other vacuum tubes . `` Full - wave '' versions with two separate plates were popular because they could be used with a center - tapped transformer to make a full - wave rectifier . Vacuum tube rectifiers were made for very high voltages , such as the high voltage power supply for the cathode ray tube of television receivers , and the kenotron used for power supply in X-ray equipment . However , compared to modern semiconductor diodes , vacuum tube rectifiers have high internal resistance due to space charge and therefore high voltage drops , causing high power dissipation and low efficiency . They are rarely able to handle currents exceeding 250 mA owing to the limits of plate power dissipation , and can not be used for low voltage applications , such as battery chargers . Another limitation of the vacuum tube rectifier is that the heater power supply often requires special arrangements to insulate it from the high voltages of the rectifier circuit . In musical instrument amplification ( especially for electric guitars ) , the slight delay or `` sag '' between a signal increase ( for instance , when a guitar chord is struck hard and fast ) and the corresponding increase in output voltage is a notable effect of tube rectification , and results in compression . The choice between tube rectification and diode rectification is a matter of taste ; some amplifiers have both and allow the player to choose . Solid state ( Edit ) Crystal detector ( Edit ) Main article : cat 's - whisker detector Galena cat 's whisker detector The cat 's - whisker detector was the earliest type of semiconductor diode . It consisted of a crystal of some semiconducting mineral , usually galena ( lead sulfide ) , with a light springy wire touching its surface . Invented by Jagadish Chandra Bose and developed by G.W. Pickard around 1906 , it served as the radio wave rectifier in the first widely used radio receivers , called crystal radios . Its fragility and limited current capability made it unsuitable for power supply applications . It became obsolete around 1920 , but later versions served as microwave detectors and mixers in radar receivers during World War 2 . Selenium and copper oxide rectifiers ( Edit ) Main article : Metal rectifier Selenium rectifier Once common until replaced by more compact and less costly silicon solid - state rectifiers in the 1970s , these units used stacks of oxide - coated metal plates and took advantage of the semiconductor properties of selenium or copper oxide . While selenium rectifiers were lighter in weight and used less power than comparable vacuum tube rectifiers , they had the disadvantage of finite life expectancy , increasing resistance with age , and were only suitable to use at low frequencies . Both selenium and copper oxide rectifiers have somewhat better tolerance of momentary voltage transients than silicon rectifiers . Typically these rectifiers were made up of stacks of metal plates or washers , held together by a central bolt , with the number of stacks determined by voltage ; each cell was rated for about 20 V. An automotive battery charger rectifier might have only one cell : the high - voltage power supply for a vacuum tube might have dozens of stacked plates . Current density in an air - cooled selenium stack was about 600 mA per square inch of active area ( about 90 mA per square centimeter ) . Silicon and germanium diodes ( Edit ) Main article : Diode Due to their substantially lower forward voltage ( 0.3 V versus 0.7 V for silicon diodes ) germanium diodes have an inherent advantage over silicon diodes , especially in circuits like full - wave bridge rectifiers which result in 2X voltage drop because the current must pass through two diodes . In the modern world , silicon diodes are the most widely used rectifiers for lower voltages and powers , and have largely replaced earlier germanium diodes . For very high voltages and powers , the added need for controllability has in practice led to replacing simple silicon diodes with high - power thyristors ( see below ) and their newer actively gate - controlled cousins . High power : thyristors ( scrs ) and newer silicon - based voltage sourced converters ( Edit ) Main article : Silicon controlled rectifier Two of three high - power thyristor valve stacks used for long distance transmission of power from Manitoba Hydro dams . Compare with mercury - arc system from the same dam - site , above . In high - power applications , from 1975 to 2000 , most mercury valve arc - rectifiers were replaced by stacks of very high power thyristors , silicon devices with two extra layers of semiconductor , in comparison to a simple diode . In medium - power transmission applications , even more complex and sophisticated voltage sourced converter ( VSC ) silicon semiconductor rectifier systems , such as insulated gate bipolar transistors ( IGBT ) and gate turn - off thyristors ( GTO ) , have made smaller high voltage DC power transmission systems economical . All of these devices function as rectifiers . As of 2009 it was expected that these high - power silicon `` self - commutating switches '' , in particular IGBTs and a variant thyristor ( related to the GTO ) called the integrated gate - commutated thyristor ( IGCT ) , would be scaled - up in power rating to the point that they would eventually replace simple thyristor - based AC rectification systems for the highest power - transmission DC applications . Current research ( Edit ) A major area of research is to develop higher frequency rectifiers , that can rectify into terahertz and light frequencies . These devices are used in optical heterodyne detection , which has myriad applications in optical fiber communication and atomic clocks . Another prospective application for such devices is to directly rectify light waves picked up by tiny antennas , called nantennas , to produce DC electric power . It is thought that arrays of nantennas could be a more efficient means of producing solar power than solar cells . A related area of research is to develop smaller rectifiers , because a smaller device has a higher cutoff frequency . Research projects are attempting to develop a unimolecular rectifier , a single organic molecule that would function as a rectifier . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to rectifiers . AC adapter Active rectification Vienna rectifier References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Peter Robin ( 1990 ) . A History of the World Semiconductor Industry . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 227 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` 2 . Rectifying Circuits '' . Power electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . London : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 707714 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , B.W. ( 1992 ) . `` Chapter 11 '' . Power electronics : devices , drivers and applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 57351 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hendrik Rissik ( 1941 ) . Mercury - arc current convertors ( sic ) : an introduction to the theory and practice of vapour - arc discharge devices and to the study of rectification phenomena . Sir I. Pitman & sons , ltd . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kimbark , Edward Wilson ( 1971 ) . Direct current transmission ( 4 . printing . ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . p. 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 47580 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wendy Middleton , Mac E. Van Valkenburg ( eds ) , Reference Data for Engineers : Radio , Electronics , Computer , and Communications , p. 14 . 13 , Newnes , 2002 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7291 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Kenneth ; Kaminsky , Edit ( 2017 ) . `` New equations for capacitance vs ripple in power supplies '' ( PDF ) . Latin American Journal of Physics Education . 11 ( 1 ) : 1301 - 01 1301 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mansell , A.D. ; Shen , J. ( 1 January 1994 ) . `` Pulse converters in traction applications '' . Power Engineering Journal . 8 ( 4 ) : 183 . doi : 10.1049 / pe : 19940407 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Nehemiah ( 1914 ) . `` 54 . Rectifiers '' . Hawkins Electrical Guide : Principles of electricity , magnetism , induction , experiments , dynamo . New York : T. Audel . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How To Make An Electrolytic Rectifier '' . Chestofbooks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ US patent 1671970 , Glenn W. Carpenter , `` Liquid Rectifier '' , issued 1928 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ American Technical Society ( 1920 ) . Cyclopedia of applied electricity . 2 . American technical society . p. 487 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Pictures of a mercury - arc rectifier in operation can be seen here : Belsize Park deep shelter rectifier 1 , Belsize Park deep shelter rectifier 2 Jump up ^ Sood , Vijay K. HVDC and FACTS Controllers : Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems . Springer - Verlag . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7890 - 3 . The first 25 years of HVDC transmission were sustained by converters having mercury arc valves till the mid-1970s . The next 25 years till the year 2000 were sustained by line - commutated converters using thyristor valves . It is predicted that the next 25 years will be dominated by force - commutated converters ( 4 ) . Initially , this new force - commutated era has commenced with Capacitor Commutated Converters ( CCC ) eventually to be replaced by self - commutated converters due to the economic availability of high - power switching devices with their superior characteristics . Jump up ^ Hunter , Dave ( September 2013 ) . `` What 's The Big Deal About Tube Rectification ? '' . Guitar Player . p. 136 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ H.P. Westman et al. , ( ed ) , Reference Data for Radio Engineers , Fifth Edition , 1968 , Howard W. Sams and Co. , no ISBN , Library of Congress Card No. 43 - 14665 chapter 13 Jump up ^ Arrillaga , Jos ; Liu , Yonghe H ; Watson , Neville R ; Murray , Nicholas J. Self - Commutating Converters for High Power Applications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68212 - 8 . Jump up ^ Idaho National Laboratory ( 2007 ) . `` Harvesting the sun 's energy with antennas '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . ( hide ) Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD , CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch LCCN : sh85041638 GND : 4021239 - 7 BNF : cb11966722s ( data ) NDL : 00570368 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectifier&oldid=833401479 '' Categories : Electric power systems components Electric power conversion Rectifiers Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles to be merged from November 2017 All articles to be merged Articles to be expanded from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 09 : 26 . 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the process of converting ac to dc is called
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Timeline of World War I
Timeline of World War I - wikipedia Timeline of World War I Theaters / Fronts Western Eastern Italian Caucasian Middle Eastern Balkan African Naval Air Politics Asian and Pacific Gallipoli Contents 1 1914 2 1915 3 1916 4 1917 5 1918 6 1919 7 1920 8 Post-1920 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 1914 ( edit ) Dates Events June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Details July 5 Austria - Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism . Germany gives assurances of support . July 23 Beginning of the `` Black Week '' . Austria - Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia . The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna . Details July 28 Austria - Hungary declares war on Serbia . Russia mobilizes . Details The Netherlands declare neutrality . July 29 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Czar Nicholas II of Russia communicate via telegram . July 30 Germany sends Russia an ultimatum . August 1 Germany declares war on Russia and mobilizes . France mobilizes . Italy declares its neutrality . Denmark , Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality . Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty . Details August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg . Details Skirmish at Joncherey , first military action on the Western Front . August 2 -- 26 Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy `` the iron gate to Paris '' near the Luxembourg border , opening France to mass German invasion . August 3 Germany declares war on France . Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border . Switzerland declares its neutrality and mobilizes for purposes of defense . August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army . Details Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality , guaranteed by the Treaty of London , The German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier ( a scrap of paper ) . The United Kingdom declares war on Germany . Details The United States declares neutrality . August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France . Details Spain declares `` the strictest neutrality . '' Details August 7 -- September 13 Battle of the Frontiers . The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France 's Fifth Army . August 7 -- 10 Battle of Mulhouse , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 8 Montenegro declares war on Germany . August 9 The Togoland Campaign begins . August 11 France declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 12 The United Kingdom declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Halen , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 14 -- 25 Battle of Lorraine , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 16 -- 20 The Serbs defeat the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . Details August 17 The Russian army enters East Prussia . Battle of Stallupönen . Details August 20 The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia , the Battle of Gumbinnen . The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan . Details The Germans occupy Brussels . Battle of Morhange , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . Battle of Sarrebourg , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv . Details August 23 -- 25 Battle of Kraśnik , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . The Austro - Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army . Details August 24 Action of Elouges . Battle of the Mortagne , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 24 -- September 7 The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress . Details August 24 -- September 28 The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne . August 25 Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Tepe : The Kamerun Campaign begins . August 26 British and French forces conquer Togoland , a German protectorate in West Africa . Details Battle of Le Grand Fayt . August 26 -- 27 Battle of Le Cateau . Allied retreat . Details August 26 -- 30 Battle of Gnila Lipa , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . August 26 -- September 2 Battle of Komarow , part of the Battle of Lemberg . Details August 26 - February 18 , 1916 Siege of Mora . August 27 Battle of Étreux . Details August 27 -- November 7 Battle of Tsingtao : British and Japanese forces capture the German - controlled port of Tsingtao in China . Details August 28 The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details Austria - Hungary declares war on Belgium . August 29 -- 30 Battle of Saint Quentin , also known as Battle of Guise . Orderly Allied retreat . Details August 29 - 31 First Battle of Garua . August 30 New Zealand occupies German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) . Details September 1 Action at Nery Details Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd , removing German words `` Burg '' and `` Sankt '' . September 2 -- 11 Austro - Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . Details September 4 -- 13 Battle of Grand Couronne , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . September 5 -- 12 First Battle of the Marne . The German advance on Paris is halted , marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan . Details Battle of the Ourcq , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of the Two Morins . September 6 Battle of Nsanakong . September 6 -- 12 Battle of the Marshes of Saint - Gond , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Vitry , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Revigny , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . September 6 -- October 4 Battle of Drina . September 7 Fanning Raid . September 7 -- 14 First Battle of the Masurian Lakes : The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties . Details September 9 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany 's war aims . Details September 11 Battle of Bita Paka . September 13 Troops from South Africa begin invading German South - West Africa . Details September 13 -- 28 The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw . The Race to the Sea begins . Details September 14 Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff . Details September 14 - 17 Siege of Toma . Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year . September 15 Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa . Details September 19 -- October 11 Battle of Flirey September 20 Battle of Zanzibar , German naval victory . September 22 Bombardment of Papeete German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras Details September 22 -- 26 First Battle of Picardy . September 24 The Siege of Przemyśl begins Details September 25 Battle of Sandfontein . September 25 -- 29 First Battle of Albert Details September 28 -- October 10 The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp , Belgium . Details September 29 - 30 Japan occupies the Marshall Islands . September 29 -- October 31 Battle of the Vistula River , also known as Battle of Warsaw . Details October -- July 11 , 1915 Battle of Rufiji Delta , German cruiser Königsberg destroyed . October 1 -- 4 First Battle of Arras . Details October 9 -- November 1 Central powers control Belgrade . Details October 10 -- November 2 Battle of La Bassee . October 12 -- November 2 First Battle of Messines . Details October 13 -- November 2 Battle of Armentieres . October 16 -- 31 Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium . Details October 19 -- November 22 The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea . The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk . Details October 19 - July 7 , 1915 Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola - Namibia border , without declaration of war . Details October 28 Battle of Penang . October 29 The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast Details November 1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Coronel . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock . Details November 2 The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany . Details Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . November 2 -- 16 Bergmann Offensive , first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War . November 3 Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Kilimanjaro . November 3 -- 5 Von Lettow - Vorbeck 's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga , German East Africa . Details November 5 France and the United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire . November 6 Fao Landing , British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao . November 9 Battle of Cocos , northeast Indian Ocean . The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden . Details November 11 Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies . Details November 11 -- 21 Battle of Basra . Details November 11 -- December 6 Battle of Łódź ( also known as Silesian Offensive ) . Details November 13 Battle of El Herri : Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes . November 16 -- December 15 Battle of Kolubara , Austro - Hungarians leave Serbia . November 19 Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia . December 1 -- 13 Battle of Limanowa . December 3 -- 9 Battle of Qurna . December 8 Battle of the Falklands . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy . Details December 10 Hill 60 captured by the Germans . Details December 14 Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus , but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish . Details December 16 The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool , England . Details December 18 -- 22 Battle of Givenchy . December 17 -- January 13 , 1915 First Battle of Artois . December 20 Fighting begins at Perthes . December 20 -- 17 March 1915 First Battle of Champagne . Details December 22 Fighting begins at Noyon . Details December 22 -- January 2 , 1915 The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish , Caucasia . Details December 24 -- 25 In some sectors of the Western Front , an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces . Details December 25 -- January 18 , 1915 Battle of Ardahan . 1915 ( edit ) Dates Events January 2 The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins . It will continue until April 12 . January 4 - 11 Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise . Details January 8 Japan attempts to impose its Twenty - One Demands on neutral China . January 18 -- 19 Battle of Jassin . January 19 First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain . Details January 19 -- December 22 Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf , series of battles fought to control the peak . January 24 Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte . Details January 24 -- 26 Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland . January 28 -- February 3 The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal . Details January 30 The Russians take Tabriz . Details January 31 Battle of Bolimov . First German use of chemical weapons . Details February 4 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels . Details Jan Kemp surrenders . End of the Maritz Rebellion . Battle of Kakamas : German invasion of South Africa repelled . February 7 -- 22 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The Russian X Army is defeated . Details February 19 British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles . The Gallipoli Campaign begins . Details March 5 Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople . March 7 Ottomans retreat to Qotur , pushed by a Russian counteroffensive . Details March 10 -- March 13 Battle of Neuve Chapelle . After an initial success , a British offensive is halted . Details March 14 Battle of Más a Tierra . The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile . March 22 The Siege of Przemyśl ends . The Russians capture the fortress . Details April 5 -- May 5 First Battle of Woevre . April 12 -- 14 Battle of Shaiba . April 15 Battle of Dilman April 19 -- May 17 The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van . Details April 22 -- May 25 The Second Battle of Ypres , which ends in a stalemate . Germany first uses the poison gas . Details April 22 -- 23 Battle of Gravenstafel , First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 24 Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara , first act of the Armenian Genocide . April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details Battle of Trekkopjes . April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details April 29 Battle of Gurin . May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik . May 3 Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove . Details Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 6 -- 8 Second Battle of Krithia . The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again . Details May 7 The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat . Details May 8 -- 13 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge , Part of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 9 -- June 18 Second Battle of Artois . May 9 Battle of Aubers Ridge , a phase of the Second Battle of Artois . May 10 Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław . Lviv is again in Austrian hands . May 11 Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead . Details May 12 Windhoek , capital of German South - West Africa , is occupied by South African troops . Details May 15 -- 25 Battle of Festubert . May 16 -- June 23 Battle of Konary . May 23 Italy declares war on Austria - Hungary . Details May 24 -- 25 Battle of Bellewaarde , final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 31 - June 10 Second Battle of Garua . June -- September The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia . June 3 San Marino declares war on Austria - Hungary . June 4 Third Battle of Krithia . Yet another Allied failure . Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details June 29 Battle of Ngaundere July 1 First aerial victory by a synchronized gun - armed fighter aircraft Details Battle of Otavi . July 9 The German forces in South - West Africa surrender . Details July 10 -- 26 Battle of Manzikert . July 18 -- August 3 Second Battle of the Isonzo . Details July 25 Italians capture Cappuccio Wood . Details First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot Details July 27 - 31 Battle of Kara Killisse . August 5 The Germans occupy Warsaw . Details August 6 -- 10 Battle of Lone Pine , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 13 Battle of Krithia Vineyard , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 15 Allies land at Suvla Bay , a phase of the August Offensive . Details . August 6 -- 21 Battle of Sari Bair , part of the August Offensive . Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula . Details August 7 Battle of the Nek , a phase of the August Offensive . August 7 -- 19 Battle of Chunuk Bair , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 Scimitar Hill , a phase of the August Offensive . Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire . August 21 -- 29 Battle of Hill 60 , part of the August Offensive . Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius . The Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive ends . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Loos , a major British offensive , fails . Details September 25 -- October 15 Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt , a phase of the Battle of Loos . September 25 -- November 6 Second Battle of Champagne . September 28 Battle of Es Sinn . October 7 -- December 4 Serbia is invaded by Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria . Details October 12 Edith Cavell executed . October 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia Details October 14 -- November 9 Morava Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 14 -- November 15 Ovche Pole Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 15 The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria . Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria . October 16 France declares war on Bulgaria . October 17 -- November 21 Battle of Krivolak , first of the Salonika Front . October 18 -- November 4 Third Battle of the Isonzo Details October 19 Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria . October 27 Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia ; he is replaced by Billy Hughes . October 29 René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Aristide Briand . November 4 - 6 Battle of Banjo . November 10 Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city . Details November 10 -- December 2 Fourth Battle of the Isonzo November 10 -- December 4 Kosovo Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Serbians pushed into Albania . Details November 14 - 30 Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran . Details November 17 Armed by Ottomans and Germans , the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west . Details November 22 -- 25 Battle of Ctesiphon , in present - day Iraq . Details November 27 The Serbian army collapses . It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies . Details December -- July , 1916 Battle of Lake Tanganyika . December 6 -- 12 Battle of Kosturino December 7 The First Siege of Kut , Mesopotamia , by the Ottomans begins . Details December 15 Russians occupy Hamadan . Details December 19 Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force . Details December 23 Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni . 1916 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 -- 17 Austro - Hungarian offensive against Montenegro , which capitulates . Details January 6 -- 7 Battle of Mojkovac January 6 -- 8 Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 9 The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory . Details January 10 -- February 16 Battle of Erzurum . January 11 Corfu occupied by the Allies . Details January 13 Battle of Wadi , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . Details January 21 Battle of Hanna , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 24 Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details January 27 Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916 . Details February 5 -- April 15 Trebizond Campaign . February 12 Battle of Salaita Hill . February 21 The Battle of Verdun begins . February 26 Battle of Agagia : Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British . February 28 German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) surrenders . Details March 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details March 1 -- 15 Fifth Battle of the Isonzo . March 2 -- August 4 Battle of Bitlis . March 8 Battle of Dujaila : a British attempt to relieve Kut failed . Details March 9 Germany declares war on Portugal . Portugal officially enters the war . Details March 11 -- 12 Battle of Latema Nek . March 14 The Manifesto of the Sixteen , declaring Kropotkinist - anarchist support of the Allied war effort , is published . Details March 15 Austria - Hungary declares war on Portugal . March 16 - November 6 British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . Details March 18 Battle of Kahe . March 18 -- April Lake Naroch Offensive . April 24 -- 29 Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom . Details April 24 -- 30 The Kienthal Conference , the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Kienthal , Switzerland . Details April 27 -- 29 Gas attacks at Hulluch . April 29 The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans , first siege of Kut ends . Details May 7 -- 10 Battle of Kondoa Irangi . May 10 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details May 15 -- June 10 Austro - Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino . Details May 16 Signing of the Sykes - Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East . Details May 18 Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia , but it is too late . Details May 31 -- June 1 Battle of Jutland between Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details June 2 -- 14 Battle of Mont Sorrel . June 3 Russians fail to encircle Ottoman forces in Persia . Details June 4 The Brusilov Offensive begins . June 5 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins . Details The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands ; Lord Kitchener dies . Details June 10 Italy : Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister . Details The Siege of Medina begins . June 10 -- July 4 Battle of Mecca , Arabs capture the city . Details June 12 Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central - northern Persia . June 30 Battle of the Boar 's Head , diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day . July Battle of Taif . Details July 1 The Battle of the Somme begins . Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 17 British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge . Details July 4 -- 6 Battle of Kostiuchnowka . July 7 -- 11 British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 8 -- 14 British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 14 -- 17 Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 14 -- September 15 Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 19 -- 20 Battle of Fromelles ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . July 23 -- August 7 Battle of Pozières ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 24 -- August 8 Battle of Kowel . July 30 German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies , causing the Black Tom explosion . August 3 -- 5 Battle of Romani . Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails . Details August 6 -- 17 Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . The Italians capture Gorizia ( August 9 ) . Details August 6 Battle of Doberdo , part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo . August 9 -- 18 First battle of Doiran . Details August 10 Ottomans take Hamadan . Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff . Details August 30 The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania . September 1 Bulgaria declares war on Romania . September 2 -- 6 Battle of Turtucaia , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 3 -- 6 Battle of Guillemont ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 5 -- 7 Battle of Dobrich , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 6 The Central Powers create a unified command . September 7 -- 11 Battle of Kisaki . September 8 - 19 Battle of Tabora . September 9 Battle of Ginchy ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 9 - 11 Battle of Dutumi . September 12 -- December 11 Monastir Offensive , set up of the Salonika Front . September 12 -- 14 Battle of Malka Nidzhe , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 12 -- 30 Battle of Kaymakchalan , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 14 -- 17 Seventh Battle of the Isonzo September 15 -- 22 Battle of Flers - Courcelette ; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history . Details September 17 -- 19 First Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 20 The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) . October 9 -- 12 Eighth Battle of the Isonzo . October 14 - January 6 , 1917 Battle of Kibata . October 19 -- 25 Second Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October 24 The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun . Details November 1 -- 4 Ninth Battle of the Isonzo . November 11 Battle of Matamondo . November 13 -- 18 Battle of the Ancre ( closing phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details November 18 The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo - French advantage . Details November 21 HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine Details Francis Joseph I , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , dies and is succeeded by Charles I . Details November 25 David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet . Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea . Details November 25 -- December 3 Battle of Bucharest , a phase of the conquest of Romania . November 28 Prunaru Charge , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest , Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines . December 1 Battle of the Arges , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest . December 1 -- January 18 , 1917 Allies capture Yanbu . Details December 5 -- 7 United Kingdom : Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George . Details December 6 The Germans occupy Bucharest . The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi . Details December 13 Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details December 17 Kaocen Revolt : The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez . December 18 Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides . December 23 Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula . Details December 23 -- 29 Christmas Battles . December 27 Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones . Details December 30 Grigori Rasputin , Russia 's éminence grise , is assassinated . Details 1917 ( edit ) Dates Events January 3 -- 4 Battle of Behobeho . January 9 Battle of Rafa . The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai . Details January 11 -- March 13 British raid the Ancre . Details January 16 The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico , instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States . Details February 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans . February 23 Second Battle of Kut . The British recapture the city . Details February 23 -- April 5 The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line . Details March 1 Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro - Hungarian Chief of Staff . Details March 3 The French relieve Agadez . March 8 -- 11 The British capture Baghdad . Details March 8 The celebrations of the International Women 's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution . March 12 Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd 's Znamenskaya Square the day before . Numerous attacks against prisons , courts , police stations and Okhrana offices . Provisional Committee of the Duma formed . Petrograd Soviet formed . March 13 Battle of Nambanje . March 13 -- April 23 Samarrah Offensive , British capture much of Mesopotamia . March 14 China severs relations with Germany . March 15 Nicholas II abdicates . A provisional government is formed . March 16 Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis . March 17 Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot . March 26 First Battle of Gaza . The British attempt to capture the city fails . Details April -- October Stalemate in Southern Palestine . April 2 -- 3 Australians attack Noreuil . Details . April 6 The United States declares war on Germany . Details April 7 Cuba declares war on Germany . Panama declares war on Germany . Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam , the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific . April 9 -- May 17 Second Battle of Arras . The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough . Details April 9 -- 12 The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 9 -- 14 First Battle of the Scarpe , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 10 -- 11 First Battle of Bullecourt , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 11 Brazil severs relations with Germany . April 13 Bolivia severs relations with Germany . April 15 Battle of Lagnicourt , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 16 -- May 9 The Second Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Nivelle Offensive ) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle . Details April 17 -- 20 Battle of the Hills ( also known as Third battle of Champagne ) , a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne . April 19 Second Battle of Gaza . The Ottoman lines resist a British attack . Details April 22 -- May 8 Second Battle of Doiran . Details April 23 The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States . April 23 -- 24 Second Battle of Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 28 -- 29 Battle of Arleux , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 29 -- May 20 Series of mutinies in the French army . Details May 3 -- 4 Third battle of the Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov 's note affirming Russia 's commitment to the Entente war effort . Details May 3 -- 17 Second Battle of Bullecourt , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details May 5 Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party . Details May 5 -- 15 Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front . May 5 -- 9 Second Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive . Details May 12 -- June 6 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo . Details May 15 Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details May 23 Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst . Salonika Trial ends : Dragutin Dimitrijevic , chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination , is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges , as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria - Hungary . June -- October Operation Hush , Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium . June 7 -- 14 Second Battle of Messines , the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge . Details June 10 -- 29 Battle of Mount Ortigara . Details June 12 Constantine I of Greece abdicates . June 13 First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G. IV . June 25 First American troops land in France . Details June 27 Batterie Pommern aka . ' Lange Max ' , world 's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk ( ± 50 km ) . June 30 Greece declares war on the Central powers . Details July 1 -- 2 Battle of Zborov , a phase of the Kerensky Offensive . Details July 1 -- 12 Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China , allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente . Details July 1 -- 19 The Kerensky Offensive fails . It is the last Russian initiative in the war . Details July 6 Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba . Details July 11 The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front , complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language Details July 16 - 17 Petrograd July Days . July 20 Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Details July 21 Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister - President of the Russian Provisional Government . July 22 Siam declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . July 22 -- August 1 Battle of Mărăști July 29 Battle of Kiawe Bridge . July 31 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) begins . Details July 31 -- August 2 Battle of Pilckem Ridge ( Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . August 2 The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia . August 2 -- 10 Battle of Rumbo . August 4 Liberia declares war on Germany . August 6 -- 20 Battle of Mărăşeşti . Details August 8 -- 20 Second Battle of Oituz . August 14 China declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . August 15 -- 25 Battle of Hill 70 ( Continuation of British operations near Lens ) . August 16 -- 18 Second Battle of Langemarck ( Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Details August 17 China terminates the German and Austro - Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them . August 18 -- 28 Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo . Details August 20 -- 26 Second Offensive Battle of Verdun . September -- October Operation Albion . German capture of Oesel , Dago and Moon Islands . September 1 -- 3 Battle of Jugla . September 5 The SMS Seeadler 's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece , allowing their escape . They rename it Fortuna . September 5 -- 12 The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Stockholm . Details September 8 - 12 Russia : General Kornilov 's coup attempt fails . Details September 12 Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé . September 14 Russia declared a republic . September 20 -- 26 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 21 Costa Rica severs relations with Germany . September 26 -- 27 Battle of Polygon Wood ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 28 -- 29 Battle of Ramadi , Mesopotamia . Details October 4 Battle of Broodseinde ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 5 The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans . October 6 Peru severs relations with Germany . October 7 Uruguay severs relations with Germany . October 9 Battle of Poelcappelle ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 Mata Hari executed . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River . Details October 26 -- November 10 Second Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 27 Brazil declares war on Germany . October 27 Battle of Buqqar Ridge . October 30 Italy : Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister . Details October 31 -- November 7 Third Battle of Gaza . The British break through the Ottoman lines . Details October 31 Battle of Beersheba ( opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza ) . Details November 1 -- 6 Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe . November 2 Balfour Declaration : the British government supports plans for a Jewish `` national home '' in Palestine . Details November 5 The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles . November 7 October Revolution : Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace . Charge at Sheria . November 8 Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander - in - Chief of the Italian Army . Details Charge at Huj . November 9 -- December 28 First Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river . Details November 10 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) ends . Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) . Details November 18 -- 24 Battle of Nebi Samwil , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . November 20 -- December 3 First Battle of Cambrai . A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate . Details November 25 Battle of Ngomano , the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies . December 1 Battle of El Burj , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . December 6 Halifax Explosion : An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont - Blanc , laden with high explosives for the Western Front , leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond , Nova Scotia . It is the largest man - made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons . December 7 The United States declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 8 Ecuador severs relations with Germany . December 10 Panama declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 15 Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers , to take effect on December 17 . December 16 Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee . December 17 Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party . Details December 20 -- 21 Battle of Jaffa , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . Details 1918 ( edit ) Dates Events January 8 Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points . Details February to September Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley . Details February 9 The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People 's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest - Litovsk . Details February 15 -- 16 Battle of Rarancza . February 18 -- March 3 Operation Faustschlag , last offensive on Eastern Front . February 19 British begin their assault on Jericho . Details February 21 The British capture Jericho . Details Germans capture Minsk . Details February 24 Germans capture Zhytomyr . Details February 25 German troops capture Tallinn . Details February 28 Germans capture Pskov and Narva . Details March 2 Germans capture Kiev . Details March 3 At Brest - Litovsk , Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany . Details March 4 First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu : Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston , Fort Riley , Kansas . March 7 German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet . Details March 8 -- 12 Battle of Tell ' Asur . March 8 -- 13 Battle of Bakhmach . March 11 Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley ; first known case outside in Queens , New York . March 21 -- April 5 First phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Michael ( also known as Second Battle of the Somme ) . The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory . Details March 21 -- 23 The Battle of St. Quentin , first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive . Details March 21 -- April 2 First Transjordan attack on Amman . March 23 -- August 7 Artillery bombardment of Paris . Details March 24 -- 25 First Battle of Bapaume , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 25 First Battle of Noyon , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 26 French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces . Details March 26 -- 27 Battle of Rosieres , a phase of Operation Michael . Details Action of Khan Baghdadi . March 25 Penza Agreement : The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks . March 27 -- 31 First Battle of Amman , a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack . March 28 Third Battle of Arras ( also known as First Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 30 -- April 5 First Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Michael . March 30 Battle of Moreuil Wood . April 1 Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . April 4 -- 5 Battle of the Avre , final phase of Operation Michael . April 7 -- 29 Second phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Georgette ( also known as Battle of the Lys ) . The results are disappointing for the Germans . Details April 7 -- 9 Battle of Estaires , first phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 10 -- 11 Third Battle of Messines , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 12 -- 13 Battle of Hazebrouck , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 13 -- 15 Battle of Bailleul , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 14 Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria - Hungary 's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair . April 17 -- 19 First Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 18 Battle of Bethune , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 21 The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux - sur - Somme . April 23 Guatemala declares war on Germany . April 24 -- 27 Second Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Georgette . April 25 -- 26 Second Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 28 Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison , from tuberculosis . April 29 Battle of Scherpenberg , final phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 30 -- May 4 Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt . May 7 Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers . It will never be ratified . Details May 8 Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 10 -- 11 Battle of Kaniow . May 14 Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east . Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion , but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans - Siberian Railway . Details May 21 Ottomans invade Armenia . Details May 21 -- 29 Battle of Sardarabad , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . Battle of Abaran , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 23 Costa Rica declares war on Germany . May 24 -- 28 Battle of Karakilisa , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 27 -- June 6 Third Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Operation Blücher - Yorck , third phase of the Spring Offensive ) . After initial gains , the German advance is halted . Details May 28 Battle of Cantigny . May 29 -- 31 Battle of Skra - di - Legen June 1 -- 26 Battle of Belleau Wood , part of the German Spring Offensive . June 8 Action of Arsuf . Ottomans re-enter Tabriz . Details June 8 The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara . Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front . Details June 8 -- October Germany interferes in the Caucasus . Details June 9 -- 12 Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Gneisenau ( also known as Battle of Matz ) . Despite substantial territorial gains , the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals Details June 13 Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk . June 15 -- 23 Second Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarian offensive is repelled . Details June 15 - 31 Ottomans occupy Dilman , Khoy and Urmia . Details . July 4 Battle of Hamel . July 12 Haiti declares war on Germany . July 14 Battle of Abu Tellul . July 15 -- August 6 Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front , which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French . Details July 15 -- 17 Champagne - Marne Offensive ( consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I . Details July 17 Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks , out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops . Details July 18 Battle of Chateau - Thierry , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 18 -- 22 Battle of Soissons , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 19 Battle of Tardenois , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Honduras declares war on Germany . August Spanish Flu virus mutates : Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest , Freetown and Boston . August 5 The Czechoslovak People 's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve . Details August 8 -- November 11 Hundred Days Offensive , last offensive on Western Front . August 8 -- 12 Battle of Amiens , first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 9 -- 12 Battle of Montdidier . August 13 -- September 3 Battle of San Matteo . August 17 -- 29 Second Battle of Noyon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of the Somme ( also known as Third battle of the Somme ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- 22 Third Battle of Albert , opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of Bapaume , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . August 26 -- September 3 Fourth Battle of Arras ( also known as Second Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme Details August 26 -- 30 Fourth Battle of the Scarpe ( also known as Battle of the Scarpe ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras . Details August 26 -- September 14 Battle of Baku , last Turkish offensive of the war . August 30 - 31 Battle of Lioma . August 31 -- September 3 Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . September 1 -- 2 Battle of Peronne , a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin . Details September 2 -- 3 Battle of Drocourt - Queant Line , final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details September 8 - 23 Ufa Conference : Formation of the Provisional All - Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion . September 10 Battle of Savy - Dallon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 Battle of Havrincourt , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 -- 19 Battle of Saint - Mihiel , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 14 Battle of Vauxaillon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 14 -- 29 Vardar Offensive , final offensive on the Balkan Front . September 15 The Allies ( French and Serbs ) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje , a phase of the Vardar Offensive . Details September 18 Battle of Epehy , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 18 -- 19 Third Battle of Doiran , a phase of the Vardar Offensive , The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance . Details September 18 -- October 17 Battle of the Hindenburg Line , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . The Allies break through the German lines . Details September 19 -- 25 Battle of Megiddo . The British conquer Palestine . Details Battle of Nablus , a phase of the Battle of Meggido . Details Third Transjordan attack , a phase of the Battle of Nablus . Battle of Sharon , a phase of the Battle of Megiddo . September 22 The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 19 Battle of Tulkarm , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Battle of Arara , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 19 -- 20 Battle of Tabsor , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 20 Capture of Jenin , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 20 -- 21 Battle of Nazareth , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 23 Battle of Haifa , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 Battle of Samakh , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Second Battle of Amman , a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack . September 26 -- November 11 Meuse - Argonne Offensive , the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I . Details September 26 -- October 1 The British enter Damascus . Details September 26 Battle of Somme - Py ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Irbid , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 26 -- 27 British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus . Details September 27 Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 27 -- October 1 Battle of the Canal du Nord , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 28 -- October 2 Fifth Battle of Ypres ( also known as Advance on Flanders ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 29 -- October 10 Battle of St. Quentin Canal , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 30 Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies . Battle of Saint - Thierry ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Kaukab , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . Charge at Kiswe , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . October 3 Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne . October 3 -- 27 Pursuit to Haritan . Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge . October 8 -- 10 Second Battle of Cambrai ( also known as Battle of Cambrai ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . Details October 14 -- 17 Battle of Montfaucon ( intermediate phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details October 14 -- 19 Battle of Courtrai , closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive . Details October 15 Battle of Mont - D'Origny , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 17 -- 26 Battle of the Selle , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . October 20 Germany suspends submarine warfare . Details Battle of Lys and Escaut ( Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Battle of Serre , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 23 -- 30 Battle of Sharqat . October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Vittorio Veneto . The Austro - Hungarian army is routed . The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest . Details October 24 -- 28 Second Battle of Monte Grappa , beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto . October 25 Battle of Aleppo . Details October 29 Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg 's deputy . Details Germany 's Hochseeflotte mutinies . Details State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs proclaimed . Details October 30 The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros . Details November First Spanish Flu cases in Spain , where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship . November 1 Battle of Chesne ( Closing phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details November 1 -- 2 Battle of Valenciennes , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details November 3 Austria - Hungary signs the armistice with Italy , effective November 4 . November 4 Battle of the Sambre , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Second Battle of Guise , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details Battle of Thierache , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details November 6 -- 11 Advance to the Meuse . November 9 Germany : Kaiser William II abdicates ; republic proclaimed . Details November 10 Austria - Hungary : Kaiser Charles I abdicates . Details Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers . November 11 At 6 am , Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne . End of fighting at 11 a.m. . Details Poland proclaimed . November 12 Austria proclaimed a republic . November 14 Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic . Details German U-boats interned . 3 days after the armistice , fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow - Vorbeck agrees a cease - fire on hearing of Germany 's surrender . Details November 18 Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All - Russian Government in a coup . November 21 Germany 's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom . Details November 22 The Germans evacuate Luxembourg . November 25 11 days after agreeing a cease - fire , General von Lettow - Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present - day Zambia . Details November 27 The Germans evacuate Belgium . December 1 Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes proclaimed . Details 1919 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea . January 10 Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina . Details January 18 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany : the Peace Conference opens in Paris . Details January 25 Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted . Details January 27 The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans - Siberian Railway . June 21 German High Seas Fleet ( 53 ships ) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths , the last casualties of the war . Details June 28 Treaty of Versailles signed . Details July 8 Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details July 21 The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details November 10 -- 11 A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10 . The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11 . This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day . Details November 14 The Bolsheviks take Omsk . Kolchak 's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans - Siberian . 1920 ( edit ) Dates Events January 4 A coup in Irkutsk deposes Kolchak . Details January 10 First meeting of the League of Nations held in London . Official end of World War I . Details Free City of Danzig established . Details January 20 Irkutsk surrenders to the Bolsheviks . January 21 The Paris Peace Conference ends . Details February 7 Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion . The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak in return for free passage to Vladivostok . Kolchak and his Prime Minister , Viktor Pepelyayev are executed . February 10 A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark . Details April 19 -- 26 Conference of Sanremo , Italy , about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East . Details June 4 Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary . Details August 10 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire . The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement , which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate . Details September 8 Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro . Details November 1 League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva , Switzerland . Details November 12 Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia . Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established . Details November 15 The League of Nations holds its first general assembly . Details Post-1920 ( edit ) Dates Events 1921 October 13 Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey . Details 1922 February 6 Washington Naval Treaty , limiting naval tonnage , signed by France , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . Details April 10 -- May 19 Genoa Conference . Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War . Details April 16 Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations . Details September 11 Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan , Armenia . Details 1923 June 16 The Russian Civil War ends . July 24 Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey , successor State to the Ottoman Empire . It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres . Details 1924 January 27 Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia . Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia . Details Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albertini 1953 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lowe 1994 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Kriegserklärung ( Declaration of War ) , Wiener Zeitung ( Vienna Newspaper ) , July 28 , 1914 , Extraausgabe ( Special Edition ) , Amtlicher Teil ( Official Section ) , 19 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29 , 1914 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Events on August 1 '' . OnThisDay.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1 . August 12 : 52 p.m. Dringend ( Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg , August 1 , 12 : 52 p.m. Urgent ) , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Das Deutsche Weissbuch , über den Ausbruch des Deutsch - Russisch - Französischen Krieges , Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material ( The German White Book , on the Outbreak of the German - Russian - French War , According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag ) ( Neumünster / Leipzig : Nordische Velagsanstalt , R. Hieronymus , 1914 ) , 46 , Anlage ( Annex ) 26 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Declaration of Neutrality - World War I Document Archive '' . wwi.lib.byu.edu . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark International Encyclopedia of the First World War ( WW1 ) '' . encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914 , Yale University Jump up ^ `` Occupation of Luxembourg - International Encyclopedia of the First World War ( WW1 ) '' . 1914-1918-online.net . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris ( The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris ) , August 3 , 1914 , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch ( German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War ) , Band ( vol . ) III , Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich ( From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France ) , ( Charlottenburg : Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte , 1919 ) , 185 , No. 734 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Note remise par M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Ministre des Affaires étrangères , à M. de Below Saleske , Ministre d'Allemagne , Bruxelles , le 3 août 1914 ( 7 heures du matin ) ( Note Given by M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs , to M. de Below Saleske , Minister of Germany , Brussels , August 3 , 1914 , 7 in the morning ) , in Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne ( Paris : Ministère des Affaires Étrangères , 1914 ) , 202 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` August 1914 : the outbreak of war '' . Switzerland and the First World War . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ F.A. Kuenzli , Right and Duty , or Citizen and Soldier : Switzerland Prepared and at Peace , A Model for the United States ( New York : National Defense Institute , 1916 ) , 94 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Belgium '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historians attempt to find WWI 's first shot deep in Australian waters '' . ABC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy 2009 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Así se vivió la grerra en España '' . elmundo.es . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/10pereira.pdf Jump up ^ `` Montenegro Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of War Against Austria - Hungary , Aug. 12 , 1914 The war against Austria - Hungary was declared on August 12 , 1914 , and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day . Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Farwell 1989 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ `` Austria - Hungary Declares War on Belgium '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Петроград -- Энциклопедия `` Вокруг света '' `` . www.vokrugsveta.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Creveld 1977 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 943 . Jump up ^ `` Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal - i harb ilanı hakkında irade - i seniyye ( Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia , France , and the United Kingdom ) , Nov. 11 , 1914 ( 29 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) , Takvim - i Vekayi , Nov. 12 , 1914 ( 30 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1052 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` The Battle of Bolimov , 1915 '' . Firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 564 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 652 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2005 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1139 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1061 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1431 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1092 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1252 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 854 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 855 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1286 Jump up ^ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-declares-war-on-germany Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1283 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gottschall 2003 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 674 . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Albertini , Luigi ( 1953 ) . Origins of the War of 1914 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 168712 . Boemeke , Manfred Franz ( 1998 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 years . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62132 - 1 . Creveld , Martin van ( 1977 ) . Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29793 - 1 . Duffy , Michael ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) , `` Who Declared War and When '' , firstworldwar.com Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Gottschall , Terrell D. ( 2003 ) . By order of the Kaiser : Otto von Diederichs and the rise of the Imperial German Navy , 1865 -- 1902 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 309 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 9780091801786 . Lowe , John ( 1994 ) . The Great Powers , Imperialism , and the German Problem , 1865 -- 1925 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10444 - 0 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01696 - 3 . OCLC 56592292 . Odgers , George ( 1994 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 5 . OCLC 52541937 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Pope ; Elizabeth - Anne Wheal ( 1995 ) . `` Select Chronology '' . Dictionary of the First World War . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 979 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` WWI Timeline '' . The Great War . USA : Public Broadcasting System . `` WWI Timeline '' . USA : National World War I Museum . `` World War One Timeline '' . UK : BBC . `` New Zealand and the First World War ( timeline ) '' . New Zealand Government . `` Timeline : Australia in the First World War , 1914 - 1918 '' . Australian War Memorial . `` World War I : Declarations of War from around the Globe '' . Law Library of Congress . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal War Peace ( list ) Conflicts ( list ) War concept ( lists ) Civil wars ( list ) Attacks ( list ) Terrorism ( list ) Massacres ( list ) Warfare ( list ) Battles ( list ) Wars ( list ) Ongoing armed conflicts ( list ) World War I portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I&oldid=853804876 '' Categories : Timelines of military conflicts World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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List of Cornish saints
List of Cornish saints - wikipedia List of Cornish saints Jump to : navigation , search Flag of St Piran , used as a flag of Cornwall St Piran portrayed in a stained glass window in Truro Cathedral This is a list of Cornish saints , including saints more loosely associated with Cornwall : many of them will have links to sites elsewhere in regions with significant ancient British history , such as Wales , Brittany or Devon . The Archangel Michael from Perugino 's triptych in the Certosa of Pavia * The Archangel Michael was recognized as the patron saint of Cornwall in medieval times ; his cult however was introduced to the land by the Normans Contents ( hide ) 1 List of some of the well - known Cornish saints 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links List of some of the well - known Cornish saints ( edit ) For more information see the works of Canon Doble ( 1880 -- 1945 ) , Nicholas Orme 's book , The Saints of Cornwall ( 2000 ) , and the works of Charles Henderson N.B. All these have dedications in Cornwall but not all have legends or traditions associating them with Cornwall . Saint Austell Saint Blaise Saint Breaca Saint Bryvyth ( Brevita ) Saint Budoc Saint Buriana Saint Cleer Saint Carantoc Saint Constantine Saint Cuby Saint Day Saint Endelienta Saint Erth Saint Euny Saint Felec Saint Gerren Saint Gluvias Saint Gudwal or Gurval Saint Gwinear Saint Gwinnodock Saint Gwithian Saint Hydrock Saint Ia ( Ives ) Saint Julitta Saint Just Saint Kea Saint Keyne Saint Levan Saint Lide Saint Mabyn Saint Madern of Penzance Saint Materiana ( Madryn of Gwent ) Saint Mawes Saint Melor Saint Menefrida Saint Meriasek Saint Morwenna Saint Nectan Saint Neot Saint Nonna Saint Padarn Saint Petroc `` the captain of Cornish saints '' according to Thomas Fuller Saint Piran the patron saint of tin miners and of Cornwall Saint Rumonus Saint Samson of Dol Saint Senara Saint Sennen Saint Sidwell Saint Sulien Saint Tallanus Saint Tetha ( Teath , Tecla ) Saint Tudy Saint Ursula Saint Veep Saint Wenna Saint Winwaloe Wyllow See also ( edit ) Llan place name element List of Welsh saints References ( edit ) Nicholas Roscarrock ( d . 1634 ) left an interesting account of the lives of the saints . Jump up ^ A long series of books on individual saints , and the 5 volumes The Saints of Cornwall which are based on them Jump up ^ Orme , Nicholas ( 2000 ) . The Saints of Cornwall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820765 - 4 . Full text available at GoogleBooks ( rather illegibly ) . Jump up ^ French , Katherine . `` Review of Orme 's The Saints of Cornwall '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The Saints of Great Britain and Ireland - a synaxarion Jump up ^ Roscarrock ; Genuki St Petroc 's Cross , used as a flag of Devon Further reading ( edit ) Orme , Nicholas ( 1996 ) English Church Dedications : With a Survey of Cornwall and Devon , University of Exeter Press ISBN 0 - 85989 - 516 - 5 Ellis , P.B. ( 1992 ) The Cornish Saints . Penryn : Tor Mark Press ( A brief basic guide giving accounts of 120 saints ) Bowen , E.G. ( 1954 ) The Settlements of the Celtic Saints in Wales . Cardiff : University of Wales Press Baring - Gould , S. ; Fisher , John ( 1907 -- 13 ) Lives of the British Saints : the saints of Wales and Cornwall and such Irish saints as have dedications in Britain . 4 vols . London : For the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , by C.J. Clark Rees , W.J. ( ed . ) ( 1853 ) Lives of the Cambro British Saints : of the fifth and immediate succeeding centuries , from ancient Welsh & Latin mss. in the British Museum and elsewhere , with English translations and explanatory notes . Llandovery : W. Rees Wade - Evans , A.W. ( ed . ) ( 1944 ) . Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae . Cardiff : University of Wales Press Board . ( Lives of saints : Bernachius , Brynach . Beuno . Cadocus , Cadog . Carantocus ( I and II ) , Carannog . David , Dewi sant . Gundleius , Gwynllyw . Iltutus , Illtud . Kebius , Cybi . Paternus , Padarn . Tatheus . Wenefred , Gwenfrewi. -- Genealogies : De situ Brecheniauc . Cognacio Brychan . Ach Knyauc sant . Generatio st . Egweni . Progenies Keredic . Bonedd y saint . ) External links ( edit ) A - Z of saints by St Patrick 's Washington DC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cornish_saints&oldid=801286823 '' Categories : Cornish saints Lists of saints Lists of religious figures Cornwall - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia
why are so many places in cornwall named after saints
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Bloukrans Bridge Bungy
Bloukrans Bridge bungy - Wikipedia Bloukrans Bridge bungy Jump to : navigation , search Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Location of the Bloukrans River Bridge on the border of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape , South Africa Bloukrans Bridge Bungy is the world 's highest commercial bridge bungy at 216 metres ( 709 ft ) above the Bloukrans River . It is situated at Bloukrans Bridge on the N2 Highway at the border between the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape in the Tsitsikamma area of South Africa 's Garden Route . It has been operated by Face Adrenalin commercially since 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 World Records 3 Responsible Tourism 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1990 , the Bloukrans River Bridge became the first African bridge for bungee jumping . Face Adrenalin has been operating the Bloukrans Bridge Bungy accident free since 1997 . World records ( edit ) Mohr Keet set a Guinness World Record as the oldest person to bungy jump when he jumped from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at the age of 96 . Scott Huntly broke the world record for the Most bungee jumps in a day when he jumped from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times in nine hours on 11 May 2011 . Scott completed the project to raise funds for local communities . The world record for the most bungy jumps in 24 hours was held by South African Bill Boshoff who performed 101 bungy jumps in 14 hours and 23 minutes at Bloukrans on 10 May 2002 . The record stood until 16 August 2008 when Mike Heard broke the record with 103 bungy jumps within 24 hours from Auckland 's Harbour Bridge . Veronica Dean - Boshoff set a world record for achieveing 19 jumps in one hour on 9 May 2002 . Responsible tourism ( edit ) The operators of Bloukrans Bridge Bungy , Face Adrenalin , employ 60 people from neighbouring communities -- Coldstream , Thornham , Storms River , Covie , and The Crags - as part of the Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation . A significant percentage of turnover has been paid over to the local community trust since 1998 . See also ( edit ) Macau Tower Contra Dam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy Jump up ^ Face Adrenalin Website , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ South African Tourism Official Website , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ SA Venues Website , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ My Destination Website , retrieved 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ CNN , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ This Tourism Week , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ World Records Academy , retrieved 25 April 2012 Jump up ^ World Records Academy , retrieved 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ World Records Academy , retrieved 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ This Tourism Week , retrieved 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ This Tourism Week , retrieved 10 May 2012 External links ( edit ) Face Adrenalin website Coordinates : 33 ° 57 ′ 55 '' S 23 ° 38 ′ 50 '' E  /  33.96528 ° S 23.64722 ° E  / - 33.96528 ; 23.64722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloukrans_Bridge_Bungy&oldid=734511994 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in the Eastern Cape Tourist attractions in the Western Cape Companies of South Africa Bungee jumping sites Hidden categories : Use South African English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2016 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
bungee jumping in south africa of highest jump in world
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Forgot About Dre
Forgot About Dre - wikipedia Forgot About Dre Jump to : navigation , search `` Forgot About Dre '' Single by Dr. Dre featuring Eminem from the album 2001 B - side `` Still D.R.E '' Released January 29 , 2000 Format CD Recorded 1999 Genre Hardcore hip hop gangsta rap Length 3 : 42 Label Aftermath Interscope Songwriter ( s ) André Young Melvin Bradford Marshall Mathers Producer ( s ) Dr. Dre Mel - Man Dr. Dre singles chronology `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) Eminem singles chronology `` Dead Wrong '' ( 1999 ) Dead Wrong 1999 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) Forgot About Dre2000 `` The Real Slim Shady '' ( 2000 ) The Real Slim Shady 2000 Audio sample file help `` Forgot About Dre '' is a Grammy Award - winning single from rapper Dr. Dre 's 2001 , featuring vocals from rapper Eminem . The track reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 14 on the U.S. R&B chart , No. 32 on the U.S. Pop chart , and No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart . Released as the album 's second single on January 29 , 2000 , like `` Still D.R.E. '' , the song addresses Dre 's critics in a defiant manner , as Dre announces his return to the hip - hop scene and reminds listeners of his significant influence on the genre . `` Forgot About Dre '' won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Peak positions 5.2 End of year charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents : Chronic 2000 , a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic . The line `` Who you think brought you the oldies , Eazy - E 's , Ice Cube 's , and D.O.C. 's , the Snoop D.O. Double G 's , and the group that said ' Motherfuck the police ' ? '' outlines Dre 's importance in the rap world , the theme of the song . Eminem 's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his `` Slim Shady '' alter ego . Music video ( edit ) In the music video , a few explicit lines in Eminem 's verse are replaced with a skit in which Eminem is answering reporter Jane Yamamoto 's questions about a fire he and Dre had started . It also features Hittman , who was not in the song . This video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2000 . Critical reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic marked it as a stand - out track praising Eminem 's unpredictability . NME described this song : `` In case folks been smoking too much heavy ' chronic ' lately , West Coast rap founder and scary legend Andre Young , aka Dr Dre , jogs their memories on ' Forgot About Dre ' . `` Who you think brought you the OGs , Eazy Es , Ice Cubes and DOCs , the Snoop - D-O-G - Gs and the group that said motherfuck the police ? '' yammers the one - time NWA lynchpin , ex Death Row playa , inventor of - G - Funk and occasional breaker of rival producers ' jaws . Yo , indeed , big bad Dre 's back and , despite a four - year gap since his last hardcore missive , the Doc 's recent collaboration with Eminem on ' The Slim Shady LP ' has kept his legend simmering . '' Chris Massey of PopMatters praised : `` ( ... ) it 's the frantic rap of Eminem that truly stands out , perhaps only because he 's the freshest voice on board . '' Greg Tate of SPIN magazine noted that Dr. Dre uses this song to make sure all recognize his `` majesty '' with Eminem standing by him like a cartoon pitbull . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Video Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Explicit Music Video ) - 3 : 45 UK CD single # 2 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( Clean Version ) ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Music Video ) - 3 : 45 12 '' vinyl `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Director 's Cut Video Version ) - 4 : 28 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 36 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` The Next Episode '' ( Instrumental ) - 2 : 41 Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 26 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 2000 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 73 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy awards winners list 2001 '' . Grammy.com . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre lyrics '' . All Music . Jump up ^ DrDreVEVO ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) , Eminem , Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Explicit ) ft . Hittman , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) . `` 2001 - Dr. Dre Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NME Album Reviews - 2001 '' . Nme.Com. 1999 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Massey , Chris . `` Dr. Dre : 2001 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ SPIN - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre ( CD 2 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Vinyl ) at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem , Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . charts.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Eminem '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2000 '' . top40.nl . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( in Dutch ) on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Dre '' ( select `` View Singles '' tab ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Rhythmic Top 40 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Forgot About Dre ( explicit version ) '' Official music video on YouTube `` Forgot About Dre ( edited version ) '' Official music video on YouTube Awards and achievements Preceded by You Got Me Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group 2001 Succeeded by Ms. Jackson Dr. Dre songs Discography Production discography The Chronic `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' 2001 `` The Watcher '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Xxplosive '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Next Episode '' Compton `` Talk About It '' `` Medicine Man '' `` Talking to My Diary '' Collaborations `` We Want Eazy '' `` U Better Recognize '' `` California Love '' `` No Diggity '' `` Ghetto Fabulous '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Hello '' `` Just Be a Man About It '' `` The Knoc '' `` Symphony in X Major '' `` Encore '' `` Crack a Bottle '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` The Recipe '' `` New Day '' `` Stronger '' Other singles `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' `` Deep Cover '' `` Natural Born Killaz '' `` Keep Their Heads Ringin ' '' `` Been There , Done That '' `` Zoom '' `` Bad Intentions '' `` The Wash '' `` Kush '' `` I Need a Doctor '' Other songs `` Put It on Me '' `` Just Dippin ' '' `` Imagine '' `` Under Pressure '' `` 3 Kings '' Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgot_About_Dre&oldid=821415282 '' Categories : 2000 singles Aftermath Entertainment singles Dr. Dre songs Eminem songs Hardcore hip hop songs Horrorcore songs Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Dr. Dre Songs written by Dr. Dre Songs written by Eminem Gangsta rap songs 1999 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 09 : 44 . About Wikipedia
who wrote dr dre verse on forgot about dre
[ "The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000, a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre's 1992 album The Chronic. The line \"Who you think brought you the oldies, Eazy-E's, Ice Cube's, and D.O.C.'s, the Snoop D.O. Double G's, and the group that said 'Motherfuck the police'?\" outlines Dre's importance in the rap world, the theme of the song. Eminem's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his \"Slim Shady\" alter ego.[3]" ]
[ "Eminem" ]
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Culture of Bhutan
Culture of Bhutan - wikipedia Culture of Bhutan Jump to : navigation , search A music parade in Bhutan . Part of a series on the Culture of Bhutan History People Languages Cuisine Religion Art Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Bhutan portal Cradled in the folds of the Himalayas , Bhutan has relied on its geographical isolation to protect itself from outside cultural influences . A sparsely populated country bordered by India to the south , and China to the north , Bhutan has long maintained a policy of strict isolationism , both culturally and economically , with the goal of preserving its cultural heritage and independence . Only in the last decades of the 20th century were foreigners allowed to visit the country , and only then in limited numbers . In this way , Bhutan has successfully preserved many aspects of its culture , which dates directly back to the mid-17th century . Modern Bhutanese culture derives from ancient culture . This culture affected the early growth of this country . Dzongkha and Sharchop , the principal Bhutanese languages , are closely related to Tibetan , and Bhutanese monks read and write the ancient variant of the Tibetan language , known as chhokey . The Bhutanese are physically similar to the Tibetans , but history does not record when they crossed over the Himalayas and settled in the south - draining valleys of Bhutan . Both Tibetans and Bhutanese revere the tantric guru , Padmasambhava , the founder of Himalayan Buddhism in the 8th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Religion 1.1 Religious festivals 1.2 The monastery 2 Music 3 Official behavioural code 3.1 National dress code 3.2 Bhutanization 4 Men and women in society 5 Bhutanese names 6 Media 7 Food 8 Sports 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Religion ( edit ) Bhutanese Buddhist Monk looking out the window of a monastery . Main article : Religion in Bhutan Bhutanese society is centered around the practice of Buddhism , which is the main religion . Religious beliefs are evidenced in all aspects of life . Prayer flags flutter on hillsides , offering up prayers to benefit all nearby sentient beings . Houses each fly a small white flag on the roof indicating the owner has made his offering payments to appease the local god . Each valley or district is dominated by a huge dzong , or high - walled fortress , which serves the religious and administrative center of the district . Approximately 23 % of the population is Hindu . There is a small Muslim population in Bhutan , covering 0.2 % of the whole country 's population . Overall , 75 % of the population is Buddhist , and 0.4 % other religions . Religious festivals ( edit ) Once every year , a dzong or most important village may hold a religious festival , or Tsechu . Villagers from the surrounding district come for several days of religious observances and socializing while contributing auspicious offerings to the lama or monastery of the festival . The central activity is a fixed set of religious mask dances , or cham , held in a large courtyard . Each individual dance takes up to several hours to complete and the entire set may last two to four days . Observation of the dances directly blesses the audience and also serves to transmit principles of Tantric Buddhism to the villagers . A number of the dances can be traced directly back to Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal himself , the founder of Bhutan , and have been passed down essentially unchanged since the mid-17th century . Prior to dawn on the final day of the tsechu a huge tapestry , or thongdrel , is unfurled in the courtyard of the dzong for several hours . The mere sight of it is believed to bring spiritual liberation . The thongdrel is rolled up before the rays of the morning sun can strike it . The monastery ( edit ) A dzong ( Trongsa ) . Monks join the monastery at six to nine years of age and are immediately placed under the discipleship of a headmaster . They learn to read chhokey , the language of the ancient sacred texts , as well as Dzongkha and English . Eventually they will choose between two possible paths : to study theology and Buddhist theory , or take the more common path of becoming proficient in the rituals and personal practices of the faith . The daily life of the monk is austere , particularly if they are stationed at one of the monasteries located high in the mountains . At these monasteries food is often scarce and must be carried up by the monks or their visitors . The monks are poorly clothed for winter conditions and the monasteries are unheated . The hardship of such a posting is well - recognized ; to have a son or brother serving in such a monastery is recognized as very good karma for the family . A monk 's spiritual training continues throughout his life . In addition to serving the community in sacramental roles , he may undertake several extended silent retreats . A common length for such a retreat is three years , three months , three weeks and three days . During the retreat time he will periodically meet with his spiritual master who will test him on his development to ensure that the retreat time is not being wasted . Each monastery is headed by an abbot who is typically a Lama , although the titles are distinct . The highest monk in the land is the chief abbot of Bhutan , whose title is Je Khenpo . He is theoretically equivalent in stature to the king . The Central Monk Body is an assembly of 600 or so monks who attend to the most critical religious duties of the country . In the summer they are housed in Thimphu , the nation 's capital , and in the winter they descend to Punakha dzong , the most sacred dzong in Bhutan , where Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 's mortal body has been kept under vigil since the late 17th century . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Bhutan Bhutanese music has traditional genres such as Zhungdra , Boedra , and a modern genre called Rigsar . Bhutanese musicians include : Jigme Drukpa , who is also a leading Bhutanese musicologist . Official behavioural code ( edit ) Main article : Driglam namzha The Driglam Namzha is the official behaviour and dress code of Bhutan . It governs how citizens should dress in public and how they should behave in formal settings . It also regulates a number of cultural assets such as art and Bhutanese architecture . In English , driglam means `` order , discipline , custom , rules , regimen '' and namzha means `` system , '' though the term may be styled `` The Rules for Disciplined Behaviour . '' It is a manner and etiquette as what to wear , how to eat , talk and bow down before the government officials and the clergy . The Driglam Namzha was imposed on all citizens from 1990 . The people of different ethnic heritage for example the Lhotsampas ( Bhutanese citizens of ethnic Nepali origin -- they were not Bhutanese citizens and they were not Lhotsampas ) resented this and revolted against this imposition , thereby getting kicked out of Bhutan to the refugee camps . About 20 % of Bhutan 's population currently live in exile because of this Bhutanization policies of the Royal Government followed by land expropriation and persecution . To preserve the indigenous Buddha 's Teachings as their long - guarded culture and tradition , Menjong Chöthün Tshogpa , a charitable organization was established in 2002 by The Supreme Dharma King or Trulku Jigme Chöda Rinpoche 70th Je Khenpo of Bhutan . The chairman at present is Trizin Tsering Rimpoche who also happens to be the founder of Buddha Dordenma Image Foundation , another charitable organization in Bhutan . National dress code ( edit ) Previously all Bhutanese citizens were required to observe the national dress code , known as Driglam Namzha , while in public during daylight hours . The rule was enforced more rigorously in some districts ( dzongkhag ) than others . Men wear a heavy knee - length robe tied with a belt , called a gho , folded in such a way to form a pocket in front of the stomach . Women wear colourful blouses over which they fold and clasp a large rectangular cloth called a kira , thereby creating an ankle - length dress . A short silk jacket , or toego may be worn over the kira . Everyday gho and kira are cotton or wool , according to the season , patterned in simple checks and stripes in earth tones . For special occasions and festivals , colourfully patterned silk kira and , more rarely , gho may be worn . Additional rules of protocol apply when visiting a dzong or a temple , or when appearing before a high - level official . Male commoners wear a white sash ( kabney ) from left shoulder to opposite hip . Local and regional elected officials , government ministers , cabinet members , and the King himself each wear their own colored kabney . Women wear a narrow embroidered cloth draped over the left shoulder , a rachu . The dress code has met with some resistance from Lhotshampa , people of Nepali ancestry , living along the Indian border who resent having to wear a cultural dress which is not their own . Bhutanization ( edit ) Despite living in Bhutan for up to five generations , the Lhotsampas retained their highly distinctive Nepali language , culture , and religion . They participated in public life and politics , even attaining positions of significant leadership . The Lhotsampas coexisted peacefully with other ethnic groups in Bhutan until the mid 1980s , when Bhutan 's king and the ruling Druk majority became worried that the growing Lhotsampa population could threaten the majority position and the traditional Buddhist culture of the Druk Bhutanese . The government therefore initiated a campaign , known as `` One country , one people '' or `` Bhutanization , '' to cement Bhutanese national identity . The policies imposed the Druk dress code , religious practices , and language use on all Bhutanese regardless of prior practices . These changes negatively impacted the Lhotsampa people , because they did not wear the same traditional dress , practice the same religion , or speak the same language as the northern Bhutanese . The use of the Nepali language was prohibited in schools , many Lhotsampa teachers were dismissed , and textbooks were burned . Men and women in society ( edit ) Bhutanese women of Tibetan descent in traditional clothing . See also : Women in Bhutan Men and women work together in the fields , and both may own small shops or businesses . Men take a full part in household management , often cook , and are traditionally the makers and repairers of clothing ( but do not weave the fabric ) . In the towns , a more `` western '' pattern of family structure is beginning to emerge , with the husband as breadwinner and the wife as home - maker . Both genders may be monks , although in practice the number of female monks is relatively small . Marriages are at the will of either party and divorce is not uncommon . The marriage ceremony consists of an exchange of white scarves and the sharing of a cup . Marriages can be officially registered when the couple has lived together for more than six months . Traditionally the groom moves to the bride 's family home ( matrilocality ) , but newlyweds may decide to live with either family depending on which household is most in need of labour . In Asia , Bhutan is an unusual exception to the dowry custom which does not exist ; inheritance is matrilineal , and daughters do not take their father 's name at birth , nor their husband 's name upon marriage . Rural land may be registered in a woman 's name . Women own businesses , and both polyandry and polygyny are socially accepted , with polygyny being more prevalent . Sometimes a prospective groom will work in the bride 's family 's household to earn the right to marry her . Bhutanese names ( edit ) Except for royal lineages , Bhutanese names do not include a family name . Instead two traditional auspicious names are chosen at birth by the local lama or by the parents or grandparents of the child . First names generally give no indication if the person is male or female ; in some cases the second name may be helpful in that regard . As there is a limited constellation of acceptable names to choose from , inevitably many people share the same combination of first and second names . To resolve the ambiguity an informal nicknaming system comes into play which recognizes where a person is from . If a certain `` Chong Kinley '' is from Chozom village in the Paro valley , she is called `` Paro Kinley '' when she is travelling outside the valley . In Paro valley itself she is identified by the name of her village , thus `` Chong Kinley Chozom '' . Surprisingly , multiple children in a small hamlet of a few houses may have exactly the same name , reflecting the inspiration of the local lama . In this case , she is identified by the name of the house she was born in , thus `` Chemsarpo '' Kinley . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Bhutan In the early 1960s , the Third King of Bhutan began the gradual process of introducing modern technology to the medieval kingdom . The first radio service was broadcast for thirty minutes on Sundays ( by what is now the Bhutan Broadcasting Service ) beginning in 1973 . The first television broadcasts were initiated in 1999 , although a few wealthy families had bought satellite dish as earlier . Internet service was established in 2000 . In 2002 , the first feature - length movie was shot in Bhutan , the acclaimed Travellers and Magicians written and directed by Khyentse Norbu , the esteemed lama and head of the non-sectarian Khyentse lineage . The movie examines the pull of modernity on village life in Bhutan as coloured by the Buddhist perspective of tanha , or desire . Food ( edit ) Main article : Bhutanese cuisine The staple foods of Bhutan are red rice ( like brown rice in texture , but with a nutty taste , the only variety of rice that grows in high altitudes ) , buckwheat , and increasingly maize . The diet in the hills also includes chicken , yak meat , dried beef , pork , pork fat , and lamb . Soups and stews of meat , rice , ferns , lentils , and dried vegetables , spiced with chili peppers and cheese , are a favourite meal during the cold seasons . Zow shungo is a rice dish mixed with leftover vegetables . Ema datshi , made very spicy with cheese and chili peppers ( similar to chili con queso ) , might be called the national dish for its ubiquity and the pride that Bhutanese have for it . Other foods include : jasha maru ( a chicken dish ) , phaksha paa , thukpa , bathup , and fried rice . Dairy foods , particularly butter and cheese from yaks and cows , are also popular , and indeed almost all milk is turned into butter and cheese . Popular beverages include : butter tea , black tea , locally brewed ara ( rice wine ) , and beer . Popular spices include : curry , cardamom , ginger , thingay ( Sichuan pepper ) , garlic , turmeric , and caraway . When offered food , one says meshu meshu , covering one 's mouth with the hands in refusal according to Bhutanese manners , and then gives in on the second or third offer . Sports ( edit ) Changlimithang Stadium , during a parade . Main article : Sports in Bhutan Archery is the national sport in Bhutan , and competitions are held regularly in most villages . It differs from Olympic standards in technical details , such as the placement of the targets and atmosphere . There are two targets placed over 100 m apart and teams shoot from one end of the field to the other . Each member of the team shoots two arrows per round . Traditional Bhutanese Archery is a social event , and competitions are organized between villages , towns , and amateur teams . There is usually plenty of food and drink complete with singing and dancing . Attempts to distract an opponent include standing around the target and making fun of the shooter 's ability . Darts ( kuru ) is an equally popular outdoor team sport , in which heavy wooden darts pointed with a 10 cm nail are thrown at a paperback - sized target 10 to 20 m away . Another traditional sport is digor , which resembles shot put and horseshoe throwing . Football is the most popular sport in Bhutan . In 2002 , Bhutan 's national football team played Montserrat in what was billed as The Other Final ; the match took place on the same day Brazil played Germany in the World Cup Final , and at the time Bhutan and Montserrat were the world 's two lowest ranked teams . It was held in Thimphu 's Changlimithang Stadium , and Bhutan won 4 -- 0 . Cricket has also gained popularity in Bhutan , particularly since the introduction of television channels from India . The Bhutan national cricket team is one of the most successful affiliate nations in the region . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bhutanese proverbs Bhutanese art Public holidays in Bhutan Royal Academy of Performing Arts Polygamy in Bhutan Tibetan culture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dharma Dictionary '' . Diamond Way Buddhism. 1996 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Buddha Dordenma Project Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Buddha Dordenma Project -- Buddha Dordenma Foundation Limited -- The World 's Largest Shakyamuni Buddha Statue construction in Bhutan for World Peace and Everlasting Happiness Jump up ^ Nepali - speaking Bhutanese ( Lhotsampa ) Cultural Profile , Ethnomed , Maya Maxym , March 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Stange , Mary Zeiss ; Carol K. Oyster ; Jane E. Sloan ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Women in Today 's World , Volume 1 . SAGE . p. 149 . ISBN 9781412976855 . External links ( edit ) Kuensel -- online version of Bhutan 's national newspaper Bhutan Times -- online private newspaper A hidden and mysterious kingdom -- by Alkan Chaglar Nomads of Tibet and Bhutan `` The Changing Face of Bhutan '' , Arthur Lubow , Smithsonian magazine , March 2008 Bhutan Culture Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Bhutan . Bhutan articles History Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong Bhutan War ( Duar War ) Independence Operation All Clear Military history Geography Climate Ecoregions Environment Extreme points Glaciers Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Valleys Wildlife Subdivisions Cities Chiwogs ( electoral precincts ) Dzongkhags ( districts ) Dungkhags ( subdistricts ) Gewogs ( village groups ) Villages Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT LGBT history King Law enforcement Military Royal Army Royal Bodyguard Police Political parties Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Ngultrum ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Architecture Cuisine Flag Media Music Public holidays Sport Archery Olympics Demographics Crime Education Ethnic groups Health care Languages Religion Women Outline Index Bibliography Portal Bhutanese society Culture Art Cuisine Dzong architecture Driglam namzha Music Women Religion Buddhism in Bhutan Hinduism in Bhutan Bön in Bhutan Christianity in Bhutan Islam in Bhutan Dual system of government Freedom of religion Ethnic groups Ngalop including Kheng Bumthang Lhotshampa Nepali Tamang Gurung Rai Limbu Sharchop Tribal groups Brokpa Koch Monpa Layap Lepcha Lhop Oraon Toto Languages Law and politics Censorship Democracy Driglam namzha Elections and voting Gross National Happiness Human rights Immigration LGBT rights Refugees ( in Nepal ) Religious freedom Tobacco laws Culture of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma ( Myanmar ) Cambodia China modern era Cantonese Hokkien Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bhutan&oldid=795618622 '' Categories : Bhutanese culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español Français हिन्दी Lietuvių 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how has folk culture clashed with pop culture in bhutan
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Labor Day
Labor Day - Wikipedia Labor Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 October 2018 . This article is about the U.S. holiday . For the similarly named holiday in other countries , see Labour Day . For other uses , see Labor Day ( disambiguation ) . Labor Day Labor Day Parade in New York 's Union Square , 1882 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Parades , barbecues Date First Monday in September 2017 date September 4 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 2018 date September 3 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 2019 date September 2 ( 2019 - 09 - 02 ) 2020 date September 7 ( 2020 - 09 - 07 ) Frequency Annual Related to Labour Day Labor Day in the United States of America is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws , and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend . It is recognized as a federal holiday . Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day . ( May Day was chosen by the Second Internationale of socialist and communist parties to commemorate the Haymarket affair , which occurred in Chicago on May 4 , 1886 . ) Lastly , several countries have chosen neither date for their Labour Day . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Legal recognition 2 Labor Day vs. May Day 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States , a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s . Alternate stories of the event 's origination exist . According to one early history of Labor Day , the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly , a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . P.J. McGuire , Vice President of the American Federation of Labor , is frequently credited as the father of Labor Day in the United States . An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire , a vice president of the American Federation of Labor , who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882 . According to McGuire , on May 8 , 1882 , he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a `` general holiday for the laboring classes '' . According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor 's solidarity and strength , with the march followed by a picnic , to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser . According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration , owing to optimum weather and the date 's place on the calendar , sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays . Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders . In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as `` Labor Sunday '' , to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement . This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture . Legal recognition ( edit ) In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Labor Day vs. May Day ( edit ) The date of May 1 ( an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day ) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor , later becoming known as International Workers ' Day . The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor , which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight - hour day effective May 1 , 1886 . While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day , use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized , with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action . The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4 , 1886 , further accentuated May First 's radical reputation . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be , with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march - and - picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically - charged date of May 1 . Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative . The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894 . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Many begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . In big cities , people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend . There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities . For example , New York offers Labor Day Carnival , fireworks over Coney Island , happy hours in restaurants , 12 - hour dance parties , and many other activities . In Washington , one popular event is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . See also ( edit ) Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States United States labor law Workers ' Memorial Day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge , Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 444 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip S. Foner ( 1986 ) . May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday , 1886 -- 1986 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day '' , Cincinnati Tribune , September 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : P.J. McGuire , `` Labor Day -- Its Birth and Significance '' , The Union Agent ( Kentucky ) , vol. 3 , no . 9 ( Sept. 1898 ) , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Philip S. Foner , May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday . New York : International Publishers , 1986 ; p. 19 . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians . September 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day : The Last ( and Best ) Chance for a Summer Vacation '' . Travelocity . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly asked questions '' . www.mpls.k12.mn.us . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Weekend '' . rove.me . Jump up ^ `` 20 + Ways to Celebrate Labor Day Weekend in Washington , DC '' . Destination DC . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. 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NARA : 10665370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=862696785 '' Categories : 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Labor in the United States September observances Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Fall events in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2017 Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 02 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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Atmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of Earth - wikipedia Atmosphere of Earth Jump to : navigation , search `` Air '' redirects here . For other uses , see Air ( disambiguation ) . `` Qualities of air '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402 -- 424 km ( 250 -- 263 mi ) Composition of Earth 's atmosphere by volume . Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038 % of the atmosphere ( 0.043 % with CO at 2014 concentration ) . Numbers are mainly from 1987 , with CO and methane from 2009 , and do not represent any single source . The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) . By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ; 36,000 ft ) of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km ( 62 mi ) , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition . The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1. 1 Exosphere 2.1. 2 Thermosphere 2.1. 3 Mesosphere 2.1. 4 Stratosphere 2.1. 5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article : Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air , and therefore of Earth 's atmosphere , are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass . The concentration of water vapor ( a greenhouse gas ) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot , humid air masses , and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air ( without water vapor ) . The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases , among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample , including dust of mineral and organic composition , pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols , such as chlorine ( elemental or in compounds ) , fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor . Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution . Major constituents of dry air , by volume Gas Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ) . Structure of the atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase . Layers drawn to scale , objects within the layers are not to scale . Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer . Principal layers In general , air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere . However , temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude , and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions ( see the temperature section , below ) . Because the general pattern of the temperature / altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers . In this way , Earth 's atmosphere can be divided ( called atmospheric stratification ) into five main layers . Excluding the exosphere , the atmosphere has four primary layers , which are the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . From highest to lowest , the five main layers are : Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km ( 440 to 6,200 miles ) Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km ( 50 to 440 miles ) Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km ( 31 to 50 miles ) Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km ( 7 to 31 miles ) Troposphere : 0 to 12 km ( 0 to 7 miles ) Exosphere Main article : Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere ) . It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level , to about 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ; 33,000,000 ft ) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen , helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen , oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase . The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another . Thus , the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas , and the particles constantly escape into space . These free - moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible . However , the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere , where they overlap into the thermosphere . The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth . Thermosphere Main article : Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second - highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from the mesopause ( which separates it from the mesosphere ) at an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ; 260,000 ft ) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500 -- 1000 km ( 310 -- 620 mi ; 1,600,000 -- 3,300,000 ft ) . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity . Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere , it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere , from 80 to 550 kilometres ( 50 to 342 mi ) above Earth 's surface , contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height . Unlike the stratosphere beneath it , wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone , the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules . The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 ° C ( 2700 ° F ) , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful . The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule ( of oxygen , for example ) travels an average of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ; 3300 ft ) between collisions with other molecules . Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy , it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact , because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin . This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor . However , non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere . The International Space Station orbits in this layer , between 350 and 420 km ( 220 and 260 mi ) . Mesosphere Main article : Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere . It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km ( 31 mi ; 160,000 ft ) to the mesopause at 80 -- 85 km ( 50 -- 53 mi ; 260,000 -- 280,000 ft ) above sea level . Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere . It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around − 85 ° C ( − 120 ° F ; 190 K ) . Just below the mesopause , the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar - mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise . They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon . A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance . It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet - powered aircraft and balloons , and too low to permit orbital spacecraft . The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket - powered aircraft . Stratosphere Main article : Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second - lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km ( 7.5 mi ; 39,000 ft ) above Earth 's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km ( 31 to 34 mi ; 164,000 to 180,000 ft ) . The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1 / 1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer , which is the part of Earth 's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas . The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude . This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing . Although the temperature may be − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 210 K ) at the tropopause , the top of the stratosphere is much warmer , and may be near 0 ° C . The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions , so the stratosphere lacks the weather - producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere . Consequently , the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather . However , polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest . The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet - powered aircraft . Troposphere Main article : Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from Earth 's surface to an average height of about 12 km , although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km ( 30,000 ft ) at the poles to 17 km ( 56,000 ft ) at the equator , with some variation due to weather . The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion ( i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one ) , and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height . Although variations do occur , the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface . Thus , the lowest part of the troposphere ( i.e. Earth 's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere . This promotes vertical mixing ( hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος , tropos , meaning `` turn '' ) . The troposphere contains roughly 80 % of the mass of Earth 's atmosphere . The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed . Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) of the troposphere . Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere , so it is the layer where most of Earth 's weather takes place . It has basically all the weather - associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation , although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere . Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere , and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller - driven aircraft . Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere . Because of the angle of the photo , it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below . The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature , several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties : The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere . In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million , which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere . It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15 -- 35 km ( 9.3 -- 21.7 mi ; 49,000 -- 115,000 ft ) , though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation . It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours , it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km ( 31 to 621 mi ; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft ) and includes the mesosphere , thermosphere , and parts of the exosphere . However , ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night , so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere . The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences , for example , radio propagation on Earth . The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed . The surface - based homosphere includes the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and the lowest part of the thermosphere , where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence . This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km ( 12 mi ; 66,000 ft ) above the mesopause . Above this altitude lies the heterosphere , which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere . Here , the chemical composition varies with altitude . This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing . This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight , with the heavier ones , such as oxygen and nitrogen , present only near the bottom of the heterosphere . The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen , the lightest element . The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth 's surface and is directly affected by it , mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well - mixed , whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing . The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) on clear , calm nights to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) or more during the afternoon in dry regions . The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth 's surface is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ; 287 K ) or 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ; 288 K ) , depending on the reference . Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects . Pressure and thickness Main article : Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals ( 760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ) . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres ( atm ) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 kg ( 1.135 × 10 lb ) , about 2.5 % less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth 's area of 51007.2 megahectares , this portion being displaced by Earth 's mountainous terrain . Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured . Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level , it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km ( 27,900 ft ) . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude , dropping by half every 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) or by a factor of 1 / e every 7.64 km ( 25,100 ft ) , the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km ( 43 mi ; 230,000 ft ) . However , the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature , molecular composition , solar radiation and gravity into account . In summary , the mass of Earth 's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows : 50 % is below 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) . 90 % is below 16 km ( 52,000 ft ) . 99.99997 % is below 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the Kármán line . By international convention , this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison , the summit of Mt . Everest is at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) ; commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km ( 33,000 ft ) and 13 km ( 43,000 ft ) where the thinner air improves fuel economy ; weather balloons reach 30.4 km ( 100,000 ft ) and above ; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km ( 354,300 ft ) . Even above the Kármán line , significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur . Meteors begin to glow in this region , though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply . The various layers of Earth 's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation , begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km . By comparison , the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350 -- 400 km , within the F - layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months . Depending on solar activity , satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700 -- 800 km . Temperature and speed of sound Main articles : Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites . The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere . Source : The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above . Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level , but variations in this trend begin above 11 km , where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere . In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km , the temperature increases with height , due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region . Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density , the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile ( see illustration to the right ) , and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure . Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE - 00 standard atmosphere model ( the eight dotted lines in each `` decade '' are at the eight cubes 8 , 27 , 64 , ... , 729 ) Main article : Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg / m ( 1.2 g / L , 0.0012 g / cm ) . Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature , pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air ( a form of the ideal gas law ) . Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases . This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites . The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion ( 5 × 10 ) tonnes or 1 / 1,200,000 the mass of Earth . According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , `` The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 kg , depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate . The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 10 kg . '' Optical properties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sunlight Solar radiation ( or sunlight ) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space , but at longer wavelengths that we can not see . Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Scattering Main article : Scattering When light passes through Earth 's atmosphere , photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere , it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun . Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere . For example , on an overcast day when you can not see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you , it has all been scattered . As another example , due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter ( blue ) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer ( red ) wavelengths . This is why the sky looks blue ; you are seeing scattered blue light . This is also why sunsets are red . Because the Sun is close to the horizon , the Sun 's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye . Much of the blue light has been scattered out , leaving the red light in a sunset . Absorption Main article : Absorption ( electromagnetic radiation ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation . For example , O and O absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water ( H O ) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm . When a molecule absorbs a photon , it increases the energy of the molecule . This heats the atmosphere , but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation , as discussed below . The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave `` windows '' of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light . The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet - C ) up into the range humans can see , the visible spectrum ( commonly called light ) , at roughly 400 -- 700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm . There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths . For example , the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven - meter waves . Emission Main article : Emission ( electromagnetic radiation ) Emission is the opposite of absorption , it is when an object emits radiation . Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their `` black body '' emission curves , therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation , with shorter wavelengths . Colder objects emit less radiation , with longer wavelengths . For example , the Sun is approximately 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , its radiation peaks near 500 nm , and is visible to the human eye . Earth is approximately 290 K ( 17 ° C ; 62 ° F ) , so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm , and is much too long to be visible to humans . Because of its temperature , the atmosphere emits infrared radiation . For example , on clear nights Earth 's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights . This is because clouds ( H O ) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation . This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations . The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect . Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation , but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum . Common examples of these are CO and H O . Refractive index See also : Scintillation ( astronomy ) The refractive index of air is close to , but just greater than 1 . Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths . One example is that , under some circumstances , observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth 's surface . The refractive index of air depends on temperature , giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large . An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article : Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells . Atmospheric circulation is the large - scale movement of air through the troposphere , and the means ( with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth . The large - scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year , but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth 's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles . Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere See also : History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , notably water vapor , methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated , these gases escaped , partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere , consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases . A major part of carbon - dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments . Researchers have found water - related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago . About 3.4 billion years ago , nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable `` second atmosphere '' . The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere , because hints of early life - forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago . How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life , if the early Sun put out 30 % lower solar radiance than today , is a puzzle known as the `` faint young Sun paradox '' . The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago . In the late Archean Eon an oxygen - containing atmosphere began to develop , apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria ( see Great Oxygenation Event ) , which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago . The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions ) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current , and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago . Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth 's dynamic oxygenation evolution . These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long - term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores . Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time , any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials , notably iron . Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen . This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere . O showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15 % by the end of the Precambrian . The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon , during the earliest period of which , the Cambrian , oxygen - requiring metazoan life forms began to appear . The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years , reaching a peak of about 30 % around 280 million years ago , significantly higher than today 's 21 % . Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere : Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen . Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere , which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere . However , volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide , which plants can convert to oxygen . The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known . Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals . Today 's atmosphere contains 21 % oxygen , which is high enough for this rapid development of animals . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May . The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer . Following the peak in vegetation , the drawdown of atmospheric CO due to photosynthesis is apparent , particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article : Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms . Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution , chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone - depleting substances . Images from space On October 19 , 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) and show Earth as it rotates during a day . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space . The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere . Limb view , of Earth 's atmosphere . Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere . This image shows the Moon at the centre , with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange - colored troposphere . The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause , which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange - and blue - colored atmosphere . The silvery - blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth 's troposphere . Earth 's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969 . See also Aerial perspective Air ( classical element ) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere ( on atmospheres in general ) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM ) ( in the U.S. ) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere ( CIRA ) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility ( travel ) Kyoto Protocol Leaching ( agriculture ) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere Ozone layer Atmosphere portal Environment portal References Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lide , David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , FL : CRC , 1996 : 14 - 7 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Ultraviolet radiation in the solar system By Manuel Vázquez , Arnold Hanslmeier ^ Jump up to : Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey. Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ `` Trace Gases '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Source for figures : Carbon dioxide , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , ( updated 2013 - 03 ) . Methane , IPCC TAR table 6.1 Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , ( updated to 1998 ) . The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100 % , and CO was increased here by 15 ppmv . To normalize , N should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O by about 7 ppmv . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Global carbon dioxide levels break 400ppm milestone '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Air Composition '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Jump up ^ Zell , Holly ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Earth 's Upper Atmosphere '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Russell ( 2008 ) . `` The Thermosphere '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The height of the tropopause '' . Das.uwyo.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , C. Donald . Essentials of Meteorology . Published by Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2005 . Jump up ^ States , Robert J. ; Gardner , Chester S. ( January 2000 ) . `` Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region ( 80 -- 105 km ) at 40 ° N Latitude . Part I : Seasonal Variations '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000 . 57 : 66 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2000JAtS ... 57 ... 66S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2000 ) 057 < 0066 : TSOTMR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Buchdahl . `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 1993 ) . `` stratopause '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry , R.G. & Chorley R.J. ( 1971 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . London , Menthuen & Co Ltd. , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tyson , P.D. , Preston - Whyte , R.A. ( 2013 ) . The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . ( Second Edition ) . Oxford , Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' Jump up ^ `` ISS022 - E-062672 caption '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' homosphere ' ' -- AMS Glossary '' . Amsglossary.allenpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Global Surface Temperature Anomalies '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Radiation Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Control Run '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Geometric altitude vs. temperature , pressure , density , and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere . Jump up ^ `` The Mass of the Atmosphere : A Constraint on Global Analyses '' . Ams.allenpress.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lutgens , Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck ( 1995 ) The Atmosphere , Prentice Hall , 6th ed. , pp14 - 17 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 350612 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Temperature Trends , 1979 - 2005 : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshak , Alexander ; Várnai , Tamás ; Kostinski , Alexander ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Terrestrial glint seen from deep space : oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point '' . Geophysical Research Letters . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.5197 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2017GL073248 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Schaefer , L. ; Fegley , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Earliest Atmospheres '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 10 ) : a004895 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a004895 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . Jump up ^ B. Windley : The Evolving Continents . Wiley Press , New York 1984 Jump up ^ J. Schopf : Earth 's Earliest Biosphere : Its Origin and Evolution . Princeton University Press , Princeton , N.J. , 1983 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Lyons , Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky ( 2014 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago '' . Nature . 506 ( 7488 ) : 307 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 506 ... 307L . doi : 10.1038 / nature13068 . PMID 24553238 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ; McKenna , Helen ; Livina , Valerie . `` The human physiological impact of global deoxygenation '' . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 67 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 106 . doi : 10.1007 / s12576 - 016 - 0501 - 0 . ISSN 1880 - 6546 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309100615/gifmid/30.gif Jump up ^ Christopher R. Scotese , Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian , Paleomar Project Jump up ^ Peter Ward : ( 2 ) Out of Thin Air : Dinosaurs , Birds , and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Jump up ^ `` Summary for Policymakers '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Starting from ( 3 ) Pollution -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Jump up ^ Northon , Karen . `` Daily Views of Earth Available on New NASA Website '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions . Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Earth&oldid=817221150 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Atmospheric thermodynamics Breathing gases Environments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 00 : 15 . 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Elsa (Disney)
Elsa ( Disney ) - Wikipedia Elsa ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Elsa Frozen character First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Idina Menzel Eva Bella ( 8 years old ) Spencer Lacey Ganus ( 12 years old ) Information Title Queen of Arendelle Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Princess Anna of Arendelle ( younger sister ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of `` The Snow Queen '' , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as the princess of the fictional Scandinavian kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold - hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters . As much as Anna 's struggle is external , Elsa 's is internal . This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic , misunderstood character . Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers , who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability . Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa , especially that of her performance of the song `` Let It Go '' , with critics frequently calling her a `` powerhouse '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Abilities 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Cosplay 2.5. 4 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.1. 1 `` Let It Go '' 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) An illustration of the Snow Queen , the character Elsa is based upon . Attempts were made as early as 1937 by Walt Disney to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , `` The Snow Queen '' , into a film . The tale focuses on two children , one named Gerda , who served as the basis for Princess Anna , and the other named Kai , who is `` cursed with negativity '' after his heart is pierced with a shard of glass from an enchanted mirror and is later kidnapped by the Snow Queen . However , Disney struggled with creating a believable , multi-dimensional adaption of the fairy tale 's title character , who was intended to be a villain . In the story , she is described as `` a woman , dressed in garments of white gauze , which looked like millions of starry snow - flakes linked together . She was fair and beautiful , but made of ice -- shining and glittering ice . Still she was alive and her eyes sparkled like bright stars , but there was neither peace nor rest in their glance . '' Disney was unable to find a way to make the Snow Queen more real and eventually abandoned film plans . Several film executives later made efforts towards the project , including Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag , Glen Keane , and Dave Goetz . In 2011 , director Chris Buck began work on another attempted adaption and also faced challenges with the Snow Queen character . Producer Peter Del Vecho explained that this was primarily because she was not relatable and too isolated , having no personal connections . As a result , they could not explain her motivations . After several changes were proposed , someone on the writing team suggested making the Snow Queen Anna 's sister . `` Once we realized that these characters could be siblings and have a relationship , everything changed , '' Del Vecho relayed . The Snow Queen , now given the name Elsa , continued to be cast as a villain , and Disney released the following synopsis for Frozen in May 2013 : When Anna is cursed by her estranged sister , the cold - hearted Snow Queen , Anna 's only hope of reversing the curse is to survive a perilous but thrilling journey across an icy and unforgiving landscape . Joined by a rugged , thrill - seeking outdoorsman , his one - antlered reindeer and a hapless snowman , Anna must race against time , conquer the elements and battle an army of menacing snowmen if she ever hopes to melt her frozen heart . Earlier manuscripts included more antagonistic actions by Elsa , such as intentionally cursing Arendelle with an eternal winter . Additionally , she is shown creating an army of snowmen similar to the original Snow Queen 's army of snowflakes ; the comedic character of Olaf was at the time written as a smaller snowman who was cast out by Elsa for being too unintimidating . Within two months , however , scripts were altered to give emphasis to her lack of control over her powers . Olaf was reduced to the only snowman created by Elsa , and he instead serves as a reminder of the sisters ' childhood friendship . In the final version , Elsa creates a single giant snow creature that Olaf nicknames `` Marshmallow '' to act as a guard after being branded as a monster for her powers . According to director Jennifer Lee , the character ultimately became more of a composite of both Kai and the Snow Queen , enhancing her increasingly sympathetic portrayal . Del Vecho added , `` There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . '' Voice ( edit ) Idina Menzel provided both the singing and speaking voice of Elsa . Eva Bella and Spencer Lacey Ganus were cast to portray Elsa as a young child and as a teenager , respectively . Actress and singer Megan Mullally was originally cast to voice an adult Elsa . but was replaced by Idina Menzel , a Broadway actress and singer best known for performing as Elphaba in Wicked . Menzel already knew Kristen Bell , who voiced Anna , and had previously auditioned for a lead role in the 2010 Disney film Tangled . She was not cast for the part , but the casting director recorded her singing and later showed the recording to Frozen 's film executives . Menzel was surprised when she was subsequently asked to audition , and she received the role after reading the script out loud . In interviews , she acknowledged similarities between Elsa , her then - current role , and Elphaba , her previous role . Namely , she said , they were both very powerful and very misunderstood individuals . She further said that she related to the characters , having hidden her singing talent from her peers at school . `` I did n't want to alienate anyone , '' she explained . `` If everyone was singing along in the car to a Madonna song , I did n't join in because when we 're younger we 're afraid of sticking out or showing off , when in fact we should own those things that make us really unique . '' Director Chris Buck believed that Menzel 's vocals would help in the portrayal of the character , saying , `` Idina has a sense of vulnerability in her voice . She plays a very strong character , but someone who lives in fear -- so we needed someone who could portray both sides of the character , and Idina was just amazing . '' Menzel was unaccustomed to working with animated films and being required to portray her character 's feelings with her voice alone , though she did not find it particularly challenging . While recording , she was able to `` play '' with her voice , trying various tones to establish the ranges in Elsa 's emotions . For example , Menzel wanted there to be a difference between the ways she sounded when she was being bold and when she was angry . She would also physically restrict her hands from moving as she recorded the film 's early scenes in order to project how her character was `` so afraid to move and feel anything that it would come out and hurt people '' . During production , Menzel and Jonathan Groff , who portrays Kristoff , went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters . Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing , observed how she breathed as she sang live , and made videorecordings of her recording sessions ; they then animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing , for further realism . Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa 's most prominent song , `` Let It Go '' . According to composer Robert Lopez , Menzel 's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa 's `` low , vulnerable , fragile side '' as well as her power and self - realization . Menzel commented that it was `` an honor '' to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it . `` It 's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way , '' she explained . `` The character , what she is singing and what she is experiencing ; beautiful lyrics , beautiful melody and a little bit of me . '' Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell 's voices were . At one point during a table read , they sang a ballad ( later revealed as `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes . Subsequently , Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film . Other voices ( edit ) All over the world , Elsa was dubbed in 46 languages . Dutch singer and actress Willemijn Verkaik dubbed Elsa in Dutch ( both speaking and singing ) and German ( singing only ) , Spanish singer Gisela sang both for the Castilian Spanish and Catalan versions and French singer Anaïs Delva 's singing lines were also used in the Canadian French version . Both Anaïs Delva ( French ) and Jelena Gavrilović ( Serbian ) had originally auditioned for Anna 's role , but were eventually called back to dub Elsa instead . Just like Idina Menzel , four of Elsa 's dubbers also played the role of Elphaba in the Musical `` Wicked '' , that is : Maria Lucia Rosenberg ( Danish ) , Willemijn Verkaik ( Dutch and German ) , Mona Mor ( Hebrew ) and Hyena Park ( ko ) ( Korean ) . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( show ) Elsa 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) Canadian French Aurélie Morgane Anaïs Delva Cantonese 黃紫嫻 ( `` Wong Ji - Haan '' ; Kitty Wong ) ( zh ) 白 珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) Castilian Spanish Ana Esther Alborg Gisela Catalan Mar Nicolás Gisela Croatian Kristina Krepela Nataša Mirković Czech Andrea Elsnerová ( cs ; de ) Monika Absolonová Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg Dutch Willemijn Verkaik English Idina Menzel Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) European French Anaïs Delva European Portuguese Maria Camões ( pt ) Ana Margarida Encarnação Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) Flemish Elke Buyle German Dina Kürten ( de ) Willemijn Verkaik Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) Hungarian Réka Farkasházi ( hu ) Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir Indonesian Lis Kurniasih Mikha Sherly Marpaung Italian Serena Autieri Japanese Takako Matsu Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) Korean 안소연 ( Ahn So - Yeon ) ( ko ) 박혜 나 ( Park Hyena ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) Latvian Jolanta Strikaite Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 周 帅 ( Zhōu Shuài ) 胡 维 纳 ( `` Hú Wéi - Nà '' ; Jalane ) ( cmn ) Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 刘小芸 ( Liú Xiǎo - Yún ) 林芯儀 ( `` Lín Xīn - Yí '' ; Shennio Lin ) ( cmn ) Norwegian Lisa Stokke Polish Lidia Sadowa ( pl ) Katarzyna Łaska Romanian Adina Lucaciu Dalma Kovács Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) Serbian Jelena Gavrilović Slovak Andrea Somorovská Slovene Alenka Kozolc Gregurić Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) Swedish Annika Herlitz Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( `` Wichayanee Pia - klin '' ; Gam the Star ) ( th ) Turkish Begüm Günceler Ukrainian Аліна Проценко ( Alina Procenko ) Шаніс ( Shanis ) Vietnamese Đoàn Khánh Ái Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) Design and characterization ( edit ) Following the casting of Idina Menzel , Elsa 's characterization underwent several alterations . According to Menzel , she was originally scripted as a one - dimensional antagonist but was gradually revised as a more vulnerable , multifaceted figure . Menzel further described her character as `` extremely complicated and misunderstood '' . Director Jennifer Lee stated that Elsa is largely driven by fear throughout the film , while Menzel added that she was also struggling with her potential to be `` a strong , powerful , extraordinary woman '' . Executive producer and animator John Lasseter became very `` protective of Elsa '' and was adamant about portraying her in a more favorable , sympathetic light . Writer and director Jennifer Lee stated on Twitter that Elsa 's body language and mannerisms were `` intentional to show anxiety and depression '' . In July 2013 , Disney released images of the film 's main characters along with outlines of their roles in the story . Elsa received the following description : From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by her complexity . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . For their work on designing and animating Elsa , Unten and three other Disney Animation employees later won an award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards : Joy Johnson , character technical director ( rigging ) ; Alexander Alvarado , look development artist ( Disney 's job title for texture artists ) ; and Chad Stubblefield , modeling supervisor . FX technical director Yoo Jae - hyun worked for a year - and - a-half on creating Elsa 's ice - based special effects , including effects associated with her dress . Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings `` Let It Go '' as a pivotal point in the character 's development . The scene depicts her choice to `` let go '' of her fear of using her powers . Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said , `` Before ' Let It Go ' , Elsa is really buttoned up , her hair is up -- everything is perfect . During the song , she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes -- her hair is more wild , her gown is magical . She 's finally free -- even if she is all alone . '' Animators designed Elsa 's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis ; in the beginning , she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits . Menzel said that , after accepting her abilities , Elsa 's appearance becomes `` very vampy '' , continuing , `` She 's quite sexy for Disney , I have to say -- they 're pushing the limits there a little bit ! But there 's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and , for me , it was fun to be a blonde because I 'm not in real life . '' In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa 's physical transformation : `` ( M ) y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter ... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... ( H ) e got up and he 's like , ... ' her hair goes , and she transforms , and she struts , ' and he 's doing it . He 's acting it out . '' `` We imagined what it would be like to be chased out of the kingdom . To have to let go of everything you know and all the people you love . And yet the incredible release you 'd have to finally let go of everything you 've holding back your entire life . '' -- Kristen Anderson - Lopez on writing Elsa 's song , `` Let It Go '' , and the choice to make her a protagonist rather than a villain . The scene was also a pivotal point in the development of Elsa 's character and was initially planned to depict her becoming evil . Robert Lopez , who composed the song with his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , explained , `` Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying , ' Screw it . I 'm gon na be me . ' '' They had wanted to use the song as a way to gain a better understanding of the character and what she would be like if she was no longer living in fear , which ultimately resulted in her becoming much more complex . The final lyrics and Menzel 's `` ability to be so fragile and vulnerable and then break into this powerhouse voice '' turned the plot around and led to Elsa being revised as a `` good '' character . She initially attempts to suppress her powers in order to avoid hurting others , particularly Anna , and when she is no longer able to do so , she banishes herself from the kingdom to protect those around her . Lead writer Paul Briggs said that Anna 's support is what Elsa needs most when her secret is exposed . `` The strength of the family bond is what makes this story so powerful , '' he explained , `` because it 's her sibling who 's willing to look beyond her powers and stand between her and the world if that 's what it takes . '' Early concept art depicting a darker version of Elsa inspired by Amy Winehouse . Elsa 's appearance had to be redesigned following her transition from antagonist to protagonist . She was originally drawn in a style similar to other Disney villains , with blue skin and spiky black hair . A few months after the film 's release , visual development artist Claire Keane ( the daughter of Disney Legend Glen Keane ) published early concept art of Elsa that was modeled after the singer Amy Winehouse . At the time , she was imagined as having blue `` bouffant '' hair as well as `` a deep , soulful voice and dramatic mood swings '' . Lasseter reportedly influenced the creation of the character 's much softer final appearance , particularly in regards to her very thick platinum blonde hair , which animators found difficult to design . Art director Michael Giaimo said that while a number of strategies were proposed for Elsa 's hair , Lasseter would push the animation team to continue making improvements , saying , `` It 's not aspirational enough . We want people to feel like this hair is a beautiful statement . '' During a research trip , producers found that `` there are lots of braids '' worn by women in Norway ; they then hired a stylist from New York named `` Danilo '' who helped to create a style that would reflect that while still being `` a little different '' . A new animation program called Tonic was invented to assist with the task , and the character 's hair ultimately required 420,000 CGI threads . By contrast , Anna was given roughly 140,000 hairs while Rapunzel from Tangled had only required 27,000 CGI threads for her hair . Abilities ( edit ) Elsa 's ice castle Since Elsa is introduced as a young child at the beginning of the film , animators wanted the first glimpse of her powers to reflect her innocent and fanciful state of mind at the time . This included giving her first snowflakes a simple design . Her snow and ice patterns later become more intricate and complex when she is an adult . Co-effects supervisor Marlon West elaborated , `` When Elsa finally lets go and really starts owning her cryokinetic abilities , we wanted the ice and snow that she make to get across the idea that Elsa has now grown up and become this beautiful , elegant , confident and powerful young woman . '' Her ice castle , which she creates while singing `` Let It Go '' , was designed to illustrate the maturing of her powers as well as to be `` a manifestation of her feelings to the world '' . The palace is initially beautiful ; however , after she is made aware of the destruction she has inadvertently caused , and as she is increasingly vilified and hunted by others , it becomes darker and more distorted , with jagged icicles forming on the walls . The film 's design team was uncertain about how it should look and drew out designs for various ice castles filled with snow . Lasseter suggested basing the structure and patterns on snowflakes . For example , an enormous snowflake would serve as the foundation , and the palace would be hexagon - shaped . Lasseter also wanted snowflake patterns to influence the manner in which Elsa creates the palace . `` Snowflakes are these tiny little ice crystals that form in mid-air . And when there are changes in temperature and humidity , these snowflakes start growing in a pattern that 's known as branching and plating , '' said co-effects supervisor Dale Mayeda . `` ( Lasseter ) said ' You know , when Elsa builds her ice palace , it would be so amazing if -- every step of the way as this castle forms out of thin air -- it 's just branching and plating , branching and plating all along the way . '' Fifty animators worked on the scene in which the castle is built , and one frame required 30 hours to render . They later extended similar techniques to Elsa 's clothing . While the traditional Norwegian rosemaling was the inspiration for her costuming early in the film , her ice gown was designed similarly to her palace , with snowflakes heavily influencing the style . Her cape itself is a large snowflake . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Elsa , princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne , is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow . As a child , she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend , Princess Anna . One night , Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers . The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed . While healing Anna , the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa 's abilities will grow , becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them . While the trolls erase Anna 's memory of the incident and of her elder sister 's powers in general , Elsa is traumatized by the event . The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa 's ice powers : the castle gates are locked , Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time , she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well . Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes fearful of harming those she cares about most . Meanwhile , her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries , without success , to coax her out of her room . When the sisters grow into teenagers , the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown , leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely . Three years pass , and Elsa , now of age , is set to formally succeed her father as the monarch of Arendelle . Though she is afraid of opening the castle to the large crowds , her coronation goes on relatively peacefully . However , at the reception party , Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , whom Anna had met earlier that day . Elsa refuses to bless Hans 's offer to marry Anna ; he is someone she barely knows , prompting an argument between the two . Being so upset Elsa accidentally reveals her power . Upon the guests ' and her subjects ' horror and being accused of sorcery and called a monster , Elsa flees the castle and retreats into the icy mountains . In the process , her emotions unleash an `` eternal '' winter throughout Arendelle . While there , she decides to embrace , finally , all her powers and builds an enormous ice palace where she believes she can live freely without fear of hurting people . She also rebuilds her childhood snowman , Olaf , and unknowingly brings him to life . Anna , determined to find Elsa and bring her back , travels through the mountains , encountering Olaf and a mountain man named Kristoff . They reach the ice palace , where Anna attempts to persuade Elsa to return home and mend their relationship . When Elsa ultimately resists ( due to her memory of hurting Anna as a child with her powers resurfacing ) Anna tells her about the state that Arendelle and all its people was left in . Horrified , Elsa lashes out and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . Now even more horrified at the prospect of hurting her sister and people with her powers , Elsa forces Anna , Kristoff and Olaf out by creating a gigantic snow creature ( called Marshmallow by Olaf ) , that is a symbol of her desire to be alone so as to be able to use her powers without hurting anyone . After this , her ice castle evidently becomes darker and more grotesque , reflecting her torment and re-ignited fears . Meanwhile , Anna becomes weaker day by day and Kristoff takes her back to the trolls , who tell them that only an `` act of true love '' can save her life . Hans and a group of soldiers attack the now ugly ice palace . Elsa seizes two soldiers who attempt to assassinate her . Hans convinces her to spare them to prove that she is not a monster . However , she is knocked unconscious and taken to her castle 's dungeon . Hans visits her and urges her to end the winter ; Elsa admits that she has no idea how to do so . After he leaves , she is able to break free from the chains by freezing them and escapes the cell , though her fears trigger a massive blizzard . Anna returns to the castle , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will be the `` act of true love '' to save her . Instead , he informs her that his offer of marriage ( engagement ) had been the first step of a plot to get him the throne of Arendelle . Olaf tells Anna that Kristoff is in love with her and she believes that his kiss will cure her . They rush to find Kristoff . Hans confronts Elsa and tells her that she has killed Anna . Devastated , Elsa collapses and the blizzard stops suddenly . Hans approaches her and swings his sword to kill her , but Anna turns away from an approaching Kristoff with her last bit of strength and blocks Hans ' attack as she freezes solid . Moments later , Anna begins to thaw , as her choice to save her sister rather than herself constituted the necessary `` act of true love '' . Elsa realizes that love is the key to controlling her powers and is able to end the kingdom 's eternal winter . Summer returns to Arendelle , Elsa regains the throne and is able to use and safely control her powers , while the sisters ' bond is restored . She exiles Hans back to the Southern Isles to face punishment from his family and cuts off trade with the Duke of Weselton 's town for his earlier behavior towards her . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the first film , Elsa tries to make Anna 's 19th birthday as perfect as possible a way of making up for the years they spent apart . To do so , she works heavily with Kristoff , Sven and Olaf to make this a reality . Upon making sure that her surprise party in the palace courtyard is ready , she leaves Kristoff in charge while she goes to get Anna . However , Elsa starts to come down with a cold as she leads Anna on a treasure hunt to find all the gifts that have been made for her . Without realizing it , each sneeze she makes creates small snowmen called `` snowgies '' , which create trouble for Kristoff , Sven and Olaf . As Anna notices Elsa 's cold getting worse , she tries in vain to get Elsa to stop exerting herself , even taking medicine from Oaken in case Elsa gets sicker . Unfortunately , Elsa 's cold cause her to become very tired and behave in a seemingly intoxicated - like manner , and she nearly falls from Arendelle 's clock tower only for Anna to save her . Upon finally admitting to Anna that she is indeed sick after the previous incident , she allows Anna to escort her home feeling she has ruined everything , and finds that the party has gone off successfully for Anna ( as well as discovering her snowgie creations ) , and still slightly intoxicated , she ends the party by accidentally sneezing into the birthday bugle horn , which inadvertently sends a gigantic snowball all the way to the Southern Isles and hits the now - demoted Hans , causing him to fall into a pile of horse manure . Afterwards , Anna tells a now bed - ridden Elsa that she has given her the best birthday ever by letting her take care of her . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Elsa Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 3.22 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Georgina Haig Information Occupation Queen of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and King of Arendelle ( deecased parents ) Anna ( younger sister ) Ingrid and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Kristoff ( brother - in - law ) Centric episodes `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( cameo ) `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Elsa appears as a recurring character in the fourth season of the television series Once Upon a Time , where she is portrayed by Georgina Haig . At the end of the show 's third season finale , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , Emma Swan ( Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter ) and Captain Hook accidentally bring back an urn from Rumplestiltskin 's vault after their excursion into the past . The urn releases a blue liquid that coalesces into Elsa . She takes off her glove and destroys the urn with an icy blast . She strides out of the barn , leaving a trail of frozen ground . In the fourth - season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters , '' Elsa 's story is shown in the present day as well as flashbacks taking place two years after the events of the film . In the past , she discovers that her and Anna 's parents set off not on a diplomatic mission , but on a journey to Misthaven -- the `` Enchanted Forest '' where most of Storybrooke 's fairy - tale residents came from -- to discover more about Elsa 's powers , with Anna 's travelling to Misthaven to find out more about her parents ' voyage . In the present , Elsa is frightened by her sudden exposure into the town of modern - day Storybrooke and re-conjures Marshmallow for protection . Marshmallow is defeated by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , while Elsa discovers a necklace she gave long ago to Anna in Mr. Gold 's ( Rumplestiltskin 's ) shop , leaving her resolved to learn what happened to her sister . As the season progresses , Elsa befriends series protagonist Emma Swan , Emma and the series ' central cast resolving the help Elsa find Anna . The group eventually discovers that a figure named the Snow Queen ( a more faithful adaptation of the original fairy tale 's character ) is somehow responsible for Elsa 's trapping in her urn , a woman with similar powers to Elsa . They soon discover that the Snow Queen is Elsa 's aunt , Ingrid , who was forgotten from Arendelle when Elsa 's mother , Gerda , used the power of the troll king to erase everyones memory of her , not wishing for the world to remember how Ingrid accidentally killed their third sister , Helga . Ingrid soon discovered a prophecy that stated she would one day have the love of her sisters again . With Ingrid 's sisters dead however , she believed she would be forced to create new sisters . For this , she chose Emma and Elsa . Ingrid had stalked Emma her entire life in preparation for the prophecy to become true , and manipulated events in Arendelle to bring Elsa to her . Being convinced that she could only gain their love when she was the only one left , she obtained a mirror capable of bringing out the worst in people ( the mirror coming directly from The Snow Queen fairy tale ) . If a piece of the mirror were to get in someones eye , they would see nothing but hatred in the world . Ingrid had planned to use this on everyone in Storybrooke ( dubbed the Spell of Shattered Sight ) , forcing all of its citizens to kill each other while she , Emma , and Elsa remained immune . Ingrid had also used this to her advantage on Anna , forcing Anna to trap Elsa in the urn they originally found Elsa in . Back in Arendelle , Anna ( who has woken up from the spell ) tried to track down a device known as a wishing star , which will have the power to bring her and Kristoff to wherever Elsa is . It was apparently the necklace Elsa had given Anna long ago , Elsa using it to bring Anna and Kristoff to Storybrooke . However , the Spell of Shattered Sight had already begun , and the only ones immune to it were Elsa , Emma , and Anna ( Anna because it was already used on her a while ago ) . Tracking down a note written by Elsa and Anna 's mother right before her death , the three bring it to Ingrid . It reads that Gerda forgave Ingrid for all that had transpired and still loved her , Ingrid realizing this was what the prophecy meant by regaining her sister 's love . Realizing there is no point in killing the town now , the Snow Queen kills herself using the mirror , which deactivates the curse , though a bit of it remained in Storybrooke , reinstating the town line , making it impossible to return to town if you are to leave it . With the help of Rumpelstiltskin , they are able to discover a door that will lead back to Arendelle , though they will not be able to return , as the door will disappear after its use . Anna and Kristoff depart , while Elsa and Emma share a tearful goodbye before returning to Arendelle with her little sister to attend the long - awaited wedding between Anna and Kristoff . In `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' , it 's revealed that , when Blackbeard attacked Arendelle , Elsa shrunk and trapped him and the Jolly Roger inside a bottle , unknowingly trapping Ariel inside as well . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Elsa will appear in a 21 - minute holiday film along with Anna , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In December 2013 , Disney began releasing `` Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' , which played their signature songs that appear in the film . Numerous other doll versions of Elsa were released for purchase , including fashion doll sets , mini dolls , plush dolls , and Elsa - as - a-toddler dolls . A dress up costume for children was modeled after Elsa 's ice gown along with gloves similar to ones she wears in the film . Together with Anna , she was depicted on various Frozen - inspired dishware such as plates and coffee mugs . Other Elsa - inspired merchandise includes luggage , nightgowns , and home décor . Additionally , simplified versions of the film were adapted to children 's storybooks , including one with voice audio and another called A Sister More Like Me that was illustrated by Brittney Lee . Elsa and Anna also both appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . In early 2014 , most Frozen merchandise , including dolls and dresses , were sold out nearly everywhere , including Disney stores and theme parks . In early November 2014 , Disney announced that it had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone , of which Elsa was the no . 1 best - selling Disney costume of all time , followed by Anna at no . 2 . Hallmark created a Queen Elsa Christmas tree ornament after much interest was expressed when the Olaf ornament was announced in 2014 . Theme Parks ( edit ) Elsa meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . In November , before the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began making appearances at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California through meet and greets . In Walt Disney World , the attractions were set up in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot in recognition of the Scandinavian cultural elements that went into the film 's design . In Disneyland , a winter - themed cottage was set up in the Fantasyland section , with a talking audio - animatronic Olaf sitting on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , compared to Cinderella 's and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' became the central feature in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed adaption of the nighttime show World of Color , which showcases scenes from Disney films . Disneyland Paris ' nighttime spectacular , Disney Dreams ! , also added Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' to their attractions , and she was given a similar role during the Magic Kingdom show , Celebrate the Magic , with her singing interspersed with scenes from the movie . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Elsa , Anna and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A `` Frozen '' Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had not been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . Also starting from November , every night Elsa will use her powers to transform Cinderella Castle into an ice palace . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle and Elsa 's ice palace . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Elsa began making appearances alongside Anna and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa made appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Cosplay ( edit ) Elsa has become very popular in the cosplaying community . Cosplayer Anna Faith is well known for cosplaying as Elsa at charities , comic - cons , and other events . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Caissie Levy will originate the role of Elsa in the Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` Not content to merely turn True Love into a cautionary tale , ( the writers ) doubled down and made Elsa into ( a ) flawed hero warped by her upbringing and parents ' heartfelt but damaging desire to keep their children safe ... Elsa is aloof . And scared . And over-protective . And insecure . And full of guilt . Because people -- even animated people -- are the sum total of their personalities combined with their experiences . Which is something even live action films forget at least 63 % of the time . '' -- Donna Dickens , entertainment editor . The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . '' Travis Bean of Cedar Falls Times suggested that Elsa 's ice powers , a `` personal oddity '' that made her self - conscious , as well as her selflessness in withdrawing into isolation in order to avoid hurting others allowed children to connect more with the plot of Frozen . Laurie Levy from Chicago Now wrote that her young grandchildren `` admired Elsa for being smart , strong , magical , and powerful '' and did not care that she had no romantic subplot . Magdalena Lachowicz , a film critic for The Heights , opined that Elsa 's relationship with Anna was the most important part of the movie , and Stephen Holden of The New York Times liked that , in departure from traditional Disney formula , it was a sibling 's love rather than romantic love that was able to `` thaw the icy heart of the frightened Elsa '' . Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote , `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Emma Koonse of Christian Post opined that together the sisters were Disney 's `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , and Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love . '' Several reviewers commented that Elsa was more interesting than Anna , Frozen 's primary protagonist . ABS - CBN writer Fred Hawson described Elsa as `` an incredible character with a unique and interesting predicament because of the powers she possessed '' and expressed the opinion that Frozen should have focused more on her rather than Anna . Samra Muslim of The Express Tribune wrote that it was her presence that kept viewers `` hooked '' throughout the movie , elaborating , `` Her character is complex and sympathetic and deserved to be explored even further . Instead the story revolves more around the relationship of the two sisters and Anna who is the typical , feisty , charming Disney heroine and her love trysts -- instead of the alluring Elsa . '' The character was not devoid of criticism . Charlotte O'Sullivan from the London Evening Standard gave a more negative assessment of Elsa , saying that she `` resembles one of those brittle mentors on The X Factor . Purple eyeshadow , tiny waist , kitten heels '' . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Elsa and Anna were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Slate 's Dana Stevens wrote that `` it 's impossible not to thrill to Elsa 's surging sense of power '' but criticized the choice to illustrate her growing confidence by changing her appearance ; Stevens further expressed concern that the switch from the character 's modest coronation gown to `` a slinky , slit - to - the - thigh dress with a transparent snowflake - patterned train and a pair of silver - white high heels '' and a hairstyle that suggested `` come - hither bad - girl seduction '' was overly sexual . Christy Lemire compared Elsa to Carrie White , another well - known fictional female who unleashes magical powers when agitated . `` Let it Go '' ( edit ) Main article : Let It Go ( Disney song ) Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing , with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice `` positively soars in these musical ballads '' . Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of `` Let It Go '' , described by Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers . Various critics said that Menzel had been a `` powerhouse '' during the scene ; Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel `` can shatter icicles with her powerful voice '' . Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote , `` Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Donald Clark of Irish Times added , `` Elsa 's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that , in its defiant paean to self - reliance , could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Do n't Rain on My Parade . The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly , spat - out refrain : ' The cold never bothered me anyway ! ' You go , girl . '' Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued , `` Menzel , especially , steals the show with her performance of ' Let It Go ' . Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence -- the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation , and results in , arguably , one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character , ever . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2013 , Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award , a few weeks later . Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards , including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture , Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace , and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard . Her signature song , `` Let It Go '' , won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Critics ' Choice Awards , and also received Golden Globe Award , the Satellite Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations . Time ranked Elsa as the most influential fictional character of 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Frozen ' is Disney at its best '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elias , Debbie Lynn ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review -- Frozen '' . Culver City Observer . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawson , Fred ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Icy sentimentality in ' Frozen ' '' . ABS - CBN . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muslim , Samra ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Movie review : Frozen -- winter is coming '' . The Express Tribune . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Charlotte ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 3D -- film review '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in time : when will Disney 's heroines reflect real body shapes ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` I Ca n't ' Let It Go ' '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen '' Archived March 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warmann , Amon ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Frozen ' '' . Cine Vue . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneitker , Marc ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' soundtrack : Ranking all nine original songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen will warm your heart : review '' . The Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeTruck , Matt ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` CD Review : Disney 's `` Frozen '' Soundtrack `` . City Newspaper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Donald ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Frozen '' . Irish Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asl , Nasim ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen Melts Viewers ' Hearts '' . The Oxford Student . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Nominess '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ S. Cohen , David ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Gravity ' Soars , ' Frozen ' Sparkles '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2013 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Gicas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2014 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' & ' American Hustle ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline . December 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Hustle , 12 Years A Slave Lead BFCA 's Critics Choice Movie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Years a Slave wins Pic , Cuaron Director for Houston Film Critics '' . Awards Daily . December 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2014 '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_(Disney)&oldid=808437216 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 21 : 23 . 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who does the voice of elsa on frozen
[ "Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager." ]
[ "primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel" ]
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Nebraska
Nebraska - wikipedia Nebraska Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For other uses , see Nebraska ( disambiguation ) . State of Nebraska Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Cornhusker State Motto ( s ) : Equality before the law Official language English Demonym Nebraskan Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro Omaha -- Council Bluffs Area Ranked 16th Total 77,358 sq mi ( 200,365 km ) Width 210 miles ( 340 km ) Length 430 miles ( 690 km ) % water 0.7 Latitude 40 ° N to 43 ° N Longitude 95 ° 19 ' W to 104 ° 03 ' W Population Ranked 37th Total 1,907,116 ( 2016 est . ) Density 24.6 / sq mi ( 9.5 / km ) Ranked 43rd Median household income $60,474 ( 18th ) Elevation Highest point Panorama Point 5,424 ft ( 1654 m ) Mean 2,600 ft ( 790 m ) Lowest point Missouri River at Kansas border 840 ft ( 256 m ) Before statehood Nebraska Territory Admission to Union March 1 , 1867 ( 37th ) Governor Pete Ricketts ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Mike Foley ( R ) Legislature Nebraska Legislature Upper house None ( unicameral ) Lower house None ( unicameral ) U.S. Senators Deb Fischer ( R ) Ben Sasse ( R ) U.S. House delegation Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) Don Bacon ( R ) Adrian Smith ( R ) ( list ) Time zones Most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 Panhandle Mountain : UTC − 7 / − 6 ISO 3166 US - NE Abbreviations NE , Neb. , Nebr . Website www.nebraska.gov ( show ) Nebraska state symbols The Flag of Nebraska The Seal of Nebraska Living insignia Bird Western meadowlark Fish Channel catfish Flower Goldenrod Grass Little bluestem Insect Western honey bee Mammal White - tailed deer Tree Eastern Cottonwood Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Soft drink : Kool - aid Dance Square dance Fossil Mammoth Gemstone Chalcedony Motto Equality before the law Rock Prairie agate Slogan Welcome to NEBRASKAland where the West begins Soil Holdrege series Song `` Beautiful Nebraska '' Other River : Platte River State route marker State quarter Released in 2006 Lists of United States state symbols Nebraska / nɪˈbræskə / ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north , Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River , Kansas to the south , Colorado to the southwest and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 sq mi ( 200,000 km ) with almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails and was explored by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska , characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle - grazing . The state has a large agriculture sector and is a major producer of beef , pork , corn and soybeans . There are two major climatic zones : the eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) , with a unique warmer subtype considered `` warm - temperate '' near the southern plains like in Kansas and Oklahoma which have a predominantly humid subtropical climate . The western half has a primarily semi-arid climate ( Koppen BSk ) . The state has wide variations between winter and summer temperatures , decreasing south through the state . Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes occur primarily during spring and summer , but sometimes in autumn . Chinook winds tend to warm the state significantly in the winter and early spring . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Federal land management 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Ancestry 4.2 Religion 4.3 Birth data 4.4 Settlement 5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Industry 7 Transportation 7.1 Railroads 7.2 Roads and highways 8 Law and government 8.1 Executive branch 8.2 Legislative branch 8.3 Judicial branch 8.4 Federal government representation 8.5 Politics 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 10 Culture 10.1 Arts 10.2 Sports 10.2. 1 Professional sports 10.2. 2 Junior - level sports 10.2. 3 College sports 10.2. 3.1 NCAA Division I sports 10.2. 3.2 NCAA Division II sports 10.2. 4 NCAA Division III sports 10.2. 4.1 NAIA sports 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Surveys 13.2 Scholarly special studies 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Nebraska 's name is derived from transliteration of the archaic Otoe words Ñí Brásge , pronounced ( ɲĩbɾasꜜkɛ ) ( contemporary Otoe Ñí Bráhge ) , or the Omaha Ní Btháska , pronounced ( nĩbɫðasꜜka ) , meaning `` flat water '' , after the Platte River that flows through the state . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Nebraska Nebraska in 1718 , Guillaume de L'Isle map , with the approximate area of the future state highlighted . Indigenous peoples lived in the region of present - day Nebraska for thousands of years before European exploration . The historic tribes in the state included the Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) , some of which migrated from eastern areas into this region . When European exploration , trade , and settlement began , both Spain and France sought to control the region . In the 1690s , Spain established trade connections with the Apaches , whose territory then included western Nebraska . By 1703 , France had developed a regular trade with the native peoples along the Missouri River in Nebraska , and by 1719 had signed treaties with several of these peoples . After war broke out between the two countries , Spain dispatched an armed expedition to Nebraska under Lieutenant General Pedro de Villasur in 1720 . The party was attacked and destroyed near present - day Columbus by a large force of Pawnees and Otoes , both allied to the French . The massacre ended Spanish exploration of the area for the remainder of the 18th century . In 1762 , during the Seven Years ' War , France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain . This left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi ; by 1773 , the British were trading with the native peoples of Nebraska . In response , Spain dispatched two trading expeditions up the Missouri in 1794 and 1795 ; the second , under James Mackay , established the first European settlement in Nebraska near the mouth of the Platte . Later that year , Mackay 's party built a trading post , dubbed Fort Carlos IV ( Fort Charles ) , near present - day Homer . In 1819 , the United States established Fort Atkinson as the first U.S. Army post west of the Missouri River , just east of present - day Fort Calhoun . The army abandoned the fort in 1827 as migration moved further west . European - American settlement was scarce until 1848 and the California Gold Rush . On May 30 , 1854 , the US Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories , divided by the Parallel 40 ° North , under the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado , North Dakota , South Dakota , Wyoming , and Montana . The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha . Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1888 . In the 1860s , after the U.S. government forced many of the Native American tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations , it opened large tracts of land to agricultural development by Europeans and Americans . Under the Homestead Act , thousands of settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government . Because so few trees grew on the prairies , many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod , as had the Native Americans such as the Omaha . The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood . Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1 , 1867 , and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster , later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln . The battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5 , 1873 , was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux . During the 1870s to the 1880s , Nebraska experienced a large growth in population . Several factors contributed to attracting new residents . The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing . This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area . The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies . Agricultural inventions such as barbed wire , wind mills , and the steel plow , combined with good weather , enabled settlers to use of Nebraska as prime farming land . By the 1880s , Nebraska 's population had soared to more than 450,000 people . The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska City by territorial governor J. Sterling Morton . The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City , with some offices in Lincoln . In the late 19th century , many African Americans migrated from the South to Nebraska as part of the Great Migration , primarily to Omaha which offered working class jobs in meat packing , the railroads and other industries . Omaha has a long history of civil rights activism . Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants , ethnic whites who were competing for the same jobs . In 1912 , African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state . Since the 1960s , Native American activism in the state has increased , both through open protest , activities to build alliances with state and local governments , and in the slower , more extensive work of building tribal institutions and infrastructure . Native Americans in federally recognized tribes have pressed for self - determination , sovereignty and recognition . They have created community schools to preserve their cultures , as well as tribal colleges and universities . Tribal politicians have also collaborated with state and county officials on regional issues . Geography ( edit ) Further information : List of counties in Nebraska , List of Nebraska rivers , and Geography of Omaha Map of Nebraska . Forested hills in the Pine Ridge region of Nebraska . Play media Animation begins with a wide view of the entire United States and then zooms down to an area in Nebraska where water usage studies have been carried out . The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . The state has 93 counties ; it occupies the central portion of the Frontier Strip . Nebraska is split into two time zones , with the state 's eastern half observing Central Time and the western half observing Mountain Time . Three rivers cross the state from west to east . The Platte River , formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte , runs through the state 's central portion , the Niobrara River flows through the northern part , and the Republican River runs across the southern part . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers ; the Dissected Till Plains were left after the glaciers retreated . The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills ; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region . The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska , with the region consisting of several smaller , diverse land regions , including the Sandhills , the Pine Ridge , the Rainwater Basin , the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills . Panorama Point , at 5,424 feet ( 1,653 m ) , is Nebraska 's highest point ; though despite its name and elevation , it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders . A past Nebraska tourism slogan was `` Where the West Begins '' ; locations given for the beginning of the `` West '' include the Missouri River , the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln ( where it is marked by a red brick star ) , the 100th meridian , and Chimney Rock . Federal land management ( edit ) Areas under the management of the National Park Service include : Agate Fossil Beds National Monument near Harrison California National Historic Trail Chimney Rock National Historic Site near Bayard Homestead National Monument of America in Beatrice Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail Missouri National Recreational River near Ponca Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Niobrara National Scenic River near Valentine Oregon National Historic Trail Pony Express National Historic Trail Scotts Bluff National Monument at Gering Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include : Nebraska National Forest Oglala National Grassland Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types in Nebraska Winter at Scotts Bluff National Monument . Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska : the eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) , and the western half , a semi-arid climate ( Koppen BSk ) . The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation . Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska , with hot summers and generally cold winters . Average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches ( 800 mm ) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches ( 350 mm ) in the Panhandle . Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west . Snowfall across the state is fairly even , with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches ( 65 and 90 cm ) of snow annually . Nebraska 's highest recorded temperature is 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) at Minden on July 24 , 1936 and the lowest recorded temperature is − 47 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) at Camp Clarke on February 12 , 1899 . Nebraska is in Tornado Alley . Thunderstorms are common in the spring and summer months , and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during the spring and summer , though they can also occur in the autumn . The chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in western Nebraska during the winter months . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Nebraska Location July ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Omaha 87 / 66 30 / 19 33 / 13 1 / -- 10 Lincoln 89 / 66 31 / 19 35 / 14 2 / -- 10 Grand Island 87 / 64 31 / 17 36 / 14 2 / -- 10 Kearney 90 / 63 32 / 17 36 / 12 2 / -- 11 North Platte 88 / 60 31 / 16 39 / 11 4 / -- 11 Papillion 87 / 66 31 / 19 32 / 12 0 / -- 11 Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 28,841 -- 1870 122,993 326.5 % 1880 452,402 267.8 % 1890 1,062,656 134.9 % 1900 1,066,300 0.3 % 1910 1,192,214 11.8 % 1920 1,296,372 8.7 % 1930 1,377,963 6.3 % 1940 1,315,834 − 4.5 % 1950 1,325,510 0.7 % 1960 1,411,330 6.5 % 1970 1,483,493 5.1 % 1980 1,569,825 5.8 % 1990 1,578,385 0.5 % 2000 1,711,263 8.4 % 1,826,341 6.7 % Est. 2016 1,907,116 4.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Nebraska was 1,896,190 on July 1 , 2015 , a 3.82 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County , in the city of Shelby . Ancestry ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , 86.1 % of the population was White ( 82.1 % non-Hispanic white ) , 4.5 % was Black or African American , 1.0 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.8 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander , 2.2 % from two or more races. 9.2 % of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin ( they may be of any race ) . As of 2004 , the population of Nebraska included about 84,000 foreign - born residents ( 4.8 % of the population ) . Nebraska racial breakdown of population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 93.8 % 89.6 % 86.1 % Black 3.6 % 4.0 % 4.5 % Asian 0.8 % 1.3 % 1.8 % Native 0.8 % 0.9 % 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander - 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 1.0 % 2.8 % 4.3 % Two or more races - 1.4 % 2.2 % The five largest ancestry groups in Nebraska are German ( 38.6 % ) , Irish ( 12.4 % ) , English ( 9.6 % ) , Mexican ( 8.7 % ) , and Czech ( 5.5 % ) . Nebraska has the largest Czech American and non-Mormon Danish American population ( as a percentage of the total population ) in the nation . German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state , particularly in the eastern counties . Thurston County ( made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations ) has an American Indian majority , and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech - American plurality . Population density in Nebraska Religion ( edit ) The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are : Christian -- 90 % Catholic -- 28 % Lutheran -- 16 % Methodist -- 11 % Baptist -- 9 % Presbyterian -- 4 % Other Protestant -- 21 % Other Christian -- 1 % Non-religious -- 9 % Other religions -- 1 % The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church ( 372,838 ) , the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod ( 112,585 ) , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( 110,110 ) and the United Methodist Church ( 109,283 ) . Birth Data ( edit ) As of 2011 , 31.0 % of Nebraska 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 22,670 ( 86.9 % ) 23,178 ( 86.5 % ) 23,126 ( 86.7 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 19,237 ( 73.7 % ) 19,471 ( 72.6 % ) 19,201 ( 72.0 % ) Black 1,979 ( 7.6 % ) 2,015 ( 7.5 % ) 2,009 ( 7.5 % ) Asian 854 ( 3.3 % ) 1,048 ( 3.9 % ) 987 ( 3.7 % ) Native 592 ( 2.3 % ) 553 ( 2.1 % ) 557 ( 2.1 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,895 ( 14.9 % ) 4,143 ( 15.6 % ) 4,249 ( 15.9 % ) Total Nebraska 26,095 ( 100 % ) 26,794 ( 100 % ) 26,679 ( 100 % ) Settlement ( edit ) Eighty - nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people . Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states : Kansas , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota , and Iowa . Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000 . Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate . Fifty - three of Nebraska 's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000 , ranging from a 0.06 % loss ( Frontier County ) to a 17.04 % loss ( Hitchcock County ) . More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth . In 2000 , the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007 ; in 2005 , the city 's estimated population was 414,521 ( 427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn ) , a 6.3 % increase over five years . The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958 . The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379 , a 14.5 % increase . As of the 2010 Census , there were 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska . There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska , which is based upon population . All population figures are 2013 Census Bureau estimates unless flagged by a reference number . Downtown Omaha . Metropolitan Class City ( 300,000 or more ) Omaha -- 446,970 Primary Class City ( 100,000 -- 299,999 ) Lincoln -- 280,364 First Class City ( 5,000 -- 99,999 ) Bellevue -- 53,663 Grand Island -- 50,550 Kearney -- 32,174 Fremont -- 26,340 Hastings -- 25,093 North Platte -- 24,534 Norfolk -- 24,523 Columbus -- 22,533 Papillion -- 21,921 La Vista -- 17,562 Scottsbluff -- 15,023 South Sioux City -- 13,424 Beatrice -- 12,157 Lexington -- 10,204 Alliance -- 8,498 Gering -- 8,480 Blair -- 7,990 York -- 7,961 McCook -- 7,697 Nebraska City -- 7,255 Ralston -- 7,220 Crete -- 7,135 Seward -- 7,120 Sidney -- 6,829 Plattsmouth -- 6,467 Schuyler -- 6,143 Chadron -- 5,787 Gretna -- 5,584 Wayne -- 5,543 Holdrege -- 5,527 Second Class Cities ( 800 -- 4,999 ) and Villages ( 100 -- 800 ) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska . There are 116 second class cities and 382 villages in the state . Metropolitan areas - 2012 estimate data Omaha - Council Bluffs -- 763,326 ( Nebraska portion ) ; 885,624 ( total for Nebraska and Iowa ) Lincoln -- 310,342 Sioux City , Iowa -- 26,836 ( Nebraska portion ) ; 168,921 ( total for Nebraska , Iowa and South Dakota ) Grand Island -- 83,472 Micropolitan areas - 2012 estimate data Kearney -- 53,948 Norfolk -- 48,286 Scottsbluff -- 39,039 North Platte -- 37,373 Fremont -- 36,427 Columbus -- 32,681 Hastings -- 31,364 Lexington -- 26,249 Beatrice -- 21,806 Other areas Grand Island , Hastings and Kearney comprise the `` Tri-Cities '' area , with a combined population of 168,748 The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region . Taxation ( edit ) Nebraska has a progressive income tax . The portion of income from $0 to $2,400 is taxed at 2.56 % ; from $2,400 to $17,500 , at 3.57 % ; from $17,500 to $27,000 , at 5.12 % ; and income over $27,000 , at 6.84 % . The standard deduction for a single taxpayer is $5,700 ; the personal exemption is $118 . Nebraska has a state sales and use tax of 5.5 % . In addition to the state tax , some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax , in 0.5 % increments , up to a maximum of 1.5 % . Dakota County levies an additional 0.5 % county sales tax . Food and ingredients that are generally for home preparation and consumption are not taxable . All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute . Since 1992 , only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax . Inheritance tax is collected at the county level . Economy ( edit ) See also : Nebraska locations by per capita income Nebraska grain bins and elevator The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates of Nebraska 's gross state product in 2010 was $89.8 billion . Per capita personal income in 2004 was $31,339 , 25th in the nation . Nebraska has a large agriculture sector , and is a major producer of beef , pork , corn ( maize ) , soybeans , and sorghum . Other important economic sectors include freight transport ( by rail and truck ) , manufacturing , telecommunications , information technology , and insurance . As of April 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 2.5 % , the lowest in the nation . Industry ( edit ) Kool - Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings , which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool - Aid Days , and Kool - Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska . CliffsNotes were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City . He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications , Coles Notes . Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway , whose Chief executive officer ( CEO ) , Warren Buffett , was ranked in March 2009 by Forbes magazine as the second richest person in the world . The city is also home to Mutual of Omaha , InfoUSA , TD Ameritrade , West Corporation , Valmont Industries , Woodmen of the World , Kiewit Corporation , Union Pacific Railroad , and Gallup . Ameritas Life Insurance Corp. , Nelnet , Sandhills Publishing Company , and Duncan Aviation are based in Lincoln ; The Buckle is based in Kearney . Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela 's , a specialty retailer of outdoor goods . The world 's largest train yard , Union Pacific 's Bailey Yard , is in North Platte . The Vise - Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924 , and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008 . Lincoln 's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet Ski , All - terrain vehicle ( ATV ) , and Mule lines of product . The facility employs more than 1200 people . The Spade Ranch , in the Sandhills , is one of Nebraska 's oldest and largest beef cattle operations . Transportation ( edit ) Railroads ( edit ) Further information : List of Nebraska railroads The Union Pacific Railroad , headquartered in Omaha , was incorporated on July 1 , 1862 , in the wake of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 . Bailey Yard , in North Platte , is the largest railroad classification yard in the world . The route of the original transcontinental railroad runs through the state . Other major railroads with operations in the state are : Amtrak ; BNSF Railway ; Canadian National Railway ; and Iowa Interstate Railroad . Roads and highways ( edit ) Further information : List of Nebraska numbered highways Interstate Highways through the State of Nebraska The U.S. Routes in Nebraska Law and government ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Nebraska Constitution Presidential elections results Year Republican Democrat 2016 58.70 % 495,961 33.70 % 284,494 2012 59.80 % 475,064 38.03 % 302,081 2008 56.53 % 452,979 41.60 % 333,319 65.90 % 512,814 32.68 % 254,328 2000 62.25 % 433,862 33.25 % 231,780 53.65 % 363,467 34.95 % 236,761 46.58 % 344,346 29.40 % 217,344 60.15 % 398,447 39.20 % 259,646 1984 70.55 % 460,054 28.81 % 187,866 1980 65.50 % 419,937 26.00 % 166,851 1976 59.19 % 359,705 38.46 % 233,692 1972 70.50 % 405,298 30.70 % 198,899 1968 59.82 % 321,163 31.81 % 170,784 1964 47.39 % 276,847 52.61 % 307,307 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Nebraska 's government operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution , adopted in 1875 , and is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . Executive branch ( edit ) Further information : Governor of Nebraska The head of the executive branch is Governor Pete Ricketts . Other elected officials in the executive branch are Lieutenant Governor Mike Foley , Attorney General Doug Peterson , Secretary of State John A. Gale , State Treasurer Don Stenberg , and State Auditor Charlie Janssen . All elected officials in the executive branch serve four - year terms . Legislative branch ( edit ) Further information : Nebraska Legislature and Nebraska State Capitol Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a unicameral legislature . Although this house is officially known simply as the `` Legislature '' , and more commonly called the `` Unicameral '' , its members call themselves `` senators '' . Nebraska 's Legislature is also the only state legislature in the United States that is officially nonpartisan . The senators are elected with no party affiliation next to their names on the ballot , and members of any party can be elected to the positions of speaker and committee chairs . The Nebraska Legislature can also override the governor 's veto with a three - fifths majority , in contrast to the two - thirds majority required in some other states . The Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building , built between 1922 and 1932 . It was designed by Bertram G. Goodhue . Built from Indiana limestone , the capitol 's base is a cross within a square . A 400 - foot domed tower rises from this base . The Sower , a 19 - foot bronze statue representing agriculture , crowns the building . When Nebraska became a state in 1867 , its legislature consisted of two houses : a House of Representatives and a Senate . For years , U.S. Senator George Norris and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature , and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum . Norris argued : The constitutions of our various states are built upon the idea that there is but one class . If this be true , there is no sense or reason in having the same thing done twice , especially if it is to be done by two bodies of men elected in the same way and having the same jurisdiction . Unicameral supporters also argued that a bicameral legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled House and Senate legislation . Votes in these committees were secretive , and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved . Nebraska 's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject , and must be given at least five days of consideration . In 1934 , due in part to the budgetary pressure of the Great Depression , Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a constitutional amendment creating a unicameral legislature , which was approved , which , in effect , abolished the House of Representatives ( the lower house ) . Judicial branch ( edit ) Further information : Nebraska Supreme Court The judicial system in Nebraska is unified , with the Nebraska Supreme Court having administrative authority over all the courts within the state . Nebraska uses the Missouri Plan for the selection of judges at all levels , including county courts ( as the lowest - level courts ) and twelve district courts , which contain one or more counties . The Nebraska State Court of Appeals hears appeals from the district courts , juvenile courts , and workers ' compensation courts , and is the final court of appeal . Federal government representation ( edit ) The Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln , Nebraska . Further information : United States congressional delegations from Nebraska Nebraska 's U.S. senators are Deb Fischer and Ben Sasse , both Republicans ; Fischer , elected in 2012 , is the senior . Nebraska has three representatives in the House of Representatives : Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) of the 1st district ; Don Bacon ( R ) of the 2nd district ; and Adrian Smith ( R ) of the 3rd district . Nebraska is one of two states ( Maine being the other ) that allow for a split in the state 's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections . Under a 1991 law , two of Nebraska 's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote , while the other three go to the highest vote - getter in each of the state 's three congressional districts . Politics ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election in Nebraska , 2012 ; Nebraska gubernatorial election , 2014 ; United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2014 ; and Political party strength in Nebraska For most of its history , Nebraska has been a solidly Republican state . Republicans have carried the state in all but one presidential election since 1940 : the 1964 landslide election of Lyndon B. Johnson . In the 2004 presidential election , George W. Bush won the state 's five electoral votes by a margin of 33 percentage points ( making Nebraska 's the fourth - strongest Republican vote among states ) with 65.9 % of the overall vote ; only Thurston County , which is majority - Native American , voted for his Democratic challenger John Kerry . In 2008 , the state split its electoral votes for the first time : Republican John McCain won the popular vote in Nebraska as a whole and two of its three congressional districts ; the second district , which includes the city of Omaha , went for Democrat Barack Obama . Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics , the state has a long tradition of electing centrist members of both parties to state and federal office ; examples include George W. Norris ( who served few years in the Senate as an independent ) , J. James Exon , and Bob Kerrey . Voters have tilted to the right in recent years with the election of conservative Mike Johanns to the U.S. Senate and the 2006 re-election of Ben Nelson , who was considered the most conservative Democrat in the Senate until his retirement in 2013 , when he was replaced by conservative Republican Deb Fischer . Former President Gerald Ford was born in Nebraska , but moved away shortly after birth . Illinois native William Jennings Bryan represented Nebraska in Congress , served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson , and unsuccessfully ran for President three times . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) University of Nebraska system University of Nebraska -- Lincoln University of Nebraska at Kearney University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska Medical Center Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture Nebraska State College System Chadron State College Peru State College Wayne State College Community Colleges Central Community College Little Priest Tribal College Metropolitan Community College Mid-Plains Community College Nebraska Indian Community College Northeast Community College Southeast Community College Western Nebraska Community College Private colleges / universities Bellevue University Clarkson College College of Saint Mary Concordia University Creighton University Doane University Grace University Hastings College Midland University Nebraska Christian College Nebraska Methodist College Nebraska Wesleyan University Summit Christian College Union College York College Further information : Colleges and universities of Omaha , Nebraska Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Nebraska Football game at the University of Nebraska on September 6 , 2008 . Professional sports ( edit ) Nebraska Stampede - Women 's Football Alliance Lincoln Saltdogs -- American Association ( independent minor league baseball ) Nebraska Danger -- Indoor Football League Omaha Beef -- Indoor Football League Omaha Storm Chasers -- Pacific Coast League , AAA affiliate of the Kansas City Royals Junior - level sports ( edit ) United States Hockey League Lincoln Stars Omaha Lancers Tri-City Storm College sports ( edit ) NCAA Division I sports ( edit ) The College World Series has been held in Omaha since 1950 . It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 , and at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha since 2011 . The following are National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college sports programs in Nebraska . School Nickname Conference National titles Founded University of Nebraska -- Lincoln Cornhuskers Big Ten Conference 19 1869 University of Nebraska Omaha Mavericks The Summit League 11 1908 Creighton University Bluejays Big East Conference 0 1878 NCAA Division II sports ( edit ) Nebraska has several colleges playing at the NCAA Division II level . School Mascot Conference National titles Founded University of Nebraska - Kearney UN-Kearney Lopers MIAA 1905 Wayne State College Wayne State Wildcats NSIC 1910 Chadron State College Chadron State Eagles RMAC 0 1911 NCAA Division III sports ( edit ) School Mascot Conference National Titles Founded Nebraska Wesleyan University Prairie Wolves Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference 19 1887 NAIA sports ( edit ) School Mascot Conference National titles Founded Bellevue University Bellevue Bruins Midlands 14 1966 College of Saint Mary Saint Mary Flames Midlands 0 1923 Concordia University Concordia Bulldogs Great Plains 1894 Doane University Doane Tigers Great Plains 10 1872 Hastings College Hastings Broncos Great Plains 1882 Midland University Midland Warriors Great Plains 1883 Peru State College Peru State Bobcats Midlands 1865 Southeast Community College SCC Storm National Junior College Athletic Association 6 1978 York College York Panthers Midlands 28 1890 See also ( edit ) Nebraska portal Outline of Nebraska -- organized list of topics about Nebraska Index of Nebraska - related articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ LTC . `` Nebraska Legislature '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koontz , John . `` Etymology '' . Siouan Languages . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , James A. `` Spain on the Plains '' . Nebraska History 74 ( Spring 1993 ) , pp. 2 -- 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Villasur Sent to Nebraska '' . Nebraskastudies.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Villasur expedition -- 1720 '' . Nebraska State Historical Society . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana : European explorations and the Louisiana Purchase '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond . `` Fort Charles or Mr. Mackey 's Trading House '' . Nebraska History 76 ( Spring 1995 ) , pp. 2 -- 9 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Interactive Media Group -- Nebraska Educational Telecommunications . `` 1854 Kansas - Nebraska Act signed '' . Nebraskastudies.unl.edu . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Handybook for Genealogists : United States of America , 10th ed . ( Draper Utah : Everton Publishers , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Marsha Hoffman and Dwight A. Radford , `` Nebraska , '' Redbook : American State , County , and Town Sources , 3rd ed . ( Provo : Ancestry , 2004 ) , 408 . Jump up ^ The Nebraska Indian Wars Reader , 1865 -- 1877 By R. Eli Paul p. 88 Publisher : University of Nebraska Press ( April 1 , 1998 ) Language : English ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8749 - 6 Jump up ^ Redbook Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Climate Office Applied Climate Science SNR UNL '' . Nebraskaclimateoffice.unl.edu . July 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Climate -- Twin Cities Development Association , Inc . -- Nebraska : Scottsbluff , Gering , TerryTown , Mitchell , Bayard '' . Tcdne.org . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' ( CSV ) . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States Archived July 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Population of Nebraska : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Censusviewer.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Population Stats '' . Jump up ^ `` State Individual Income Tax Rates , 2000 -- 2010 '' . The Tax Foundation . March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about Nebraska Sales and Use Tax '' . Nebraska Department of Revenue . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sales and Use Tax FAQs '' . Revenue.ne.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska State Agriculture Overview -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Jump up ^ `` History : Kool - Aid : Hastings Museum '' . Hastings Museum . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jirovsky , Kristin . `` Owner of Nail Jack Tools wants to share former Vise - Grip plant '' , Lincoln Journal - Star . January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska as a State '' . Andreas 's History of the State of Nebraska ... Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Division II Home Page '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Chokecherry Places , Essays from the High Plains , Merrill Gilfillan , Johnson Press , Boulder , Colorado , trade paperback , ISBN 1 - 55566 - 227 - 7 . Olson James C. and Ronald C. Naugle , History of Nebraska 2nd ed ( 1997 ) Andreas , Alfred T. , History of the State of Nebraska ( 1882 ) ( a highly detailed history ) Creigh , Dorothy Weyers . Nebraska : A Bicentennial History ( 1977 ) Faulkner , Virginia , ed . Roundup : A Nebraska Reader ( 1957 ) Hickey , Donald R. Nebraska Moments : Glimpses of Nebraska 's Past ( 1992 ) . Miewald , Robert D. , Nebraska Government & Politics ( 1984 ) Luebke Frederick C. Nebraska : An Illustrated History ( 1995 ) Morton , J. Sterling , ed . Illustrated History of Nebraska : A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans - Mississippi Region. 3 vols. ( 1905 -- 13 ) Wishart , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 7 . complete text online ; 900 pages of scholarly articles Nebraska : A Guide to the Cornhusker State , WPA Guide , 1939 ; scanned online edition Scholarly special studies ( edit ) Barnhart , John D. `` Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska . '' American Political Science Review 19 ( 1925 ) : 527 -- 40 . in JSTOR Beezley , William H. `` Homesteading in Nebraska , 1862 -- 1872 '' , Nebraska History 53 ( spring 1972 ) : 59 -- 75 Bentley , Arthur F. `` The Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township . '' Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 11 ( 1893 ) : 285 -- 370 Cherny , Robert W. Populism , Progressivism , and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics , 1885 -- 1915 ( 1981 ) Bogue Allen G. Money at Interest : The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border ( 1955 ) Brunner , Edmund de S. Immigrant Farmers and Their Children ( 1929 ) Chudacoff , Howard P. Mobile Americans : Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha , 1880 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Chudacoff , Howard P. `` A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods : Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium - sized City . '' Journal of American History 60 ( 1973 ) : 76 -- 93 . about Omaha ; in JSTOR Coletta , Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan . 3 vols. ( 1964 -- 69 ) Dick , Everett . The Sod - House Frontier : 1854 -- 1890 ( 1937 ) Farragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) Fuller , Wayne E. The Old Country School : The Story of Rural Education in the Midwest ( 1982 ) Grant , Michael Johnston . `` Down and Out on the Family Farm '' ( 2002 ) Harper , Ivy . Walzing Matilda : Life and Times of Nebraska Senator Robert Kerrey ( 1992 ) Holter , Don W. Flames on the Plains : A History of United Methodism in Nebraska ( 1983 ) Jeffrey , Julie Roy . Frontier Women : The Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1880 ( 1979 ) Klein , Maury . Union Pacific : The Birth of a Railroad , 1862 -- 1893 ( 1986 ) Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1989 ) . Union Pacific : Volume II , 1894 - 1969 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4460 - 5 . Larsen , Lawrence H. The Gate City : A History of Omaha ( 1982 ) Lowitt , Richard . George W. Norris 3 vols. ( 1971 ) Luebke , Frederick C. Immigrants and Politics : The Germans of Nebraska , 1880 -- 1900 ( 1969 ) Luebke , Frederick C. `` The German - American Alliance in Nebraska , 1910 -- 1917 . '' Nebraska History 49 ( 1969 ) : 165 -- 85 Olson , James C. J. Sterling Morton ( 1942 ) Overton , Richard C. Burlington West : A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad ( 1941 ) Parsons Stanley B. `` Who Were the Nebraska Populists ? '' Nebraska History 44 ( 1963 ) : 83 -- 99 Pierce , Neal . The Great Plains States ( 1973 ) Pederson , James F. , and Kenneth D. Wald . Shall the People Rule ? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics ( 1972 ) Riley , Glenda . The Female Frontier . A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains ( 1978 ) Wenger , Robert W . `` The Anti-Saloon League in Nebraska Politics , 1898 -- 1910 . '' Nebraska History 52 ( 1971 ) : 267 -- 92 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNebraskaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Nebraska state government Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism Energy Profile for Nebraska USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Nebraska Nebraska State Facts from USDA Nebraska Frequently Asked Questions Nebraska State Publications Online Nebraska city - data Nebraska at DMOZ nebraskastudies.org -- History of Nebraska from Nebraska Department of Education , Nebraska State Historical Society , and NET Nebraska State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Nebraska state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association . Geographic data related to Nebraska at OpenStreetMap Preceded by Nevada List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on March 1 , 1867 ( 37th ) Succeeded by Colorado ( hide ) Topics related to Nebraska Cornhusker State ( hide ) State of Nebraska Lincoln ( capital ) Topics History Governors Lt. 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with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca 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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Public opinion in the West 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , although more bombs were in production , only two would be available at the start of August , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the letter . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yōsuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` sacred decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Leslie Nakashima filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers . A version of his August 27 UPI article appeared in The New York Times on August 31 . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 . Nakashima 's and Burchett 's reports were the first public reports to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout -- radiation burns and radiation poisoning . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . Hahn told the others , `` Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The most well known of which being Midori Naka , some 650 meters from the hypocenter at Hiroshima , who would travel to Tokyo and then with her death on August 24 , 1945 was to be the first death officially certified as a result of radiation poisoning , or as it was referred to by many , `` Atomic bomb disease '' . It was unappreciated at the time but the average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved , that is , smaller doses were made more lethal , when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn polytraumatic injuries . Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection ; the risk of sepsis and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In 1956 , the ABCC published The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The ABCC became the Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) , on April 1 , 1975 . A binational organization run by both the United States and Japan , the RERF is still in operation today . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years and Leukemia some 2 + which peaks around 6 - 8 years later . Dr Jarrett Foley published the first major reports on the significant increased incidence of the latter among survivors , almost all cases of leukemia over the following 50 years were in people exposed to more than 1 Gy . In a strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter , in the 1987 Life Span Study , conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation , a statistical excess of 507 cancers , of undefined lethality , were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958 -- 1987 and who took part in the study . As the epidemiology study continues with time , the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths which may include Sadako Sasaki and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , were likely due to radiation from the bombs or some other post-attack city effects , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 -- 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the human embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the overall number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . While The National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel 's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results . Overall , a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes , in terms of distance from the hypocenters however , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors , or inherited in the children of survivors . Investigations into brain development See also : Radiation - induced cognitive decline § Radiation Therapy Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 -- 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of prompt radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 -- 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance between the two cities , is suggested to be a manifestation of the difference between X-ray and neutron absorption , with Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed neutron - radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to x-rays / gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the in - utero dose more depended on the absorption of neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . From the Radiation dose reconstruction work , which were also informed by the 1962 BREN Tower - Japanese city analog , the estimated dosimetry at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy - bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward , therefore the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil , concrete and roof - tile measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers , in the 1990s . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . If they discuss their background , Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of fear based discrimination and exclusion when it comes to prospects of marriage or work due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness or that the low doses that the majority received were less than a routine diagnostic x-ray , much of the public however persist with the belief that the Hibakusha carry some hereditary or even contagious disease . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects / congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki , or indeed has been found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received radiotherapy . The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , that could conceive , who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation , went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities / birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . It has also been pointed out that the conventional bombing of Japan caused just as much destruction as the atomic bombs , if not more so . Indeed , Operation Meetinghouse , known as the Great Tokyo Air Raid in Japan , was the single most devastating air raid of the war , with a higher death toll than either of the two atomic bombings . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Public opinion in the west The examples and perspective in this United States may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pew Research Center conducted a 2015 survey showing that 56 % of Americans support the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki from WWII , while only 34 % oppose the bombings . The study highlighted the impact of the respondent 's generation , showing that 70 % of Americans 65 and older support the bombings , while only 47 % of 18 - to 29 - year - olds support the bombings . Younger generations of Americans are less supportive of the bombings , according to the Pew Research Center statistics . Political leanings also impacted responses according to the survey . 74 % of Republicans support the bombings while 52 % of Democrats support the bombings . American approval of the US dropping the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has decreased steadily since 1945 . A 1945 Gallup poll showed that 85 % of Americans approved of using atomic weapons on Japanese cities , while only 10 % disapproved . Forty five years later in 1990 , Gallup conducted another poll and recorded 53 % of Americans approving the bombings with 41 % disapproving the bombings . Another 2005 Gallup poll echoes the findings of the 2015 Pew Research Center study by finding 57 % of Americans approved the bombings while 38 % disapproved . While the poll data from The Pew Research Center and Gallup show a stark drop in support for the bombings over the last half century , Stanford political scientists have conducted research supporting their hypothesis that US public support for the use of nuclear force would be just as high today as in 1945 if a similar yet contemporary real life scenario presented itself . In a 2017 study conducted by political scientists Scott D. Sagan and Benjamin A. Valentino , it was found that 67 % of Americans support the conventional strike with use of atomic force in a hypothetical situation that killed 100,000 Iranian civilians over the other hypothetical option of an invasion that would kill 20,000 American soldiers . On the other hand , a 2010 Pew survey showed that 64 % of Americans approved of Barack Obama 's declaration of US abstinence of nuclear weapons against a nation that did not have them , showing that most Americans have a conflicted view on use of atomic force . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshima Day Committee . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . 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Asia - Pacific Journal . 7 ( 3 ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toon et al. 2007 , p. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Manhattan Engineer District ( June 29 , 1946 ) . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Trinity Atomic . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1960 , pp. 1376 -- 1377 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago '' . psywarrior.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum '' ( PDF ) . City of Nagasaki . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Leaflets '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . 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Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing '' . Mainichi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 ( CGP - ASPI - 025 ) '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Chun 2008 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` Stories from Riken '' ( PDF ) . Riken . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 43 , 46 . Jump up ^ Wainstock 1996 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 222 -- 226 . 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Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower 1996 , p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Bomb '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Memorial City , Hiroshima '' . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park '' . Japan Deluxe Tours . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline '' . World Guides . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Selden & Selden 1990 , pp. xxx -- xxxi . Jump up ^ Walker 1990 , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr 2008 , pp. 521 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . 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Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! 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9. which of these was not an atomic bomb dropped on either hiroshima or nagasaki
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Occam's razor
Occam 's razor - Wikipedia Occam 's razor For the aerial theatre company , see Ockham 's Razor Theatre Company . William of Ockham Occam 's razor ( also Ockham 's razor or Ocham 's razor ; Latin : lex parsimoniae `` law of parsimony '' ) is the problem - solving principle that the simplest solution tends to be the correct one . When presented with competing hypotheses to solve a problem , one should select the solution with the fewest assumptions . The idea is attributed to William of Ockham ( c. 1287 -- 1347 ) , who was an English Franciscan friar , scholastic philosopher , and theologian . In science , Occam 's razor is used as an abductive heuristic in the development of theoretical models , rather than as a rigorous arbiter between candidate models . In the scientific method , Occam 's razor is not considered an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result ; the preference for simplicity in the scientific method is based on the falsifiability criterion . For each accepted explanation of a phenomenon , there may be an extremely large , perhaps even incomprehensible , number of possible and more complex alternatives . Since one can always burden failing explanations with ad hoc hypotheses to prevent them from being falsified , simpler theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are more testable . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formulations before William of Ockham 1.2 William of Ockham 1.3 Later formulations 2 Justifications 2.1 Aesthetic 2.2 Empirical 2.2. 1 Testing the razor 2.3 Practical considerations and pragmatism 2.4 Mathematical 2.5 Other philosophers 2.5. 1 Karl Popper 2.5. 2 Elliott Sober 2.5. 3 Richard Swinburne 2.5. 4 Ludwig Wittgenstein 3 Applications 3.1 Science and the scientific method 3.2 Biology 3.3 Religion 3.4 Penal ethics 3.5 Probability theory and statistics 3.5. 1 Objective razor 4 Controversial aspects of the razor 5 Anti-razors 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The term Occam 's razor did not appear until a few centuries after William of Ockham 's death in 1347 . Libert Froidmont , in his On Christian Philosophy of the Soul , takes credit for the phrase , speaking of `` novacula occami '' . Ockham did not invent this principle , but the `` razor '' -- and its association with him -- may be due to the frequency and effectiveness with which he used it . Ockham stated the principle in various ways , but the most popular version , `` Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity '' ( Non sunt multiplicanda entia sine necessitate ) was formulated by the Irish Franciscan philosopher John Punch in his 1639 commentary on the works of Duns Scotus . Formulations before William of Ockham ( edit ) Part of a page from Duns Scotus ' book Commentaria oxoniensia ad IV libros magistri Sententiarus , novis curis edidit p . Marianus Fernandez Garcia ( 1914 , p. 211 ) ' : `` Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate '' , i.e. , `` Plurality is not to be posited without necessity '' The origins of what has come to be known as Occam 's razor are traceable to the works of earlier philosophers such as John Duns Scotus ( 1265 -- 1308 ) , Robert Grosseteste ( 1175 -- 1253 ) , Maimonides ( Moses ben - Maimon , 1138 -- 1204 ) , and even Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) . Aristotle writes in his Posterior Analytics , `` We may assume the superiority ceteris paribus ( other things being equal ) of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses . '' Ptolemy ( c . AD 90 -- c . AD 168 ) stated , `` We consider it a good principle to explain the phenomena by the simplest hypothesis possible . '' Phrases such as `` It is vain to do with more what can be done with fewer '' and `` A plurality is not to be posited without necessity '' were commonplace in 13th - century scholastic writing . Robert Grosseteste , in Commentary on ( Aristotle 's ) the Posterior Analytics Books ( Commentarius in Posteriorum Analyticorum Libros ) ( c. 1217 -- 1220 ) , declares : `` That is better and more valuable which requires fewer , other circumstances being equal ... For if one thing were demonstrated from many and another thing from fewer equally known premises , clearly that is better which is from fewer because it makes us know quickly , just as a universal demonstration is better than particular because it produces knowledge from fewer premises . Similarly in natural science , in moral science , and in metaphysics the best is that which needs no premises and the better that which needs the fewer , other circumstances being equal . '' The Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 -- 1274 ) states that `` it is superfluous to suppose that what can be accounted for by a few principles has been produced by many . '' Aquinas uses this principle to construct an objection to God 's existence , an objection that he in turn answers and refutes generally ( cf . quinque viae ) , and specifically , through an argument based on causality . Hence , Aquinas acknowledges the principle that today is known as Occam 's razor , but prefers causal explanations to other simple explanations ( cf. also Correlation does not imply causation ) . William of Ockham ( edit ) William of Ockham ( circa 1287 -- 1347 ) was an English Franciscan friar and theologian , an influential medieval philosopher and a nominalist . His popular fame as a great logician rests chiefly on the maxim attributed to him and known as Occam 's razor . The term razor refers to distinguishing between two hypotheses either by `` shaving away '' unnecessary assumptions or cutting apart two similar conclusions . While it has been claimed that Occam 's razor is not found in any of William 's writings , one can cite statements such as Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate ( Plurality must never be posited without necessity ) , which occurs in his theological work on the ' Sentences of Peter Lombard ' ( Quaestiones et decisiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi ( ed . Lugd. , 1495 ) , i , dist. 27 , qu. 2 , K ) . Nevertheless , the precise words sometimes attributed to William of Ockham , entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem ( entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity ) , are absent in his extant works ; this particular phrasing comes from John Punch , who described the principle as a `` common axiom '' ( axioma vulgare ) of the Scholastics . William of Ockham 's contribution seems to restrict the operation of this principle in matters pertaining to miracles and God 's power ; so , in the Eucharist , a plurality of miracles is possible , simply because it pleases God . This principle is sometimes phrased as `` pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate '' ( `` plurality should not be posited without necessity '' ) . In his Summa Totius Logicae , i . 12 , William of Ockham cites the principle of economy , Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora ( It is futile to do with more things that which can be done with fewer `` ) . ( Thorburn , 1918 , pp. 352 -- 53 ; Kneale and Kneale , 1962 , p. 243 . ) Later formulations ( edit ) To quote Isaac Newton , `` We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances . Therefore , to the same natural effects we must , as far as possible , assign the same causes . '' Bertrand Russell offers a particular version of Occam 's razor : `` Whenever possible , substitute constructions out of known entities for inferences to unknown entities . '' Around 1960 , Ray Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference , the theory of prediction based on observations ; for example , predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols . The only assumption is that the environment follows some unknown but computable probability distribution . This theory is a mathematical formalization of Occam 's razor . Another technical approach to Occam 's razor is ontological parsimony . Parsimony means spareness and is also referred to as the Rule of Simplicity . This is considered a strong version of Occam 's razor . A variation used in medicine is called the `` Zebra '' : a doctor should reject an exotic medical diagnosis when a more commonplace explanation is more likely , derived from Theodore Woodward 's dictum `` When you hear hoofbeats , think of horses not zebras '' . Ernst Mach formulated the stronger version of Occam 's razor into physics , which he called the Principle of Economy stating : `` Scientists must use the simplest means of arriving at their results and exclude everything not perceived by the senses . '' This principle goes back at least as far as Aristotle , who wrote `` Nature operates in the shortest way possible . '' The idea of parsimony or simplicity in deciding between theories , though not the intent of the original expression of Occam 's razor , has been assimilated into our culture as the widespread layman 's formulation that `` the simplest explanation is usually the correct one . '' Justifications ( edit ) Aesthetic ( edit ) Prior to the 20th century , it was a commonly held belief that nature itself was simple and that simpler hypotheses about nature were thus more likely to be true . This notion was deeply rooted in the aesthetic value that simplicity holds for human thought and the justifications presented for it often drew from theology . Thomas Aquinas made this argument in the 13th century , writing , `` If a thing can be done adequately by means of one , it is superfluous to do it by means of several ; for we observe that nature does not employ two instruments ( if ) one suffices . '' Beginning in the 20th century , epistemological justifications based on induction , logic , pragmatism , and especially probability theory have become more popular among philosophers . Empirical ( edit ) Occam 's razor has gained strong empirical support in helping to converge on better theories ( see `` Applications '' section below for some examples ) . In the related concept of overfitting , excessively complex models are affected by statistical noise ( a problem also known as the bias - variance trade - off ) , whereas simpler models may capture the underlying structure better and may thus have better predictive performance . It is , however , often difficult to deduce which part of the data is noise ( cf . model selection , test set , minimum description length , Bayesian inference , etc . ) . Testing the razor ( edit ) The razor 's statement that `` other things being equal , simpler explanations are generally better than more complex ones '' is amenable to empirical testing . Another interpretation of the razor 's statement would be that `` simpler hypotheses are generally better than the complex ones '' . The procedure to test the former interpretation would compare the track records of simple and comparatively complex explanations . If one accepts the first interpretation , the validity of Occam 's razor as a tool would then have to be rejected if the more complex explanations were more often correct than the less complex ones ( while the converse would lend support to its use ) . If the latter interpretation is accepted , the validity of Occam 's razor as a tool could possibly be accepted if the simpler hypotheses led to correct conclusions more often than not . Possible explanations can become needlessly complex . It is coherent , for instance , to add the involvement of leprechauns to any explanation , but Occam 's razor would prevent such additions unless they were necessary . Some increases in complexity are sometimes necessary . So there remains a justified general bias toward the simpler of two competing explanations . To understand why , consider that for each accepted explanation of a phenomenon , there is always an infinite number of possible , more complex , and ultimately incorrect , alternatives . This is so because one can always burden a failing explanation with an ad hoc hypothesis . Ad hoc hypotheses are justifications that prevent theories from being falsified . Even other empirical criteria , such as consilience , can never truly eliminate such explanations as competition . Each true explanation , then , may have had many alternatives that were simpler and false , but also an infinite number of alternatives that were more complex and false . But if an alternative ad hoc hypothesis were indeed justifiable , its implicit conclusions would be empirically verifiable . On a commonly accepted repeatability principle , these alternative theories have never been observed and continue to escape observation . In addition , one does not say an explanation is true if it has not withstood this principle . Put another way , any new , and even more complex , theory can still possibly be true . For example , if an individual makes supernatural claims that leprechauns were responsible for breaking a vase , the simpler explanation would be that he is mistaken , but ongoing ad hoc justifications ( e.g. `` ... and that 's not me on the film ; they tampered with that , too '' ) successfully prevent outright falsification . This endless supply of elaborate competing explanations , called saving hypotheses , can not be ruled out -- except by using Occam 's razor . A study of the predictive validity of Occam 's razor found 32 published papers that included 97 comparisons of economic forecasts from simple and complex forecasting methods . None of the papers provided a balance of evidence that complexity of method improved forecast accuracy . In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons , complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent . Practical considerations and pragmatism ( edit ) See also : Pragmatism and Problem of Induction Mathematical ( edit ) One justification of Occam 's razor is a direct result of basic probability theory . By definition , all assumptions introduce possibilities for error ; if an assumption does not improve the accuracy of a theory , its only effect is to increase the probability that the overall theory is wrong . There have also been other attempts to derive Occam 's razor from probability theory , including notable attempts made by Harold Jeffreys and E.T. Jaynes . The probabilistic ( Bayesian ) basis for Occam 's razor is elaborated by David J.C. MacKay in chapter 28 of his book Information Theory , Inference , and Learning Algorithms , where he emphasizes that a prior bias in favour of simpler models is not required . William H. Jefferys and James O. Berger ( 1991 ) generalize and quantify the original formulation 's `` assumptions '' concept as the degree to which a proposition is unnecessarily accommodating to possible observable data . They state , `` A hypothesis with fewer adjustable parameters will automatically have an enhanced posterior probability , due to the fact that the predictions it makes are sharp . '' The model they propose balances the precision of a theory 's predictions against their sharpness -- preferring theories that sharply make correct predictions over theories that accommodate a wide range of other possible results . This , again , reflects the mathematical relationship between key concepts in Bayesian inference ( namely marginal probability , conditional probability , and posterior probability ) . The bias -- variance tradeoff is a framework that incorporates the Occam 's razor principal in its balance between overfitting ( i.e. variance minimization ) and underfitting ( i.e. bias minimization ) . Other philosophers ( edit ) Karl Popper ( edit ) Karl Popper argues that a preference for simple theories need not appeal to practical or aesthetic considerations . Our preference for simplicity may be justified by its falsifiability criterion : we prefer simpler theories to more complex ones `` because their empirical content is greater ; and because they are better testable '' ( Popper 1992 ) . The idea here is that a simple theory applies to more cases than a more complex one , and is thus more easily falsifiable . This is again comparing a simple theory to a more complex theory where both explain the data equally well . Elliott Sober ( edit ) The philosopher of science Elliott Sober once argued along the same lines as Popper , tying simplicity with `` informativeness '' : The simplest theory is the more informative , in the sense that it requires less information to a question . He has since rejected this account of simplicity , purportedly because it fails to provide an epistemic justification for simplicity . He now believes that simplicity considerations ( and considerations of parsimony in particular ) do not count unless they reflect something more fundamental . Philosophers , he suggests , may have made the error of hypostatizing simplicity ( i.e. , endowed it with a sui generis existence ) , when it has meaning only when embedded in a specific context ( Sober 1992 ) . If we fail to justify simplicity considerations on the basis of the context in which we use them , we may have no non-circular justification : `` Just as the question ' why be rational ? ' may have no non-circular answer , the same may be true of the question ' why should simplicity be considered in evaluating the plausibility of hypotheses ? ' '' Richard Swinburne ( edit ) Richard Swinburne argues for simplicity on logical grounds : ... the simplest hypothesis proposed as an explanation of phenomena is more likely to be the true one than is any other available hypothesis , that its predictions are more likely to be true than those of any other available hypothesis , and that it is an ultimate a priori epistemic principle that simplicity is evidence for truth . -- Swinburne 1997 According to Swinburne , since our choice of theory can not be determined by data ( see Underdetermination and Duhem - Quine thesis ) , we must rely on some criterion to determine which theory to use . Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data - compliant hypotheses , we should choose the simplest theory : `` Either science is irrational ( in the way it judges theories and predictions probable ) or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth . '' ( Swinburne 1997 ) . Ludwig wittgenstein ( edit ) From the Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus : 3.328 `` If a sign is not necessary then it is meaningless . That is the meaning of Occam 's Razor . '' ( If everything in the symbolism works as though a sign had meaning , then it has meaning . ) 4.04 `` In the proposition there must be exactly as many things distinguishable as there are in the state of affairs , which it represents . They must both possess the same logical ( mathematical ) multiplicity ( cf . Hertz 's Mechanics , on Dynamic Models ) . '' 5.47321 `` Occam 's Razor is , of course , not an arbitrary rule nor one justified by its practical success . It simply says that unnecessary elements in a symbolism mean nothing . Signs which serve one purpose are logically equivalent ; signs which serve no purpose are logically meaningless . '' and on the related concept of `` simplicity '' : 6.363 `` The procedure of induction consists in accepting as true the simplest law that can be reconciled with our experiences . '' Applications ( edit ) Science and the scientific method ( edit ) Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1660 ) . Future positions of the sun , moon and other solar system bodies can be calculated using a geocentric model ( the earth is at the centre ) or using a heliocentric model ( the sun is at the centre ) . Both work , but the geocentric model arrives at the same conclusions through a much more complex system of calculations than the heliocentric model . This was pointed out in a preface to Copernicus ' first edition of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . In science , Occam 's razor is used as a heuristic to guide scientists in developing theoretical models rather than as an arbiter between published models . In physics , parsimony was an important heuristic in Albert Einstein 's formulation of special relativity , in the development and application of the principle of least action by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Leonhard Euler , and in the development of quantum mechanics by Max Planck , Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie . In chemistry , Occam 's razor is often an important heuristic when developing a model of a reaction mechanism . Although it is useful as a heuristic in developing models of reaction mechanisms , it has been shown to fail as a criterion for selecting among some selected published models . In this context , Einstein himself expressed caution when he formulated Einstein 's Constraint : `` It can scarcely be denied that the supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience '' . An often - quoted version of this constraint ( which can not be verified as posited by Einstein himself ) says `` Everything should be kept as simple as possible , but not simpler . '' In the scientific method , parsimony is an epistemological , metaphysical or heuristic preference , not an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result . As a logical principle , Occam 's razor would demand that scientists accept the simplest possible theoretical explanation for existing data . However , science has shown repeatedly that future data often support more complex theories than do existing data . Science prefers the simplest explanation that is consistent with the data available at a given time , but the simplest explanation may be ruled out as new data become available . That is , science is open to the possibility that future experiments might support more complex theories than demanded by current data and is more interested in designing experiments to discriminate between competing theories than favoring one theory over another based merely on philosophical principles . When scientists use the idea of parsimony , it has meaning only in a very specific context of inquiry . Several background assumptions are required for parsimony to connect with plausibility in a particular research problem . The reasonableness of parsimony in one research context may have nothing to do with its reasonableness in another . It is a mistake to think that there is a single global principle that spans diverse subject matter . It has been suggested that Occam 's razor is a widely accepted example of extraevidential consideration , even though it is entirely a metaphysical assumption . There is little empirical evidence that the world is actually simple or that simple accounts are more likely to be true than complex ones . Most of the time , Occam 's razor is a conservative tool , cutting out `` crazy , complicated constructions '' and assuring `` that hypotheses are grounded in the science of the day '' , thus yielding `` normal '' science : models of explanation and prediction . There are , however , notable exceptions where Occam 's razor turns a conservative scientist into a reluctant revolutionary . For example , Max Planck interpolated between the Wien and Jeans radiation laws and used Occam 's razor logic to formulate the quantum hypothesis , even resisting that hypothesis as it became more obvious that it was correct . Appeals to simplicity were used to argue against the phenomena of meteorites , ball lightning , continental drift , and reverse transcriptase . One can argue for atomic building blocks for matter , because it provides a simpler explanation for the observed reversibility of both mixing and chemical reactions as simple separation and rearrangements of atomic building blocks . At the time , however , the atomic theory was considered more complex because it implied the existence of invisible particles that had not been directly detected . Ernst Mach and the logical positivists rejected John Dalton 's atomic theory until the reality of atoms was more evident in Brownian motion , as shown by Albert Einstein . In the same way , postulating the aether is more complex than transmission of light through a vacuum . At the time , however , all known waves propagated through a physical medium , and it seemed simpler to postulate the existence of a medium than to theorize about wave propagation without a medium . Likewise , Newton 's idea of light particles seemed simpler than Christiaan Huygens 's idea of waves , so many favored it . In this case , as it turned out , neither the wave -- nor the particle -- explanation alone suffices , as light behaves like waves and like particles . Three axioms presupposed by the scientific method are realism ( the existence of objective reality ) , the existence of natural laws , and the constancy of natural law . Rather than depend on provability of these axioms , science depends on the fact that they have not been objectively falsified . Occam 's razor and parsimony support , but do not prove , these axioms of science . The general principle of science is that theories ( or models ) of natural law must be consistent with repeatable experimental observations . This ultimate arbiter ( selection criterion ) rests upon the axioms mentioned above . There are examples where Occam 's razor would have favored the wrong theory given the available data . Simplicity principles are useful philosophical preferences for choosing a more likely theory from among several possibilities that are all consistent with available data . A single instance of Occam 's razor favoring a wrong theory falsifies the razor as a general principle . Michael Lee and others provide cases in which a parsimonious approach does not guarantee a correct conclusion and , if based on incorrect working hypotheses or interpretations of incomplete data , may even strongly support a false conclusion . If multiple models of natural law make exactly the same testable predictions , they are equivalent and there is no need for parsimony to choose a preferred one . For example , Newtonian , Hamiltonian and Lagrangian classical mechanics are equivalent . Physicists have no interest in using Occam 's razor to say the other two are wrong . Likewise , there is no demand for simplicity principles to arbitrate between wave and matrix formulations of quantum mechanics . Science often does not demand arbitration or selection criteria between models that make the same testable predictions . Biology ( edit ) Biologists or philosophers of biology use Occam 's razor in either of two contexts both in evolutionary biology : the units of selection controversy and systematics . George C. Williams in his book Adaptation and Natural Selection ( 1966 ) argues that the best way to explain altruism among animals is based on low - level ( i.e. , individual ) selection as opposed to high - level group selection . Altruism is defined by some evolutionary biologists ( e.g. , R. Alexander , 1987 ; W.D. Hamilton , 1964 ) as behavior that is beneficial to others ( or to the group ) at a cost to the individual , and many posit individual selection as the mechanism that explains altruism solely in terms of the behaviors of individual organisms acting in their own self - interest ( or in the interest of their genes , via kin selection ) . Williams was arguing against the perspective of others who propose selection at the level of the group as an evolutionary mechanism that selects for altruistic traits ( e.g. , D.S. Wilson & E.O. Wilson , 2007 ) . The basis for Williams ' contention is that of the two , individual selection is the more parsimonious theory . In doing so he is invoking a variant of Occam 's razor known as Morgan 's Canon : `` In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes , if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development . '' ( Morgan 1903 ) . However , more recent biological analyses , such as Richard Dawkins ' The Selfish Gene , have contended that Morgan 's Canon is not the simplest and most basic explanation . Dawkins argues the way evolution works is that the genes propagated in most copies end up determining the development of that particular species , i.e. , natural selection turns out to select specific genes , and this is really the fundamental underlying principle that automatically gives individual and group selection as emergent features of evolution . Zoology provides an example . Muskoxen , when threatened by wolves , form a circle with the males on the outside and the females and young on the inside . This is an example of a behavior by the males that seems to be altruistic . The behavior is disadvantageous to them individually but beneficial to the group as a whole and was thus seen by some to support the group selection theory . Another interpretation is kin selection : if the males are protecting their offspring , they are protecting copies of their own alleles . Engaging in this behavior would be favored by individual selection if the cost to the male musk ox is less than half of the benefit received by his calf -- which could easily be the case if wolves have an easier time killing calves than adult males . It could also be the case that male musk oxen would be individually less likely to be killed by wolves if they stood in a circle with their horns pointing out , regardless of whether they were protecting the females and offspring . That would be an example of regular natural selection -- a phenomenon called `` the selfish herd '' . Systematics is the branch of biology that attempts to establish patterns of genealogical relationship among biological taxa . It is also concerned with their classification . There are three primary camps in systematics : cladists , pheneticists , and evolutionary taxonomists . The cladists hold that genealogy alone should determine classification , pheneticists contend that overall similarity is the determining criterion , while evolutionary taxonomists say that both genealogy and similarity count in classification . It is among the cladists that Occam 's razor is to be found , although their term for it is cladistic parsimony . Cladistic parsimony ( or maximum parsimony ) is a method of phylogenetic inference in the construction of types of phylogenetic trees ( more specifically , cladograms ) . Cladograms are branching , tree - like structures used to represent hypotheses of relative degree of relationship , based on shared , derived character states . Cladistic parsimony is used to select as the preferred hypothesis of relationships the cladogram that requires the fewest implied character state transformations . Critics of the cladistic approach often observe that for some types of tree , parsimony consistently produces the wrong results , regardless of how much data is collected ( this is called statistical inconsistency , or long branch attraction ) . However , this criticism is also potentially true for any type of phylogenetic inference , unless the model used to estimate the tree reflects the way that evolution actually happened . Because this information is not empirically accessible , the criticism of statistical inconsistency against parsimony holds no force . For a book - length treatment of cladistic parsimony , see Elliott Sober 's Reconstructing the Past : Parsimony , Evolution , and Inference ( 1988 ) . For a discussion of both uses of Occam 's razor in biology , see Sober 's article `` Let 's Razor Ockham 's Razor '' ( 1990 ) . Other methods for inferring evolutionary relationships use parsimony in a more traditional way . Likelihood methods for phylogeny use parsimony as they do for all likelihood tests , with hypotheses requiring few differing parameters ( i.e. , numbers of different rates of character change or different frequencies of character state transitions ) being treated as null hypotheses relative to hypotheses requiring many differing parameters . Thus , complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses . Recent advances employ information theory , a close cousin of likelihood , which uses Occam 's razor in the same way . Francis Crick has commented on potential limitations of Occam 's razor in biology . He advances the argument that because biological systems are the products of ( an ongoing ) natural selection , the mechanisms are not necessarily optimal in an obvious sense . He cautions : `` While Ockham 's razor is a useful tool in the physical sciences , it can be a very dangerous implement in biology . It is thus very rash to use simplicity and elegance as a guide in biological research . '' In biogeography , parsimony is used to infer ancient migrations of species or populations by observing the geographic distribution and relationships of existing organisms . Given the phylogenetic tree , ancestral migrations are inferred to be those that require the minimum amount of total movement . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Existence of God In the philosophy of religion , Occam 's razor is sometimes applied to the existence of God . William of Ockham himself was a Christian . He believed in God , and in the authority of Scripture ; he writes that `` nothing ought to be posited without a reason given , unless it is self - evident ( literally , known through itself ) or known by experience or proved by the authority of Sacred Scripture . '' Ockham believed that an explanation has no sufficient basis in reality when it does not harmonize with reason , experience , or the Bible . However , unlike many theologians of his time , Ockham did not believe God could be logically proven with arguments . To Ockham , science was a matter of discovery , but theology was a matter of revelation and faith . He states : `` only faith gives us access to theological truths . The ways of God are not open to reason , for God has freely chosen to create a world and establish a way of salvation within it apart from any necessary laws that human logic or rationality can uncover . '' St. Thomas Aquinas , in the Summa Theologica , uses a formulation of Occam 's razor to construct an objection to the idea that God exists , which he refutes directly with a counterargument : Further , it is superfluous to suppose that what can be accounted for by a few principles has been produced by many . But it seems that everything we see in the world can be accounted for by other principles , supposing God did not exist . For all natural things can be reduced to one principle which is nature ; and all voluntary things can be reduced to one principle which is human reason , or will . Therefore there is no need to suppose God 's existence . In turn , Aquinas answers this with the quinque viae , and addresses the particular objection above with the following answer : Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent , whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God , as to its first cause . So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will , since these can change or fail ; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self - necessary first principle , as was shown in the body of the Article . Rather than argue for the necessity of a god , some theists base their belief upon grounds independent of , or prior to , reason , making Occam 's razor irrelevant . This was the stance of Søren Kierkegaard , who viewed belief in God as a leap of faith that sometimes directly opposed reason . This is also the doctrine of Gordon Clark 's presuppositional apologetics , with the exception that Clark never thought the leap of faith was contrary to reason ( see also Fideism ) . Various arguments in favor of God establish God as a useful or even necessary assumption . Contrastingly some anti-theists hold firmly to the belief that assuming the existence of God introduces unnecessary complexity ( Schmitt 2005 , e.g. , the Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit ) . Another application of the principle is to be found in the work of George Berkeley ( 1685 -- 1753 ) . Berkeley was an idealist who believed that all of reality could be explained in terms of the mind alone . He invoked Occam 's razor against materialism , stating that matter was not required by his metaphysic and was thus eliminable . One potential problem with this belief is that it 's possible , given Berkeley 's position , to find solipsism itself more in line with the razor than a God - mediated world beyond a single thinker . Occam 's razor may also be recognized in the apocryphal story about an exchange between Pierre - Simon Laplace and Napoleon . It is said that in praising Laplace for one of his recent publications , the emperor asked how it was that the name of God , which featured so frequently in the writings of Lagrange , appeared nowhere in Laplace 's . At that , he is said to have replied , `` It 's because I had no need of that hypothesis . '' Though some point to this story as illustrating Laplace 's atheism , more careful consideration suggests that he may instead have intended merely to illustrate the power of methodological naturalism , or even simply that the fewer logical premises one assumes , the stronger is one 's conclusion . In his article `` Sensations and Brain Processes '' ( 1959 ) , J.J.C. Smart invoked Occam 's razor with the aim to justify his preference of the mind - brain identity theory over spirit - body dualism . Dualists state that there are two kinds of substances in the universe : physical ( including the body ) and spiritual , which is non-physical . In contrast , identity theorists state that everything is physical , including consciousness , and that there is nothing nonphysical . Though it is impossible to appreciate the spiritual when limiting oneself to the physical , Smart maintained that identity theory explains all phenomena by assuming only a physical reality . Subsequently , Smart has been severely criticized for his use ( or misuse ) of Occam 's razor and ultimately retracted his advocacy of it in this context . Paul Churchland ( 1984 ) states that by itself Occam 's razor is inconclusive regarding duality . In a similar way , Dale Jacquette ( 1994 ) stated that Occam 's razor has been used in attempts to justify eliminativism and reductionism in the philosophy of mind . Eliminativism is the thesis that the ontology of folk psychology including such entities as `` pain '' , `` joy '' , `` desire '' , `` fear '' , etc. , are eliminable in favor of an ontology of a completed neuroscience . Penal ethics ( edit ) In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment , parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment . In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment , Jeremy Bentham 's `` parsimony principle '' states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust . The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality . Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice , and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment , as well as the prison abolition movement . Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual -- an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one , since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted . Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea , in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal 's relative sensitivity to specific punishments . Probability theory and Statistics ( edit ) Marcus Hutter 's universal artificial intelligence builds upon Solomonoff 's mathematical formalization of the razor to calculate the expected value of an action . There are various papers in scholarly journals deriving formal versions of Occam 's razor from probability theory , applying it in statistical inference , and using it to come up with criteria for penalizing complexity in statistical inference . Papers have suggested a connection between Occam 's razor and Kolmogorov complexity . One of the problems with the original formulation of the razor is that it only applies to models with the same explanatory power ( i.e. , it only tells us to prefer the simplest of equally good models ) . A more general form of the razor can be derived from Bayesian model comparison , which is based on Bayes factors and can be used to compare models that do n't fit the observations equally well . These methods can sometimes optimally balance the complexity and power of a model . Generally , the exact Occam factor is intractable , but approximations such as Akaike information criterion , Bayesian information criterion , Variational Bayesian methods , false discovery rate , and Laplace 's method are used . Many artificial intelligence researchers are now employing such techniques , for instance through work on Occam Learning or more generally on the Free energy principle . Statistical versions of Occam 's razor have a more rigorous formulation than what philosophical discussions produce . In particular , they must have a specific definition of the term simplicity , and that definition can vary . For example , in the Kolmogorov -- Chaitin minimum description length approach , the subject must pick a Turing machine whose operations describe the basic operations believed to represent `` simplicity '' by the subject . However , one could always choose a Turing machine with a simple operation that happened to construct one 's entire theory and would hence score highly under the razor . This has led to two opposing camps : one that believes Occam 's razor is objective , and one that believes it is subjective . Objective razor ( edit ) The minimum instruction set of a universal Turing machine requires approximately the same length description across different formulations , and is small compared to the Kolmogorov complexity of most practical theories . Marcus Hutter has used this consistency to define a `` natural '' Turing machine of small size as the proper basis for excluding arbitrarily complex instruction sets in the formulation of razors . Describing the program for the universal program as the `` hypothesis '' , and the representation of the evidence as program data , it has been formally proven under Zermelo -- Fraenkel set theory that `` the sum of the log universal probability of the model plus the log of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized . '' Interpreting this as minimising the total length of a two - part message encoding model followed by data given model gives us the minimum message length ( MML ) principle . One possible conclusion from mixing the concepts of Kolmogorov complexity and Occam 's razor is that an ideal data compressor would also be a scientific explanation / formulation generator . Some attempts have been made to re-derive known laws from considerations of simplicity or compressibility . According to Jürgen Schmidhuber , the appropriate mathematical theory of Occam 's razor already exists , namely , Solomonoff 's theory of optimal inductive inference and its extensions . See discussions in David L. Dowe 's `` Foreword re C.S. Wallace '' for the subtle distinctions between the algorithmic probability work of Solomonoff and the MML work of Chris Wallace , and see Dowe 's `` MML , hybrid Bayesian network graphical models , statistical consistency , invariance and uniqueness '' both for such discussions and for ( in section 4 ) discussions of MML and Occam 's razor . For a specific example of MML as Occam 's razor in the problem of decision tree induction , see Dowe and Needham 's `` Message Length as an Effective Ockham 's Razor in Decision Tree Induction '' . Controversial aspects of the razor ( edit ) Occam 's razor is not an embargo against the positing of any kind of entity , or a recommendation of the simplest theory come what may . Occam 's razor is used to adjudicate between theories that have already passed `` theoretical scrutiny '' tests and are equally well - supported by evidence . Furthermore , it may be used to prioritize empirical testing between two equally plausible but unequally testable hypotheses ; thereby minimizing costs and wastes while increasing chances of falsification of the simpler - to - test hypothesis . Another contentious aspect of the razor is that a theory can become more complex in terms of its structure ( or syntax ) , while its ontology ( or semantics ) becomes simpler , or vice versa . Quine , in a discussion on definition , referred to these two perspectives as `` economy of practical expression '' and `` economy in grammar and vocabulary '' , respectively . Galileo Galilei lampooned the misuse of Occam 's razor in his Dialogue . The principle is represented in the dialogue by Simplicio . The telling point that Galileo presented ironically was that if one really wanted to start from a small number of entities , one could always consider the letters of the alphabet as the fundamental entities , since one could construct the whole of human knowledge out of them . Anti-razors ( edit ) Occam 's razor has met some opposition from people who have considered it too extreme or rash . Walter Chatton ( c. 1290 -- 1343 ) was a contemporary of William of Ockham ( c. 1287 -- 1347 ) who took exception to Occam 's razor and Ockham 's use of it . In response he devised his own anti-razor : `` If three things are not enough to verify an affirmative proposition about things , a fourth must be added , and so on . '' Although there have been a number of philosophers who have formulated similar anti-razors since Chatton 's time , no one anti-razor has perpetuated in as much notability as Chatton 's anti-razor , although this could be the case of the Late Renaissance Italian motto of unknown attribution Se non è vero , è ben trovato ( `` Even if it is not true , it is well conceived '' ) when referred to a particularly artful explanation . Anti-razors have also been created by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 -- 1716 ) , Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) , and Karl Menger ( 1902 -- 1985 ) . Leibniz 's version took the form of a principle of plenitude , as Arthur Lovejoy has called it : the idea being that God created the most varied and populous of possible worlds . Kant felt a need to moderate the effects of Occam 's razor and thus created his own counter-razor : `` The variety of beings should not rashly be diminished . '' Karl Menger found mathematicians to be too parsimonious with regard to variables , so he formulated his Law Against Miserliness , which took one of two forms : `` Entities must not be reduced to the point of inadequacy '' and `` It is vain to do with fewer what requires more . '' A less serious but ( some might say ) even more extremist anti-razor is ' Pataphysics , the `` science of imaginary solutions '' developed by Alfred Jarry ( 1873 -- 1907 ) . Perhaps the ultimate in anti-reductionism , `` ' Pataphysics seeks no less than to view each event in the universe as completely unique , subject to no laws but its own . '' Variations on this theme were subsequently explored by the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges in his story / mock - essay `` Tlön , Uqbar , Orbis Tertius '' . There is also Crabtree 's Bludgeon , which cynically states that `` ( n ) o set of mutually inconsistent observations can exist for which some human intellect can not conceive a coherent explanation , however complicated . '' See also ( edit ) Thinking portal Logic portal Science portal Algorithmic information theory Assume a can opener Chekhov 's gun Common sense Conjunction fallacy Cladistics Duck test Eliminative materialism Explanatory power Falsifiability Framing ( social sciences ) Greedy reductionism Hanlon 's razor Hickam 's dictum Hitchens 's razor Inductive probability KISS principle McNamara fallacy Metaphysical naturalism Minimum description length Minimum message length Newton 's flaming laser sword Philosophy of science Principle of least astonishment Pseudoscience Rationalism Razor ( philosophy ) Regress argument Scientific method Scientific reductionism Scientific skepticism Simplicity Sparse Matrix Spherical cow Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ockham 's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis , the better . '' Jump up ^ `` Today , we think of the principle of parsimony as a heuristic device . We do n't assume that the simpler theory is correct and the more complex one false . We know from experience that more often than not the theory that requires more complicated machinations is wrong . Until proved otherwise , the more complex theory competing with a simpler explanation should be put on the back burner , but not thrown onto the trash heap of history until proven false . '' Jump up ^ `` While these two facets of simplicity are frequently conflated , it is important to treat them as distinct . One reason for doing so is that considerations of parsimony and of elegance typically pull in different directions . Postulating extra entities may allow a theory to be formulated more simply , while reducing the ontology of a theory may only be possible at the price of making it syntactically more complex . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugh G. Gauch , Scientific Method in Practice , Cambridge University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 01708 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01708 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Roald ; Minkin , Vladimir I. ; Carpenter , Barry K. ( 1997 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor and Chemistry '' . International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry . 3 : 3 -- 28 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Baker ( 2010 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Simplicity '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . California : Stanford University . ISSN 1095 - 5054 . ^ Jump up to : Courtney , A. ; Courtney , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Comments Regarding ' On the Nature of Science ' '' . Physics in Canada . 64 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 8 . arXiv : 0812.4932 . Bibcode : 2008arXiv0812. 4932C . ^ Jump up to : Sober , Elliott ( 1994 ) . `` Let 's Razor Occam 's Razor '' . In Knowles , Dudley . Explanation and Its Limits . Cambridge University Press . pp. 73 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Sober , Elliott ( 2015 ) . Ockam 's Razor : A User 's Manual . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 1107692539 . Jump up ^ Roger Ariew , Ockham 's Razor : A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham 's Principle of Parsimony , 1976 ^ Jump up to : Johannes Poncius 's commentary on John Duns Scotus 's Opus Oxoniense , book III , dist. 34 , q. 1 . in John Duns Scotus Opera Omnia , vol. 15 , Ed . Luke Wadding , Louvain ( 1639 ) , reprinted Paris : Vives , ( 1894 ) p. 483a Jump up ^ Aristotle , Physics 189a15 , On the Heavens 271a33 . See also Franklin , op cit . note 44 to chap. 9 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , M.J. ( 1956 ) . `` Aristotle 's Razor '' . Philosophical Studies ( Ireland ) . 6 : 105 -- 112 . doi : 10.5840 / philstudies1956606 . Jump up ^ Wikipedians , Complexity and Dynamics Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . citing Richard McKeon ( tr . ) Aristotle 's Posterior Analytics ( 1963 ) p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James ( 2001 ) . The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability before Pascal . The Johns Hopkins University Press . Chap 9 . p. 241 . Jump up ^ Alistair Cameron Crombie , Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science 1100 -- 1700 ( 1953 ) pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ `` SUMMA THEOLOGICA : The existence of God ( Prima Pars , Q. 2 ) '' . Newadvent.org . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Vallee , Jacques ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` What Ockham really said '' . Boing Boing . Archived from the original on 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Laurie ( 2007 ) . The linguistics Student 's Handbook . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Flew , Antony ( 1979 ) . A Dictionary of Philosophy . London : Pan Books . p. 253 . Jump up ^ Crombie , Alistair Cameron ( 1959 ) , Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , Vol. 2 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ockham 's razor '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawking , Stephen ( 2003 ) . On the Shoulders of Giants . Running Press . p. 731 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1698 - X . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Primary source : Newton ( 2011 , p. 387 ) wrote the following two `` philosophizing rules '' at the beginning of part 3 of the Principia 1726 edition . Regula I. Causas rerum naturalium non plures admitti debere , quam quæ & veræ sint & earum phænomenis explicandis sufficient . Regula II . Ideoque effectuum naturalium ejusdem generis eædem assignandæ sunt causæ , quatenus fieri potest . Jump up ^ `` Logical Constructions '' . Jump up ^ Induction : From Kolmogorov and Solomonoff to De Finetti and Back to Kolmogorov JJ McCall -- Metroeconomica , 2004 -- Wiley Online Library . ^ Jump up to : Soklakov , A.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Occam 's Razor as a formal basis for a physical theory '' . Foundations of Physics Letters. 15 ( 2 ) : 107 . arXiv : math - ph / 0009007 . Bibcode : 2000math.ph ... 9007S . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020994407185 . Jump up ^ Rathmanner , Samuel ; Hutter , Marcus ( 2011 ) . `` A philosophical treatise of universal induction '' . Entropy. 13 ( 6 ) : 1076 -- 1136 . arXiv : 1105.5721 . Bibcode : 2011Entrp ... 13.1076 R . doi : 10.3390 / e13061076 . Jump up ^ Baker , Alan ( February 25 , 2010 ) . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . `` Simplicity '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2011 Edition ) . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Occam 's Razor ? '' . math.ucr.edu . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormy Dawn ( 17 July 2017 ) . Everywhere The Soles of Your Feet Shall Tread . ISBN 9781480838024 . Jump up ^ Sotos , John G. ( 2006 ) ( 1991 ) . Zebra Cards : An Aid to Obscure Diagnoses . Mt . Vernon , VA : Mt . Vernon Book Systems . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9818193 - 0 - 3 . Jump up ^ Becher , Erich ( 1905 ) . `` The Philosophical Views of Ernst Mach '' . The Philosophical Review . 14 ( 5 ) : 535 -- 562 . doi : 10.2307 / 2177489 . JSTOR 2177489 . Jump up ^ Pegis 1945 . Jump up ^ Stanovich , Keith E. ( 2007 ) . How to Think Straight About Psychology . Boston : Pearson Education , pp. 19 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert T. `` Ad hoc hypothesis . '' The Skeptic 's Dictionary . 22 June 2008 . Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Swinburne 1997 and Williams , Gareth T , 2008 . Jump up ^ Green , K.C. ; Armstrong , J.S. ( 2015 ) . `` Simple versus complex forecasting : The evidence '' . Journal of Business Research . 68 ( 8 ) : 1678 -- 1685 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbusres. 2015.03. 026 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Information Theory , Inference , and Learning Algorithms '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferys , William H. ; Berger , James O. ( 1991 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor and Bayesian Statistics '' ( PDF ) . American Scientist. 80 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 72 . JSTOR 29774559 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2005 . ( preprint available as `` Sharpening Occam 's Razor on a Bayesian Strop '' ) . Jump up ^ Spall , James C. ( 11 March 2005 ) . Introduction to Stochastic Search and Optimization : Estimation , Simulation , and Control . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 330 -- 331 . ISBN 9780471441908 . Jump up ^ Sober , Elliott ( 1975 ) . Simplicity . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 824407 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sober , Elliott ( 2004 ) . `` What is the Problem of Simplicity ? '' . In Zellner , Arnold ; Keuzenkamp , Hugo A. ; McAleer , Michael . Simplicity , Inference and Modeling : Keeping it Sophisticatedly Simple . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . pp. 13 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80361 - 6 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 ISBN 0 - 511 - 00748 - 5 ( eBook ( Adobe Reader ) ) templatestyles stripmarker in postscript = at position 13 ( help ) paper as pdf Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1905 ) . `` Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content ? '' . Annalen der Physik ( in German ) ( 18 ) : 639 -- 41 . Jump up ^ L. Nash , The Nature of the Natural Sciences , Boston : Little , Brown ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ de Maupertuis , P.L.M. ( 1744 ) . `` Mémoires de l'Académie Royale '' ( in French ) : 423 . Jump up ^ de Broglie , L. ( 1925 ) . `` Annales de Physique '' ( in French ) ( 3 / 10 ) : 22 -- 128 . Jump up ^ RA Jackson , Mechanism : An Introduction to the Study of Organic Reactions , Clarendon , Oxford , 1972 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , B.K. ( 1984 ) . Determination of Organic Reaction Mechanism , New York : Wiley - Interscience . Jump up ^ `` Everything Should Be Made as Simple as Possible , But Not Simpler '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Naomi Oreskes ; Kristin Shrader - Frechette ; Kenneth Belitz ( 4 February 1994 ) . `` Verification , Validation , and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences '' ( PDF ) . Science . 263 ( 5147 ) : 641 -- 646 . Bibcode : 1994Sci ... 263 ... 641O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 263.5147. 641 . PMID 17747657 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 May 2013 see note 25 Jump up ^ Paul Pojman ( 2009 ) . `` Ernst Mach '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . California : Stanford University . ISSN 1095 - 5054 . Jump up ^ Lee , M.S.Y. ( 2002 ) . `` Divergent evolution , hierarchy and cladistics '' . Zool . Scripta. 31 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 219 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002. 00101. x. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sober , Elliot ( 1998 ) . Reconstructing the Past : Parsimony , Evolution , and Inference ( 2nd ed . ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology : The MIT Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 69144 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brower , AVZ. 2017 . Statistical consistency and phylogenetic inference : a brief review . Cladistics . ( early view : doi : 10.1111 / cla. 12216 ) Jump up ^ Crick 1988 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` William Ockham '' . Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dale T Irvin & Scott W Sunquist . History of World Christian Movement Volume , I : Earliest Christianity to 1453 , p. 434 . ISBN 9781570753961 . Jump up ^ `` SUMMA THEOLOGICA : The existence of God ( Prima Pars , Q. 2 ) '' . Newadvent.org . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonald 2005 . Jump up ^ p. 282 , Mémoires du docteur F. Antommarchi , ou les derniers momens de Napoléon Archived 14 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , vol. 1 , 1825 , Paris : Barrois L'Ainé Jump up ^ Tonry , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Obsolescence and Immanence in Penal Theory and Policy '' ( PDF ) . Columbia Law Review . 105 : 1233 -- 1275 . ^ Jump up to : Chris S. Wallace and David M. Boulton ; Computer Journal , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , 1968 Page ( s ) : 185 -- 194 , `` An information measure for classification . '' ^ Jump up to : Chris S. Wallace and David L. Dowe ; Computer Journal , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , Sep 1999 Page ( s ) : 270 -- 283 , `` Minimum Message Length and Kolmogorov Complexity . '' Jump up ^ Nannen , Volker . `` A short introduction to Model Selection , Kolmogorov Complexity and Minimum Description Length '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Algorithmic Information Theory '' . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul M.B. Vitányi and Ming Li ; IEEE Transactions on Information Theory , Volume 46 , Issue 2 , Mar 2000 Page ( s ) : 446 -- 464 , `` Minimum Description Length Induction , Bayesianism and Kolmogorov Complexity . '' Jump up ^ Standish , Russell K ( 2000 ) . `` Why Occam 's Razor '' . Foundations of Physics Letters. 17 ( 3 ) : 255 -- 266 . arXiv : physics / 0001020 . Bibcode : 2004FoPhL ... 17 ... 255S . doi : 10.1023 / B : FOPL. 0000032475.18334. 0e . Jump up ^ Solomonoff , Ray ( 1964 ) . `` A formal theory of inductive inference . Part I . '' . Information and Control . 7 ( 1 -- 22 ) : 1964 . doi : 10.1016 / s0019 - 9958 ( 64 ) 90223 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schmidhuber , J. ( 2006 ) . `` The New AI : General & Sound & Relevant for Physics '' . In Goertzel , B. ; Pennachin , C. Artificial General Intelligence . pp. 177 -- 200 . arXiv : cs.AI/0302012 . Jump up ^ Dowe , David L. ( 2008 ) . `` Foreword re C.S. Wallace '' . Computer Journal . 51 ( 5 ) : 523 -- 560 . doi : 10.1093 / comjnl / bxm117 . Jump up ^ David L. Dowe ( 2010 ) : `` MML , hybrid Bayesian network graphical models , statistical consistency , invariance and uniqueness . A formal theory of inductive inference . '' Handbook of the Philosophy of Science -- ( HPS Volume 7 ) Philosophy of Statistics , Elsevier 2010 Page ( s ) : 901 -- 982 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140204001435/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.185.709&rep=rep1&type=pdf Jump up ^ Scott Needham and David L. Dowe ( 2001 ) : '' Message Length as an Effective Ockham 's Razor in Decision Tree Induction . '' Proc. 8th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics ( AI + STATS 2001 ) , Key West , Florida , U.S.A. , Jan. 2001 Page ( s ) : 253 -- 260 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Robert T. Carroll . `` Occam 's Razor '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 Last updated 18 February 2012 Jump up ^ Quine , WVO ( 1961 ) . `` Two dogmas of empiricism '' . From a logical point of view . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp. 20 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 32351 - 3 . Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant ( 1929 ) . Norman Kemp - Smith transl , ed . The Critique of Pure Reason . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 92 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Entium varietates non temere esse minuendas Further reading ( edit ) Ariew , Roger ( 1976 ) . Ockham 's Razor : A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham 's Principle of Parsimony . Champaign - Urbana , University of Illinois . Charlesworth , M.J. ( 1956 ) . `` Aristotle 's Razor '' . Philosophical Studies . 6 : 105 -- 112 . doi : 10.5840 / philstudies1956606 . Churchland , Paul M. ( 1984 ) . Matter and Consciousness . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 53050 - 3 . Crick , Francis H.C. ( 1988 ) . What Mad Pursuit : A Personal View of Scientific Discovery . New York , New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09137 - 7 . Dowe , David L. ; Steve Gardner ; Graham Oppy ( December 2007 ) . `` Bayes not Bust ! Why Simplicity is no Problem for Bayesians '' . British Journal for the Philosophy of Science . 58 ( 4 ) : 709 -- 754 . doi : 10.1093 / bjps / axm033 . Duda , Richard O. ; Peter E. Hart ; David G. Stork ( 2000 ) . Pattern Classification ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . pp. 487 -- 489 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 05669 - 3 . Epstein , Robert ( 1984 ) . `` The Principle of Parsimony and Some Applications in Psychology '' . Journal of Mind Behavior . 5 : 119 -- 130 . Hoffmann , Roald ; Vladimir I. Minkin ; Barry K. Carpenter ( 1997 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor and Chemistry '' . Hyle. 3 : 3 -- 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 14 . Jacquette , Dale ( 1994 ) . Philosophy of Mind . Engleswoods Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . pp. 34 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 030933 - 8 . Jaynes , Edwin Thompson ( 1994 ) . `` Model Comparison and Robustness '' . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59271 - 2 . Jefferys , William H. ; Berger , James O. ( 1991 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor and Bayesian Statistics '' . American Scientist. 80 : 64 -- 72 . ( Preprint available as `` Sharpening Occam 's Razor on a Bayesian Strop '' ) . Katz , Jerrold ( 1998 ) . Realistic Rationalism . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 11229 - 9 . Kneale , William ; Martha Kneale ( 1962 ) . The Development of Logic . London : Oxford University Press . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824183 - 6 . MacKay , David J.C. ( 2003 ) . Information Theory , Inference and Learning Algorithms . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64298 - 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Maurer , A. ( 1984 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor and Chatton 's Anti-Razor '' . Medieval Studies . 46 : 463 -- 475 . McDonald , William ( 2005 ) . `` Søren Kierkegaard '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 14 . Menger , Karl ( 1960 ) . `` A Counterpart of Ockham 's Razor in Pure and Applied Mathematics : Ontological Uses '' . Synthese. 12 ( 4 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00485426 . Morgan , C. Lloyd ( 1903 ) . `` Other Minds than Ours '' . An Introduction to Comparative Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . London : W. Scott . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 89093 - 171 - 2 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 15 . Newton , Isaac ( 2011 ) ( 1726 ) . Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Henry Pemberton . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60386 - 435 - 0 . Nolan , D. ( 1997 ) . `` Quantitative Parsimony '' . British Journal for the Philosophy of Science . 48 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 343 . doi : 10.1093 / bjps / 48.3. 329 . Pegis , A.C. , translator ( 1945 ) . Basic Writings of St. Thomas Aquinas . New York : Random House . p. 129 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 380 - 8 . Popper , Karl ( 1992 ) ( First composed 1934 ( Logik der Forschung ) ) . `` 7 . Simplicity '' . The Logic of Scientific Discovery ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Routledge . pp. 121 -- 132 . ISBN 84 - 309 - 0711 - 4 . Rodríguez - Fernández , J.L. ( 1999 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor '' . Endeavour. 23 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 125 . doi : 10.1016 / S0160 - 9327 ( 99 ) 01199 - 0 . Schmitt , Gavin C. ( 2005 ) . `` Ockham 's Razor Suggests Atheism '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 15 . Smart , J.J.C. ( 1959 ) . `` Sensations and Brain Processes '' . The Philosophical Review . 68 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 156 . doi : 10.2307 / 2182164 . JSTOR 2182164 . Sober , Elliott ( 1975 ) . Simplicity . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Sober , Elliott ( 1981 ) . `` The Principle of Parsimony '' ( PDF ) . British Journal for the Philosophy of Science . 32 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 156 . doi : 10.1093 / bjps / 32.2. 145 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Sober , Elliott ( 1990 ) . `` Let 's Razor Ockham 's Razor '' . In Dudley Knowles . Explanation and its Limits . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 73 -- 94 . Sober , Elliott ( 2002 ) . Zellner ; et al. , eds . `` What is the Problem of Simplicity ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Swinburne , Richard ( 1997 ) . Simplicity as Evidence for Truth . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 0 - 87462 - 164 - X . Thorburn , W.M. ( 1918 ) . `` The Myth of Occam 's Razor '' . Mind . 27 ( 107 ) : 345 -- 353 . doi : 10.1093 / mind / XXVII. 3.345 . Williams , George C. ( 1966 ) . Adaptation and natural selection : A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02615 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Occam 's razor . Wikiquote has quotations related to : William of Occam Look up Occam 's razor or parsimony in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Occam 's Razor '' . PlanetMath . 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Nature Boy
Nature Boy - wikipedia Nature Boy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nature Boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Nature Boy '' Single by King Cole from the album The Nat King Cole Story B - side `` Lost April '' Released March 29 , 1948 ( 1948 - 03 - 29 ) Format 10 '' Recorded August 22 , 1947 ( 1947 - 08 - 22 ) Genre Jazz pop Length 2 : 56 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) eden ahbez King Cole singles chronology `` Route 66 '' ( 1946 ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1948 ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 ) `` Route 66 '' ( 1946 ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1948 ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 ) `` Nature Boy '' is a song first recorded by American jazz singer Nat King Cole . It was released on March 29 , 1948 , as a single by Capitol Records , and later appeared on the album , The Nat King Cole Story . The song was written in 1947 by eden ahbez and is partly autobiographical . It is a tribute to ahbez 's mentor Bill Pester , who had originally introduced him to Naturmensch and Lebensreform philosophies , which ahbez practised . When Cole was performing in 1947 at the Lincoln Theater , ahbez wanted to present the song to him , but was ignored . He left the copy with Cole 's valet , and from him the singer came to know of `` Nature Boy '' . After receiving appreciation for his performance of the song , Cole wanted to record it . The recording took place on August 22 , 1947 , and featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol -- the in - house arranger of Capitol Records . He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song , to capture the `` enchanting '' vibe of the track . The lyrics are a self - portrait of ahbez and his life . The final line -- `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn , Is just to love and be loved in return '' -- is considered a poignant moment in the song , with multiple interpretations of it . `` Nature Boy '' was released amidst the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) ban of 1948 , but became commercially successful , reaching the top of the Billboard music charts and selling over a million copies . Receiving critical acclaim also , `` Nature Boy '' helped to introduce Cole to a wider audience , especially the white music market , and generated royalties for ahbez . In 1999 , the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . However , `` Nature Boy '' was also the subject of lawsuits , with Yiddish composer Herman Yablokoff claiming that it was plagiarized from his song `` Shvayg mayn harts '' ( `` Hush My Heart '' ) , which he wrote for his play Papirosn ( 1935 ) . In the end , ahbez and Yablokoff settled out of court . Following Cole 's success with the song , rival record companies released cover versions of `` Nature Boy '' by other artists like Frank Sinatra and Sarah Vaughan , which were also successful . It ultimately became a pop and jazz standard , with many artists interpreting the song , including Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga , who recorded it for their jazz collaborative album , Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) . It was also used in numerous films like The Boy with Green Hair , The Talented Mr. Ripley , and the 2001 musical Moulin Rouge ! , for which singer David Bowie recorded a techno version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and development 2 Recording and composition 3 Release and reception 4 Other versions 4.1 Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version 5 Usage in films 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Sources 8 External links Background and Development ( edit ) In 1941 , a 33 - year - old George McGrew arrived in Los Angeles and began playing piano in the Eutropheon , a small health food store and raw food restaurant on Laurel Canyon Boulevard . The café was owned by John and Vera Richter , who followed a Naturmensch and Lebensreform philosophy influenced by the Wandervogel movement in Germany . Their followers , known as `` Nature Boys '' , wore long hair and beards and ate only raw fruits and vegetables . McGrew adopted the philosophy and chose the name `` eden ahbez '' , writing and spelling his name with lower - case letters . It was there , while living in a cave near Palm Springs , that ahbez wrote `` Nature Boy '' . Partly autobiographical , the song was a tribute to his mentor Bill Pester , who had originally introduced him to Naturmensch and Lebensreform . In 1947 , at the prompting of Cowboy Jack Patton and Johnny Mercer , ahbez approached Nat King Cole 's manager backstage at the Lincoln Theater in Los Angeles , handed him a tattered copy of `` Nature Boy '' , and asked him to show it to Cole . However , his pleas were ignored and a disappointed ahbez left the sheet music of `` Nature Boy '' with Cole 's valet , Otis Pollard . From him , Cole came to know of the song and loved it . Cole began playing `` Nature Boy '' for live audiences , and he received much acclaim . Irving Berlin , who was present during one of the performances , initially offered to buy the track from Cole , but Cole decided to record it for himself . He needed to get permission from ahbez , however , before releasing it as a single , but he was not able to find the songwriter since ahbez had disappeared without providing any contact details . After ahbez was discovered living under the Hollywood Sign , Cole got his permission and recorded the song . Recording and composition ( edit ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1961 re-recording ) An 18 - second sample from Cole 's 1961 version of `` Nature Boy '' . It begins with the opening lyrics , `` There was a boy , A very strange , enchanted boy '' , which is backed by Frank De Vol 's string arrangement and flute instrumentation , there by capturing the `` enchanting '' vibe of the song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Cole 's recording , which took place on August 22 , 1947 , featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol -- the in - house arranger of Capitol Records . He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song , to capture the `` enchanting '' vibe of the track . The first two measures of the song 's melody parallel the melody of the second movement in composer Antonín Dvořák 's Piano Quintet No. 2 ( 1887 ) . Written as a pop ballad , `` Nature Boy '' follows an `` A , B '' format , with the primary three notes descending on a minor triad above the pickup note . An ascending line over the diminished ii chord returns to the initial minor triad . The harmonic structure makes frequent use of the standard ii -- V -- I progression in the key of D minor . The second 4 - bar section featured a chromatic descending line based on the lowering of the tonic ( Dm -- Dm -- Dm -- Dm ) . The same descending line then continues through Gm -- Dm , then finally ending with a whole - step down to the G in the chord Em ♭ . The lyrics of the song relate to a 1940s Los Angeles - based group called `` Nature Boys '' , a subculture of proto - hippies of which ahbez was a member . Instrumentalist Chris Tyle noted that the lyrics are a musical self - portrait of ahbez , with the lines like `` There was a boy , A very strange , enchanted boy , They say he wandered very far , Very far , over land and sea '' . But he believed that it was the song 's last line that made it the most poignant : `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn , Is just to love and be loved in return '' . Various interpretations of the line are given by academics , with the eponymous nature boy being a child , advising on love and relationship , or an adult hippie talking about his journey and inner - love . According to author Jeffrey P. Dennis , the song presented a homo - romantic theme , with the eponymous nature boy visiting Cole on a `` magic day '' and explaining that `` the greatest thing you 'll ever learn , is just to love and be loved in return '' . Author Raymond Knapp described the track as a `` mystically charged vagabond song '' whose lyrics evoked an intense sense of loss and haplessness , with the final line delivering a universal truth , described by Knapp as `` indestructible '' and `` salvaged somehow from the perilous journey of life '' . According to Joe Romersa , an engineer / drummer in Los Angeles , whom ahbez bequeathed with master tapes , photos , and final works , ahbez wanted a correction made to the lyrics saying `` To be loved in return , is too much of a deal , and there 's no deal in love . '' , and that instead it should read `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn is to love and be loved , just to love , and be loved . '' Romersa has stated that because these lyrics did not fit with the original ending melody , ahbez re-wrote it . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Nature Boy '' helped Nat King Cole to further popularize his singing career , and made him reach the white audience . In 1948 , a second `` Petrillo ban '' on music recording was enforced by American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) in response to the Taft -- Hartley Act . Capitol Records was desperate to release something for sustaining any profit , and ultimately released `` Nature Boy '' as a single on March 29 , 1948 , with catalog number 15054 . Crestview Music , which owned publishing right for Cole 's songs , sold the rights for `` Nature Boy '' to Burke - Van Heusen , who acted as distributor and selling agent . The record debuted on the Billboard charts of April 16 , 1948 , and stayed there for 15 weeks , ultimately peaking at number one . It also reached a peak of number two on the R&B charts . `` Nature Boy '' went on to sell a million copies in 1948 and Billboard DJs listed it as the greatest record of the year , with the song accumulating a total of 743 points . The 1940s , American music market was divided by race and for a black artist to cross over to mainstream pop music was difficult . Author Krin Gabbard noted in his book Jammin ' at the Margins : Jazz and the American Cinema that Cole had to wear white makeup while filming for the performance of the song . Although he had come into prominence in 1930 as a leader of the jazz trio named King Cole Trio , it was with `` Nature Boy '' that he received widespread recognition , and it was his rendition that appealed to the white audience . Cole would later use the success of the song to cancel the trio and pursue a solo recording career ; he later described `` Nature Boy '' as one of his favorites among his recordings . The success of the song allowed ahbez to accumulate about US $20,000 ( $199,363 in 2016 dollars ) in royalty . However , Billboard reported that ahbez kept only 50 % of the royalty for himself , and distributed the rest among people who had helped him in bringing the song to limelight . About 25 % was shared with Mrs. Loraine Tatum for helping him with the lyrics and the rest with Pollard , for bringing the song to Cole 's notice . `` Nature Boy '' has received wide acclaim from critics and contemporary reviewers . Author Ted Gioia noted in his book , The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire , that all the musicians `` who had created the golden age of American popular song had their quirks and idiosyncrasies , but eden ahbez demands pride and place as the most eccentric of them all '' . He added that along with promoting the hippie culture , with `` Nature Boy '' , ahbez and Cole was able to introduce a new era of black artists in white popular music . In his book Sinatra ! the Song is You : A Singer 's Art , author Will Friedwald complimented Cole 's version , saying that it had been the `` startingly fresh '' combination of the singer 's vocals along with the string section , which had made `` Nature Boy '' a hit . Stephen Cook from AllMusic said that the song transformed Cole into `` one of the most famous and beloved pop singing stars of the postwar years . '' Billboard noted that such was the popularity of the song that audiences would only stay in theaters to see Cole perform `` Nature Boy '' , and leave once he finished . A 1975 poll by the magazine listed it as the `` Greatest All - Round Record '' as well as the `` Favorite Pop Recording '' of the previous years . In 1999 , the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame , a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty - five years old and that have `` qualitative or historical significance '' . Steve Erickson from Los Angeles magazine gave a detailed positive review of the song : `` Nature Boy '' is so otherworldly in its melody and lyric that any number of interpretations over the decades , from Nat Cole 's to Alex Chilton 's , have never been able to make it ordinary . It sounds like something that , from the minute it was written , existed out of time and place -- all thousand and one Arabian Nights compressed into two and a half minutes as mediated by a cracked Mojave Debussy slugging down the last of the absinthe from his canteen . Yiddish theatre composer Herman Yablokoff claimed in his biography , Memoirs of the Yiddish Stage , that the melody to `` Nature Boy '' was plagiarized from his song `` Shvayg mayn harts '' ( `` Hush My Heart '' ) , which he wrote for his play Papirosn ( 1935 ) . When met with a lawsuit in 1951 for the plagiarization , ahbez first proclaimed his innocence , and telephoned Yablokoff to explain that he `` had heard the melody as if angels were singing it ... in the California mountains . He offered me $10,000 to withdraw the suit . I said that the money was not important , but I wanted him to admit that the song was geganvet ( stolen ) ; and if he heard angels , they must have bought a copy of my song . '' Eventually ahbez 's lawyers offered to have an out - of - court settlement , offering $25,000 ( $230,673 in 2016 dollars ) to Yablokoff , which he accepted . Freidwald remarked that `` it struck no one as ironic that a song with message of love and peace should come to symbolize how cutthroat the pop music business was becoming '' . Other versions ( edit ) Other popular versions of the song were released by Frank Sinatra ( left ) and Sarah Vaughan ( right ) The success of `` Nature Boy '' soon led to the release of a number of cover versions of the track . However , due to the AFM ban , other record companies could not release full versions with strings , only a cappella tracks . Following Cole 's version of `` Nature Boy '' , the Dick Haymes recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24439 . The record first appeared on the Billboard charts on June 4 , 1948 , and peaked at number 11 . Frank Sinatra also recorded a musicianless version , which was his only recording during the ban . Sinatra 's version of `` Nature Boy '' replaced the string sounds of the original recording with a choir conducted by Jeff Alexander , which , according to Friedwald , made the song sound like a Gregorian chant . The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38210 . It debuted on the Billboard charts on May 28 , 1948 , and peaked at number seven . Sinatra later performed the song on the radio show , Your Hit Parade , accompanied by a choir and orchestral arrangement . RCA Records planned to release versions by singers Perry Como and Bing Crosby , but they were subsequently cancelled due to the ban . Musicraft Records released Sarah Vaughan 's a cappella version on April 8 , 1948 . It was a commercial success , selling 20,000 copies on the first day and peaking at number 11 on the Billboard chart . A parody named `` Serutan Yob '' was recorded by The Unnatural Seven , an offshoot of Red Ingle and his Natural Seven that did not include Ingle due to the 1948 AFM recording ban . `` Serutan Yob '' featured vocals from Karen Tedder and Los Angeles DJ Jim Hawthorne . It was released by Capitol with catalog number 15210 , reached the Billboard charts on October 1 , 1948 , and stayed there for a total of four weeks , peaking at number 24 . In 1955 , Miles Davis recorded the song with Charles Mingus as bassist . The recording for the song was filled with tension due to an ongoing conflict between Davis and Mingus , resulting in a charged version of the song . They were assisted by Teddy Charles on vibraphone and Elvin Jones on drums . Another version was recorded by singer Bobby Darin , released in 1961 . A psychedelic rock version was recorded in 1965 by 1960s San Francisco rock band The Great Society , with lead vocals from singer Grace Slick , released on their 1968 post-breakup album How it Was . Same year , Marvin Gaye recorded and released his version on the Cole tribute album , A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole . Peggy Lee 's version of `` Nature Boy '' was recorded in 1948 , but released in 1995 as part of the compilation album , Why Do n't You Do Right ? Peggy Lee , 1947 -- 1948 . Abbey Lincoln recorded a version of the song for her 1995 album A Turtle 's Dream . Howard Reich from Chicago Tribune was impressed with the cover saying that `` the mood of reverie and awe ( that Lincoln ) expresses in ' Nature Boy ' epitomize this album 's haunting appeal . '' Celine Dion performed the song as part of her A New Day ... concert at Caesars Palace . The song appeared on her 2002 studio album , A New Day Has Come , and on her 2004 live album , A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that the decision to include `` Nature Boy '' in A New Day Has Come was inspired by the song 's appearance in Baz Luhrmann 's musical , Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) . With Billboard , Dion expressed her feelings while recording the track : `` This is the one I had the most kick out of in the studio . I could hear the pedal of the piano and the touch of the keys while I was singing . We were following each other , this is the real thing . This was such my pleasure . '' Initially strings and other instrumentation were added in post-production , but were later removed to maintain the simplicity of Cole 's version . Aaron Neville 's interpretation of the track was released in 2003 on his jazz standard album , titled Nature Boy : The Jazz Album . That year in December , Harry Connick , Jr. released a holiday themed rendition of `` Nature Boy '' , on his holiday album , Harry for the Holidays . At the tenth season of American Idol , contestant Casey Abrams presented a jazz version of the song , which was received with a standing ovation from the audience , but faced criticism from the media for the `` strange '' musical arrangements . Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version ( edit ) Gaga and Bennett performing `` Nature Boy '' on their Cheek to Cheek Tour , 2014 After recording the jazz standard `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' , American singer Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga began working on a collaborative jazz album , titled Cheek to Cheek . The recording took place over a year in New York City , and featured jazz musicians associated with both artists . Bennett 's quartet was present , including Mike Renzi , Gray Sargent , Harold Jones and Marshall Wood as well as pianist Tom Lanier . Along with Evans , jazz trumpeter Brian Newman , a long - time friend and colleague of Gaga , played on the album with his New York City based jazz quintet . Tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano and flautist Paul Horn were also enlisted as musicians . The songs were handpicked by Bennett and Gaga ; they selected tracks from the Great American Songbook including `` Nature Boy '' . It features instrumentation from flutes and drums , and has an orchestral arrangement . According to Kory Grow of Rolling Stone , Gaga sings in a Liza Minnelli inspired voice with a breathy range , followed by Bennett complimenting her with the story of meeting the titular character . `` Nature Boy '' was released for streaming on Gaga 's Vevo channel from September 16 , 2014 . Preceding the release , Gaga tweeted about the background of the song , about the death of flautist Horn , as well as about ahbez , saying `` This composer was part of a sub-culture of nomadic hippies ! We channeled our own Gypsy lives in this performance '' . Gil Kaufman from MTV News gave a positive review , saying that `` This song sounds like what you imagine a smoky jazz club in 1940s New York would feel like . '' Grow praised it as `` sublime '' , describing the track as a `` loungier '' version Gaga and Bennett 's collaboration . Dave Lewis from HitFix believed that the `` magic '' of the song really happened once Bennett 's vocals were heard , following Gaga 's singing and the orchestration . Lewis said that `` It 's not exactly ' Do What You Want with My Body ' , but Gaga and Bennett generate a different kind of heat . '' Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian said that the song was `` treated with the greatest delicacy '' . He praised the flute sounds and the contrast between Gaga 's `` vulnerable '' vocals and Bennett 's `` assured '' one . Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine gave a negative review , saying that her timbre in `` Nature Boy '' appeared inconsistent , `` shifting from soft and almost pleasant to parodic and comical , often within just a few short bars . '' `` Nature Boy '' debuted on the Billboard Trending 140 Chart at number five and within a few hours , rose to number one . It also debuted at number 22 on the Billboard Jazz Digital Songs chart . In Russia , it peaked at number 259 on the official Tophit airplay chart . Usage in films ( edit ) Singer David Bowie 's version in Moulin Rouge ! was critically appreciated The song was a primary theme of the film score for The Boy with Green Hair ( 1948 ) , for which the original version was used . The producers of the film reportedly paid $10,000 to ahbez for using the song , which was cumulatively more than what the author of the story , Betsy Beaton , was paid . A recording by Kate Ceberano was featured in the film The Crossing ( 1990 ) . The tune and lyrics feature prominently in the film Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) , for which Cole 's version was used during the closing credits , while a piano version by Roger Williams served as the opener for the film . The song was also played in intermediate scenes featuring the principal cast . Miles Davis ' recording of `` Nature Boy '' was used in the film The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) . In the book Music , Movies , Meanings , and Markets : Cinemajazzamatazz , author Morris Holbrook described the song as a `` nondiegetic performance '' , exemplifying the plot development and sexual tension in the scene featuring Matt Damon and Jude Law play chess , naked and later in a bathtub scene . The song is performed at a jazz club in the film Angel Eyes , ( 2001 ) . A version recorded by Jon Hassell on trumpet and Ronu Majumdar on flute is featured on the soundtrack . The writing of `` Nature Boy '' was the theme of a 2000 Canadian TV film of the same title , directed by Kari Skogland . Callum Keith Rennie played ahbez , writing the song for Cole , played by Terence Carson , after falling in love with a woman named Anna Jacobs , portrayed by Tanya Allen . The song was a central theme in Luhrmann 's Moulin Rouge ! `` Nature Boy '' was initially arranged as a techno song with singer David Bowie 's vocals , before being sent to the group Massive Attack , whose remix was used in the film 's closing credits . Bowie described the rendition as `` slinky and mysterious '' , adding that Robert ' 3D ' Del Naja from the group had `` put together a riveting piece of work , '' and that Bowie was `` totally pleased with the end result . '' Both Bowie 's version and Massive Attack 's remix appeared on the soundtrack . The version used in Moulin Rouge ! was sung by John Leguizamo , as Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec , during the introductory scenes , as well as by Ewan McGregor 's character , Christian . Some of the film 's premise was based on the lyrics , in particular the opening lines . The closing lyric , `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return '' is used throughout the film . While reviewing Moulin Rouge ! , Erickson noted that `` ( by ) itself , ( ' Nature Boy ' ) redeems the wonderful idea behind Luhrmann 's flawed but often wonderful movie . '' The song was performed by Rodrigo Santoro in the film Heleno ( 2012 ) , during the radio interview when he asks if he could sing a song for his wife and son . Cole 's version was again played at the start of Mike Tyson 's one - man show , Mike Tyson : Undisputed Truth , directed by Spike Lee that aired on HBO . On December 25 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox released a teaser trailer for the British - American science - fiction horror film , Alien : Covenant , using a cover of `` Nature Boy '' by singer Aurora , as the background score . See also ( edit ) List of 1940s jazz standards List of Billboard number - one singles of 1948 List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients ( J -- P ) List of songs recorded by Celine Dion List of songs recorded by Frank Sinatra List of songs recorded by Harry Connick , Jr . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture '' . Hippy.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iacobbo & Iacobbo 2004 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2010 , p. 306 Jump up ^ `` Little Known Brooklyn Residents : eden ahbez '' . Brooklyn Public Library . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nature Boy ( 1948 ) '' . JazzStandards.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richmond 2006 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Mark 2001 , p. 3602 ^ Jump up to : Dimery 2011 , pp. 200 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Heusen , Van ( May 10 , 1948 ) . `` Nature Boy : ' I Look Crazy But I 'm Not ' '' . Life . 24 ( 19 ) : 131 -- 135 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William ( September 8 , 2003 ) . `` Nat King Cole > Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gottlieb 2012 , p. 78 Jump up ^ ahbez , eden ( 2010 ) . `` Nat King Cole -- Nature Boy -- Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine ( August 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gypsy Boots , 89 ; Colorful Promoter of Healthy Food and Lifestyles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Santopietro 2009 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Dennis 2013 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Knapp 2010 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Chidester , Brian ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Eden Ahbez : The Hippie Forefather 's Final Statement to the World '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romersa , Joe ( n.d. ) . `` eden ahbez : The Correction To The Lyric '' . Shadow Box Studio . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friedwald 1997 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Nature Boy ' Scramble , But Bing No Cut '' . Billboard. 21 ( 14 ) : 15 . April 17 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 1973 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Talevski 2010 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Second Annual Disc Jockey Poll '' . Billboard. 21 ( 35 ) : 12 . October 2 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabbard 1996 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Schuller 1991 , p. 824 Jump up ^ Nat King Cole interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia 2012 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Cook , Stephen . `` Nature Boy ( Living Era ) > Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vaudeville Reviews '' . Billboard. 21 ( 23 ) : 40 . June 12 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Acts Chosen For Revived Radio Poll '' . Billboard. 87 ( 33 ) : 39 . August 16 , 1975 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Recipients '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Steve ( September 2001 ) . `` Low Fidelity '' . Los Angeles . 46 ( 9 ) : 137 . ISSN 1522 - 9149 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landis 1984 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Gabbard 2004 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Adinolfi 2008 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Wynn , Ron . `` Marvin Gaye > A Tribute to the Great Nat King Cole '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? Peggy Lee , 1947 -- 1948 : CD Recordings '' . PeggLee.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reich , Howard ( June 11 , 1995 ) . `` Abbey Lincoln : A Turtle 's Dream ( Verve ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ( Media notes ) . Céline Dion . Epic Records . 2002 . EK 92680 , ESD 56154 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Celine Dion > A New Day Has Come '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talor , Chuck ( January 26 , 2002 ) . `` ' A New Day Has Come ' : A Track Listing '' . Billboard. 114 ( 4 ) : 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Aaron Neville Reinvents Himself With New CD ' Nature Boy ' '' . Jet . Linda Johnson Rice . 104 ( 19 ) : 46 . November 3 , 2003 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Harry Connick , Jr. > Harry for the Holidays '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Detail ' Magnificent ' Collection of Duets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Album of Classic Jazz Standards To Be Released September 23 '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : Universal Music Canada . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheek to Cheek ( Liner notes ) . Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga . Baarn , Netherlands : Columbia Records , Interscope Records . 2014 . p. 6 , 9 . ( 3799884 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga And Tony Bennett 's ' Cheek To Cheek ' : A Track By Track Breakdown '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Team Up for Sublime ' Nature Boy ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to New Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Song ' Nature Boy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Set To Release ' Nature Boy ' , 9 / 16 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett get back to ' nature ' on new duet '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga review -- Gaga is a wonder '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Camp , Alexa ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett , Jamie Foxx & Nick Jonas : Real - Time Twitter Chart Rewind Ep. 16 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Digital Songs : October 11 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Tophit for Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( January 13 , 1949 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Boy With Green Hair ( 1948 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Hair Trouble '' . Life . 24 ( 50 ) : 83 . December 6 , 1948 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack > The Crossing '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Amelie ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Seven Pounds Vs. Untamed Heart '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2013 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Miles Davis > Miles in the Movies '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holbrook 2012 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Angel Eyes > Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nature Boy '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vanhorn , Teri ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Bowie , Massive Attack Updating Nat ' King ' Cole 's ' Nature Boy ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Making of Moulin Rouge ! ( Media notes ) ( in English , French , and Spanish ) . Baz Luhrmann . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . ASIN B001G8XON0 . 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Queering Teen Culture : All - American Boys and Same - Sex Desire in Film and Television . Routledge . ISBN 9781317766223 . Dimery , Robert ( 2011 ) . 1001 Songs : You Must Hear Before You Die . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781844037179 . Gabbard , Kirk ( 1996 ) . Jammin ' At The Margins : Jazz And The American Cinema . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226277882 . Gioia , Ted ( 2012 ) . The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199937400 . Friedwald , Will ( 1997 ) . Sinatra ! The Song is You : A Singer 's Art . Da Capo Press . ISBN 9780786751594 . Gabbard , Krin ( 2004 ) . Black Magic : White Hollywood and African American Culture . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813533841 . Gottlieb , Jack ( 2012 ) . Funny , It Does n't Sound Jewish : Comparative Studies of Domestic Labor and Self - Employment . State University of New York Press . ISBN 9780791485026 . Holbrook , Morris ( 2012 ) . 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External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : `` Nature Boy '' on YouTube Nat King Cole Studio albums The King Cole Trio Nat King Cole at the Piano King Cole for Kids Penthouse Serenade Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love The Piano Style of Nat King Cole After Midnight Just One of Those Things Love Is the Thing Cole Español St. Louis Blues The Very Thought of You To Whom It May Concern Welcome to the Club A Mis Amigos Tell Me All About Yourself Every Time I Feel the Spirit Wild Is Love The Magic of Christmas The Nat King Cole Story The Touch of Your Lips Nat King Cole Sings / George Shearing Plays Ramblin ' Rose Dear Lonely Hearts More Cole Español Those Lazy - Hazy - Crazy Days of Summer Where Did Everyone Go ? Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady Let 's Face the Music ! I Do n't Want to Be Hurt Anymore L-O-V-E Compilation albums Top Pops Harvest of Hits Unforgettable 10th Anniversary Album Ballads of the Day This Is Nat King Cole The Beautiful Ballads For Sentimental Reasons Love Songs Tribute albums All for You : A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio Dear Mr. Cole Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole The Nat King Cole Songbook P.S. 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Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe
Renaissance Humanism in Northern Europe - wikipedia Renaissance Humanism in Northern Europe This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 152.120. 152.58 ( talk ) at 19 : 15 , 16 March 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 19 : 15 , 16 March 2017 by 152.120. 152.58 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2007 ) Renaissance Humanism came much later to Germany and Northern Europe in general than to Italy , and when it did , it encountered some resistance from the scholastic theology which reigned at the universities . Humanism may be dated from the invention of the printing press about 1450 . Its flourishing period began at the close of the 15th century and lasted only until about 1520 , when it was absorbed by the more popular and powerful religious movement , the Reformation , as Italian Humanism was superseded by the papal counter-Reformation . Marked features distinguished the new culture north of the Alps from the culture of the Italians . The university and school played a much more important part than in the South according to Catholic historians . The representatives of the new scholarship were teachers ; even Erasmus taught in Cambridge and was on intimate terms with the professors at Basel . During the progress of the movement new universities sprang up , from Basel to Rostock . Again , in Germany , there were no princely patrons of arts and learning to be compared in intelligence and munificence to the Renaissance popes and the Medici . Nor was the new culture here exclusive and aristocratic . It sought the general spread of intelligence , and was active in the development of primary and grammar schools . In fact , when the currents of the Italian Renaissance began to set toward the North , a strong , independent , intellectual current was pushing down from the flourishing schools conducted by the Brethren of the Common Life . In the Humanistic movement , the German people was far from being a slavish imitator . It received an impulse from the South , but made its own path . Albrecht Dürer , self - portrait , 1500 In the North , Humanism entered into the service of religious progress . German scholars were less brilliant and elegant , but more serious in their purpose and more exact in their scholarship than their Italian predecessors and contemporaries . In the South , the ancient classics absorbed the attention of the literati . It was not so in the North . There was no consuming passion to render the classics into German as there had been in Italy . Nor did Italian literature , with its often relaxed moral attitude , find imitators in the North . Boccaccio 's Decameron was first translated into German by the physician , Henry Stainhowel , who died in 1482 . North of the Alps , attention was chiefly centred on the Old and New Testaments . Greek and Hebrew were studied , not with the purpose of ministering to a cult of antiquity , but to reach the fountains of the Christian system more adequately . In this way , preparation was made for the work of the Protestant Reformation . This focus on translation was a feature of the Christian humanists who helped to launch the new , post-scholastic era , among them Erasmus and Luther . In so doing , they also placed biblical texts above any human or institutional authority , an approach that emphasised the role of the reader in understanding a text for him or herself . Closely allied to the late medieval shift of scholarship from the monastery to the university , Christian humanism engendered a new freedom of expression , even though some of its proponents opposed that freedom of expression elsewhere , such as in their censure of the Anabaptists . What was true of the scholarship of Germany was also true of its art . The painters , Albrecht Dürer , who was born and died at Nuremberg , 1471 -- 1528 , Lucas Cranach the Elder , 1472 -- 1553 , and for the most part Hans Holbein the Younger , 1497 -- 1543 , took little interest in mythology , apart from Cranach 's nudes , and were persuaded by the Reformation , though most continued to take commissions for traditional Catholic subjects . Dürer and Holbein had close contacts with leading humanists . Cranach lived in Wittenberg after 1504 and painted portraits of Martin Luther , Philip Melanchthon and other leaders of the German Reformation . Holbein made frontispieces and illustrations for Protestant books and painted portraits of Erasmus and Melanchthon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Italian roots of the humanism in Germany 2 Universities 3 Education 3.1 See also 4 Leaders of humanism 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Literature 9 External links Italian roots of the Humanism in Germany ( edit ) Pope Pius II If any one individual more than another may be designated as the connecting link between the learning of Italy and Germany , it is Aeneas Sylvius . By his residence at the court of Frederick III and at Basel , as one of the secretaries of the council , he became a well - known character north of the Alps long before he was chosen pope . The mediation , however , was not effected by any single individual . The fame of the Renaissance was carried over the pathways of trade which led from Northern Italy to Augsburg , Nuremberg , Konstanz and other German cities . The visits of Frederick III and the campaigns of Charles VIII and the ascent of the throne of Naples by the princes of Aragon carried Germans , Frenchmen and Spaniards to the greater centres of the peninsula . A constant stream of pilgrims travelled to Rome and the Spanish popes drew to the city throngs of Spaniards . As the fame of Italian culture spread , scholars and artists began to travel to Venice , Florence and Rome , and caught the inspiration of the new era . To the Italians , Germany was a land of barbarians . They despised the German people for their rudeness and intemperance in eating and drinking . Aeneas was impressed by the beauty of Vienna , though it was quite small when compared to the greatest Italian cities . However , he found that the German princes and nobles cared more for horses and dogs than for poets and scholars and loved their wine - cellars better than the muses . Campanus , a witty poet of the papal court , who was sent as legate to the Diet of Regensburg ( 1471 ) by Pope Paul II , and afterwards was made a bishop by Pope Pius II , abused Germany for its dirt , cold climate , poverty , sour wine and miserable fare . He lamented his unfortunate nose , which had to smell everything , and praised his ears , which understood nothing. Johannes Santritter , himself being a German living in Italy , admitted that Italy was slightly ahead of Germany in the humanities . However , he also contended that many Italians were jealous of German science and technology , which he considered superior taking the examples of the printing press and the work of the astronomer Johannes Regiomontanus . Such impressions were soon offset by the sound scholarship which arose in Germany and the Netherlands . And , if Italy contributed to Germany an intellectual impulse , Germany sent out to the world the printing press , the most important agent in the history of intellectual culture since the invention of the alphabet . Universities ( edit ) Main article : Medieval university Before the first swell of the new movement was felt , the older German universities were already established : University of Vienna in 1365 , University of Heidelberg in 1386 , University of Cologne in 1388 , University of Erfurt in 1392 , University of Würzburg in 1402 , University of Leipzig in 1409 and University of Rostock in 1419 . During the last half of the 15th century , there were quickly added to this list universities at Greifswald and Freiburg 1457 , Trier 1457 , Basel 1459 , Ingolstadt 1472 , Tübingen and Mainz 1477 , and Wittenberg 1502 . Ingolstadt lost its distinct existence by incorporation in the University of Munich , 1826 , and Wittenberg by removal to Halle . Most of these universities had the four faculties , although the popes were slow to give their assent to the sanction of the theological department , as in the case of Vienna and Rostock , where the charter of the secular prince authorized their establishment . Strong as the religious influences of the age were , the social and moral habits of the students were by no means such as to call for praise . Parents , Luther said , in sending their sons to the universities , were sending them to destruction , and an act of the Leipzig university , dating from the close of the 15th century , stated that students came forth from their homes obedient and pious , but `` how they returned , God alone knew . '' 1061e to university archives and library . Education ( edit ) The theological teaching was ruled by the Schoolmen , and the dialectic method prevailed in all departments . In clashing with the scholastic method and curricula , the new teaching met with many a repulse , and in no case was it thoroughly triumphant till the era of the Reformation opened . Erfurt may be regarded as having been the first to give the new culture a welcome . In 1466 , it received Peter Luder of Kislau , who had visited Greece and Asia Minor , and had been previously appointed to a chair in Heidelberg , 1456 . He read on Virgil , Jerome , Ovid and other Latin writers . There Agricola studied and there Greek was taught by Nicolas Marschalck , under whose supervision the first Greek book printed in Germany issued from the press , 1501 . There John of Wesel taught . It was Luther 's alma mater and , among his professors , he singled out Trutvetter for special mention as the one who directed him to the study of the Scriptures . Heidelberg , chartered by the elector Ruprecht I and Pope Urban VI , showed scant sympathy with the new movement . However , the elector - palatine , Philip , 1476 -- 1508 , gathered at his court some of its representatives , among them Reuchlin . Ingolstadt for a time had Reuchlin as professor and , in 1492 , Conrad Celtes was appointed professor of poetry and eloquence . In 1474 , a chair of poetry was established at Basel . Founded by Pius II , it had among its early teachers two Italians , Finariensis and Publicius . Sebastian Brant taught there at the close of the century and among its notable students were Reuchlin and the Reformers , Leo Jud and Zwingli . In 1481 , Tübingen had a stipend of oratoria . Here Gabriel Biel taught till very near the close of the century . The year after Biel 's death , Heinrich Bebel was called to lecture on poetry . One of Bebel 's distinguished pupils was Philip Melanchthon , who studied and taught in the university , 1512 -- 1518 . Reuchlin was called from Ingolstadt to Tübingen , 1521 , to teach Hebrew and Greek , but died a few months later . Leipzig and Cologne remained inaccessible strongholds of scholasticism , till Luther appeared , when Leipzig changed front . The last German university of the Middle Ages , Wittenberg , founded by Frederick the Wise and placed under the patronage of the Virgin Mary and St. Augustine , acquired a worldwide influence through its professors , Luther and Melanchthon . Not till 1518 , did it have instruction in Greek , when Melanchthon , soon to be the chief Greek scholar in Germany , was called to one of its chairs at the age of 21 . According to Luther , his lecture - room was at once filled brimful , theologians high and low resorting to it . As seats of the new culture , Nuremberg and Strasbourg occupied , perhaps , even a more prominent place than any of the university towns . These two cities , with Basel and Augsburg , had the most prosperous German printing establishments . At the close of the 15th century , Nuremberg , the fountain of inventions , had four Latin schools and was the home of Albrecht Dürer the painter and his friend Willibald Pirkheimer , a patron of learning . Popular education , during the century before the Reformation , was far more advanced in Germany than in other nations . Apart from the traditional monastic and civic schools , the Brothers of the Common Life had schools at Zwolle , Deventer , ' s - Hertogenbosch and Liège in the Low Countries . All the leading towns had schools . The town of Schlettstadt ( Selestat ) in Alsace was noted as a classical centre . Here , Thomas Platter found Hans Sapidus teaching , and he regarded it as the best school he had found . In 1494 , there were five pedagogues in Wesel , teaching reading , writing , arithmetic and singing . One Christmas the clergy of the place entertained the pupils , giving them each cloth for a new coat and a piece of money as begun with the 4th class . Among the noted schoolmasters was Alexander Hegius , who taught at Deventer for nearly a quarter of a century , till his death in 1498 . At the age of 40 he was not ashamed to sit at the feet of Agricola . He made the classics central in education and banished the old text - books . Trebonius , who taught Luther at Eisenach , belonged to a class of worthy men . The penitential books of the day called upon parents to be diligent in keeping their children off the streets and sending them to school . See also ( edit ) Humanist Library of Sélestat Leaders of Humanism ( edit ) Rudolph Agricola The leading Northern humanists included Rudolph Agricola , Reuchlin and Erasmus . Agricola , whose original name was Roelef Huisman , was born near Groningen , 1443 , and died 1485 . He enjoyed the highest reputation in his day as a scholar and received unstinted praise from Erasmus and Melanchthon . He has been regarded as doing for Humanism in Germany what was done for Italy by Petrarch , the first life of whom , in German , Agricola prepared . After studying in Erfurt , Louvain and Cologne , Agricola went to Italy , spending some time at the universities in Pavia and Ferrara . He declined a professor 's chair in favor of an appointment at the court of Philip of the Palatinate in Heidelberg . He made Cicero and Quintilian his models . In his last years , he turned his attention to theology and studied Hebrew . Like Pico della Mirandola , he was a monk . The inscription on his tomb in Heidelberg stated that he had studied what is taught about God and the true faith of the Saviour in the books of Scripture . Johannes Trithemius by Tilman Riemenschneider Another Humanist was Jacob Wimpheling , 1450 -- 1528 , of Schlettstadt , who taught in Heidelberg . He was inclined to be severe on clerical abuses but , at the close of his career , wanted to substitute for the study of Virgil and Horace , Sedulius and Prudentius . The poetic Sebastian Brant , 1457 -- 1521 , the author of the Ship of Fools , began his career as a teacher of law in Basel . Mutianus Rufus , in his correspondence , went so far as to declare that Christianity is as old as the world and that Jupiter , Apollo , Ceres and Christ are only different names of the one hidden God . A name which deserves a high place in the German literature of the last years of the Middle Ages is John Trithemius , 1462 -- 1505 , abbot of a Benedictine convent at Sponheim , which , under his guidance , gained the reputation of a learned academy . He gathered a library of 2,000 volumes and wrote a patrology , or encyclopaedia of the Fathers , and a catalogue of the renowned men of Germany . Increasing differences with the convent led to his resignation in 1506 , when he decided to take up the offer of the Lord Bishop of Würzburg , Lorenz von Bibra ( bishop from 1495 to 1519 ) , to become abbot of the Schottenkloster in Würzburg . He remained there until the end of his life . Prelates and nobles visited him to consult and read the Latin and Greek authors he had collected . These men and others contributed their part to that movement of which Reuchlin and Erasmus were the chief lights and which led to the Protestant Reformation . See also ( edit ) Northern Renaissance German Renaissance Renaissance in the Low Countries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of Vienna , Jean - Paul Bled Sources ( edit ) This article is copied from Philip Schaff History of the Christian Church , Volume VI , 1882 Literature ( edit ) Marco Heiles : Topography of German humanism 1470 - 1550 . An approach ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Topography of German humanism 1470 - 1550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe&oldid=770651988 '' Categories : Renaissance in the Low Countries German Renaissance Northern Renaissance Renaissance humanism Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2017 , at 19 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when humanism took root in the north it did so as french humanism
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Red-tailed hawk
Red - tailed hawk - wikipedia Red - tailed hawk Jump to : navigation , search Red - tailed hawk Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Genus : Buteo Species : B. jamaicensis Binomial name Buteo jamaicensis ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Synonyms Buteo borealis Buteo broealis ( lapsus ) Falco borealis Gmelin Falco harlani Audubon The red - tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) is a bird of prey that breeds throughout most of North America , from the interior of Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies . It is one of the most common members within the genus of Buteo in North America or worldwide . The red - tailed hawk is one of three species colloquially known in the United States as the `` chickenhawk , '' though it rarely preys on standard - sized chickens . The bird is sometimes also referred to as the red - tail for short , when the meaning is clear in context . Red - tailed hawks can acclimate to all the biomes within their range , occurring on the edges of non-ideal habitats such as dense forests and sandy deserts . The red - tailed hawk occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes including deserts , grasslands , coniferous and deciduous forests , agricultural fields and urban areas . Its latitudinal limits fall around the tree line in the Arctic and the species is absent from the high Arctic . It is legally protected in Canada , Mexico and the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act . The 14 recognized subspecies vary in appearance and range , varying most often in color , and in the west of North America , red - tails are particularly often strongly polymorphic , with individuals ranging from almost white to nearly all black . The subspecies Harlan 's hawk ( B. j. harlani ) is sometimes considered a separate species ( B. harlani ) . The red - tailed hawk is one of the largest members of the genus Buteo , typically weighing from 690 to 1,600 g ( 1.5 to 3.5 lb ) and measuring 45 -- 65 cm ( 18 -- 26 in ) in length , with a wingspan from 110 -- 141 cm ( 3 ft 7 in -- 4 ft 8 in ) . This species displays sexual dimorphism in size , with females averaging about 25 % heavier than males . The diet of red - tailed hawks is highly variable and reflects their status as opportunistic generalist , but in North America , it is most often a predator of small mammals such as rodents . Prey that is terrestrial and diurnal is preferred so types such as ground squirrels are preferential where they naturally occur . Large numbers of birds and reptiles can occur in the diet in several areas and can even be the primary foods . Meanwhile , amphibians , fish and invertebrates can seem rare in the hawk 's regular diet ; however , they are not infrequently taken by immature hawks . Red - tailed hawks may survive on islands absent of native mammals on diets variously including invertebrates such as crabs , or lizards and birds . Like many Buteo , they hunt from a perch most often but can vary their hunting techniques where prey and habitat demand it . Because they are so common and easily trained as capable hunters , the majority of hawks captured for falconry in the United States are red - tails . Falconers are permitted to take only passage hawks ( which have left the nest , are on their own , but are less than a year old ) so as to not affect the breeding population . Adults , which may be breeding or rearing chicks , may not be taken for falconry purposes and it is illegal to do so . Passage red - tailed hawks are also preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed the adult behaviors which would make them more difficult to train . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Identification 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Flight 4.2 Vocalization 4.3 Migration 5 Dietary biology 5.1 Mammals 5.2 Birds 5.3 Reptiles 5.4 Other prey 5.5 Interspecies predatory relationships 6 Reproduction 6.1 Courtship and pre-laying behaviors 6.2 Nests 6.3 Eggs 6.4 Hatching , development and brooding 6.5 Fledging and immaturity 6.6 Breeding success and longevity 7 Relationship with humans 7.1 Use in falconry 7.2 Feathers and Native American use 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Historical works 9.2 Live nest cameras Description ( edit ) Red - tailed hawk plumage can be variable , depending on the subspecies and the region . These color variations are morphs , and are not related to molting . The western North American population , B. j. calurus , is the most variable subspecies and has three main color morphs : light , dark , and intermediate or rufous . The dark and intermediate morphs constitute 10 -- 20 % of the population in the western United States but seem to constitute only 1 - 2 % of B. j. calurus in western Canada . A whitish underbelly with a dark brown band across the belly , formed by horizontal streaks in feather patterning , is present in most color variations . This feature is variable in eastern hawks and generally absent in some light subspecies ( i.e. B. j. fuertesi ) . Most adult red - tails have a dark brown nape and upper head which gives them a somewhat hooded appearance , while the throat can variably present a lighter brown `` necklace '' . Especially in younger birds , the underside may be otherwise covered with dark brown spotting and some adults may too manifest this stippling . The back is usually a slightly darker brown than elsewhere with paler scapular feathers , ranging from tawny to white , forming a variable imperfect `` V '' on the back . The tail of most adults , which of course gives this species its name , is rufous brick - red above with a variably sized black subterminal band and generally appears light buff - orange from below . In comparison , the typical pale immatures ( i.e. less than two years old ) typically have a mildly paler headed and tend to show a darker back than adults with more apparent pale wing feather edges above ( for descriptions of dark morph juveniles from B. j. calurus , which is also generally apt for description of rare dark morphs of other races , see under that subspecies description ) . In immature red - tailed hawks of all hues , the tail is a light brown above with numerous small dark brown bars of roughly equal width , but these tend to be much broader on dark morph birds . Even in young red - tails , the tail may be a somewhat rufous tinge of brown . The bill is relatively short and dark , in the hooked shape characteristic of raptors , and the head can sometimes appear small in size against the thick body frame . The cere , the legs , and the feet of the red - tailed hawk are all yellow , as is the hue of bare parts in many accipitrids of different lineages . Immature birds can be readily identified at close range by their yellowish irises . As the bird attains full maturity over the course of 3 -- 4 years , the iris slowly darkens into a reddish - brown hue , which is the adult eye - color in all races . Seen in flight , adults usually have dark brown along the lower edge of the wings , against a mostly pale wing , which bares light brownish barring . Individually , the underwing coverts can range from all dark to off - whitish ( most often more heavily streaked with brown ) which contrasts with a distinctive black patagium marking . The wing coloring of adults and immatures is similar but for typical pale morph immatures having somewhat heavier brownish markings . A typical pale western adult in flight Though the markings and hue vary across the subspecies , the basic appearance of the red - tailed hawk is relatively consistent . Overall , this species is blocky and broad in shape , often appearing ( and being ) heavier than other Buteos of similar length . They are the heaviest Buteos on average in eastern North America , albeit scarcely ahead of the larger winged rough - legged buzzard ( Buteo lagopus ) , and second only in size in the west to the ferruginous hawk ( Buteo regalis ) . Red - tailed hawks may be anywhere from the seventh to the ninth heaviest Buteo in the world depending on what figures are used . However , in the northwestern United States , ferruginous hawk females are 35 % heavier than female red - tails from the same area . On average , western red - tailed hawks are relatively longer winged and lankier proportioned but are slightly less stocky , compact and heavy than eastern red - tailed hawks in North America . Eastern hawks may also have mildly larger talons and bills than western ones . Based on comparisons of morphology and function amongst all accipitrids , these features imply that western red - tails may need to vary their hunting more frequently to on the wing as the habitat diversifies to more open situations and presumably would hunt more variable and faster prey , whereas the birds of the east , which was historically well - wooded , are more dedicated perch hunters and can take somewhat larger prey but are likely more dedicated mammal hunters . In terms of size variation , red - tailed hawks run almost contrary to Bergmann 's rule ( i.e. that northern animals should be larger in relation than those closer to the Equator within a species ) as one of the northernmost subspecies , B. j. alascensis , is the second smallest race based on linear dimensions and that two of the most southerly occurring races in the United States , B. j. fuertesi and B. j. umbrinus , respectively , are the largest proportioned of all red - tailed hawks . Red - tailed hawks tend have a relatively short but broad tails and thick , chunky wings . Although often described as long winged , the proportional size of the wings is quite small and red - tails have high wing loading for a buteonine hawk . For comparison , two other widespread Buteo hawks in North America were found to weigh : 30 g ( 1.1 oz ) for every square centimeter of wing area in the rough - legged buzzard ( Buteo lagopus ) and 44 g ( 1.6 oz ) per square cm in the red - shouldered hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) . In contrast , the red - tailed hawk weighed considerably more for their wing area : 199 g ( 7.0 oz ) per square cm . As is the case with many raptors , the red - tailed hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size , as females are up to 25 % larger than males . As is typical in large raptors , frequently reported mean body mass for Red - tailed Hawks are somewhat higher than expansive research reveals . Part of this weight variation is seasonal fluctuations , hawks tending to be heavier in winter than during migration or especially during the trying summer breeding season , and also due to clinal variation . Furthermore , immature hawks are usually lighter in mass than their adult counterparts despite averaging somewhat longer winged and tailed . Male red - tailed hawks may weigh from 690 to 1,300 g ( 1.52 to 2.87 lb ) and females may weigh between 801 and 1,723 g ( 1.766 and 3.799 lb ) ( the lowest figure from a migrating female immature from Goshute Mountains , Nevada , the highest from a wintering female in Wisconsin ) . Some sources claim the largest females can weigh up to 2,000 g ( 4.4 lb ) but whether this is in reference to wild hawks ( as opposed to those in captivity or used for falconry ) is not clear . The largest known survey of body mass in red - tailed hawks is still credited to Craighead & Craighead ( 1956 ) , who found 100 males to average 1,028 g ( 2.266 lb ) and 108 females to average 1,244 g ( 2.743 lb ) . However , these figures were apparently taken from labels on museum specimens , apparently from natural history collections in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania , without note to the region , age or subspecies of the specimens . However , 16 sources ranging in sample size from the aforementioned 208 specimens to only four hawks in Puerto Rico ( with 9 of the 16 studies of migrating red - tails ) , showed that males weigh a mean of 860.2 g ( 1.896 lb ) and females weigh a mean of 1,036.2 g ( 2.284 lb ) , about 15 % lighter than prior species - wide published weights . Within the continental United States , average weights of males can range from 840.8 g ( 1.854 lb ) ( for migrating males in Chelan County , Washington ) to 1,031 g ( 2.273 lb ) ( for male hawks found dead in Massachusetts ) and females ranged from 1,057.9 g ( 2.332 lb ) ( migrants in the Goshutes ) to 1,373 g ( 3.027 lb ) ( for females diagnosed as B. j. borealis in western Kansas ) . Size variation in body mass reveals that the red - tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount and that size differences are geographically inconsistent . Racial variation in average weights of great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) show that mean body mass is nearly twice ( the heaviest race is about 36 % heavier than the lightest known race on average ) as variable as that of the hawk ( where the heaviest race is only just over 18 % heavier on average than the lightest ) . Also , great horned owls correspond well at the species level with Bergmann 's rule . Male red - tailed hawks can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm ( 18 to 24 in ) in total length , females measuring 48 to 65 cm ( 19 to 26 in ) long . The wingspan typically can range from 105 to 141 cm ( 3 ft 5 in to 4 ft 8 in ) , although the largest females may possible span up to 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) . In the standard scientific method of measuring wing size , the wing chord is 325.1 -- 444.5 mm ( 12.80 -- 17.50 in ) long . The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm ( 7.40 to 10.19 in ) in length . The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm ( 0.85 to 1.19 in ) and the tarsus averaged 74.7 -- 95.8 mm ( 2.94 -- 3.77 in ) across the races . The middle toe ( excluding talon ) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm ( 1.51 to 2.12 in ) , with the hallux - claw ( the talon of the rear toe , which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids ) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm ( 0.95 to 1.32 in ) in length . Characteristic red tail Identification ( edit ) Although they overlap in range with most other American diurnal raptors , identifying most mature red - tailed hawks to species is relatively straightforward , particularly if viewing a typical adult at a reasonable distance . The red - tailed hawk is the only North American hawk with a rufous tail and a blackish patagium marking on the leading edge of its wing ( which is obscured only on dark morph adults and Harlan 's hawks by similarly dark colored feathers ) . Other larger adult Buteo in North America usually have obvious distinct markings that are absent in red - tails , whether the rufous - brown `` beard '' of Swainson 's hawks ( Buteo swainsonii ) or the colorful rufous belly and shoulder markings and striking black - and - white mantle of red - shouldered hawks ( also the small `` windows '' seen at the end of their primaries ) . In perched individuals , even as silhouettes , the shape of large Buteos may be distinctive , such as the wingtips overhanging the tail in several other species , but not in red - tails . North American Buteos range from the dainty , compact builds of much smaller Buteos , such as broad - winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) to the heavyset , neckless look of ferruginous hawks or the rough - legged buzzard which has a compact , smaller appearance than a red - tail in perched birds due to its small bill , short neck and much shorter tarsus , while the opposite effect occurs in flying rough - legs with their much bigger wing area . In flight , most other large North American Buteo are distinctly longer and slenderer winged than red - tailed hawks , with the much paler ferruginous hawk having peculiarly slender wings in relation to its massive , chunky body . Swainson 's hawks are distinctly darker on the wing and ferruginous hawks are much paler winged than typical red - tailed hawks . Pale morph adult ferruginous hawk can show mildly tawny - pink ( but never truly rufous ) upper tail , and like red - tails tend to have dark markings on underwing - coverts and can have a dark belly band but compared to red - tailed hawks have a distinctly broader head , their remiges are much whiter looking with very small dark primary tips , they lack the red - tail 's diagnostic patagial marks and usually ( but not always ) also lack the dark subterminal tail - band , and ferruginous have a totally feathered tarsus . With its whitish head , the ferruginous hawk is most similar to Krider 's red - tailed hawks , especially in immature plumage , but the larger hawk has broader head and narrower wing shape and the ferruginous immatures are paler underneath and on their legs . Several species share a belly band with the typical red - tailed hawk but they vary from subtle ( as in the ferruginous hawk ) to solid blackish , the latter in most light - morph rough - legged buzzards . More difficult to identify among adult red - tails are its darkest variations , as most species of Buteo in North America also have dark morphs . Western dark morph red - tails ( i.e. calurus ) adults , however , retain the typical distinctive brick - red tail which other species lack , which may stand out even more against the otherwise all chocolate brown - black bird . Standard pale juveniles when perched show a whitish patch in the outer half of the upper surface of the wing which other juvenile Buteo lack . The most difficult to identify stages and plumage types are dark morph juveniles , Harlan 's hawk and some Krider 's hawks ( the latter mainly with typical ferruginous hawks as aforementioned ) . Some darker juveniles are similar enough to other Buteo juveniles that it has been stated that they `` can not be identified to species with any confidence under various field conditions . '' However , field identification techniques have advanced in the last few decades and most experienced hawk - watchers can distinguish even the most vexingly plumaged immature hawks , especially as the wing shapes of each species becomes apparent after seeing many . Harlan 's hawks are most similar to dark morph rough - legged buzzards and dark morph ferruginous hawks . Wing shape is the most reliable identification tool for distinguishing the Harlan 's from these , but also the pale streaking on the breast of Harlan 's , which tends to be conspicuous in most individuals , and is lacking in the other hawks . Also dark morph ferruginous hawks do not have the dark subterminal band of a Harlan 's hawk but do bear a black undertail covert lacking in Harlan 's . Taxonomy ( edit ) In flight showing the red tail Play media Red - tailed hawk hovers in the wind The red - tailed hawk is a member of the subfamily Buteoninae which includes about 55 currently recognized species . Unlike many lineages of accipitrid , which seemed to have radiated out of Africa or south Asia , the Buteoninae clearly originated in the Americas based on fossil records and current species distributions ( more than 75 % of the extant hawks from this lineage are found in the Americas ) . As a subfamily , the Buteoninae seem to be rather old based on genetic materials , with monophyletic genera baring several million years of individual evolution . Diverse in plumage appearance , habitat , prey and nesting preferences , buteonine hawks are nonetheless typically medium to large sized hawks with ample wings ( while some fossil forms are very large , larger than any eagle alive today ) . The red - tailed hawk is a member of the genus Buteo , a group of medium - sized raptors with robust bodies and broad wings . Members of this genus are known as buzzards in Eurasia , but hawks in North America . Under current classification , the genus includes approximately 28 species , the second most diverse of all extant accipitrid genera behind only Accipiter . The buzzards of Eurasia and Africa are mostly part of the genus Buteo , although two other small genera within the subfamily Buteoninae occur in Africa . At one time , the rufous - tailed hawk ( Buteo ventralis ) , distributed in Patagonia and some other areas of southern South America , was considered part of the red - tailed hawk species . With a massive distributional gap consisting of the majority of South America , the rufous - tailed hawk is considered a separate species now but the two hawks still compromise a `` species pair '' or superspecies , as they are clearly closely related . The rufous - tailed hawk , while comparatively little studied , is very similar to the red - tailed hawk , being about the same size in body mass and possessing the same wing structure , and having more or less parallel nesting and hunting habits . Physically , however , rufous - tailed hawk adults do not attain a bright brick - red tail as do red - tailed hawks , instead retaining a dark brownish - cinnamon tail with many blackish crossbars similar to juvenile red - tailed hawks . Another , more well - known , close relative to the red - tailed hawk is the common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) , which has been considered as its Eurasian `` broad ecological counterpart '' and may too be within a species complex with red - tailed hawk . The common buzzard , in turn , is also part of a species complex with other Old World buzzards , namely the mountain buzzard ( Buteo oreophilus ) , the forest buzzard ( Buteo trizonatus ) and the Madagascar buzzard ( Buteo brachypterus ) . All six species in the alleged species complex , although varying notably in size and plumage characteristics , that houses red - tailed hawk share with it the feature of the blackish patagium marking , which is missing in most other Buteos . Subspecies ( edit ) There may be at least 14 recognized subspecies of Buteo jamaicensis , which vary in range and in coloration . However , not all authors accept every subspecies , particularly some of the insular races of the tropics ( which differ only slightly in some cases from the nearest mainland forms ) and particularly the Krider 's hawks , by far the most controversial red - tailed hawk race as few authors agree on its suitability as a full - fledged subspecies . B. j. jamaicensis , the nominate subspecies , occurs in the northern West Indies , including Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles but not the Bahamas or Cuba . El Yunque National Forest , Puerto Rico holds some of the highest known density of red - tailed hawks anywhere . The bird is referred to as `` Guaraguao '' in the island . This is the smallest bodied subspecies of red - tailed hawk . In males , the wing chord can range from 330 to 339 mm ( 13.0 to 13.3 in ) , averaging 334.9 mm ( 13.19 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 350 to 371 mm ( 13.8 to 14.6 in ) , averaging 364.9 mm ( 14.37 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 194.8 and 210 mm ( 7.67 and 8.27 in ) in tail length , 81.3 and 83.4 mm ( 3.20 and 3.28 in ) in tarsal length and 26.1 and 28.2 mm ( 1.03 and 1.11 in ) in culmen length . Additionally , two Puerto Rican males were found to average 795 g ( 1.753 lb ) and two females averaged 1,023 g ( 2.255 lb ) . Although claimed as the most sexual dimorphic subspecies by size , neither body mass nor linear dimensions seem to support this . This subspecies has less mottling than northern red - tails on the back , lacks the white tip at the end of the rectrices and , most characteristically , has a very broad , but raggedly edged , and black belly - band . B. j. alascensis breeds ( probably resident ) from southeastern coastal Alaska to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island in British Columbia . Despite its northerly distribution , this is a small subspecies linearly , second only to the nominate race in diminutive size . The largest females from this race are reportedly smaller than almost all male red - tails from other races in Canada . In wing chord males range from 334 to 362 mm ( 13.1 to 14.3 in ) , averaging 346.5 mm ( 13.64 in ) , and females range from 358 to 363 mm ( 14.1 to 14.3 in ) , averaging 360.5 mm ( 14.19 in ) . males and females average 227.6 and 226.9 mm ( 8.96 and 8.93 in ) in tail length , 86.9 and 83.2 mm ( 3.42 and 3.28 in ) in tarsal length and 24.4 and 26.4 mm ( 0.96 and 1.04 in ) in culmen length . This race is darker than pale morph calurus hawks , nearly solidly dark - brown above with almost no pale mottling on the scapulars . The breast is slightly rufous with dark arrowheads rather than streaking around the belly ( although not all alascensis have the arrowheads , probably through hybridization with other races ) , meanwhile the rest of the underside down to the `` trousers '' is paler and more washed out than on calurus . Immatures of this race are usually blackish - brown overall with a white throat and wide tail - bands , rather unlike calurus . B. j. borealis group ( eastern red - tailed hawk ) breeds from southeast Canada and Maine south through Texas and east to northern Florida . The race breeds below the Arctic ( unlike more western birds which can reach the sub-Arctic as breeders ) , and is absent from all but the southernmost part of the Hudson Bay and roughly the northern third of both Quebec and Newfoundland . Wintering migrants from southern Ontario may range east to southern Maine and south to as far as the Gulf coast and Florida . The western limits of this races ' range are slightly ambiguous and they may hybridize extensively with calurus in timbered stretches of the Great Plains . The breeding range of borealis seems to include most of Texas ( perhaps excluding the western sections ) , Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska . In the Dakotas and even eastern Wyoming , some borealis may occur but give way mostly to calurus and / or kriderii type red - tailed hawks , with the borealis type - hawks breeding without race mixing to the western border of Minnesota and the eastern third of Manitoba . This is a large - bodied , relatively heavy race , but differs from more westerly hawks in having a relatively smaller wing area . Based on linear dimensions , this subspecies shows the most size variation and , unlike the red - tailed hawk species overall , size variation seems to fall within Bergmann 's rule as northern birds average larger than the southern ones . The wing chord of males can range from 337 to 396 mm ( 13.3 to 15.6 in ) , averaging 370.1 mm ( 14.57 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 370 to 427 mm ( 14.6 to 16.8 in ) , averaging 390.2 mm ( 15.36 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 215.4 and 230.1 mm ( 8.48 and 9.06 in ) in tail length , 82.4 and 85 mm ( 3.24 and 3.35 in ) in tarsal length and 25.1 and 27.6 mm ( 0.99 and 1.09 in ) in culmen length . The largest known sample of body weights from unambiguous borealis was from Wisconsin migrants , with 34 males averaging 945.3 g ( 2.084 lb ) and 24 females averaging 1,222.4 g ( 2.695 lb ) . This race only has pale morphs and almost always bears a whitish ground color with little barring overall , including a variably present dark necklace , a frequently absent or much reduced belly - band and little to no barring on the flanks or the upper legs . Immature borealis tend to have dark spotting on leg feathers but otherwise average paler than immatures of most other races . This race includes a form from the northern stretches of its range ( mostly breeding within Canada ) , formerly considered as B. j. abieticola . Birds of abieticola type are more heavily marked below than typical borealis and , thus borealis seem to correspond to Gloger 's rule , as well . This plumage variation appears to be a regional adaptation to the denser boreal forest . B. j. calurus ( western red - tailed hawk ) This race seem to have the greatest longitudinal breeding distribution of any race of red - tailed hawk and put together with B. j. borealis these two subspecies may occupy nearly 75 % of the breeding range of red - tailed hawks in North America . B. j. calurus reaches its northern limits as a breeder in north - central British Columbia , much of the western part of the Yukon territory , interior Alaska and , near Inuvik in the Northwest Territories , the latter being the northernmost breeding range of the red - tailed hawk species . The race may breed as far south as northwestern Sonora in Mexico . Its eastern limits are reached around central Manitoba , while to the south the states of Montana , Wyoming , Utah , New Mexico and Colorado are mostly occupied by calurus . Wintering birds from interior southwestern British Columbia may move south to as far as southwest to Guatemala and northern Nicaragua . Linearly , this relatively large subspecies can seem to run almost contrary to Bergmann 's rule , with birds of the Great Basin being longer winged than most Canadian ones . In wing chord males range from 354 to 404 mm ( 13.9 to 15.9 in ) , averaging 386.8 mm ( 15.23 in ) , and females range from 386 to 428 mm ( 15.2 to 16.9 in ) , averaging 411.2 mm ( 16.19 in ) . males and females average 224.2 and 237.3 mm ( 8.83 and 9.34 in ) in tail length , 85.4 and 88.1 mm ( 3.36 and 3.47 in ) in tarsal length and 25.1 and 27.4 mm ( 0.99 and 1.08 in ) in culmen length . The two largest samples of body mass in calurus showed that in Idaho , around the greater area of the Snake River NCA , 90 males averaged 957 g ( 2.110 lb ) and 113 females averaged 1,150 g ( 2.54 lb ) , while 152 migrating calurus at the Goshutes Mountains of Nevada averaged 933.4 g ( 2.058 lb ) . Adult calurus are usually rangier and darker than borealis hawks , with pale individuals usually having a richer tawny base color ( with occasionally a pale rufous color showing around the chest or neck ) , typically a heavily streaked breast and belly band , a brownish throat , dark barring on the flanks , a well - defined tawny V on the back and , occasionally , a tail with multiple bars . Dark morph calurus adults are typically all chocolate - brown above and below ( although sometimes variously even jet - black or with a bit of tawny feather edging below ) with a rufous - tail , which sometimes has heavy blackish crossbars but is usually similar to other red - tails . Intermediate or rufous morphs are rich rufous on the breast , with a broad , solid chocolate - brown belly band and heavily barred thighs and crissum . Like dark morphs , rufous morph adults usually lack the incomplete V on the back , but sometimes rufous feathers can manifest one . Adults may show nearly endless variation in coloring and many may combine several characteristics of the three main morphs . Dark morph juveniles are usually mostly dark brown but with extensive pale mottling on the back and occasional tawny - edge feathers on the underside and slightly broader bars on the tail than pale morph calurus . Rufous morph immatures are more similar to pale morph ones but are considerably more heavily streaked almost everywhere below from the thighs to the upper chest . Individuals of northwestern Mexico may average paler than most calurus , lacking the typical dark wing markings . B. j. costaricensis is resident from Nicaragua to Panama . This is a relatively small race . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 391 mm ( 14.5 to 15.4 in ) , averaging 372.7 mm ( 14.67 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 393 to 427 mm ( 15.5 to 16.8 in ) , averaging 401.9 mm ( 15.82 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 213.2 and 230 mm ( 8.39 and 9.06 in ) in tail length , 88.6 and 86.9 mm ( 3.49 and 3.42 in ) in tarsal length and 26 and 26.7 mm ( 1.02 and 1.05 in ) in culmen length . This race may average around 900 g ( 2.0 lb ) , reportedly . This subspecies is arguably the most handsomely colored in typical adult plumage . This subspecies is dark brown above and heavily pigmented dorsally , the white of breast contrasting with a deep rufous abdominal band which contains black streaks and spots . Meanwhile , the flanks , wing linings and sides are an unbarred deep rufous . In some birds , the rich rufous color continues to the underside . The chest is much less heavily streaked than in northern migrants ( B. j. calurus ) to Central America . Unlike other Central American races of red - tailed hawk , there seems to be no dark morph in this subspecies . B. j. fuertesi ( southwestern red - tailed hawk ) breeds from northern Chihuahua to southern Texas . It winters in Arizona , New Mexico , and southern Louisiana . This seems to be a particularly large subspecies , although its size is not drastically different from calurus , and , going on average wing size and tarsal length , this appears to be the largest race of red - tailed hawk . The wing chord of males can range from 385 to 402 mm ( 15.2 to 15.8 in ) , averaging 393.3 mm ( 15.48 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 425 to 436 mm ( 16.7 to 17.2 in ) , averaging 430.7 mm ( 16.96 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 210.9 and 223.8 mm ( 8.30 and 8.81 in ) in tail length , 88 and 93 mm ( 3.5 and 3.7 in ) in tarsal length and 26.3 and 27.5 mm ( 1.04 and 1.08 in ) in culmen length . Hybridization seems to occur in eastern Texas with borealis , broadly to west with calurus and , possibly , Nuevo León - Chihuahua with B. j. hadropus . This race combines the darker back of calurus with the paler underside of borealis , with the belly - band either entirely absent or only manifesting in light streaking . The tail is variable but relatively pale , with some individuals showing almost no dark subterminal band , others having quite a broad subterminal band and some showing extensively barring on top like darker morphs of calurus . B. j. fumosus , Islas Marías , Mexico . A relatively small subspecies . Unlike some other island races , the validity of this race has rarely been called into question . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 370 mm ( 14.5 to 14.6 in ) , averaging 369.3 mm ( 14.54 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 395 to 400 mm ( 15.6 to 15.7 in ) , averaging 397.4 mm ( 15.65 in ) . Males and females average 228.9 and 235.5 mm ( 9.01 and 9.27 in ) in tail length , 85.9 and 88.3 mm ( 3.38 and 3.48 in ) in tarsal length and 27.4 and 29.2 mm ( 1.08 and 1.15 in ) in culmen length . This race is similar to calurus but , beyond being noticeably smaller , is duskier and duller hued overall and has a more cinnamon wash below , with heavily dark barred thighs . Harlan 's hawks are distinctly darker usually than other races except for dark morph western birds . B. j. hadropus , Mexican Highlands . Not all authorities recognize this race , however most list as it as valid in recent years . Like other neotropical races , this one is relatively small . wing chord averages 378.9 mm ( 14.92 in ) in males and 401.1 mm ( 15.79 in ) . Males and females average 215 and 230.4 mm ( 8.46 and 9.07 in ) in tail length , 89.1 and 88 mm ( 3.51 and 3.46 in ) in tarsal length and 26.3 and 26.8 mm ( 1.04 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . Apparently , this is a similarly race as to B. j. kemsiesi to the south but unlike that race it has rufous barring that extends to the flanks and belly . Apparently , some dark morphs have occurred . One other unique feature is its massive feet ( as implied in the subspecies ' scientific name ) , with a toe length nearly 10 % longer than calurus despite its otherwise small body size . The evolutionary reason for these relatively large feet are not known . B. j. harlani ( Harlan 's red - tailed hawk , It breeds from central Alaska to northwestern Canada , with the largest number of birds breeding in the Yukon territory or western Alaska , reaching their southern limit in north - central British Columbia . The Harlan 's hawk is restricted as a breeder to pure taiga habitat . Harlan 's hawk winters from Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and northern Louisiana , with a rare bird found as far east as Tennessee . While similar in linear dimensions to calurus , this race is sometimes described as slighter and lighter than typical western red - tailed hawks . On the contrary , though , they are highly sexually dimorphic in size ( the most dimorphic of any in the United States ) and mature females are not infrequently notably more massive and heavy than almost any female calurus . However , calurus tends to have a much longer tarsus than Harlan 's hawks do , as expected due to the latter 's habitation of cold environments almost year around . The wing chord of males can range from 365 to 390 mm ( 14.4 to 15.4 in ) , averaging 381 mm ( 15.0 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 390 to 430 mm ( 15 to 17 in ) , averaging 408.7 mm ( 16.09 in ) . Males and females average 211 and 225.3 mm ( 8.31 and 8.87 in ) in tail length , 79.8 and 87 mm ( 3.14 and 3.43 in ) in tarsal length and 24.7 and 27 mm ( 0.97 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . A wintering female in eastern Kansas weighed 1,629 g ( 3.591 lb ) . The historic taxonomic status of Harlan 's hawk has been quite erratic , sometimes it has been classified as its own species , B. harlani to the opposite extreme that Palmer ( 1988 ) classified as it ( perhaps improbably ) as a mere western color morph . Most modern authorities recognize as a valid subspecies . Harlan 's hawk is markedly different from all other red - tails and can reportedly be identified nearly 100 % of the time by an experienced hawk - watcher . In both color morphs , the plumage is predominantly blackish , lacking any warmer or brownish tones ( save the tail ) . Harlan 's hawks usually have faint streaks on the sides of their head and a little gray mottling or speckling on scapulars . Apart from a variably white - streaked throat , their underparts usually mostly black with variable white streaking and barring on the thighs or crissum . There are up to four main variations from the typical one above : extreme dark morph ( where even throat is black and no pale streaking is present ) , dark morph ( with barring still present from tarsus to underside ) , rare pale morph ( with few blackish blobs on belly and generally whiter head ) and perhaps even rarer types where the base color is grayish . Unlike most red - tailed hawks , generally immatures are similar enough to adults that it can be difficult to distinguish them . On average , immatures have more extensive pale streaking above and mottling below , but much individual variation has been recorded . The typical tail of a Harlan 's hawk is white with a thick black subterminal band but individuals may vary considerable and the tail may be reddish , dusky , whitish , or gray and can be longitudinally streaked , mottled , or barred . B. j. kemsiesi is a dark subspecies resident from Chiapas , Mexico to Nicaragua . The wing chord of males can range from 357 to 382 mm ( 14.1 to 15.0 in ) , averaging 376 mm ( 14.8 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 362 to 402 mm ( 14.3 to 15.8 in ) , averaging 398.2 mm ( 15.68 in ) . Males and females average 212.5 and 231 mm ( 8.37 and 9.09 in ) in tail length , 87.8 and 87.1 mm ( 3.46 and 3.43 in ) in tarsal length and 26.1 and 26.4 mm ( 1.03 and 1.04 in ) in culmen length . This race is similar to B. j. fuertesi but markedly smaller , with its thighs barred with rufous . The dark wing marking may not be distinct in paler birds . A dark morph , similar to calurus , is known to occur in this race . A Krider 's red - tailed hawk , a pale color morph or race . B. j. kriderii ( Krider 's red - tailed hawk ) In the breeding season , it occurs from southern Alberta , southern Saskatchewan , southern Manitoba , and extreme western Ontario south to south - central Montana , Wyoming , western Nebraska , and western Minnesota . In winter , it occurs from South Dakota and southern Minnesota south to Arizona , New Mexico , Texas and Louisiana . This is about the same size as calurus . Wing chord averages 378.9 mm ( 14.92 in ) in males and 411.9 mm ( 16.22 in ) . Males and females average 220.9 and 237 mm ( 8.70 and 9.33 in ) in tail length , 85 and 87.9 mm ( 3.35 and 3.46 in ) in tarsal length and 25.6 and 26.8 mm ( 1.01 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . More authorities than not consider this a color morph of the western red - tails than a subspecies in recent classification , but others do still consider it a valid race . Hybridization is possible and known to occur , most extensively with calurus , but also in the Dakotas and eastern Wyoming with borealis and in Alberta some possible Krider 's hybrids with Harlan 's hawks have been reported ( despite being considerably farther east than Harlan 's tend to breed ) . Krider 's hawk is paler than other red - tails , with the head typically white ( and the crown invariably so ) with somewhat darker nape , variable dark markings about face ( sometimes either through eyes , forming a moustache or ear streaks ) . The upperparts are light brown and upper - wing coverts heavily mottled white , the tail is typically whitish at base otherwise a fairly pale pink - rufous ( more rufous than the somewhat similar marked ferruginous hawk , which also rufous `` trousers '' that are pure white on Krider 's ) . Krider 's hawks are distinctly all white underneath with no trace of a belly band , unlike palest harlani . There is much individual variation , which is complicated by possible racial hybridization . One study found males more likely than females to have pure kriderii characteristics . The same study found that Krider 's hawks were fully specialized as breeders for the prairie habitat , favoring much more open areas than do other red - tails or especially Harlan 's hawks . While wintering Harlan 's and Krider 's hawks frequently occur in the same general areas , but their habitat preferences there were highly different , Harlan 's favoring thickly timbered areas and Krider 's in quite grassy open areas . Wintering Krider 's also used different and more open habitats than resident red - tails . These authors questioned whether Krider 's hawk was once a pure subspecies , similar to the prairie merlin , but following human habitat alterations , calurus and borealis encroached into their breeding ranges and diluted their characteristics . B. j. socorroensis , endemic to Socorro Island , Mexico . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 385 mm ( 14.5 to 15.2 in ) , averaging 378.4 mm ( 14.90 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 385 to 415 mm ( 15.2 to 16.3 in ) , averaging 412.8 mm ( 16.25 in ) . Males and females average 214.1 and 230.4 mm ( 8.43 and 9.07 in ) in tail length , 84.9 and 89.1 mm ( 3.34 and 3.51 in ) in tarsal length and 24.9 and 28.6 mm ( 0.98 and 1.13 in ) in culmen length . One female was found to have weighed 1,260 g ( 2.78 lb ) . This race , which is physically fairly similar to calurus , is not recognized by some authorities with a breeding population comprising perhaps fewer than 20 birds . There are some differences from calurus , such as their larger , more robust feet ( second only among all races to B. j. hadropus ) and much greater sexual dimorphism , which is the most pronounced of any race linearly , averaging a 10.42 % when all standard measurements are considered . Furthermore , Socorro hawks tend to average more melantic in overall color , being a duller , darker brown than mainland birds . B. j. solitudinus , native to the Bahamas and Cuba . This race is fairly small , intermediate in size between B. j. umbrinus and the nominate ( B. j. jamaicensis ) found on islands to the respective north and south of this . The wing chord of males can range from 357 to 383 mm ( 14.1 to 15.1 in ) , averaging 370 mm ( 15 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 397 to 412 mm ( 15.6 to 16.2 in ) , averaging 405.4 mm ( 15.96 in ) . Males and females average 221.2 and 251.8 mm ( 8.71 and 9.91 in ) in tail length , 88.5 and 88.3 mm ( 3.48 and 3.48 in ) in tarsal length and 27.2 and 29.8 mm ( 1.07 and 1.17 in ) in culmen length . Like other island races , the validity of this subspecies has been called into question but this race has its defenders as well . Generally , this species appears as a diminutive version of B. j. umbrinus in plumage characteristics but is considerably isolated from that race . B. j. umbrinus occurs year - round in peninsular Florida north to as far Tampa Bay and the Kissimmee Prairie south throughout the rest of peninsular Florida down to the Florida Keys . This is a very large race , only B. j. fuertesi averages larger in overall linear dimensions . Although a non-migratory subspecies , its wings are notably longer than those of borealis and umbrinus may be conspicuously larger than the relatively small southern borealis that they overlap with . The wing chord of males can range from 396 to 400 mm ( 15.6 to 15.7 in ) , averaging 398.8 mm ( 15.70 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 373 to 432 mm ( 14.7 to 17.0 in ) , averaging 408.9 mm ( 16.10 in ) . Males and females average 225 and 234 mm ( 8.9 and 9.2 in ) in tail length , 91.1 and 88.9 mm ( 3.59 and 3.50 in ) in tarsal length and 27.2 and 30 mm ( 1.07 and 1.18 in ) in culmen length . Compared to borealis which it replaces , it has a darker back , more similar to the dark brown of calurus . Adults tend to have chestnut to rufous side - patches , multiple tail bars and no barring on the `` trousers '' . A very rare dark morph has been reported . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Immature in California A juvenile red - tailed hawk The red - tailed hawk is one of the most widely distributed of all raptors in the Americas . It occupies the largest breeding range of any diurnal raptor north of the Mexican border , just ahead of the American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) . While the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) has a greater latitudinal distribution as a nester in North America , its range as a breeding species is far more sporadic and sparse than that of red - tailed hawks . The red - tailed hawk breeds from nearly north - central Alaska , the Yukon , and a considerable portion of the Northwest Territories , there reaching as far as a breeder as Inuvik , Mackenzie River Delta and skirting the southern shores of Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake . Thereafter in northern Canada , breeding red - tails continue to northern Saskatchewan and across to north - central Ontario east to central Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada , and south continuously to Florida . Remarkably , throughout the entire contiguous United States there are no substantial gaps where breeding red - tailed hawks do not occur . Along the Pacific , their range includes all of Baja California , including Islas Marías , and Socorro Island in the Revillagigedo Islands . On the mainland , breeding red - tails are found continuously to Oaxaca , then experience a brief gap at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec thereafter subsequently continuing from Chiapas through central Guatemala on to north Nicaragua . To the south , the population in highlands from Costa Rica to central Panama is isolated from breeding birds in Nicaragua . Further east , breeding red - tailed hawks occur in the West Indies in north Bahamas ( i.e. Grand Bahama , Abaco and Andros ) and all larger islands ( such as Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola and Puerto Rico ) and into the northern Lesser Antilles ( Virgin Islands , Saint Barthélemy , Saba , Saint Kitts and Nevis , being rare as a resident on Saint Eustatius and are probably extinct on Saint Martin ) . The typical winter range stretches from southern Canada south throughout the remainder of the breeding range . Red - tailed hawks prefer areas with groves of tall trees from which to hunt and to nest in Red - tailed hawks have shown the ability to become habituated to almost any habitat present in North and Central America . Their preferred habitat is mixed forest and field , with trees or alternately high bluffs that may be used as nesting and perching sites . It occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes , including deserts , grasslands , nearly any coastal or wetland habitat , mountains , foothills , coniferous and deciduous woodlands and tropical rainforests . Agricultural fields and pasture which are more often than not varied with groves , bluffs or streamside trees in most parts of America may make nearly ideal habitat for breeding or wintering red - tails . Some red - tails may survive or even flourish in urban areas . One famous urban red - tailed hawk , known as `` Pale Male '' , became the subject of a non-fiction book , Red - Tails in Love : A Wildlife Drama in Central Park , and is the first known red - tail in decades to successfully nest and raise young in the crowded New York City borough of Manhattan . As studied in Syracuse , New York , the highway system has been very beneficial to red - tails as it juxtaposed trees and open areas , blocks human encroachment with fences , with the red - tailed hawks easily becoming acclimated to car traffic . The only practice which has a negative effect on the highway - occupying red - tails is the planting of exotic Phragmites , which may occasionally obscure otherwise ideal highway habitat . In the northern Great Plains , the widespread practices of wildfire suppression and planting of exotic trees by humans has allowed groves of aspen and various other trees to invade what was once vast , almost continuous grasslands , causing grassland obligates like ferruginous hawks to decline and allowing parkland - favoring red - tails to flourish . To the contrary , clear - cutting of mature woodlands in New England , resulting in only fragmented and isolated stands of trees or low second growth remaining , was recorded to also benefit red - tailed hawks , despite being to the determent of breeding red - shouldered hawks . The red - tailed hawk , as a whole , is second only to the peregrine falcon and the great horned owl amongst raptorial birds in terms of the use of diverse habitats in North America . Beyond the high Arctic ( as they discontinuous as a breeder at the tree line ) , there are few other areas where red - tailed hawks are absent or rare in North and Central America . Some areas of unbroken forest , especially lowland tropical forests , rarely host red - tailed hawks although they can occupy forested tropical highlands surprisingly well . In deserts , they can only occur where there is some variety of arborescent growth or ample rocky bluffs . Behavior ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks frequently have to cope with mobbing by crows . The red - tailed hawk is a bird that is highly conspicuous to humans in much of its daily behavior . Most birds in resident populations , which are well more than half of all red - tailed hawks , usually split non-breeding season activity between territorial soaring flight and sitting on a perch . Often perching is for hunting purposes , but many will sit on a tree branch for hours , occasionally stretching on a single wing or leg to keep limber , with no signs of hunting intent . Wintering typical pale - morph hawks in Arkansas were found to perch in open areas near the top of tall , isolated trees , whereas dark morphs more frequently perched in dense groups of trees . For many , and perhaps most , red - tailed hawks being mobbed by various birds is a daily concern and can effectively disrupt many of their daily behaviors . Mostly larger passerines , of multiple families from tyrant flycatchers to icterids , will mob red - tails , despite that other raptors such as Accipiter hawks and falcons are a notably greater danger to them . The most aggressive and dangerous attacker as such is likely to be various crows or other corvids , i.e. American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) , due to the fact that a mobbing group ( or `` murder '' ) of them can number up to as many as 75 crows , which may cause grievous physical harm to a solitary hawk and , if the hawks are nesting , separate the parent hawks and endanger the eggs or nestlings within their nest to predation by the murder of crows . However , evidence has shown that birds that mob red - tailed hawks can tell by how distended the hawk 's crop is ( i.e. the upper chest and throat area puffy versus flat - feathered and sleek ) and thus mob more often when the hawk is presumably about to hunt . Flight ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks engaging in an inflight battle over prey . Painted by John James Audubon . In flight , this hawk soars with wings often in a slight dihedral , flapping as little as possible to conserve energy . Soaring is by far the most efficient method of flight for red - tailed hawks and is used more often than not . Active flight is slow and deliberate , with deep wing beats . Wing beats are somewhat less rapid in active flight than in most other Buteo hawks , even heavier species such as ferruginous hawks tend to flap more swiftly , due to the morphology of the wings . In wind , it occasionally hovers on beating wings and remains stationary above the ground , but this flight method is rarely employed by this species . When soaring or flapping its wings , it typically travels from 32 to 64 km / h ( 20 to 40 mph ) , but when diving may exceed 190 km / h ( 120 mph ) . Although North American red - tailed hawks will occasionally hunt from flight , a great majority of flight by red - tails in this area is for non-hunting purpose . During nest defense , red - tailed hawks may be capable of surprisingly swift , vigorous flight while repeatedly diving at perceived threats . Vocalization ( edit ) The cry of the red - tailed hawk is a two to three second hoarse , rasping scream , variously transcribed as kree - eee - ar , tsee - eeee - arrr or sheeeeee , that begins at a high pitch and slurs downward . This cry is often described as sounding similar to a steam whistle . The red - tailed hawk frequently vocalizes while hunting or soaring , but vocalizes loudest and most persistently in defiance or anger , in response to a predator or a rival hawk 's intrusion into its territory . At close range , it makes a croaking guh - runk , possibly as a warning sound . Nestlings may give peeping notes with a `` soft sleepy quality '' that give way to occasional screams as they develop , but those are reportedly more likely a soft whistle than the harsh screams of the adults . Their latter hunger call , given anywhere from 11 days ( as recorded in Alaska ) to post-fledgling ( in California ) , is different , a two syllabled , wailing klee - uk food cry exerted by the young when parents leave the nest or enter their field of vision . A strange mechanical sound `` not very unlike the rush of distant water '' has been reported for as utter in the midst of a sky - dance . A modified call of chirp - chwirk is given during courtship while a low key , duck - like nasal gank may be given by pairs when they are relaxed . The fierce , screaming cry of the red - tailed hawk is frequently used as a generic raptor sound effect in television shows and other media , even if the bird featured is not a red - tailed hawk . It is especially used in depictions of the bald eagle . Migration ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks are considered partial migrants , as in about the northern - third of their distribution , which is most of their range in Canada and Alaska , they almost entirely vacate their breeding grounds . In coastal areas of the north , however , such as in the Pacific northwest up to southern Alaska and in Nova Scotia , red - tailed hawks do not usually migrate . More or less , any area where snow cover is nearly continuous during the winter months will show an extended absence of most red - tailed hawks , so some areas as far south as Montana may show strong seasonal vacancies of red - tails . In southern Michigan immature red - tailed hawks tended to remain in winter only when voles were abundant . During relatively long harsh winters up in Michigan , many more young ones were reported in northeastern Mexico . To the opposite extreme , hawks residing as far north as Fairbanks in Alaska may persevere through the winter on their home territory , as was recorded with one male over three consecutive years . Birds of any age tend to be territorial during winter but may shift ranges whenever food requirements demand it . Wintering birds tend to perch on inconspicuous tree perches , seeking shelter especially if they have a full crop or are in the midst of poor or overly windy weather . Adult wintering red - tails tend to perch more prominently than immatures do , which select lower or more secluded perches . Immatures are often missed in winter bird counts , unless they are being displaced by dominant adults . Generally though , immatures can seem to recognize that they are less likely to be attacked by adults during winter and can perch surprisingly close to them . Age is the most significant consideration of wintering hawks ' hierarchy but size does factor in , as larger immatures ( presumably usually females ) are less likely to displaced than smaller ones . Dark adult red - tailed hawks appear to be harder to locate when perched than other red - tails . In Oklahoma , for example , wintering adult Harlan 's hawks were rarely engaged in fights or chased by other red - tails . These Harlan 's tended to gather in regional pockets and frequently the same Harlan 's occurred year - to - year . In general , migratory behavior is complex and reliant on each individual hawks ' decision - making ( i.e. whether prey populations are sufficient enough to entice the hawk to endure prolonged snow cover ) . During fall migration , departure may occur as soon as late September but peak movements occur in late October and the full month of November in the United States , with migration ceasing after mid-December . The northernmost migrants may pass over resident red - tailed hawks in the contiguous United States while the latter are still in the midst of brooding fledglings . Not infrequently several autumn hawk - watches in Ontario , Quebec and the northern United States will record 4,500 - 8,900 red - tailed hawks migrating through each fall , with records of up to 15,000 in a season at Hawk Ridge hawk watch in Duluth , Minnesota . Unlike some other Buteos , such as Swainson 's hawks and broad - winged hawks ( Buteo platypterus ) , red - tailed hawks do not usually migrate in groups , instead passing by one - by - one , and will only migrate on days when winds are favorable . Most migrants do not go past southern Mexico in late autumn , but a few may annually move down as far as to roughly as far as there are breeding red - tailed hawks down in Panama . However , there are now a few records of wintering migrant red - tails turning up in Colombia , the first records of the species in that country or anywhere in South America . Spring northward movements may commence as early as late February , with peak numbers usually occurring in late March and early April . Seasonal counts may include up to 19,000 red - tails in spring at Derby Hill hawk watch , in Oswego , New York , sometimes more than 5,000 are recorded in a day there . The very most northerly migratory individuals may not reach breeding grounds until June , even adults . Immature hawks migrate later than adults in spring on average but not , generally speaking , in autumn . In the northern Great Lakes , immatures return in late May to early June , when adults are already well into their nesting season and must find unoccupied ranges . However , in Alaska adults tend to migrate before immatures in early to mid-September , to the contrary of other areas , probably as heavy snow fall begins . Yearlings that were banded in southwestern Idaho stayed for about 2 months after fledging , and then traveled long distances with a strong directional bias , with 9 of 12 recovered southeast of the study area - six of these moved down to coastal lowlands in Mexico and down to as far as Guatemala , here 4,205 km ( 2,613 mi ) from their initial banding . In California , 35 hawks were banded as nestlings , 26 were recovered at less than 50 miles away , with multi-directional juvenile dispersals . Nestlings banded in southern California sometimes actually traveled up to as far as 1,190 km ( 740 mi ) north to Oregon ranging to the opposite extreme as far as a banded bird from the Sierra Nevadas that moved 1,700 km ( 1,100 mi ) south to Sinaloa . Nestlings banded in Green County , Wisconsin did not travel very far comparatively by October -- November , but just a month later in December recoveries were found in varied states including Illinois , Iowa , Texas , Louisiana and Florida . Dietary biology ( edit ) Juvenile eating a squirrel The red - tailed hawk is carnivorous , and a highly opportunistic feeder . It is said that nearly any small animal they encounter may be viewed as potential food . Their most common prey are small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs , but they will also consume birds , reptiles , fish , amphibians and invertebrates . Prey varies considerably with regional and seasonal availability , but usually centers on rodents , accounting for up to 85 % of a hawk 's diet . In total nearly 500 prey species have been recorded in their diet , almost as many as the great horned owl have been recorded as taking . When 27 North American studies are reviewed , mammals make up 65.3 % of the diet by frequency , 20.9 % by birds , 10.8 % by reptiles , 2.8 % by invertebrates and 0.2 % by amphibians and fish . The geometric mean body mass of prey taken by red - tailed hawks in North America averages about 187 g ( 6.6 oz ) based on a pair of compilation studies from across the continent , regionally varying at least from 43.4 to 361.4 g ( 1.53 to 12.75 oz ) . Staple prey ( excluding invertebrates ) has been claimed to weigh from 15 to 2,114 g ( 0.033 to 4.661 lb ) , ranging roughly from the size of a small mouse or lizard to the size of a black - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) . The daily food requirements range from 7 to 11.2 % of their own body weight , so that about three voles or an individual prey of equivalent weight are required daily for an average range adult . The talons and feet of red - tailed hawks are relatively large for a Buteo hawk , in an average sized adult red - tail the `` hallux - claw '' or rear talon , the largest claw on all accipitrids , averages about 29.7 mm ( 1.17 in ) . In fact , the talons of red - tails in some areas averaged of similar size to those of ferruginous hawks which can be considerably heavier and notably larger than those of the only slightly lighter Swainson 's hawk . This species may exert an average of about 91 kg ( 201 lb ) of pressure per square inch ( PSI ) through its feet . Due to its morphology , red - tailed hawks generally can attack larger prey than typical Buteo hawks and will seemingly select the largest prey of up to their own size available at the time that they 're hunting . Red - tailed hawks usually hunt by watching for prey activity from a high perch , also known as still hunting . Upon being spotted , prey is dropped down upon by the hawk . Red - tails often select the highest available perches within a given environment since the greater the height they are at , the less flapping is required and the faster the downward glide they can attain toward nearby prey . If prey is closer than average , the hawk may glide at a steep downward angle with few flaps , if farther than average , it may flap a few swift wingbeats alternating with glides . Perch hunting is the most successful hunting method generally speaking for red - tailed hawks and can account for up to 83 % of their daily activities ( i.e. in winter ) . Wintering pairs may hunt together and aseasonally may join together to group hunt agile prey that they may have trouble catching by themselves , such as tree squirrels . This may consist of stalking opposites sides of a tree , in order to surround the squirrel and almost inevitably drive the rodent to be captured by one after being flushed by the other hawk . The typical hunting method of red - tailed hawks is to dive down on its prey from a lofty perch . The most common flighted hunting method for red - tail is to cruise approximately 10 to 50 m ( 33 to 164 ft ) over the ground with flap - and - glide type flight , interspersed occasionally with harrier - like quarters over the ground . This method is less successful than perch hunting but seems relatively useful for capturing small birds and may be show the best results while hunting in hilly country . Hunting red - tailed hawks readily will use trees , bushes or rocks for concealment before making a surprise attack , even showing a partial ability to dodge among trees in an Accipiter - like fashion . Among thick stands of spruce in Alaska , a dodging hunting flight was thought to be unusually important to red - tails living in extensive areas of conifers , with hawks even coming to the ground and walking hurriedly in prey pursuit especially if the prey was large , a similar behavior to goshawks . Additional surprisingly swift aerial hunting has reported in red - tails who habitually hunt bats in Texas . Here the bat - hunting specialists would stoop with half - close wings , quite falcon - like , plowing through the huge stream of bats exiting their cave roosts , then zooming upwards with a bat in its talons . These hawks would also fly parallel closely to the stream , then veer sharply into it and seize a bat . In the neotropics , red - tails have shown the ability to dodge amongst forest canopy whilst hunting . In Kansas , red - tailed hawks were recorded sailing to catch flying insects , a hunting method more typical of a Swainson 's hawk . Alternately , they may drop to the ground to forage for insects like grasshoppers and beetles as well as other invertebrates and probably amphibians and fish ( except by water in the latter cases ) . Hunting afoot seems to be particularly prevalent among immatures . Young red - tailed hawks in northeastern Florida were recorded often extracting earthworms from near the surface of the ground and some had a crop full of earthworms after rains . Ground hunting is also quite common on Socorro Island , where there are no native land mammals and invertebrates are more significant to their overall diet . A red - tailed hawk was observed to incorporate an unconventional killing method which was drowning a heron immediately after capture . One red - tailed hawk was seen to try to grab a young ground squirrel and , upon missing it , screamed loudly , which in turn caused another young squirrel to break into a run wherein it was captured . Whether this was an intentional hunting technique needs investigation . Upon capture , smaller prey is taken to a feeding perch , which is almost always lower than a hunting perch . Among small prey , rodents are often swallowed whole as are shrews and small snakes , while birds are plucked and beheaded . Even prey as small as chipmunks may take two to three bites to consume . Larger mammals of transportable size are at times beheaded and have part of their fur discarded , then leftovers are either stored in a tree or fall to the ground . Large prey , especially if too heavy to transport on the wing , is often dragged to a secluded spot and dismantled in various ways . If they can successfully carry what remains to a low perch , they tend to feed until full and then discard the rest . Mammals ( edit ) Play media Red - tailed hawk eating a rodent Rodents are certainly the most often taken type of prey by frequency but their contribution to prey biomass at nests can be regionally low and the type , variety and importance of rodent prey can be highly variable . In total , well over 100 rodent species have turned up the diet of red - tailed hawks . Rodents of extremely varied sizes may be hunted by red - tails , with species ranging in size from the 8.2 g ( 0.29 oz ) eastern harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys humulis ) to marmots ( Marmota ssp . ) , weighing some 3,300 g ( 7.3 lb ) in spring , although whether they can take full grown marmots is questionable . At least some attacks on adult marmots like groundhogs ( Marmota monax ) are abortive . At times , the red - tailed hawk is thought of as a semi-specialized vole - catcher , but voles are a subsistence food that are more or less are taken until larger prey can be captured . In an area of Michigan , immature hawks took almost entirely voles but adults were diversified feeders . Indeed , the 44.1 g ( 1.56 oz ) meadow vole ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) was the highest frequency prey species in 27 dietary studies across North America , accounting for up to 54 % of the food at nests by frequency . It is quite rare for any one species to make up more than half of the food at any dietary study for red - tailed hawks . In total about 9 Microtus species are known in the overall diet , with 5 other voles and lemmings known to be included in their prey spectrum . Another well - represented species was the 27.9 g ( 0.98 oz ) prairie vole ( Microtus ochrogaster ) , which were the primary food , making up 26.4 % of a sample of 1322 , in eastern Kansas . While crepuscular in primary feeding activity , voles are known to be active both day and night , and so are reliable food for hawks than most non-squirrel rodents , which generally are nocturnal in activity . Indeed , most other microtine rodents are largely inaccessible to red - tailed hawks due to their strongly nocturnal foraging patterns , even though 24 species outside of voles and lemmings are known to be hunted . Woodrats are taken as important supplemental prey in some regions , being considerably larger than most other crictetid rodents , and some numbers of North American deermouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) may turn up . The largest representation of the latter species was contributing 11.9 % of the diet in the Great Basin of Utah , making them the second best represented prey species there . Considering this limited association with nocturnal rodents , the high importance of pocket gophers in the diet of red - tailed hawks is puzzling to many biologists , as these tend to be highly nocturnal and elusive by day , rarely leaving the confines of their burrow . At least 8 species of pocket gopher are included in the prey spectrum ( not to mention 5 species of pocket mice ) . The 110 g ( 3.9 oz ) northern pocket gopher ( Thomomys talpoides ) is particularly often reported and , by frequency , even turns up as the third most often recorded prey species in 27 American dietary studies . Presumably , hunting of pocket gophers by red - tails , which has possibly never been witnessed , occurs in dim light at first dawn and last light of dusk when they luck upon a gopher out foraging . Voles are often caught by red - tails , especially immature hawks such as this may depend almost fully upon them . By far , the most important prey among rodents are squirrels , as they are almost fully diurnal . All told , nearly 50 species from the squirrel family have turned up as food . In particular , where they are distributed , ground squirrels are doubly attractive as a primary food source due to their ground dwelling habits , as red - tails prefer to attack prey that is terrestrial . There are also many disadvantages to ground squirrels as prey : they can escape quickly to the security of their burrows , they tend to be highly social and they are very effective and fast in response to alarm calls , and a good deal of species enter hibernation that in the coldest climates can range up to a 6 to 9 - month period ( although those in warmer climates with little to no snowy weather often have brief dormancy and no true hibernation ) . Nonetheless , red - tailed hawks are devoted predators of ground squirrels , especially catching incautious ones as they go out foraging ( which more often than not are younger animals ) . A multi-year study conducted on San Joaquin Experimental Range in California , seemingly still the largest food study to date done for red - tailed hawks with 4031 items examined , showed that throughout the seasons the 722 g ( 1.592 lb ) California ground squirrel ( Otospermophilus beecheyi ) was the most significant prey , accounting for 60.8 % of the breeding season diet and about 27.2 % of the diet for hawks year - around . Because of the extremely high density of red - tailed hawks on this range , some pairs came to specialize on diverse alternate prey , which consisted variously of kangaroo rats , lizards , snakes or chipmunks . One pair apparently lessened competition by focusing on pocket gophers instead despite being near the center of ground squirrel activity . In Snake River NCA , the primary food of red - tailed hawks was the 203.5 g ( 7.18 oz ) Townsend 's ground squirrel ( Urocitellus townsendii ) , which made up nearly 21 % of the food in 382 prey items across several years despite sharp spikes and crashes of the ground squirrel population there . The same species was the main food of red - tailed hawks in southeastern Washington , making up 31.2 % of 170 items . An even closer predatory relationship was reported in the Centennial valley of Montana and south - central Montana , where 45.4 % of 194 prey items and 40.2 % of 261 items , respectively , of the food of red - tails consisted of the 455.7 g ( 1.005 lb ) Richardson 's ground squirrel ( Urocitellus richardsonii ) . Locally in Rochester , Alberta , Richardson 's ground squirrel , estimated to average 444 g ( 15.7 oz ) , were secondary in number to unidentified small rodents but red - tails in the region killed an estimated 22 - 60 % of the area 's ground squirrel , a large dent in the squirrel 's population . Further east , ground squirrels are not so reliably distributed , but one study in southern Wisconsin , in one of several quite different dietary studies in that state , the 172.7 g ( 6.09 oz ) thirteen - lined ground squirrel ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus ) was the main prey species , making up 29.7 % of the diet ( from a sample of 165 ) . In Kluane Lake , Yukon , 750 g ( 1.65 lb ) Arctic ground squirrels ( Spermophilus parryii ) were the main overall food for Harlan 's red - tailed hawks , making up 30.8 % of a sample of 1074 prey items . When these ground squirrels enter their long hibernation , the breeding Harlan 's hawks migrate south for the winter . Nearly as important in Kluane Lake was the 200 g ( 7.1 oz ) American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) , which constituted 29.8 % of the above sample . Red squirrels are highly agile dwellers on dense spruce stands , which has caused biologists to ponder how the red - tailed hawks are able to routinely catch them . Although it is possible that the hawks catch them on the ground such as when squirrels are digging their caches , and the dark color of the Harlan 's hawks may allow them to more effectively ambush the squirrels locally . While American red squirrel turn up not infrequently as supplementary prey elsewhere in North America , other tree squirrels seem to be comparatively infrequently caught , at least during the summer breeding season . It is known that pairs of red - tailed hawks will cooperative hunt tree squirrels at times , probably mostly between late fall and early spring . Fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger ) , the largest of North America 's tree squirrels at 800 g ( 1.8 lb ) , are fairly regular supplemental prey but the lighter , presumably more agile 533 g ( 1.175 lb ) eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) appears to be seldom caught based on dietary studies . While adult marmot may be difficult for red - tailed hawks to catch , young marmots are readily taken in numbers after weaning , such as a high frequency of yellow - bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris ) in Boulder , Colorado . Another grouping of squirrels but at the opposite end of the size spectrum for squirrels , the chipmunks are also mostly supplemental prey but are considered more easily caught than tree squirrels , considering that they are more habitual terrestrial foragers . In central Ohio , eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) , the largest species of chipmunk at an average weight of 96 g ( 3.4 oz ) , were actually the leading prey by number , making up 12.3 % of a sample of 179 items . Outside of rodents , the most important prey for North American red - tailed hawks is rabbits and hares , of which at least 13 species are included in their prey spectrum . By biomass and reproductive success within populations , these are certain to be the most significant food source to the species ( at least in North America ) . Adult Sylvilagus rabbits known to be hunted by red - tails can range from the 700 g ( 1.5 lb ) brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus bachmani ) to the Tres Marias rabbit ( Sylvilagus graysoni ) at 1,470 g ( 3.24 lb ) while all leporids hunted may range the 421.3 g ( 14.86 oz ) pygmy rabbit ( Brachylagus idahoensis ) to hares and jackrabbits potentially up twice the hawk 's own weight . While primarily crepuscular in peak activity , rabbits and hares often foraging both during day and night and so face almost constant predatory pressure from a diverse range of predators . Male red - tailed hawks or pairs which are talented rabbit hunters are likely have higher than average productivity due to the size and nutrition of the meal ensuring healthy , fast - growing offspring . Most widely reported are the cottontails , which the three most common North America varieties softly grading into mostly allopatric ranges , being largely segregated by habitat preferences where they overlap in distribution . Namely , in descending order of reportage were : the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) , the second most widely reported prey species overall in North America and with maximum percentage known in a given study was 26.4 % in Oklahoma ( out of 958 prey items ) , the mountain cottontail ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ) , maximum representation being 17.6 % out of a sample of 478 in Kaibab Plateau , Arizona and the desert cottontail ( Sylvilagus audubonii ) , maximum representation being 22.4 % out of a sample of 326 in west - central Arizona . Black - tailed jackrabbits ( Lepus californicus ) are even more intensely focused upon as a food source by the hawks found in the west , particularly the Great Basin . This species is likely the largest prey routinely hunted by red - tails and the mean prey size where jackrabbits are primarily hunted is indeed the highest known overall in the species . When jackrabbit numbers crash , red - tailed hawk productivity tends to decline synchronically . In northern Utah , black - tailed jackrabbits made up 55.3 % by number of a sample of 329 . Elsewhere , they are usually somewhat secondary by number . Mean sizes of jackrabbits taken can range up to approximately 2,114 g ( 4.661 lb ) , but probably quantitatively mostly juvenile and yearling jackrabbits are caught . Prime adult jackrabbits , with weights at times exceeding 2,700 g ( 6.0 lb ) , are difficult and taken infrequently , short of by particularly large and aggressive female red - tails . Other even larger species are sometimes taken as prey such as the white - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus townsendii ) , but whether this includes healthy adults , as they average over 3,200 g ( 7.1 lb ) , is unclear . Near Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA a red - tailed hawk consumes a young Eastern cottontail In the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska , red - tails are fairly dependent on the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) , falling somewhere behind the great horned owl and ahead of the northern goshawk in their regional reliance on this food source . The hunting preferences of red - tails who rely on snowshoe hares is variable . In Rochester , Alberta , 52 % of snowshoe hares caught were adults , such prey estimated to average 1,287 g ( 2.837 lb ) , and adults , in some years , were six times more often taken than juvenile hares , which averaged an estimated 560 g ( 1.23 lb ) . 1.9 - 7.1 % of adults in the regional population of Rochester were taken by red - tails , while only 0.3 - 0.8 of juvenile hares were taken by them . Despite their reliance on it , only 4 % ( against 53.4 % of the biomass ) of the food by frequency here was made up of hares . On the other hand , in Kluane , Yukon , juvenile hares were taken roughly 11 times more often than adults , despite the larger size of adults here , averaging 1,406.6 g ( 3.101 lb ) , and that the overall prey base was less diverse at this more northerly clime . In both Rochester and Kluane Lake , the number of snowshoe hares taken was considerably lower than numbers of ground squirrels taken . The differences of average characteristics of snowshoe hares that were hunted may be partially due to habitat ( extent of bog openings to dense forest ) or topography . Another member of the Lagomorpha order has been found in the diet , the much smaller American pika ( Ochotona princeps ) , at 150 g ( 5.3 oz ) , but is not quantitatively common in the foods of the species so far as is known . A diversity of mammals may be consumed opportunistically outside of the main food groups of rodents and leporids , but usually occur in low numbers . At least five species each are taken of shrews and moles , ranging in size from their smallest mammalian prey , the cinereus ( Sorex cinereus ) and least shrews ( Cryptotis parva ) , which both weigh about 4.4 g ( 0.16 oz ) , to Townsend 's mole ( Scapanus townsendii ) , which weighs about 126 g ( 4.4 oz ) . A respectable number of the 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) eastern mole ( Scalopus aquaticus ) were recorded in studies from Oklahoma and Kansas . Four species of bat have been recorded in their foods . The red - tailed hawks local to the large cave colonies of 12.3 g ( 0.43 oz ) Mexican free - tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) in Texas can show surprising agility , some of the same hawks spending their early evening and early morning hours in flight patrolling the cave entrances in order to stoop suddenly on these flighted mammals . Larger miscellaneous mammalian prey are either usually taken as juveniles , like the nine - banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , or largely as carrion , like the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) . Small carnivorans may be taken , usually consisting of much smaller mustelids , like the 150.6 g ( 5.31 oz ) long - tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ) , which was surprisingly widely taken as a supplemental prey species . Adult ringtails ( Bassariscus astutus ) , which are about the same weight as a red - tailed hawk at 1,015 g ( 2.238 lb ) , are taken as prey occasionally . Larger carnivoran remains are sometimes found amongst their foods , but most are likely taken as juveniles or smaller range adults , or otherwise consumed only as carrion . Some of the relatively larger carnivorans red - tailed hawks have been known to eat have included red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) , kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis ) , white - nosed coati ( Nasua narica ) , raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) , striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ) and domestic cats ( Felis silvestris catus ) . Many of these medium - sized carnivorans are probably visited as roadkill , especially during the sparser winter months , but carrion has turned up more widely than previously thought . Some nests have been found ( to the occasional `` shock '' of researchers ) with body parts from large domestic stock like sheep ( Ovies aries ) , pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus ) , horses ( Equus caballus ferus ) and cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) ( not to mention wild varieties like deer ) , which red - tails must visit when freshly dead out on pastures and take a couple talonfuls of meat . In one instance , a red - tailed hawk was observed to kill a small but seemingly healthy lamb . These are born heavier than most red - tails at 1,500 g ( 3.3 lb ) but in this instance , the hawk was scared away before it could consume its kill by the rifle fire of the shepherd who witnessed the instance . Birds ( edit ) A hawk eats a rock pigeon , near Toronto harbour Like most ( but not all ) Buteo hawks , red - tailed hawks do not primarily hunt birds in most areas , but can take them fairly often whenever they opportune upon some that are vulnerable . Birds are , by far , the most diverse class in the red - tailed hawk 's prey spectrum , with well over 200 species known in their foods . In most circumstances where birds become the main food of red - tailed hawks , it is in response to ample local populations of galliforms . As these are meaty , mostly terrestrial birds which usually run rather than fly from danger ( although all wild species in North America are capable of flight ) , galliforms are ideal avian prey for red - tails . Some 23 species of galliforms are known to be taken by red - tailed hawks , about a third of these being species introduced by humans . Native quails of all five North American species may expect occasional losses . All 12 species of grouse native to North America are also occasionally included in their prey spectrum . In the state of Wisconsin , two large studies , from Waupun and Greene county , found the main prey species to be the ring - necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) , making up 22.7 % of a sample of 176 and 33.8 % of a sample of 139 , respectively . With a body mass averaging 1,135 g ( 2.502 lb ) , adult pheasants are among the largest meals that male red - tails are likely to deliver short of adult rabbits and hares and therefore these nests tend to be relatively productive . Despite being not native to North America , pheasants usually live in a wild state . All Wisconsin studies also found large numbers of chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) , making up as much as 14.4 % of the diet . Many studies reflect that free - ranging chickens are vulnerable to red - tailed hawks although somewhat lesser numbers are taken by them overall in comparison to nocturnal predators ( i.e. owls and foxes ) and goshawks . In Rochester , Alberta , fairly large numbers of ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) were taken but relatively more juveniles were taken of this species than the two other main contributors to biomass here , snowshoe hare and Townsend 's ground squirrel , as they are fairly independent early on and more readily available . Here the adult grouse was estimated to average 550 g ( 1.21 lb ) against the average juvenile which in mid-summer averaged 170 g ( 6.0 oz ) . Beyond galliforms , three other quite different families of birds make the most significant contributions to the red - tailed hawk 's avian diet . None of these three families are known as particularly skilled or swift fliers but the species are generally small enough that they would generally easily be more nimble in flight than a red - tailed hawk . One of these are the woodpeckers , if only for one species , the 131.6 g ( 4.64 oz ) northern flicker ( Colaptes auratus ) , which was the best represented bird species in the diet in 27 North American studies and was even the fourth most often detected prey species of all . Woodpeckers are often a favorite in the diet of large raptors as their relatively slow , undulating flight makes these relatively easy targets . The flicker in particular is a highly numerous species that has similar habitat preferences to red - tailed hawks , preferring fragmented landscapes with trees and openings or parkland - type wooded mosaics , and often forage on the ground for ants , which may make them even more susceptible . Varied other woodpecker species may turn up in their foods , from the smallest to the largest extant in North America , but are much more infrequently detected in dietary studies . Another family relatively often selected prey family are corvids , which despite their relatively large size , formidable mobbing abilities and intelligence are also slower than average fliers for passerines. 14 species of corvid are known to fall prey to red - tailed hawks . In the Kaibab Plateau , the 128 g ( 4.5 oz ) Steller 's jay ( Cyanocitta stelleri ) were the fourth most identified prey species ( 10.3 % of the diet ) . 453 g ( 0.999 lb ) American crows are also regularly detected supplemental prey in several areas . Even the huge common raven ( Corvus corax ) , at 1,050 g ( 2.31 lb ) at least as large as red - tailed hawk itself , may fall prey to red - tails , albeit very infrequently and only in a well - staged ambush . One of the most surprising heavy contributors are the icterids , despite their slightly smaller size and tendency to travel in large , wary flocks , 12 species are known to be hunted . One species pair , the meadowlarks , are most often selected as they do not flock in the same ways as many other icterids and often come to the ground , throughout their life history , rarely leaving about shrub - height . The 100.7 g ( 3.55 oz ) western meadowlark ( Sturnella neglecta ) , in particular , was the third most often detected bird prey species in North America . Red - winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) which are probably too small , at an average weight of 52.4 g ( 1.85 oz ) , and fast for a red - tailed hawk to ever chase on the wing ( and do travel in huge flocks , especially in winter ) are nonetheless also quite often found in their diet , representing up to 8 % of the local diet for red - tails . It is possible that males , which are generally bold and often select lofty perches from which to display , are most regularly ambushed . One bird species that often flocks with red - winged blackbirds in winter is even better represented in the red - tail 's diet , the non-native 78 g ( 2.8 oz ) European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , being the second most numerous avian prey species and seventh overall in North America . Although perhaps most vulnerable when caught unaware while calling atonally on a perch , a few starlings ( or various blackbirds ) may be caught by red - tails which test the agile , twisting murmurations of birds by flying conspicuously towards the flock , to intentionally disturb them and possibly detect lagging , injured individual birds that can be caught unlike healthy birds . However , this behavior has been implied rather than verified . Over 50 passerine species from various other families beyond corvids , icterids and starlings are included in the red - tailed hawks ' prey spectrum but are caught so infrequently as to generally not warrant individual mention . Non-passerine prey taken infrequently may include pigeons and doves , cuckoos , nightjars , kingfishers and parrots . However , of some interest , is the extreme size range of birds that may be preyed upon . Red - tailed hawks in Caribbean islands seem to catch small passerines more frequently due to the paucity of vertebrate prey diversity here . Birds as small as the 7.7 g ( 0.27 oz ) elfin woods warbler ( Setophaga angelae ) and the 10 g ( 0.35 oz ) bananaquit ( Coereba flaveola ) may turn up not infrequently as food . How red - tails can catch prey this small and nimble is unclear ( perhaps mostly the even smaller nestlings or fledglings are depredated ) . In California , most avian prey was stated to be between the size of a starling and a quail . Numerous water birds may be preyed upon including at least 22 species of shorebirds , 17 species of waterfowl , 8 species of heron and egrets and 8 species of rails , plus a smaller diversity of grebes , shearwaters and ibises . These may range to as small as the tiny , mysterious and `` mouse - like '' black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ) , weighing an average of 32.7 g ( 1.15 oz ) , and snowy plover ( Charadrius nivosus ) , weighing an average of 42.3 g ( 1.49 oz ) ( how they catch adults of this prey is not known ) , to some gulls , ducks and geese as heavy or heavier than a red - tailed hawk itself . How large of a duck that red - tailed hawks can capture may be variable . In one instance , a red - tailed hawk failed to kill a healthy drake red - breasted merganser ( Mergus serrator ) , with this duck estimated to weigh 1,100 g ( 2.4 lb ) , later the same red - tail was able to dispatch a malnourished red - necked grebe ( Podiceps grisegena ) ( a species usually about as heavy as the merganser ) , weighing an estimated 657 g ( 1.448 lb ) . However , in interior Alaska , locally red - tailed hawks have become habitual predators of adult ducks , ranging from 345 g ( 12.2 oz ) green - winged teal ( Anas carolinensis ) to 1,141 g ( 2.515 lb ) mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) . Even larger , occasionally adult Ross 's goose ( Chen rossii ) , weighing on average 1,636 g ( 3.607 lb ) , have been killed as well . Also , a non-native Egyptian goose ( Alopochen aegyptiaca ) , in which adults average 1,762 g ( 3.885 lb ) , was killed by a red - tail in Texas . Certainly the largest avian prey red - tailed hawks have successfully hunted is large galliforms . There are several known instances of predation on adult greater sage grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) , although mainly females are reported taken , these averaging 1,200 to 1,745 g ( 2.646 to 3.847 lb ) depending on region . Some adult male sage grouse may have been attacked but , as these average from 2,100 to 3,190 g ( 4.63 to 7.03 lb ) , this needs verification . Even larger , in at least once case a grown hatch - year bird was caught of the rare , non-native Himalayan snowcock ( Tetraogallus himalayensis ) , this species averaging 2,428 g ( 5.353 lb ) in adults . Red - tailed hawks are a threat to the poults typically of the wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) . However , in one instance , an immature red - tail was observed trying to attack an adult female turkey , which would weigh about 4,260 g ( 9.39 lb ) ( on average ) . However this red - tail was unable to overpower the turkey hen . Additionally , young domestic turkeys , weighing up to at least 1,500 g ( 3.3 lb ) , have been killed by red - tailed hawks . Other than wild turkeys , other larger birds occasionally lose young to red - tails such as trumpeter swans ( Cygnus buccinator ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) and great blue herons ( Ardea herodias ) . Reptiles ( edit ) A red - tailed hawk flies off with its kill , a large colubrid snake Early reports claimed relatively little predation of reptiles by red - tailed hawks but these were regionally biased towards the east coast and the upper Midwest of the United States . However , locally the predation on reptiles can be regionally quite heavy and they may become the primary prey where large , stable numbers of rodents and leporids are not to be found reliably . Nearly 80 species of reptilian prey have been recorded in the diet at this point . Most predation is on snakes , with more than 40 species known in the prey spectrum . The most often found reptilian species in the diet ( and sixth overall in 27 North American dietary studies ) was the gopher snake ( Pituophis catenifer ) . Red - tails are efficient predators of these large snakes , which average about 532 g ( 1.173 lb ) in adults , although they also take many small and young gopher snakes . Along the Columbia River in Washington , large colubrid snakes were found to be the primary prey , with the eastern racer ( Coluber constrictor ) , which averages about 556 g ( 1.226 lb ) in mature adults , the most often recorded at 21.3 % of 150 prey items , followed by the gopher snake at 18 % . This riverine region lacks ground squirrels and has low numbers of leporids. 43.2 % of the overall diet here was made up of reptiles , while mammals , made up 40.6 % . In the Snake River NCA , the gopher snake was the second most regularly recorded ( 16.2 % of 382 items ) prey species over the course of the years , and did not appear to be subject to the extreme population fluctuations of mammalian prey here . Good numbers of smaller colubrids can be taken as well , especially garter snakes . Red - tailed hawks may engage in avoidance behavior to some extent with regard to venomous snakes . For example , on the San Joaquin Experimental Range in California , they were recorded taking 225 gopher snakes against 83 western rattlesnakes ( Crotalus oreganus ) . Based on surveys , however , the rattlesnakes were five times more abundant on the range than the gopher snakes . Nonetheless , at least 15 venomous snakes have been recorded in the red - tailed hawk 's diet . The smallest known snake known to be hunted by red - tailed hawks is the 6 g ( 0.21 oz ) redbelly snake ( Storeria occipitomaculata ) . Red - tailed hawks have been seen flying off with snake prey that may exceed 153 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) in length in some cases . One red - tail was photographed killing a `` fairly large '' eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus adamanteus ) , this being North America 's heaviest snake and the heaviest venomous snake in the Americas at a large mature size of about 2,300 g ( 5.1 lb ) . For the eastern indigo snakes ( Drymarchon couperi ) , North America 's longest native snake , usually young and small ones are reportedly at risk . In North America , fewer lizards are typically recorded in the foods of red - tailed hawk than are snakes , probably because snakes are considerably better adapted to cooler , seasonal weather , with an extensive diversity of lizards found only in the southernmost reaches of the contiguous United States . A fair number of lizards were recorded in the diet in southern California and red - tails can be counted among the primary predatory threats to largish lizards in the United States such as the 245 g ( 8.6 oz ) common chuckawalla ( Sauromalus ater ) . However , the red - tailed hawks ranging into the neotropics regularly take numerous species of lizards . This is especially true of hawks living on islands which are not naturally colonized by small mammals . Insular red - tails commonly pluck up mostly tiny anoles , that may average only 1.75 to 43.5 g ( 0.062 to 1.534 oz ) in adult mass , depending on species . Not all tropical lizards taken by red - tailed hawks are so dainty and some are easily as large as most birds and reptiles taken elsewhere such as adults of the 1,800 g ( 4.0 lb ) San Esteban chuckwalla ( Sauromalus varius ) and even those as large as 2,800 g ( 6.2 lb ) Cape spinytail iguanas ( Ctenosaura hemilopha ) and 4,000 g ( 8.8 lb ) green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) ( though it is not clearly noted whether they can take healthy adults iguanas or not ) . Beyond snakes and lizards , there are a few cases of red - tailed hawks preying on baby or juvenile turtles , i.e. the gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) , the desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ) and the common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ) . Other prey ( edit ) Records of predation on amphibians is fairly infrequent . It is thought that such prey may be slightly underrepresented , as they are often consumed whole and may not leave a trace in pellets . Their fine bones may dissolve upon consumption . So far as is known , North American red - tailed hawks have preyed upon 9 species of amphibian , four of which are toads . Known amphibian prey has ranged to as small as the 0.75 g ( 0.026 oz ) red - backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ) , the smallest known vertebrate prey for red - tailed hawks , to the 430 g ( 15 oz ) American bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus ) . Invertebrates , mostly represented by insects like beetles and crickets , are better represented in the stomach contents of red - tailed hawks than their pellets or prey remains . It is possible some invertebrate prey is ingested incidentally , as in other various birds of prey , they can in some cases be actually from the stomachs of birds eaten by the raptor . However , some red - tails , especially immatures early in their hunting efforts , often do spend much of the day on the ground grabbing terrestrial insects and spiders . The red - tailed hawks of Puerto Rico frequently consume Puerto Rican freshwater crabs ( Epilobocera sinuatifrons ) , which average 9.4 g ( 0.33 oz ) . Reportedly other island populations , such as those on Socorro island , also feed often on terrestrial crabs , here often reportedly blunting their claws while catching them . Fish are the rarest class of prey based on dietary studies . Among the rare instances of them capturing fish have included captures of wild channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) , non-native common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and ornamental koi ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) as well some hawks that were seen scavenging on dead chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) . Interspecies predatory relationships ( edit ) As easily one of the most abundant of all American raptorial birds , red - tailed hawks have been recorded as interacting with every other diurnal bird of prey . Due to the extreme dietary plasticity of red - tails , the food habits of other birds of prey regularly overlap considerably with red - tails . Furthermore , due to its ability to nest in varied habitats , home ranges also frequently abut those of other raptor species . The most obvious similar species in their range are other Buteo hawks , especially larger species with a similar ecological niche . Two of the larger , more widespread other Buteos are the Swainson 's hawk and the ferruginous hawks and , as with many other birds of prey , red - tailed hawks occur in almost the entirety of these birds ' breeding ranges . These species have broadly similar breeding season diets , especially the ferruginous and red - tailed hawks . In some areas , such as Snake River NCA the diets of the two species consist of more than 90 % of the same species and body mass of prey taken was similar . Therefore , all three large Buteo hawks defend their territories from each other with almost the same degree of dedication that they defend from others of their own species . In some cases , territorial clashes of Swainson 's hawks and red - tailed hawks can last up to 12 hours , however , the birds involved are usually careful to avoid physical contact . Due to the similarities of the foods and their aggressive dispositions towards one another , these Buteos need some degree of partitioning in order to persist alongside one another and this usually is given by habitat preferences . The ferruginous hawk prefers open , practically treeless prairie while of these , the red - tailed hawks prefers the most wooded areas with large trees , while the Swainson 's hawk prefer roughly intermediate areas . Where the habitat is more open , such as in Cassia County , Idaho , the Swainson 's and ferruginous hawks have the advantage in numbers and red - tails are scarce . However , habitat alterations by humans , such as fire suppression and recovering pasture , usually favor the red - tailed hawk and are to the detriment of the other two species . These practices have caused range expansions of many other species of birds but declines in many others . Of these three Buteo species , the Swainson 's hawk is most dissimilar , being a long - distance migrant which travels to South America each winter and , for much of the year , prefers to prey on insects ( except for during breeding , when more nutritious food such as ground squirrels are mainly fed to the young ) . It also breeds notably later than the other two species . Surprisingly , although its slightly smaller in body mass and has notably smaller ( and presumably weaker ) feet than ferruginous and red - tailed hawks , the Swainson 's is actually usually ( but not invariably ) dominant in territorial conflicts over the other two . Part of this advantage is that the Swainson 's hawk is apparently a superior flier both in long and short distance flights , with its more pointed wing shape and lower wing loading allowing it more agile , sustained and speedier flight that the bulkier hawks can not match . Therefore , in north - central Oregon , Swainson 's hawks were shown to be more productive , in prairie located trees , and partially displaced prior - breeding red - tails several times , although overall breeding success rates were not perceptibly decreased in the latter hawk . In the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico , Swainson 's hawks usually nested in lowlands and red - tails nested in highlands but interspecies conflicts nevertheless were apparently quite frequent . Usually , the habitat preferences of red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks are discrepant enough to keep serious territorial conflicts to a minimum . However , red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks occasionally engaged in kleptoparasitism towards one another , usually during winter . Red - tails may be somewhat dominant based on prior reports in food conflicts but the ferruginous hawk may also win these . Where they overlap , the hawk species may adjust their daily routine to minimize contact , which tends to be costly of time and energy and may cause the hawks to abandon their nests for long stretches of time , which in turn leaves their young vulnerable to predation . When habitats change rapidly , often due to human interference , and the species nest more closely than natural partitioning would allow , in all three nesting success can decline significantly . Beyond the Swainson 's and ferruginous hawks , six other Buteos co-occur with red - tailed hawks in different parts of North America . Many of these are substantially smaller than red - tails and avoid most serious territorial conflicts with them by nesting in deeper wooded areas . One other larger species , the rough - legged buzzard , mostly nests far north of the breeding range of red - tailed hawks . However , in Alaska they sometimes nest in the same areas . The rough - legged buzzards are both cliff and tree nesters and areas used by the two species are not necessarily mutually exclusive but each seems to avoid the other , in part by differing breeding schedules . Wintering rough - legged buzzards may regularly come into conflict over food with red - tailed hawks and seem to be subordinate to the red - tails , with several records of them being chased off both kills and carrion by the red - tailed hawks . During winter , their hunting habits may keep them somewhat separate , the rough - legged being a much more aerial hunter but rough - legged buzzards usually withdrew if a flying red - tailed hawk flew towards them . There is at least one case , however , of a rough - legged buzzard being the victor of a conflict over a kill with a red - tailed hawk . Red - tailed hawks are conspicuously more aggressive and tend to be dominant over slenderer , medium - sized Buteos such as red - shouldered hawks and zone - tailed hawks ( Buteo albonotatus ) . In Massachusetts , red - shoulder hawks used mixed forests and hardwoods as nesting habitat while red - tails most often used in pitch pine and stunted oaks on Cape Cod . Nesting range overlap here most often occurred on white pine forests . As habitat has opened over time , red - tailed hawks frequently took over former red - shouldered hawk territories , even using their nests in two cases . In north - central Florida , it was found during winter that red - shouldered and red - tailed hawk habitat usage blurred and , because the local habitat favors red - shouldered hawks , they easily outnumbered the number of red - tailed hawks in the area . Therefore , again with sufficient habitat partitioning , the two species can live near one another without negatively effecting one another . In the American southwest and Texas , two relatively large buteonine hawks also live alongside red - tailed hawks , the Harris 's hawk ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and the white - tailed hawk ( Geranoaetus albicaudatus ) . Usually , habitat preferences kept conflicts to a minimum , with the red - tailed hawk favoring taller , more isolated saguaro cactus for nesting , whereas the other species outnumbered red - tails in areas that were denser and more shrubby . The Harris 's hawk was determined to be a superior aerial hunter over red - tailed hawks , and could take down flying birds more routinely . Hawks and kites from outside the buteonine lineage are usually substantially smaller or at least different enough in diet and habitat to largely avoid heavy conflict with red - tailed hawks . On occasion , northern harriers ( Circus hudsonius ) which have much lower wing loading , will mob red - tailed hawks out of their home ranges but in winter the red - tails seem to be dominant over them in conflicts over food . Among Accipiter hawks , the most similar to the red - tailed hawk in diet and size is the northern goshawk . In some areas , the prey species of these can be very similar and North American populations of goshawks take many more squirrels and leporids than their Eurasian counterparts do . It was found that the feet and striking power of hunting goshawks was more powerful than that of the red - tailed hawk , despite the red - tails being up to 10 % heavier in some parts of North America . Therefore , wild goshawks can dispatch larger prey both on average and at maximum prey size , with some victims of female goshawks such as adult hares and galliforms such as turkey and capercaillie weighing up to or exceeding roughly 4,000 g ( 8.8 lb ) . In a comparative study in the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona , however , it was found that red - tailed hawks had several population advantages . Red - tails were more flexible in diet , although there was a very broad overlap in prey species selected , and nesting habitat than the goshawks were . Remarkably , as red - tailed hawks in conflict with other more closely related Buteo hawks rarely ( if ever ) result in mortality on either side , goshawks and red - tailed hawks do seem to readily kill one another . Adults of both species have been shown to be able to kill adults of the other . A red - tailed hawk is mobbed by a northern mockingbird in the urban environment of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The great horned owl occupies a similar ecological niche nocturnally to the red - tailed hawk . There have been many studies that have contrasted the ecology of these two powerful raptors . The great horned owl averages heavier and larger footed , with northern populations averaging up to 26 % heavier in the owl than the hawk . However , due in part to the red - tail 's more extensive access to sizable prey such as ground squirrels , several contrasting dietary studies found that the estimated mean prey size of the red - tailed hawk , at 175 g ( 6.2 oz ) , was considerably higher than that of the great horned owl , at 76 g ( 2.7 oz ) . Also , the diet of red - tailed hawk seems to be more flexible by prey type , as only just over 65 % of their diet is made of mammals , whereas great horned owls were more restricted feeders on mammals , selecting them 87.6 % of the time . However , the overall prey spectrum of great horned owls includes more species of mammals and birds ( but far less reptiles ) and the great horned owl can attack prey of a wider size range , including much larger prey items than any taken by red - tailed hawks . Some prey killed by great horned owls was estimated to weigh up to 6,800 g ( 15.0 lb ) . Great horned owls and red - tailed hawks compete not only for food but more seriously over nesting areas and home ranges . Great horned owls are incapable of constructing nests and readily expropriate existing red - tail nests . The habitat preferences of the two species are quite similar and the owl frequently uses old red - tail nests , but they do seem to prefer more enclosed nest locations where available over the generally open situation around red - tailed hawk nests . Sometimes in warmer areas , the owls may nest sufficiently early to have fledged young by the time red - tails start to lay . However , when there is a temporal overlap in reproductive cycles , the owl sometimes takes over an occupied red - tail nest , causing desertion . Red - tailed hawks have an advantage in staple prey flexibility as aforementioned , while great horned owl populations can be stressed when preferred prey is scarce , especially when they rely on leporids such as hares and jackrabbits . For example , in Alberta , when snowshoe hares were at their population peak , red - tailed hawks did not increase in population despite taking many , with only a slight increase in mean clutch size , whereas the owls fluctuated in much more dramatic ways in accordance with snowshoe hare numbers . The red - tails migratory behavior was considered as the likely cause of this lack of effect , whereas great horned owls remained through the winter and was subject to winter - stress and greater risk of starvation . As a nester , great horned owl has the advantage in terms of flexibility , being somewhat spread more evenly across different habitats whereas in undisturbed areas , red - tailed hawks seem to nest more so in clusters where habitat is favorable . Predatory relationships between red - tailed hawks and great horned owls are quite one - sided , with the great horned owl likely the overall major predator of red - tails . On the other hand , red - tailed hawks are rarely ( if ever ) a threat to the great horned owl . Occasionally a red - tailed hawk can strike down an owl during the day but only in a few singular cases has this killed an owl . Most predation by the owls on the hawks is directed at nestlings at the point where the red - tails ' nestlings are old enough that the parents no longer roost around the nest at night . Up to at least 36 % of red - tailed hawk nestlings in a population may be lost to great horned owls . Adult and immature red - tailed hawks are also occasionally preyed upon at night by great horned owls in any season . In one case , a great horned owl seemed to have ambushed , killed and fed upon a full - grown migrating red - tail even in broad daylight . Occasionally , both red - tails and great horned owls will engage each other during the day and , even though the red - tailed hawk has the advantage at this time of day , either may succeed in driving away the other . Despite their contentious relations , the two species may nest quite close , for example , in Saskatchewan , the closest nests distances between them were only 32 to 65 m ( 105 ft 0 in to 213 ft 3 in ) , but at these sites all owl nests but only two red - tail nests succeeded . In Waterloo , Wisconsin , however , the two species were largely segregated by nesting times , as returning red - tailed hawks in April -- June were usually able to successfully avoid nesting in groves holding great horned owls , which can begin nesting activities as early as February . In Delaware County , Ohio and in central New York state , the findings were generally similar as in Wisconsin , that temporal and times of hunting activities usually allowed both species to succeed in nesting but in all three areas , any time the red - tails tried to nest closer to great horned owls , their breeding success rates lowered considerably . It is presumable that sparser habitat and prey resources increased the closeness of nesting habits of the two species , to the determent of the red - tails . Due to nesting proximity to great horned owls , mature red - tails may have losses ranging from 10 to 26 % . Red - tailed hawks may face competition from a very broad range of predatory animals , including birds outside of typically active predatory families , carnivoran mammals and some reptiles such as snakes . Mostly these diverse kinds of predators are segregated by their hunting methods , primary times of activity and habitat preferences . In California , both the red - tails and western diamondback rattlesnakes ( Crotalus atrox ) lives mainly on California ground squirrel but the rattlesnake mainly attacks the squirrels in and around their burrows , whereas the hawks must wait until they leave the burrows to capture them . Hawks have been observed following American badgers ( Taxidea taxus ) to capture prey they flush and the two are considered potential competitors , especially in sparse sub-desert areas where the rodent foods they both favor are scarce . Competition over carcasses may occur with American crows , and several crows , usually about six or more , working together can displace a hawk . Another avian scavenger , the turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ) , is dominated by red - tails and may be followed by red - tails in order to supplant a carcass found by the vulture with their keen sense of smell . In some cases , red - tailed hawks may be considered lessened as food competitors by their lack of specialization . For instance , no serious competition probably occurs between them and Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) despite both living on snowshoe hares . Red - tailed Hawk with moon over Estero Bay CA Distinguishing territorial exclusionary behavior and anti-predator behavior is difficult in raptorial birds . However , as opposed to other medium to largish hawks which chase off red - tails most likely as competition , in much smaller raptors such as kestrels and smaller Accipiter hawks , their aggressive reaction to red - tailed hawks is almost certainly an anti-predator behavior . Although less prolific than goshawks , some eagles and , especially , great horned owls , red - tailed hawks can and do prey upon smaller birds of prey . The following species of accipitrid have been known to fall prey to red - tailed hawks , potentially including nestlings , fledglings , immatures and / or adults : swallow - tailed kite ( Elanoides forficatus ) , Mississippi kite ( Ictinia mississippiensis ) , white - tailed kite ( Elanus leucurus ) , northern harrier ( Circus hudsonius ) , sharp - shinned hawk ( Accipiter striatus ) , Cooper 's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii ) , goshawks , gray hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) , red - shouldered hawk and broad - winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) . These species range from the 135.7 g ( 4.79 oz ) sharp - shinned hawk , the smallest North American accipitrid , to the goshawk , which at 956 g ( 2.108 lb ) is nearly red - tailed hawk sized . Additionally , there are records of red - tailed hawks hunting 9 species of owl , ranging in size from the 104.2 g ( 3.68 oz ) northern saw - whet owl ( Aegolius acadius ) to juveniles of the 1,079 g ( 2.379 lb ) great gray owl ( Strix nebulosa ) and seemingly adults of the 717 g ( 1.581 lb ) barred owl ( Strix varia ) . Red - tails will also hunt falcons including adult American kestrels ( Falco sparverius ) and merlins ( Falco columbarius ) and presumed nestlings of the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) . When hunting other raptorial birds , red - tailed hawks seem to ambush them from a perch , diving suddenly and unexpectedly upon spotting the quarry and tend to have the greatest success when the raptorial prey is distracted , such as those migrating on windy days , feeding on their own prey and tending to their nest . In turn , red - tailed hawks may engage in behavior that straddles territorial exclusion and anti-predator behavior to the two much larger raptors in North America which actively hunt , the eagles . Red - tails are most commonly seen flying towards and aggressively displacing both flying bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) , but may also , to the contrary , unobtrusively duck down out of flight to an inconspicuous perch when an eagle is spotted . The behavioral variation is probably related to the activity of hawks , which may feel the need to protect their nests and food resources while actively breeding but are not usually willing to risk their lives in attacking an eagle while migrating or wintering . At times mobbing behavior of smaller raptors may cause both eagles to turn over and present their large talons to their attacker , which can be dangerous for the smaller hawk . Besides the great horned owl , the two eagle species are the only known animals known to regularly threaten red - tailed hawks of any age . In particular , the golden eagle is probably the greatest daytime threat to fledged immature and adult red - tails , as these have turned up in many dietary studies of the powerful eagle . Less efficient as a predator of red - tails , bald eagles nonetheless have been recording killing adults in some cases or , more often , depredating red - tailed hawk nests . On occasion , this may result in the bald eagle bringing the nestling red - tails to their own nest and , for some reason , not killing them . In some cases , the bald eagles inadvertently actually raise the nestling red - tails themselves and the baby red - tailed hawks may successfully fledge . In one case , a red - tailed hawk was observed to kill a bald eagle chick , whether this was predatory or competitive , it quickly abandoned the dead nestling after the eagle 's parents returned . On several tropical islands , which are often shared only with other hawks , owls and falcons of only medium or small - sized and typically lack larger raptors or carnivorans , the red - tailed hawk may be the largest native predator and will , in these cases , be considered the apex predator . Other than large birds of prey , extensive records of predation on red - tailed hawks is surprisingly poor , in spite of several populations recording nestlings and eggs disappearing through presumed acts of natural predation . The most likely major predator of eggs and nestlings that disappear is the raccoon which , during its nocturnal foraging , is a notorious enemy of nearly any kind of birds nest . It is also known that unidentified large snakes , probably consisting of the same species that the red - tails so readily predate during broad daylight , will prey upon nestling red - tails . In California , common ravens were recorded preying on the downy young of red - tailed hawks . Other corvids , including blue jays ( Cyanocitta cristata ) , California scrub jays ( Aphelocoma californica ) and crows , are known to feed on eggs and small nestlings either when nest attendance is atypically low by the hawks or when they can successful harass the parent hawks via mobbing so severely that they temporarily leave the nest . Blackflies ( Simulium canonicolum ) have been recorded as killing several red - tail chicks through blood loss . There are also several cases of possible prey turning the tables on red - tailed hawks and either maiming or killing them . This is especially true of snakes , with some prey species of Pituophis , Pantherophis and Coluber known to overpower and nearly kill , often the hawk survives only if by human intervention . Not infrequently prey such as coral snakes and rattlesnakes may succeed in killing red - tailed hawks with their venom , even if they themselves are also killed and partially consumed . Peregrine falcons are also known to kill red - tailed hawks that have come too close to their nests by stooping upon them . Reproduction ( edit ) Territorial adult chasing away an immature red - tailed hawk Courtship and pre-laying behaviors ( edit ) Pairs either court for the first time or engage in courtship rituals to strengthen pre-existing pair bonds before going into the breeding . The breeding season usually begins in late February through March , but can commence as early as late December in Arizona and late January in Wisconsin or to the opposite extreme as late as mid-April as in Alberta . In this pre-nesting period , high - circling with much calling will occur . One or both members of a pair may be involved . The courtship display often involves dangling legs , at times the pair will touching each other 's wings and male 's feet may touch female 's back , she may occasional roll over and present talons , food passes are rarely reported . High soaring occurs aseasonally . Circling above territory tends to be done noisily and conspicuously , helping insure against possible takeovers . Spring circling of a pair can be a prelude to copulation . A typical sky - dance involves the male hawk climbing high in flight with deep , exaggerated beats and then diving precipitously on half - closed wings at great speed , checking , and shooting back up , or often plunging less steeply and repeating process in a full rollercoaster across the sky . Sky - dances are done on periphery of the pair 's territory and it appears to designate the territory limits , occasionally one male 's sky - dance may also trigger a sky - dance by a neighboring male , who may even run a parallel course in the sky . Sky - dances no longer occur after late incubation . Boundary flight displays may be engaged in by all four birds of 2 adjacent pairs . Cartwheeling with interlocking talons is also seen occasionally in spring , almost always a territorial male expelling an intruding one , the latter often being a second or third year male that is newly mature . A perched display , with fluffed - out breast feathers may too occur at this time . Even males that are in spring migration have been recorded engaging in a separate display : circling at slow speed before partially closing wings , dropping legs with talons spread and tilting from side - to - side . A female hawk is usually around when migrating male does this but she does not engage in this display herself . The area of occupancy of breeding territories by pairs is variable based on regional habitat composition . The highest recorded density of pairs was in California where each pair occurred on 1.3 km ( 0.50 sq mi ) , which was actually just ahead of Puerto Rico where pair occupancy averaged 1.56 km ( 0.60 sq mi ) in peak habitat . The largest known average territory sizes were surprisingly in Ohio , where the average area of occupancy by pairs was recorded as 50 km ( 19 sq mi ) . In Wisconsin mean ranges for males range from 1.17 to 3.9 km ( 0.45 to 1.51 sq mi ) in males and from 0.85 to 1.67 km ( 0.33 to 0.64 sq mi ) in females , respectively in summer and winter . Here and elsewhere , both members of the pair stay quite close together throughout winter if they 're sedentary . Other the other hand , migrant populations tend to separate while migrating and return to the same territory to find its prior mate , sometimes before they reach their home range . In Alaska , returning migrant pairs were able to displace lone red - tailed hawks that had stayed on residence , especially lone males but sometimes even lone females . In general , the red - tailed hawk will only take a new mate when its original mate dies . Although pairs often mate for life , replacement of mates can often be quite fast for this common bird species . In one case in Baja California , when a female was shot on May 16 , the male of that pair was seen to have selected a new mate the following day . In copulation , the female , when perched , tilts forward , allowing the male to land with his feet lodged on her horizontal back . The female twists and moves her tail feathers to one side , while the mounted male twists his cloacal opening around the female 's cloaca . Copulation lasts 5 to 10 seconds and during pre-nesting courtship in late winter or early spring can occur numerous times each day . Nests ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks build large but untidy looking nests The pair constructs a stick nest most often in a large tree 4 to 21 m ( 13 to 69 ft ) off the ground or on a cliff ledge 35 m ( 115 ft ) or higher above the ground , or may nest on virtually any man - made structures with some variety of ample ledges or surface space and good views of the surrounding environment ( i.e. powerline poles , radio transmission towers , skyscraper buildings ) . Much variation is recorded in nest usage behavior , many red - tails build new nests every year despite prior nests sometimes being in good standing and unoccupied , some may reuse a nest in subsequent years or may leave a nest for a year and then come back to it the following year . A red - tailed hawk nest is typically located in a gradient zone between woods with tall , mature trees , if available , and openings whether this is composed of shrubland , grassland or agricultural areas . Nest sites vary greatly in topography and vegetative composition . At times , unlike great horned owls , red - tailed hawks have been recorded nesting in surprisingly unbroken forests . In North Dakota , nest sites tend to be concentrated along wooded river drainages . Compared to Swainson 's hawks and ferruginous hawks , red - tailed hawk nests are usually in taller trees and are closer to waterways . In Puerto Rico , nests are most often found in transitional zone between dry lowlands and mountainous cloud forests , with trees typically taller than their neighbors to allow views of more than half of their home ranges . More than 21 tree species were recorded used in Puerto Rico . Tree species is seemingly unimportant to red - tailed hawks . In some parts of Arizona , saguaro cactus were used exclusively as nesting sites . Alternately , old nests of other Buteo hawks , corvids , golden eagles and even leaf nests of tree squirrels have also been used by red - tailed hawks . Both members of the pair will build the nests but the female spends more time forming the bowl , with the greatest activity often in the morning and nest building completed in a week or less . The nest is generally 71 to 97 cm ( 28 to 38 in ) in diameter , with a mean of roughly 76 cm ( 30 in ) , and can be up to 96 cm ( 38 in ) tall after several years use . The inner bowl averages about 37 cm ( 15 in ) wide and 13 cm ( 5.1 in ) deep . The nest is constructed of twigs , and lined with bark , pine needles , corn cobs , husks , stalks , aspen catkins , or other plant lining matter . Lining the nest may be for warning other red - tails of the active use of a nest . In moderate to northern climes , red - tailed hawks tend to face to the south or west , presumably to make them less vulnerable to strong northeasterly storm winds . Eggs ( edit ) In most of the interior contiguous United States the first egg is laid between mid-March and early April , ranging from 3 to 5 weeks after the nest is constructed , with the clutch completed 2 to 5 days after the initial egg is laid . The average date of the laying the first egg can be variable : peaking mid-January in Puerto Rico , averaging March 9th in Arizona , March 26 in the Front Range Urban Corridor and May 1st in Alberta . The mean initiation of clutches may bump weeks later if 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) or more of snow is still on the ground in Wisconsin during March . A clutch of one to three eggs is laid in March or April , depending upon latitude , with four eggs being uncommon and five and perhaps even six increasingly rare . Clutch size depends almost exclusively on the availability of prey for the adults . At the species level , body size also determines clutch size . For example , while the total clutch weighs up to 18 % of the females weight and the clutch size averages 2 to 3 , a larger raptor like the golden eagle lays a smaller clutch , usually not more than two , that weighs less than 10 % in total of the female 's body mass , whereas a smaller raptor like the kestrel lays a larger clutch averaging five that weighs 50 % of the females weight . Average clutch size vary from 1.96 in Alaska when prey populations were low up to 2.96 in Washington . Eggs are laid approximately every other day . Average egg sizes in height and width ( each with a sample size of 20 ) are in the following subspecies - B. j. borealis : 59.53 mm × 47.49 mm ( 2.344 in × 1.870 in ) ; B. j. calurus : 60.04 mm × 47.1 mm ( 2.364 in × 1.854 in ) ; B. j. fuertesi : 59.42 mm × 46.99 mm ( 2.339 in × 1.850 in ) . The eggs of red - tailed hawks are mostly white , sometimes with a faint buffy wash ; at times the eggs manifest a sparsely or heavily marked with blotches of buff , pale reddish - brown , dark brown , or purple . The markings often appear indistinctly and may combine to form a fine speckling . They are incubated primarily by female , with the male substituting when the female leaves to hunt or merely stretch her wings . Rarely do the males incubate more than four hours of daylight . The male brings most food to the female while she incubates . Hatching , development and brooding ( edit ) Parent in nest with chicks After 28 to 35 days of incubation ( averaging about three days longer in the Caribbean as does fledgling as compared to North American red - tails ) , the eggs hatch over 2 to 4 days . Like most raptorial birds , the nestlings are altricial and nidicolous at hatching . Hatchlings average 58 g ( 2.0 oz ) in body mass with no difference in sizes of the sexes until the young are about 29 days old for mass and 21 days or so for external linear standard measurements such as bill and talon size . The female broods them while the male provides most of the food to the female and the young , which are also known as eyasses ( pronounced `` EYE - ess - ez '' ) . The female feeds the eyasses after tearing the food into small pieces . The young red - tails are active by the second day when they issue soft peeping calls , bounce , and wave continuously with their wings . By day 7 , the bouncing and peeping begin to wane , and young start to peck at prey in their nest . Nestlings emit high whistling notes ( usually in response to adults overhead ) by day 10 , sit up on tarsometatarsi by day 15 , become aggressive toward intruders by day 16 , strike out with talons and wings by day 21 , begin to stretch wings and exercise regularly by day 30 . After 42 to 46 days , the eyasses begin to leave the nest and tear apart prey for themselves . The amount of food brought to the nest daily varies considerably , based on brood size and prey availability . In Alberta , an average of 410 to 730 g ( 14 to 26 oz ) is brought each day for 1 to 3 nestlings while in Washington , it was estimated a minimum of 520 g ( 1.15 lb ) per day for 1 surviving nestling and in Wisconsin , an estimated 219 g ( 7.7 oz ) was needed for 1 nestling and 313 g ( 11.0 oz ) for 2 . Brooding is strenuous for parent red - tails and both members of the pair usually lose some weight , especially the female . Some females may lose over 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) between hatching and fledging . During brooding the female may become aggressive to intruders , including humans . In the east , red - tailed hawk females rarely defends nests from humans but historically in California and quite often still in Alaska , some female will dive repeatedly and `` savagely '' , sometimes snapping off large branches in her temper , occasionally stunning herself or inadvertently knocking down her own youngster if it is attempting to fledge . Apparently , the less extensive prior exposure they have to humans may make mature females more aggressive towards humans near the nest . Although development is asynchronical in most nests , runting may sometimes be recorded and even siblicide may occur , with the parents feeding the weaker , younger chicks less so and both the siblings and parents occasionally aggressively pecking the `` runts '' of the nest . Ultimately , the runt in such cases does not usually survive and may be either be found crushed in the nest , discarded out of the nest after starvation or consumed by the parents or the siblings . However , as a whole , such killings are fairly rare and only when food supplies are extremely low , often this being in sync with poor spring weather ( such as overly rainy or cold conditions ) . If there is too much food , such as California ground squirrels in California , the parents will discard remains after a day or two since decomposition of their prey invites infection , other diseases and blood - sucking insects to the nest that may endanger the nestlings . However , after about four weeks , the female often stops discarding leftover prey and the increased presence of flies may form somewhat of a risk to disease in the young but may also merely get the young to leave the nest sooner . One nest in California had two females and one male attended to , the male performing his usual function but both females would brood and tend to the nest . Fledging and immaturity ( edit ) A red - tailed hawk chick peers out of its cliff nest Young typically leave the nest for the first time and attempt their first flights at about 42 -- 46 days after hatching but usually they stay very near the nest for the first few days . During this period , the fledglings remain fairly sedentary , though they may chase parents and beg for food . Parents deliver food directly or , more commonly , drop it near the young . Short flights are typically undertaken for the first 3 weeks after fledgling and the young red - tails activity level often doubles . About 6 to 7 weeks after fledging , the young begin to capture their own prey , which often consists of insects and frogs that the young hawks can drop down to onto the ground with relative ease . At the point they are 15 weeks old , they may start attempts to hunt more difficult mammal and bird prey in sync with their newly developed skills for sustained flight , and most are efficient mammal predators fairly soon after their first attempts at such prey . Shortly thereafter , when the young are around 4 months of age , they become independent of their parents . In some extreme cases , juvenile red - tails may prolong their association with their parents to as long as they are half a year old , as was recorded in Wisconsin . After dispersing from the parental territory , juveniles from several nests may congregate and interact in a juvenile staging area . Although post-fledgling siblings in their parents care are fairly social , they are rarely seen together post distribution from their parents range . Usually , newly independent young hawks leave the breeding area and migrate , if necessary , earlier than adults do , however the opposite was true in the extreme north of Alaska , where adults were recorded to leave first . Immature hawks in migratory populations tend to distribute further in winter than adults from these populations do . Immatures attempting to settle for the winter often are harassed from territory to territory by older red - tails , settling only in small , marginal areas . In some cases , such as near urban regions , immatures may be driven to a small pockets of urban vegetation with less tree cover and limited food resources . When a distant adult appear , immature may drop from a prominent perch to a more concealed one . In some cases , hungry immature red - tails have been recorded making attempts at hunting prey beyond their capacities , expending valuable energy , such as healthy adults of larger carnivorans such as coyotes ( Canis latrans ) , foxes and badgers and healthy flying passerines . There are some cases of red - tailed hawks , presumably younger than two years of age , attempting to breed , often with an adult bird of the opposite sex . Such cases have been recorded in Alberta , Arizona and Wisconsin , with about half of these attempts being successful at producing young . However , while adult plumage and technically sexual maturity is attained at two years old , many red - tails do not first successfully breed until they are around 3 years of age . Breeding success and longevity ( edit ) A recent fledgling on the ground , probably making its early hunting attempts . Breeding success is variable due to many factors . Estimated nesting success usually falls between 58 % and 93 % . Nesting success rates are probably drive primarily by prey populations , regional habitat composition , competition levels with other red - tailed hawks , predation rates ( often due to great horned owls or perhaps raccoons ) and human disturbance levels . In Oregon specifically , nesting success varied primarily based on `` dispersion and density of perches '' secondarily to ground squirrel abundance and whether the nest of other pairs red - tails was directly visible from a nest . Repeated disturbances at the nest early in the nesting cycle may cause abandonment of eggs or nestlings in some cases , but seemingly pairs are less likely to abandon the young later in the season in cases of human disturbance . 30 % of nesting deaths in a study from Wisconsin were from nestlings falling to their death or the nest collapsing . In Puerto Rico , habitat appeared to be the primary driver of breeding success , as in lowland pastures nesting success was 43 % producing a mean number of fledglings of 1.5 whereas in cloud forest success was 34 % producing a mean of 0.7 fledglings . In Wyoming , 12 pairs on a 12 square mile tract produced an average of 1.4 young per pair . In comparison , the mean number of fledglings was 0.96 in Michigan , 1.36 in Montana and was 1.4 in the Appalachians . In Wisconsin , the number of young successfully to fledge ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 from year to year probably depending on staple prey numbers . The record lifespan in wild for a red - tailed hawk is 25 years and 5 months from banding studies . In comparison , lifespans of up to 29.5 years have been recorded in captivity . In the wild , other red - tailed hawks have lived for at least 25 years , for example , Pale Male was born in 1990 , and in Spring 2014 is still raising eyasses . However , of 5195 banded wild red - tailed hawks in one bander 's recordings , only 31 were reported to have survived to 17 years of age and only 11 survived for 20 years . The average mortality rate at 1 year of age for red - tails is 54 % and thereafter is around 20 % from banding sources . The estimated average lifespan of red - tailed hawks who attain maturity , per Palmer ( 1988 ) , was claimed as only 6 to 7 years . The main causes of mortality considered as electrocution on power lines , other collisions , shooting , consumption of poisoned baits set for other animals and collision with vehicles and other crafts . While most mortality of young red - tails is at least mainly due to natural causes , mortality of fledged or older red - tails is now mostly attributable to human killing , accidental or intentional , as well as flying into manmade materials . Hawks in urban areas are threatened by the use of rat traps and poisoned bait to kill rodents . This generally consists of warfarin cookies which induce internal bleeding in rats and mice , and a hawk that ingests rodents who have consumed rat poison can itself be affected . Red - tailed hawks are also vulnerable to fatal bacterial infections include peritonitis , myocarditis , granulamotous , sarcocystosis and mycobateriosis as well as some forms of viral infection , to which immature hawks especially , as they often have less access to coverage in poor weather conditions , are most vulnerable . Neither this nor other Buteo hawks were found to be highly susceptible to long - term DDT egg - shell thinning due to being part , generally , of relatively short , terrestrial - based food chains . Relationship with humans ( edit ) See also § Distribution and habitat , for habitat relationships to human settlement patterns . Use in falconry ( edit ) The red - tailed hawk is a popular bird in falconry , particularly in the United States where the sport of falconry is tightly regulated and where red - tailed hawks are both widely available and allowed to novice falconers . Red - tailed hawks are highly tameable and trainable , with a more social disposition than all other falcons or hawks other than the Harris 's hawk . They are also long lived and highly disease resistant , allowing a falconer to maintain a red - tailed hawk as a hunting companion for potentially up to two decades . There are fewer than 5,000 falconers in the United States , so despite their popularity any effect on the red - tailed hawk population , estimated to be about one million in the United States , is negligible . Not being as swift as falcons or accipiters , red - tailed hawks are not the most effective of bird hawks and are usually used against ground game such as rabbits and squirrels . However , some individuals may learn to ambush birds on the ground with a swift surprise approach and capture them before they can accelerate to full speed and escape . Some have even learned to use a falcon - like diving stoop to capture challenging game such as pheasants . In the course of a typical hunt , a falconer using a red - tailed hawk most commonly releases the hawk and allows it to perch in a tree or other high vantage point . The falconer , who may be aided by a dog , then attempts to flush prey by stirring up ground cover . A well - trained red - tailed hawk will follow the falconer and dog , realizing that their activities produce opportunities to catch game . Once a raptor catches game , it does not bring it back to the falconer . Instead , the falconer must locate the bird and its captured prey , `` make in '' ( carefully approach ) and trade the bird its kill in exchange for a piece of offered meat . Feathers and native American use ( edit ) Red - tailed hawk in Oregon The feathers and other parts of the red - tailed hawk are considered sacred to many American indigenous people and , like the feathers of the bald eagle and golden eagle , are sometimes used in religious ceremonies and found adorning the regalia of many Native Americans in the United States ; these parts , most especially their distinctive tail feathers , are a popular item in the Native American community . As with the other two species , the feathers and parts of the red - tailed hawk are regulated by the eagle feather law , which governs the possession of feathers and parts of migratory birds . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International . ( 2016 ) . Buteo jamaicensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22695933A93534834. en ^ Jump up to : Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , D. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . 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( 1980 ) . Probable predation on White - tailed Kite by Red - tailed Hawk . Raptor Research 14 : 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ Klem , D. , Hillegass , B.S. , & Peters , D.A. ( 1985 ) . Raptors killing raptors . The Wilson bulletin , 97 ( 2 ) , 230 - 231 . Jump up ^ Peyton , S.B. ( 1945 ) . Western red - tailed hawk catches Cooper hawk . Condor , 47 , 167 . Jump up ^ Bibles , Brent D. , Richard L. Glinski and R. Roy Johnson . 2002 . Gray Hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Miller , S.J. , Dykstra , C.R. , Simon , M.M. , Hays , J.L. , & Bednarz , J.C. ( 2015 ) . Causes of Mortality and Failure at Suburban Red - Shouldered Hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) Nests . Journal of Raptor Research , 49 ( 2 ) , 152 - 160 . Jump up ^ Hengstenberg , D.W. , & Vilella , F.J. ( 2005 ) . Nesting ecology and behavior of Broad - winged Hawks in moist karst forests of Puerto Rico . Journal of Raptor Research , 39 ( 4 ) , 404 . Jump up ^ Bull , Evelyn L. ; Henjum , Mark G. 1990 . Ecology of the great gray owl. Gen. Tech . Rep. PNW - GTR - 265 . Portland , OR : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . 39 pg . ^ Jump up to : Bahm , M.A. , & Sullivan , B.L. ( 2009 ) . Interspecific Depredation of Raptors by Red - Tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) on San Clemente Island , California . The Southwestern Naturalist , 54 ( 1 ) , 85 - 87 . Jump up ^ Warkentin , I.G. , N.S. Sodhi , R.H.M. Espie , Alan F. Poole , L.W. Oliphant and Paul C. James . 2005 . Merlin ( Falco columbarius ) . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Le Duc , P.V. ( 1970 ) . Red - Tailed Hawk Attacks Bald Eagle . The Auk , 586 - 586 . Jump up ^ Olendorff , R.R. ( 1976 ) . The food habits of North American golden eagles . American Midland Naturalist , 231 - 236 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.S. ( Ed . ) . ( 1988 ) . Handbook of North American Birds Volume VI : Diurnal Raptors ( Part 1 ) . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Fischer , W. ( 1959 ) . Die Seeadler ( 1st edition ) . Neue Brehmn - Bucherei no . 221 ( 3d rev . ed. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , J.W. , Davison , M. , & Leschner , L.L. ( 1993 ) . Bald eagles rear red - tailed hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 27 ( 2 ) , 126 - 127 . Jump up ^ Perkins D.W. , Phillips , D.M. & Garcelon , D.K. ( 1996 ) . Predation on a Bald Eagle nestling by a Red - tailed Hawk . Journal of Raptor Research 30 : 249 . Jump up ^ Wetmore , A. , & Lincoln , F.C. ( 1933 ) . Additional notes on the birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Proceedings of the United States National Museum . Jump up ^ `` Red - tailed Hawk , Buteo jamaicensis '' . Study of Northern Virginia Ecology . Fairfax County Public Schools . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosen , P.C. ( 2000 ) . A monitoring study of vertebrate community ecology in the northern Sonoran Desert , Arizona . Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Doctorate thesis , University of Arizona . ^ Jump up to : Wiley , J.W. ( 1975 ) . The nesting and reproductive success of Red - tailed Hawks and Red - shouldered Hawks in Orange County , California , 1973 . The Condor , 77 ( 2 ) , 133 - 139 . Jump up ^ Seidensticker IV , J.C. , & Reynolds III , H.V. ( 1971 ) . The nesting , reproductive performance , and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the Red - tailed Hawk and Great Horned Owl in south - central Montana . The Wilson Bulletin , 408 - 418 . Jump up ^ Smith , R.N. , Cain , S.L. , Anderson , S.H. , Dunk , J.R. , & Williams , E.S. ( 1998 ) . Blackfly - induced mortality of nestling red - tailed hawks . The Auk , 368 - 375 . Jump up ^ Brugger , K.E. ( 1989 ) . Red - tailed hawk dies with coral snake in talons . Copeia , 1989 ( 2 ) , 508 - 510 . Jump up ^ Kaczmarczik , M. `` Snake versus Hawk '' . Academic of Natural Sciences . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Terres , John K. ( 1980 ) . The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds . New York : Knopf . p. 1109 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46651 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anthony , A.W. ( 1893 ) . Birds of San Pedro Mártir , Lower California . Zoe 4 : 228 - 247 . Jump up ^ `` Buteo jamaicensis '' . Oiseaux.net . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Stotz , N. ( 1994 ) . Unusual nesting attempt by Red - tailed Hawk . Kingbird no . 44 ( 3 ) : 187 . Jump up ^ Brubaker , D.L. , K.L. Brubaker and B.C. Thompson . ( 2003 ) . Raptor and Chihuahuan Raven nesting on decommissioned telephone - line poles in the northern Chihuahuan Desert . Journal of Raptor Research no . 37 ( 2 ) : 135 - 146 . Jump up ^ Pinel , H.W. and C.A. Wallis. ( 1972 ) . Unusual nesting records of Red - tailed Hawk in southern Alberta . Blue Jay no . 30 : 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Smith , R.N. , Anderson , S.H. , Cain , S.L. , & Dunk , J.R. ( 2003 ) . Habitat and nest - site use by Red - tailed Hawks in northwestern Wyoming . Journal of Raptor Research , 37 ( 3 ) , 219 - 227 . Jump up ^ Misztal , A. 1974 . The population and nesting of Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls on the Wisconsin till plains of western Ohio . Master 's Thesis , Ohio State Univ. , Columbus . Jump up ^ Titus , K. , & Mosher , J.A. ( 1981 ) . Nest - site habitat selected by woodland hawks in the central Appalachians . The Auk , 270 - 281 . Jump up ^ Gilmer , D.S. , Konrad , P.M. , & Stewart , R.E. ( 1983 ) . Nesting ecology of Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls in central North Dakota and their interactions with other large raptors . Prairie Naturalist , 15 ( 3 ) , 133 - 143 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.G. ( 1971 ) . Population dynamics , habitat selection , and partitioining of breeding raptors in the eastern Great Basin of Utah . Ph. D. diss. , Brigham Young Univ. , Provo , UT . Jump up ^ Tietje , W.D. , Bloom , P.H. , & Vreeland , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Characteristics of red - tailed hawk nest sites in oak woodlands of central California . US Forest Service General Technical Report PSW . no . 160 ( December ) : 365 - 372 . Jump up ^ Cornman , D.D. ( 1973 ) . Red - tailed Hawk population ecology in Wood County , Ohio . Master 's Thesis , Bowling Green State Univ. , Bowling Green , OH . Jump up ^ Luttich , S.N. , Keith , L.B. , & Stephenson , J.D. ( 1971 ) . Population dynamics of the Red - tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) at Rochester , Alberta . The Auk , 75 - 87 . ^ Jump up to : Henny , C.J. , & Wight , H.M. ( 1972 ) . Population ecology and environmental pollution : Red - tailed and Cooper 's hawks ( No. 2 , pp. 229 - 250 ) . US Fish and Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ Baicich , P.J. , & Harrison , C.J.O. ( 2005 ) . Nests , eggs , and nestlings of North American birds ( p. 480 ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Harrison , H.H. ( 1979 ) . A Field Guide to western bird 's nests of 520 species found breeding in the United States west of the Mississippi River . Boston , MA : A Field Guide to western birds ' nests . Jump up ^ Hardy , R. ( 1939 ) . Nesting habits of the western Red - tailed Hawk . Condor no . 41 : 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Springer , M.A. , & Osborne , D.R. ( 1983 ) . Analysis of growth of the red - tailed hawk . Ohio J. Sci. no . 83 : 13 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , C.H. ( 1980 ) . Weather - dependent foraging success and sibling aggression in Red - tailed Hawks in central Washington . Condor no . 82 : 76 - 80 . Jump up ^ Wiley , J.W. ( 1975 ) . Three adult Red - tailed Hawks tending a nest . Condor no . 77 : 480 - 482 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , S.J. ( 1973 ) . Post-fledging activity of the Red - tailed Hawk . Raptor Res . no . 7 : 43 - 48 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.J. ( 1986 ) . Development of hunting and self - sufficiency in juvenile Red - tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) . Raptor Res . no . 20 : 29 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Geller , G.A. , & Temple , S.A. ( 1983 ) . Seasonal trends in body condition of juvenile Red - tailed Hawks during autumn migration . The Wilson Bulletin , 492 - 495 . Jump up ^ Kessel , B. , & Springer , H.K. ( 1966 ) . Recent data on status of some interior Alaska birds . The Condor , 68 ( 2 ) , 185 - 195 . Jump up ^ Brinker , D.F. , & Erdman , T.C. ( 1985 ) . Characteristics of autumn Red - tailed Hawk migration through Wisconsin . In Proc. Hawk Migration Conf ( Vol. 4 , pp. 107 - 136 ) . Jump up ^ Millsap , B.A. ( 1981 ) . Distributional status of falconiformes in west central Arizona : with notes on ecology , reproductive success and management . US Bureau of Land Management , Phoenix District Office . Jump up ^ Janes , S.W. ( 1984 ) . Fidelity to breeding territory in a population of red - tailed hawks . Condor , 200 - 203 . Jump up ^ Coues , E. ( 1874 ) . Birds of the northwest : a handbook of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries . U.S. Dep . Interior , U.S. Geol . Surv. of Terr. , Misc . Publ . no . 3 . Jump up ^ Janik , C.A. & Mosher , J.A. ( 1982 ) . Breeding biology of raptors in the central Appalachians . Raptor Res . no . 16 : 18 - 24 . Jump up ^ Soucy , Jr. , L.J. ( 1995 ) . Live recovery of a venerable raptor , a longevity record for the Red - tailed Hawk . North American Bird Bander no . 20 ( 1 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Keran , D. ( 1981 ) . The incidence of man - caused and natural mortalities to raptors . Raptor Res . no . 15 : 108 - 112 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors and Rat Poison '' . allaboutbirds.org. 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Beebe , Frank ( 1984 ) . A Falconry Manual . Hancock House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88839 - 978 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Migratory Bird Permits ; Changes in the Regulations Governing Falconry ; Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Assessment for Falconry and Raptor Propagation Activities ; Proposed Rule and Notice '' . Department of the Interior : Fish and Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ McGranaghan , Liam J. ( 2001 ) . The Red - Tailed Hawk : A Complete Guide to Training and Hunting North America 's Most Versatile Game Hawk . Western Sporting Publications . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 9709571 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Collier , Julie ( Spring 2003 ) . `` The Sacred Messengers '' . Cross Paths . Mashantucket Pequot Museum . 6 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TITLE 50 -- Wildlife and Fisheries '' . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations ( e-CFR ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook , Stephen . `` Feather Law '' . Mashantucket Pequot Museum . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buteo jamaicensis . Wikispecies has information related to Buteo jamaicensis Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Red - tailed Hawk '' by John James Audubon Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Black Warrior , Falco Harlani '' by John James Audubon Red - tailed hawk Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Red - tailed hawk -- Buteo jamaicensis -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Red - tailed hawk Pictures at Fordham University North American Falconers Association Comparison of Adult & Immature tails Discussion of Krider 's and Harlan 's forms and identification issues Photo Field Guide on Flickr `` Red - tailed hawk '' in The Encyclopedia of Life `` Red - tailed hawk media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Red - tailed hawk photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Historical works ( edit ) John James Audubon . The Red - tailed Hawk in Ornithological Biography vol. 1 ( 1831 ) , pp. 265 -- 272 ( also on WikiSource , see right ) . The Red - tailed Buzzard in The Birds of America vol. 1 ( 1840 ) , pp. 32 -- 38 . ( The 1840 edition appears to be a combination of the two companion works from early 1830s : the plates from Birds of America and the descriptions from Ornithological Biography . ) John James Audubon . The Black Warrior in Ornithological Biography vol. 1 ( 1831 ) , pp. 441 -- 443 ( also on WikiSource , see right ) . Harlan 's Buzzard in The Birds of America vol. 1 ( 1840 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Live nest cameras ( edit ) Live nestcam at Cornell University Live nestcam at Syracuse University PMC - Sierra HawkCam Live nestcam at the University of Wisconsin , Madison Subfamily : Buteoninae Genus Species ( extinctions : † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct ) Geranoaetus Black - chested buzzard - eagle Variable hawk White - tailed hawk Buteo Common buzzard Eastern buzzard Himalayan buzzard Cape Verde buzzard Socotra buzzard Red - tailed hawk Long - legged buzzard Rough - legged buzzard Ferruginous hawk Red - shouldered hawk Broad - winged hawk Swainson 's hawk Ridgway 's hawk White - rumped hawk Short - tailed hawk White - throated hawk Galápagos hawk Gray hawk Zone - tailed hawk Hawaiian hawk Rufous - tailed hawk Mountain buzzard Madagascar buzzard Upland buzzard Red - necked buzzard Jackal buzzard Archer 's buzzard Augur buzzard Rupornis Roadside hawk Parabuteo Harris 's hawk White - rumped hawk Buteogallus Rufous crab hawk Common black hawk Cuban black hawk Great black hawk Savanna hawk Busarellus Black - collared hawk Leucopternis White - browed hawk White - necked hawk Black - faced hawk Plumbeous hawk Barred hawk Slate - colored hawk Semiplumbeous hawk Pseudastur Gray - backed hawk White hawk Mantled hawk Kaupifalco Lizard buzzard Butastur Rufous - winged buzzard Grasshopper buzzard White - eyed buzzard Grey - faced buzzard Harpyhaliaetus Chaco eagle Solitary eagle Eagle Buzzard Taxon identifiers Wd : Q457471 ARKive : buteo - jamaicensis eBird : rethaw EoL : 1049057 EPPO : BUTEJA Fossilworks : 129162 GBIF : 2480542 IBC : red - tailed - hawk - buteo - jamaicensis iNaturalist : 5212 ITIS : 175350 IUCN : 22695933 NCBI : 56263 Species+ : 9825 WoRMS : 159109 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-tailed_hawk&oldid=838051004 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Buteo Falconry Sound effects Birds of North America Birds described in 1788 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Good articles Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Interlingua Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what kind of hawks live on long island
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Hospital emergency codes
Hospital emergency codes - wikipedia Hospital emergency codes Back of a hospital ID badge showing disaster codes . Hospital emergency codes are coded messages often announced over a public address system of a hospital to alert staff to various classes of on - site emergencies . The use of codes is intended to convey essential information quickly and with minimal misunderstanding to staff while preventing stress and panic among visitors to the hospital . Such codes are sometimes posted on placards throughout the hospital or are printed on employee identification badges for ready reference . Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location , even between hospitals in the same community . Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes . In many American , Canadian , New Zealand and Australian hospitals , for example `` code blue '' indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest , while `` code red '' indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility . In order for a code call to be useful in activating the response of specific hospital personnel to a given situation , it is usually accompanied by a specific location description ( e.g. , `` Code red , Second floor , corridor three , room two - twelve '' ) . Other codes , however , only signal hospital staff generally to prepare for the fallout of some external event such as a natural disaster . Contents 1 Color code standardization 2 Codes 2.1 Code Blue 2.1. 1 Medical lockdown 2.1. 2 Variations 2.2 `` Doctor '' Codes 2.3 `` Resus '' Codes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Color code Standardization ( edit ) Australia : Australian hospitals and other buildings are covered by Australian Standard 4083 ( 1997 ) and many are in the process of changing to those standards . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Medical Emergency Code Yellow : Internal Emergency Code Brown : External Emergency ( disaster , mass casualties etc . ) Code Black : Personal Threat Code Black Alpha : Missing or Abducted Infant or Child Code Black Beta : Active Shooter Code Black J : Self - harm Code Purple : Bomb Threat Code Orange : Evacuation Code CBR : Chemical , Biological or Radiological Contamination Canada : Codes used in British Columbia , prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Health . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest Code Orange : Disaster or Mass Casualties Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Amber : Missing or Abducted Infant or Child Code Black : Bomb Threat Code White : Aggression Code Brown : Hazardous Spill Code Grey : System Failure Code Pink : Pediatric Emergency and / or Obstetrical Emergency Codes in Alberta are prescribed by Alberta Health Services . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency Code Orange : Mass Casualty Incident Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Package Code White : Violence / Aggression Code Brown : Chemical Spill / Hazardous Material Code Grey : Shelter in Place / Air Exclusion Code Purple : Hostage Situation In Ontario , a standard emergency response code set by the Ontario Hospital Association is used , with minor variations for some hospitals . Code Red : Fire Code Silver : Gun Threat / Shooter Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Adult Code Orange : Disaster Code Orange CBRN : CBRN ( Chemical , Biological , Radiological , and Nuclear ) Disaster Code Green : Evacuation ( Precautionary ) Code Green STAT : Evacuation ( Crisis ) Code Yellow : Missing Person Code Amber ( code purple ) : Missing Child / Child Abduction Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Object Code White : Violent / Behavioural Situation Code Brown : In - facility Hazardous Spill Code Grey : Infrastructure Loss or Failure Code Grey Button - down : External Air Exclusion Code Pink : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Infant / Child Code Purple : Hostage Taking / Gang Activity Code Aqua : Flood United States : In 2000 , the Hospital Association of Southern California ( HASC ) determined that a uniform code system is needed after `` three persons were killed in a shooting incident at an area medical center after the wrong emergency code was called . '' While codes for fire ( red ) and medical emergency ( blue ) were similar in 90 % of California hospitals queried , 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 for combative person . In light of this , HASC published a handbook titled `` Healthcare Facility Emergency Codes : A Guide for Code Standardization '' listing various codes and has strongly urged hospitals to voluntarily implement the revised codes . In 2003 , Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes . In 2008 , the Oregon Association of Hospitals & Health Systems , Oregon Patient Safety Commission , and Washington State Hospital Association formed a taskforce to standardize emergency code calls under the leadership of the Dr. Lawrence Schecter , Chief Medical Officer , Providence Regional Medical Center Everett . After both states had conducted a survey from all hospital members , the taskforce found many hospitals used the same code for fire ( code Red ) ; however , there were tremendous variations existed for codes representing respiratory and cardiac arrest , infant and child abduction , and combative person . After deliberations and decisions , the taskforce suggested the following as the Hospital Emergency Code : Code Blue : Heart or Respiration Stops ( An adult or child 's heart has stopped or they are not breathing . ) Code Red : Fire ( alternative : Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage ) Code Pink : Infant abduction Code Orange : Hazardous Spills ( A hazardous material spill or release ; Unsafe exposure to spill . ) Code Silver : Weapon or Hostage Situation Code Grey : Combative Person ( Combative or abusive behavior by patients , families , visitors , staff or physicians ) If a weapon is involved `` CODE SILVER '' should be called . Amber Alert : Infant / Child Abduction Internal Triage : Internal Emergency ( Internal emergency in multiple departments including : Bomb or bomb threat ; Computer network down ; Major plumbing problems ; and Power or telephone outage . ) External Triage : External Disaster ( External emergencies impacting hospital including : Mass casualties ; Severe weather ; Massive power outages ; and Nuclear , biological , and chemical accidents ) Rapid Response Team : Medical Team Needed at Bedside ( A patient 's medical condition is declining and needs an emergency medical team at the bedside ) Prior to heart or respiration stopping Code Clear : Announced when emergency is over In 2015 , the South Carolina Hospital Association formed a work group to develop plain language standardization code recommendations . Abolishing all color codes was suggested . Codes ( edit ) Note : Different codes are used in different hospitals . Code Blue ( edit ) `` Code blue '' redirects here . For other uses , see Code Blue . Medical lockdown ( edit ) `` Code Blue '' is generally used to indicate a patient requiring resuscitation or in need of immediate medical attention , most often as the result of a respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest ( by cardiac arrest is nowadays considered to not just mean asystole , the most severe example , but also pulseless electrical activity ( PEA ) , coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation ( VF or V - fib ) , or unstable irregular ventricular tachycardia ( VT or V - tach ) - some of these lethal , non-circulating arrhythmias are shockable by a defibrillator , some are not and are primarily treated by epinephrine and similar drugs ) . When called overhead , the page takes the form of `` Code Blue , ( floor ) , ( room ) '' to alert the resuscitation team where to respond . Every hospital , as a part of its disaster plans , sets a policy to determine which units provide personnel for code coverage . In theory any medical professional may respond to a code , but in practice the team makeup is limited to those with advanced cardiac life support or other equivalent resuscitation training . Frequently these teams are staffed by physicians ( from anesthesia and internal medicine in larger medical centers or the Emergency physician in smaller ones ) , respiratory therapists , pharmacists , and nurses . A code team leader will be a physician in attendance on any code team ; this individual is responsible for directing the resuscitation effort and is said to `` run the code '' . This phrase was coined at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City , Kansas . The term `` code '' by itself is commonly used by medical professionals as a slang term for this type of emergency , as in `` calling a code '' or describing a patient in arrest as `` coding '' or `` coded '' . Australian Standard Californian Standard In some hospitals or other medical facilities , the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a patient in cardiac arrest , a practice known as `` slow code '' , or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the patient 's family , a practice known as `` show code '' . Such practices are ethically controversial , and are banned in some jurisdictions . Variations ( edit ) `` Plan Blue '' was used at St. Vincent 's Hospital in New York City to indicate arrival of a trauma patient so critically injured that even the short delay of a stop in the ER for evaluation could be fatal ; the `` Plan Blue '' was called out to alert the surgeon on call to go immediately to the ER entrance and take the patient for immediate surgery . This was illustrated in an episode of Trauma : Life in the ER , entitled `` West Side Stories '' . `` Doctor '' codes ( edit ) `` Doctor '' codes are often used in hospital settings for announcements over a general loudspeaker or paging system that might cause panic or endanger a patient 's privacy . Most often , `` Doctor '' codes take the form of `` Paging Dr. Sinclair '' , where the doctor 's `` name '' is a code word for a dangerous situation or a patient in crisis , e.g. : `` Paging Doctor Firestone , third floor , '' to indicate a possible fire on the floor specified . `` Resus '' codes ( edit ) Specific to emergency medicine , incoming patients in immediate danger of life or limb , whether presenting via ambulance or walk - in triage , are paged locally within the emergency department as `` Resus '' ( ri : səs ) codes . These codes indicate the type of emergency ( general medical , trauma , cardiopulmonary or neurological ) and type of patient ( adult or pediatric ) . An estimated time of arrival may be included , or `` now '' if the patient is already in the department . The patient is transported to the nearest open trauma bay or evaluation room , and is immediately attended by a designated team of physicians and nurses for purposes of immediate stabilization and treatment . See also ( edit ) Inspector Sands , code used over PA system in British public transport to indicate a serious situation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : AS 4083 - 1997 Planning for emergencies - Health care facilities Jump up ^ `` BC Standardized Hospital Colour Codes '' ( PDF ) . Victoria , BC : British Columbia Ministry of Health . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AHS Emergency / Disaster Management '' ( PDF ) . Edmonton , AB : Alberta Health Services . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OHA Emergency Management Toolkit '' ( PDF ) . Toronto , ON : Ontario Hospital Association . 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North York General Hospital -- Emergency Preparedness '' . nygh.on.ca . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Codes '' . sunnybrook.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Hospital Emergency Codes '' . Jump up ^ California Healthcare Association News Briefs July 12 , 2002Vol. 35 No. 27 Archived December 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emergency Codes '' . Jump up ^ DSD.state.md.us Jump up ^ `` Standardization Emergency Codes Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . October 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Poster Emergency Code Call '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . January 2009 . Retrieved http://www.wsha.org/wp-content/uploads/Standardization_PosterEmergencyCodeCallsAA.pdf . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Plain Language Emergency Codes Implementation Tool Kit '' ( PDF ) . South Carolina Hospital Association . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unplugged '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Slow Codes , Show Codes and Death '' . The New York Times . 22 August 1987 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Judith A. ; Miller , Scott ; Ozanich , Evelyn ; Yancich , Lynne M. ( November 1999 ) . `` ' Slow ' Code : Perspectives of a Physician and Critical Care Nurse '' . Critical Care Nursing Quarterly . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 22 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 99 . doi : 10.1097 / 00002727 - 199911000 - 00014 . ISSN 1550 - 5111 . External links ( edit ) Codes Listing , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Stanford Medical Codes ( HASC based scheme ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_emergency_codes&oldid=862480330 '' Categories : Hospitals Medical terminology Emergency communication Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 17 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does code red mean in the emergency room
[ "Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location, even between hospitals in the same community. Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes. In many American, Canadian, New Zealand and Australian hospitals, for example \"code blue\" indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest, while \"code red\" indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility.\n" ]
[ "fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility" ]
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American Expeditionary Forces
American Expeditionary Forces - Wikipedia American Expeditionary Forces Jump to : navigation , search American Expeditionary Forces Officers of the AEF and the Baker Mission , c. 1918 . Active 1917 -- 1920 Disbanded August 31 , 1920 Country United States Branch United States Army Size c. 2,000,000 men General Headquarters Chaumont , France Engagements Western Front Battle of Cambrai Spring Offensive Battle of Cantigny Battle of Belleau Wood Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Château - Thierry Hundred Days Offensive Battle of Saint - Mihiel Meuse - Argonne Offensive Italian Front Battle of Vittorio Veneto Commanders Commander in Chief Gen. John J. Pershing The American Expeditionary Forces ( A.E.F. , A.E.F. or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the German Empire . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro - Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint - Mihiel and the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1918 1.2 Casualties 1.3 African Americans 2 Logistics 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United States With America 's first convoy . The troop ships are the Henderson , Antilles , Momus , and Lenape . American Expeditionary Forces Commander in Chief , Gen. John J. Pershing , 1917 . President Woodrow Wilson initially planned to give command of the AEF to Gen. Frederick Funston , but after Funston 's sudden death , Wilson appointed Major General John J. Pershing in May 1917 , and Pershing remained in command for the entire war . Pershing insisted that American soldiers be well - trained before going to Europe . As a result , few troops arrived before January 1918 . In addition , Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies , and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in decimated Allied units . This approach was not always well received by the western Allied leaders who distrusted the potential of an army lacking experience in large - scale warfare . In addition , the British Empire tried to bargain with its spare shipping to make the United States put its soldiers into British ranks . Column of American troops passing Buckingham Palace , London , 1917 . By June 1917 , only 14,000 American soldiers had arrived in France , and the AEF had only a minor participation at the front through late October 1917 , but by May 1918 over one million American troops were stationed in France , though only half of them made it to the front lines . Since the transport ships needed to bring American troops to Europe were scarce at the beginning , the U.S. Army pressed into service passenger liners , seized German ships , and borrowed Allied ships to transport American soldiers from ports in New York City , New Jersey , and Virginia . The mobilization effort taxed the American military to the limit and required new organizational strategies and command structures to transport great numbers of troops and supplies quickly and efficiently . The French harbors of Bordeaux , La Pallice , Saint Nazaire , and Brest became the entry points into the French railway system that brought the American troops and their supplies to the Western Front . American engineers in France also built 82 new ship berths , nearly 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of additional standard - gauge tracks , and over 100,000 miles ( 160,000 km ) of telephone and telegraph lines . The first American troops , who were often called `` Doughboys '' , landed in Europe in June 1917 . However the AEF did not participate at the front until October 21 , 1917 , when the 1st Division fired the first American shell of the war toward German lines , although they participated only on a small scale . A group of regular soldiers and the first American division to arrive in France , entered the trenches near Nancy , France , in Lorraine . The AEF used French and British equipment . Particularly appreciated were the French canon de 75 modèle 1897 , the canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider , and the canon de 155mm GPF . American aviation units received the SPAD XIII and Nieuport 28 fighters , and the U.S. Army tank corps used French Renault FT light tanks . Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals with their new weapons . By the end of 1917 , four divisions were deployed in a large training area near Verdun : the 1st Division , a regular army formation ; the 26th Division , a National Guard division ; the 2nd Division , a combination of regular troops and U.S. Marines ; and the 42nd `` Rainbow '' Division , a National Guard division made up of soldiers from nearly every state in the United States . The fifth division , the 41st Division , was converted into a depot division near Tours . 1918 ( edit ) Allies gain overwhelming superiority in front - line rifle strength as American soldiers arrive in the summer At the beginning , during the Spring of 1918 , the four battle - ready U.S. divisions were deployed under French and British command to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines . After the first offensive action and American - led AEF victory on 28 May 1918 at the Battle of Cantigny , by the U.S. 1st Division , and a similar local action by the 2nd Division at Belleau Wood beginning 6 June , both while assigned under French Corps command , Pershing worked towards the deployment of an independent US field Army . The rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918 . By June Americans were arriving in - theater at the rate of 10,000 a day ; most of which entered training by British , Canadian and Australian battle - experienced officers and senior non-commissioned ranks . The training took a minimum of six weeks due to the inexperience of the servicemen . The first offensive action by AEF units serving under non-American command was 1,000 men ( four companies from the 33d Division AEF ) , with the Australian Corps during the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918 . ( Corporal Thomas A. Pope was awarded the Medal of Honor for this battle . ) This battle took place under the overall command of the Australian Corps commander , Lt. Gen. Sir John Monash . The Allied force in this battle combined artillery , armor , infantry , and air support ( Combined arms ) , which served as a blueprint for all subsequent Allied attacks , using `` tanks '' . Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . U.S. Army and Marine Corps troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris , during the Second Battle of the Marne in June 1918 ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry ( 1918 ) and the Battle of Belleau Wood ) . The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient during September 1918 . During the Battle of Saint - Mihiel , Pershing commanded the U.S. First Army , composed of seven divisions and more than 500,000 men , in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by United States armed forces . This successful offensive was followed by the Meuse - Argonne offensive , lasting from September 26 to November 11 , 1918 , during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French combatants . In these two military operations , Allied forces recovered more than 200 sq mi ( 488 km ) of French territory from the German army . By the time the World War I Armistice had suspended all combat on November 11 , 1918 , the American Expeditionary Forces had evolved into a modern , combat - tested army . Late in the war , American units ultimately fought in two other theaters at the request of the European powers . Pershing sent troops of the 332d Infantry Regiment to Italy , and President Wilson agreed to send some troops , the 27th and 339th Infantry Regiments , to Russia . These latter two were known as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia , and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia . Casualties ( edit ) Army field hospital in France , 1918 . A.E.F. officer 's identity card , 1918 . The AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties : 53,402 battle deaths , 63,114 noncombat deaths and 204,000 wounded . The influenza pandemic during the fall of 1918 took the lives of more than 25,000 men from the AEF , while another 360,000 became gravely ill . Some other diseases were relatively well controlled through compulsory vaccination . Typhoid fever was also practically eliminated . Relatively few men suffered actual injury from poison gas , although much larger numbers mistakenly thought that they had been exposed . Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army , Gutièrrez reports that they were not cynical or disillusioned . They fought `` for honor , manhood , comrades , and adventure , but especially for duty . '' African Americans ( edit ) Officers of the 366th Infantry , 1919 . African Americans were drafted on the same basis as whites and made up 13 percent of the draftees . By the end of the war , over 350,000 African - Americans had served in AEF units on the Western Front . However , they were assigned to segregated units commanded by white officers . One fifth of the black soldiers sent to France saw combat , compared to two - thirds of the whites . They were three percent of AEF combat forces , and under two percent of battlefield fatalities . `` The mass of the colored drafted men can not be used for combatant troops '' , said a General Staff report in 1918 , and it recommended that `` these colored drafted men be organized in reserve labor battalions . '' They handled unskilled labor tasks as stevedores in the Atlantic ports and common laborers at the camps and in the Services of the Rear in France . The French , whose front - line troops were resisting combat duties to the point of mutiny , requested and received control of several regiments of black combat troops . Kennedy reports `` Units of the black 92nd Division particularly suffered from poor preparation and the breakdown in command control . As the only black combat division , the 92nd Division entered the line with unique liabilities . It had been deliberately dispersed throughout several camps during its stateside training ; some of its artillery units were summoned to France before they had completed their courses of instruction , and were never fully - equipped until after the Armistice ; nearly all its senior white officers scorned the men under their command and repeatedly asked to be transferred . The black enlisted men were frequently diverted from their already attenuated training opportunities in France in the summer of 1918 and put to work as stevedores and common laborers . '' The 369th , 370th , 371st , and 372d Infantry Regiments ( nominally the 93d Division , but never consolidated as such ) served with distinction under French command with French colonial units in front - line combat . The French did not harbor the same levels of disdain based on skin color and for many Americans of an African - American descent it was a liberating and refreshing experience . These African - American soldiers wore American uniforms , some dating from the time of the Union Army , with French helmets and were armed with French Model 1907 / 15 8mm Lebel Berthier rifle , and Fusil Mle 1907 / 15 manufactured by Remington Arms rather than the M1903 Springfield or M1917 Enfield rifles issued to most American soldiers . One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment , known as the Harlem Hellfighters . The 369th was on the front lines for six months , longer than any other African - American regiment in the war . One hundred seventy - one members of the 369th were awarded the Legion of Merit . One member of the 369th , Sergeant Henry Johnson , was awarded the French Croix de guerre , and posthumously the Medal of Honor . Logistics ( edit ) Supporting the two million soldiers across the Atlantic Ocean was a massive logistical enterprise . Yet the U.S. Army 's logistical skills had atrophied during the decades following the Civil War . In order to be successful , the American needed to create a coherent a support structure with very little institutional knowledge . After a rough start , the AEF developed support network appropriate for the huge size of the American force . It rested upon the Services of Supply in the rear areas , with ports , railroads , depots , schools , maintenance facilities , bakeries , clothing repair shops ( termed salvage ) , replacement depots , ice plants , and a wide variety of other activities . The AEF initiated support techniques that would last well into the Cold War including forward maintenance , field cooking , graves registration ( mortuary affairs ) , host nation support , motor transport , and morale services . The work of the logisticians enabled the success of the AEF and contributed to the emergence of the American Army as a modern fighting force . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal World War I portal American entry into World War I American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front ( World War I ) order of battle Services of Supply , American Expeditionary Forces Formations of the United States Army during World War I Timeline of World War I General Pershing WWI casualty list Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coffman , The War to End All Wars ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Leonard P. Ayers , online The war with Germany : a statistical summary ( 1919 ) p 105 Jump up ^ Matthew Davenport , `` First Over There '' , 2015 , Thomas Dunne Books Jump up ^ Roland Perry , Monash -- The Outsider Who Won a War , 2007 , Random House , Sydney , pp. 349 -- 352 ^ Jump up to : Venzon , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Willett , Russian Sideshow , pp. 166 -- 167 , 170 Jump up ^ E.M. Halliday , When Hell Froze Over ( New York City , NY , ibooks , inc. , 2000 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics Jump up ^ Edward A. : Gutièrrez , Doughboys on the Great War : How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ African - Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service ; U.S. Army ; Gerry J. Gilmore ; February 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Jennifer D. Keene , `` Americans as Warriors : ' Doughboys ' in Battle during the First World War '' , OAH Magazine of History , Vol. 17 , No. 1 , World War I ( Oct. , 2002 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) 162 . Jump up ^ Barbeau and Henri ( 1974 ) ; ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) p. 199 . Jump up ^ Canfield , Bruce N. American Rifleman ( April 2009 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ http://www.explorepahistory.com/~expa/cms/pbfiles/Project1/Scheme40/ExplorePAHistory-a0b1b6-a_514.pdf Jump up ^ `` 3dpublishing.com '' . Jump up ^ `` timesunion.com '' . Jump up ^ Leo P. Hirrel , `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I '' Ft . Leavenworth : Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . Available at no cost . Further reading ( edit ) Ayres , Leonard P , The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary Government Printing Office , 1919 full text online Barbeau , Arthur E. and Florette Henri , The Unknown Soldiers : Black American Troops in World War I ( Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1974 ) , Beaver , Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1966 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Coffman , Edward M ( 1998 ) . The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I The Standard History . ISBN Cooke , James J. , The Rainbow Division in the Great War , 1917 -- 1919 Praeger Publishers , ( 1994 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. & Dalessandro , Rebecca S. American Lions : The 332nd Infantry Regiment in World War I ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. , & Knapp , Michael G. , `` Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Forces , 1917 -- 1923 '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2008 ) The best single volume on AEF unit organization . Dalessandro , Robert J. & Gerald Torrence , `` Willing Patriots : Men of Color in the First World War '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Davenport , Matthew J. `` First Over There : The Attack on Cantigny America 's First Battle of World War I '' ( New York , Thomas Dunne : 2015 ) Faulkner , Richard S. Pershing 's Crusaders : The American Soldier in World War I ( U Press of Kansas , 2017 ) . xiv , 758 pp Freidel , Frank . Over There ( 1964 ) , well illustrated Grotelueschen ; Mark E. Doctrine under Trial : American Artillery Employment in World War I ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 31171 - 4 ( full text version at Google Books ) Hallas , James H. Doughboy War : The American Expeditionary Force in World War I ( 2000 ) Heller Charles E. Chemical Warfare in World War I . The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kan. : Combat Studies Institute , 1984 . Hirrel , Leo P. `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I . '' Ft . Leavenworth , KS Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . online at no charge Holley , I.B. Ideas and Weapons : Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I ( 1983 ) Howarth , Stephen . To Shining Sea : A History of the United States Navy , 1775 -- 1991 ( 1991 ) Hurley , Alfred F. Billy Mitchell , Crusader for Air Power ( 1975 ) James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur , I , 1880 -- 1941 . ( 1970 ) Johnson ; Herbert A. Wingless Eagle : U.S. Army Aviation through World War I University of North Carolina Press , ( 2001 ) Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Lengel , Edward G. ( 2008 ) . To Conquer Hell . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7931 - 9 . Lengel , Edward G. , ed . A Companion to the Meuse - Argonne Campaign ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2014 ) . xii , 537 pp . Millett , Allan Reed . Semper Fidelis : The History of the United States Marine Corps ( 1991 ) Pershing , John J. Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Smythe , Donald . Pershing : General of the Armies ( 1986 ) Trask , David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council : American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1961 ) Trask , David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1993 ) online free Van Ells , Mark D. America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide . ( Interlink , 2014 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Wilson Dale E. Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 Presidio Press , 1989 . Woodward , David R. Trial by Friendship : Anglo - American Relations , 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) online Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Yockelson , Mitchell A. ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . Borrowed Soldiers : Americans under British Command , 1918 . Foreword by John S.D. Eisenhower . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3919 - 7 . Yockelson , Mitchell . Forty - Seven Days : How Pershing 's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I ( New York : NAL , Caliber , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46695 - 2 Zeiger ; Susan . In Uncle Sam 's Service : Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Expeditionary Forces . AEF General Headquarters Papers American Expeditionary Force website -- recaps war in 10 pages American Expeditionary Forces in World War I Awards and Decorations : World War I Statistics Campaigns of the United States Army * Records of the American Expeditionary Forces ( World War I ) at the National Archives and Records Administration Chapter 17 : `` World War I : The First Three Years '' Chapter 18 : `` World War I : The U.S. Army Overseas '' CMH Pub 24 - 1 : `` Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces '' WWI Service Questionnaires at Gettysburg College World War I : Soldiers Remembered , Washington State Library and Washington State Archives * Works by United States Army . American Expeditionary Forces at Project Gutenberg Works by American Expeditionary Forces at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about American Expeditionary Forces at Internet Archive BNF : cb13746120z ( data ) GND : 5026840 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2155 6399 LCCN : n84077783 NKC : kn20090625017 SUDOC : 02967428X VIAF : 129053844 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Expeditionary_Forces&oldid=841827185 '' Categories : 1917 establishments in France 1920 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Disbanded armies Expeditionary units and formations Military units and formations of the United States in World War I Military history of the United States during World War I Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1920 Hidden categories : Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 09 : 53 . 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Gnomeo & Juliet
Gnomeo & Juliet - wikipedia Gnomeo & Juliet Jump to : navigation , search Gnomeo & Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Kelly Asbury Produced by Baker Bloodworth Steve Hamilton Shaw David Furnish Screenplay by Kelly Asbury Mark Burton Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Emily Cook Kathy Greenberg Steve Hamilton Shaw Story by Kelly Asbury John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Steve Hamilton Shaw Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring James McAvoy Emily Blunt Michael Caine Jason Statham Maggie Smith Patrick Stewart Ashley Jensen Stephen Merchant Ozzy Osbourne Music by James Newton Howard Chris Bacon Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Touchstone Pictures Rocket Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Entertainment One Films ( United Kingdom and Canada ) Release date January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) ( Hollywood ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( US and UK ) Running time 84 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $36 million Box office $194 million Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 3D computer - animated fantasy romantic comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet and an original screenplay by John R. Smith and Rob Sprackling . Financed by Disney and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner , the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation . It was co-written and directed by Kelly Asbury and starring the voices of James McAvoy , Emily Blunt , Michael Caine , Jason Statham , Maggie Smith , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Jensen , Stephen Merchant , and Ozzy Osbourne . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11 , 2011 . Despite mixed reviews , the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget . The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production , Storyboarding in a Feature Production , Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production . A sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was released in 2018 , with Paramount Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer replacing Touchstone , and was a critical and commercial disappointment in contrast to the original film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Differences from the 1597 Tragedy by William Shakespeare 3 Cast 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Musicians 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 7.3 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Stratford - Upon - Avon , Miss . Montague ( blue ) and Mr. Capulet ( red ) ( Julie Walters and Richard Wilson ) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other . When they leave their respective gardens , their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive . The Montague garden is filled with blue - hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury ( Maggie Smith ) , and the Capulet garden has red - hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick ( Michael Caine ) . Like their human gardeners , the gnomes also despise each other . The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race . Lady Bluebury 's son Gnomeo ( James McAvoy ) and his best friend Benny ( Matt Lucas ) are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new `` Kitty Clipper '' lawnmower to replace Gnomeo 's lawnmower . That night , Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise . Benny sprays the reds ' well and accidentally triggers a security light . During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet ( Emily Blunt ) , the daughter of Lord Redbrick . Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid , and the two romantically fight over it . They each discover the other 's color before fleeing the garden . When they both go back to their own gardens , Juliet tells her frog - sprinkler friend Nanette ( Ashley Jensen ) about her newfound love . Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic . Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden , where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone ( Jim Cummings ) who encourages their love . Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris ( Stephen Merchant ) , but Juliet is n't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him . Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo 's late father . The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds , and he realizes that he can not refuse unless he tells his secret . Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds , Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack . When he and Juliet meet up again , they argue until Featherstone stops them , telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house , where the garden is , broke up and never saw each other again . Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway , where Gnomeo 's rival , Tybalt ( Jason Statham ) , is waiting with his lawnmower , attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat . Gnomeo intervenes , and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall . Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute , but Tybalt crashes into the wall , causing him to shatter himself . The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo , thinking that Tybalt died because of him . To the surprise of her clan , Juliet defends Gnomeo , saying that she loves him . Gnomeo ends up on a road , and everyone believes he was run over by a truck . Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet 's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother . Gnomeo 's mushroom friend , Shroom , finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that `` ran him over '' , which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo . He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare ( Patrick Stewart ) and tells him his story . Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo 's will have a sad ending as well . Benny gets onto Miss . Montague 's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit , intending to get revenge on the reds . However , the Terrafirminator goes out of control , destroys most of the two gardens , and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full - scale war . Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone . However , when he arrives , the Terrafirminator frees itself , sending it flying . Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet , but is unable to . She tells him to go , but he refuses . The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain , self - destructing in the process . When everyone believes that both are dead , Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud . Miraculously , Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate . Miss . Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess . The film ends happily with an epilogue . The red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace . Benny and Nanette are in love , Lord Redbrick and Lady Blueberry became best friends , Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together , Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online , and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower , which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans . Differences from the 1597 tragedy by William Shakespeare ( edit ) In the tragedy the characters live in Verona , Italy , but in the film Stratford upon Avon ( this is also the birthplace of William Shakespeare . ) Tybalt never redeems himself in the tragedy but in the film he does . Count Paris is not a villain . The characters are all gnomes . They do n't meet at a masked party . The two main characters do n't die off . It takes place in the present . It features Dante from the Devil May Cry series . It 's British . It features celebrities . It 's CGI . Cast ( edit ) James McAvoy as Gnomeo , Lady Bluebury 's son , Juliet 's love interest ( later husband ) , and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague . Emily Blunt as Juliet , Lord Redbrick 's daughter , Gnomeo 's love interest ( later wife ) , and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet . Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick , the leader of the red gnomes , Juliet 's overprotective widower father , and counterpart to Lord Capulet . Jason Statham as Tybalt , Gnomeo and Benny 's arch - nemesis , and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt . Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury , the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo 's widowed mother , and counterpart to Lady Montague . Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet . Ashley Jensen as Nanette , a Scottish - accented plastic garden frog , Juliet 's best friend , and Paris ' love interest counterpart to Nurse . Stephen Merchant as Paris , a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet , and Nanette _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Count Paris . Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn , a garden deer and Tybalt 's best friend ; counterpart to Peter . Matt Lucas as Benny , Gnomeo 's impulsive and tall - hatted best friend , and Call Me Doll _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Benvolio . Jim Cummings as Featherstone , a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent ; counterpart to Friar Laurence . Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer , an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV . Julie Walters as Ms. Montague , the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen . Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet , the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen . Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes ; counterparts to Gregory , Sampson , Anthony , and Potpan . Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome , the lawnmower race announcer , and Mankini Gnome _́ s love interest . Julia Braams as Stone Fish , a stone fish attached to the fishing line of the Fishing Gnome . In the end , it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet 's purple lawnmower . James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome , a red gnome . Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left , a red gnome . Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome , Dolly Gnome _́ s love interest and a red gnome . Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right , a red gnome . Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll , Benny 's love interest . John Todd as Dancer . Silent characters include : Shroom , a silent mushroom and Gnomeo 's friend / pet ; counterpart to Romeo 's servant Balthasar . The Bunnies , a group of small , cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden ; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues . There is no counterpart for Mercutio , as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC , '' Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio . We do n't have that Mercutio character in this . We do n't have that leader of the pack , which Romeo is n't but Gnomeo is a little bit . '' Prince Escalus also does n't have a counterpart . Production ( edit ) The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith , who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures . Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film , under the Disney - owned Miramax Films . Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010 , but the latter studio retained the rights to the film . Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner , when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film . Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film , but he rejected the offer due the film 's incompatibility with his style , as well as his lack of experience with CGI . Starz Animation Toronto ( which also made 9 ) produced all of the animation for the film , including the stereoscopic version . Asbury got on board in 2006 , and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John . Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film `` sort of from scratch , '' A particular challenge , according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to `` keep daggers and poison and suicide out '' . Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices , not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character . Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt , the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet , respectively . Soundtrack ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Elton John Released February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) Recorded 2009 - 2010 Genre Orchestral , pop , rock Length 60 : 24 Label Buena Vista Producer Elton John and David Furnish Elton John chronology The Union ( 2010 ) The Union 2010 Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack ( 2011 ) Good Morning to the Night ( 2012 ) Good Morning to the Night 2012 Gnomeo & Juliet : Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8 , 2011 . It features music by Elton John ( who was also the film 's executive producer ) , Nelly Furtado , Kiki Dee , and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard ( who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects ) . The duet of John and Lady Gaga for `` Hello , Hello '' was featured in the film , released on February 11 , 2011 , but the soundtrack version only features John . Additionally , on May 4 , 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites . Track listing ( edit ) `` Hello Hello '' ( Album Version ) -- Elton John `` Crocodile Rock '' -- Nelly Furtado & Elton John `` Saturday Night 's Alright For Fighting '' -- Elton John `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' -- Elton John & Kiki Dee `` Love Builds a Garden '' -- Elton John `` Your Song '' -- Elton John `` Rocket Man '' -- Elton John `` Tiny Dancer '' -- Elton John `` Bennie and the Jets '' -- Elton John `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Dandelions ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Bennie and the Bunnies ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Terrafirminator ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room '' -- Wally Boag , Thurl Ravenscroft , Fulton Burley & The Mellomen Track 1 - 9 : Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin , all music by Elton John & band . Track 10 : Written by James Newton Howard , contains music by Elton John . Track 11 & 13 : Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon , contains music by Elton John . Track 12 : Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas , contains music by Elton John . Track 14 : Written by Robert & Richard Sherman . Musicians ( edit ) Elton John & band : Elton John : Piano , vocals Davey Johnstone : Guitars , backing vocals Bob Birch : Bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson : Drums , backing vocals John Mahon : Percussion , backing vocals James Newton Howard : Keyboards Release ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet 's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11 , 2011 . The film was Touchstone 's first animated film since 1993 's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone 's first and , so far , only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA , despite some mild language . The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films . Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Home Media ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 24 , 2011 . The film was produced as three different packages : a 1 - disc DVD , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , and a 3 - disc Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD combo pack . The 3 - disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film . Both the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado 's version of John 's `` Crocodile Rock '' , as well as the extras `` Elton Builds a Garden '' and `` Frog Talk '' with Ashley Jensen . In addition , the Blu - ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes , as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called `` The Fawn of Darkness '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55 % of professional critics gave positive reviews , based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While it has moments of inspiration , Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self - referential for its own good . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale , meaning `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box Office ( edit ) Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $194,000,000 . Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney , outperforming the much higher - budgeted ( and eventual box office bomb ) Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet . On its first weekend , the film had a worldwide opening of $30,700,000 , finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ( $35,800,000 ) . However , on its second weekend -- Presidents ' Day weekend -- it topped the worldwide box office ( although not being in first place either in North America or overseas ) with $29,800,000 , ahead of Unknown which ranked second ( $26,400,000 ) . It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday , February 11 , 2011 , grossing $6,200,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber : Never Say Never and Just Go with It . It then finished the weekend with $25,400,000 in 3rd place . However , it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period ( both January and February ) . It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie ( i.e. , one with little status , expectations and / or built - in audience ) , according to Box Office Mojo . With a $99,970,000 total it became the highest - grossing animated feature among those released in winter , until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014 . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , it topped the weekend box office by earning £ 2,900,000 ( $4,700,000 ) on its opening . In total it has grossed $25,300,000 , making the UK the only market , except North America , where it grossed more than $10,000,000 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result Annie Awards Directing in a Feature Production Kelly Asbury Nominated Storyboarding in a Feature Production Nelson Yokota Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jim Cummings Writing in a Feature Production Andy Riley , Kevin Cecil , Mark Burton , Kathy Greenburg , Emily Cook , Rob Sprackling , John R. Smith , Kelly Asbury , Steve Hamilton Shaw Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Hello Hello , performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga / written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` Hello Hello '' Satellite Awards Original Song Sequel ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures . Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil , two of the nine writers on the first film , are writing the script for the sequel . Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film , and Elton John , an exec producer , is again composing new songs for the film . The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes , `` the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film , who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes . In September 2012 , it was reported that John Stevenson , the director of Kung Fu Panda , has been set to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12 , 2018 . Paramount Animation and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will produce the film , with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles . On May 26 , 2017 , Paramount delayed the film 's release date to March 23 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . 83m 45s ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Film and TV Focus Lifts Entertainment One Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Among Entertainment One 's movie releases was Gnomeo & Juliet 3D released in Canada and Britain , ... Jump up ^ Screened Forums - Gnomeo and Juliet ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cultivating ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Animated World Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Critical Mass : ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott . `` Emily Blunt and James MacAvoy on the Terror of Gnomes '' . NBC . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Lending His Voice To Paramount / MGM Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Adam Elliot , writer / director / designer of Mary and Max '' . Crickey.com.au . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric . `` Exclusive Interview : Gnomeo And Juliet Director Kelly Asbury '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon . `` Gnomeo & Juliet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista Records to Release Gnomeo & Juliet Original Soundtrack 2 / 8 '' . PR Newsire . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , Elton John Duet Wo n't Appear On ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John in Cannes to promote Gnomeo And Juliet '' . Citizenside.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Get Together '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Rushing Out Of Theaters And On To DVD '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Propst , Andy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo and Juliet , Featuring Elton John Songs , Set for May 24 DVD Release '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo & Juliet Announced and Detailed for Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . High - Def Digest . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ribera , J.C. ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Brings Gnomeo & Juliet to Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Riley - Smith ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mars Needs Moms ' : does flop mean 3D is history ? '' . thefirstpost.co.uk . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 18 -- 20 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Just , ' ' Justin , ' ' Juliet ' Jumpin ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNOMEO AND JULIET '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rango ' Wins Annie Award for Best Animated Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' and ' Hugo ' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Pictures Plots ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel , With New Tunes By Elton John '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` John Stevenson Tapped To Direct ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CS ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Nudges ' Sherlock Gnomes ' To Later Release Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gnomeo & Juliet Gnomeo & Juliet on IMDb Gnomeo & Juliet at AllMovie Gnomeo & Juliet at Box Office Mojo Gnomeo & Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Gnomeo & Juliet at Metacritic Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley Television shows The Armando Iannucci Shows Robbie the Reindeer Hyperdrive The Great Outdoors Radio The 99p Challenge Movies by Andy Riley Gnomeo & Juliet Books by Andy Riley The Book of Bunny Suicides Return of the Bunny Suicides Films directed by Kelly Asbury Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomeo_%26_Juliet&oldid=840665890 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2011 animated films 2011 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s romantic comedy films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films American romantic comedy films Animated duos Animated musical films British 3D films British animated films British animated fantasy films British children 's comedy films British children 's fantasy films British films British romantic comedy films Children 's fantasy films Disney animated films Elton John Fantasy - comedy films Fictional gnomes Films about gnomes Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in England Rocket Pictures films Touchstone Pictures animated films Films directed by Kelly Asbury Films scored by James Newton Howard Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 10 : 18 . 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who played the frog in gnomeo and juliet
[ "Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend, and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse." ]
[ "Ashley Jensen" ]
141367200341645614
2017 NBA Playoffs
2017 NBA Playoffs - wikipedia 2017 NBA Playoffs 2017 NBA Playoffs Dates April 15 -- June 12 , 2017 Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 16 Champions Golden State Warriors ( 5th title ) Runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4th finals appearance ) Semifinalists San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 NBA Playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 . It concluded with the Golden State Warriors defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals , their third consecutive meeting at the Finals . Kevin Durant was named the NBA Finals MVP in his first year on the team . The Warriors set the record for the longest playoff winning streak ( 15 ) and the best record ( 16 - 1 ) in NBA playoff history . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Western Conference 1.2 Eastern Conference 1.3 First round 1.4 Conference Semifinals 1.5 Conference Finals 1.6 NBA Finals 2 Format 3 Playoff qualifying 3.1 Eastern Conference 3.2 Western Conference 4 Bracket 5 First Round 5.1 Eastern Conference 5.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls 5.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers 5.1. 3 ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks 5.1. 4 ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks 5.2 Western Conference 5.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers 5.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies 5.2. 3 ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder 5.2. 4 ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6 Conference Semifinals 6.1 Eastern Conference Semifinals 6.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards 6.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors 6.2 Western Conference Semifinals 6.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets 7 Conference Finals 7.1 Eastern Conference Finals 7.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 7.2 Western Conference Finals 7.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 8 2017 NBA Finals : ( E2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( W1 ) Golden State Warriors 9 Statistical leaders 10 Media coverage 10.1 Television 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Western Conference ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors clinched the earliest playoffs berth in NBA history ( on February 25th ) , clinched the best record in the league for 3 straight season and entered their fifth consecutive postseason for the first time since making six straight appearances from 1947 -- 52 ' . The San Antonio Spurs entered their 20th consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 60 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Finals . The Houston Rockets entered their fifth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals . The Los Angeles Clippers entered their franchise record sixth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Utah Jazz in the first round . The Utah Jazz clinched the playoffs spot for the first time since 2012 and their first playoffs series win since 2010 . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Semifinals . The Oklahoma City Thunder entered their 2nd consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Houston Rockets in the first round , their earliest exit since 2010 . The Memphis Grizzlies entered their seventh consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round for the second straight year . The Portland Trail Blazers entered their fourth consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by Golden State Warriors in the first round . Eastern Conference ( edit ) The Boston Celtics entered their third consecutive postseason and clinched the best record in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2008 . However , they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals . The defending champions Cleveland Cavaliers entered their third consecutive postseason . However , they were defeated by the Golden State Warriors in the NBA Finals . The Toronto Raptors entered their fourth consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 50 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Semifinals . The Washington Wizards , Milwaukee Bucks & Chicago Bulls clinched a playoff spot for the first time since 2015 . Milwaukee and Chicago were eliminated by Toronto and Boston , respectively . The Washington Wizards were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the Conference Semifinals . It should also be noted that Game 6 of the Wizards - Celtics game was the last time before Verizon Center renames to Capital One Arena . The Atlanta Hawks entered their 10th consecutive postseason , one shy of their postseason streak of 11 ( 1963 - 73 ) . However , they were eliminated by the Washington Wizards in the first round . The Indiana Pacers entered their second consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . With a 4th seed in the playoffs , the Wizards had their highest seed under a 16 - team playoff format . First round ( edit ) This was the first time , in a best - of - 7 series , that an 8th seed ( Chicago Bulls ) went up 2 -- 0 against a 1st seed ( Boston Celtics ) in the first round . It is the second time this happened overall ; the Los Angeles Lakers did it against the Phoenix Suns in 1993 , which was a best - of - five series that Phoenix eventually won 3 games to 2 . Cleveland became the first team in playoffs history to come back from a 25 - point halftime deficit and win when they beat the Pacers in Game 3 . The Cavaliers became the first team to sweep an opponent while giving up 100 + points every game since the Houston Rockets allowed 100 + in all 4 games during their sweep of the Orlando Magic in the 1995 NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics became the 19th team to come back after trailing 2 -- 0 , against the Bulls . They were also the 4th team in NBA history to lose the first two games of a best - of - 7 series at home and still win the series . Game 7 between the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz ensured an 18th - straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played ; 1999 was the last postseason to not feature a Game 7 . The Clippers became the first NBA team to blow five straight postseason series leads . Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Trailing by 14 and 13 in Games 1 and 2 respectively , the Boston Celtics became the first team to come back and win back - to - back games after trailing by double digits in the first quarter . The 27 - point loss in Game 1 is San Antonio 's largest defeat in a postseason home game . Scoring 125 points in a Game 2 blowout victory against the Toronto Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers set a franchise record for most points scored in a postseason game . Their previous record was 124 , in 2010 . 18 of 21 conference semifinals games were decided by 10 points or more . Eight of these games were decided by over 20 points . With a four - game sweep against the Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers became the second team to have six playoffs series sweeps in three consecutive postseasons ( 2015 -- 2017 ) since the Lakers did it in 1987 -- 1989 . They also became the first team to start 8 -- 0 in two straight playoffs . The Cavaliers ' Game 4 win over the Raptors gave them their 11th consecutive postseason win ( a streak dating back to Game 5 of the 2016 NBA Finals ) , setting a franchise record . With a four - game sweep against Utah , Golden State swept consecutive playoff series for the first time in franchise history and also had their best eight - game postseason start in franchise history . The Cavaliers and Warriors both started the NBA postseason with 8 -- 0 records , the first time in NBA history that two teams started 8 -- 0 in the same postseason since switching to a seven - game format . In a series - ending 114 -- 75 loss against the Spurs , the Houston Rockets set an NBA record for fewest two - point field goals made in a game . They made 9 of 37 , while the previous record was 11 of 41 . Conference Finals ( edit ) After trailing as much as 25 points , Golden State Warriors came back and won against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 1 . This is the largest comeback in the Conference Finals since the Celtics came back from 26 to beat the Nets in Game 3 of the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals . With a 36 - point win against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 2 , this is Golden State Warriors ' 2nd largest margin of victory in postseason history . ( The largest is 39 - point set back in 1948 , which would be surpassed in the following year when the Warriors defeat Rockets by 41 . ) After trailing as much as 21 points , the Boston Celtics surged back with a 28 -- 10 third quarter run against the Cleveland Cavaliers to win Game 3 . This was also the Cavaliers ' first loss this postseason , as well as their first loss in a postseason game since Game 4 of the previous year 's Finals , snapping an NBA playoff record tying 13 game winning streak . With a four - game sweep against the San Antonio Spurs , the Golden State Warriors earned the distinction of having a 12 -- 0 postseason record , the first in NBA history . They are also the first team to have 3 best - of - 7 series sweeps , and join the 1988 - 89 Los Angeles Lakers ( who ironically , would get swept themselves by the Detroit Pistons ) and the 2000 - 01 Lakers as the only teams to be undefeated going into the championship round , and the only one to have done it under the 7 - 7 - 7 - 7 format since it was introduced in 2003 . NBA Finals ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors began the finals with a playoff record of 12 -- 0 . The first two finals ' games were blowouts by Golden State , game three was closer , but the Warriors still came out victors , going up 3 -- 0 bringing them to 15 -- 0 in the playoffs , the best ever start in NBA playoff history . The Cavs countered beating the Warriors 137 -- 116 in Game four , with 86 points in the first half , setting an NBA Finals ' record . On June twelfth , the Warriors bounced back and won game five at home 129 - 120 , clinching the organization 's fifth championship . Golden State 's 16 -- 1 record is an NBA playoff record since 03 ' for least games attempted to achieve an NBA championship . The title was all - star forward Kevin Durant 's first and all - stars Stephen Curry 's , Klay Thompson 's , and Draymond Green 's second in three years . Durant , who scored over 30 points in each of five games ( the first player to do so since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 with Los Angeles ) , was the recipient of the 2017 Bill Russell NBA Finals ' MVP award . Format ( edit ) Further information : NBA Playoffs § Format Within each conference , the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs . The seedings are based on each team 's record . Each conference 's bracket is fixed ; there is no reseeding . All rounds are best - of - seven series ; the team that has four wins advances to the next round . As stated above , all rounds , including the NBA Finals , are in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format . Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher - seeded team , but instead to the team with the better regular season record . If two teams with the same record meet in a round , standard tiebreaker rules are used . The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage , then head to head record , followed by record vs. opposite conference . Playoff qualifying ( edit ) On February 25 , 2017 , The Golden State Warriors became the first team to clinch a 2017 playoff spot , and the earliest in NBA history , besting their own record from last year by two days . The Cleveland Cavaliers became the first Eastern Conference team to clinch a playoff spot on March 19 , 2017 . Eastern Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in conference Best record in NBA Boston Celtics 53 -- 29 March 21 April 10 April 12 -- Cleveland Cavaliers 51 -- 31 March 19 March 24 -- -- Toronto Raptors 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- Washington Wizards 49 -- 33 March 24 March 28 -- -- 5 Atlanta Hawks 43 -- 39 April 8 -- -- -- 6 Milwaukee Bucks 42 -- 40 April 8 -- -- -- 7 Indiana Pacers 42 -- 40 April 12 -- -- -- 8 Chicago Bulls 41 -- 41 April 12 -- -- -- Western Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in Conference Best record in NBA Golden State Warriors 67 -- 15 February 25 March 16 April 5 April 5 San Antonio Spurs 61 -- 21 March 4 March 31 -- -- Houston Rockets 55 -- 27 March 14 -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- 5 Utah Jazz 51 -- 31 March 26 April 7 -- -- 6 Oklahoma City Thunder 47 -- 35 March 29 -- -- -- 7 Memphis Grizzlies 43 -- 39 March 31 -- -- -- 8 Portland Trail Blazers 41 -- 41 April 9 -- -- -- Bracket ( edit ) Teams in bold advanced to the next round . The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team 's seeding in its conference , and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round . The division champions are marked by an asterisk . Teams with home court advantage are shown in Italics . First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Boston * E8 Chicago E1 Boston * E4 Washington * E4 Washington * E5 Atlanta E1 Boston * Eastern Conference E2 Cleveland * E3 Toronto E6 Milwaukee E3 Toronto 0 E2 Cleveland * E2 Cleveland * E7 Indiana 0 E2 Cleveland * W1 Golden State * W1 Golden State * W8 Portland 0 W1 Golden State * W5 Utah * 0 W4 LA Clippers W5 Utah * W1 Golden State * Western Conference W2 San Antonio * 0 W3 Houston W6 Oklahoma City W3 Houston W2 San Antonio * W2 San Antonio * W7 Memphis * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit First round ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Eastern Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls ( edit ) TNT April 16 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 106 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 28 , 25 -- 18 , 26 -- 28 , 32 -- 28 Pts : Jimmy Butler 30 Rebs : Robin Lopez 11 Asts : Rondo , Wade 6 each Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 8 Bulls leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , David Guthrie TNT April 18 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 111 , Boston Celtics 97 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 26 , 23 -- 20 , 32 -- 29 , 25 -- 22 Pts : Butler , Wade 22 each Rebs : Rajon Rondo 9 Asts : Rajon Rondo 14 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 20 Rebs : Al Horford 11 Asts : Kelly Olynyk 7 Bulls leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : James Capers , John Goble , Sean Wright ESPN April 21 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 87 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 15 , 11 -- 26 , 32 -- 22 , 28 -- 24 Pts : Al Horford 18 Rebs : Al Horford 8 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Pts : Dwyane Wade 18 Rebs : Cristiano Felício 11 Asts : three players 3 each Bulls leads series , 2 -- 1 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,293 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Bill Spooner TNT April 23 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 95 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 18 , 27 -- 28 , 22 -- 24 , 25 -- 25 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 33 Rebs : Bobby Portis 8 Asts : Jimmy Butler 9 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,863 Referees : Scott Foster , Eric Lewis , Tom Washington TNT April 26 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 97 , Boston Celtics 108 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 23 , 30 -- 29 , 31 -- 27 , 16 -- 29 Pts : Dwyane Wade 26 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 8 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 24 each Rebs : Al Horford 7 Asts : Al Horford 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ed Malloy ESPN April 28 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 105 , Chicago Bulls 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 24 -- 18 , 34 -- 18 , 17 -- 24 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Horford , Olynyk 6 each Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 23 Rebs : Bobby Portis 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 3 Boston wins series , 4 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,682 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , James Williams After trailing 2 - 0 in the series , the Celtics came back to tie the series as Rajon Rondo was ruled out indefinitely after breaking his right thumb in Game 2 , and Al Horford scored 18 points and grabbed 8 rebounds in Game 3 , and Isaiah Thomas scorched the Bulls for 33 points in Game 4 . The Celtics ' win in Game 5 would be the only home game victory of the series , and Avery Bradley scored 23 points in Game 6 as the Celtics eliminated the Bulls . Notably , this series began one day following the death of Chyna Thomas , younger sister of Isaiah , in a one - car accident . Thomas played all six games of the series , before returning to the state of Washington for her funeral on April 29th . Game 6 also marked the final game of Jimmy Butler 's tenure as a Bull . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 99 , Chicago Bulls 105 United Center , Chicago , Illinois November 2 , 2016 Recap Chicago Bulls 100 , Boston Celtics 107 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts February 16 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 103 , Chicago Bulls 104 United Center , Chicago , Illinois March 12 , 2017 Recap Chicago Bulls 80 , Boston Celtics 100 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning the first four meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1981 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 0 1981 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1986 Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1986 Eastern Conference First Round Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1987 Eastern Conference First Round 2009 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 3 2009 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers ( edit ) ABC April 15 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 34 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 26 , 24 -- 17 Pts : Paul George 29 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 9 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : LeBron James 13 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Matt Boland , Tony Brothers TNT April 17 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 117 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 29 -- 31 , 20 -- 33 , 33 -- 21 Pts : Paul George 32 Rebs : Paul George 8 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 37 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , James Williams TNT April 20 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 119 , Indiana Pacers 114 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 37 , 22 -- 37 , 35 -- 17 , 35 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 12 Pts : Paul George 36 Rebs : Paul George 15 Asts : Paul George 9 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson ABC April 23 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 106 , Indiana Pacers 102 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 36 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 18 -- 25 Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 16 Asts : LeBron James 4 Pts : Lance Stephenson 22 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 10 Asts : Jeff Teague 10 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Leon Wood In Game 1 , LeBron James scored 32 points in a close battle ; the Pacers came back in the 4th quarter , but C.J. Miles missed a game - winning three , giving the Cavaliers the win . But after winning Game 2 , the Cavs were down by as many as 26 points in the first half of Game 3 . The Pacers were in control until the Cavs led by James ' triple - double of 41 points , 13 rebounds and 12 assists came roaring back in the second half and took the lead late in the fourth quarter . They would end up winning Game 3 , 119 - 114 , as they made it one of the largest comebacks in NBA playoff history . With the Pacers holding a 2 - point lead with over a minute left in Game 4 , James hits the three over Myles Turner , giving the Cavs a one - point lead . Later , Kyle Korver 's free throws increases the lead to three . The Pacers had a chance to extend the game , but Paul George missed the three , and James gets the rebound . He would make 1 of the 2 free throws to seal the Cavs ' 4 - game sweep over the Pacers . Regular season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 93 , Indiana Pacers 103 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 8 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 132 , Indiana Pacers 117 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 15 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 104 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio April 2 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 130 , Cleveland Cavaliers 135 ( 2OT ) Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Pacers winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Indiana leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1998 Cleveland Cavaliers 1 , Indiana Pacers 3 1998 Eastern Conference First Round ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( edit ) ESPN April 15 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 97 , Toronto Raptors 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 22 , 16 -- 29 , 29 -- 19 , 22 -- 13 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 28 Rebs : Greg Monroe 15 Asts : Khris Middleton 9 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 27 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 14 Asts : Kyle Lowry 6 Bucks leads series , 1 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,133 Referees : Ken Mauer , John Goble , Ed Malloy NBA TV April 18 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 106 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 28 , 27 -- 27 , 31 -- 29 , 17 -- 22 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 24 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 15 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 23 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 10 Asts : Serge Ibaka 6 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,077 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , Mark Lindsay NBA TV April 20 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 77 , Milwaukee Bucks 104 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 32 , 18 -- 25 , 16 -- 21 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Lowry , Wright 13 each Rebs : Pöltl , Valančiūnas 7 each Asts : Cory Joseph 3 Pts : Khris Middleton 20 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 8 Asts : Malcolm Brogdon 9 Bucks leads series , 2 -- 1 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba TNT April 22 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 87 , Milwaukee Bucks 76 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 19 , 22 -- 22 , 23 -- 17 , 23 -- 18 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 33 Rebs : DeMar DeRozan 9 Asts : DeMar DeRozan 5 Pts : Tony Snell 19 Rebs : Khris Middleton 11 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 4 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Danny Crawford , Brent Barnaky , Ron Garretson NBA TV April 24 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 93 , Toronto Raptors 118 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 31 , 28 -- 26 , 25 -- 33 , 20 -- 28 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 30 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 6 Pts : Norman Powell 25 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 7 Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Raptors leads series , 3 -- 2 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,251 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland TNT April 27 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 92 , Milwaukee Bucks 89 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 23 -- 14 , 23 -- 23 , 18 -- 28 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 32 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 4 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 34 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 5 Toronto wins series , 4 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Marc Davis , Tony Brothers , Rodney Mott Regular - season series show Toronto won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 25 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 105 , Milwaukee Bucks 99 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin December 12 , 2016 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 122 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario January 27 , 2017 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 86 , Toronto Raptors 102 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario March 4 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 94 , Milwaukee Bucks 101 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin This was the first meeting in the playoffs between the Raptors and Bucks . ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) TNT April 16 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 107 , Washington Wizards 114 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 25 , 19 -- 20 , 28 -- 38 , 31 -- 31 Pts : Dennis Schröder 25 Rebs : Dwight Howard 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 1 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba NBA TV April 19 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 101 , Washington Wizards 109 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 23 , 19 -- 28 , 35 -- 23 , 23 -- 35 Pts : Paul Millsap 27 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , David Guthrie TNT April 22 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 98 , Atlanta Hawks 116 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 38 , 26 -- 26 , 21 -- 26 , 31 -- 26 Pts : John Wall 29 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 8 Asts : John Wall 7 Pts : Paul Millsap 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 1 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,866 Referees : James Capers , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher TNT April 24 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Atlanta Hawks 111 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 28 , 15 -- 31 , 27 -- 18 , 24 -- 34 Pts : Bradley Beal 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 18 Asts : John Wall 10 Pts : Paul Millsap 19 Rebs : Dwight Howard 15 Asts : Bazemore , Millsap 7 each Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,676 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Leroy Richardson TNT April 26 6 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 99 , Washington Wizards 103 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 24 -- 27 , 30 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Dennis Schröder 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 11 Asts : Dennis Schröder 11 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 3 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Williams , Sean Wright NBA TV / ESPNU April 28 7 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 115 , Atlanta Hawks 99 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 35 -- 23 , 24 -- 36 , 26 -- 17 Pts : John Wall 42 Rebs : Morris , Porter 8 each Asts : John Wall 8 Pts : Paul Millsap 31 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 10 Washington wins series , 4 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,849 Referees : Danny Crawford , John Goble , Bill Spooner Regular - season series show Washington won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Washington Wizards 99 , Atlanta Hawks 114 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia November 4 , 2016 Recap Atlanta Hawks 92 , Washington Wizards 95 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 27 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 112 , Atlanta Hawks 86 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia March 22 , 2017 Recap Atlanta Hawks 100 , Washington Wizards 104 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Wizards / Bullets winning three of the first five meetings . Previous playoff series show Washington / Baltimore leads 3 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1965 St. Louis Hawks 1 , Baltimore Bullets 3 1965 Western Conference Semifinals 1966 Baltimore Bullets 0 , St. Louis Hawks 3 1966 Western Conference Semifinals 1978 Washington Bullets 2 , Atlanta Hawks 0 1978 Eastern Conference First Round 1979 Washington Bullets 4 , Atlanta Hawks 3 1979 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Washington Wizards 2 , Atlanta Hawks 4 2015 Eastern Conference Semifinals Western Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( edit ) ABC April 16 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 109 , Golden State Warriors 121 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 32 , 29 -- 24 , 32 -- 32 , 21 -- 33 Pts : C.J. McCollum 41 Rebs : Evan Turner 10 Asts : Turner , Vonleh 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson TNT April 19 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 81 , Golden State Warriors 110 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 33 , 29 -- 22 , 12 -- 28 , 23 -- 27 Pts : Maurice Harkless 15 Rebs : Maurice Harkless 8 Asts : Evan Turner 7 Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 10 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Michael Smith ESPN April 22 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 119 , Portland Trail Blazers 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 37 , 24 -- 30 , 33 -- 21 , 32 -- 25 Pts : Stephen Curry 34 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : C.J. McCollum 32 Rebs : Jusuf Nurkić 8 Asts : Lillard , Nurkić 4 each Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 20,177 Referees : Ken Mauer , Leroy Richardson , Zach Zarba TNT April 24 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 128 , Portland Trail Blazers 103 Scoring by quarter : 45 -- 22 , 27 -- 26 , 34 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Curry , Pachulia 7 each Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : Damian Lillard 34 Rebs : Noah Vonleh 14 Asts : Damian Lillard 6 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 19,902 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , Sean Wright Regular - season series show Golden State won 4 -- 0 in the regular - season series November 1 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 127 , Portland Trail Blazers 104 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon December 17 , 2016 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 90 , Golden State Warriors 135 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 4 , 2017 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 117 , Golden State Warriors 125 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 113 , Portland Trail Blazers 111 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Golden State winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series show Golden State leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Portland Trail Blazers 1 , Golden State Warriors 4 2016 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( edit ) ESPN April 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 111 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 25 , 19 -- 27 , 15 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 Pts : Marc Gasol 32 Rebs : Conley , Gasol 5 each Asts : Mike Conley 7 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 32 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 8 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 5 Spurs leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Josh Tiven TNT April 17 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 96 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 29 , 21 -- 27 , 28 -- 19 , 17 -- 21 Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 10 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 37 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Ginóbili , Mills 3 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner TNT April 20 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 94 , Memphis Grizzlies 105 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 25 -- 29 , 17 -- 31 , 31 -- 24 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 18 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 11 Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 8 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland ESPN April 22 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 108 , Memphis Grizzlies 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 23 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 19 , 25 -- 22 , Overtime : 12 -- 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 43 Rebs : Pau Gasol 11 Asts : Tony Parker 5 Pts : Mike Conley 35 Rebs : Marc Gasol 12 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , John Goble NBA TV April 25 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 103 , San Antonio Spurs 116 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 23 , 26 -- 32 , 27 -- 32 , 27 -- 29 Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Marc Gasol 7 Asts : Zach Randolph 6 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 9 Asts : Leonard , Parker 6 each Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Derrick Collins TNT April 27 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Memphis Grizzlies 96 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 24 , 28 -- 22 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Leonard , Parker 4 each Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Zach Randolph 11 Asts : Marc Gasol 6 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Scott Foster , Brian Forte , Zach Zarba In game 4 , Marc Gasol hits the game winning shot with 0.7 seconds left in overtime . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series February 6 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 74 , Memphis Grizzlies 89 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 18 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 96 , Memphis Grizzlies 104 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 23 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 90 , San Antonio Spurs 97 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas April 4 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 89 , San Antonio Spurs 95 ( OT ) AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with San Antonio winning three of the four meetings . Previous playoff series show San Antonio leads 3 -- 1 in all - time playoff series San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2004 Western Conference First Round 2011 San Antonio Spurs 2 , Memphis Grizzlies 4 2011 Western Conference First Round 2013 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2013 Western Conference Finals 2016 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2016 Western Conference First Round ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( edit ) TNT April 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 87 , Houston Rockets 118 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 27 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 30 , 13 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 22 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 7 Pts : James Harden 37 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 12 Asts : James Harden 9 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : James Capers , Courtney Kirkland , Sean Wright TNT April 19 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 111 , Houston Rockets 115 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 26 , 33 -- 36 , 21 -- 24 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 51 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 10 Asts : Russell Westbrook 13 Pts : James Harden 35 Rebs : Clint Capela 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Ayotte , Tony Brothers ESPN April 21 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 115 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 34 , 33 -- 31 , 25 -- 28 , 30 -- 22 Pts : James Harden 44 Rebs : Patrick Beverley 7 Asts : James Harden 6 Pts : Russell Westbrook 32 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 13 Asts : Russell Westbrook 11 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Lindsay , Tom Washington ABC April 23 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 109 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 26 , 32 -- 32 , 19 -- 19 , 40 -- 32 Pts : Nenê 28 Rebs : Nenê 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Pts : Russell Westbrook 35 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 14 Asts : Russell Westbrook 14 Rockets leads series , 3 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Josh Tiven TNT April 25 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 99 , Houston Rockets 105 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 16 , 22 -- 35 , 33 -- 21 , 22 -- 33 Pts : Russell Westbrook 47 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 9 Pts : James Harden 34 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 4 Houston wins series , 4 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Houston won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 103 , Oklahoma City Thunder 105 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma December 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 102 , Oklahoma City Thunder 99 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma January 5 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 116 , Houston Rockets 118 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 26 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 125 , Houston Rockets 137 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Thunder / SuperSonics winning six of the first seven meetings . Previous playoff series show Oklahoma City / Seattle leads 6 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1982 Houston Rockets 1 , Seattle SuperSonics 2 1982 Western Conference First Round Houston Rockets 2 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1987 Western Conference Semifinals 1989 Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1989 Western Conference First Round 1993 Houston Rockets 3 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1993 Western Conference Semifinals Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1996 Western Conference Semifinals 1997 Houston Rockets 4 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1997 Western Conference Semifinals 2013 Houston Rockets 2 , Oklahoma City Thunder 4 2013 Western Conference First Round ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) ESPN April 15 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 97 , Los Angeles Clippers 95 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 30 -- 28 , 22 -- 18 , 23 -- 25 Pts : Joe Johnson 21 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 10 Asts : Boris Diaw 6 Pts : Blake Griffin 26 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 11 Jazz leads series , 1 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner In Game 1 , Joe Johnson hits the game - winner at the buzzer . TNT April 18 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 91 , Los Angeles Clippers 99 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 29 , 24 -- 22 , 28 -- 28 , 21 -- 20 Pts : Gordon Hayward 20 Rebs : Favors , Hill 7 each Asts : George Hill 4 Pts : Blake Griffin 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher ESPN2 April 21 10 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 111 , Utah Jazz 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 34 , 28 -- 24 , 33 -- 26 , 29 -- 22 Pts : Chris Paul 34 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 13 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Pts : Gordon Hayward 40 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 8 Asts : Joe Ingles 5 Clippers lead series , 2 -- 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Eric Lewis TNT April 23 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 105 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 24 , 26 -- 31 , 28 -- 22 , 18 -- 28 Pts : Chris Paul 27 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 10 Asts : Chris Paul 12 Pts : Joe Johnson 28 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Joe Ingles 11 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , James Williams TNT April 25 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 96 , Los Angeles Clippers 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 27 -- 22 , 18 -- 15 , 32 -- 34 Pts : Gordon Hayward 27 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 11 Asts : George Hill 7 Pts : Chris Paul 28 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 12 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Jazz leads series , 3 -- 2 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,171 Referees : Scott Foster , Ron Garretson , John Goble ESPN April 28 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 93 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 22 , 27 -- 23 , 31 -- 25 , 20 -- 23 Pts : Chris Paul 29 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 18 Asts : Chris Paul 8 Pts : Gordon Hayward 31 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Gordon Hayward 4 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Tom Washington ABC April 30 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Los Angeles Clippers 91 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 24 , 22 -- 15 , 33 -- 24 , 25 -- 28 Pts : Gordon Hayward 26 Rebs : Derrick Favors 11 Asts : Hill , Johnson 5 each Pts : DeAndre Jordan 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 17 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Utah wins series , 4 -- 3 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brothers , Bill Kennedy Game 7 is Paul Pierce 's final NBA game . It is also Chris Paul 's final game with the Clippers before being traded to the Rockets during the offseason . Regular - season series show L.A. Clippers won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 30 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 75 , Los Angeles Clippers 88 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California February 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 88 , Utah Jazz 72 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 108 , Utah Jazz 114 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 25 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 95 , Los Angeles Clippers 108 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Jazz winning the previous two meetings . Previous playoff series show Utah leads 2 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1992 Los Angeles Clippers 2 , Utah Jazz 3 1992 Western Conference First Round 1997 Los Angeles Clippers 0 , Utah Jazz 3 1997 Western Conference First Round Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards ( edit ) ABC April 30 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 111 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 38 -- 24 , 26 -- 35 , 16 -- 36 , 31 -- 28 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 16 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 9 Asts : Al Horford 10 Celtics leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Courtney Kirkland , Zach Zarba TNT May 2 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 119 , Boston Celtics 129 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 42 -- 29 , 25 -- 35 , 22 -- 20 , 25 -- 30 , Overtime : 5 -- 15 Pts : John Wall 40 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 13 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 53 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Marcus Smart 5 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Rodney Mott , Tom Washington ESPN May 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 89 , Washington Wizards 116 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 39 , 23 -- 24 , 29 -- 32 , 20 -- 21 Pts : Al Horford 16 Rebs : Jae Crowder 7 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 4 Pts : John Wall 24 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 16 Asts : John Wall 8 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 1 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , James Capers TNT May 7 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 102 , Washington Wizards 121 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 20 , 24 -- 28 , 20 -- 42 , 34 -- 31 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 19 Rebs : Crowder , Rozier 7 each Asts : Marcus Smart 6 Pts : Bradley Beal 29 Rebs : Markieff Morris 10 Asts : John Wall 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ron Garretson TNT May 10 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 33 , 30 -- 34 , 25 -- 26 , 25 -- 30 Pts : John Wall 21 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Avery Bradley 29 Rebs : Marcus Smart 11 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Ed Malloy , Sean Wright ESPN May 12 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 91 , Washington Wizards 92 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 22 , 25 -- 19 , 27 -- 25 , 22 -- 26 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 27 each Rebs : Kelly Olynyk 8 Asts : Jae Crowder 8 Pts : Bradley Beal 33 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 8 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , John Goble In Game 6 , John Wall hits the game - winning 3 - pointer with 3.5 seconds left . TNT May 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 105 , Boston Celtics 115 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 27 , 32 -- 26 , 24 -- 32 , 26 -- 30 Pts : Bradley Beal 38 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : John Wall 11 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 29 Rebs : Horford , Smart 6 each Asts : Isaiah Thomas 12 Boston wins series , 4 -- 3 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 93 , Washington Wizards 118 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 11 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 108 , Boston Celtics 117 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts January 24 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 108 , Washington Wizards 123 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. March 20 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 102 , Boston Celtics 110 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning two of the first three meetings . Memorably , during the first quarter of Game 1 , Isaiah Thomas was struck in the mouth by the elbow of Otto Porter , immediately knocking out one tooth , and causing further damage to his mouth . As Porter prepared to shoot a pair of free throws , Thomas calmly retrieved and pocketed his fallen tooth , then hit two three - point field goals in the following two minutes , before being pulled from the game for medical attention . Thomas went on to play the entire seven - game series , including a 53 - point effort to lead his team to an overtime victory in game 2 , all while wearing temporary protection in his mouth . He underwent extensive oral surgery after the playoffs to mitigate the damage . Previous playoff series show Boston leads time playoff series Boston Celtics 2 , Washington Bullets 4 1975 Eastern Conference Finals 1982 Boston Celtics 4 , Washington Bullets 1 1982 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1984 Boston Celtics 3 , Washington Bullets 1 1984 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors ( edit ) TNT May 1 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 105 , Cleveland Cavaliers 116 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 30 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 34 , 31 -- 20 Pts : Kyle Lowry 20 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 11 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 14 Asts : Kyrie Irving 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Eric Lewis , Derrick Stafford TNT May 3 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 103 , Cleveland Cavaliers 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 26 -- 28 , 25 -- 37 , 30 -- 26 Pts : Jonas Valančiūnas 23 Rebs : Cory Joseph 6 Asts : Kyle Lowry 5 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 11 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Sean Wright ESPN May 5 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 115 , Toronto Raptors 94 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 36 -- 17 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 37 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 8 Asts : Cory Joseph 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,384 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , Bill Kennedy ABC May 7 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 109 , Toronto Raptors 102 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 33 -- 21 , 24 -- 31 , 24 -- 22 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : LeBron James 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 9 Pts : Serge Ibaka 23 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 12 Asts : Cory Joseph 12 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,307 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Pat Fraher Regular - season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 28 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 94 , Toronto Raptors 91 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario November 15 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 117 , Cleveland Cavaliers 121 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 5 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 116 , Toronto Raptors 112 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario April 12 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 98 , Cleveland Cavaliers 83 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Cleveland winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series show Cleveland leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Toronto Raptors 2 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 Eastern Conference Finals Western Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) TNT May 2 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 94 , Golden State Warriors 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 27 , 25 -- 31 , 27 -- 26 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Rudy Gobert 13 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Stephen Curry 22 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : David West 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , David Guthrie ESPN May 4 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Golden State Warriors 115 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 33 , 32 -- 27 , 35 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Gordon Hayward 33 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 16 Asts : Hayward , Mack 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 25 Rebs : Kevin Durant 11 Asts : Curry , Durant 7 each Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba ABC May 6 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 102 , Utah Jazz 91 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 17 , 22 -- 33 , 23 -- 20 , 30 -- 21 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 5 Pts : Gordon Hayward 29 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 15 Asts : Gordon Hayward 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Ken Mauer , Bennie Adams , Ed Malloy TNT May 8 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 121 , Utah Jazz 95 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 17 , 21 -- 35 , 33 -- 27 , 28 -- 16 Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 11 Pts : Gordon Hayward 25 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Hayward , Ingles 3 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , James Williams Regular - season series show Golden State won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 8 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 106 , Utah Jazz 99 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah December 20 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 74 , Golden State Warriors 104 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California April 10 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 105 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Warriors winning two of the first three meetings . Previous playoff series show Golden State leads 2 -- 1 in all - time playoff series Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 2 1987 Western Conference First Round 1989 Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 0 1989 Western Conference First Round 2007 Golden State Warriors 1 , Utah Jazz 4 2007 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets ( edit ) TNT May 1 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 126 , San Antonio Spurs 99 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 23 , 35 -- 16 , 27 -- 28 , 30 -- 32 Pts : Trevor Ariza 23 Rebs : Clint Capela 13 Asts : James Harden 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 21 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 6 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Josh Tiven TNT May 3 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 96 , San Antonio Spurs 121 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 33 , 25 -- 32 , 28 -- 23 , 13 -- 33 Pts : Ryan Anderson 18 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 8 Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 34 Rebs : Pau Gasol 13 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 8 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Bill Spooner ESPN May 5 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Houston Rockets 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 24 -- 18 , 29 -- 27 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Aldridge , Leonard 26 each Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 10 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 7 Pts : James Harden 43 Rebs : Clint Capela 16 Asts : Ariza , Harden 5 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,187 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Brian Forte TNT May 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 104 , Houston Rockets 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 31 -- 23 , 23 -- 34 , 28 -- 34 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 17 Rebs : Pau Gasol 7 Asts : Patty Mills 5 Pts : James Harden 28 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 9 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 107 , San Antonio Spurs 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 31 -- 26 , 25 -- 28 , 16 -- 15 , Overtime : 6 -- 9 Pts : James Harden 33 Rebs : Capela , Harden 11 each Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 22 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 15 Asts : Manu Ginóbili 5 Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Rodney Mott , Zach Zarba In Game 5 , Manu Ginóbili blocks James Harden 's game - tying 3 - point attempt in overtime before the buzzer sounded . ESPN May 11 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 114 , Houston Rockets 75 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 24 , 30 -- 18 , 26 -- 22 , 27 -- 11 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 34 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Patty Mills 7 Pts : Trevor Ariza 20 Rebs : Clint Capela 12 Asts : James Harden 7 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Ron Garretson Regular - season series show San Antonio won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 101 , San Antonio Spurs 99 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas November 12 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 106 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas December 20 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 102 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 6 , 2017 Recap Houston Rockets 110 , San Antonio Spurs 112 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Rockets winning the first three meetings . Previous playoff series show Houston leads 3 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1980 Houston Rockets 2 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1980 Eastern Conference First Round 1981 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 3 1981 Western Conference Semifinals 1995 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 2 1995 Western Conference Finals Conference Finals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) TNT May 17 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 117 , Boston Celtics 104 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 19 , 31 -- 20 , 31 -- 36 , 25 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 38 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Bradley , Crowder 21 each Rebs : Jaylen Brown 9 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 19 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 130 , Boston Celtics 86 Scoring by quarter : 32 -- 18 , 40 -- 13 , 31 -- 28 , 27 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 30 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Jaylen Brown 19 Rebs : three players 5 each Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Ron Garretson TNT May 21 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 35 , 26 -- 31 , 32 -- 21 , 29 -- 21 Pts : Marcus Smart 27 Rebs : Jae Crowder 11 Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 29 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , David Guthrie In Game 3 , Avery Bradley gets a very friendly roll on a game - winning three - pointer with 0.1 seconds left . TNT May 23 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 99 , Cleveland Cavaliers 112 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 19 , 28 -- 28 , 23 -- 40 , 19 -- 25 Pts : Avery Bradley 19 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 42 Rebs : Kevin Love 17 Asts : LeBron James 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Pat Fraher , Derrick Stafford TNT May 25 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 135 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 43 -- 27 , 32 -- 30 , 34 -- 17 , 26 -- 28 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Jae Crowder 6 Asts : Terry Rozier 7 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 1 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy Regular - season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 3 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 122 , Cleveland Cavaliers 128 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 29 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 124 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio March 1 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 99 , Boston Celtics 103 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts April 5 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 114 , Boston Celtics 91 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning four of the first six meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1976 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 1976 Eastern Conference Finals 1985 Boston Celtics 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 1 1985 Eastern Conference First Round 1992 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 3 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2008 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 3 2008 Eastern Conference Semifinals Cleveland Cavaliers 2 , Boston Celtics 4 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 0 2015 Eastern Conference First Round Western Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) ABC May 14 3 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 111 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 16 , 32 -- 26 , 28 -- 39 , 21 -- 32 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 28 Rebs : Aldridge , Leonard 8 each Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Stephen Curry 40 Rebs : Zaza Pachulia 9 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Tom Washington ESPN May 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 100 , Golden State Warriors 136 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 28 -- 39 , 31 -- 34 , 25 -- 30 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 22 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 9 Asts : Dejounte Murray 6 Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 7 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy ESPN May 20 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 120 , San Antonio Spurs 108 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 33 , 35 -- 22 , 36 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 10 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : Manu Ginóbili 21 Rebs : Pau Gasol 10 Asts : Patty Mills 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,792 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Bill Kennedy ESPN May 22 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 129 , San Antonio Spurs 115 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 19 , 34 -- 32 , 31 -- 27 , 33 -- 37 Pts : Stephen Curry 36 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Draymond Green 8 Pts : Kyle Anderson 20 Rebs : Pau Gasol 9 Asts : Ginóbili , Murray 7 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,466 Referees : Mike Callahan , Sean Corbin , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show San Antonio won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series . October 25 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 129 , Golden State Warriors 100 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California March 11 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 85 , San Antonio Spurs 107 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas March 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 110 , San Antonio Spurs 98 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with each team winning one series . San Antonio led by as many as 25 points in game 1 before Kawhi Leonard had to leave the game and the series after he landed on Zaza Pachulia 's foot , re-aggravated his existing ankle injury . Previous playoff series show Tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1991 Golden State Warriors 3 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1991 Western Conference First Round 2013 Golden State Warriors 2 , San Antonio Spurs 4 2013 Western Conference Semifinals 2017 NBA Finals : ( e2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( w1 ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA Finals ABC June 1 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 35 , 22 -- 25 , 20 -- 33 , 19 -- 20 Pts : LeBron James 28 Rebs : Kevin Love 21 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba ABC June 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 113 , Golden State Warriors 132 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 40 , 30 -- 27 , 24 -- 35 , 25 -- 30 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 11 Asts : LeBron James 14 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Stephen Curry 11 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers ABC June 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 32 , 28 -- 29 , 22 -- 33 , 29 -- 19 Pts : Kevin Durant 31 Rebs : Stephen Curry 13 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer ABC June 9 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 116 , Cleveland Cavaliers 137 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 49 , 35 -- 37 , 28 -- 29 , 20 -- 22 Pts : Kevin Durant 35 Rebs : Draymond Green 14 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Pts : Kyrie Irving 40 Rebs : James , Thompson 10 each Asts : LeBron James 11 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Mike Callahan , Marc Davis , John Goble ABC June 12 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 120 , Golden State Warriors 129 Scoring by quarter : 37 -- 33 , 23 -- 38 , 33 -- 27 , 27 -- 31 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 39 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Ed Malloy , Derrick Stafford Regular - season series show Tied 1 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 25 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio January 16 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 126 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the third meeting in the NBA Finals between the Warriors and Cavaliers with each team winning one series . Previous playoff series show Teams tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 2015 Golden State Warriors 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 2015 NBA Finals 2016 Golden State Warriors 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 NBA Finals Statistical leaders ( edit ) Game High Average Player Team High Player Team Avg . GP Points Isaiah Thomas Boston Celtics 53 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 37.4 5 Rebounds Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers 21 DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 14.4 7 Assists John Wall Washington Wizards 16 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10.8 5 Steals Thaddeus Young Kawhi Leonard Stephen Curry Kevin Love Indiana Pacers San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors Cleveland Cavaliers 6 Russell Westbrook André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 2.40 5 Blocks Draymond Green Golden State Warriors 6 André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 3.40 5 Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN , TNT , ABC , and NBA TV broadcast the playoffs nationally in the United States . In the first round , regional sports networks affiliated with the teams can also broadcast the games , except for games televised on ABC . Throughout the first two rounds , TNT televised games Saturday through Thursday , ESPN televised games Friday and Saturday , and ABC televised selected games on Saturday and Sunday , usually in the afternoon . NBA TV has aired select weekday games in the first round . TNT televised the Eastern Conference Finals . Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals was televised on ABC , while Games 2 through 4 were televised on ESPN . ABC had exclusive television rights to the NBA Finals for the 15th consecutive year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors cruise past Nets without Kevin Durant to secure a playoff berth '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyrie Irving scores 46 and Cavs clinch playoff berth in 125 - 120 win over Lakers '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff bound ! Boston Celtics clinch postseason berth '' . Wcvb.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics clinch No. 1 seed in East , beat Bucks 112 - 94 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs score 112 - 105 victory over Hornets ; clinch Central Division title '' . Fox8.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors clinch Eastern playoff spot with win over Mavs '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards beat Lakers 119 - 108 to clinch division title '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Clinch Pacific Division Title '' . Warriors.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden State Warriors clinch West 's No. 1 seed for third consecutive season '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kawhi Leonard helps Spurs beat Timberwolves in OT '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russ Registers 39th TD But Spurs Clinch Comeback Victory ; DeRozan Powers Raptors '' . India.NBA.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Clinch Playoff Berth '' . Spacecityscoop.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers clinch playoff berth with 108 - 95 victory over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Clinch Playoff Berth with Nuggets ' Loss to Pelicans '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder Clinch Playoff Berth With Victory Over Magic '' . Bleacherreport.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies clinch playoff spot with 99 - 90 win over Mavericks '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey . `` Trail Blazers Clinch 8th Seed With Nuggets Loss , Will Face Warriors In First Round '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian . `` Sister of Boston Celtics star Isaiah Thomas killed in one - car accident NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Chicago Bulls ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Toronto Raptors versus Milwaukee Bucks ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Atlanta Hawks versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Portland Trail Blazers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Memphis Grizzlies versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Oklahoma City Thunder ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Los Angeles Clippers versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Toronto Raptors ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Boston Celtics ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors versus Cleveland Cavaliers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA PLAYOFFS TV SCHEDULE ON ESPN , ABC , TNT AND NBA TV '' . Sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website of the NBA NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 -- 17 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NBA_Playoffs&oldid=850087092 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NBA season National Basketball Association playoffs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who did the warriors play in the 2017 playoffs
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Request–response
Request -- response - wikipedia Request -- response Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that RoS ( computing ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2015 . Request -- response , or request -- reply , is one of the basic methods computers use to communicate with each other , in which the first computer sends a request for some data and the second computer responds to the request . Usually , there is a series of such interchanges until the complete message is sent ; browsing a web page is an example of request -- response communication . Request -- response can be seen as a telephone call , in which someone is called and they answer the call . Request -- response is a message exchange pattern in which a requestor sends a request message to a replier system which receives and processes the request , ultimately returning a message in response . This is a simple , but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two - way conversation with one another over a channel . This pattern is especially common in client -- server architectures . For simplicity , this pattern is typically implemented in a purely synchronous fashion , as in web service calls over HTTP , which holds a connection open and waits until the response is delivered or the timeout period expires . However , request -- response may also be implemented asynchronously , with a response being returned at some unknown later time . This is often referred to as `` sync over async '' , or `` sync / async '' , and is common in enterprise application integration ( EAI ) implementations where slow aggregations , time - intensive functions , or human workflow must be performed before a response can be constructed and delivered . In contrast , one - way computer communication , which is like the push - to - talk or `` barge in '' feature found on some phones and two - way radios , sends a message without waiting for a response . Sending an email is an example of one - way communication , and another example are fieldbus sensors , such as most CAN bus sensors , which periodically and autonomously send out their data , whether or not any other devices on the bus are listening for it . ( Most of these systems use a `` listen before talk '' or other contention - based protocol so multiple sensors can transmit periodic updates without any pre-coordination . ) See also ( edit ) Computing portal Futures and promises Message exchange pattern Publish / subscribe Remote procedure call References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hohpe , Gregor . Enterprise Integration Patterns : Designing , Building , and Deploying Messaging Solutions . ISBN 0 - 321 - 20068 - 3 . p. 184 External links ( edit ) W3C single - request - response pattern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Request -- response&oldid = 790667097 '' Categories : Network protocols Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2015 All articles to be merged Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 07 : 44 . About Wikipedia
http uses a request/response style of communication
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Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens - Wikipedia Montreal Canadiens Jump to : navigation , search Montreal Canadiens Canadiens de Montréal 2017 -- 18 Montreal Canadiens season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1909 History Montreal Canadiens 1910 -- 1917 ( NHA ) 1917 -- present ( NHL ) Home arena Bell Centre City Montreal , Quebec Colours Red , white , blue Media English TSN TSN Radio 690 French RDS 98.5 FM Owner ( s ) Molson family ( majority owner ) ( Geoff Molson , chairman ) General manager Marc Bergevin Head coach Claude Julien Captain Max Pacioretty Minor league affiliates Laval Rocket ( AHL ) Brampton Beast ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 24 ( 1915 -- 16 , 1923 -- 24 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1943 -- 44 , 1945 -- 46 , 1952 -- 53 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1970 -- 71 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1985 -- 86 , 1992 -- 93 ) Conference championships 8 ( 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1992 -- 93 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 24 ( 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1930 -- 31 , 1931 -- 32 , 1936 -- 37 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1972 -- 73 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1984 -- 85 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Official website nhl.com/canadiens The Montreal Canadiens ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal , Quebec . They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs. French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu - Blanc - Rouge , La Sainte - Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which `` Habs '' is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the `` Original Six '' teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992 -- 93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cups , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 , the franchise has won 25.3 % of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics . Since 1996 , the Canadiens have played their home games at Bell Centre , originally known as Molson Centre . The team previously played at the Montreal Forum which housed the team for seven decades and all but their first two Stanley Cup championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Team identity 2.1 Crest and sweater design 2.2 Motto 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Rivalries 3 Broadcasting 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players and personnel 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Honoured members 5.2. 1 Retired numbers 5.2. 2 Hockey Hall of Fame 5.3 Team captains 5.4 Head coaches 6 Franchise individual records 6.1 Franchise scoring leaders 6.2 Records -- skaters 6.3 Records -- goaltenders 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Montreal Canadiens The Canadiens were founded by J. Ambrose O'Brien on December 4 , 1909 , as a charter member of the National Hockey Association , the forerunner to the National Hockey League . It was to be the team of the francophone community in Montreal , composed of francophone players , and under francophone ownership as soon as possible . The team 's first season was not a success , as they placed last . After the first year , ownership was transferred to George Kennedy of Montreal and the team 's fortunes improved over the next seasons . The team won its first Stanley Cup championship in the 1915 -- 16 season . In 1917 , with four other NHA teams , the Canadiens formed the NHL , and they won their first NHL Stanley Cup during the 1923 -- 24 season , led by Howie Morenz . The team moved from the Mount Royal Arena to the Montreal Forum for the 1926 -- 27 season . The club began the 1930s decade successfully , with Stanley Cup wins in 1930 and 1931 . The Canadiens and its then - Montreal rival , the Montreal Maroons , declined both on the ice and economically during the Great Depression . Losses grew to the point where the team owners considering selling the team to interests in Cleveland , Ohio , though local investors were ultimately found to finance the Canadiens . The Maroons still suspended operations , and several of their players moved to the Canadiens . Game between the Canadiens and the New York Rangers in 1962 . Led by the `` Punch Line '' of Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard , Toe Blake and Elmer Lach in the 1940s , the Canadiens enjoyed success again atop the NHL . From 1953 to 1960 , the franchise won six Stanley Cups , including a record five straight from 1956 to 1960 , with a new set of stars coming to prominence : Jean Beliveau , Dickie Moore , Doug Harvey , Bernie `` Boom Boom '' Geoffrion , Jacques Plante and Richard 's younger brother , Henri . The Canadiens added ten more championships in 15 seasons from 1965 to 1979 , with another dynastic run of four - straight Cups from 1976 to 1979 . In the 1976 -- 77 season , the Canadiens set two still - standing team records -- for most points , with 132 , and fewest losses , by only losing eight games in an 80 - game season . The next season , 1977 -- 78 , the team had a 28 - game unbeaten streak , the second - longest in NHL history . The next generation of stars included Guy Lafleur , Yvan Cournoyer , Ken Dryden , Pete Mahovlich , Jacques Lemaire , Pierre Larouche , Steve Shutt , Bob Gainey , Serge Savard , Guy Lapointe and Larry Robinson . Scotty Bowman , who would later set a record for most NHL victories by a coach , was the team 's head coach for its last five Stanley Cup victories in the 1970s . Bell Centre has been the Canadiens ' home stadium since 1996 . The arena is here seen in 2008 , with banners celebrating the Montreal Canadiens centennial . The Canadiens won Stanley Cups in 1986 , led by rookie star goaltender Patrick Roy , and in 1993 , continuing their streak of winning at least one championship in every decade from the 1910s to the 1990s ( this streak came to an end in the 2000s ) . In 1996 , the Habs moved from the Montreal Forum , their home during 70 seasons and 22 Stanley Cups , to Molson Centre ( now called Bell Centre ) . Following Roy 's departure in 1995 , the Canadiens fell into an extended stretch of mediocrity , missing the playoffs in four of their next ten seasons and failing to advance past the second round of the playoffs until 2010 . By the late 1990s , with both an ailing team and monetary losses exacerbated by a record - low value of the Canadian dollar , Montreal fans feared their team would end up relocated to the United States . Team owner Molson Brewery sold control of the franchise and the Molson Centre to American businessman George N. Gillett Jr. in 2001 , with the right of first refusal for any future sale by Gillett and a condition that the NHL Board of Governors must unanimously approve any attempt to move to a new city . Led by president Pierre Boivin , the Canadiens returned to being a lucrative enterprise , earning additional revenues from broadcasting and arena events . In 2009 , Gillett sold the franchise to a consortium led by the Molson family which included The Woodbridge Company , BCE / Bell , the QFL Solidarity Fund , Michael Andlauer , Luc Bertrand and the National Bank Financial Group for $575 million , more than double the $275 million he spent on the purchase eight years prior . During the 2008 -- 09 season , the Canadiens celebrated their 100th anniversary with various events , including hosting both the 2009 NHL All - Star Game , and the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . Said season also marked the Canadiens as the first team in NHL history to reach 3,000 victories , reaching the milestone after their 5 -- 2 victory over the Florida Panthers on December 29 , 2008 . Team identity ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens organization operates in both English and French . For many years , public address announcements and press releases have been given in both languages , and the team Web site and social media outlets are in both languages as well . At home games , the first stanza of O Canada is sung in French , and the chorus is sung in English . Crest and sweater design ( edit ) Original design of the `` CHC '' logo . ( 1917 -- 19 , 1921 -- 22 ) One of sport 's oldest and most recognizable logos , the classic ' C ' and ' H ' of the Montreal Canadiens was first used together in the 1917 -- 18 season , when the club changed its name to `` Club de hockey Canadien '' from `` Club athlétique Canadien '' , before evolving to its current form in 1952 -- 53 . The `` H '' stands for `` hockey '' , not `` Habitants , '' a popular misconception . According to NHL.com , the first man to refer to the team as `` the Habs '' was American Tex Rickard , owner of the Madison Square Garden , in 1924 . Rickard apparently told a reporter that the `` H '' on the Canadiens ' sweaters was for `` Habitants '' . The team 's colours since 1911 are blue , red , and white . The home sweater is predominantly red in colour . There are four blue and white stripes , one across each arm , one across the chest and the other across the waistline . The main road sweater is mainly white with a red and blue stripe across the waist , red at the end of both arm sleeves red shoulder yokes . The basic design has been in use since 1914 and took its current form in 1925 , generally evolving as materials changed . Because of the team 's lengthy history and significance in Quebec , the sweater has been referred to as ' La Sainte - Flanelle ' ( the holy flannel sweater ) . The Canadiens used multiple designs prior to adopting the aforementioned design in 1914 . The original shirt of the 1909 -- 10 season was blue with a white C. The second season had a red shirt featuring a green maple leaf with the C logo , and green pants . Lastly , the season before adopting the current look the Canadiens wore a `` barber pole '' design jersey with red , white and blue stripes , and the logo being a white maple leaf reading `` CAC '' , `` Club athlétique Canadien '' . All three designs were worn during the 2009 -- 10 season as part of the Canadiens centenary . The Canadiens ' colours are a readily identifiable aspect of French Canadian culture . In the short story `` The Hockey Sweater '' , Roch Carrier described the influence of the Canadiens and their jersey within rural Quebec communities during the 1940s . The story was later made into an animated short , The Sweater , narrated by Carrier . A passage from the short story appears on the 2002 issue of the Canadian five - dollar bill . Motto ( edit ) Nos bras meurtris vous tendent le flambeau , à vous toujours de le porter bien haut . To you from failing hands we throw the torch . Be yours to hold it high . The motto is from the poem `` In Flanders Fields '' by John McCrae , which was written in 1915 , the year the Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup championship . The motto appears on the wall of the Canadiens ' dressing room as well as on the inside collar of the new Adidas 2017 -- 18 jerseys . Mascot ( edit ) Beginning in the 2004 -- 05 NHL season , the Canadiens adopted Youppi ! as their official mascot , the first costumed mascot in their long history . Youppi was the longtime mascot for the Montreal Expos baseball team , but was dropped from the franchise when they moved to Washington , D.C. in 2004 and became the Washington Nationals . With the switch , Youppi became the first mascot in professional sports to switch leagues . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Bruins -- Canadiens rivalry and Canadiens -- Maple Leafs rivalry The Canadiens have developed strong rivalries with two fellow Original Six franchises , with whom they frequently shared divisions and competed in post-season play . The oldest is with the Toronto Maple Leafs , who first faced the Canadiens as the Toronto Arenas in 1917 . The teams met 15 times in the playoffs , including five Stanley Cup finals . Featuring the two largest cities in Canada and two of the largest fanbases in the league , the rivalry is sometimes dramatized as being emblematic of Canada 's English and French linguistic divide . From 1938 to 1970 , they were the only two Canadian teams in the league . The team 's other Original Six rival are the Boston Bruins , who since their NHL debut in 1924 have played the Canadiens more than any other team in both regular season play and the playoffs combined . The teams have played 34 playoff series , seven of which were in the finals . The Canadiens also had an intraprovincial rivalry with the Quebec Nordiques during its existence from 1979 to 1995 , nicknamed the `` Battle of Quebec . '' Broadcasting ( edit ) Montreal Canadiens games are broadcast locally in both the French and English languages . CHMP 98.5 is the Canadiens ' French - language radio flagship . As of the 2017 -- 18 season , the team 's regional television in both languages , and its English - language radio rights , are held by Bell Media . CKGM , TSN Radio 690 , is the English - language radio flagship ; it acquired the rights under a seven - year deal which began in the 2011 -- 12 season . In June 2017 , Bell Media reached a five - year extension . Regional television rights in French are held by Réseau des sports ( RDS ) under a 12 - year deal that began in the 2014 -- 15 NHL season . A sister to the English - language network TSN , RDS was the only French - language sports channel in Canada until the 2011 launch of TVA Sports , and was also the previous national French rightsholder of the NHL ; as a result , the Canadiens forewent a separate regional contract , and allowed all of its games to be televised nationally in French as part of RDS 's overall NHL rights . With TVA Sports becoming the national French rightsholder in the 2014 -- 15 season through a sub-licensing agreement with Sportsnet , RDS subsequently announced a 12 - year deal to maintain regional rights to Canadiens games not shown on TVA Sports . As a result , games on RDS are blacked out outside the Canadiens ' home market of Quebec , Atlantic Canada and parts of Eastern Ontario shared with the Ottawa Senators . At least 22 Canadiens games per season ( primarily through its Saturday night La super soirée LNH ) , including all playoff games , are televised nationally by TVA Sports . TSN2 assumed the English - language regional television rights in the 2017 -- 18 season , with John Bartlett on play - by - play , and Dave Poulin , Mike Johnson and Craig Button on colour commentary . All other games , including all playoff games , are televised nationally by Sportsnet or CBC . English - language regional rights were previously held by Sportsnet East ( with CJNT City Montreal as an overflow channel ) , under a 3 - year deal that expired after the 2016 -- 17 season ; the games were called by Bartlett and Jason York . Prior to this deal , TSN held the rights from 2010 through 2014 ; the games were broadcast on a part - time channel with Dave Randorf on play - by - play . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a list of the last five seasons completed by the Canadiens . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Montreal Canadiens seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 29 14 5 63 149 126 1st , Northeast Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 1 -- 4 ( Senators ) 2013 -- 14 82 46 28 8 100 215 205 3rd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 50 22 10 110 221 189 1st , Atlantic Lost in Second Round , 2 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 38 38 6 82 221 236 6th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 82 47 26 9 103 226 199 1st , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Rangers ) Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated November 10 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Canada ! Alzner , Karl Karl Alzner 2.0 ! D 29 2017 Burnaby , British Columbia 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Benn , Jordie Jordie Benn 2.0 ! D 30 2017 Victoria , British Columbia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Canada ! Byron , Paul Paul Byron 6.0 ! LW 28 2015 Ottawa , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Canada ! Danault , Phillip Phillip Danault 4.0 ! C 24 2016 Victoriaville , Quebec 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Canada ! Davidson , Brandon Brandon Davidson 2.0 ! D 26 2017 Lethbridge , Alberta 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Sweden ! de la Rose , Jacob Jacob de la Rose 6.0 ! LW 22 2013 Arvika , Sweden 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Canada ! Drouin , Jonathan Jonathan Drouin 6.0 ! LW 22 2017 Sainte - Agathe - des - Monts , Quebec 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Froese , Byron Byron Froese 4.0 ! C 26 2017 Winkler , Manitoba 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Canada ! Fucale , Zachary Zachary Fucale 1.0 ! G 22 2013 Laval , Quebec 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! Galchenyuk , Alex Alex Galchenyuk 4.0 ! C 23 2012 Milwaukee , Wisconsin 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Canada ! Gallagher , Brendan Brendan Gallagher ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 25 Edmonton , Alberta 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Czech Republic ! Hemsky , Ales Ales Hemsky 7.0 ! RW 34 2017 Pardubice , Czechoslovakia 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Canada ! Hudon , Charles Charles Hudon 6.0 ! LW 23 2012 Alma , Quebec 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Finland ! Lehkonen , Artturi Artturi Lehkonen 7.0 ! RW 22 2013 Piikkio , Finland 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 United States ! Lindgren , Charlie Charlie Lindgren 1.0 ! G 23 2016 Lakeville , Minnesota 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Canada ! Mete , Victor Victor Mete 2.0 ! D 19 2016 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Canada ! Mitchell , Torrey Torrey Mitchell 4.0 ! C 32 2015 Greenfield Park , Quebec 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 United States ! Montoya , Al Al Montoya 1.0 ! G 32 2016 Chicago , Illinois 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Canada ! Morrow , Joe Joe Morrow 2.0 ! D 24 2017 Edmonton , Alberta 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 United States ! Pacioretty , Max Max Pacioretty ( C ) 6.0 ! LW 28 2007 New Canaan , Connecticut 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 United States ! Petry , Jeff Jeff Petry 2.0 ! D 29 2015 Ann Arbor , Michigan 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Czech Republic ! Plekanec , Tomas Tomas Plekanec ( A ) 4.0 ! C 35 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Canada ! Price , Carey Carey Price 1.0 ! G 30 2005 Anahim Lake , British Columbia 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Russia ! Scherbak , Nikita Nikita Scherbak 7.0 ! RW 21 2014 Moscow , Russia 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Schlemko , David David Schlemko 2.0 ! D 30 2017 Edmonton , Alberta 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Canada ! Shaw , Andrew Andrew Shaw 4.0 ! C 26 2016 Belleville , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Weber , Shea Shea Weber ( A ) 2.0 ! D 32 2016 Sicamous , British Columbia Honoured members ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Montreal Canadiens award winners . Retired numbers at Centre Bell . Retired numbers ( edit ) The Canadiens have retired 15 numbers in honour of 18 players , the most of any team in the NHL . All of the honourees were born in Canada . Howie Morenz was the first honouree , on November 2 , 1937 . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Montreal Canadiens retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date of honour Plante , Jacques Jacques Plante 1952 -- 1963 October 7 , 1995 Harvey , Doug Doug Harvey 1947 -- 1961 October 26 , 1985 Bouchard , Emile Emile Bouchard 1941 -- 1956 December 4 , 2009 Beliveau , Jean Jean Beliveau 1950 -- 1971 October 9 , 1971 5 Geoffrion , Bernie Bernie Geoffrion RW 1950 -- 1964 March 11 , 2006 Lapointe , Guy Guy Lapointe 1968 -- 1982 November 8 , 2014 7 Morenz , Howie Howie Morenz 1923 -- 1937 November 2 , 1937 9 Richard , Maurice Maurice Richard RW 1942 -- 1960 October 6 , 1960 10 Lafleur , Guy Guy Lafleur RW 1971 -- 1985 February 16 , 1985 12 Moore , Dickie Dickie Moore LW 1951 -- 1963 November 12 , 2005 Cournoyer , Yvan Yvan Cournoyer RW 1963 -- 1979 November 12 , 2005 16 Richard , Henri Henri Richard 1955 -- 1975 December 10 , 1975 Lach , Elmer Elmer Lach 1940 -- 1954 December 4 , 2009 18 Savard , Serge Serge Savard 1966 -- 1981 November 18 , 2006 19 Robinson , Larry Larry Robinson 1972 -- 1989 November 19 , 2007 23 Gainey , Bob Bob Gainey LW 1973 -- 1989 February 23 , 2008 29 Dryden , Ken Ken Dryden 1970 -- 1979 January 29 , 2007 33 Roy , Patrick Patrick Roy 1984 -- 1995 November 22 , 2008 Hockey Hall of Fame ( edit ) Sixty - three people associated with the Canadiens have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Thirty - six of these players are from three separate notable dynasties : 12 from 1955 -- 60 , 11 from 1964 -- 69 and 13 from 1975 -- 79 . Howie Morenz and Georges Vezina were the first Canadiens given the honour in 1945 , while Mark Recchi was the most recently inducted , in 2017 . Montreal Canadiens Hall of Famers Player Nat . Position Inducted Morenz , Howie Howie Morenz 1945 Vezina , Georges Georges Vezina 1945 Joliat , Aurele Aurele Joliat LW 1947 Lalonde , Newsy Newsy Lalonde 1950 Malone , Joe Joe Malone 1950 Cleghorn , Sprague Sprague Cleghorn 1958 Gardiner , Herb Herb Gardiner 1958 Mantha , Sylvio Sylvio Mantha 1960 Richard , Maurice Maurice Richard RW 1961 Hall , Joe Joe Hall 1961 Hainsworth , George George Hainsworth 1961 Noble , Reg Reg Noble 1962 Cameron , Harry Harry Cameron 1963 Gardner , Jimmy Jimmy Gardner LW 1963 Laviolette , Jack Jack Laviolette 1963 Pitre , Didier Didier Pitre RW 1963 Siebert , Albert Albert Siebert 1964 Durnan , Bill Bill Durnan 1964 Barry , Marty Marty Barry 1965 Reardon , Ken Ken Reardon 1966 Blake , Hector `` Toe '' Hector `` Toe '' Blake LW 1966 Bouchard , Emile Emile Bouchard 1966 Lach , Elmer Elmer Lach 1966 Worters , Roy Roy Worters 1969 Johnson , Tom Tom Johnson 1970 Beliveau , Jean Jean Beliveau 1972 Geoffrion , Bernard Bernard Geoffrion RW 1972 Harvey , Doug Doug Harvey 1973 Smith , Tommy Tommy Smith 1973 Moore , Dickie Dickie Moore LW Drillon , Gord Gord Drillon RW Plante , Jacques Jacques Plante 1978 Richard , Henri Henri Richard 1979 Worsley , Gump Gump Worsley 1980 Mahovlich , Frank Frank Mahovlich LW 1981 Cournoyer , Yvan Yvan Cournoyer RW 1982 Dryden , Ken Ken Dryden Lemaire , Jacques Jacques Lemaire 1984 Olmstead , Bert Bert Olmstead LW 1985 Savard , Serge Serge Savard 1986 Laperriere , Jacques Jacques Laperriere Lafleur , Guy Guy Lafleur RW 1988 Esposito , Tony Tony Esposito 1988 O'Connor , Bud Bud O'Connor 1988 Gainey , Bob Bob Gainey LW Lapointe , Guy Guy Lapointe 1993 Shutt , Steve Steve Shutt LW 1993 Robinson , Larry Larry Robinson 1995 Savard , Denis Denis Savard 2000 Langway , Rod Rod Langway 2002 Roy , Patrick Patrick Roy 2006 Duff , Dick Dick Duff LW 2006 Gilmour , Doug Doug Gilmour 2011 Chelios , Chris Chris Chelios 2013 Vachon , Rogatien Rogatien Vachon 2016 Recchi , Mark Mark Recchi RW 2017 The following are members of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builders category . The first inductee was Vice-President William Northy in 1945 . The most recent inductee was head coach Pat Burns in 2014 . Montreal Canadiens Hall of Famers Builder Nat . Title Inducted Northey , William William Northey Vice-President 1945 Raymond , Hon . Donat Hon . Donat Raymond Owner 1958 Irvin , Dick Dick Irvin Coach 1958 Selke , Frank J. Frank J. Selke general manager 1960 O'Brien , J. Ambrose J. Ambrose O'Brien Owner 1962 Dandurand , Leo Leo Dandurand Owner 1963 Gorman , Tommy Tommy Gorman general manager 1963 Molson , Hon . H de MHon . H de M Molson Owner 1973 Cattarinich , Joe Joe Cattarinich Owner 1977 Pollock , Sam Sam Pollock general manager 1978 Bowman , Scotty Scotty Bowman Coach 1991 Burns , Pat Pat Burns Coach 2014 Team captains ( edit ) Jack Laviolette , 1909 -- 1910 Newsy Lalonde , 1910 -- 1911 Jack Laviolette , 1911 -- 1912 Newsy Lalonde , 1912 -- 1913 Jimmy Gardner , 1913 -- 1915 Howard McNamara , 1915 -- 1916 Newsy Lalonde , 1916 -- 1922 Sprague Cleghorn , 1922 -- 1925 Billy Coutu , 1925 -- 1926 Sylvio Mantha , 1926 -- 1932 George Hainsworth , 1932 -- 1933 Sylvio Mantha , 1933 -- 1936 Albert `` Babe '' Siebert , 1936 -- 1939 Walter Buswell , 1939 -- 1940 Toe Blake , 1940 -- 1948 Bill Durnan , 1948 ( January -- April ) Emile Bouchard , 1948 -- 1956 Maurice Richard , 1956 -- 1960 Doug Harvey , 1960 -- 1961 Jean Beliveau , 1961 -- 1971 Henri Richard , 1971 -- 1975 Yvan Cournoyer , 1975 -- 1979 Serge Savard , 1979 -- 1981 Bob Gainey , 1981 -- 1989 Guy Carbonneau and Chris Chelios , 1989 -- 1990 ( co-captains ) Guy Carbonneau , 1990 -- 1994 Kirk Muller , 1994 -- 1995 Mike Keane , 1995 ( April -- December ) Pierre Turgeon , 1995 -- 1996 Vincent Damphousse , 1996 -- 1999 Saku Koivu , 1999 -- 2009 Brian Gionta , 2010 -- 2014 Max Pacioretty , 2015 -- present Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Montreal Canadiens head coaches Joseph Cattarinich and Jack Laviolette , 1909 -- 1910 Adolphe Lecours , 1911 Napoleon Dorval , 1911 -- 1913 Jimmy Gardner , 1913 -- 1915 Newsy Lalonde , 1915 -- 1921 Leo Dandurand , 1921 -- 1926 Cecil Hart , 1926 -- 1932 Newsy Lalonde , 1932 -- 1934 Newsy Lalonde and Leo Dandurand , 1934 -- 1935 Sylvio Mantha , 1935 -- 1936 Cecil Hart , 1936 -- 1938 Cecil Hart and Jules Dugal , 1938 -- 1939 Albert `` Babe '' Siebert , 1939 Alfred `` Pit '' Lepine , 1939 -- 1940 Dick Irvin , 1940 -- 55 Hector `` Toe '' Blake , 1955 -- 1968 Claude Ruel , 1968 -- 1970 Al MacNeil , 1970 -- 1971 Scotty Bowman , 1971 -- 1979 Bernie Geoffrion , 1979 Claude Ruel , 1979 -- 1981 Bob Berry , 1981 -- 1984 Jacques Lemaire , 1984 -- 1985 Jean Perron , 1985 -- 1988 Pat Burns , 1988 -- 1992 Jacques Demers , 1992 -- 1995 Mario Tremblay , 1995 -- 1997 Alain Vigneault , 1997 -- 2000 Michel Therrien , 2000 -- 2003 Claude Julien , 2003 -- 2006 Bob Gainey , 2006 ( January -- May ) ( interim ) Guy Carbonneau , 2006 -- 2009 Bob Gainey , 2009 ( March -- June ) ( interim ) Jacques Martin , 2009 -- 2011 Randy Cunneyworth , 2011 -- 2012 ( interim ) Michel Therrien , 2012 -- 2017 Claude Julien , 2017 -- present Source : `` Historical Website of the Montreal Canadiens '' . Montreal Canadiens . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Franchise Individual records ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Montreal Canadiens records . Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Canadiens player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Guy Lafleur RW 961 518 728 1246 1.30 Jean Beliveau 1125 507 712 1219 1.08 Henri Richard 1256 358 688 1046 0.83 Maurice Richard RW 978 544 421 965 0.99 Larry Robinson 1202 197 686 883 0.73 Yvan Cournoyer RW 968 428 435 863 0.89 Jacques Lemaire 853 366 469 835 0.98 Steve Shutt LW 871 408 368 776 0.89 Bernie Geoffrion RW 766 371 388 759 0.99 Saku Koivu 792 191 450 641 0.81 Goals Player Pos Maurice Richard RW 544 Guy Lafleur RW 518 Jean Beliveau 507 Yvan Cournoyer RW 428 Steve Shutt LW 408 Bernie Geoffrion RW 371 Jacques Lemaire 366 Henri Richard 358 Aurele Joliat LW 270 Newsy Lalonde 266 Assists Player Pos Guy Lafleur RW 728 Jean Beliveau 712 Henri Richard 688 Larry Robinson 686 Jacques Lemaire 469 Andrei Markov 453 Saku Koivu 450 Yvan Cournoyer RW 435 Maurice Richard RW 421 Elmer Lach 408 Sources : `` Statistics Historical Website of the Montreal Canadiens '' . Montreal Canadiens . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . , `` Hockey-Reference.com '' . June 17 , 2010 . Maurice ' The Rocket ' Richard is the Canadiens ' all - time leader in goals . The trophy awarded annually to the NHL 's leading goal scorer is named in honour of Richard . Records -- Skaters ( edit ) Career Most seasons : 20 , Henri Richard Most games : 1256 , Henri Richard Most goals : 544 , Maurice Richard Most assists : 728 , Guy Lafleur Most points : 1246 ( 518G , 728A ) , Guy Lafleur Most penalty minutes : 2248 , Chris Nilan Most consecutive games played : 560 , Doug Jarvis Season Most goals in a season : 60 , Steve Shutt ( 1976 -- 77 ) ; Guy Lafleur ( 1977 -- 78 ) Most powerplay goals in a season : 20 , Yvan Cournoyer ( 1966 -- 67 ) Most powerplay goals in a season , defenceman : 19 , Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) * Most assists in a season : 82 , Pete Mahovlich ( 1974 -- 75 ) Most points in a season : 136 , Guy Lafleur ( 1976 -- 77 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : 358 , Chris Nilan ( 1984 -- 85 ) Most points in a season , defenceman : 85 , Larry Robinson ( 1976 -- 77 ) Most points in a season , rookie : 71 , Mats Naslund ( 1982 -- 83 ) ; Kjell Dahlin ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most goals in a season , defenceman : 28 , Guy Lapointe ( 1974 -- 75 ) * Indicates a league record . Source : `` Season records -- Individual records -- Skaters Historical Website of the Montreal Canadiens '' . Montreal Canadiens . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Records -- goaltenders ( edit ) Career Most games played : 556 , Jacques Plante Most shutouts : 75 , George Hainsworth Most wins : 314 , Jacques Plante Season Most games in a season : 72 , Carey Price ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most wins in a season : 44 , Carey Price ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most shutouts in a season : 22 , George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) * * Indicates a league record . Source : `` Season records -- Individual records -- goaltenders Historical Website of the Montreal Canadiens '' . Montreal Canadiens . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . See also ( edit ) Montreal portal Ice hockey portal List of Montreal Canadiens award winners Montreal Junior Canadiens List of Montreal Canadiens presidents List of Montreal Canadiens general managers List of Montreal Canadiens goaltenders Bell Sports Complex Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Even in English , the French spelling , Canadiens , is always used . The French spelling of Montréal is also sometimes used in the English media . Jump up ^ As of May 2014 , the Boston Celtics have the highest percentage of National Basketball Association championships with 25.4 % , and in Major League Baseball , the New York Yankees have the highest percentage with 24.8 % . Jump up ^ Earlier venues for the Canadiens include Jubilee Rink , Montreal Westmount Arena , and Mount Royal Arena References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jerseys & logos -- 1909 -- 1946 '' . Montreal Canadiens . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . It has been worn over the years by over 800 players and still remains one of the most prestigious uniforms in all of professional sports . Throughout its history , the Canadiens jersey has undergone many transformations . This section explores the great tradition and metamorphosis behind the bleu - blanc - rouge . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens unveil their new RbK EDGE uniforms '' ( Press release ) . National Hockey League . September 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens Team -- Montréal Canadiens -- Team : Administration '' . Montreal Canadiens . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Club de hockey Canadien , Inc. ( 2013 ) . `` Montreal Canadiens : Privacy Policy '' . canadiens.nhl.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been 18 years since last Canadian Stanley Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . June 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup All - time Champions and Finalists '' . NHL.com. 2014 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA Media Ventures . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Molson Centre renamed Bell Centre '' . CBC Sports . February 26 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jenish 2008 , pp. 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Canadiens toy with game at Olympic Stadium '' . Montreal Gazette . pp. C2 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Dictionary of Biography online '' . Government of Canada Library and Archives . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup no . 1 '' . Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McGourty , John ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandor , Steven ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Alberta : A Century of Hockey 's Greatest Rivalry . Heritage House . p. 30 . ISBN 1 - 894974 - 01 - 8 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Forum opens its doors , Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club , archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 , retrieved May 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Jenish 2008 , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Holzman , Morey ; Nieforth , Joseph ( 2002 ) , Deceptions and Doublecross : How the NHL Conquered Hockey , Dundurn Press , p. 330 , ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 , archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Legends of Hockey -- Spotlight -- Montreal Canadiens -- 1955 -- 60 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Via Rail Stanley Cup Dynasties '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL records for most points and fewest losses still held by 1976 -- 77 Habs '' . NHL.com . The Canadian Press . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks ' streak ends at 24 with loss to Avalanche '' . NHL.com . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bowman Effect '' . Canadiens.NHL.com . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kreiser , John , Seven teams that surprised by winning the Stanley Cup , National Hockey League , archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 , retrieved July 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Canadiens Trying to Regain Past Glory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last game at the Montreal Forum '' . CBC . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kay 2009 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Meagher , John ( December 6 , 2005 ) , `` ' I 've never been back there ' '' , Montreal Gazette , archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 , retrieved July 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Davenport , Jane ; Gyulai , Linda ( February 1 , 2001 ) , `` ' I 'll restore Habs ' : New owner looks ahead to that 25th Stanley Cup '' , Montreal Gazette , pp. A. 1 . Jump up ^ Vardi , Nathan ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Oh Canadiens : Inside The Richest Deal In NHL History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Christopher ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` George Gillett Jr. helped turn Canadiens into a billion - dollar team '' . Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Habs to honor their 100th season '' ( Press release ) . Montreal Canadiens . August 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal to host ' 09 All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens to host 2009 NHL Entry Draft '' ( Press release ) . NHL.com . July 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First ice - hockey team to win 3,000 regular - season games '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Phil ( February 8 , 2008 ) . `` NHL.com -- Ice Age : Playing the point on many issues -- 02 / 08 / 2008 '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerseys and Logos -- 1909 -- 1946 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why are the Montreal Canadiens called the Habs ? '' . About.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our History -- Logos and Jerseys '' . Canadiens.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Habs unveil Centennial initiatives '' . Canadiens.com . September 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tarasoff , Tamara ( December 10 , 2004 ) . `` Roch Carrier and The Hockey Sweater '' . Canadian Museum of History . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ National Film Board of Canada Production ( 2008 ) . `` The Sweater '' . NFB -- Collection . National Film Board of Canada Production . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( 2008 ) . `` The Spirit of Hockey '' . CBC Archives . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( 2008 ) . `` The Virtual Hot Stove '' . Hockey : A People 's History . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the dressing room '' . Canadiens.com . August 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Expos are gone , Youppi ! moves to the Habs '' . CBC . September 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( November 9 , 2008 ) . `` A rivalry like none other '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Maple Leafs -- Canadiens rivalry : notable moments '' . Montreal Canadiens official website . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Bruins -- Canadiens rivalry '' . Canadiens.com . NHL.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitmer , Michael ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` It 's just like old times for the fans '' . Boston Globe . p . C6 . ^ Jump up to : Faguy , Steve ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` NHL broadcast schedule 2014 -- 15 : Who owns rights to what games '' . Fagstein . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TSN becomes official English - language regional broadcaster for Habs '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media 's THE TEAM 990 Becomes Official Radio Broadcaster of the Montreal Canadiens in New Seven - Year Deal '' . Bell Media ( press release ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RDS , Canadiens announce 12 - year regional rights deal '' . RDS.ca . December 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Magder , Jason . `` New TVA Sports channel takes a shot at RDS '' . The Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cousineau , Sophie ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` TVA to pay Rogers $120 - million a year to be NHL 's French - language broadcaster '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TVA SPORTS DÉVOILE SON CALENDRIER '' . TVASports.ca . Groupe TVA . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , TVA Sports launch French - language agreement '' . NHL.com . September 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSN 's regional NHL coverage features 191 games '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . 2017 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens , Sportsnet ink new regional deal '' . Sportsnet.ca . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsnet Announces Montreal Canadiens Regional Broadcast Team '' . Sportsnet.ca . Rogers Media . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSN Acquires Regional Rights to 24 Montreal Canadiens Games '' . CTVglobemedia ( press release ) . October 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montréal Canadiens Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Club de hockey Canadien ( 2008 ) . `` Montreal Canadiens -- Retired Jerseys '' . canadiens.nhl.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens celebrate 100th anniversary '' . ESPN . December 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Hockey -- Builders '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens fire Carbonneau , Gainey takes over as coach '' . ESPN . March 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy , Hockey Hall of Fame , archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 2 , 2014 Sources Hockey Hall of Fame ( 2003 ) . Honoured Members : Hockey Hall of Fame . Bolton , Ontario : Fenn Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 239 - 7 . D'Arcy , Jenish ( 2009 ) . The Montreal Canadiens : 100 Years of Glory . Anchor Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66325 - 0 . Leonetti , Mike ( 2003 ) . Canadiens legends : Montreal 's hockey heroes . Raincoast Books . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 731 - 4 . Mouton , Claude ( 1987 ) . The Montreal Canadiens . Toronto , ON : Key Porter Books . ISBN 1 - 55013 - 051 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadiens de Montréal . Official website Official historical website of the Montreal Canadiens CBC Digital Archives : Montreal Canadiens at 100 Centre Bell Bell Sports Complex Montreal Canadiens Founded in 1909 Based in Montreal , Quebec Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History Original Six Centennial Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Molson family ( Geoff Molson , chairman ) General manager Marc Bergevin Head coach Claude Julien Team captain Max Pacioretty Current roster Arenas Jubilee Arena Montreal Arena Mount Royal Arena Montreal Forum Bell Centre Rivalries Boston Bruins Quebec Nordiques Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Laval Rocket ECHL Brampton Beast Media TV TSN2 ( English ) RDS ( French ) Radio English TSN Radio 690 French 98 , 5 FM Culture and lore Youppi ! 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Ezekiel (The Walking Dead)
Ezekiel ( the Walking Dead ) - Wikipedia Ezekiel ( the Walking Dead ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Ezekiel '' The Walking Dead -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ezekiel The Walking Dead character First appearance Comic : `` Issue # 108 '' Television : `` The Well '' ( 7.02 ) Last appearance Comic : `` Issue # 145 '' Created by Robert Kirkman Charlie Adlard Portrayed by Khary Payton Information Occupation Zookeeper Leader of The Kingdom Family In Both Mediums : Shiva ( Pet Tiger ) Significant other ( s ) Comic : Michonne Ezekiel is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and the television series of the same name , where he is portrayed by Khary Payton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comic book series 2 Television series 2.1 Season 7 3 Development and reception 4 References Comic book series ( edit ) Ezekiel ( referred to as `` King Ezekiel '' by his fellow citizens ) is the leader of a community known as the Kingdom . Ezekiel was formerly a zookeeper and has known his pet tiger , Shiva , since she was born . At some point , Ezekiel meets and forms a friendship with Paul Monroe ( who calls himself `` Jesus '' in the television series ) , who invites his community to join a trading network that includes the Hilltop community Paul belongs to . Ezekiel later discovers the Saviors are threatening and harassing the other communities in the trade network in exchange for supplies and possibly sees how vicious their leader , Negan really is ( despite the truce offered by the Saviors ) . Ezekiel bides his time and waits for the opportune moment to strike back against `` this tyrant '' . The opportunity Ezekiel is waiting for finally comes when Paul brings Rick Grimes to meet him and passes on the information they have regarding the Saviors ' strength and the location of their main base of operations . During the war Ezekiel starts a relationship with Michonne . Two years after the war against the Saviors ends , Ezekiel and Michonne break up , but Ezekiel is confident about starting their relationship again . However , he and 11 other people are decapitated by Alpha during the conflict with the Whisperers . Television series ( edit ) Prior to the outbreak , Ezekiel was a zookeeper in D.C. as well as a stage actor . At some point he met Shiva , a tiger cub who was injured in her exhibit . Ezekiel cared for and befriended Shiva and formed a strong bond with her . When the walker outbreak began , Ezekiel returned to the zoo and freed Shiva with the two being together ever since . Ezekiel subsequently founded a community known as the Kingdom which grew to be a thriving community , lush with food and comfort . To better inspire his people , Ezekiel began referring to himself as King Ezekiel and took on the mannerisms of a feudal king ( going so far as to speak in Shakespearean tone and form ) . He also formed a court of advisers to help him manage the Kingdom which include seasoned survivor Richard , his personal attendant and bodyguard Jerry and Benjamin , a young survivor who was the son of a good friend of Ezekiel 's . Season 7 ( edit ) Ezekiel is first introduced to the series in the episode `` The Well '' , when Morgan Jones and Carol are brought to the Kingdom by his people to give medical attention to Carol . When Carol awakens , Morgan introduces her to Ezekiel and his pet Bengal tiger Shiva . Ezekiel 's quasi-Shakespearean manner of ruling leaves Carol quietly incredulous . When Ezekiel asks what she thinks of his sanctuary and him , she sarcastically tells him , `` It 's amazing ! '' , and refuses his offer of fruit , stating that pomegranates are n't worth the trouble . Morgan , having swiftly gained Ezekiel 's confidence , is taken out with Ezekiel 's inner circle to perform a seemingly pointless task : herd a group of wild pigs into a barn far outside the Kingdom , where they feed on walkers . Ezekiel asks Morgan about his combat skills , as he sees Morgan is capable of using a staff , and asks him to train one of his men , Benjamin . After hesitating , Morgan agrees . Ezekiel brings Morgan and Benjamin to a secret meeting with the Saviors , who are given the walker - fed pigs , now slaughtered , as part of their tribute from the Kingdom . One of the Saviors , Jared , tells Richard the Saviors are letting the Kingdom off easy by taking only eight pigs , to which Richard replies : the Saviors are the ones being let off easy . Jared attacks Richard , and Ezekiel makes them break up the fight . The leader of the Saviors group tells Jared to stop only after Jared has hit Richard a few times . The Saviors leave and say they will want produce next time , or Richard will be the first to die . During the night , Carol is picking fruit as she prepares to leave town quietly , and Ezekiel catches her . He explains that he realized Carol 's innocence was just an act but wonders how Carol could survive , and wants to know where she originally came from . After a few moments , Ezekiel slowly drops his guard and reveals that he was a zookeeper and amateur actor . He tells her that he developed the `` King Ezekiel '' persona so that the people would have someone to follow and to emphasize that there is still good in the world . Carol still wishes to leave , so Ezekiel suggests that she live in the abandoned house she passed on the way to the Kingdom , so that she could `` go and not go '' . She agrees to this arrangement . Morgan takes Carol out to the house , tells her to take care of herself , and returns to the Kingdom . Later , she gets a visit from Ezekiel and Shiva . Ezekiel once again offers her a pomegranate causing Carol to smile . In the mid-season premiere `` Rock in the Road '' , Ezekiel is shown to be friends with Hilltop scout Paul Rovia , aka `` Jesus '' . Jesus introduces Ezekiel to Rick Grimes , the leader of Alexandria , another community forced to serve the Saviors . Rick implores Ezekiel to join their fight against the Saviors as only together can they succeed . Ezekiel takes the night to ponder his decision , but ultimately decides against open conflict with the Saviors as he refuses to endanger his people 's lives . He does , however , allow Rick 's friend Daryl Dixon to stay in the Kingdom to hide from the Saviors . Ezekiel appears in episode `` New Best Friends '' when the Saviors arrive for their offering . When Jared continues to insult Richard , the two draw guns on each other and Morgan and Ben are forced to stop further violence . Ezekiel later chastises Benjamin for acting hasty as violence must be reserved as a last resort . In the episode `` Bury Me Here '' , Ezekiel , Morgan , Ben , Richard and several others find a roadblock en route to their meeting with the Saviors . They then find a grave reading bury me here with Ezekiel claiming that it is only luck that the world has not driven them all insane , though Ben credits Ezekiel with keeping them together . They arrive to find that their load is short , causing Jared to shoot Ben . They bring him to Carol 's , but despite their best efforts , Ben dies . When they meet the Saviors to settle their debt Morgan attacks and kills Richard , strangling him to death . He reveals Richard was behind yesterday 's events to start a war . Ezekiel shown to be enraged at Richard 's betrayal while shocked at Morgan 's brutality ( though he still attempts to bring him back ) . Carol later goes to Ezekiel and apologizes for his loss before stating that it is time to fight . Ezekiel agrees , but states that they must wait before helping Ben 's younger brother tend to the gardens . In the season finale `` First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' , Ezekiel leads Carol and a group of Kingdom fighters to Alexandria to accept Rick 's alliance . They encounter Morgan along the way and Ezekiel convinces him to march with them as opposed to alone . Ezekiel 's arrival proves timely as their group arrives just as Negan is about to execute Carl . Ezekiel and Shiva charge into battle , killing numerous Saviors and help drive off the Saviors . The episode ends with Ezekiel standing beside Rick and Maggie Greene as the Kingdom , Hilltop and Alexandria pledge their aid to each other . Development and reception ( edit ) Ezekiel is portrayed by Khary Payton on The Walking Dead television series , beginning with the seventh season . Ezekiel and his pet tiger Shiva were introduced in the seasons trailer at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead ' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Ezekiel speaks ! Khary Payton gives first interview about landing coveted role '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/thewalkingdead/2016/07/22/the-walking-dead---cast-as-ezekiel-in-season-7/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer , Premiere Date and Ezekiel '' . IGN . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezekiel_(The_Walking_Dead)&oldid=804394238 '' Categories : The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Pages using deprecated image syntax Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 18 : 37 . 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French Riviera
French Riviera - wikipedia French Riviera Jump to : navigation , search French Riviera Côte d'Azur Coastline Èze , Alpes - Maritimes Country France , Monaco Population Total 2 million `` Côte d'Azur '' redirects here . For other uses , see Côte d'Azur ( disambiguation ) . `` Blue Coast '' redirects here . For other uses , see Blue Coast Records . The Côte d'Azur ( French pronunciation : ​ ( kot daˈzyʁ ) ; Occitan : Còsta d'Azur pronounced ( ˈkɔstɔ daˈzyɾ ) ; literal translation `` Coast of Azure '' ) , often known in English as the French Riviera , is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France , also including the state of Monaco . There is no official boundary , but it is usually considered to extend from the France - Italy border ( Italian Riviera , east ) to Saint - Tropez , Hyères , Toulon or Cassis ( west ) , in the French Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur region . This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas . It began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century . With the arrival of the railway in the mid-19th century , it became the playground and vacation spot of British , Russian , and other aristocrats , such as Queen Victoria and King Edward VII , when he was Prince of Wales . In the summer , it also played home to many members of the Rothschild family . In the first half of the 20th century , it was frequented by artists and writers , including Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , Edith Wharton , Somerset Maugham , and Aldous Huxley , as well as wealthy Americans and Europeans . After World War II , it became a popular tourist destination and convention site . Many celebrities , such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot , have homes in the region . Officially , the Côte d'Azur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents , although estimates of the number of non-French nationals living in the area are often much higher . Its largest city is Nice , which has a population of 347,060 ( 2006 ) . The city is the center of a communauté urbaine -- Nice - Côte d'Azur -- bringing together 24 communes and more than 500,000 inhabitants and 933,080 in the urban area . Nice is home to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport , France 's third - busiest airport ( after Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport and Paris - Orly ) , which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais . A second airport at Mandelieu was once the region 's commercial airport , but is now mainly used by private and business aircraft . The A8 autoroute runs through the region , as does the old main road generally known as the Route nationale 7 ( officially now the DN7 in the Var and the D6007 in the Alpes - Maritimes ) . Trains serve the coastal region and inland to Grasse , with the TGV Sud Est service reaching Nice - Ville station in five and a half hours from Paris . The French Riviera has a total population of more than two million . It contains the seaside resorts of Cap - d'Ail , Beaulieu - sur - Mer , Saint - Jean - Cap - Ferrat , Villefranche - sur - Mer , Antibes , Juan - les - Pins , Cannes , Saint - Raphaël , Fréjus , Sainte Maxime and Saint - Tropez , It is also home to a high - tech / science park or technopole at Sophia - Antipolis ( north of Antibes ) , and a research and technology center at the University of Nice Sophia - Antipolis . The region has 35,000 students , of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate . The French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast . According to the Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency , each year the Riviera hosts 50 percent of the world 's superyacht fleet , with 90 percent of all superyachts visiting the region 's coast at least once in their lifetime . As a tourist center , French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year , 115 kilometres ( 71 miles ) of coastline and beaches , 18 golf courses , 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Origins of the name Côte d'Azur 1.2 Origin of term French Riviera 1.3 Disputes over the extent of the Riviera and the Côte d'Azur 2 History 2.1 From prehistory to the Bronze Age 2.2 Greek influence 2.3 Roman colonization 2.4 Barbarians and Christians 2.5 The Counts of Provence and the House of Grimaldi 2.6 Popularity with the British upper class in 18th and 19th centuries 2.7 Railway , gambling , and royalty 2.8 Inter-war period , American visitors and decline of the aristocracy 2.9 The Second World War 2.10 Post-war period and late 20th century 3 Geography 3.1 Places 3.2 Tourism 3.3 Climate 3.3. 1 Nice and Alpes - Maritimes 3.3. 2 Var 4 Events and festivals 5 Painters 6 See also 7 Bibliography 7.1 History 7.2 Painters 8 References Etymology ( edit ) Origins of the name Côte d'Azur ( edit ) View of Port Hercule , Monaco The name Côte d'Azur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book , La Côte d'azur , published in December 1887 . Liégeard was born in Dijon , in the French department of Côte - d'Or , and adapted that name by substituting the azure blue colour of the Mediterranean for the gold of Côte - d'Or . Origin of term French Riviera ( edit ) The term French Riviera is typical of English use . It was built by analogy with the term Italian Riviera , which extends east of the French Riviera ( from Ventimiglia to La Spezia ) . As early as the 19th century , the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera , usually referring to the eastern part of the coast , between Monaco and the Italian border . Originally , riviera is an Italian noun which means `` coastline '' . In Occitan ( Niçard and Provençal ) and French , the only usual names are Còsta d'Azur in Occitan and Côte d'Azur in French . A name like `` French Riviera '' ( Ribiera Francesa in Occitan , Riviera Française in French ) is unusual and sounds odd ; it could only work as a word - to - word translation of the British point of view . For instance , in French , `` Riviera Française '' is found in the online Larousse encyclopedia to refer to the holidays of a group of English workers ( moreover , in Occitan , the word ribiera `` coastline '' mostly works as a common name , whereas in French , the old - fashioned term Rivière de Gênes was used to refer to the Italian Riviera whose center is Genoa ) . The Old Town district of Menton , which is the last town on the Côte d'Azur before the Italian frontier . Disputes over the extent of the Riviera and the Côte d'Azur ( edit ) The Côte d'Azur and the French Riviera have no official boundaries . Some sources put the western boundary at Saint - Tropez in the Var département . Others include Saint Tropez , Hyères or Toulon in the Var ( departement ) , or as far as Cassis in the Bouches - du - Rhône département . In her 1955 novel , The Talented Mr. Ripley , Patricia Highsmith describes the Riviera as including all of the coast between Toulon and the Italian border . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Provence From prehistory to the Bronze Age ( edit ) The Côte d'Azur has been inhabited since prehistoric times . Primitive tools dating to between 1,000,000 and 1,050,000 years ago were discovered in the Grotte du Vallonnet , near Roquebrune - Cap - Martin , with stones and bones of animals , including bovines , rhinoceros , and bison . At Terra Amata ( 380,000 to 230,000 years ago ) , near the Nice Port , a fireplace was discovered that is one of the oldest found in Europe . Stone dolmens , monuments from the Bronze Age , can be found near Draguignan , while the Valley of Marvels ( Vallée des Merveilles ) near Mount Bégo , at 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) elevation , is presumed to have been an outdoor religious sanctuary , having over 40,000 drawings of people and animals , dated to about 2000 BC . Greek influence ( edit ) Beginning in the 7th century BC , Greek sailors from Asia Minor began to visit and then build trading posts ( emporia ) along the Côte d'Azur . Emporia were started at Olbia ( Saint - Pierre - de-l'Almanarre , near Hyères ) ; Antipolis ( Antibes ) and Nicaea ( Nice ) . These settlements , which traded with the inhabitants of the interior , became rivals of the Etruscans and Phoenicians , who also visited the Côte d'Azur . Roman colonization ( edit ) In 8 BC the Emperor Augustus built an imposing trophy monument at La Turbie ( the Trophy of the Alps or Trophy of Augustus ) to mark the pacification of the region . Roman towns , monuments and amphitheatres were built along the Côte d'Azur and many still survive , such as the amphitheatre and baths at Cimiez , above Nice , and the amphitheatre , Roman walls and other remains at Fréjus . The 5th - century baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral , which is still in use . Barbarians and christians ( edit ) Roman Provence reached the height of its power and prosperity during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD . In the mid-3rd century , Germanic peoples began to invade the region , and Roman power weakened . In the same period , Christianity started to become a powerful force in the region . The first cathedrals were built in the 4th century , and bishoprics were established : in Fréjus at the end of the 4th century , Cimiez and Vence in 439 , and Antibes in 442 . The oldest Christian structure still in existence on the Côte d'Azur is the baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral , built at the end of the 5th century , which also saw the founding of the first monastery in the region , Lerins Monastery on an island off the coast at Cannes . The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the first half of the 5th century was followed by invasions of Provence by the Visigoths , the Burgundians and the Ostrogoths . There was then a long period of wars and dynastic quarrels , which in turn led to further invasions by the Saracens and the Normans in the 9th century . The counts of Provence and the house of Grimaldi ( edit ) Some peace was restored to the coast by the establishment in 879 of a new kingdom of Provence , ruled first by the Bosonids dynasty ( 879 -- 1112 ) , then by the Catalans ( 1112 -- 1246 ) , and finally by the Angevins ( 1246 -- 1382 , elder branch , 1382 -- 1483 ( younger branch ) . The ruins of the Grimaldi castle at Grimaud , near Saint - Tropez . In the 13th century , another powerful political force appeared , the House of Grimaldi . Descended from a Genoese nobleman expelled from Genoa by his rivals in 1271 , members of the different branches of the Grimaldis took power in Monaco , Antibes and Nice , and built castles at Grimaud , Cagnes - sur - Mer and Antibes . Albert II , the current Prince of Monaco is a descendant of the Grimaldis . In 1388 , the city of Nice and its surrounding territory , from the mouth of the Var to the Italian border , were separated from Provence and came under the protection of the House of Savoy . The territory was called the Comté de Nice after 1526 , and thereafter its language , history and culture were separate from those of Provence until 1860 , when it was re-attached to France under Napoleon III . Provence retained its formal independence until 1480 , when the last Comte de Provence , René I of Naples , died and left the Comté to his nephew , Charles du Maine , who in turn left it to Louis XI of France . In 1486 , Provence formally became part of France . Popularity with the British upper class in 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Until the end of the 18th century , the area later known as the Côte d'Azur was a remote and impoverished region , known mostly for fishing , olive groves and the production of flowers for perfume ( manufactured in Grasse ) . A new phase began when the coast became a fashionable health resort for the British upper class in the late 18th century . The first British traveller to describe its benefits was the novelist Tobias Smollett , who visited Nice in 1763 when it was still an Italian city within the Kingdom of Sardinia . Smollett brought Nice and its warm winter climate to the attention of the British aristocracy with Travels through France and Italy , written in 1765 . At about the same time , a Scottish doctor , John Brown , became famous for prescribing what he called climato - therapy , a change in climate , to cure a variety of diseases including tuberculosis , known then as consumption . The French historian Paul Gonnet wrote that , as a result , Nice was filled with `` a colony of pale and listless English women and listless sons of nobility near death '' . In 1834 , a British nobleman and politician named Henry Peter Brougham , First Baron Brougham and Vaux , who had played an important part in the abolition of the slave trade , travelled with an unwell sister to the south of France , intending to go to Italy . A cholera epidemic in Italy forced him to stop at Cannes , where he enjoyed the climate and scenery so much that he bought land and built a villa . He began to spend his winters there and , owing to his fame , others followed : Cannes soon had a small British enclave . Robert Louis Stevenson was a later British visitor who came for his health . In 1882 he rented a villa called La Solitude at Hyères , where he wrote much of A Child 's Garden of Verses . Railway , gambling , and royalty ( edit ) The Monte Carlo Casino . In 1864 , six years after Nice became part of France following the Second Italian War of Independence the first railway was completed , making Nice and the Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe . One hundred thousand visitors arrived in 1865 . By 1874 , residents of foreign enclaves in Nice , most of whom were British , numbered 25,000 . The Villa Ephrussi in Cap - Saint - Jean - Ferrat , was built in 1905 -- 1912 by Beatrice de Rothschild , of the Rothschild family . In the mid-19th century British and French entrepreneurs began to see the potential of promoting tourism along the Côte d'Azur . At the time , gambling was illegal in France and Italy . In 1856 , the Prince of Monaco , Charles III , began constructing a casino in Monaco , which was called a health spa to avoid criticism by the church . The casino was a failure , but in 1863 the Prince signed an agreement with François Blanc , a French businessman already operating a successful casino at Baden - Baden ( southwestern Germany ) , to build a resort and new casino . Blanc arranged for steamships and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco , and built hotels , gardens and a casino in a place called Spélugues . At the suggestion of his mother , Princess Caroline , Charles III renamed the place Monte Carlo after himself . When the railway reached Monte Carlo in 1870 , many thousands of visitors began to arrive and the population of the principality of Monaco doubled . The French Riviera soon became a popular destination for European royalty . Just days after the railway reached Nice in 1864 , Tsar Alexander II of Russia visited on a private train , followed soon afterwards by Napoleon III and then Leopold II , the King of the Belgians . Monument to Queen Victoria in Cimiez , in the hills above Nice , where she was a regular winter visitor . Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor . In 1882 she stayed in Menton , and in 1891 spent several weeks at the Grand Hotel at Grasse . In 1892 she stayed at the Hotel Cost - belle in Hyères . In successive years from 1895 to 1899 she stayed in Cimiez in the hills above Nice . First , in 1895 and 1896 , she patronised the Grand Hôtel , while in later years she and her staff took over the entire west wing of the Excelsior Hôtel Régina , which had been designed with her needs specifically in mind ( part of which later became the home and studio of the renowned artist Henri Matisse ) . She travelled with an entourage of between sixty and a hundred , including chef , ladies in waiting , dentist , Indian servants , her own bed and her own food . The Prince of Wales was a regular visitor to Cannes , starting in 1872 . He frequented the Club Nautique , a private club on the Croisette , the fashionable seafront boulevard of Cannes . He visited there each spring for a two - month period , observing yacht races from shore while the royal yacht floated , Britannia , was sailed by professional crewmen . After he became King in 1901 , he never again visited the French Riviera . By the end of the 19th century the Côte d'Azur began to attract artistic painters , who appreciated the climate , the bright colors and clear light . Among them were Auguste Renoir , who settled in Cagnes - sur - Mer and in Mougins , Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso . Inter-war period , American visitors and decline of the aristocracy ( edit ) The First World War brought down many of the royal houses of Europe and altered the nature and the calendar of the French Riviera . Following the war , greater numbers of Americans began arriving , with business moguls and celebrities eventually outnumbering aristocrats . The ' High Society ' scene moved from a winter season to a summer season . Americans began coming to the south of France in the 19th century . Henry James set part of his novel , The Ambassadors , on the Riviera . James Gordon Bennett Jr , the son and heir of the founder of the New York Herald , had a villa in Beaulieu . Industrialist John Pierpont Morgan gambled at Monte Carlo and bought 18th - century paintings by Fragonard in Grasse -- shipping them to the Metropolitan Museum in New York . A feature of the French Riviera in the inter-war years was the Train Bleu , an all first - class sleeper train which brought wealthy passengers down from Calais . It made its first trip in 1922 , and carried Winston Churchill , Somerset Maugham , and the future King Edward VIII over the years . While Europe was still recovering from the war and the American dollar was strong , American writers and artists started arriving on the Côte d'Azur . Edith Wharton wrote The Age of Innocence ( 1920 ) at a villa near Hyères , winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel ( the first woman to do so ) . Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice , but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her . The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924 , stopping at Hyères , Cannes and Monte Carlo -- eventually staying at Saint - Raphaël , where he wrote much of The Great Gatsby and began Tender is the Night . While Americans were largely responsible for making summer the high season , a French fashion designer , Coco Chanel , made sunbathing fashionable . She acquired a striking tan during the summer of 1923 , and tans then became the fashion in Paris . During the abdication crisis of the British Monarchy in 1936 , Wallis Simpson , the intended bride of King Edward VIII , was staying at the Villa Lou Vieie in Cannes , talking with the King by telephone each day . After his abdication , the Duke of Windsor ( as he became ) and his new wife stayed at the Villa La Croe near Antibes . The English playwright and novelist Somerset Maugham also became a resident in 1926 , buying the Villa Mauresque toward the tip of Cap Ferrat , near Nice . The second World war ( edit ) When Germany invaded France in June 1940 , the remaining British colony was evacuated to Gibraltar and eventually to Britain . American Jewish groups helped some of the Jewish artists living in the south of France , such as Marc Chagall , to escape to the United States . In August 1942 , 600 Jews from Nice were rounded up by French police and sent to Drancy , and eventually to death camps . In all about 5,000 French Jews from Nice perished during the war . On 15 August 1944 , American parachute troops landed near Fréjus , and a fleet landed 60,000 troops of the American Seventh Army and French First Army between Cavalaire and Agay , east of Saint - Raphaël . German resistance crumbled in days . Saint - Tropez was badly damaged by German mines at the time of the liberation . The novelist Colette organized an effort to assure the town was rebuilt in its original style . When the war ended , artists Marc Chagall and Pablo Picasso returned to live and work . Post-war period and late 20th century ( edit ) The Cannes Film Festival was launched in September 1946 , marking the return of French cinema to world screens . The Festival Palace was built in 1949 on the site of the old Cercle Nautique , where the Prince of Wales had met his mistresses in the late 19th century . The release of the French film Et Dieu ... créa la femme ( And God Created Woman ) in November 1956 was a major event for the Riviera , making an international star of Brigitte Bardot , and making an international tourist destination of Saint - Tropez , particularly for the new class of wealthy international travellers called the jet set . The marriage of American film actress Grace Kelly to Prince Rainier of Monaco on 18 April 1956 , attracted world attention once again . It was viewed on television by 30 million people . During the 1960s , the Mayor of Nice , Jacques Médecin , decided to reduce the dependence of the Riviera on ordinary tourism , and to make it a destination for international congresses and conventions . He built the Palais des Congrès at the Acropolis in Nice , and founded a Chagall Museum and a Matisse Museum at Cimiez . High - rise apartment buildings and real estate developments began to spread . At the end of August , 1997 , Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed spent their last days together on his father 's yacht off Pampelonne Beach near Saint - Tropez , shortly before they were killed in a traffic accident in the Alma Tunnel in Paris . Geography ( edit ) Map showing the extent of the Côte d'Azur . Cap Ferrat ; Plage la Paloma , a beach on the Côte d'Azur . Boulevard de la Croisette along the waterfront in Cannes . Saint - Jeannet , Alpes - Maritimes . Port of Porquerolles , an island in Var . Courtade 's Beach on Porquerolles . Saint - Raphaël . Saint - Tropez . Coastline between Monaco and Menton . Places ( edit ) Places on the Côte d'Azur ( following the broadest definition ) , following the coast from south - west to north - east , include : Cassis La Ciotat Bandol Sanary - sur - Mer Six - Fours - les - Plages Toulon Hyères and the Îles d'Hyères ( Porquerolles , Port - Cros and Île du Levant ) Le Lavandou Cavalaire - sur - Mer Saint - Tropez Inland -- Grimaud , with Port - Grimaud on the coast Sainte - Maxime Fréjus and Saint - Raphaël Inland -- Fayence Les Adrets - de-l'Estérel Tanneron Théoule - sur - Mer Mandelieu and La Napoule Inland -- Grasse Inland -- Mougins the Îles de Lérins -- Île Sainte - Marguerite and Île Saint - Honorat Cannes Inland -- Vallauris Inland -- Valbonne Inland -- Sophia - Antipolis Golfe - Juan Juan - les - Pins Antibes Inland -- Biot Villeneuve - Loubet Cagnes - sur - Mer Inland -- Vence Inland -- Saint - Paul - de-Vence Inland -- Saint - Jeannet Saint - Laurent - du - Var Inland -- Belvédère Nice Villefranche - sur - Mer Saint - Jean - Cap - Ferrat Beaulieu - sur - Mer Èze Cap d'Ail Monaco ( including Monte - Carlo ) Beausoleil Roquebrune - Cap - Martin Menton Tourism ( edit ) Some data related to tourism on the Riviera in 2006 : More than 14 million tourists 52 % of customers from abroad 65 million nights stayed Tourists spending € 5 billion 75,000 jobs ; tourism is 18 % of total employment in the Alpes - Maritimes . 500,000 tourists in the High Country 500,000 delegates 3 million admissions to museums and monuments More than 45 % of tourists come by air Climate ( edit ) The Côte d'Azur has a Mediterranean climate , with sunny , hot , dry summers and mild winters . Winter temperatures are moderated by the Mediterranean ; days of frost are rare . The average daily low temperature in Nice in January is 5.4 ° C ( 41.7 ° F ) ; the January average daily low temperature in Toulon is 6.2 ° C ( 43.2 ° F ) . The average high temperature in August in Nice is 28.6 ° C ( 83.5 ° F ) ; in Toulon the average daily high temperature is 29.7 ° C ( 85.5 ° F ) The Côte d'Azur receives more rainfall than Paris annually ( 803.3 mm ( 31.63 in ) annually in Nice and 684.8 mm ( 26.96 in ) in Toulon compared with 649.8 mm ( 25.58 in ) in Paris ) , but the rainy days are much less frequent ; 111 rainy days a year in Paris compared with 61 days in Toulon and 63 in Nice . Toulon has 2,793 hours of sunshine a year , Nice has 2,668 hours . Micro-climates exist in these coastal regions , and there can be great differences in the weather between various locations . Strong winds such as the Mistral , a cold dry wind from the northwest or from the east , are another characteristic , particularly in the winter . ( hide ) Climate data for Nice ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 37.7 ( 99.9 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 37.7 ( 99.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 17 ( 63 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 19.56 ( 67.24 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 12.35 ( 54.23 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 5.0 ( 23 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) − 2.7 ( 27.1 ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 69.0 ( 2.717 ) 44.7 ( 1.76 ) 38.7 ( 1.524 ) 69.3 ( 2.728 ) 44.6 ( 1.756 ) 34.3 ( 1.35 ) 12.1 ( 0.476 ) 17.8 ( 0.701 ) 73.1 ( 2.878 ) 132.8 ( 5.228 ) 103.9 ( 4.091 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 733 ( 28.859 ) Average precipitation days 6 5 5 7 5 5 7 7 6 61 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 171 217 224 267 306 348 316 242 187 149 139 2,724 Percent possible sunshine 54 58 59 56 58 66 74 73 65 55 51 50 59.9 Source # 1 : Source # 2 : Nice seen from Spot Satellite Nice and Alpes - Maritimes ( edit ) Nice and the Alpes - Maritimes département are sheltered by the Alps . The winds are usually gentle , from the sea to the land , though sometimes the mistral blows strongly from the northwest , or , turned by the mountains , from the east . In 1956 a mistral from the northwest reached 180 kilometres per hour ( 110 mph ) at Nice Airport . Sometimes , in summer , the sirocco brings high temperatures and reddish desert sand from the Sahara . ( See Winds of Provence . ) Rain can be torrential , particularly in the autumn , when storms and rain are caused by the difference between the colder air inland and the warm Mediterranean water temperature ( 20 -- 24 ° C ( 68 -- 75 ° F ) ) . The rainiest months are September ( 75.6 millimetres ( 2.98 in ) average rainfall ) ; October ( 143.9 millimetres ( 5.67 in ) ) ; November ( 94.3 millimetres ( 3.71 in ) ) and December ( 87.8 millimetres ( 3.46 in ) ) . Snow on the coast is rare , falling on average once every ten years . 1956 was exceptional , when 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) blanketed the coast . In January 1985 the coast between Cannes and Menton received 30 to 40 cm ( 12 to 16 in ) . In the mountains , snow is present from November to May . Var ( edit ) The département of Var ( which includes Saint - Tropez and Hyères ) has a climate slightly warmer , drier and sunnier than Nice and Alpes - Maritimes , but is less sheltered from the wind . The mistral wind , which brings cold and dry air down from the upper Alpine regions via the Rhône valley and extends with diminishing intensity along the Côte d'Azur , blows frequently during the winter . Strong winds blow for about 75 days a year in Fréjus . Events and festivals ( edit ) Several major events take place : Monaco and southeast France ; Rallye Automobile Monte - Carlo , January Monaco Grand Prix race Monaco ; International Circus Festival of Monte - Carlo , January / February Nice ; Carnival , February Menton ; Lemon Festival , February Tourrettes - sur - Loup ; Violet Festival , March Monaco ; Monte - Carlo Masters , April -- May Monaco ; Formula One Grand Prix race , May Grasse ; Rose Festival , May Cannes ; Cannes Film Festival and Cannes Film Market , May Nice ; Jazz Festival , July Juan - les - Pins ; Jazz à Juan , late July . Grasse ; Jasmine Festival , August Toulon ; Toulon Tournament , Tall Ships ' Race Painters ( edit ) Paul Signac , The Port of Saint - Tropez , oil on canvas , 1901 . The climate and vivid colors of the Mediterranean attracted many famous artists during the 19th and 20th centuries . They included : Pierre Bonnard ( 1867 -- 1947 ) ; retired to and died at Le Cannet . Georges Braque ( 1882 -- 1963 ) ; painted frequently at L'Estaque between 1907 and 1910 . Roger Broders ( 1883 -- 1953 ) ; Parisian travel poster illustrator . Paul Cézanne ( 1839 -- 1906 ) ; a native of Aix - en - Provence , Cézanne painted at L'Estaque between 1878 and 1882 . Marc Chagall ( 1887 -- 1985 ) ; lived in Saint - Paul - de-Vence between 1948 and 1985 . Henri - Edmond Cross ( 1856 -- 1910 ) ; discovered the Côte d'Azur in 1883 , and painted at Monaco and Hyères . Maurice Denis ( 1870 -- 1943 ) ; painted at St. Tropez and Bandol . André Derain ( 1880 -- 1954 ) ; painted at L'Estaque and Martigues . Raoul Dufy ( 1877 -- 1953 ) ; whose wife was from Nice , painted in the region , including in Nice , Marseille and Martigues . Albert Marquet ( 1873 -- 1947 ) ; painted at Marseille , St. Tropez and L'Estaque . Henri Matisse ( 1869 -- 1954 ) ; first visited St. Tropez in 1904 . In 1917 he settled in Nice , first at the Hôtel Beau Rivage , then at the Hôtel de la Méditerranée , then at la Villa des Alliés in Cimiez . In 1921 he lived in an apartment in Nice , next to the flower market and overlooking the sea , where he lived until 1938 . He then moved to the Hôtel Régina in the hills of Cimiez , above Nice . During World War II he lived in Vence , then returned to Cimiez , where he died and is buried . Claude Monet ( 1840 -- 1927 ) ; visited Menton , Bordighera , Juan - les - Pins , Monte Carlo , Nice , Cannes , Beaulieu and Villefranche , and painted a number of seascapes of Cap Martin , near Menton , and at Cap d'Antibes . Edvard Munch ( 1863 -- 1944 ) ; visited and painted in Nice and Monte Carlo ( where he developed a passion for gambling ) , and rented a villa at Saint - Jean - Cap - Ferrat in 1891 . Pablo Picasso ( 1881 -- 1973 ) ; spent each summer from 1919 to 1939 on the Côte d'Azur , and moved there permanently in 1946 , first at Vallauris , then at Mougins , where he spent his last years . Auguste Renoir ( 1841 -- 1919 ) ; visited Beaulieu , Grasse , Saint - Raphaël and Cannes , before finally settling in Cagnes - sur - Mer in 1907 , where he bought a farm in the hills and built a new house and workshop on the grounds . He continued to paint there until his death in 1919 . His house is now a museum . Paul Signac ( 1863 -- 1935 ) ; visited St. Tropez in 1892 , and bought a villa , La Hune , at the foot of citadel in 1897 . It was at his villa that his friend , Henri Matisse , painted his famous Luxe , Calme et Volupté in 1904 . Signac made numerous paintings along the coast . Yves Klein ( 1928 -- 1962 ) ; a native of Nice , considered an important figure in post-war European art . Sacha Sosno ( 1937 -- 2013 ) ; French painter and sculptor living and working in Nice . See also ( edit ) Egypt 's Mediterranean Riviera Gardens of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Gulf of Genoa Turkish Riviera Portuguese Riviera Italian Riviera Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Red Sea Riviera Riviera ( disambiguation page ) , featuring links to articles on the many coastal strips around the world which are known as Riviera Southern France Bibliography ( edit ) History ( edit ) Henry de Lumley , La Grand Histoire des premiers hommes européens , Odile Jacob , Paris , 2010 . ( ISBN 978 2 7381 2386 2 ) Aldo Bastié , Histoire de la Provence , Éditions Ouest - France , 2001 . Mary Blume , Côte d'Azur : Inventing the French Riviera , Thames and Hudson , London , 1992 . Patrick Howarth , When the Riviera was Ours , Routledge & Kegan Paul , London , 1977 . Jim Ring , Riviera , the Rise and Fall of the Côte d'Azur , John Murray Publishers , London , 1988 . Edouard Baratier ( editor ) , Histoire de la Provence , Editions Privat , Toulouse , 1969 ( ISBN 2 7089 1649 1 ) Painters ( edit ) La Méditerranée de Courbet à Matisse , catalog of the exhibit at the Grand Palais , Paris from September 2000 to January 2001 . Published by the Réunion des musées nationaux , 2000 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Riviera . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for French_Riviera . ^ Jump up to : `` Côte d'Azur , côte méditerranéenne française entre Cassis et Menton '' ( `` Côte d'Azur , French Mediterranean coast between Cassis and Toulon '' ) in Dictionnaire Hachette encyclopédique ( 2000 ) , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : `` Côte d'Azur , Partie orientale du littoral français , sur la Méditerranée , de Cassis à Menton '' ( `` Côte d'Azur , Eastern part of the French coast , on the Mediterranean , from Cassis to Menton '' ) , in Le Petit Larousse illustré ( 2005 ) , p. 1297 . Jump up ^ INSEE 1999 census Jump up ^ e.g. Comité Régional du Tourisme Riviera Côte d'Azur Jump up ^ INSEE , 2009 -- INSEE.fr Jump up ^ Official site : Cannes.aeroport.fr Jump up ^ Official site : Cannes.aeroport.fr Jump up ^ National 7 website : Nationale7.com Jump up ^ Jim Ring , Riviera , The Rise and Rise of the Cote d'Azur , John Murray Publishers , London , 2004 . Jump up ^ Sirius CCINCA Jump up ^ Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency -- p. 31 CRDP-Nice.net Archived 4 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency , op. cit . p. 66 Jump up ^ Cannes.com Jump up ^ Marc Boyer , L'Invention de la Côte d'Azur : l'hiver dans le Midi , préface de Maurice Agulhon , 378 pages , Édition de l'Aube , 2002 , ISBN 2 - 87678 - 643 - 5 . Jump up ^ In English , `` Riviera '' as a whole is defined as `` the coastal strip along the Mediterranean from La Spezia , Italy , to west of Cannes , France '' . Webster 's New World Dictionary of American English , Third College Edition , 1988 . Jump up ^ For example , J. Henry Bennett , Mentone , the Riviera , Corsica and Biarritz as Winter Climates ( 1862 ) Jump up ^ `` Vocabolario : Riviera '' . Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze , Lettere ed Arti . Istituzionali della Treccani . Jump up ^ French online Larousse encyclopedia , article `` Côte d'Azur '' . Jump up ^ French online Larousse encyclopedia , article `` Vacances d'été '' ( `` Summer Holydays '' ) . Jump up ^ Harrap 's Standard French and English Dictionary , 1948 . Jump up ^ Henry de Lumley , La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes europeens , pg. 120 . Jump up ^ Aldo Bastié , Histoire de la Provence , Edition Ouest - France , 2001 . Jump up ^ Michael Nelson , Queen Victoria and the Discovery of the Riviera , Tauris Parke Paperbacks , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.estatenetfrance.com/St-Jean-Cap-Ferrat/areaguide/details/ ^ Jump up to : Météo - France site Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 2010 Data '' . July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nice , France '' . Climatebase.ru . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Coordinates : 43 ° 21 ′ 54 '' N 6 ° 50 ′ 59 '' E  /  43.36500 ° N 6.84972 ° E  / 43.36500 ; 6.84972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Riviera&oldid=811577343 '' Categories : French Riviera Seaside resorts in France Coasts of France Landforms of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Ligurian Sea Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing Occitan - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 14 : 58 . 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List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson - wikipedia List of actors who have played Dr. Watson Jump to : navigation , search List of actors who have played Dr. Watson in various media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radio and audio dramas 2 Stage plays 3 Television and DTV films 4 Television series 5 Theatrical films 6 See also 7 References Radio and audio dramas ( edit ) Name Title Date Type Richard Gordon The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1930 - 1931 ( American ) Leigh Lovell The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1931 - 1935 ( American ) Harry West Sherlock Holmes 1936 ( American ) Ray Collins Sherlock Holmes 1938 ( American ) Nigel Bruce The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1940 - 1947 ( American ) Carleton Hobbs The Boscombe Valley Mystery 1943 BBC Home Service Ralph Truman My Dear Watson 1943 BBC Home Service Alfred Shirley The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1947 - 1948 ( American ) Ian Martin The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1948 ( American ) Eric Snowden The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1949 - 1950 ( American ) Norman Shelley Sherlock Holmes 1953 - ( British ) The Hound of the Baskervilles 1958 ( British ) The Valley of Fear 1960 ( British ) A Study in Scarlet 1962 ( British ) The Sign of the Four 1963 ( British ) Sherlock Holmes Returns 1964 ( British ) Sherlock Holmes Again 1966 - 1967 ( British ) Ralph Richardson The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1954 ( British ) Dinsdale Landon A Study in Scarlet ( British ) Court Benson CBS Radio Mystery Theater - `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' 1977 ( American ) Andrew Sachs The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 2002 - 2010 BBC Radio 4 ( British ) Stage plays ( edit ) Name Title Date Type Seymour Hicks Under The Clock 1893 Stage ( Royal Court Theatre ) St. John Hamund Sherlock Holmes 1894 Stage ( Royalty Theatre , Glasgow ) Bruce McRae Sherlock Holmes 1899 Broadway ( American ) Claude King The Speckled Band 1910 ( British ) R.V. Taylour The Crown Diamond 1921 ( British ) H.G. Stoker The Return of Sherlock Holmes 1923 ( British ) Jack Raine Sherlock Holmes 1953 ( American ) Peter Sallis Baker Street 1965 Musical ( American ) Tim Pigott - Smith Sherlock Holmes Stage revival ( British ) Dennis Cooney Sherlock Holmes Stage revival ( American ) Timothy Landfield The Crucifer of Blood 1978 Broadway ( American ) Denis Lill The Crucifer of Blood 1979 ( British ) Richard Woods Sherlock Holmes 1981 ( filmed for HBO ) Stage revival ( Williamstown Theater Festival ) Jeremy Brett The Crucifer of Blood 1981 Stage ( Los Angeles ) Alan Stanford The Mask of Moriarty 1985 Stage ( Dublin ) Donal Donnelly Sherlock 's Last Case Stage ( Nederlander Theatre ) John Nicholson The Hound of the Baskervilles 2007 Stage ( West Yorkshire Playhouse ) Lucas Hall Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery 2015 Arena Stage in Southwest , Washington , D.C. Usman Ally Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery 2015 Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California Patrick Robinson Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery 2017 - 2018 Liverpool Playhouse Television and DTV films ( edit ) Name Title Date Type William Podmore The Three Garridebs 1937 Television play on NBC ( American ) Campbell Singer The Man with the Twisted Lip 1951 Potential series pilot ( British ) Philip King The Mazarin Stone 1951 Television film for BBC ( British ) Bernard Fox The Hound of the Baskervilles 1972 ( American ) Edward Fox Doctor Watson and the Darkwater Hall Mystery ( British ) Patrick Macnee Sherlock Holmes in New York 1976 ( American ) Thorley Walters Silver Blaze 1977 ( Canadian ) Terence Rigby The Hound of the Baskervilles 1982 Television serial ( British ) Erle Cross Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear Animated television film . Voice only . ( Australian ) Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four Animated television film . Voice only . ( Australian ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse Animated television film . Voice only . ( Australian ) Sherlock Holmes and a Study in Scarlet Animated television film . Voice only . ( Australian ) David Healy The Sign of Four ( British - American ) Donald Churchill The Hound of the Baskervilles ( British - American ) John Mills The Masks of Death 1984 ( British ) John Hillerman Hands of a Murderer ( British ) Richard Johnson The Crucifer of Blood 1991 Television film adaptation of the play ( American ) Patrick Macnee Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady 1991 Television film Incident at Victoria Falls Television film John Scott - Paget The Hound of London ( Canadian - Luxembourgian ) Kenneth Welsh The Hound of the Baskervilles 2000 ( Canadian ) The Sign of Four 2001 ( Canadian ) The Royal Scandal 2001 ( Canadian ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire 2002 ( Canadian ) Ian Hart The Hound of the Baskervilles 2002 ( British ) Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking ( British ) Roger Morlidge Sherlock : Case of Evil 2002 ( American ) Bill Paterson Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars 2007 BBC television film ( British ) John Rhys - Davies Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Animated DTV film . Voice only . ( American ) Television series ( edit ) Name Title Date Type Raymond Francis Sherlock Holmes 1951 ( British ) Jack Raine Suspense - `` The Adventure of the Black Baronet '' 1953 ( American ) H. Marion - Crawford Sherlock Holmes 1954 ( American - French ) Nigel Stock Sherlock Holmes 1965 - 1968 ( British ) Donald Pickering Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson 1979 ( American - Polish ) Vitaly Solomin The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson 1979 - 1986 ( Russian ) David Burke The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1984 - 1985 Television series ( British ) Edward Hardwicke The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1986 - 1994 Television series ( British ) Patrick Monckton Alfred Hitchcock Presents - `` My Dear Watson '' ( American ) Martin Freeman Sherlock 2010 - Present Television series ( British ) Lucy Liu Elementary 2012 - Present Television series ( American ) Theatrical films ( edit ) Name Title Date Type Mr. Moyse Silver Blaze 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Beryl Coronet 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Musgrave Ritual 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Reigate Squares 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Stolen Papers 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Mystery of Boscombe Valley 1912 Short film ( British - French ) The Copper Beeches 1912 Short film ( British - French ) Jack Francis A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 American film ) 1914 ( American ) Edward Fielding Sherlock Holmes 1916 First silent film adaptation of the stage play ( American ) Arthur M. Cullin The Valley of Fear 1916 Silent film ( British ) Hubert Willis Sherlock Holmes Stoll film series 1921 to 1923 Series of silent films ( British ) Roland Young Sherlock Holmes 1922 Silent film adaptation of the stage play ( American ) George Seroff The Hound of the Baskervilles 1929 Silent film ( German ) H. Reeves - Smith The Return of Sherlock Holmes 1929 ( American ) Ian Fleming The Sleeping Cardinal 1931 ( British ) The Missing Rembrandt 1932 Considered lost ( British ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes 1935 ( British ) Silver Blaze 1937 ( British ) Athole Stewart The Speckled Band 1931 ( British ) Ian Hunter The Sign of Four 1932 ( British ) Reginald Owen Sherlock Holmes 1932 First sound adaptation of the stage play ( American ) Frederick Lloyd The Hound of the Baskervilles 1932 ( British ) Warburton Gamble A Study in Scarlet 1933 ( American ) Fritz Odemar The Hound of the Baskervilles 1937 ( German ) Nigel Bruce Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 film series ) 1939 - 1946 ( American ) The Hound of the Baskervilles 1939 ( American ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1939 ( American ) Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror 1942 ( American ) Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon 1943 ( American ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington 1943 ( American ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death 1943 ( American ) Crazy House 1943 Cameo ( American ) The Spider Woman 1944 ( American ) The Scarlet Claw 1944 ( American ) The Pearl of Death 1944 ( American ) The House of Fear 1945 ( American ) The Woman in Green 1945 ( American ) Pursuit to Algiers 1945 ( American ) Terror by Night 1946 ( American ) Dressed to Kill 1946 ( American ) André Morell The Hound of the Baskervilles 1959 ( British ) Thorley Walters Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace 1962 ( West German - French - Italian ) The Best House in London 1969 ( British ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( American ) Donald Houston A Study in Terror 1965 ( British ) Colin Blakely The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes 1970 ( American ) Robert Duvall The Seven - Per - Cent Solution 1976 ( American ) Dudley Moore The Hound of the Baskervilles 1978 ( British ) James Mason Murder by Decree 1979 ( British - Canadian ) Alan Cox Young Sherlock Holmes 1985 ( American ) Laurie Main The Great Mouse Detective 1986 Animated film . Voice only . ( American ) Ben Kingsley Without a Clue ( American ) Jude Law Sherlock Holmes 2009 ( British - American ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows 2011 ( British - American ) Colin Starkey Mr. Holmes 2015 ( British - American ) See also ( edit ) List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Pointer , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes . Drake . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 87749 - 725 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Payton , Gordon ; Grams Jr. , Martin ( 2012 ) . The CBS Radio Mystery Theater : An Episode Guide and Handbook to Nine Years of Broadcasting , 1974 -- 1982 . McFarland & Company . p. 216 . ISBN 9780786492282 . Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2008 ) . Sherlock Holmes on the Stage . Scarecrow Press . p. 33 . ISBN 9781461707226 . Jump up ^ Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2008 ) . Sherlock Holmes on the Stage . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 - 35 . ISBN 9781461707226 . ^ Jump up to : Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John ( November 19 , 1981 ) . `` HBO offers Sherlock Holmes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Stage : Langella In ' Sherlock 's Last ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Hound of the Baskervilles '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wren , Celia ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baskerville : A Sherlock Holmes Mystery ' charges into Arena Stage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verini , Bob ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Regional Theater Review : ' Baskerville , ' Ken Ludwig 's Sherlock Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baskerville - A Sherlock Holmes Mystery '' . Liverpool Playhouse . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haining , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . pp. 44 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 793 - 3. ) Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Haining , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 793 - 3. ) Jump up ^ Barnes , Alan ( 2002 ) . Sherlock Holmes on Screen . Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 206 . ISBN 1 - 903111 - 04 - 8 . Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone -- Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) ( TV ) Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) ( TV ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Television films Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Three Garridebs ( 1937 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) The Longing of Sherlock Holmes ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) others articles List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes List of actors who have played Dr. Watson List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty Minor Sherlock Holmes characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_have_played_Dr._Watson&oldid=824287189 '' Categories : Sherlock Holmes lists Lists of actors by role Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 13 : 14 . About Wikipedia
who played dr watson in sherlock holmes 2009
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Iodine clock reaction
Iodine clock reaction - wikipedia Iodine clock reaction Jump to : navigation , search Iodine clock reaction ( persulfate variation ) The iodine clock reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action ; it was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt in 1886 . Two colourless solutions are mixed and at first there is no visible reaction . After a short time delay , the liquid suddenly turns to a shade of dark blue . The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations . In some variations , the solution will repeatedly cycle from colorless to blue and back to colorless , until the reagents are depleted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hydrogen peroxide variation 2 Iodate variation 3 Persulfate variation 4 Chlorate variation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hydrogen peroxide variation ( edit ) This reaction starts from a solution of hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid . To this is added a solution containing potassium iodide , sodium thiosulfate , and starch . There are two reactions occurring in the solution . In the first , slow reaction , iodine is produced : H O + 2I + 2H → I + 2H O In the second , fast reaction , iodine is reconverted to 2 iodide ions by the thiosulfate : 2S O + I → S O + 2I After some time the solution always changes color to a very dark blue , almost black . When the solutions are mixed , the second reaction causes the triiodide ion to be consumed much faster than it is generated , and only a small amount of triiodide is present in the dynamic equilibrium . Once the thiosulfate ion has been exhausted , this reaction stops and the blue colour caused by the triiodide -- starch complex appears . Anything that accelerates the first reaction will shorten the time until the solution changes color . Decreasing the pH ( increasing H concentration ) , or increasing the concentration of iodide or hydrogen peroxide will shorten the time . Adding more thiosulfate will have the opposite effect ; it will take longer for the blue colour to appear . Iodate variation ( edit ) An alternative protocol uses a solution of iodate ion ( for instance potassium iodate ) to which an acidified solution ( again with sulfuric acid ) of sodium bisulfite is added . In this protocol , iodide ion is generated by the following slow reaction between the iodate and bisulfite : IO + 3 HSO → I + 3 HSO This is the rate determining step . The iodate in excess will oxidize the iodide generated above to form iodine : IO + 5 I + 6 H → 3 I + 3 H O However , the iodine is reduced immediately back to iodide by the bisulfite : I + HSO + H O → 2 I + HSO + 2 H When the bisulfite is fully consumed , the iodine will survive ( i.e. , no reduction by the bisulfite ) to form the dark blue complex with starch . Persulfate variation ( edit ) This clock reaction uses sodium , potassium or ammonium persulfate to oxidize iodide ions to iodine . Sodium thiosulfate is used to reduce iodine back to iodide before the iodine can complex with the starch to form the characteristic blue - black color . Iodine is generated : 2 I + S O → I + 2 SO And is then removed : I + 2 S O → 2 I + S O Once all the thiosulfate is consumed the iodine may form a complex with the starch . Potassium persulfate is less soluble ( cfr . Salters website ) while ammonium persulfate has a higher solubility and is used instead in the reaction described in examples from Oxford University . Chlorate variation ( edit ) An experimental iodine clock sequence has also been established for a system consisting of iodine potassium - iodide , sodium chlorate and perchloric acid that takes place through the following reactions . Triiodide is present in equilibrium with iodide anion and molecular iodine : I ⇄ I + I Chlorate ion oxidizes iodide ion to hypoiodous acid and chlorous acid in the slow and rate - determining step : ClO + I + 2 H → HOI + HClO Chlorate consumption is accelerated by reaction of hypoiodous acid to iodous acid and more chlorous acid : ClO + HOI + H → HIO + HClO More autocatalysis when newly generated iodous acid also converts chlorate in the fastest reaction step : ClO + HIO → IO + HClO In this clock the induction period is the time it takes for autocatalytic process to start after which the concentration of free iodine falls rapidly as observed by UV / VIS spectroscopy . See also ( edit ) Clock reaction Old Nassau reaction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Landolt , H. Ber . Dtsch . Chem. Ges. 1886 , 19 , 1317 -- 1365 . Jump up ^ Kinetics of the persulfate - iodide clock reaction . Jump up ^ André P. Oliveira and Roberto B. Faria ( 2005 ) . `` The chlorate - iodine clock reaction '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 ( 51 ) : 18022 -- 18023 . doi : 10.1021 / ja0570537 . PMID 16366551 . External links ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide variation Sodium bisulfite variation with a high - speed camera Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iodine_clock_reaction&oldid=806051867 '' Categories : Chemical kinetics Chemical reactions Iodine Thiosulfates Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 10 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the type of reaction that produces iodine from iodate and iodide
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The Open Championship
The Open Championship - wikipedia The Open Championship `` British Open '' and `` The Open '' redirect here . For other uses , see British Open ( disambiguation ) and The Open ( disambiguation ) . The Open Championship Tournament information Location United Kingdom , varies Established 17 October 1860 ( 1860 - 10 - 17 ) 158 years ago Course ( s ) Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course Angus , Scotland ( in 2018 ) Par 71 ( in 2018 ) Length 7,402 yd ( 6,768 m ) ( in 2018 ) Organized by The R&A Tour ( s ) European Tour PGA Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 10.5 million ( in 2018 ) Month played July Tournament record score Aggregate 264 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * record for all majors To par − 20 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * equals record for all majors Current champion Francesco Molinari 2018 Open Championship The Open Championship , often referred to as The Open or the British Open , is an annual golf tournament conducted by The R&A . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf , and is the oldest of the four . The Open is traditionally played in mid-July ; beginning 2019 , with the rescheduling of the PGA Championship to May , the tournament will be the final major of the golf season . It was first played in 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland . The Open has always been held in the United Kingdom and is the only major played outside the United States . The current champion is Francesco Molinari , who won the 147th Open at Carnoustie in 2018 with a score of 276 . The 2019 Open Championship will be held at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Northern Ireland . It was held at Portrush in 1951 , the only occasion that it has not been held in Scotland or England . Contents 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Timeline of format changes 3 Trophies and medals 4 Host courses 4.1 Future venues 5 Qualification 5.1 Timeline of qualification changes 6 Tournament name 7 Tour status 8 Prize money 9 Records 10 Champions 11 Silver Medal winners 12 Broadcasting 12.1 United Kingdom 12.2 United States 13 Notes and references 14 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Open was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland . The inaugural tournament was restricted to professionals and attracted a field of eight golfers who played three rounds of Prestwick 's twelve - hole course in a single day . Willie Park Sr. won with a score of 174 , beating Old Tom Morris , by two strokes . The following year the tournament was opened to amateurs ; eight of them joined ten professionals in the field . Prestwick Golf Club , site of the first Open Championship in 1860 Willie Park Sr. wearing the Challenge Belt , the winner 's prize at The Open from 1860 to 1870 James Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organiser of the first Open Championship held at Prestwick in 1860 . With the untimely death of Allan Robertson , aged 43 in 1859 , Prestwick members decided to conduct a challenge the following year that would determine the land 's greatest golfer . In a proposed competition for a `` Challenge Belt '' , Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Blackheath , Perth , Edinburgh , Musselburgh and St Andrews , inviting a player known as a `` respectable caddie '' to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860 . Originally , the trophy presented to the event 's winner was the Challenge Belt , a red leather belt with a silver buckle . The Challenge Belt was retired in 1870 , when Young Tom Morris was allowed to keep it for winning the tournament three consecutive times . Because no trophy was available , the tournament was cancelled in 1871 . In 1872 , after Young Tom Morris won again for a fourth time in a row , he was awarded a medal . The present trophy , The Golf Champion Trophy , better known by its popular name of the Claret Jug , was then created . Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870 . In 1871 , it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers . In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes , four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes . The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland , at the Royal St George 's Golf Club in England . Because of an increasing number of entrants , a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898 . In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club . The early winners were all Scottish professionals , who in those days worked as greenkeepers , clubmakers , and caddies to supplement their modest winnings from championships and challenge matches . The Open has always been dominated by professionals , with only six victories by amateurs , all of which occurred between 1890 and 1930 . The last of these was Bobby Jones ' third Open and part of his celebrated Grand Slam . Jones was one of six Americans who won The Open between the First and Second World Wars , the first of whom had been Walter Hagen in 1922 . These Americans and the French winner of the 1907 Open , Arnaud Massy , were the only winners from outside Scotland and England up to 1939 . The first post-World War II winner was the American Sam Snead , in 1946 . In 1947 , Northern Ireland 's Fred Daly was victorious . While there have been many English and Scottish champions , Daly was the only winner from Ireland until the 2007 victory by Pádraig Harrington . There has never been a Welsh champion . In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth , with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them . During this period , The Open often had a schedule conflict with the match - play PGA Championship , which meant that Ben Hogan , the best American golfer at this time , competed in The Open just once , in 1953 at Carnoustie , a tournament he won . Another South African , Gary Player was Champion in 1959 . This was at the beginning of the `` Big Three '' era in professional golf , the three players in question being Player , Arnold Palmer , and Jack Nicklaus . Palmer first competed in 1960 , when he came second to the little - known Australian Kel Nagle , but he won the next two years . While he was far from being the first American to become Open Champion , he was the first that many Americans saw win the tournament on television , and his charismatic success is often credited with persuading leading American golfers to make The Open an integral part of their schedule , rather than an optional extra . The improvement of trans - Atlantic travel also increased American participation . Nicklaus ' victories came in 1966 , 1970 , and 1978 . Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors , it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s . He finished runner - up seven times , which is the record and had a total of sixteen top - 5 finishes , which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era . Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par ( 61 ) and most aggregates under par ( 14 ) . At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history , when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 ( 12 under par ) . Watson won five Opens , more than anyone else has since the 1950s , but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination . In the next 11 years there was only one American winner , with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth . The European winners of this era , Spaniard Seve Ballesteros , Sandy Lyle , who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century , and the Englishman Nick Faldo , were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period . Logo from 1995 through 2002 . Previously , the Open Championship did not have an official logo beyond the Claret Jug . In 1995 , John Daly 's playoff win over Italian Costantino Rocca began another era of American domination . Tiger Woods won three Championships , two at St Andrews in 2000 and 2005 , and one at Hoylake in 2006 . There was a dramatic moment at St Andrews in 2000 , as the ageing Jack Nicklaus waved farewell to the crowds , while the young challenger to his crown watched from a nearby tee . Nicklaus later decided to play in The Open for one final time in 2005 , when the R&A announced St Andrews as the venue , giving his final farewell to the fans at the Home of Golf . There have also been wins by previously little known golfers , including Paul Lawrie 's playoff win after the 72nd - hole collapse of Jean van de Velde in 1999 , Ben Curtis in 2003 and Todd Hamilton in 2004 . Logo for 2003 − 2014 In 2007 , the Europeans finally broke an eight - year drought in the majors when Pádraig Harrington of Ireland defeated Sergio García by one stroke in a four - hole playoff at Carnoustie . Harrington retained the Championship in 2008 . In 2009 , 59 - year - old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open . Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship , Watson bogeyed , setting up a four - hole playoff , which he would lose to Stewart Cink . In 2013 , Phil Mickelson won his first Open Championship at Muirfield . His victory meant that he had won 3 of the 4 majors in pursuit of the career grand slam , just needing the U.S. Open , where he has finished runner - up six times . In 2015 , Zach Johnson denied Jordan Spieth his chance of winning the Grand Slam by winning an aggregate playoff over Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman at the Old Course at St Andrews . Format ( edit ) The Open is a 72 - hole stroke play tournament contested over four days , Thursday through Sunday . Since 1979 it has been played in the week which includes the 3rd Friday in July . Currently , 156 players are in the field , mostly made up of the world 's leading professionals , who are given exemptions , along with winners of the top amateur championships . Further places are given to players , amateurs and professionals , who are successful in a number of qualifying events . There is a cut after 36 holes after which only the leading 70 players ( and ties ) play in the final 36 holes on the weekend . In the event of a tie after 72 holes , a four - hole aggregate playoff is held ; if two or more players are still tied , it continues as sudden - death until there is a winner . Timeline of format changes ( edit ) 1860 : Contested over 36 holes , played on a single day 1892 : Extended to 72 holes , played over two days 1898 : Cut introduced after 36 holes . Those 20 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded 1904 : Extended to a third day with 18 holes on each of the first two days . Cut rule unchanged 1905 : Cut rule changed to exclude those 15 or more strokes behind the leader 1907 : Qualifying introduced , replacing the 36 - hole cut and the contest reduced again to two days 1910 : Cut reintroduced instead of qualifying , play being extended to three days again . Top 60 and ties made the cut . 1911 : With an increase in the number of entries , the first two rounds were spread over three days , with 36 holes on the fourth day 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced to replace the cut . Contest reduced again to two days 1926 : Cut reintroduced . First Open with both qualifying and a cut . Extended again to a third day with 18 holes on the first two days . Those 15 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded from the final day . Days standardised as Wednesday to Friday 1929 : Cut rule changed to ensure that at least 60 made the cut even if 15 or more strokes behind the leader 1930 : Cut rule changed to top 60 and ties 1937 : Cut rule changed to top 40 and ties 1938 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut 1939 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 44 players . Ties for 44th place did not make the cut 1946 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut 1951 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 50 players . Ties for 50th place did not make the cut 1957 : Leaders after 36 holes go off last , replacing the random draw 1963 : Cut rule changed to top 45 and ties 1964 : Playoff reduced from 36 holes to 18 , followed by sudden - death if still level 1966 : Play extended to four days , 18 holes per day from Wednesday to Saturday . Cut rule changed to top 55 and ties 1968 : Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes and then top 45 and ties after 54 holes 1970 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 55 and ties after 54 holes 1971 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 60 and ties after 54 holes 1973 : Play in groups of three introduced for the first two rounds 1974 : Use of `` bigger ball '' ( 1.68 in , 42.67 mm ) made compulsory 1978 : `` 10 - shot rule '' introduced so that players within 10 shots of the leader make the cut even if outside the top 80 / 60 1980 : Play from Thursday to Sunday 1986 : 54 - hole cut discontinued . Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes . Four - hole playoff introduced 1996 : `` 10 - shot rule '' dropped Trophies and medals ( edit ) The Claret Jug There are a number of medals and trophies that are , or have been , given for various achievements during The Open . The Challenge Belt -- awarded to the winner from 1860 until 1870 , when Young Tom Morris won the belt outright by winning the Championship for the third year in a row . The Golf Champion Trophy ( commonly known as the Claret Jug ) -- replaced the Challenge Belt and has been awarded to the winner since 1873 although Young Tom Morris , the winner in 1872 , is the first name engraved on it . ( The Open was not held in 1871 . ) Gold medal -- awarded to the winner . First given out in 1872 when the Claret Jug was not yet ready , and since awarded to all champions . Silver medal -- awarded since 1949 to the leading amateur completing the final round . Bronze medal -- awarded since 1972 to all other amateurs completing the final round . The Professional Golfers ' Association ( of Great Britain and Ireland ) also mark the achievements of their own members in The Open . Ryle Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1901 to the winner if he is a PGA member . Braid Taylor Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1966 to the highest finishing PGA member . Tooting Bec Cup -- awarded since 1924 to the PGA member who records the lowest single round during the championship . The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in , or with a parent or parents born in , the UK or Republic of Ireland . Host courses ( edit ) See also : List of The Open Championship venues Carnoustie St Andrews Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Active venues in Scotland The 2018 venue ( Carnoustie ) is shown in green Royal Birkdale Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal St George 's Royal Lytham Active venues in England Royal Portrush Active venue in Northern Ireland The common factor in the venues is links courses . The Open has always been played in Scotland , northwest England , and southeast England , along with one course in Northern Ireland which will again stage the competition in 2019 . From 1860 to 1870 The Open was organised by and played at Prestwick Golf Club . From its revival in 1872 until 1891 it was played on three courses in rotation : Prestwick , The Old Course at St Andrews , and Musselburgh Links . In 1892 the newly built Muirfield replaced Musselburgh in the rotation . In 1893 two English courses , Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool Golf Club , Hoylake , were invited to join the rotation with Royal St George 's being allocated the 1894 Open and Royal Liverpool having the 1897 event . At a meeting in 1907 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club became the sixth course on the rota , being allocated the 1909 Open . With three courses in both England and Scotland , the meeting also agreed that the Championship was to be played in England and Scotland alternately . The alternation of venues in England and Scotland continued until the Second World War . The rotation of the six courses was reinstated after the First World War with Royal Cinque Ports hosting the first post-war Open in 1920 . It had been chosen as the venue for the cancelled 1915 Open . In 1923 Troon was used instead of Muirfield when `` some doubts exists as to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers being desirous of their course being used for the event '' . Muirfield returned as the venue in 1929 . Serious overcrowding problems at Prestwick in 1925 meant that the course was never again used for the Open and was replaced by Carnoustie as the third Scottish course . While Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool continued to be used at six - year intervals the third English course varied . After Royal Cinque Ports in 1920 , Royal Lytham was used in 1926 and then Prince 's in 1932 . Royal Cinque Ports was intended as the venue in 1938 but in February of that year abnormal high tides caused severe flooding to the course leaving it like `` an inland sea several feet deep '' and the venue was switched to Royal St George 's . Birkdale was chosen as the venue for 1940 , although the event was cancelled because of the Second World War . There are ten courses in the current rota , five in Scotland , four in England and one in Northern Ireland . In recent times the Old Course has hosted the Open every five years . The remaining courses host the Open roughly every 10 years but the gaps between hosting Opens may be longer or shorter than this . In 2014 , it was announced by The R&A that Royal Portrush was returning to the active rota and in October 2015 Portrush was confirmed as the venue for the 2019 Open . The most recent course to be removed from the active rota was Muirfield in May 2016 , following The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers refusal to permit female members to join their club . On 14 March 2017 , the members voted to admit females ; the R&A subsequently stated that Muirfield would be welcomed back to the Open rota . From 1894 ( when it was first played in England ) to 2018 , it has been played 63 times in Scotland , 50 times in England and once in Northern Ireland . It was not until 2011 and 2012 that England hosted consecutive Opens . Future venues ( edit ) Year Edition Course Town County Country Dates Last hosted Ref 2019 148th Royal Portrush Golf Club Portrush Antrim Northern Ireland 18 -- 21 July 1951 2020 149th Royal St George 's Golf Club Sandwich Kent England 16 -- 19 July 2011 2021 150th Old Course at St Andrews St Andrews Fife Scotland 15 -- 18 July 2015 Qualification ( edit ) See also : 2018 Open Championship The field for the Open is 156 , and golfers gain a place in a number of ways . Most of the field is made up of leading players who are given exemptions . Further places are given to players who are successful in The Open Qualifying Series and in Final Qualifying . Any remaining places , and places made available because qualified players are not competing , are made available to the highest ranked players in the Official World Golf Ranking . There are currently 27 exemption categories . Among the more significant are : The top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking . This category means that no member of the current elite of world golf will be excluded . The top 30 in the previous season 's European Tour Race to Dubai and the 30 qualifiers for Tour Championship . Most of these players will also be in the World top 50 . All previous Open Champions who will be age 60 or under on the final day of the tournament . Each year a number of past champions choose not to compete . All players who have won one of the other three majors in the previous five years . The top 10 from the previous year 's Open Championship . The winners of The Amateur Championship and the U.S. Amateur ( provided the winners maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament ) . International qualifying is through the `` Open Qualifying Series '' . About ten tournaments are selected each year . These currently consist of one event from the PGA Tour of Australasia , the Asian Tour , the Sunshine Tour , the Japan Golf Tour and the Korean Tour and three from the European Tour and the PGA Tour . A pre-allocated number of places are made available at these tournaments ( from 1 to 4 ) which are given to the leading players in those events who are not , at that point , qualified for the Open , provided they finish in a high - enough position . In 2018 a total of 34 places were available . Local qualifying was the traditional way for non-exempt players to win a place at The Open . In recent years it has comprised a number of `` Regional Qualifying '' competitions around Britain and Ireland with successful competitors , joined by those players exempt from regional qualifying , playing in 36 - hole `` Final Qualifying '' tournaments . In 2018 there were 12 places available through Final Qualifying , three at each of the four venues . Timeline of qualification changes ( edit ) Up to 1920 a variety of qualification systems were used . From 1921 to 1962 ( except 1926 ) local qualifying was used . All those who entered played 18 holes on one of two courses and then played 18 holes on the other course the following day . Qualifying took place immediately before the Championship itself . In 1963 a system of exemptions for the leading players was introduced with local qualifying continuing for the remaining players . Since then a large number of changes have been made to the exemption criteria and to the qualifying system for the remaining players . 1907 : Qualifying introduced for the first time . Players play 36 holes on one of two days . Top 30 and ties qualify on each day 1908 : Players play on either the first morning and second afternoon or the first afternoon and second morning . Top 30 and ties qualify from each group 1909 : Same but each of the two groups has to contain at least 30 professionals 1910 : Qualifying dropped 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced . Players play 36 holes on one of three days . Top 20 and ties qualify on each day 1914 . Qualifying over two days using two courses . Exactly 100 players qualify . 18 - hole playoff the following day for those tied for final places . This was the first occasion on which qualifying did not take place on the championship course . 1920 : Separate qualifying for amateurs and professionals . Amateurs qualify at the Open venue ( total of 8 places with the Amateur Champion receiving automatic entry ) . Professionals qualified using two courses in Surrey . Top 72 and ties qualify 1921 : Local qualifying reintroduced using two courses . Generally the Championship course is used together with a nearby course . Top 80 and ties qualify 1926 : Regional qualifying used . Total of 101 and ties qualify at one of three venues ( southern , central , northern ) 1927 : Local qualifying reintroduced . Top 100 and ties qualify 1937 : Top 140 and ties qualify 1938 : Maximum of 130 players qualify . Ties for 130th place did not qualify 1946 : Maximum of 100 players qualify . Ties for 100th place did not qualify 1961 : Maximum of 120 players qualify . Ties for 120th place did not qualify 1963 : Exemption from qualifying introduced for the leading players including past 10 Open champions . Local qualifying continues for the remainder of the field but now two separate competitions are held with a preallocated number of places available . Two courses near the Open venue are used but not the Open venue itself . Playoff for those tied for final places . Total of 120 qualify 1965 : Total of 130 qualify 1968 : Exemption extended to all previous Open champions 1971 : Total of 150 qualify 1984 : Exemption for previous Open champions aged under 65 1995 : Exemption for previous Open champions extended to those aged 65 or under 2004 : International Final Qualifying introduced 2008 : Exemption for previous Open champions restricted to those aged 60 or under ( with transitional arrangement for those born between 1942 and 1948 ) 2014 : Open Qualifying Series introduced replacing International Final Qualifying Tournament name ( edit ) In Britain , the tournament is best known by its official title , The Open Championship , or simply the Open . Outside of the United Kingdom , the tournament is often referred to as the `` British Open '' to disambiguate the tournament from other national open golf tournaments , such as the U.S. Open . Likewise , the Masters and PGA Championship are often referred to as the `` U.S. Masters '' and `` U.S. PGA Championship '' outside of the United States , the latter being distinguished in the UK from the European Tour 's BMW PGA Championship . In recent years , the R&A has worked to discourage media outlets from referring to the event as the British Open ; for instance , the tournament 's current television deal with U.S. network NBC contractually forbids the broadcaster from doing so . NBC presenter Johnny Miller admitted that during their first year as broadcaster , he sometimes had to correct himself on - air after accidentally referring to the event as the British Open . The Open 's women 's counterpart , however , is officially titled the Women 's British Open . Some U.S. critics have argued that the insistence of referring to the tournament as `` The Open '' expresses an opinion of exceptionalism for the event by the R&A in comparison to other open golf tournaments , albeit one that is justified due to its history . Alastair Johnston of IMG , who markets the tournament and its media rights internationally , remarked that negotiations in some regions had been complicated by local executives who did not believe it was appropriate to refer to the event as simply `` The Open Championship '' . Tour status ( edit ) The Open Championship has been an official event on the PGA Tour since 1995 . Because of this , the prize money won in The Open by PGA Tour members is included on the official money list . In addition , all Open Championships before 1995 have been retroactively classified as PGA Tour wins , and the list of players with the most wins on the PGA Tour has been adjusted to reflect this . The European Tour has recognised The Open as an official event since its first official season in 1972 , and it is also an official money event on the Japan Golf Tour . Prize money ( edit ) The 2015 edition had a total prize money fund of £ 6.3 million and a first prize of £ 1.15 million , which equated to about $ 9.8 million and $1.8 million , respectively . The other three major championships in 2015 had prize money of $10.0 million and first prizes of $1.8 million , so that all four majors had similar prize money . Prize money is given to all professionals who make the cut and , since the number of professionals making the cut changes from year to year , the total prize money varies somewhat from the advertised number . The prize fund in 2016 was £ 6.5 million , with a winner 's share of £ 1.175 million ; about $8.6 million and $1.55 million . The other majors had prize money of at least $10.0 million and first prizes of at least $1.8 million . The relative decline in prize money , in dollar terms , was attributable to a fall in the £ / $ exchange rate . For the first time in 2017 , the prize money was denominated in U.S. dollars . With total prize money of $10.25 million ( £ 7.89 million ) , it was somewhat lower than the other major championships , $11 million at the Masters , $12 million for the U.S. Open and $10.5 million at the PGA Championship . There was no prize money in the first three Opens . In 1863 , a prize fund of ten pounds was introduced , which was shared between the second - , third - , and fourth - placed professionals , with the champion keeping the belt for a year . Old Tom Morris won the first champion 's cash prize of six pounds in 1864 . Until the late 1990s , The Open prize fund was significantly lower than the other three majors ; by 2002 , it was the highest . Records ( edit ) Oldest winner : Old Tom Morris ( 46 years , 102 days ) , 1867 . Youngest winner : Young Tom Morris ( 17 years , 156 days ) , 1868 . Most victories : 6 , Harry Vardon ( 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1911 , 1914 ) . Most consecutive victories : 4 , Young Tom Morris ( 1868 , 1869 , 1870 , 1872 -- there was no championship in 1871 ) . Lowest score after 36 holes : 130 , Nick Faldo ( 66 - 64 ) , 1992 ; Brandt Snedeker ( 66 - 64 ) , 2012 Lowest score after 54 holes : 198 , Tom Lehman ( 67 - 67 - 64 ) , 1996 Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) : 264 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) in relation to par : − 20 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . Greatest victory margin : 13 strokes , Old Tom Morris , 1862 . This remained a record for all majors until 2000 , when Woods won the U.S. Open by 15 strokes at Pebble Beach . Old Tom 's 13 - stroke margin was achieved over just 36 holes . Lowest round : 62 , Branden Grace , 3rd round , 2017 ; a record for all majors . Lowest round in relation to par : − 9 , Paul Broadhurst , 3rd round , 1990 ; Rory McIlroy , 1st round , 2010 . Wire - to - wire winners ( after 72 holes with no ties after rounds ) : Ted Ray in 1912 , Bobby Jones in 1927 , Gene Sarazen in 1932 , Henry Cotton in 1934 , Tom Weiskopf in 1973 , Tiger Woods in 2005 , and Rory McIlroy in 2014 . Most runner - up finishes : 7 , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 ) Champions ( edit ) See also : List of The Open Championship champions Year Dates Champion Country Venue Winning score Winning margin Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( £ ) 2018 19 -- 22 Jul Francesco Molinari Italy Carnoustie 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Kevin Kisner Rory McIlroy Justin Rose Xander Schauffele 1,440,000 2017 20 -- 23 Jul Jordan Spieth United States Royal Birkdale 268 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Matt Kuchar 1,420,000 2016 14 -- 17 Jul Henrik Stenson Sweden Royal Troon 264 ( − 20 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,175,000 2015 16 -- 20 Jul Zach Johnson United States St Andrews 273 ( − 15 ) Playoff Marc Leishman Louis Oosthuizen 1,150,000 2014 17 -- 20 Jul Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Royal Liverpool 271 ( − 17 ) 2 strokes Rickie Fowler Sergio García 975,000 2013 18 -- 21 Jul Phil Mickelson United States Muirfield 281 ( − 3 ) 3 strokes Henrik Stenson 945,000 2012 19 -- 22 Jul Ernie Els ( 2 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 273 ( − 7 ) 1 stroke Adam Scott 900,000 2011 14 -- 17 Jul Darren Clarke Northern Ireland Royal St George 's 275 ( − 5 ) 3 strokes Dustin Johnson Phil Mickelson 900,000 15 -- 18 Jul Louis Oosthuizen South Africa St Andrews 272 ( − 16 ) 7 strokes Lee Westwood 850,000 2009 16 -- 19 Jul Stewart Cink United States Turnberry 278 ( − 2 ) Playoff Tom Watson 750,000 2008 17 -- 20 Jul Pádraig Harrington ( 2 ) Ireland Royal Birkdale 283 ( + 3 ) 4 strokes Ian Poulter 750,000 2007 19 -- 22 Jul Pádraig Harrington Ireland Carnoustie 277 ( − 7 ) Playoff Sergio García 750,000 2006 20 -- 23 Jul Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States Royal Liverpool 270 ( − 18 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 720,000 2005 14 -- 17 Jul Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 274 ( − 14 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 720,000 15 -- 18 Jul Todd Hamilton United States Royal Troon 274 ( − 10 ) Playoff Ernie Els 720,000 2003 17 -- 20 Jul Ben Curtis United States Royal St George 's 283 ( − 1 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn Vijay Singh 700,000 2002 18 -- 21 Jul Ernie Els South Africa Muirfield 278 ( − 6 ) Playoff Stuart Appleby Steve Elkington Thomas Levet 700,000 2001 19 -- 22 Jul David Duval United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 274 ( − 10 ) 3 strokes Niclas Fasth 600,000 2000 20 -- 23 Jul Tiger Woods United States St Andrews 269 ( − 19 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn Ernie Els 500,000 1999 15 -- 18 Jul Paul Lawrie Scotland Carnoustie 290 ( + 6 ) Playoff Justin Leonard Jean van de Velde 350,000 1998 16 -- 19 Jul Mark O'Meara United States Royal Birkdale 280 ( E ) Playoff Brian Watts 300,000 1997 17 -- 20 Jul Justin Leonard United States Royal Troon 272 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Darren Clarke Jesper Parnevik 250,000 18 -- 21 Jul Tom Lehman United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 271 ( − 13 ) 2 strokes Ernie Els Mark McCumber 200,000 1995 20 -- 23 Jul John Daly United States St Andrews 282 ( − 6 ) Playoff Costantino Rocca 125,000 1994 14 -- 17 Jul Nick Price Zimbabwe Turnberry 268 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Jesper Parnevik 110,000 1993 15 -- 18 Jul Greg Norman ( 2 ) Australia Royal St George 's 267 ( − 13 ) 2 strokes Nick Faldo 100,000 1992 16 -- 19 Jul Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England Muirfield 272 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke John Cook 95,000 1991 18 -- 21 Jul Ian Baker - Finch Australia Royal Birkdale 272 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Mike Harwood 90,000 1990 19 -- 22 Jul Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England St Andrews 270 ( − 18 ) 5 strokes Mark McNulty Payne Stewart 85,000 1989 20 -- 23 Jul Mark Calcavecchia United States Royal Troon 275 ( − 13 ) Playoff Wayne Grady Greg Norman 80,000 1988 14 -- 18 Jul Seve Ballesteros ( 3 ) Spain Royal Lytham & St Annes 273 ( − 11 ) 2 strokes Nick Price 80,000 16 -- 19 Jul Nick Faldo England Muirfield 279 ( − 5 ) 1 stroke Paul Azinger Rodger Davis 75,000 1986 17 -- 20 Jul Greg Norman Australia Turnberry 280 ( E ) 5 strokes Gordon J. Brand 70,000 1985 18 -- 21 Jul Sandy Lyle Scotland Royal St George 's 282 ( + 2 ) 1 stroke Payne Stewart 65,000 1984 19 -- 22 Jul Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain St Andrews 276 ( − 12 ) 2 strokes Bernhard Langer Tom Watson 55,000 14 -- 17 Jul Tom Watson ( 5 ) United States Royal Birkdale 275 ( − 9 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean Hale Irwin 40,000 1982 15 -- 18 Jul Tom Watson ( 4 ) United States Royal Troon 284 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Peter Oosterhuis Nick Price 32,000 1981 16 -- 19 Jul Bill Rogers United States Royal St George 's 276 ( − 4 ) 4 strokes Bernhard Langer 25,000 1980 17 -- 20 Jul Tom Watson ( 3 ) United States Muirfield 271 ( − 13 ) 4 strokes Lee Trevino 25,000 1979 18 -- 21 Jul Seve Ballesteros Spain Royal Lytham & St Annes 283 ( − 1 ) 3 strokes Ben Crenshaw Jack Nicklaus 15,000 1978 12 -- 15 Jul Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States St Andrews 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Ben Crenshaw Raymond Floyd Tom Kite Simon Owen 12,500 1977 6 -- 9 Jul Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States Turnberry 268 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 10,000 1976 7 -- 10 Jul Johnny Miller United States Royal Birkdale 279 ( − 9 ) 6 strokes Seve Ballesteros Jack Nicklaus 7,500 9 -- 13 Jul Tom Watson United States Carnoustie 279 ( − 9 ) Playoff Jack Newton 7,500 10 -- 13 Jul Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 282 ( − 2 ) 4 strokes Peter Oosterhuis 5,500 1973 11 -- 14 Jul Tom Weiskopf United States Troon 276 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Neil Coles Johnny Miller 5,500 1972 12 -- 15 Jul Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States Muirfield 278 ( − 6 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 5,500 1971 7 -- 10 Jul Lee Trevino United States Royal Birkdale 278 ( − 14 ) 1 stroke Lu Liang - Huan 5,500 1970 8 -- 12 Jul Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 283 ( − 5 ) Playoff Doug Sanders 5,250 1969 9 -- 12 Jul Tony Jacklin England Royal Lytham & St Annes 280 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Bob Charles 4,250 1968 10 -- 13 Jul Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa Carnoustie 289 ( + 1 ) 2 strokes Bob Charles Jack Nicklaus 3,000 1967 12 -- 15 Jul Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina Royal Liverpool 278 ( − 10 ) 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 2,100 1966 6 -- 9 Jul Jack Nicklaus United States Muirfield 282 ( − 2 ) 1 stroke Doug Sanders Dave Thomas 2,100 1965 7 -- 9 Jul Peter Thomson ( 5 ) Australia Royal Birkdale 285 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Brian Huggett Christy O'Connor Snr 1,750 1964 8 -- 10 Jul Tony Lema United States St Andrews 279 ( − 9 ) 5 strokes Jack Nicklaus 1,500 1963 10 -- 13 Jul Bob Charles New Zealand Royal Lytham & St Annes 277 ( − 3 ) Playoff Phil Rodgers 1,500 1962 11 -- 13 Jul Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States Troon 276 ( − 12 ) 6 strokes Kel Nagle 1,400 1961 12 -- 15 Jul Arnold Palmer United States Royal Birkdale 284 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Dai Rees 1,400 1960 6 -- 9 Jul Kel Nagle Australia St Andrews 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Arnold Palmer 1,250 1959 1 -- 3 Jul Gary Player South Africa Muirfield 284 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Fred Bullock Flory Van Donck 1,000 1958 2 -- 5 Jul Peter Thomson ( 4 ) Australia Royal Lytham & St Annes 278 ( − 6 ) Playoff Dave Thomas 1,000 1957 3 -- 5 Jul Bobby Locke ( 4 ) South Africa St Andrews 279 ( − 9 ) 3 strokes Peter Thomson 1,000 1956 4 -- 6 Jul Peter Thomson ( 3 ) Australia Royal Liverpool 286 ( + 2 ) 3 strokes Flory Van Donck 1,000 1955 6 -- 8 Jul Peter Thomson ( 2 ) Australia St Andrews 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes John Fallon 1,000 1954 7 -- 9 Jul Peter Thomson Australia Royal Birkdale 283 ( − 9 ) 1 stroke Bobby Locke Dai Rees Syd Scott 750 1953 8 -- 10 Jul Ben Hogan United States Carnoustie 282 ( − 6 ) 4 strokes Antonio Cerdá Dai Rees Frank Stranahan ( a ) Peter Thomson 500 1952 9 -- 11 Jul Bobby Locke ( 3 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 287 ( − 1 ) 1 stroke Peter Thomson 300 1951 4 -- 6 Jul Max Faulkner England Royal Portrush 285 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Antonio Cerdá 300 1950 5 -- 7 Jul Bobby Locke ( 2 ) South Africa Troon 279 ( − 1 ) 2 strokes Roberto de Vicenzo 300 1949 6 -- 9 Jul Bobby Locke South Africa Royal St George 's 283 ( − 5 ) Playoff Harry Bradshaw 300 1948 30 Jun -- 2 Jul Henry Cotton ( 3 ) England Muirfield 284 ( E ) 5 strokes Fred Daly 150 1947 2 -- 4 Jul Fred Daly Northern Ireland Royal Liverpool 293 ( + 21 ) 1 stroke Reg Horne Frank Stranahan ( a ) 150 1946 3 -- 5 Jul Sam Snead United States St Andrews 290 ( − 2 ) 4 strokes Johnny Bulla Bobby Locke 150 1940 -- 1945 : No Championships because of World War II 1939 5 -- 7 Jul Dick Burton England St Andrews 290 ( − 2 ) 2 strokes Johnny Bulla 100 1938 6 -- 8 Jul Reg Whitcombe England Royal St George 's 295 ( + 15 ) 2 strokes Jimmy Adams 100 1937 7 -- 9 Jul Henry Cotton ( 2 ) England Carnoustie 290 2 strokes Reg Whitcombe 100 1936 25 -- 27 Jun Alf Padgham England Royal Liverpool 287 1 stroke Jimmy Adams 100 1935 26 -- 28 Jun Alf Perry England Muirfield 283 4 strokes Alf Padgham 100 1934 27 -- 29 Jun Henry Cotton England Royal St George 's 283 5 strokes Sid Brews 100 1933 5 -- 8 Jul Denny Shute United States St Andrews 292 Playoff Craig Wood 100 1932 8 -- 10 Jun Gene Sarazen United States Prince 's 283 5 strokes Macdonald Smith 100 1931 3 -- 5 Jun Tommy Armour United States Carnoustie 296 1 stroke José Jurado 100 1930 18 -- 20 Jun Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 3 ) United States Royal Liverpool 291 2 strokes Leo Diegel Macdonald Smith 100 1929 8 -- 10 May Walter Hagen ( 4 ) United States Muirfield 292 6 strokes Johnny Farrell 75 1928 9 -- 11 May Walter Hagen ( 3 ) United States Royal St George 's 292 2 strokes Gene Sarazen 75 1927 13 -- 15 Jul Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 285 6 strokes Aubrey Boomer Fred Robson 75 1926 23 -- 25 Jun Bobby Jones ( a ) United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 291 2 strokes Al Watrous 75 1925 25 -- 26 Jun Jim Barnes United States Prestwick 300 1 stroke Archie Compston Ted Ray 75 1924 26 -- 27 Jun Walter Hagen ( 2 ) United States Royal Liverpool 301 1 stroke Ernest Whitcombe 75 1923 14 -- 15 Jun Arthur Havers England Troon 295 1 stroke Walter Hagen 75 1922 22 -- 23 Jun Walter Hagen United States Royal St George 's 300 1 stroke Jim Barnes George Duncan 75 1921 23 -- 25 Jun Jock Hutchison United States St Andrews 296 Playoff Roger Wethered ( a ) 75 1920 30 Jun -- 1 Jul George Duncan Scotland Royal Cinque Ports 303 2 strokes Sandy Herd 75 1915 -- 1919 : No Championships because of World War I 1914 18 -- 19 Jun Harry Vardon ( 6 ) Jersey Prestwick 306 3 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1913 23 -- 24 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 5 ) England Royal Liverpool 304 8 strokes Ted Ray 50 1912 24 -- 25 Jun Ted Ray Jersey Muirfield 295 4 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1911 26 -- 30 Jun Harry Vardon ( 5 ) Jersey Royal St George 's 303 Playoff Arnaud Massy 50 1910 21 -- 24 Jun James Braid ( 5 ) Scotland St Andrews 299 4 strokes Sandy Herd 50 1909 10 -- 11 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 4 ) England Royal Cinque Ports 291 6 strokes Tom Ball James Braid 50 1908 18 -- 19 Jun James Braid ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 291 8 strokes Tom Ball 50 1907 20 -- 21 Jun Arnaud Massy France Royal Liverpool 312 2 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1906 13 -- 15 Jun James Braid ( 3 ) Scotland Muirfield 300 4 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1905 7 -- 9 Jun James Braid ( 2 ) Scotland St Andrews 318 5 strokes Rowland Jones J.H. Taylor 50 1904 8 -- 10 Jun Jack White Scotland Royal St George 's 296 1 stroke James Braid J.H. Taylor 50 1903 10 -- 11 Jun Harry Vardon ( 4 ) Jersey Prestwick 300 6 strokes Tom Vardon 50 1902 4 -- 5 Jun Sandy Herd Scotland Royal Liverpool 307 1 stroke James Braid Harry Vardon 50 1901 5 -- 6 Jun James Braid Scotland Muirfield 309 3 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1900 6 -- 7 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 3 ) England St Andrews 309 8 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1899 7 -- 8 Jun Harry Vardon ( 3 ) Jersey St George 's 310 5 strokes Jack White 30 1898 8 -- 9 Jun Harry Vardon ( 2 ) Jersey Prestwick 307 1 stroke Willie Park Jr . 30 1897 19 -- 20 May Harold Hilton ( a ) ( 2 ) England Royal Liverpool 314 1 stroke James Braid 30 1896 10 -- 11 , 13 Jun Harry Vardon Jersey Muirfield 316 Playoff J.H. Taylor 30 1895 12 -- 13 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 2 ) England St Andrews 322 4 strokes Sandy Herd 30 1894 11 -- 12 Jun J.H. Taylor England St George 's 326 5 strokes Douglas Rolland 30 1893 31 Aug -- 1 Sep William Auchterlonie Scotland Prestwick 322 2 strokes Johnny Laidlay ( a ) 30 1892 22 -- 23 Sep Harold Hilton ( a ) England Muirfield 305 3 strokes John Ball ( a ) Sandy Herd Hugh Kirkaldy 35 1891 6 -- 7 Oct Hugh Kirkaldy Scotland St Andrews 166 2 strokes Willie Fernie Andrew Kirkaldy 10 1890 11 Sep John Ball ( a ) England Prestwick 164 3 strokes Willie Fernie Archie Simpson 13 1889 8 , 11 Nov Willie Park Jr. ( 2 ) Scotland Musselburgh 155 Playoff Andrew Kirkaldy 8 1888 6 , 8 Oct Jack Burns Scotland St Andrews 171 1 stroke David Anderson Jr . Ben Sayers 8 1887 16 Sep Willie Park Jr . Scotland Prestwick 161 1 stroke Bob Martin 8 1886 5 Nov David Brown Scotland Musselburgh 157 2 strokes Willie Campbell 8 1885 3 Oct Bob Martin ( 2 ) Scotland St Andrews 171 1 stroke Archie Simpson 10 1884 3 Oct Jack Simpson Scotland Prestwick 160 4 strokes Willie Fernie Douglas Rolland 8 1883 16 -- 17 Nov Willie Fernie Scotland Musselburgh 159 Playoff Bob Ferguson 8 1882 30 Sep Bob Ferguson ( 3 ) Scotland St Andrews 171 3 strokes Willie Fernie 12 1881 14 Oct Bob Ferguson ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 170 3 strokes Jamie Anderson 8 1880 9 Apr Bob Ferguson Scotland Musselburgh 162 5 strokes Peter Paxton 8 1879 27 , 29 Sep Jamie Anderson ( 3 ) Scotland St Andrews 169 3 strokes Jamie Allan Andrew Kirkaldy 10 1878 4 Oct Jamie Anderson ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 157 2 strokes Bob Kirk 8 1877 6 Apr Jamie Anderson Scotland Musselburgh 160 2 strokes Bob Pringle 8 1876 30 Sep , 2 Oct Bob Martin Scotland St Andrews 176 Playoff Davie Strath 10 1875 10 Sep Willie Park Sr. ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 166 2 strokes Bob Martin 8 1874 10 Apr Mungo Park Scotland Musselburgh 159 2 strokes Tom Morris Jr . 8 1873 4 Oct Tom Kidd Scotland St Andrews 179 1 stroke Jamie Anderson 11 1872 13 Sep Tom Morris Jr. ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 166 3 strokes Davie Strath 8 1871 Championship cancelled as no trophy available 1870 15 Sep Tom Morris Jr. ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 149 12 strokes Bob Kirk Davie Strath 6 1869 16 Sep Tom Morris Jr. ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 157 11 strokes Bob Kirk 6 1868 23 Sep Tom Morris Jr . Scotland Prestwick 154 3 strokes Tom Morris Sr . 6 1867 26 Sep Tom Morris Sr. ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 170 2 strokes Willie Park Sr . 7 1866 13 Sep Willie Park Sr. ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 169 2 strokes Davie Park 6 1865 14 Sep Andrew Strath Scotland Prestwick 162 2 strokes Willie Park Sr . 8 1864 16 Sep Tom Morris Sr. ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 167 2 strokes Andrew Strath 6 1863 18 Sep Willie Park Sr. ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 168 2 strokes Tom Morris Sr . - 1862 11 Sep Tom Morris Sr. ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 163 13 strokes Willie Park Sr . - 1861 26 Sep Tom Morris Sr . Scotland Prestwick 163 4 strokes Willie Park Sr . - 1860 17 Oct Willie Park Sr . Scotland Prestwick 174 2 strokes Tom Morris Sr . - ( a ) denotes amateur `` Dates '' column includes all days on which play took place or was planned to take place , including any playoffs The Open began paying in U.S. dollars in 2017 , subsequent figures in pounds are rounded estimates . Silver Medal winners ( edit ) Since 1949 , the Silver Medal is awarded to the leading amateur , provided that the player completes all 72 holes . In the 70 Championships from 1949 to 2018 , it has been won by 45 players on 51 occasions . Frank Stranahan won it four times in the first five years ( and was also the low amateur in 1947 ) , while Joe Carr , Michael Bonallack and Peter McEvoy each won it twice . The medal has gone unawarded 19 times . 1949 -- Frank Stranahan 1950 -- Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) 1951 -- Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) 1952 -- Jackie Jones 1953 -- Frank Stranahan ( 4 ) 1954 -- Peter Toogood 1955 -- Joe Conrad 1956 -- Joe Carr 1957 -- Dickson Smith 1958 -- Joe Carr ( 2 ) 1959 -- Reid Jack 1960 -- Guy Wolstenholme 1961 -- Ronnie White 1962 -- Charlie Green 1963 -- none 1964 -- none 1965 -- Michael Burgess 1966 -- Ronnie Shade 1967 -- none 1968 -- Michael Bonallack 1969 -- Peter Tupling 1970 -- Steve Melnyk 1971 -- Michael Bonallack ( 2 ) 1972 -- none 1973 -- Danny Edwards 1974 -- none 1975 -- none 1976 -- none 1977 -- none 1978 -- Peter McEvoy 1979 -- Peter McEvoy ( 2 ) 1980 -- Jay Sigel 1981 -- Hal Sutton 1982 -- Malcolm Lewis 1983 -- none 1984 -- none 1985 -- José María Olazábal 1986 -- none 1987 -- Paul Mayo 1988 -- Paul Broadhurst 1989 -- Russell Claydon 1990 -- none 1991 -- Jim Payne 1992 -- Daren Lee 1993 -- Iain Pyman 1994 -- Warren Bennett 1995 -- Steve Webster 1996 -- Tiger Woods 1997 -- Barclay Howard 1998 -- Justin Rose 1999 -- none 2000 -- none 2001 -- David Dixon 2002 -- none 2003 -- none 2004 -- Stuart Wilson 2005 -- Lloyd Saltman 2006 -- Marius Thorp 2007 -- Rory McIlroy 2008 -- Chris Wood 2009 -- Matteo Manassero 2010 -- Jin Jeong 2011 -- Tom Lewis 2012 -- none 2013 -- Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 -- none 2015 -- Jordan Niebrugge 2016 -- none 2017 -- Alfie Plant 2018 -- Sam Locke Broadcasting ( edit ) As of 2016 , European Tour Productions serves as the host broadcaster for the Open Championship . The host broadcaster , as well as British and American broadcasters Sky Sports and NBC Sports , utilized a total of 175 cameras during the 2016 tournament . Further information : List of The Open Championship broadcasters United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Open Championship was historically broadcast by the BBC -- a relationship which lasted from 1955 to 2015 . The BBC 's rights to the Open had been threatened by the event 's removal from Category A of Ofcom 's `` listed '' events , a status which legally mandated that the Open be broadcast in its entirety by a terrestrial broadcaster . It had since been moved to Category B , meaning that television rights to the tournament could now be acquired by a pay television outlet , such as BT Sport or Sky Sports , as long as rights to broadcast a highlights programme or otherwise delayed coverage are sub-licensed to either the BBC , ITV , Channel 4 , or Channel 5 . Former R&A chief executive Peter Dawson had become critical of the quality of the BBC 's television coverage , stating alongside its final renewal in 2010 that `` They know we 've got our eye on them . You have to stay in practice and keep up with advances in technology . '' The Guardian felt that the R&A was being `` pressured '' to negotiate a more lucrative broadcast deal , as the other three majors have in the United States , but also argued that viewer interest in golf could face further declines in the UK without widely available coverage . On 3 February 2015 , the R&A announced that Sky Sports had acquired broadcast rights to the Open beginning in 2017 , under a five - year contract valued at £ 15 million per - year , doubling the value of the previous BBC contract . As required by broadcasting regulations , rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme were also sold : the BBC acquired this highlights package . Dawson praised Sky Sports ' past involvement with televised golf , explaining that `` the way people consume live sport is changing significantly and this new agreement ensures fans have a range of options for enjoying the championship on television and through digital channels '' . The BBC chose to opt out of the final year of its existing contract , making Sky Sports ' broadcast rights begin one year early , in 2016 . United States ( edit ) In the United States , ABC had historically held rights to the Open . Beginning in 2010 under an eight - year agreement , the Open moved exclusively to ABC 's sister pay television channel ESPN , with only tape - delayed highlights shown on ABC . In June 2015 , it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12 - year deal beginning in 2017 ; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel , with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage . The R&A cited NBC 's successful broadcasts of Premier League football , which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones , as an advantage of NBC 's acquisition of The Open . Similarly to the BBC , ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights , causing NBC 's rights to begin in 2016 instead . The 2018 edition of the Open Championship had a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States , with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday , and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday ; the Golf Channel cable network had a total of 34 hours of coverage , with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday , and 5 hours on Saturday and Sunday . The NBC broadcast network had a total of 15.5 hours of coverage on the weekend , with 8 hours Saturday , and 7.5 hours Sunday . The 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remained unchanged from 2017 , with the difference being that Golf Channel 's total coverage went down thirty minutes from 34.5 hours to 34 hours , and NBC 's total coverage went up thirty minutes from 15 hours to 15.5 hours . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Prestwick Golf Club details '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Joy , David ( June 2003 ) . `` Prestwick Golf Club '' . Links Magazine . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claret Jug '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryle Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Braid Taylor Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tooting Bec Cup '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Golf Championship '' . The Times . 10 July 1893 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship '' . The Times . 18 November 1907 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Golf Championship - Official announcement '' . The Times . 14 April 1915 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Championships '' . The Times . 22 May 1922 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gales and snow - Damage on east coast - Widespread flooding '' . The Times . 14 February 1938 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Golf - The Open and Amateur Championships - New Conditions '' . The Times . 12 February 1938 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Championships for 1940 '' . The Times . 21 January 1939 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Open : Press conference confirms Royal Portrush '' . BBC News . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush to host The 148th Open in 2019 '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Muirfield to lose right to host Open after vote against allowing women members '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal St George 's '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 150th Open '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship -- Entry Form '' ( PDF ) . theopen.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , Brian ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Dear American Twits , This Golf Event Is Properly Called ' The Open ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Shane ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Shane ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Championship : Royal Birkdale prize money to be paid in US dollars , not sterling '' . BBC.com. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Young Tom Morris gets 20 days older '' . PGA Tour . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know number 50 '' . The Open Championship . Archived from the original on 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GBP / USD - Pound to Dollar '' . FX Empire . 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live From The Open Championship : A New Era Begins for the R&A '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Takes Axon 's Cerebrum Back To The Open Golf Championship '' . TV Technology . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . March 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC could lose exclusive Open coverage rights as R&A ponders new deal '' . The Guardian . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Ewan ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` What would it mean for golf if the BBC lost the Open Championship ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Sky Sports wins rights to show Open Championship golf live from 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Open Championship : Sky wins rights ; BBC to show highlights '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ourand , John ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` NBC getting British Open a year early '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All four rounds of British Open shown live on ESPN beginning in ' 10 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ; Lombardo , John ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` NBC , Golf Channel ending ABC / ESPN British Open reign '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Open Championship ( golf ) . Book : Men 's major professional golf championships Official website Coverage on European Tour.com Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on PGA.com The Open Championship 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Open_Championship&oldid=854754480 '' Categories : The Open Championship Men 's major golf championships Golf tournaments in England Golf tournaments in Northern Ireland Golf tournaments in Scotland July sporting events 1860 establishments in Scotland Recurring sporting events established in 1860 National championships in the United Kingdom Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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List of Supergirl episodes
List of Supergirl episodes - wikipedia List of Supergirl episodes Jump to : navigation , search Supergirl is an American superhero action - adventure drama television series developed by Ali Adler , Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) , created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino , that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26 , 2015 . Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is the biological cousin to Superman and one of the last surviving Kryptonians . The series was officially picked up on May 6 , 2015 , and received a full season order on November 30 , 2015 . On May 12 , 2016 , Warner Bros. Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW , where it debuted on October 10 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which began airing on October 9 , 2017 . As of February 5 , 2018 , 55 episodes of Supergirl have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 20 October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) CBS 39 9.81 22 October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) The CW 129 3.12 23 October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Ali Adler & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ali Adler October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 276088 12.96 Before the destruction of the planet Krypton , Kal - El is sent to Earth along with his cousin Kara Zor - El . The planet 's implosion forces her ship off course and into the Phantom Zone for 24 years , before landing on Earth . Kal , now operating as the superhero Superman in Metropolis , puts Kara in the care of the Danvers in National City . Twelve years later , Kara , working at the media conglomerate CatCo , reveals her powers as a vigilante . She tells her co-worker , Winn Schott , about her secret and he starts aiding her . Her cold - hearted boss , Cat Grant , titles the vigilante `` Supergirl '' . Alex , Kara 's adoptive sister , is revealed to be working at the Department of Extra-Normal Operations ( DEO ) , under the leadership of Hank Henshaw , investigating alien activity . Kara learns that there are hundreds of aliens on Earth , most of whom came from a prison that was run by her mother , Alura . Her actions attract the attention of an alien called Vartox , and she is able to defeat him , although he then kills himself . James Olsen , another one of Kara 's colleagues , reveals that Kal sent him to look after her and presents her with a new cape . Vartox 's superior is revealed to be Astra In - Ze , Alura 's identical twin sister , who wants to conquer Earth . `` Stronger Together '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X7602 8.87 In an effort to put a positive image on Supergirl in the wake of a serious mishap , Kara asks Winn and James to help her perfect her skills , while Hank and Alex put Kara through extensive physical training . Kara learns that an alien of the Hellgrammite species who escaped from Fort Rozz , Alura 's prison , is on Earth searching for chlorine - based food . The DEO prepares an ambush for the Hellgrammite , but it escapes , kidnaps Alex , and takes her to Astra , who uses Alex as a trap for Kara . As Kara and Astra fight , Hank injures Astra with a Kryptonite knife and Alex kills the Hellgrammite . Learning that Kara has become more powerful than she had imagined and that humanity has a means of weakening Kryptonians , Astra muses that her `` plans '' may need to be postponed . Alex provides Kara with an interactive artificial intelligence of Alura 's consciousness . Meanwhile , Cat pressures James to get her an interview with Supergirl . In the end , Kara agrees to the interview and prevents James from getting fired . It is also revealed that Hank might have a secret of his own when his eyes glow red . `` Fight or Flight '' Dermott Downs Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X7603 8.07 During the interview with Cat , Kara accidentally reveals that she is Superman 's cousin . After Cat exposes the relationship , Kara is attacked by Reactron , who seeks to kill her in order to get his revenge on Superman , but she manages to send him fleeing . He later goes to LORD Technology labs and kidnaps Maxwell Lord to get him to fix his suit . Kara later learns that a reactor meltdown Superman stopped in the past killed Reactron 's wife . She goes to the hideout of Reactron , identified as Ben Krull , and manages to save Maxwell , only to get badly injured by Krull afterwards , but Superman comes to save her . She gets mad at James for calling Superman for help . During a party Cat organized , Krull breaks in to find Supergirl . While James distracts Reactron , Kara covers her hand in lead so that she can use it to safely remove the power core in Krull 's suit and defeat him . Kara , who has feelings for James , witnesses his ex-girlfriend , Lucy Lane , also Lois Lane 's younger sister , paying him a visit to restart their relationship . `` How Does She Do It ? '' Thor Freudenthal Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X7604 7.19 Cat leaves town , entrusting her son Carter to Kara . A bomber starts targeting Lord 's company . On the opening night of Lord 's new bullet train , Kara and the DEO find out about two bomb threats simultaneously , one at the airport and one on the train . The DEO goes to the airport , where Hank secretly uses his powers to deactivate the bomb . Kara goes to the train to save Carter , who is on it with the bomber . As she confronts the bomber , he claims that he is doing it for his daughter . He requests her to save the people on the train after he starts the timer , killing himself . At DEO headquarters , Alex finds a fail - safe in the bomb defused by Hank , who claimed it was just a decoy . Kara deduces that Lord was the one behind the bombings . As Supergirl , she confronts Lord , who implies that the threats were used to test her skills . He also vows to find the person important to her on the train . Meanwhile , James initially refuses to date Lucy , but Kara convinces him to return to her . 5 5 `` Livewire '' Kevin Tancharoen Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X7605 7.77 After fighting an alien escapee , Kara meets Alex at the apartment to greet the latter 's mother , Eliza , for Thanksgiving , inviting Winn due to his lack of plans . CatCo 's shock jock , Leslie Willis is demoted by Cat to traffic reporting after a controversial bashing of Supergirl . During a severe thunderstorm , Kara tries to save Leslie , but lightning strikes them both , imbuing Leslie with electromagnetic powers . Leslie takes the name `` Livewire '' and tries to take revenge on Cat , but Kara eventually stops her and she is imprisoned at the DEO . Cat and Kara become closer . Meanwhile , Alex tells Eliza in a fit of rage at the dinner table that she 's actually working for the DEO . Eliza reveals to Alex and Kara that her husband , Jeremiah , offered himself up to work for Henshaw in exchange for Kara 's safety and then died mysteriously . Alex and Kara decide to investigate Henshaw and find the truth about Jeremiah 's death . 6 6 `` Red Faced '' Jesse Warn Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 4X7606 8.02 Kara hurts a civilian due to her uncontrolled anger . Sam Lane , Lucy 's father and also a military general , arrives at the DEO with her as his attache , demanding Supergirl let them test her powers by fighting an android called Red Tornado , which is invented by T.O. Morrow . She overpowers Red Tornado , leading to Sam firing Morrow . Sam is later attacked by Red Tornado , but Kara saves him . The DEO realizes that Red Tornado is actually a drone controlled by Morrow . Alex and Kara engage Morrow and Red Tornado , respectively . Alex kills Morrow , making Red Tornado engage Kara without control . She uses her eyes enhanced by her rage to destroy it . Lucy resigns from military service in order to stay with James . Kara finds out that her powers have diminished when she cuts herself and starts bleeding . Meanwhile , Winn informs Kara and Alex that Jeremiah and Hank went on a mission in South America , where Jeremiah died , deducing that Hank is the last person to have seen him alive . 7 7 `` Human for a Day '' Larry Teng Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 4X7607 7.67 As Kara tries to adapt to life without her powers , an earthquake hits National City . Winn informs Kara that she needs a rise of adrenaline in her blood to regain her powers . The team begins saving the CatCo staff upstairs by the elevator shaft , from where James falls after saving everyone . Kara regains her powers and saves him before rushing to help the citizens . Winn becomes jealous of the intimacy between her and James . Afterwards , Kara is attacked by Astra and her operatives . Meanwhile , the earthquake causes a DEO prisoner called Jemm , who has psychic abilities to read and control minds , to escape . Hank locks the facility and takes a team to engage Jemm , with the former being the only survivor . That causes Alex to become more suspicious of Hank . She locks him in a room and engages Jemm alone , being overpowered . Hank arrives in time and kills him . He explains to her that he is the sole survivor of an alien species and his name is J'onn J'onzz . He killed the real Hank after the latter killed Jeremiah , who tried to save J'onn . He then assumed Hank 's shape and identity . 8 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' Karen Gaviola Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 4X7608 7.28 Kara is overpowered by Astra and escapes . In a second duel , the former defeats the latter and brings her to the DEO , where the latter states that all she wanted was to save Krypton , the same thing she wants for Earth . She also reveals that Alura used Kara on Krypton to arrest the former . Kara confronts the interactive artificial intelligence of Alura , who refuses to confirm that Astra 's plan could have worked . It is revealed that Astra wanted to get arrested in order to divert attention from her husband , Non , and his team from attacking LORD Technologies . Kara rushes there and engages him . Meanwhile , Cat 's emails are hacked and her personal information is leaked to the press . Kara finds out that the chairman of the board was behind the hack and provides Cat with evidence by the help of James , Lucy and Winn , leading to the chairman 's arrest . Kara also finds out from the leaks that Cat has a 24 - year old son named Adam Foster . Cat reveals to Kara that she has found out about the latter 's alter ego . 9 9 `` Blood Bonds '' Steve Shill Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 4X7609 8.75 Non overpowers Kara and leaves with Hank . Lord sends the DEO away from his facility , vowing to defend it himself , and returns to a secret experiment he is conducting . Non offers to trade Hank for Astra , but Sam , who is placed in charge of the DEO by the President , refuses . He tortures Astra for Non 's location , and walks into a trap placed by Non . Kara is distraught over both her defeat and the fact that Cat will fire her unless she is convinced that Kara is not Supergirl . Kara goes to the DEO and talks with Astra who tells her that Alura believed her claim that Krypton was doomed , but sentenced her for her illegal methods while promising to work for her cause . Alex and Kara make the trade over Lane 's objections and Astra orders Non to withdraw despite his numerical advantage . Sam and his men leave the DEO . Hank uses his shape - shifting power to present Cat with Kara and Supergirl simultaneously , casting doubt on her initial deduction of their identities . Kara , James and Winn decide to find the secret about Lord , who is shown in possession of an alien woman . 10 10 `` Childish Things '' Jamie Babbit Story by : Yahlin Chang Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 4X7610 8.77 Winn 's father , known as the Toyman , escapes from prison , leaving the former a message to meet him . Winn tells the FBI about it . They find it a trap , but Kara saves them . Winn reveals that his father 's boss , Chester Dunholtz , stole his toy designs , leading to the Toyman trying to kill Dunholtz , killing other people instead and going to jail . The Toyman kidnaps Winn , demanding him to attend a ceremony to kill Dunholtz and threatening to kill the other guests by the bombs he has planted . Kara manages to save the guests and have the Toyman arrested . Lucy accepts Cat 's job offer and Winn addresses his feelings to Kara . Meanwhile , Alex goes to dinner with Maxwell , giving Hank the chance to infiltrate LORD Technologies by shapeshifting into Maxwell . He finds the woman and takes pictures , but is forced to clear a security guard 's memory to escape without arousing suspicion . Maxwell is revealed to be monitoring Alex using a camera and microphone he planted on her purse . He finds out about Supergirl 's identity . 11 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' Glen Winter Michael Grassi & Caitlin Parrish January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 4X7611 7.90 Miranda Crane , an anti-alien Senator , arrives in National City and is attacked by an alien . Kara saves Crane and brings her to the DEO , where Hank reveals to Alex that the alien is a White Martian , whose species wiped out the Green Martians , Hank 's species . Kara finds out that the Crane inside the DEO is actually the White , who is a shapeshifter . The White escapes , abducting Alex . Hank proposes a trade of himself with Alex , which the White accepts . Kara interrupts the exchange , giving Hank the chance to attempt to kill the White , but Kara dissuades him and the White is incarcerated in the DEO . Crane withdraws from her anti-alien initiative . Meanwhile , Kara and Winn become distant to each other . Adam pays a visit to Cat due to receiving a letter , which was actually written by Kara . Adam and Cat find it hard to develop a relationship , but Kara later helps them reconcile . Adam asks Kara on a date , which she accepts . An identical Supergirl appears in National City . 12 12 `` Bizarro '' John Showalter Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Rachel Shukert February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X7612 6.68 It is revealed that the new Supergirl is the woman Maxwell has been experimenting on and has brainwashed her with the sole purpose of killing the prime Supergirl . Cat titles her `` Bizarro '' , who later witnesses Supergirl saving civilians and realizing that Supergirl is not a bad person , as Maxwell has dictated to her . However , Maxwell convinces her to continue hunting Supergirl . Bizarro attacks Kara when she is out with Adam , making her realize that Maxwell knows her identity . The DEO uses Kryptonite on Bizarro , whose face gets deformed instead and manages to escape . Kara decides to end her relationship with Adam . Maxwell advises Bizarro to use a person Supergirl cares about , so she kidnaps James . Kara arrives and engages her before Alex uses a modified Kryptonite to weaken Bizarro , who is rendered unconscious and kept in the DEO . Alex brings Maxwell to the DEO and locks him up , so he threatens Eliza indirectly . Back at her apartment , Kara is attacked by an unknown creature . 13 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X7613 7.92 The creature , which is known as the Black Mercy , places Kara in a dreamlike state that has her imagining she is back on Krypton . The Black Mercy is part of a plot by Non , who is using Earth 's technology to launch `` Myriad '' , which he and Astra are planning to use to wipe out humanity . Astra secretly informs Alex of the Black Mercy , and the latter enlists the help of Hank , Winn , Maxwell , and James to save Kara , with Alex entering Kara 's mind to pull her out and bring her back to reality . When Kara comes back , she seeks revenge on Non and stops him , who escapes with after revealing the word `` Myriad '' . Elsewhere , Astra engages Alex and Hank , who fights as the Martian Manhunter . The former overpowers him before Alex impales her with a Kryptonite sword , killing her . Kara arrives and Hank tells her that he killed Astra instead of Alex , who starts to feel guilty over whether she should tell Kara the truth . Non vows revenge on Kara in the wake of Astra 's death . 14 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' Lexi Alexander Story by : Michael Grassi Teleplay by : Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X7614 7.25 Kara and Non pay their final respects to Astra , and he vows to kill her after he finishes mourning . Kara , Alex , and J'onn track down an armored alien known as the Master Jailer , whom they discover was a guard at Fort Rozz . He has become a vigilante who kills the alien fugitives , including those convicted of non-violent crimes such as a professor sentenced for drug smuggling . Kara confronts the Jailer , but he takes her prisoner and plans to execute her for not joining him . The DEO pinpoints their location and Kara is able to save the professor and defeat the Jailer . Alura refuses to reveal anything about Myriad and Kara realizes she can not forgive J'onn for killing Astra . Meanwhile , Cat assigns James and Lucy to investigate Maxwell 's disappearance . Tensions between James and Lucy develop after he reveals his knowledge of the DEO and friendship with Supergirl . The DEO releases Maxwell , threatening to disclose his criminal activity if he reveals Supergirl 's identity or the DEO 's location . Kara finds competition in Cat 's new `` first assistant '' Siobhan Smythe . 15 15 `` Solitude '' Dermott Downs Story by : Rachel Shukert Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X7615 6.69 A hacker steals the personal information of several people and gives it to Cat for disclosure , which she refuses . The hacker , turned out to be an alien named Indigo with the ability to use the internet for traveling , announces her decision to destroy National City . Kara leaves the DEO and enlists the help of James and Lucy to stop Indigo while the DEO enlists Winn for it . Lucy realizes that Indigo 's intention in the hacking was only one person , a military general with access to the nuclear arsenal . Indigo infiltrates the nuclear base using the general 's cell phone and launches a missile towards National City . Kara stops it using the DEO 's help . Winn uploads a virus to Indigo , destroying her after she reveals to Kara that it was she who helped Kara 's ship exit the Phantom Zone. , which in turn facilitated Fort Rozz 's expulsion . Kara decides to rejoin the DEO , and Alex reveals the truth about Astra , being forgiven by Kara . Lucy ends her relationship with James , accusing him of loving Kara . Winn and Siobhan develop a relationship . Non recovers Indigo 's pieces and revives her . 16 16 `` Falling '' Larry Teng Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X7616 6.53 After helping fight a warehouse fire , Supergirl inadvertently comes into contact with Red Kryptonite which ovrerides her inhibitions . Kara / Supergirl soon becomes more cold , shallow , and cynical , which causes Winn , Jimmy , Alex , and even Cat to wonder what is going on with her . Kara even goes so far as to rat out the back - stabbing Siobhan by leaking information that Siobhan has been contacting the Daily Planet for information on Supergirl 's actions , which results in Cat terminating Siobhan 's employment . It soon turns out that Maxwell Lord created the so - called Red Kryptonite , in the hopes of stopping Non 's next attack . After the compromised Supergirl makes an attempt on Cat 's life , Cat goes on TV and denounces Supergirl . Alex and Maxwell are forced to form an uneasy alliance while he tries to help the DEO stop Supergirl . After a climactic battle downtown , the DEO is able to subdue and cure Supergirl , but at the price of Hank revealing himself as the Martian Manhunter . 17 17 `` Manhunter '' Chris Fisher Story by : Derek Simon Teleplay by : Cindy Lichtman & Rachel Shukert March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X7617 6.00 While Kara is trying to win back National City 's trust , the hot - headed Marine Colonel James Harper ( guest star Eddie McClintock ) begins an investigation into the J'onn affair with Lucy , having re-enlisted into the Army at her previous rank of Major , as his legal assistant . Hank / J'onn J'onzz then tells the backstory about how he first met Jeremiah Danvers ( guest star Dean Cain ) 10 years earlier while he and Hank were on a mission in South America to find him and how J'onn took his identity to oversee the DEO . After her interrogation , the vindictive Lucy implicates Alex with her knowledge about J'onn's real identity . After learning that Hank and Alex are on their way to Project Cadmus , Kara finally tells Lucy that she is Supergirl and convinces her to help rescue Hank and Alex . Hank learns that Jeremiah is still alive , so he and Alex go on the run to find him , but not before manipulating Harper into resigning from the Marines and appointing Lucy as the acting director of the DEO . Meanwhile , Siobhan tries to get revenge on Kara for getting her fired , but gets caught by Winn and discovers that she has the power to sonic scream . 18 18 `` Worlds Finest '' Nick Gomez Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Michael Grassi March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X7618 7.17 Siobhan discovers that the women in her family are cursed with the spirit of a banshee , which can only be quieted by killing whoever wronged them . Deciding to kill Kara , Siobhan frees Livewire from captivity at the DEO and suggests they team up to kill both Kara and Cat . Siobhan -- now calling herself Silver Banshee -- and Livewire kidnap Cat and wreak havoc on National City Park . Meanwhile , Supergirl has a run - in with Barry Allen / Flash , a superhero from a parallel Earth ( Earth - 1 ) , whom she asks for his help to find Livewire and Silver Banshee . After a climatic fight in a downtown park , Kara is able to subdue them and win back National City 's trust . At the end , Kara discovers that everyone in National City has fallen under some kind of spell , revealed by Non to be the result of Myriad . This episode is a crossover with The Flash . 19 19 `` Myriad '' Adam Kane Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X7619 6.12 The Myriad effect has taken over National City and even Superman is under control , leaving Kara , Cat , and Maxwell as the only ones immune . Now , Kara must find a way to stop Non , but Maxwell is looking at destroying the Kryptonians with a Kryptonite bomb even at the risk of killing other humans . Cat objects and prompts Kara to find an alternative . The effect brings fugitives Alex and J'onn back after Alex tells Eliza the truth about Jeremiah and Hank Henshaw . When Indigo senses the two returning , she defeats J'onn , but takes Alex and places her under mind control as Non 's payback for Astra 's death . 20 20 `` Better Angels '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X7620 6.11 Kara fights with Alex , who is controlled by Non . When Alex is about to kill Kara with the same Kryptonian sword used to kill Astra , their mother pleads with her to stop , breaking Non 's control over Alex . The team learns that hope is the key to stopping Myriad . Supergirl inspires the citizens of National City , waking them from the Myriad trance . However , Non is convinced by Indigo to kill all the humans on Earth by increasing Myriad 's frequency . Back at the DEO , Max warns Kara that she might not survive a solo fight with Non and Indigo ; J'onn later insists on helping her . Kara and J'onn confront Non and Indigo at Fort Rozz , which is powering Myriad . Kara defeats Non in a heat vision battle and J'onn rips Indigo 's body apart . As Indigo dies , she reveals that she locked the system so Myriad can not be shut down . Kara flies Fort Rozz into space , rendering Myriad harmless ; Alex rescues her using Kara 's pod . Afterward , J'onn is reinstated as the Director of the DEO and Cat gives Kara a promotion . While Kara celebrates at her house , another pod similar to the one in which Kara came to Earth crashes near National City . Kara opens the pod and is shocked by what is inside it . Notes ^ Jump up to : Following the November 2015 Paris attacks , the episode `` How Does She Do It ? '' , which features content similar to the attacks and was originally scheduled to air as the fourth episode of the season on November 16 , 2015 , was pulled from its scheduled airing . In its place , the episode `` Livewire '' , which was originally scheduled to air as the fifth episode on November 23 , 2015 , was aired . `` How Does She Do It ? '' then aired as the fifth episode on November 23 . For the season 's home media release , the episodes were restored to their original production order , which is how the episodes are presented here . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20151 3.06 Kara finds an unknown young man lying unconscious in the pod and takes him to DEO . She prepares for a date with James just as the commercial spacecraft , the Venture , is launched into space . It suffers engine failure and descends to Earth , but Kara saves the craft with help from Superman . They discover the main target was Lena Luthor , the new CEO of Luthor Corp after her brother , Lex , was convicted of numerous crimes . In a ceremony where she renames the company L - Corp , she is attacked again by John Corben , an assassin . Alex engages him while Kara and Clark stop a building from collapsing . Corben reveals he was working for Lex before he is shot by Lena . Kara chooses to be a reporter for CatCo , a decision supported by Cat . Kara and James decide to keep their relationship friendly . Winn is formally hired to work at the DEO . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals to Alex that he was the one who found the first cluster of Kryptonite and decided to keep it against the wishes of Clark , who wanted to destroy it . At Project Cadmus , the organization 's leader revives Corben and begins turning him into a being called Metallo . 22 `` The Last Children of Krypton '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20152 2.66 Kara and Clark continue operating together in National City before he decides to return to Metropolis . When they encounter Corben , who has turned into Project Cadmus ' prototypical cyborg , his Kryptonite - based powers pose a serious threat . The DEO deduces that there is a mole who smuggled the kryptonite out . During a subsequent encounter with Corben , another Metallo prototype goes on a rampage in Metropolis without opposition . Alex finds the mole , but he is killed by Cadmus 's leader , a scientist who intends to destroy aliens . Winn builds anti-kryptonite gear for Kara and Clark , who manage to defeat the Metallos with the help of Alex and Hank . Kara promises the Cadmus leader she will find her . Hank entrusts the remaining kryptonite to Clark , who returns to Metropolis . Meanwhile , Cat introduces Kara to the latter 's new boss , Snapper Carr , who does not like her and refuses to give her an assignment . Cat advises her to solve the problem herself and announces that she has decided to leave CatCo , leaving James in charge . Kara manages to prove her value to Snapper , who agrees to teach her . At the DEO , the alien man regains consciousness and attacks Kara . 23 `` Welcome to Earth '' Rachel Talalay Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20153 2.65 The alien man escapes the DEO . As President Olivia Marsdin arrives in National City to sign an act giving all aliens amnesty , she is attacked by an unknown alien with the power to shoot fiery energy , believed to be the escapee . Alex encounters police detective Maggie Sawyer at the crime scene , who takes her to a secret bar hosting aliens . Winn discovers the DEO escapee is from Daxam , Krypton 's sister planet . Kara defeats the Daxamite and returns him to the DEO . She is uncharacteristically hostile towards him , prejudging his intentions because of a long feud between the Kryptonians and Daxamites . The President is attacked again while signing the Alien Amnesty Act ; the assailant is revealed to be a woman , Scorch , who is defeated by Kara , Alex , and Maggie . Kara releases the Daxamite , who introduces himself as Mon - El . She tells him that Daxam 's population was annihilated and that Daxam is a wasteland due to Krypton 's destruction . Olivia briefly flashes an alien face as she leaves , unbeknownst to the members of the DEO . Meanwhile , Kara interviews Lena , who reveals that L - Corp has invented an alien detection device . In the bar , Hank encounters M'gann M'orzz , a female Green Martian . 24 `` Survivors '' James Marshall James Bamford Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20154 2.22 J'onn asks that Mon - El stay at the DEO until he is fully examined . An alien body is found and the DEO track down the murderer , who is then kidnapped by unknown armed men . Maggie and Alex track him down to a secret facility where a woman , Veronica Sinclair ( also known as Roulette ) , hosts rich and powerful people . The aliens are forced to duel , sometimes to the death . They spot M'gann as a contestant before Kara intervenes and is attacked by an alien called Draaga , who overpowers her and escapes . J'onn confronts M'gann , who confesses her intense guilt for having survived the extinction of her species . Veronica abducts J'onn with M'gann's help . Using Lena , Kara finds the fight club 's new address , where J'onn and M'gann are forced to duel until J'onn convinces her to stop blaming herself and she refuses to continue . When they are attacked by Draaga , Kara arrives and defeats him thanks to Mon - El 's advice . She dissuades the other aliens from protecting Veronica , who is arrested but later released by orders from on high . M'gann secretly shapeshifts to reveal that she is a White Martian . 25 5 `` Crossfire '' Glen Winter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20155 2.47 A group of robbers , led by Chet Miner , starts challenging Supergirl using alien guns . Cadmus demands the repealing of the Amnesty as a solution . Kara deduces that Cadmus is arming Miner 's team . Lena holds a fundraiser which is attacked by Miner and his men . She reveals to Winn that the fundraiser was a ruse for the robbers and they activate a device that destroys the alien weapons , leading to the robbers ' arrest . Miner and his team are killed by Cadmus before he can expose them . The leader of Cadmus is revealed to be Lillian , Lena 's adoptive mother . Meanwhile , Kara takes Mon - El to CatCo for work , but he continuously ignores her commands , leading to him being fired . Alex convinces her to let him choose his own path . James starts operating as a vigilante . Winn finds out and initially reprimands him , but finally decides to help , intending to make a suit for him . Alex learns that Maggie has broken up with her girlfriend and tries to cheer her up , with Maggie realizing Alex is a lesbian and Alex herself accepting that fact . 26 6 `` Changing '' Larry Teng Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Caitlin Parrish November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20156 2.35 In Norway , a group of scientists led by Dr. Jones discover an abnormal wolf corpse , resulting in the mysterious murder of all of the scientists except Jones , who is revealed to be infected by a parasite . The DEO finds out that Jones killed the other scientists . Kara gets angry with Mon - El when she finds out that he has been using his powers to make money . The DEO predicts Jones ' next target and Kara and J'onn attempt to stop him , but he drains their powers , becomes larger and stronger , and escapes , leaving the pair weakened and unconscious and J'onn near death . Alex convinces M'gann to donate blood in order to save J'onn . Jones attacks his target again , but Mon - El intervenes . With his suit ready , James arrives to fight Jones too , taking the alias `` Guardian . '' Kara regains consciousness and attacks Jones , using Plutonium 239 , which he absorbs , causing him to overload with energy and implode . James convinces Winn not to tell Kara about his alter ego . Mon - El is abducted by Cadmus . Meanwhile , Alex tells Kara about her feelings for Maggie . Kara encourages her to tell Maggie how she feels , but Maggie reveals that she would prefer to remain friends , upsetting Alex . 27 7 `` The Darkest Place '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Paula Yoo November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20157 2.61 A new vigilante appears and starts killing some of the criminals . Mon - El continues his escape plans . Lillian demands Kara come to Cadmus . Kara is overpowered by the real Hank , who is enhanced and called the `` Cyborg Superman . '' Winn helps identify vigilante criminal targets with James help to try and stop the serial killer . Lillian forces Kara to deplete her powers , giving the former the chance to take blood samples . Mon - El watches as Kara solar flares with depleted powers for Lillian . Jeremiah saves Kara and Mon - El and helps them escape by staying behind . Kara finally approves of the Guardian , unaware of his true identity only known to Alex . Mon - El recognises feelings for Kara . Cyborg Superman arrives at the Fortress of Solitude demanding to know about the `` Medusa '' project . Meanwhile , J'onn begins having hallucinations about M'gann locked in the DEO . She warns him about the transfusion . Alex finally accepts Maggie . 28 8 `` Medusa '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Derek Simon November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20158 3.53 Cyborg Superman unleashes a virus in the alien bar , killing every alien there except Mon - El , who is quarantined by the DEO . Eliza Danvers , visiting for Thanksgiving , determines that the virus is Kryptonian . At the Fortress of Solitude , Kara learns that Henshaw was after `` Medusa '' , a virus created by her father , Zor - El , to kill non-Kryptonians in case of alien invasion . At L - Corp , she stops Henshaw from getting the isotope required to disperse Medusa . Lena refuses to help when Kara reveals that Lillian is Cadmus ' leader . Later , Lena willingly gives Lillian the isotope . Kara and J'onn confront the Luthors and Henshaw before Medusa is disseminated via rocket launcher . J'onn fights Henshaw , becoming a White Martian , while Kara chases the rocket , which explodes and disperses Medusa . However , Lena has double - crossed Lillian and rendered the virus inert . Lillian is arrested , but Henshaw escapes . Eliza cures Mon - El and uses Medusa to restore J'onn's Green Martian form . Alex comes out to Eliza , who supports her . Later , Maggie and Alex kiss after Maggie admits she does have feelings for Alex . An unknown alien race is searching for Mon - El . Barry Allen and Cisco Ramon arrive from their Earth to enlist Kara 's help . This episode ends with a scene setting up the crossover event `` Invasion ! '' that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' Kevin Smith Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Eric Carrasco & Jess Kardos January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20159 2.65 Winn gets beaten aiding James , leading the former to believe he is not fit for field work . Kara starts investigating a strange series of missing persons . The DEO tracks the kidnappings to a fake clinical trial run by aliens . Searching for the missing people , Kara and Mon - El pass through a portal and land on the planet Maaldoria , epicenter of the slave trade . Realizing that they will not have their powers due to Maaldoria 's red sun , the pair tracks the kidnappees to a fortress , intentionally getting captured to wind up in the same cell as the others . They learn that Roulette is involved in the trafficking . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals that the Maaldorian atmosphere is lethal to Martians , making Alex the lead on the rescue team . She convinces Winn to join her , despite his misgivings . Kara incites a riot and the prisoners lock Roulette and her Maaldorian accomplice in the cell before escaping . After reuniting with the DEO , they get to the portal and return to Earth . Winn accepts his potential , while Mon - El , whom the Maaldorians intentionally allowed to leave , decides to become a superhero . An alien group is revealed to be searching for Mon - El . Maggie tells Alex about her knowledge of Kara 's alter ego . 30 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Rebecca Johnson Caitlin Parrish & Katie Rose Rogers January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20160 2.35 Kara starts training Mon - El . Leslie is found to be out of prison . Kara and Mon - El go off to engage Livewire , but it turns out to be another woman , who attacks the pair with a male of the same abilities . Mon - El ignores Kara 's instructions to protect the civilians , choosing to save her instead . The Guardian arrives and aids them . Their adversaries escape and Kara finds out about James ' alter ego , scolding him and Winn . She also gets angry with Mon - El for prioritizing her over the others . The DEO learns that Leslie was actually abducted from incarceration . Winn locates her . James and Mon - El rush there to prove themselves . The duo is captured by a scientist who has been draining Leslie 's powers and giving them to his subjects . Kara arrives and saves them , freeing Leslie and dissuading her from killing the scientist in exchange for allowing her to escape . Kara rejects James ' offer for cooperation in vigilantism . Mon - El confirms his feelings for her . Meanwhile , M'gann loses consciousness . J'onn agrees to bond with her . In a shared memory , he tells her that she is forgiven . She regains consciousness and J'onn frees her . She reveals that the White Martians are searching for her . 31 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) T13. 20161 2.43 J'onn starts following M'gann so as to protect her . Armek , her former mate , comes to Earth with orders to take her back to Mars for execution and gives her two hours to surrender before he goes after her friends . Fearful , J'onn decides to bring her to the DEO for protection . The real M'gann shows up , revealing the other one to be Armek in disguise , forcing J'onn to put the DEO into lockdown . Assuming Winn 's identity , Armek initiates a meltdown in the building 's nuclear reactor while another White Martian posing as Alex ambushes Kara . J'onn and M'gann free the real Winn and Alex and confront Armek , killing him with a metal pole . Winn fixes the reactor in time and Alex helps Kara subdue the other Martian . Afterwards , M'gann informs J'onn that she intends to return to her home planet in order to reform her people . Encouraged by Alex , Kara tries to ask Mon - El out on a date , only to find that he already has a relationship with Eve . 32 12 `` Luthors '' Tawnia McKiernan Robert Rovner & Cindy Lichtman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) T13. 20162 2.52 Lena testifies against Lillian , and Kara encourages her to visit Lillian , who reveals that she is her husband 's daughter from another woman . A package of synthetic kryptonite is sent to Corben . While testifying , he attacks the court and frees Lillian . A faked video is leaked showing Lena stealing the kryptonite and she is arrested on suspicion of helping Lillian . Corben breaks her out . Kara remains the only person to believe in Lena 's innocence . Lillian takes Lena to a remote facility set up by Lex before his imprisonment and forces her to access a stockpile of alien weapons , several of which she takes . Kara arrives and intervenes . Winn determines that the synthetic kryptonite is becoming increasingly unstable and will soon explode . Kara manages to save Lena before Corben self - destructs while Lillian and Henshaw escape by helicopter . Lena is exonerated , but begins contemplating her relationship with her family , especially Lex . Kara and Mon - El , who had a disastrous date with Teschmacher , confess their feelings for each other at her apartment when a man calling himself Mister Mxyzptlk arrives and declares his love for her . Meanwhile , Alex introduces Maggie to the group as her girlfriend . 33 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Sterling Gates February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) T13. 20163 2.24 Mxyzptlk , an imp from the fifth dimension who can manipulate reality , proposes marriage to Kara , whose refusal he sees as a challenge . Mon - El suggests killing Mxyzptlk , which she rejects . Mxyzptlk summons Parasite to attack National City before killing it in order to impress her . Mon - El inadvertently reveals that another way to remove imps is by getting them to say or spell their names backwards . Later , Winn discovers a device in the DEO 's collection that is connected to the same fifth dimensional energy from which Mxyzptlk draws power . Mon - El attempts to use it to duel with Mxyzptlk to the death . Mxyzptlk eventually gains the upper hand and tries to kill Mon - El , only for Kara to arrive and agree to marry him . He later arrives at the Fortress of Solitude for their wedding , but Kara states that she will not marry him . Angered , he attacks her , but she stops the battle by locking the fortress down and activating the self - destruct sequence . Mxyzptlk begs for the code to stop the countdown but , after inputting the code , realizes that it spells his name backwards , vanquishing him . Mon - El and Kara develop a romance . Meanwhile , Winn starts dating Lyra Strayd , an alien from Starhaven , and Alex and Maggie celebrate their first Valentine 's Day together . 34 14 `` Homecoming '' Larry Teng Caitlin Parrish & Derek Simon February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) T13. 20164 2.17 The DEO receives an alarm regarding a convoy departing from Cadmus . Kara and J'onn investigate and rescue a chained Jeremiah , who claims Cadmus has created a fusion bomb using energy from her heat vision . He persuades J'onn to reinstate him back at the DEO , which makes Mon - El suspicious , causing friction between him and Kara . He persuades Winn to watch Jeremiah , who attempts to access the DEO 's database , alerting Winn . After confronting Jeremiah , Kara is hesitant to accept his excuse , while Alex believes him . Winn locates the purported bomb , but the DEO finds nothing at the location . J'onn realizes he can not read Jeremiah 's mind and that he is working for Cadmus , having been cybernetically enhanced . Jeremiah overpowers J'onn and downloads information from the mainframe before escaping . Kara and Alex confront Jeremiah , Lillian , and Henshaw , and Kara rushes to save a train that Cadmus endangered while Alex goes after the trio . Jeremiah escapes due to Alex 's reluctance to shoot him . Winn later determines that Jeremiah downloaded the list of all the registered aliens in the country . 35 15 `` Exodus '' Michael Allowitz Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) T13. 20165 2.16 Cadmus begins abducting aliens , so Kara asks Snapper to publish an article , but he insists on verifying her sources . When Supergirl confirms the story but refuses to reveal her own source , Snapper refuses to publish . Alex 's bias towards Jeremiah leads to J'onn suspending her , but Maggie decides to help her find him . They stop a Cadmus team from abducting an alien and find Cadmus ' holding site . Lena also finds out about the site before Lillian 's operatives attempt to stop her , but Kara manages to save Lena . At the Cadmus site , Alex is captured and Jeremiah reveals that Cadmus is planning to deport the aliens to another planet in a large spaceship . Meanwhile , Kara publishes the story on a blog , forcing Lillian to deport the aliens she already has . Alex convinces Jeremiah to help her stop the launch and , while he engages Cadmus operatives , she enters the ship and frees the aliens , but they are locked inside by another gate before the ship launches , programmed to accelerate to light speed once exiting the atmosphere . Supergirl arrives and manages to stop the ship . Snapper fires Kara from CatCo , while Alex is reinstated by J'onn . Daxamites arrive near the Moon . 36 16 `` Star - Crossed '' John Medlen Katie Rose Rogers & Jess Kardos March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) T13. 20166 2.07 The Daxamites demand the humans relinquish Mon - El , who surrenders . Kara accompanies him and learns that Mon - El is actually the Prince of Daxam . The ship is commanded by his parents , who want him to lead his people and rebuild Daxam . Kara becomes angry with Mon - El for lying to her . She and Mon - El return to Earth . He apologizes several times , but to no avail . She eventually ends the relationship . Mon - El demands his parents leave him and Earth . Meanwhile , Winn and Lyra break into an art museum for a tryst . He is later arrested by Maggie , who reveals that a painting is missing . Alex convinces Maggie to give them 24 hours to prove Winn 's innocence . They find and capture Lyra , who reveals that her brother , Bastian , owes a large sum to a smuggler named Mandrax . She steals paintings to pay down Bastian 's debt . Winn frees Lyra as part of a sting operation . The DEO and Guardian then confront and arrest Mandrax and free Bastian . Winn later forgives Lyra 's dishonesty . The DEO has captured a new alien , who quickly hypnotizes Kara and escapes to Earth - 1 to fight Barry . Kara wakes up in a hallucination where she is a lounge singer . This episode is a crossover with The Flash season 3 episode 17 . The scene at the end of the episode sets up the crossover . 37 17 `` Distant Sun '' Kevin Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) T13. 20167 2.21 Kara is attacked by a series of alien bounty hunters . Mon - El suspects his parents are responsible and hope that he will abandon Earth if Kara is dead . His suspicion is confirmed after J'onn telepathically interrogates one of the hunters . Kara suggests she and Mon - El meet with Rhea , his mother , to change her mind . However , Rhea refuses to listen and tries to kill Kara using Kryptonite , so Mon - El agrees to leave Earth if she spares Kara 's life . Against President Marsdin 's orders , J'onn helps Kara rescue Mon - El from his parents ' ship and , after a fierce battle , King Lar Gand agrees to let Mon - El stay on Earth . Marsdin is revealed to be an alien . Rhea kills Lar Gand for what she views as his betrayal and vows to return to Earth to reclaim Mon - El . Meanwhile , after an encounter with an ex-girlfriend of Maggie 's , Alex learns that Maggie neglected to tell her that she cheated on the woman , prompting a frank discussion in which Alex asks Maggie to trust her with her secrets . 38 18 `` Ace Reporter '' Armen V. Kevorkian Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) T13. 20168 1.80 Lena invites Kara to a press conference being held by her former boyfriend Jack Spheer , who unveils Biomax , a new nanobot technology that can heal human ailments . After the conference , Kara is approached and told the human trials of Biomax were faked , but her source is killed by the nanobots before she is told more . Kara and Mon - El crash Lena and Jack 's dinner date and take Jack 's keycard for his office , discovering footage showing Jack injecting Biomax into himself . Kara later shows the footage to Lena , who confronts Jack and discovers he is being controlled by his CFO Beth Breen via the side effect of the nanobots , loss of free will . Supergirl then turns up to save Lena , but when the former is trapped by the nanobots , Lena is forced to deactivate them , killing Jack in the process . Breen is incarcerated and Snapper rehires Kara at CatCo for providing the Biomax story . Lena is visited by Rhea . Meanwhile , Winn brings Lyra onto the team with him and Guardian , causing tensions that lead to Lyra leaving the team . James returns her to the team with the condition that she follow his instructions . 39 19 `` Alex '' Rob Greenlea Eric Carrasco & Greg Baldwin May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20169 1.75 Alex is abducted by a person who demands the release of Peter Thompson , a man serving a life sentence for several felonies . The kidnapper is identified as Rick Malverne , Thompson 's son and also a childhood friend of the Danvers , having deduced Kara 's alter ego on his own . Rick is captured and taken to the DEO . Alex sends a location to Winn , but when Kara rushes to the coordinates , the trap triggers an alarm , causing water to start filling Alex 's cell . While the DEO and Kara refuse to negotiate with Rick , Maggie tries to break Thompson out of prison before being confronted by Kara , who convinces Thompson to reveal Alex 's location . Kara and Maggie manage to rescue Alex in time and Alex and Maggie profess their love for each other . J'onn decides to wipe Rick 's memory . Meanwhile , Rhea gives Lena the schematics of a high - tech device for transporting matter . Lena soon deduces that Rhea is an alien and becomes angry , but Rhea manages to convince her to continue working with her . 40 20 `` City of Lost Children '' Ben Bray Story by : Robert Rovner Teleplay by : Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20170 1.88 James becomes discouraged with being Guardian when he realizes that those he helps are afraid of him . The DEO investigates a Phorian woman who uses her telekinetic powers to cause rampage . James tracks down her son , Marcus , who refuses to speak with anyone but James , who spends time bonding with him . With Rhea 's encouragement , Lena completes the matter transporter , which Rhea activates , causing Marcus to nearly destroy the office with his powers . Afterwards , the DEO discovers Rhea and Lena 's involvement and that Marcus 's mother 's `` attack '' was unintentional on her part . Marcus leads James and Winn to his mother , who is with a large group of Phorians . Rhea reactivates the transporter , causing the Phorians to lose control . James manages to calm Marcus , who in turn calms the others . Kara , J'onn , and Mon - El attempt to shut down the transporter , but are unsuccessful . Mon - El confronts Rhea , but hesitates to kill her . The transporter brings a massive fleet of Daxamite ships to conquer Earth and transform it into `` New Daxam '' . Rhea then teleports herself , Mon - El , and Lena to her ship . 41 21 `` Resist '' Millicent Shelton Jessica Queller & Derek Simon May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20171 1.93 The Daxamites launch a full invasion of National City , killing and arresting civilians . They also attack the DEO , but Alex and Winn manage to escape . Mon - El learns that he has to marry Lena in order to unite the people of Earth with Daxam . On Air Force One , Marsdin and Cat contact Rhea and demand their withdrawal , but the Daxamite fleet fires on them . Kara saves Cat and they discover that Marsdin is an alien , a refugee from the planet Durla . She tasks the DEO with destroying the Daxamite mother ship with a special cannon . Hesitant to do so , Kara turns to Cadmus for a way into the ship . Cat and Winn stage a distraction , inciting a civilian riot against the Daxamites , while Kara , Hank , and Lillian use a Phantom Zone projector to board the ship . Alex and Maggie regain control of the cannon , while the Luthors escape and try to disable the projector . Having predicted that , Supergirl is able to send Mon - El to safety and goes to confront Rhea , who reveals that she has taken control of Superman and has him attack Kara . 42 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20172 2.12 Rhea used Silver Kryptonite to manipulate Kal 's senses , causing Kara to appear to be General Zod . Kara eventually overpowers and takes him to the Fortress , where a recovered Kal finds a way to end the invasion . Kara challenges Rhea to Dakkam Ur , a rite in which two leaders duel and the loser concedes the war , accepted by Rhea . Lillian , Lena and Winn build a device to disperse lead into the atmosphere . As lead is lethal to Daxamites , it would make the planet uninhabitable to them . With Mon - El 's approval , Kara tells the DEO to use it if she loses . During the duel , Rhea resumes the invasion . M'gann returns with other benevolent White Martians and J'onn awakens to join the battle . Rhea claims the invasion will not stop even if she loses , so Kara launches the device , killing Rhea and forcing the fleet to leave . Kara puts Mon - El in a pod and sends him away from Earth . Cat reassumes her position at CatCo and Alex asks Maggie to marry her . In deep space , Mon - El 's pod is drawn into a wormhole . In flashbacks to Krypton 's destruction , an unknown faction sends another infant to Earth in order to `` reign . '' Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Girl of Steel '' Jesse Warn Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20651 1.87 Kara has been dreaming of Mon - El and has become obsessive with her vigilantism , ignoring downtime with others in her life . Lena and James oppose industrialist Morgan Edge regarding his plan for waterfront housing estates . James is running CatCo with Cat serving as White House Press Secretary and Snapper on sabbatical . Kara quits CatCo , believing she needs to prioritize being Supergirl and pushing away Alex , who is making plans to marry Maggie . Edge hires criminal Bloodsport to attack the unveiling of a Supergirl statue by the waterfront with a submarine , forcing Kara to go underwater to stop them . When she passes out , her dream of Mon - El rallies her and she stops the attack . In order to nullify Edge 's attempts to buy CatCo and silence it , Lena buys it herself . Kara decides to return to CatCo and rejoins her friends . Meanwhile , Samantha Arias , a woman whom Alex helped at the waterfront , wakes up after a dream with a disturbing creature . 44 `` Triggers '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20652 1.76 Kara battles a powerful metahuman bank robber called Psi , who can evoke her victims ' deepest fears , forcing Kara to struggle with her memories of Krypton 's destruction and her guilt over Mon - El . After Winn 's psychic dampener fails , Kara finally overcomes her fear and arrests Psi . Lena decides to run CatCo personally , taking James by surprise and creating friction with Kara , who initially has difficulty separating work and their friendship . Samantha Arias ' daughter , Ruby , deliberately puts herself in danger to test whether her mother has superpowers , but she is rescued by Kara . Samantha begins to question who she is and her origins and becomes Lena 's replacement at L - Corp , acting as its CFO . Alex learns that Maggie seems to not want children . J'onn receives a telepathic summons from M'gann , urging him to come to Mars immediately . 45 `` Far From the Tree '' Dermott Downs Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20653 1.76 J'onn tells Kara and Alex about M'gann's message , and she convinces him to take Kara for help . The two journey to Mars in his spaceship , encountering M'gann and the `` resistance '' . They found J'onn's father , M'yrnn , who is being coerced into giving the White Martians the location of the Staff of Kolar , a psychic weapon that can defeat the resistance . J'onn rescues M'yrnn , who initially believes J'onn is a White Martian in disguise . Eventually , Kara convinces M'yrnn to let J'onn prove his identity . Having acquired the location , the resistance defeats White Martian operatives . The recovered staff is entrusted to J'onn , who returns to Earth with M'yrnn and Kara . Meanwhile , Eliza throws Alex and Maggie a bridal shower . Alex convinces Maggie to invite her father , who comes but still can not tolerate her homosexuality . She tells him that she no longer needs him because she now has a family who accepts her . However , she confirms to Alex that she does not want children . 46 `` The Faithful '' Jesse Warn Paula Yoo & Katie Rose Rogers October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20654 1.82 The night Kara first revealed her powers and became Supergirl , a grieving passenger , Thomas Coville , is inspired by her . In the present , Kara attends an ostensible self - help group with Winn and James and discovers a `` cult '' made up of people she previously saved . Led by Coville , they worship Supergirl and follow Kryptonian God Rao 's teachings . Those who wish to join initiate disasters so Supergirl will save them and Coville recognizes Kara in her alter - ego . The group plans to blow up a stadium filled with people , which Kara tries to stop . She finds Kryptonite inside the bomb , which she uses to wound herself and disillusion the cult . Alex gets rid of the Kryptonite and , with Coville 's help , pushes the bomb into the deep hole created by Kara 's heat vision , where it detonates . The explosion causes a being in a vessel to awaken . Coville advises Kara to follow Rao to find her path . Meanwhile , Samantha has a vision of a monstrous creature in her home , telling her she soon will `` reign '' . Alex reveals to Kara that while Maggie does not want children , she does . 47 5 `` Damage '' Kevin Smith Eric Carrasco & Cindy Lichtman November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20655 1.87 Several children are diagnosed with lead poisoning . Morgan publicly blames Lena 's lead device which repelled the Daxamites , causing the public to turn on her . She attempts to give a speech to defend herself , but ends up getting shot at . Kara and Sam investigate , discovering that all the affected children attended a public pool laced with a chemical which causes the same symptoms , and the manufacturer is owned by Morgan . Lena confronts Morgan alone . She is knocked unconscious and imprisoned inside a plane with barrels of the chemical , on a collision course to the city 's water supply . Lena manages to get a message to Supergirl , who rescues Lena , secures the barrels and destroys the plane . Morgan , however , covers his tracks . Maggie and Alex realize that even though they love each other , they must let each other go because they disagree on having children . Alex lets Maggie know how much she has helped Alex to become happy and accept herself . Maggie , in turn , lets Alex know how stronger she grew as a person . They part tearfully , with Maggie bringing everything full circle : `` See you around , Danvers '' . Sam discovers that she was shot during the attempt on Lena , but was not injured . 48 6 `` Midvale '' Rob Greenlea Caitlin Parrish & Jess Kardos November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20656 1.89 Kara and Alex arrive at Eliza 's home to help overcome their griefs , but they quarrel instead . Ten years prior , while attending Midvale High School , Alex and Kara did not get along , until a mutual friend , Kenny Li , was murdered . A photograph on his laptop revealed their teacher was in a relationship with Alex 's best friend . Kara sent the remaining encrypted files to Chloe Sullivan for decryption . After a murder attempt on Alex and Kara 's lives , the teacher was arrested , but Alex discovered an alibi for him . Kara decided to cease looking into Kenny 's death after a conversation with Noel Neill , an F.B.I. agent who strongly resembles Alura ( in reality , a disguised J'onn ) . Alex went to the sheriff for help , just as Kara learned that the sheriff was involved in drug dealing and was Kenny 's killer . Kara saved Alex from being killed by the sheriff . The sisters bonded and Kara decided to not use her powers again , taking Agent Neill 's advice to embrace her new home . In the present , after recalling their first adventure together , the sisters reconcile and return to National City . 49 7 `` Wake Up '' Chad Lowe Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20657 1.92 Kara , J'onn , and Winn investigate a crashed spaceship detected beneath National City . They find Mon - El and occupied stasis tanks aboard . They take him back to the DEO ; when he attempts an escape , a suspicious Kara locks him in a cell . Mon - El convinces Winn to take him back to the ship , where the life - support systems are unstable . Kara follows them . Mon - El explains that his pod went through a wormhole , bringing him to the 31st century where L - Corp had developed a cure for Daxamites ' allergy to lead centuries before . While seven months had passed for Kara , Mon - El experienced seven years in the future . One of the tanks begins to malfunction ; Mon - El can not break it open , so Kara frees its occupant : Mon - El 's wife , Imra . J'onn decides to rent an apartment for him and M'yrnn to live together , taking the first step to restore their bond . After discovering another superhuman ability , Sam visits her foster mother and learns of her Kryptonian origins . She later travels to the `` Fortress of Sanctuary '' , where a holographic artificial intelligence reveals that , while Sam 's motherhood was unexpected , her Kryptonian physiology is enhanced and she is destined to become the Worldkiller . Despite Sam 's resistance , her alternate persona -- Reign -- is triggered from her subconscious . 50 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T13. 20658 2.71 On a parallel world , Earth - X ( Earth - 53 ) , a Nazi regime rules the planet where an archer , Dark Arrow , is the Führer , and personally hunts the resistance forces . Dark Arrow seizes a temporal gateway from the Freedom Fighters members including James ' parallel universe doppelgänger , a device that allows interdimensional travel to other universes ; he schemes to invade parallel Earths with the device to spread his reign so that it may last . Kara and Alex travel to Earth - 1 to attend Barry Allen 's wedding with Iris West . Alex meets the Legends ' leader Sara Lance / White Canary , taking the first step to recover from her break up with Maggie . The wedding ceremony is interrupted by Earth - X Nazi invaders , led by Dark Arrow , his Kryptonian - powered wife Overgirl , and his partner Prometheus . After Kara defeats and injures Overgirl during the fight the Nazis retreat , and Alex and Sara capture Prometheus to interrogate . As Overgirl recuperates , she , Dark Arrow , and a yellow - clad speedster regroup and discuss their next move , Dark Arrow and Overgirl are revealed as parallel universe doppelgängers of Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Kara , and the yellow speedster is Barry 's nemesis from the 22nd century Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 51 9 `` Reign '' Glen Winter Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20659 1.81 Samantha wakes up at home with no memory of being in a Kryptonian fortress , but finds she is oddly tired . A mysterious Kryptonian symbol , unknown to Kara , appears throughout National City , and Thomas Coville later explains to her that it is a mark of a great evil from Krypton deliberately forgotten from its society . Mon - El and Imra explain how their ship came from the future , and how the former founded the superhero team , the Legion . As Kara hosts a Christmas get - together at her apartment , Sam becomes Reign , who , as a masked vigilante , attacks random people around National City , including Edge . Reign 's rampage damages Supergirl 's reputation due to her having the same powers and similar physical attributes . Lena and James begin a relationship after an assassination attempt on Lena by Edge . When Kara decides to face Reign , they fight throughout the city ; in the process , Kara discovers that Reign is stronger than her . Though the fight clears Supergirl 's name and reveals another Kryptonian in National City , Reign eventually overpowers Kara and drops her off a building , requiring emergency medical care from the DEO . On Christmas Day , Ruby runs downstairs to find her mother , but Sam does not seem quite right . 52 10 `` Legion of Superheroes '' Jesse Warn Derek Simon & Eric Carrasco January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) T13. 20660 2.17 Two days after Kara 's defeat by Reign , the DEO and the Legion use the latter 's technology to heal Kara from her injuries . This saves her life but she remains in a coma . The Legion 's Coluan member , Brainiac 5 , enters her mind to try to wake her . Though Sam continues her life with Ruby after spending Christmas Day with her , Reign takes control over her sporadically without Sam 's knowledge , and Ruby remains unaware of her mother 's divided personality . Reign continues her rampage throughout National City , leading to a series of confrontations with the DEO and the Legion . Ultimately , Kara emerges from her coma and joins them when Reign seeks to destroy a prison facility . Kara injects Reign with a concentration dose of liquefied kryptonite , forcing the latter to retreat . Prior to Kara 's awakening , J'onn , who disguised himself as Kara to cover for her , advises Lena on her new relationship with James ; Lena sees that James is not trying to distance himself from her because of her family , but she is afraid to be with him , and they become closer afterward . Kara takes steps to move on from Mon - El after her near - death experience , and develop a friendship with Brainiac 5 . As Reign recuperates in her fortress , she learns that there are other Worldkillers like her , and Coville joins her . 53 11 `` Fort Rozz '' Gregory Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) T13. 20661 2.07 Samantha gets ready to go on a trip , leaving Alex to babysit Ruby . The DEO learns that a priestess with knowledge of Reign 's true mission is imprisoned in Fort Rozz , which is now drifting near a blue star , which not only strips Kara of her powers but also emits a unique type of radiation fatal to males . Unable to take any of her usual allies , Kara forms a team consisting of herself , Imra , Livewire , and Psi to conduct the search . Reign is informed of their mission and goes to intercept them . Alex helps Ruby confront a girl who cyberbullied her . The team is able to locate the priestess , but Reign kills her after she reveals the existence of two other Worldkillers , Purity and Pestilence , to Kara . Livewire sacrifices herself to save Kara 's life , while Psi uses her powers to drive off Reign . Imra 's ship begins to drift into the star , but Winn , communicating through the Voyager 2 probe , is able to save the vessel . The team returns to Earth , with Kara repaying Psi 's assistance by asking the DEO to give her better accommodations . Mon - El comforts her over Livewire 's death , considering it to be redemption for her villainous past . Prompted by a nightmare caused by Psi 's influence , Samantha asks Alex for help with her `` missing time '' . A woman named Julia Freeman is struck by a runaway car , and is seemingly killed . However , she effortlessly moves the car off her chest , revealing herself to be a Worldkiller . 54 12 `` For Good '' Tawnia McKiernan Story by : Robert Rovner Teleplay by : Cindy Lichtman & Alix Sternberg January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) T13. 20662 2.11 Lena is poisoned by an unknown hitman ; James pursues him , but the hitman is shot down by an unseen sniper . Kara takes Lena to the DEO , where , using her powers and Alex 's medical knowledge , they are able to stabilize her . Lena and Kara gatecrash a party held by Morgan Edge , where Lena tells him that she knows he tried to kill her , and that her mother wants revenge . A drone controlled by Lillian attacks Morgan , prompting him to admit he tried to kill Lena , before Supergirl arrives . Lillian appears , wearing Lex 's exoskeleton and wounds Supergirl with a kryptonite blade . Kara and Mon - El engage in combat with Lillian until Winn hacks the drone to fire on Lillian and disable the armor . Edge tries to escape , with the recorder containing his confession , but is stopped by Guardian , allowing Lena to retrieve the recorder . Sam fears she has a brain tumor due to her memory losses and has Alex runs tests on her , but the tests come back normal . Winn , J'onn , and Mon - El deduce that the Worldkillers are genetically modified to be stronger and more able to blend into the human race than conventional Kryptonians . Suspecting the Worldkillers arrived on Earth around the same time as Superman and have secret identities , Winn discovers four possible women , including Julia Freeman , whom Kara identifies . 55 13 `` Both Sides Now '' Jesse Warn Jessica Queller & Paula Yoo February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) T13. 20663 2.12 Supergirl and the DEO converge on Julia Freeman 's home ; initially she seems normal , but her alter - ego , Purity , takes over and fights them before being subdued . Sam , on sick leave from L - Corp due to her amnesiac episodes , decides to spend time with Ruby by taking her ice skating . However , Reign takes control over Sam after Purity 's capture , and abandons Ruby to deal with the DEO . Ruby calls Lena after finding herself alone . Through Purity , Supergirl suspects that each of the Worldkillers ' personality is split , including Reign , therefore in order to stop them they need to reach their benevolent sides . When Purity escapes , despite the heroes ' attempt to recapture her , Julia regains control but Reign abducts her to the Fortress of Sanctuary to complete her transformation . When repairing the Legion 's ship , Mon - El confides to J'onn that he still loves Kara despite also loving Imra , and he did not marry her on his terms . Imra confesses to Mon - El that she and Brainiac 5 have a secret agenda on their mission . At L - Corp , Reign briefly takes control over Sam in front of Lena . 56 14 `` Schott Through the Heart '' Glen Winter Caitlin Parrish & Derek Simon April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 26 , 2015 3.1 / 9 12.96 1.3 3.97 4.4 16.92 `` Stronger Together '' November 2 , 2015 2.2 / 7 8.87 1.0 3.33 3.2 12.20 `` Fight or Flight '' November 9 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.07 1.0 2.83 2.7 10.90 `` How Does She Do It ? '' November 23 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.19 0.8 2.26 2.3 9.45 5 `` Livewire '' November 16 , 2015 1.8 / 6 7.77 0.8 N / A 2.6 N / A 6 `` Red Faced '' November 30 , 2015 1.6 / 5 8.02 0.8 2.49 2.4 10.51 7 `` Human for a Day '' December 7 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.67 0.9 2.32 2.4 9.98 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' December 14 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.28 0.8 2.27 2.3 9.55 9 `` Blood Bonds '' January 4 , 2016 1.9 / 6 8.75 0.7 N / A 2.6 N / A 10 `` Childish Things '' January 18 , 2016 1.8 / 6 8.77 0.8 2.18 2.6 10.95 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' January 25 , 2016 1.8 / 5 7.90 0.7 2.21 2.5 10.11 12 `` Bizarro '' February 1 , 2016 1.5 / 5 6.68 0.8 2.18 2.3 8.83 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' February 8 , 2016 1.8 / 6 7.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 5 7.25 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Solitude '' February 29 , 2016 1.4 / 5 6.69 0.7 2.16 2.1 8.85 16 `` Falling '' March 14 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.53 0.7 N / A 2.0 N / A 17 `` Manhunter '' March 21 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.00 0.7 2.07 2.0 8.07 18 `` Worlds Finest '' March 28 , 2016 1.7 / 6 7.17 0.8 2.47 2.5 9.63 19 `` Myriad '' April 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.12 0.7 2.04 2.0 8.16 20 `` Better Angels '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' October 10 , 2016 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Last Children of Krypton '' October 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.66 0.6 1.42 1.5 4.08 `` Welcome to Earth '' October 24 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.65 N / A 1.37 N / A 4.03 `` Survivors '' October 31 , 2016 0.6 / 2 2.22 0.6 1.59 1.2 3.80 5 `` Crossfire '' November 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.71 1.4 4.18 6 `` Changing '' November 14 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.6 1.42 1.3 3.85 7 `` The Darkest Place '' November 21 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.61 0.5 1.35 1.4 3.98 8 `` Medusa '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.53 0.8 1.76 1.9 5.29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' January 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.65 0.5 1.48 1.3 4.13 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.5 1.40 1.2 3.75 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' February 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.43 N / A 1.38 N / A 3.81 12 `` Luthors '' February 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' February 20 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.24 N / A 1.30 N / A 3.54 14 `` Homecoming '' February 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Exodus '' March 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.28 1.2 3.46 16 `` Star - Crossed '' March 20 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.43 1.2 3.50 17 `` Distant Sun '' March 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.21 N / A 1.28 N / A 3.49 18 `` Ace Reporter '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Alex '' May 1 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 1.26 0.9 3.00 20 `` City of Lost Children '' May 8 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.88 N / A 1.19 N / A 3.07 21 `` Resist '' May 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.5 1.29 1.0 3.22 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' May 22 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.12 0.5 1.19 3.31 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Girl of Steel '' October 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.12 `` Triggers '' October 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.23 0.9 2.98 `` Far From the Tree '' October 23 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.02 0.9 2.78 `` The Faithful '' October 30 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.82 0.4 1.14 0.9 2.96 5 `` Damage '' November 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.14 1.0 3.01 6 `` Midvale '' November 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.89 0.4 1.06 0.9 2.95 7 `` Wake Up '' November 20 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.92 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.17 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.71 0.7 1.72 1.6 4.43 9 `` Reign '' December 4 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.81 0.4 1.13 0.9 2.94 10 `` Legion of Super-Heroes '' January 15 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.17 0.4 1.24 1.0 3.41 11 `` Fort Rozz '' January 22 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.5 1.14 1.0 3.21 12 `` For Good '' January 29 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.11 0.4 1.21 1.0 3.32 13 `` Both Sides Now '' February 5 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.12 0.4 1.10 1.0 3.22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl to Turn Monday Time Slot Over to Legends for 9 Weeks '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` CBS Replaces Monday 's Terrorism - Themed Supergirl , NCIS : Los Angeles Episodes in Wake of Paris Attacks '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Supergirl -- ' The Complete 1st Season ' Press Release for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Superstore ' adjusts down but still solid , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Telenovela ' adjusts up slightly , ' Christmas Light Fight ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Masterchef Celebrity Showdown ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' , ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' , ' Conviction ' , ' DWTS ' , ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless ' , ' Supergirl ' , and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' , ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow boss teases 100th episode , crossover catalyst '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Reveals the Title Of Arrow 's 100th Episode '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taken ' adjusts down , ' Kevin Can Wait ' rerun adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://fansided.com/2017/11/19/supergirl-season-3-episode-7-preview-wake-up-synopsis/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 314 ) `` Schott Through the Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Supergirl Otto Binder Al Plastino Curt Swan Versions Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Cir - El Laurel Gand Power Girl Ariella Kent Characters Supporting Cat Grant Comet Lana Lang Lena Luthor Lucy Lane Mary Marvel Maxima Streaky the Supercat Superman Zor - El Enemies Blithe The Council Cyborg Superman Decay Lesla - Lar Reactron Silver Banshee Twilight Titles Adventure Comics Supergirl Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes Superman Family Elseworld 's Finest : Supergirl & Batgirl Other media Film Supergirl ( 1984 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Television Superman : The Animated Series ( 1996 ) episodes Smallville ( 2001 ) characters episodes Supergirl ( 2015 ) characters episodes DC Super Hero Girls ( 2015 ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Supergirl_episodes&oldid=833596688 '' Categories : Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Supergirl episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Հայերեն Magyar Polski Português Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when is super girl season three coming out
[ "The series was officially picked up on May 6, 2015, and received a full season order on November 30, 2015. On May 12, 2016, Warner Bros. Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW, where it debuted on October 10, 2016.[1] On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a third season,[2] which began airing on October 9, 2017.[3] As of February 5, 2018,[update] 55 episodes of Supergirl have aired." ]
[ "October 9, 2017" ]
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United States presidential election, 2000
United states presidential election , 2000 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 2000 Jump to : navigation , search For related races , see United States elections , 2000 . United States presidential election , 2000 ← 1996 November 7 , 2000 2004 → All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 51.2 % 2.2 pp Nominee George W. Bush Al Gore Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Tennessee Running mate Dick Cheney Joe Lieberman Electoral vote 271 266 States carried 30 20 + DC Popular vote 50,456,002 50,999,897 Percentage 47.9 % 48.4 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Bush / Cheney , blue denotes those won by Gore / Lieberman . One of D.C. 's three electors abstained . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . President before election Bill Clinton Democratic Elected President George W. Bush Republican The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 7 , 2000 . Republican candidate George W. Bush , then - incumbent governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush , narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee Al Gore , then - incumbent vice president and former Senator for Tennessee , as well as various third - party candidates including Ralph Nader . Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton was ineligible to serve a third term due to term limitations in the 22nd Amendment of the Constitution , and Vice President Gore was able to secure the Democratic nomination with relative ease . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and , despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates , secured the nomination by Super Tuesday . Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate , while Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his . Both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues , such as the budget , tax relief , and reforms for federal social insurance programs , although foreign policy was not ignored . Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together , a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior . This was the closest presidential election in the nation 's history , with a . 009 % margin , 537 votes , separating the two candidates in the decisive state , Florida . The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day , after which Gore requested hand recounts in four counties , including three in populous South Florida , as permitted by law . Litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts , ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court . The high court 's contentious 5 -- 4 decision in Bush v. Gore , announced on December 12 , 2000 , ended a statewide recount ordered by the Florida Supreme Court on December 8 , effectively awarding Florida 's votes to Bush and granting him the victory . Nationwide , this was the fourth presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent . After the election , recounts conducted by various news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote . Based on the review of these ballots , their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used ( including the one favored by Gore at the time of the Supreme Court decision ) , but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios . In contrast , according to Lance deHaven - Smith of Florida State University , based on `` the definitive study of the uncounted ballots '' ( the Florida Ballot Project by NORC at the University of Chicago ) , if all the legally valid votes in Florida had been counted statewide , Gore would have been the winner , a conclusion deHaven - Smith calls `` unambiguous and unavoidable . '' The Green Party gained widespread public attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke won 2.7 % of the popular vote . Nader was vilified by some Democrats , who accused him of spoiling the election for Gore . Nader 's impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial . This was the last time a Republican candidate won an electoral vote in the region of New England until 2016 , with Donald Trump winning the 2nd Congressional District of Maine . As of 2017 , this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire , and the last time the state of Iowa backed the losing candidate . Likewise , this was also the first presidential election that Delaware and Pennsylvania , would fail to vote for the winning candidate since 1948 , and 1968 , with California , Illinois , Michigan , New Mexico , and New Jersey all failing to do the same since 1976 respectively as well . This was also the first presidential election since Jimmy Carter 's narrow victory in 1976 , that a presidential candidate from either party would win a presidential election with fewer than 300 electoral votes , and the first time a Republican would win without breaking that amount since William McKinley 's victory in 1900 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic Party nomination 2.1 Candidates gallery 3 Republican Party nomination 3.1 Candidates gallery 4 Other nominations 4.1 Reform Party nomination 4.2 Association of State Green Parties nomination 4.3 Libertarian Party nomination 4.4 Constitution Party nomination 4.5 Natural Law Party nomination 5 General election campaign 5.1 Presidential debates 5.2 Notable expressions and phrases 6 Results 6.1 Florida recount 6.2 National results 6.3 State results 6.4 Results by state 6.4. 1 Arizona results 6.4. 2 Maine and Nebraska district results 6.5 Ballot access 7 Aftermath 7.1 Post recount 7.2 Voting machines 7.3 Exit polling and declaration of vote winners 7.4 Ralph Nader spoiler effect 7.5 Press influence on race 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Books 11.2 Journal articles 11.3 Papers 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Bill Clinton , the incumbent president in 2000 , whose term expired on January 20 , 2001 Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Bill Clinton , a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment . In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at 12 : 00 noon EST on January 20 , 2001 . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2000 Democratic candidates Al Gore , Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley , former U.S. Senator from New Jersey ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed Al Gore ) Democratic Party Ticket , 2000 Al Gore Joe Lieberman for President for Vice President 45th Vice President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) U.S. Senator from Connecticut ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Campaign Candidates gallery ( edit ) Vice President Al Gore ( campaign ) Former Senator Bill Bradley from New Jersey ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front - runner for the nomination . Other prominent Democrats mentioned as possible contenders included Bob Kerrey , Missouri Representative Dick Gephardt , Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone , and famous actor and director Warren Beatty , who declined to run . Of these , only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee . Running an insurgency campaign , Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore , who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council . While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states , Bradley announced his intention to campaign `` in a different way '' by conducting a positive campaign of `` big ideas '' . The focus of his campaign was a plan to spend the record - breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle - class , along with campaign finance reform and gun control . Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries , largely because of support from the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley 's poor showing in the Iowa caucus , where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers . The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50 -- 46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary . On March 14 , Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination . None of Bradley 's delegates were allowed to vote for him , so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention . Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for vice president by voice vote . Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party . Gore chose Lieberman over five finalists . Delegate totals : Vice President Albert Gore Jr. 4328 Abstentions 9 Republican Party nomination ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2000 Republican Party Ticket , 2000 George W. Bush Dick Cheney for President for Vice President 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 17th U.S. Secretary of Defense ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Campaign Republican candidates John McCain , Senator from Arizona ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Alan Keyes , former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland ( withdrew on July 25 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Steve Forbes , businessman from New Jersey ( withdrew on February 10 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Gary Bauer , former Undersecretary of Education from Kentucky ( withdrew on February 4 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Orrin Hatch , Senator from Utah ( withdrew on January 26 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Elizabeth Dole , former Secretary of Labor from Kansas ( withdrew on October 20 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Pat Buchanan , publisher and author from Virginia ( withdrew on October 25 , 1999 , to run for the Reform Party nomination ) Dan Quayle , former Vice President of the United States , from Indiana ( withdrew on September 27 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Lamar Alexander , former Governor of Tennessee and former Secretary of Education ( withdrew on August 22 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Bob Smith , Senator from New Hampshire ( withdrew in October 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) John Kasich , Representative from Ohio ( withdrew in July 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) Herman Cain , CEO of Godfather 's Pizza from Nebraska ( withdrew and endorsed Steve Forbes . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Candidates gallery ( edit ) Senator John McCain from Arizona ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador Alan Keyes , from Maryland ( Withdrew on July 25 , 2000 ) Businessman Steve Forbes from New Jersey ( Withdrew on February 10 , 2000 ) Former Undersecretary of Education Gary Bauer , from Kentucky ( Withdrew on February 4 , 2000 ) Senator Orrin Hatch from Utah ( Withdrew on January 26 , 2000 ) Publisher and author Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( Withdrew on October 25 , 1999 ) Former Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole , from Kansas ( Withdrew on October 20 , 1999 ) Senator Bob Smith from New Hampshire ( Withdrew in October 1999 ) Former Vice President Dan Quayle , from Indiana ( Withdrew on September 27 , 1999 ) Former Governor and former Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander of Tennessee ( Withdrew on August 22 , 1999 ) Representative John Kasich from Ohio ( campaign ) ( Withdrew in July 1999 ) Businessman Herman Cain from Nebraska ( Withdrew early in campaign ) George W. Bush became the early front - runner , acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support based on his governorship of Texas and the name recognition and connections of the Bush family . Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing establishment Republican support for Bush . In April 1998 , he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin , John Taylor , and Condoleezza Rice . The group , which was `` looking for a candidate for 2000 with good political instincts , someone they could work with '' , was impressed , and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race . Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus because they were unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush . These included Elizabeth Dole , Dan Quayle , Lamar Alexander , and Bob Smith . Pat Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination . That left Bush , John McCain , Alan Keyes , Steve Forbes , Gary Bauer , and Orrin Hatch as the only candidates still in the race . On January 24 , Bush won the Iowa caucus with 41 % of the vote . Forbes came in second with 30 % of the vote . Keyes received 14 % , Bauer 9 % , McCain 5 % , and Hatch 1 % . Hatch dropped out . On the national stage , Bush was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate . McCain , with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents , portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform . On February 1 , McCain won a 49 -- 30 % victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary . Gary Bauer dropped out . After coming in third in Delaware Forbes dropped out , leaving three candidates . In the South Carolina primary , Bush soundly defeated McCain . Some McCain supporters blamed it on the Bush campaign , accusing them of mudslinging and dirty tricks , such as push polling that implied that McCain 's adopted Bangladeshi - born daughter was an African - American child he fathered out of wedlock . While McCain 's loss in South Carolina damaged his campaign , he won both Michigan and his home state of Arizona on February 22 . The primary election that year also affected the South Carolina State House , when a controversy about the Confederate flag flying over the capitol dome prompted the state legislature to move the flag to a less prominent position at a Civil War memorial on the capitol grounds . Most GOP candidates said the issue should be left to South Carolina voters , though McCain later recanted and said the flag should be removed . On February 24 , McCain criticized Bush for accepting the endorsement of Bob Jones University despite its policy banning interracial dating . On February 28 , McCain also referred to Rev. Jerry Falwell and televangelist Pat Robertson as `` agents of intolerance '' , a term he would later distance himself from during his 2008 bid . He lost the state of Virginia to Bush on February 29 . On Super Tuesday , March 7 , Bush won New York , Ohio , Georgia , Missouri , California , Maryland , and Maine . McCain won Rhode Island , Vermont , Connecticut , and Massachusetts , but dropped out of the race . McCain would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 8 years later , which he then lost to Barack Obama . On March 10 , Alan Keyes got 21 % of the vote in Utah . Bush took the majority of the remaining contests and won the Republican nomination on March 14 , winning his home state of Texas and his brother Jeb 's home state of Florida among others . At the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia George W. Bush accepted the nomination of the Republican party . Bush asked former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a team to help select a running mate for him , but ultimately , Bush decided that Cheney himself should be the vice presidential nominee . While the U.S. Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice president from the same state , it does prohibit electors from casting both of his or her votes for persons from his or her own state . Accordingly , Cheney -- who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years -- changed his voting registration back to Wyoming . Had Cheney not done this , either he or Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors . Delegate totals Governor George W. Bush 1526 Senator John McCain 275 Ambassador Dr. Alan Keyes 23 Businessman Steve Forbes 10 Gary Bauer 2 None of the Names Shown 2 Uncommitted 1 Other nominations ( edit ) Reform Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Reform Party presidential primaries , 2000 Television personality Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( campaign ) Reform Party candidates Pat Buchanan from Virginia , former speechwriter and senior advisor to President Richard Nixon John Hagelin from Iowa , Ph. D. , past and then - current Natural Law Party candidate Donald Trump from New York , had left the Republican Party in 1999 due to conflicting ideas on key issues The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and running mate Ezola Foster from California , over the objections of party founder Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction ( see Other nominations below ) . In the end , the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan , and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots . Association of state Green parties nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Green National Convention Ralph Nader Founder of Public Citizen and progressive activist ( campaign ) Green Party candidates : Ralph Nader from Connecticut -- 295 Jello Biafra from California -- 10 Stephen Gaskin from Tennessee -- 11 Joel Kovel from New York -- 3 Abstain -- 1 The Greens / Green Party USA , the then - recognized national party organization , later endorsed Ralph Nader for president and he appeared on the ballots of 43 states and DC . Libertarian Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Libertarian National Convention Writer Harry Browne from Tennessee ( campaign ) Libertarian Party candidates delegate totals : Harry Browne from Tennessee -- 493 Don Gorman from New Hampshire -- 166 Jacob Hornberger from Virginia -- 120 Barry Hess from Arizona -- 53 None of the Above -- 23 other write - ins -- 15 David Hollist from California -- 8 The Libertarian Party 's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne from Tennessee and Art Olivier from California for president and vice president respectively . Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot . Browne appeared on every state ballot except for Arizona , due to a dispute between the Libertarian Party of Arizona ( who instead nominated L. Neil Smith ) and the national Libertarian Party . Constitution Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Constitution Party National Convention § 1999 Convention Constitution Party candidates : Howard Phillips Herb Titus Mathew Zupan The Constitution Party nominated Howard Phillips from Virginia for a third time and Curtis Frazier from Missouri . The Constitution Party was on the ballot in 41 states . Natural law Party nomination ( edit ) John Hagelin from Iowa and Nat Goldhaber from California The Natural Law Party held its national convention in Arlington , Virginia , August 31 -- September 2 , nominating a ticket of Hagelin / Goldhaber via unanimous decision without a roll - call vote . The party was on 38 of the 51 ballots nationally . General election campaign ( edit ) Although the campaign focused mainly on domestic issues , such as the projected budget surplus , proposed reforms of Social Security and Medicare , health care , and competing plans for tax relief , foreign policy was often an issue . Bush criticized Clinton administration policies in Somalia , where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions , and in the Balkans , where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions . `` I do n't think our troops ought to be used for what 's called nation - building , '' Bush said in the second presidential debate . Bush also pledged to bridge partisan gaps in the nation 's capital , claiming the atmosphere in Washington stood in the way of progress on necessary reforms . Gore , meanwhile , questioned Bush 's fitness for the job , pointing to gaffes made by Bush in interviews and speeches and suggesting the Texas governor lacked the necessary experience to be president . Bill Clinton 's impeachment and the sex scandal that led up to it cast a shadow on the campaign , particularly on his vice president 's run to replace him . Republicans strongly denounced the Clinton scandals , particularly Bush , who made his repeated promise to restore `` honor and dignity '' to the White House a centerpiece of his campaign . Gore studiously avoided the Clinton scandals , as did Lieberman , even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton 's misbehavior . In fact , some media observers theorized that Gore actually chose Lieberman in an attempt to separate himself from Clinton 's past misdeeds , and help blunt the GOP 's attempts to link him to his boss . Others pointed to the passionate kiss Gore gave his wife during the Democratic Convention , as a signal that despite the allegations against Clinton , Gore himself was a faithful husband . Gore avoided appearing with Clinton , who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was popular . Experts have argued that this could have cost Gore votes from some of Clinton 's core supporters . Ralph Nader was the most successful of third - party candidates . His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of large `` super-rallies '' held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden , with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies . After initially ignoring Nader , the Gore campaign made a pitch to potential Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign , downplaying Gore 's differences with Nader on the issues and arguing that Gore 's ideas were more similar to Nader 's than Bush 's were , and noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader . On the other side , the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the liberal vote . Nader claimed his objective in the campaign was to pass the 5 - percent threshold so his Green Party would be eligible for matching funds in future races . Both vice presidential candidates Dick Cheney and Joe Lieberman campaigned aggressively in the 2000 presidential election . Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide , often just missing each other such as when Cheney , Hadassah Lieberman , and Tipper Gore attended Chicago 's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend . Presidential Debates ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election debates , 2000 There were three presidential debates : October 3 , 2000 , at the University of Massachusetts in Boston October 11 , 2000 , at Wake Forest University in Winston - Salem , North Carolina October 17 , 2000 , at Washington University in Saint Louis , Missouri There was also one vice-presidential debate : October 5 , 2000 , at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky After the 1996 presidential election , the Commission on Presidential Debates set new candidate selection criteria . The new criteria required third - party candidates to poll at least 15 % of the vote in national polls in order to take part in the CPD - sponsored presidential debates . Ralph Nader was blocked from attending a closed circuit screening of the first debate in spite of his holding a ticket . He was barred from attending an interview near the site of the third debate in spite of having a `` perimeter pass '' . Nader later sued the CPD for its role in the former incident . A settlement was reached that included an apology to Nader . Notable expressions and phrases ( edit ) Lockbox / Rainy Day fund : Gore 's description of what he would do with the federal budget surplus . Al Gore invented the Internet : an interpretation of a quote by Al Gore in which he said that he `` took the initiative in creating the Internet '' , to say that he was on the committee that funded the research which led to the formation of the Internet . `` Strategery , '' a phrase uttered by Saturday Night Live 's parodic Bush character ( portrayed by Will Ferrell ) , which was jokingly picked up by Bush staffers to describe their operations . Results ( edit ) Palm Beach County recount With the exceptions of Florida and Gore 's home state of Tennessee , Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins ( including then - President Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas ) and also secured wins in Ohio , Indiana , most of the rural Midwestern farming states , most of the Rocky Mountain states , and Alaska . Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States ( with the sole exception of New Hampshire , which Bush won narrowly ) , most of the Upper Midwest , and all of the Pacific Coast states as well as Hawaii and New Mexico . As the night wore on , the returns in a handful of small - to - medium - sized states , including Wisconsin and Iowa , were extremely close ; however , it was the state of Florida that would decide the winner of the election . As the final national results were tallied the following morning , Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes , while Gore had won 249 votes . Two hundred and seventy votes were needed to win . Two smaller states -- Wisconsin ( 10 electoral votes ) and Oregon ( 7 electoral votes ) -- were still too close to call . It was Florida ( 25 electoral votes ) , however , on which the news media focused its attention . Mathematically , Florida 's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for either candidate . Although both Wisconsin and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days , Florida 's statewide vote took center stage because that state 's winner would ultimately win the election . The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the time required to count and recount Florida 's presidential ballots . Florida recount ( edit ) Main article : 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida 2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box Between 7 : 50 p.m. and 8 : 00 p.m. EST on election day , just before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle , which is in the Central time zone , all major television news networks ( CNN , NBC , FOX , CBS and ABC ) declared that Gore had carried Florida 's 25 electoral votes . They based this prediction substantially on exit polls . However , in the actual vote tally Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida , and by 10 p.m. EST the networks had retracted that prediction and placed Florida back into the `` undecided '' column . At approximately 2 : 30 a.m. , with some 85 % of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes , the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and therefore had been elected president . However , most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties -- Broward , Miami - Dade , and Palm Beach -- and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush . By 4 : 30 a.m. , after all votes were counted , Gore had narrowed Bush 's margin to under 2,000 votes , and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the presidency . Gore , who had privately conceded the election to Bush , withdrew his concession . The final result in Florida was slim enough to require a mandatory recount ( by machine ) under state law ; Bush 's lead dwindled to just over 900 votes when it was completed the day after the election . On November 8 , Florida Division of Elections staff prepared a press release for Secretary of State Harris that said overseas ballots must be `` postmarked or signed and dated '' by Election Day . It was never released . A count of the overseas ballots later boosted Bush 's margin to 930 votes . ( According to a report by The New York Times , 680 of the accepted overseas ballots were received after the legal deadline , lacked required postmarks , were unsigned or undated , cast after election day , from unregistered voters or voters not requesting ballots , lacked a witness signature or address , or were double - counted . ) Florida Supreme Court during the recount Most of the post-electoral controversy revolved around Gore 's request for hand recounts in four counties ( Broward , Miami Dade , Palm Beach , and Volusia ) , as provided under Florida state law . Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris ( also the co-chair of George W. Bush 's election efforts in Florida ) announced she would reject any revised totals from those counties if they were not turned in by 5 : 00 p.m. on November 14 , the statutory deadline for amended returns . The Florida Supreme Court extended the deadline to November 26 , a decision later vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court . Miami - Dade eventually halted its recount and resubmitted its original total to the state canvassing board , while Palm Beach County failed to meet the extended deadline , turning in its completed recount results at 7 : 00 p.m. , which Harris indeed rejected . On November 26 , the state canvassing board certified Bush the winner of Florida 's electors by 537 votes . Gore formally contested the certified results . A state court decision overruling Gore was reversed by the Florida Supreme Court , which ordered a recount of over 70,000 ballots previously rejected as undervotes by machine counters . The U.S. Supreme Court halted that order the next day , with Justice Scalia issuing a concurring opinion that `` the counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to petitioner '' ( Bush ) . Supporters for the Gore - Lieberman ticket outside the U.S. Supreme Court On December 12 , the Supreme Court ruled in a 7 -- 2 vote that the Florida Supreme Court 's ruling requiring a statewide recount of ballots was unconstitutional on equal protection grounds , and in a 5 -- 4 vote reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court for modification prior to the optional `` safe harbor '' deadline , which the Florida court had said the state intended to meet . With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline , the Supreme Court 's order effectively ended the recount , and the previously certified total held . Even if the Supreme Court had decided differently in Bush v. Gore , the Florida Legislature had been meeting in Special Session since December 8 with the sole stated purpose being the selection of a slate of electors on December 12 , should the dispute still be ongoing . Had the recount gone forward , it would have awarded those electors to Bush , based on the state - certified vote , and the likely last recourse for Gore would have been to contest the electors in the United States Congress . The electors would then only have been rejected if both GOP - controlled houses had agreed to reject them . National results ( edit ) Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote , he received 547,398 more popular votes than Bush , making him the first person since Grover Cleveland in 1888 to win the popular vote but lose in the Electoral College . Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state , Tennessee , which both he and his father had represented in the Senate , making him the first major - party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972 . Furthermore , Gore lost West Virginia , a state that had voted Republican only once in the previous six presidential elections , and Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas , which had voted twice before to elect Gore vice president . A victory in any of these three states would have given Gore enough electoral votes to win the presidency . Bush - Cheney and Gore - Lieberman supporters protest Bush is also the first Republican in American history to win the presidency without winning Vermont or Illinois , the second Republican to win the presidency without winning California ( James A. Garfield in 1880 was the first ) or Pennsylvania ( Richard Nixon in 1968 was the first ) , and the first winning Republican not to receive any electoral votes from California ( Garfield received one vote in 1880 ) . Bush also lost in Connecticut , the state of his birth . This election marks the last time a Republican won the presidency without winning Iowa . As of 2016 , Bush is the last Republican nominee to win New Hampshire , while Gore is the last losing candidate to win Iowa . There were only two counties in the entire nation that voted Democratic in 2000 and that had voted Republican in 1996 . Those were Charles County , Maryland ; and Orange County Florida , both rapidly diversifying counties . The 2000 election was also the last time a Republican won a number of populous urban counties that have since turned into Democratic strongholds . These include Mecklenburg County , North Carolina ( Charlotte ) ; Marion County , Indiana ( Indianapolis ) , Fairfax County , Virginia ( DC Suburbs ) , and Travis County , Texas ( Austin ) . In 2016 , the most recent Presidential Election , Republican Donald Trump lost Mecklenburg by 30 % , Marion by 23 % , Fairfax by 36 % , and Travis by 38 % . Conversely , as of 2017 Gore is the last Democrat to have won any counties at all in Oklahoma . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote George Walker Bush Republican Texas 50,462,412 47.87 % 271 Richard Bruce Cheney Wyoming 271 Albert Arnold Gore , Jr . Democratic Tennessee 50,999,897 48.38 % 266 Joseph Isadore Lieberman Connecticut 266 Ralph Nader Green Connecticut 2,882,955 2.74 % 0 Winona LaDuke Minnesota 0 Pat Buchanan Reform Virginia 448,895 0.43 % 0 Ezola B. Foster California 0 Harry Browne Libertarian Tennessee 384,431 0.36 % 0 Art Olivier California 0 Howard Phillips Constitution Virginia 98,020 0.09 % 0 Curtis Frazier Missouri 0 John Hagelin Natural Law Iowa 83,714 0.08 % 0 Nat Goldhaber California 0 Other 51,186 0.05 % -- Other -- ( abstention ) -- -- -- -- ( abstention ) -- Total 105,421,423 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source : `` 2000 Presidential Electoral and Popular Vote '' ( Excel 4.0 ) . Federal Election Commission . Popular vote Gore 48.38 % Bush 47.87 % Nader 2.74 % Buchanan 0.43 % Browne 0.36 % Others 0.22 % Electoral vote Bush 50.37 % Gore 49.44 % Abstention 0.19 % Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote . Vote share by county for Green Party candidate Ralph Nader . Darker shades indicate a stronger Green performance . Election results by county . Results by Congressional District State results ( edit ) Al Gore George W. Bush States where the margin of victory was less than 1 % ( 55 electoral votes ) : Florida , 0.0092 % ( tipping point state ) New Mexico , 0.061 % Wisconsin , 0.22 % Iowa , 0.31 % Oregon , 0.44 % States where the margin of victory was less than 5 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : New Hampshire , 1.27 % Maine 's 2nd Congressional District , 1.87 % Minnesota , 2.40 % Missouri , 3.34 % Ohio , 3.51 % Nevada , 3.55 % Tennessee , 3.86 % Pennsylvania , 4.17 % States where the margin of victory was more than 5 % but less than 10 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : Maine , 5.11 % Michigan , 5.13 % Arkansas , 5.44 % Washington , 5.58 % Arizona , 6.29 % West Virginia , 6.32 % Louisiana , 7.68 % Maine 's 1st Congressional District , 7.93 % Virginia , 8.04 % Colorado , 8.36 % Vermont , 9.94 % Data comes from https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#2000 , a U.S. government document . Results by state ( edit ) States / districts won by Gore / Lieberman States / districts won by Bush / Cheney George W. Bush Republican Al Gore Democratic Ralph Nader Green Pat Buchanan Reform Harry Browne Libertarian Howard Phillips Constitution John Hagelin Natural Law Others Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 9 941,173 56.48 % 9 692,611 41.57 % -- 18,323 1.10 % -- 6,351 0.38 % -- 5,893 0.35 % -- 775 0.05 % -- 447 0.03 % -- 699 0.04 % -- 248,562 14.92 % 1,666,272 AL Alaska 167,398 58.62 % 79,004 27.67 % -- 28,747 10.07 % -- 5,192 1.82 % -- 2,636 0.92 % -- 596 0.21 % -- 919 0.32 % -- 1,068 0.37 % -- 88,394 30.95 % 285,560 AK Arizona 8 781,652 51.02 % 8 685,341 44.73 % -- 45,645 2.98 % -- 12,373 0.81 % -- -- -- -- 110 0.01 % -- 1,120 0.07 % -- 5,775 0.38 % -- 96,311 6.29 % 1,532,016 AZ Arkansas 6 472,940 51.31 % 6 422,768 45.86 % -- 13,421 1.46 % -- 7,358 0.80 % -- 2,781 0.30 % -- 1,415 0.15 % -- 1,098 0.12 % -- -- -- -- 50,172 5.44 % 921,781 AR California 54 4,567,429 41.65 % -- 5,861,203 53.45 % 54 418,707 3.82 % -- 44,987 0.41 % -- 45,520 0.42 % -- 17,042 0.16 % -- 10,934 0.10 % -- 34 0.00 % -- − 1,293,774 − 11.80 % 10,965,856 CA Colorado 8 883,748 50.75 % 8 738,227 42.39 % -- 91,434 5.25 % -- 10,465 0.60 % -- 12,799 0.73 % -- 1,319 0.08 % -- 2,240 0.13 % -- 1,136 0.07 % -- 145,521 8.36 % 1,741,368 CO Connecticut 8 561,094 38.44 % -- 816,015 55.91 % 8 64,452 4.42 % -- 4,731 0.32 % -- 3,484 0.24 % -- 9,695 0.66 % -- 40 0.00 % -- 14 0.00 % -- − 254,921 − 17.47 % 1,459,525 CT Delaware 137,288 41.90 % -- 180,068 54.96 % 8,307 2.54 % -- 777 0.24 % -- 774 0.24 % -- 208 0.06 % -- 107 0.03 % -- 93 0.03 % -- − 42,780 − 13.06 % 327,622 DE D.C. 18,073 8.95 % -- 171,923 85.16 % 10,576 5.24 % -- -- -- -- 669 0.33 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 653 0.32 % − 153,850 − 76.20 % 201,894 DC Florida 25 2,912,790 48.85 % 25 2,912,253 48.84 % -- 97,488 1.63 % -- 17,484 0.29 % -- 16,415 0.28 % -- 1,371 0.02 % -- 2,281 0.04 % -- 3,028 0.05 % -- 537 0.01 % 5,963,110 FL Georgia 13 1,419,720 54.67 % 13 1,116,230 42.98 % -- 13,432 0.52 % -- 10,926 0.42 % -- 36,332 1.40 % -- 140 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 24 0.00 % -- 303,490 11.69 % 2,596,804 GA Hawaii 137,845 37.46 % -- 205,286 55.79 % 21,623 5.88 % -- 1,071 0.29 % -- 1,477 0.40 % -- 343 0.09 % -- 306 0.08 % -- -- -- -- − 67,441 − 18.33 % 367,951 HI Idaho 336,937 67.17 % 138,637 27.64 % -- 12,292 2.45 % -- 7,615 1.52 % -- 3,488 0.70 % -- 1,469 0.29 % -- 1,177 0.23 % -- 6 0.00 % -- 198,300 39.53 % 501,621 ID Illinois 22 2,019,421 42.58 % -- 2,589,026 54.60 % 22 103,759 2.19 % -- 16,106 0.34 % -- 11,623 0.25 % -- 57 0.00 % -- 2,127 0.04 % -- 0.00 % -- − 569,605 − 12.01 % 4,742,123 IL Indiana 12 1,245,836 56.65 % 12 901,980 41.01 % -- 18,531 0.84 % -- 16,959 0.77 % -- 15,530 0.71 % -- 200 0.01 % -- 167 0.01 % -- 99 0.00 % -- 343,856 15.63 % 2,199,302 IN Iowa 7 634,373 48.22 % -- 638,517 48.54 % 7 29,374 2.23 % -- 5,731 0.44 % -- 3,209 0.24 % -- 613 0.05 % -- 2,281 0.17 % -- 1,465 0.11 % -- − 4,144 − 0.31 % − 1,315,563 IA Kansas 6 622,332 58.04 % 6 399,276 37.24 % -- 36,086 3.37 % -- 7,370 0.69 % -- 4,525 0.42 % -- 1,254 0.12 % -- 1,375 0.13 % -- -- -- -- 223,056 20.80 % 1,072,218 KS Kentucky 8 872,492 56.50 % 8 638,898 41.37 % -- 23,192 1.50 % -- 4,173 0.27 % -- 2,896 0.19 % -- 923 0.06 % -- 1,533 0.10 % -- 80 0.01 % -- 233,594 15.13 % 1,544,187 KY Louisiana 9 927,871 52.55 % 9 792,344 44.88 % -- 20,473 1.16 % -- 14,356 0.81 % -- 2,951 0.17 % -- 5,483 0.31 % -- 1,075 0.06 % -- 1,103 0.06 % -- 135,527 7.68 % 1,765,656 LA Maine 286,616 43.97 % -- 319,951 49.09 % 37,127 5.70 % -- 4,443 0.68 % -- 3,074 0.47 % -- 579 0.09 % -- -- -- -- 27 0.00 % -- − 33,335 − 5.11 % 651,817 ME Maryland 10 813,797 40.18 % -- 1,145,782 56.57 % 10 53,768 2.65 % -- 4,248 0.21 % -- 5,310 0.26 % -- 919 0.05 % -- 176 0.01 % -- 1,480 0.07 % -- − 331,985 − 16.39 % 2,025,480 MD Massachusetts 12 878,502 32.50 % -- 1,616,487 59.80 % 12 173,564 6.42 % -- 11,149 0.41 % -- 16,366 0.61 % -- -- -- -- 2,884 0.11 % -- 4,032 0.15 % -- − 737,985 − 27.30 % 2,702,984 MA Michigan 18 1,953,139 46.15 % -- 2,170,418 51.28 % 18 84,165 1.99 % -- 1,851 0.04 % -- 16,711 0.39 % -- 3,791 0.09 % -- 2,426 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 217,279 − 5.13 % 4,232,501 MI Minnesota 10 1,109,659 45.50 % -- 1,168,266 47.91 % 10 126,696 5.20 % -- 22,166 0.91 % -- 5,282 0.22 % -- 3,272 0.13 % -- 2,294 0.09 % -- 1,050 0.04 % -- − 58,607 − 2.40 % 2,438,685 MN Mississippi 7 572,844 57.62 % 7 404,614 40.70 % -- 8,122 0.82 % -- 2,265 0.23 % -- 2,009 0.20 % -- 3,267 0.33 % -- 450 0.05 % -- 613 0.06 % -- 168,230 16.92 % 994,184 MS Missouri 11 1,189,924 50.42 % 11 1,111,138 47.08 % -- 38,515 1.63 % -- 9,818 0.42 % -- 7,436 0.32 % -- 1,957 0.08 % -- 1,104 0.05 % -- -- -- -- 78,786 3.34 % 2,359,892 MO Montana 240,178 58.44 % 137,126 33.36 % -- 24,437 5.95 % -- 5,697 1.39 % -- 1,718 0.42 % -- 1,155 0.28 % -- 675 0.16 % -- 11 0.00 % -- 103,052 25.07 % 410,997 MT Nebraska 5 433,862 62.25 % 5 231,780 33.25 % -- 24,540 3.52 % -- 3,646 0.52 % -- 2,245 0.32 % -- 468 0.07 % -- 478 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 202,082 28.99 % 697,019 NE Nevada 301,575 49.52 % 279,978 45.98 % -- 15,008 2.46 % -- 4,747 0.78 % -- 3,311 0.54 % -- 621 0.10 % -- 415 0.07 % -- 3,315 0.54 % -- 21,597 3.55 % 608,970 NV New Hampshire 273,559 48.07 % 266,348 46.80 % -- 22,198 3.90 % -- 2,615 0.46 % -- 2,757 0.48 % -- 328 0.06 % -- 55 0.01 % -- 1,221 0.21 % -- 7,211 1.27 % 569,081 NH New Jersey 15 1,284,173 40.29 % -- 1,788,850 56.13 % 15 94,554 2.97 % -- 6,989 0.22 % -- 6,312 0.20 % -- 1,409 0.04 % -- 2,215 0.07 % -- 2,724 0.09 % -- − 504,677 − 15.83 % 3,187,226 NJ New Mexico 5 286,417 47.85 % -- 286,783 47.91 % 5 21,251 3.55 % -- 1,392 0.23 % -- 2,058 0.34 % -- 343 0.06 % -- 361 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 366 − 0.06 % 598,605 NM New York 33 2,403,374 35.23 % -- 4,107,697 60.21 % 33 244,030 3.58 % -- 31,599 0.46 % -- 7,649 0.11 % -- 1,498 0.02 % -- 24,361 0.36 % -- 1,791 0.03 % -- − 1,704,323 − 24.98 % 6,821,999 NY North Carolina 14 1,631,163 56.03 % 14 1,257,692 43.20 % -- -- -- -- 8,874 0.30 % -- 12,307 0.42 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,226 0.04 % -- 373,471 12.83 % 2,911,262 NC North Dakota 174,852 60.66 % 95,284 33.06 % -- 9,486 3.29 % -- 7,288 2.53 % -- 660 0.23 % -- 373 0.13 % -- 313 0.11 % -- -- -- -- 79,568 27.60 % 288,256 ND Ohio 21 2,351,209 49.97 % 21 2,186,190 46.46 % -- 117,857 2.50 % -- 26,724 0.57 % -- 13,475 0.29 % -- 3,823 0.08 % -- 6,169 0.13 % -- 10 0.00 % -- 165,019 3.51 % 4,705,457 OH Oklahoma 8 744,337 60.31 % 8 474,276 38.43 % -- -- -- -- 9,014 0.73 % -- 6,602 0.53 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270,061 21.88 % 1,234,229 OK Oregon 7 713,577 46.52 % -- 720,342 46.96 % 7 77,357 5.04 % -- 7,063 0.46 % -- 7,447 0.49 % -- 2,189 0.14 % -- 2,574 0.17 % -- 3,419 0.22 % -- − 6,765 − 0.44 % 1,533,968 OR Pennsylvania 23 2,281,127 46.43 % -- 2,485,967 50.60 % 23 103,392 2.10 % -- 16,023 0.33 % -- 11,248 0.23 % -- 14,428 0.29 % -- -- -- -- 934 0.02 % -- − 204,840 − 4.17 % 4,913,119 PA Rhode Island 130,555 31.91 % -- 249,508 60.99 % 25,052 6.12 % -- 2,273 0.56 % -- 742 0.18 % -- 97 0.02 % -- 271 0.07 % -- 614 0.15 % -- − 118,953 − 29.08 % 409,112 RI South Carolina 8 785,937 56.84 % 8 565,561 40.90 % -- 20,200 1.46 % -- 3,519 0.25 % -- 4,876 0.35 % -- 1,682 0.12 % -- 942 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 220,376 15.94 % 1,382,717 SC South Dakota 190,700 60.30 % 118,804 37.56 % -- -- -- -- 3,322 1.05 % -- 1,662 0.53 % -- 1,781 0.56 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 71,896 22.73 % 316,269 SD Tennessee 11 1,061,949 51.15 % 11 981,720 47.28 % -- 19,781 0.95 % -- 4,250 0.20 % -- 4,284 0.21 % -- 1,015 0.05 % -- 613 0.03 % -- 2,569 0.12 % -- 80,229 3.86 % 2,076,181 TN Texas 32 3,799,639 59.30 % 32 2,433,746 37.98 % -- 137,994 2.15 % -- 12,394 0.19 % -- 23,160 0.36 % -- 567 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 137 0.00 % -- 1,365,893 21.32 % 6,407,637 TX Utah 5 515,096 66.83 % 5 203,053 26.34 % -- 35,850 4.65 % -- 9,319 1.21 % -- 3,616 0.47 % -- 2,709 0.35 % -- 763 0.10 % -- 348 0.05 % -- 312,043 40.49 % 770,754 UT Vermont 119,775 40.70 % -- 149,022 50.63 % 20,374 6.92 % -- 2,192 0.74 % -- 784 0.27 % -- 153 0.05 % -- 219 0.07 % -- 1,789 0.61 % -- − 29,247 − 9.94 % 294,308 VT Virginia 13 1,437,490 52.47 % 13 1,217,290 44.44 % -- 59,398 2.17 % -- 5,455 0.20 % -- 15,198 0.55 % -- 1,809 0.07 % -- 171 0.01 % -- 2,636 0.10 % -- 220,200 8.04 % 2,739,447 VA Washington 11 1,108,864 44.58 % -- 1,247,652 50.16 % 11 103,002 4.14 % -- 7,171 0.29 % -- 13,135 0.53 % -- 1,989 0.08 % -- 2,927 0.12 % -- 2,693 0.11 % -- − 138,788 − 5.58 % 2,487,433 WA West Virginia 5 336,475 51.92 % 5 295,497 45.59 % -- 10,680 1.65 % -- 3,169 0.49 % -- 1,912 0.30 % -- 23 0.00 % -- 367 0.06 % -- 0.00 % -- 40,978 6.32 % 648,124 WV Wisconsin 11 1,237,279 47.61 % -- 1,242,987 47.83 % 11 94,070 3.62 % -- 11,471 0.44 % -- 6,640 0.26 % -- 2,042 0.08 % -- 853 0.03 % -- 3,265 0.13 % -- − 5,708 − 0.22 % 2,598,607 WI Wyoming 147,947 67.76 % 60,481 27.70 % -- 4,625 2.12 % -- 2,724 1.25 % -- 1,443 0.66 % -- 720 0.33 % -- 411 0.19 % -- -- -- -- 87,466 40.06 % 218,351 WY Totals 538 50,456,002 47.87 % 271 50,999,897 48.38 % 266 2,882,955 2.74 % -- 448,895 0.43 % -- 384,431 0.36 % -- 98,020 0.09 % -- 83,714 0.08 % -- 51,186 0.05 % -- − 543,895 − 0.52 % 105,405,100 US Arizona results ( edit ) The Libertarian Party of Arizona had ballot access , but opted to supplant Browne with L. Neil Smith . Thus , in Arizona , Smith received 5,775 votes , constituting 0.38 % of the Arizona vote . When adding Smith 's 5,775 votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total votes cast for president for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 , or 0.37 % of the vote . Maine and Nebraska District results ( edit ) Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . In both states , two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district . The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska 's congressional districts . District Electors Bush % Gore % Nader % Buchanan % Browne % Phillips % Hagelin % Other % Margin % Total Maine 's 1st congressional district 148,618 42.59 % 176,293 50.52 % 20,297 5.82 % 1,994 0.57 % 1,479 0.42 % 253 0.07 % -- -- 17 0.00 % -- 27,675 -- 7.93 % 348,951 Maine 's 2nd congressional district 137,998 45.56 % 143,658 47.43 % 16,830 5.56 % 2,449 0.81 % 1,595 0.53 % 326 0.11 % -- -- 10 0.00 % -- 5,660 -- 1.87 % 302,866 Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 142,562 58.90 % 86,946 35.92 % 10,085 4.17 % 1,324 0.55 % 754 0.31 % 167 0.07 % 185 0.08 % -- -- 55,616 22.98 % 242,023 Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 131,485 56.92 % 88,975 38.52 % 8,495 3.68 % 845 0.37 % 925 0.40 % 146 0.06 % 141 0.06 % -- -- 42,510 18.40 % 231,012 Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 159,815 71.35 % 55,859 24.94 % 5,960 2.66 % 1,477 0.66 % 566 0.25 % 155 0.07 % 152 0.07 % -- -- 103,956 46.41 % 223,984 Ballot access ( edit ) Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Gore / Lieberman Democratic 50 + DC 50,999,897 Bush / Cheney Republican 50 + DC 50,456,002 Nader / LaDuke Green 43 + DC 2,882,955 Buchanan / Foster Reform 49 448,895 Browne / Olivier Libertarian 49 + DC 384,431 Phillips / Frazier Constitution 41 98,020 Hagelin / Goldhaber Natural Law 38 83,714 Although the Libertarian Party had ballot access in all fifty United States plus D.C. , Browne 's name only appeared on the ballot in forty - nine United States plus D.C. The Libertarian Party of Arizona opted to place L. Neil Smith on the ballot in Browne 's place . When adding Smith 's 5,775 Arizona votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total presidential votes cast for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 . Aftermath ( edit ) After Florida was decided and Gore conceded , Texas Governor George W. Bush became the president - elect and began forming his transition committee . In a speech on December 13 , in the Texas House of Representatives chamber , Bush stated he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America , saying , `` the President of the United States is the President of every single American , of every race , and every background . '' Post recount ( edit ) On January 6 , 2001 , a joint session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote . Twenty members of the House of Representatives , most of them Democratic members of the Congressional Black Caucus , rose one - by - one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida . However , pursuant to the Electoral Count Act of 1887 , any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator . No senator would co-sponsor these objections , deferring to the Supreme Court 's ruling . Therefore , Gore , who presided in his capacity as President of the Senate , ruled each of these objections out of order . Subsequently , the joint session of Congress certified the electoral votes from all 50 states and the District of Columbia . Bush took the oath of office on January 20 , 2001 . He would serve for the next eight years . Gore has not , as of 2017 , considered another presidential run , remaining neutral in the Democratic primaries of 2004 , 2008 , and 2016 . The first independent recount of undervotes was conducted by the Miami Herald and USA Today . The commission found that under most scenarios for completion of the initiated recounts , Bush would have won the election ; however , Gore would have won using the most generous standards for undervotes . Ultimately , a media consortium -- comprising The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , Tribune Co. ( parent of the Los Angeles Times ) , Associated Press , CNN , The Palm Beach Post and the St. Petersburg Times -- hired NORC at the University of Chicago to examine 175,010 ballots that were collected from the entire state , not just the disputed counties that were recounted ; these ballots contained undervotes ( ballots with no machine - detected choice made for president ) and overvotes ( ballots with more than one choice marked ) . Their goal was to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used for the voting process . Based on the NORC review , the media group concluded that if the disputes over all the ballots in question had been resolved by applying statewide any of five standards that would have met Florida 's legal standard for recounts , the electoral result would have been reversed and Gore would have won by 60 to 171 votes . ( Any analysis of NORC data requires , for each punch ballot , at least two of the three ballot reviewers ' codes to agree or instead , for all three to agree . ) For all undervotes and overvotes statewide , these five standards are : Prevailing standard -- accepts at least one detached corner of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . County - by - county standard -- applies each county 's own standards independently . Two - corner standard -- accepts at least two detached corners of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Most restrictive standard -- accepts only so - called perfect ballots that machines somehow missed and did not count , or ballots with unambiguous expressions of voter intent . Most inclusive standard -- applies uniform criteria of `` dimple or better '' on punch marks and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Such a statewide review including all uncounted votes was a tangible possibility , as Leon County Circuit Court Judge Terry Lewis , whom the Florida Supreme Court had assigned to oversee the statewide recount , had scheduled a hearing for December 13 ( mooted by the U.S. Supreme Court 's final ruling on the 12th ) to consider the question of including overvotes as well as undervotes . Subsequent statements by Judge Lewis and internal court documents support the likelihood of including overvotes in the recount . Florida State University professor of public policy Lance deHaven - Smith observed that , even considering only undervotes , `` under any of the five most reasonable interpretations of the Florida Supreme Court ruling , Gore does , in fact , more than make up the deficit '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 's analysis of the NORC study and media coverage of it supports these interpretations and criticizes the coverage of the study by media outlets such as The New York Times and the other media consortium members . Further , according to sociologists Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza , the 2000 election might have gone to Al Gore if the disenfranchised population of Florida had voted . Florida law disenfranchises convicted felons , requiring individual applications to regain suffrage . In their 2002 American Sociological Review article , Uggen and Manza found that the released felon vote could have altered the outcome of seven senatorial races between 1978 and 2000 , and the 2000 presidential election . Matt Ford noted their study concluded `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . '' The effect of Florida 's law is such that in 2014 `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions . '' Voting machines ( edit ) Because the 2000 presidential election was so close in Florida , the United States government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 presidential election . Many of Florida 's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from usability and ballot design factors with voting systems , including the potentially confusing `` butterfly ballot '' . Many voters had difficulties with the paper - based punch card voting machines and were either unable to understand the required process for voting or unable to perform the process . This resulted in an unusual amount of overvote ( voting for more candidates than is allowed ) and undervotes ( voting for fewer than the minimum candidates , including none at all ) . Many undervotes were caused by voter error , unmaintained punch card voting booths , or errors having to do merely with the characteristics of punch card ballots ( resulting in hanging , dimpled , or pregnant chads ) . A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines . The United States presidential election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform , but it did not end it . In the aftermath of the election , the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections . Unfortunately , the electronic voting systems that many states purchased to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the presidential election of 2004 . Exit polling and declaration of vote winners ( edit ) The Voter News Service 's reputation was damaged by its treatment of Florida 's presidential vote in 2000 . Breaking its own guidelines , VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in the Florida panhandle . Although most of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone , counties in the Florida panhandle , located in the Central Time Zone , had not yet closed their polls . Discrepancies between the results of exit polls and the actual vote count caused the VNS to change its call twice , first from Gore to Bush and then to `` too close to call '' . Due in part to this ( and other polling inaccuracies ) the VNS was disbanded in 2003 . According to Bush adviser Karl Rove , exit polls early in the afternoon on election day showed Gore winning by three percentage points , but when the networks called the state for Gore , Bush led by about 75,000 votes in raw tallies from the Florida Secretary of State . Also , charges of media bias were leveled against the networks by Republicans . They claimed that the networks called states more quickly for Al Gore than for George W. Bush . Congress held hearings on this matter , and the networks claimed to have no intentional bias in their election night reporting . However , a study of the calls made on election night 2000 indicated that states carried by Gore were called more quickly than states won by Bush ; however , notable Bush states , like New Hampshire and Florida , were very close , and close Gore states like Iowa , Oregon , New Mexico and Wisconsin were called late as well . The early call of Florida for Gore has been alleged to have cost Bush several close states , including Iowa , New Mexico , Oregon , and Wisconsin . In each of these states , Gore won by less than 10,000 votes , and the polls closed after the networks called Florida for Gore . Because the Florida call was widely seen as an indicator that Gore had won the election , it is possible that it depressed Republican turnout in these states during the final hours of voting , giving Gore the slim margin by which he carried each of them . Had Bush carried all four of these states , he would have been able to win the electoral vote , even with a loss in Florida . Likewise , the call may have affected the outcome of the Senate election in Washington state , where incumbent Republican Slade Gorton was defeated by approximately 2,000 votes statewide . Ralph Nader spoiler effect ( edit ) Further information : Ralph Nader presidential campaign , 2000 § The `` spoiler '' controversy Many Gore supporters claimed that third - party candidate Nader acted as a spoiler in the election since Nader votes could have been cast for Gore , and for instance , Nader allegedly threw the election outcome to Bush . Nader received 2.74 percent of the popular vote nationwide , getting 97,000 votes in Florida ( by comparison , there were 111,251 overvotes ) and 22,000 votes in New Hampshire , where Bush beat Gore by 7,000 votes . Winning either state would have won the general election for Gore . Defenders of Nader , including Dan Perkins , argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third - party candidates for the defeat , including Workers World Party candidate Monica Moorehead , who received 1,500 votes . But the controversy with Nader also drained energy from the Democratic party as divisive debate went on in the months leading up to the election . Nader 's reputation was hurt by this perception , which may have hindered his goals as an activist . For example , Mother Jones wrote about the so - called `` rank - and - file liberals '' who saw Nader negatively after the election and pointed that Public Citizen , the organization Nader founded in 1971 , had a new fundraising problem in its own founder , citing a drop in contributions . Mother Jones also cited a Public Citizen 's letter sent out to people interested in Nader 's relation with the organization at that time , with the disclaimer : `` Although Ralph Nader was our founder , he has not held an official position in the organization since 1980 and does not serve on the board . Public Citizen -- and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded -- act independently . '' Democratic party strategist and Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) chair Al From expressed a different view . In the January 24 , 2001 , issue of the DLC 's Blueprint magazine , he wrote , `` I think they 're wrong on all counts . The assertion that Nader 's marginal vote hurt Gore is not borne out by polling data . When exit pollers asked voters how they would have voted in a two - way race , Bush actually won by a point . That was better than he did with Nader in the race . '' In an online article published by Salon.com on Tuesday , November 28 , 2000 , progressive activist Jim Hightower mentioned that in Florida , a state Gore lost by only 537 votes , 24,000 Democrats voted for Nader , while another 308,000 Democrats voted for Bush . According to Hightower , 191,000 self - described Liberals in Florida voted for Bush , while fewer than 34,000 voted for Nader . Wrote Hightower : Even when Gore went skittering across the country in August on a widely ballyhooed `` Working Families Tour , '' he had the Clinton administration 's favorite Wall Streeter , Robert Rubin , by his side , sending a stage wink to the corporate powers , assuring them that all his ( Gore 's ) quasi-populist posturing was only rhetoric -- not to worry , Rubin still has a grip on policy . Press influence on race ( edit ) In their 2007 book The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 , professors Stephen J. Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter alleged most media outlets influenced the outcome of the election through the use of horse race journalism . Some liberal supporters of Al Gore argued that the media had a bias against Gore and in favor of Bush . Peter Hart and Jim Naureckas , two commentators for Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) , called the media `` serial exaggerators '' and alleged that several media outlets were constantly exaggerating criticism of Gore : they alleged that the media falsely claimed Gore lied when he claimed he spoke in an overcrowded science class in Sarasota , Florida , and also alleged the media gave Bush a pass on certain issues , such as Bush allegedly exaggerating how much money he signed into the annual Texas state budget to help the uninsured during his second debate with Gore in October 2000 . In the April 2000 issue of Washington Monthly , columnist Robert Parry also alleged that media outlets exaggerated Gore 's supposed claim that he `` discovered '' the Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls , New York during a campaign speech in Concord , New Hampshire on November 30 , 1999 , when he had only claimed he `` found '' it after it was already evacuated in 1978 because of chemical contamination . Rolling Stone columnist Eric Boehlert also alleged media outlets exaggerated criticism of Gore as early as July 22 , 1999 , when Gore , known for being an environmentalist , had a friend release 500 million gallons of water into a drought stricken river to help keep his boat afloat for a photo shoot ; Boehlert claimed that media outlets exaggerated the actual number of gallons that were released , as they claimed it was 4 billion . See also ( edit ) United States portal Politics portal 2000s portal Bush v. Gore First inauguration of George W. Bush History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) List of close election results United States gubernatorial elections , 2000 United States House of Representatives elections , 2000 United States Senate elections , 2000 Ralph Nader 's presidential campaigns United States presidential election , 1824 United States presidential election , 1876 United States presidential election , 1888 United States presidential election , 2016 Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One faithless elector from the District of Columbia , Barbara Lett - Simmons , abstained from voting in protest of the District 's lack of voting representation in the United States Congress . ( D.C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress . ) She had been expected to vote for Gore / Lieberman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ One Democratic elector abstained in the official tally Jump up ^ Wolter , Kirk ; Jergovic , Diana ; Moore , Whitney ; Murphy , Joe ; O'Muircheartaigh , Colm ( February 2003 ) . `` Statistical Practice : Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' ( PDF ) . The American Statistician . American Statistical Association . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1198 / 0003130031144 . JSTOR 3087271 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : deHaven - Smith , Lance , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Battle for Florida : An Annotated Compendium of Materials from the 2000 Presidential Election . Gainesville , Florida , United States : University Press of Florida . pp. 8 , 16 , 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` West Memphis Kerrey bows out of 2000 presidential race '' . CNN . December 13 , 1998 . Jump up ^ York , Anthony ( September 2 , 1999 ) `` Life of the Party ? '' Salon News . Jump up ^ Dessauer , Carin ( April 8 , 1998 ) . `` Wellstone Launches Presidential Exploratory Committee '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Gore , Lieberman prepare for public debut of Democratic ticket '' . CNN . August 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Candidacy '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frontline . The Choice . Boston . October 12 , 2004 . PBS . WGBH - TV . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with John McCain '' . Dadmag.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Steven A. `` After Campaigning on Candor , McCain Admits He Lacked It on Confederate Flag Issue . The New York Times . April 20 , 2000 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Haberman , Maggie ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Remains Defiant on News Programs Amid G.O.P. Backlash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Mr. Trump 's flirtations with presidential runs span decades -- and parties . In 1999 , he left the Republican Party to become a member of the Reform Party Jump up ^ `` Trump officially joins Reform Party '' . CNN . October 25 , 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Trump has not yet formally declared he would seek the Reform Party nomination , but he announced Sunday he was quitting the Republican Party Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Socialist Party presidential candidate Brian Moore '' . Independent Weekly . October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Ralph Nader , Vice President : Winona LaDuke '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Harry Browne , Vice President : Art Olivier '' . The Green Papers . July 3 , 2000 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket '' . The Green Papers . July 2 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Bickford `` 2000 Presidential Status Summary ( table ) '' ' ' Ballot Access News ' ' June 29 , 2000 `` . Web.archive.org . October 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Winger `` '' Natural Law Convention '' Ballot Access News October 1 , 2000 , Volume 16 , Number 7 `` . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2002 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Second Gore - Bush Presidential Debate '' . 2000 Debate Transcript . Commission on Presidential Debates. 2004 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2000 Archive '' . CNN / AllPolitics.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rather , Dan . CBSNews.com . Out of the Shadows . August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ The New York Times . When a Kiss Is n't Just a Kiss . August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Gore 's Defeat : Do n't Blame Nader '' . Greens.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacob Weisberg ( November 8 , 2000 ) . `` Why Gore ( Probably ) Lost '' . Slate . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ `` Nader assails major parties : scoffs at charge he drains liberal vote '' . CBS . Associated Press . April 6 , 2000 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . There is a difference between Tweedledum and Tweedledee , but not that much . Jump up ^ CNN Transcript - CNN NewsStand : Presidential Race Intensifies ; Gore Campaign Worried Ralph Nader Could Swing Election to Bush - October 26 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` GOP Group To Air Pro-Nader TV Ads '' . Washingtonpost.com . October 27 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nader rejects concerns about role as spoiler - tribunedigital - baltimoresun Jump up ^ `` The 2000 Campaign : Campaign Briefing Published '' . The New York Times . September 5 , 2000 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Debates What Happened in 2000 ? '' . opendebates.org. 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( October 5 , 2000 ) . `` THE 2000 CAMPAIGN : THE GREEN PARTY ; Nader Wants Apology From Debate Panel for Turning Him Away '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( 2002 ) . `` Crashing the Party '' . naderlibrary.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Ballot Access News -- May 1 , 2002 '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barstow , David ; Van Natta , Don , Jr . ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Examining the Vote ; How Bush Took Florida : Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES . No. 00 - 949 ( 00A504 ) Bush v. Gore , On Application For Stay '' ( PDF ) . December 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Florida legislature to appoint electors during special session Friday '' . The St. Augustine Record . December 7 , 2000 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA LEGISLATURE -- SPECIAL SESSION A -- 2000 ( Dec ) HISTORY OF HOUSE BILLS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions '' . archives.gov . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results '' . fec.gov . Jump up ^ `` Who is boycotting the Trump inauguration ? '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Compare Data '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Casteel , Chris . `` Oklahoma 's 28th presidential election will be first with GOP voters in majority '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dizikes , Peter ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Electoral College Puts Bush Over the Top - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine General Election Tabulations , President of the United States by Congressional District '' . November 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Statewide General Election 2000 Results - President by Congressional District '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Ian Christopher McCaleb ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Bush , now president - elect , signals will to bridge partisan gaps '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Acceptance -- December 13 , 2000 '' . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush statement -- December 13 , 2000 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FDsys - Browse CREC '' . Gpo.gov . January 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Recount : Bush Won The 2000 election '' . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Won the Election ? Who Cares ? '' . Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Ballots Project '' . National Opinion Research Center . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolter , K.M. , Jergovic , D. , Moore , W. , Murphy , J. and O'Muirheartaigh , C. 2003 . `` Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' . American Statistician. 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2000 Presidential Election Stolen ? : Exit Polls , Election Fraud , and the Official Count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , pp. 41 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Word ? New Documents Raise Questions About News Media 's Findings On The 2000 Presidential Election '' ( archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Florida 's ex-convicts seek right to vote '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Ford , `` Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland '' , The Atlantic , February 9 , 2016 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , November 7 , 2014 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2004 election stolen ? : exit polls , election fraud , and the official count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , p. 68 - 83 . Jump up ^ Joseph Uscinski. 2007 . `` Too Close Too Call ? Uncertainty and Bias in Election Night Reporting '' Social Science Quarterly vol. 88 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Alterman ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Tweedledee , Indeed '' . Jump up ^ `` Overvote county summary '' . USA Today . May 10 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Herron , Michael C. ; Lewis , Jeffrey B. ( August 2007 ) . `` Did Ralph Nader spoil Al Gore 's Presidential bid ? A ballot - level study of Green and Reform Party voters in the 2000 Presidential election '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 2 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 226 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00005039 . Pdf . Jump up ^ `` This Modern World '' . Salon.com Comics . Jump up ^ `` Nader Unrepentant '' . Mother Jones . July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Building A New Progressive Majority by Al From '' . DLC . January 24 , 2001 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Leadership Council : Blueprint Magazine '' . Ndol.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ How Florida Democrats torpedoed Gore - Salon.com Jump up ^ Farnsworth , S.J. ; Lichter , S.R. ( 2007 ) . The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 9780742553774 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Hart ; Jim Naureckas ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Serial Exaggerators : Media 's double standard on political lying '' . FAIR . ^ Jump up to : Robert Parry ( April 2000 ) . `` He 's No Pinocchio : How the press exaggerated Al Gores exaggerations '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boehlert , Eric , ( December 6 , 2001 ) , `` The Press v. Al Gore '' , Rolling Stone Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Brinkley , Douglas ( 2001 ) . 36 Days : The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis . Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6850 - 3 . Steed , Robert P. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Election in the South : Partisanship and Southern Party Systems in the 21st Century . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) de La Garza , Rodolfo O. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . Muted Voices : Latinos and the 2000 Elections . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3590 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Abramson , Paul R. ; Rohde , David W. ; Aldrich , John Herbert ( 2002 ) . Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 740 - 0 . Bugliosi , Vincent ( 2001 ) . The Betrayal of America : How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President . Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 355 - X . Corrado , Anthony ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Election of 2000 : Reports and Interpretations . Chatham House Publishers . Denton , Robert E. , Jr. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Campaign : A Communication Perspective . Praeger . Dershowitz , Alan M. ( 2001 ) . Supreme Injustice : How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000 . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514827 - 4 . Dover , E.D. ( 2002 ) . Missed Opportunity : Gore , Incumbency , and Television in Election 2000 . Westport , Conn. : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97638 - 6 . Dougherty , John E. ( 2001 ) . Election 2000 : How the Military Vote Was Suppressed . Cave Junction , OR : WorldNetDaily.com , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58939 - 065 - 2 . Gillman , H. ( 2001 ) . The Votes That Counted : How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 29408 - 0 . Moore , David W. ( 2006 ) . How to Steal an Election : The Inside Story of How George Bush 's Brother and FOX Network Miscalled the 2000 Election and Changed the Course of History . New York : Nation Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 929 - 9 . Jacobson , Arthur J. ; Rosenfeld , Michel ( 2002 ) . The Longest Night : Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000 . Palast , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Best Democracy Money Can Buy . Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1846 - 0 . Posner , Richard A. ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Deadlock : The 2000 Election , the Constitution , and the Courts . Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09073 - 4 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 2002 ) . The Unfinished Election of 2000 . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06837 - 5 . Sabato , Larry J. ( 2001 ) . Overtime ! The Election 2000 Thriller . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 10028 - X . Sammon , Bill ( 2001 ) . At Any Cost : How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election . Regnery Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 227 - 4 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . Too Close To Call : The Thirty - Six - Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50708 - 6 . Journal articles ( edit ) Miller , Arthur H. ; Thomas F. Klobucar ( 2003 ) . `` The Role of Issues in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 33 ( 1 ) : 101 + . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2003. tb00018. x . Wattenberg , Martin P. ( 1999 ) . `` The Democrats ' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency : An Analysis of Partisan Swings '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 685 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00057. x . Wattier , Mark J. ( 2004 ) . `` The Clinton Factor : The Effects of Clinton 's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election '' . White House Studies . 4 . Tribe , Laurence H. : `` Erog . v Hsub and its Disguises : Freeing Bush v. Gore from its Hall of Mirrors '' , 115 Harvard Law Review 170 ( November 2001 ) . Papers ( edit ) Keating , Dan ( The Washington Post ) . `` Democracy Counts , The Florida ballot recount project '' , paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association , Boston , 2002 . Underhill , Wendy `` Election 2000 : Before and After : September 2012 '' , State Legislatures Magazine , a 2012 retrospective on improvements started by the 2000 election . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 2000 . 2000 popular vote by states 2000 popular vote by states ( with bar graphs ) Campaign commercials from the 2000 election CBS News Coverage of Election Night 2000 : Investigation , Analysis , Recommendations ( 231 kB PDF ) . Presidential Primaries , Caucuses , and Conventions Report from United States Commission on Civil Rights Supreme Court Decisions of December 9 , 2000 Timeline of the 2000 Presidential Election How close was the 2000 election ? at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 25 , 2012 ) Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Booknotes interview with Jeff Greenfield on Oh , Waiter ! One Order of Crow : Inside the Strangest Presidential Election Finish in American History , July 22 , 2001 . 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Bush 43rd President of the United States ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Born July 6 , 1946 Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration First term Second term Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy International trips Bush Doctrine War in Afghanistan Iraq War Status of Forces Agreement Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act USA Freedom Corps Department of Homeland Security Space policy Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty `` War on Terror '' President 's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Cabinet Pardons Impeachment efforts Life Presidential library Early life Military service controversy ( Killian documents controversy and authenticity issues ) Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Bush compound Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Speeches Axis of evil Mission Accomplished State of the Union address 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1978 Texas gubernatorial election 1994 1998 Presidential campaign 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries , 2000 Republican National Convention 2000 United States presidential election , 2000 Bush v. Gore United States presidential election , 2004 Public image Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet ? Books A Charge to Keep ( 1999 ) Decision Points ( 2010 ) 41 : A Portrait of My Father ( 2014 ) Portraits of Courage ( 2017 ) Family Laura Bush ( wife ) Barbara Pierce Bush ( daughter ) Jenna Bush Hager ( daughter ) George H.W. Bush ( father presidency ) Barbara Bush ( mother ) Jeb Bush ( brother ) Neil Bush ( brother ) Marvin Bush ( brother ) Dorothy Bush Koch ( sister ) Prescott Bush ( grandfather ) George P. Bush ( nephew ) Barney ( dog ) Miss Beazley ( dog ) India ( cat ) Spot Fetcher ( dog ) ← Bill Clinton Barack Obama → Book Al Gore 45th Vice President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1985 -- 1993 ) U.S. Representative from Tennessee ( 1977 -- 1985 ) Born ( 1948 - 03 - 31 ) March 31 , 1948 Politics Electoral history House elections , 1976 1978 1980 1982 Atari Democrat Senate elections , 1984 Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988 1988 presidential campaign 1992 Democratic National Convention 1992 presidential election 1996 Democratic National Convention 1996 presidential election Vice presidency 2000 Democratic National Convention 2000 presidential election 2000 presidential campaign Bush v. Gore Environment Global Marshall Plan Environmental activism Alliance for Climate Protection An Inconvenient Truth `` I Need to Wake Up '' Live Earth An Inconvenient Sequel : Truth to Power Technology Role in information technology High Performance Computing Act of 1991 National Information Infrastructure Information superhighway The Superhighway Summit 24 Hours in Cyberspace NetDay Digital Earth Current TV Recognition Awards and honors Books Earth in the Balance An Inconvenient Truth The Assault on Reason Our Choice Family Tipper Gore ( wife , separated ) Karenna Gore ( daughter ) Kristin Gore ( daughter ) Albert Gore Sr. ( father ) Pauline LaFon Gore ( mother ) Ralph Nader Family Rose Nader Claire Nader Laura Nader Shafeek Nader Books authored Unsafe at Any Speed Action for a Change Crashing the Party Only the Super-Rich Can Save Us ! Unstoppable : The Emerging Left -- Right Alliance to Dismantle the Corporate State Political campaigns Campaign for 1992 presidential election Campaign for 1996 presidential election Campaign for 2000 presidential election Campaign for 2004 presidential election Campaign for 2008 presidential election Organizations Public Citizen Critical Mass Energy Project Knowledge Ecology International Public Interest Research Group Center for Auto Safety Connecticut Citizen Action Group Essential Information Princeton Project 55 Appleseed Foundation Democracy Rising American Antitrust Institute Commercial Alert Other An Unreasonable Man Concord Principles American Museum of Tort Law The Chemical Feast introduction Media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_2000&oldid=817209608 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 2000 History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) Presidency of George W. Bush Al Gore Dick Cheney November 2000 events Elections not won by the popular vote winner Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who received the most electoral votes in the 2000 presidential election
[ "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nGeorge Walker Bush\nRepublican\nTexas\n50,462,412\n47.87%\n271\nRichard Bruce Cheney\nWyoming\n271\n\n\nAlbert Arnold Gore, Jr.\nDemocratic\nTennessee\n50,999,897\n48.38%\n266\nJoseph Isadore Lieberman\nConnecticut\n266\n\n\nRalph Nader\nGreen\nConnecticut\n2,882,955\n2.74%\n0\nWinona LaDuke\nMinnesota\n0\n\n\nPat Buchanan\nReform\nVirginia\n448,895\n0.43%\n0\nEzola B. Foster\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nHarry Browne\nLibertarian\nTennessee\n384,431\n0.36%\n0\nArt Olivier\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nHoward Phillips\nConstitution\nVirginia\n98,020\n0.09%\n0\nCurtis Frazier\nMissouri\n0\n\n\nJohn Hagelin\nNatural Law\nIowa\n83,714\n0.08%\n0\nNat Goldhaber\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nOther\n51,186\n0.05%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\n(abstention)[a]\n—\n—\n—\n—\n1\n(abstention)[a]\n—\n1\n\n\nTotal\n105,421,423\n100%\n538\n\n538\n\n\nNeeded to win\n270\n\n270\n\n" ]
[ "George Walker Bush" ]
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Why Can't We Be Friends?
Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? - Wikipedia Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? For the title track , see Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( song ) . For the American Dad ! episode , see Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( American Dad ! ) . Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? Studio album by War Released June 16 , 1975 Recorded Genre Funk R&B Length 44 : 04 Label United Artists Producer Jerry Goldstein Lonnie Jordan Howard Scott War chronology War Live ( 1974 ) War Live 1974 Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( 1975 ) Love Is All Around ( with Eric Burdon ) ( 1976 ) Love Is All Around 1976 Singles from Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' Released : 1975 `` In Mazatlan '' Released : 1975 `` Low Rider '' Released : 1975 `` So '' Released : 1975 Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? is the seventh studio album by American funk band War , released on June 16 , 1975 by United Artists Records . Two singles from the album were released : the title track backed with `` In Mazatlan '' , and `` Low Rider '' backed with `` So '' . Both A-sides were nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1976 . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Contents 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Singles 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks composed by War ( Papa Dee Allen , Harold Brown , B.B. Dickerson , Lonnie Jordan , Charles Miller , Lee Oskar , Howard E. Scott ) , except where indicated . Note : CD edition does not break `` Leroy 's Latin Lament '' into sections . `` Do n't Let No One Get You Down '' ( War , Jerry Goldstein ) -- 3 : 59 `` Lotus Blossom '' ( War , Francie Nelson ) -- 3 : 59 `` Heartbeat '' -- 7 : 25 `` Leroy 's Latin Lament ( Medley ) '' - 6 : 36 `` Lonnie Dreams '' -- 0 : 49 `` The Way We Feel '' ( War , lyrics : Keri Oskar ) -- 1 : 10 `` La Fiesta '' -- 2 : 10 `` Lament '' -- 2 : 27 `` Smile Happy '' -- 7 : 22 `` So '' -- 4 : 58 `` Low Rider '' ( War , Jerry Goldstein ) -- 3 : 11 `` In Mazatlan '' -- 2 : 45 `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' ( War , Jerry Goldstein ) -- 3 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) Howard Scott -- guitar , percussion , vocals B.B. Dickerson -- bass , percussion , vocals Lonnie Jordan -- organ , piano , timbales , percussion , vocals Harold Brown -- drums , percussion , vocals ( credit missing from LP cover ) Papa Dee Allen -- conga , bongos , percussion , vocals Charles Miller -- clarinet , alto , tenor and baritone saxes , percussion , vocals Lee Oskar -- harmonica , percussion , vocals Charts ( edit ) Year Album Chart positions US US R&B Jazz Albums Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? 8 14 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart positions US US R&B US Dance `` Low Rider '' 7 -- `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' 6 9 -- `` Heartbeat '' -- -- 6 See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1975 ( U.S. ) External links ( edit ) Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? at Discogs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` War US albums chart history '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` War US singles chart history '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . War Lonnie Jordan Marcos Reyes Howard E. Scott Harold Ray Brown Lee Oskar Morris `` B.B. '' Dickerson Charles Miller Eric Burdon Pat Rizzo J.B. Eckl Albums Eric Burdon Declares `` War '' ( 1970 ) The Black - Man 's Burdon ( 1970 ) Love Is All Around War ( 1971 ) All Day Music ( 1971 ) The World Is a Ghetto ( 1972 ) Deliver the Word ( 1973 ) War Live ( 1974 ) Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( 1975 ) Platinum Jazz ( 1976 ) Galaxy ( 1977 ) Youngblood ( 1978 ) The Music Band ( 1979 ) The Music Band 2 ( 1979 ) Outlaw ( 1982 ) The Music Band -- Jazz ( 1983 ) Life ( Is So Strange ) ( 1983 ) ☮ ( Peace Sign ) ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Can%27t_We_Be_Friends%3F&oldid=844451021 '' Categories : 1975 albums United Artists Records albums War ( band ) albums Albums produced by Jerry Goldstein ( producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 00 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
why can't we be friends why can't we be friends why can't we be friends
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Chattanooga Campaign
Chattanooga Campaign - wikipedia Chattanooga Campaign Jump to : navigation , search Chattanooga Campaign Part of the American Civil War Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Braxton Bragg , commanding generals of the Chattanooga Campaign Date September 21 -- November 25 , 1863 Location Chattanooga , Tennessee Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant William S. Rosecrans George Henry Thomas William Tecumseh Sherman Braxton Bragg Units involved Military Division of the Mississippi : Army of the Cumberland Army of the Tennessee Army of Tennessee Strength 72,533 `` present for duty equipped '' 48,948 `` present for duty '' Casualties and losses 5,824 total ( 753 killed 4,722 wounded 349 missing ) 6,000 -- 8,000 ( estimated ) ( 8,684 men killed , wounded or prisoners ) Chattanooga Campaign REOPENING THE TENNESSEE RIVER : Wheeler 's Raid Farmington Brown 's Ferry Wauhatchie CHATTANOOGA - RINGGOLD CAMPAIGN : Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge Ringgold Gap The Chattanooga Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in October and November 1863 , during the American Civil War . Following the defeat of Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans ' Union Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga in September , the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men by occupying key high terrain around Chattanooga , Tennessee . Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Union forces in the West , now consolidated under the Division of the Mississippi . Significant reinforcements also began to arrive with him in Chattanooga from Mississippi and the Eastern Theater . On October 19 , Grant removed Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replaced him with Major General George Henry Thomas . After opening a supply line ( the `` Cracker Line '' ) to feed his starving men and animals , Grant 's army fought off a Confederate counterattack at the Battle of Wauhatchie on October 28 -- 29 , 1863 . On November 23 , the Army of the Cumberland advanced from the fortifications around Chattanooga to seize the minor high ground at Orchard Knob while elements of the Union Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman maneuvered to launch a surprise attack against Bragg 's right flank on Missionary Ridge . On November 24 , Sherman 's men crossed the Tennessee River in the morning and then advanced to occupy high ground at the northern end of Missionary Ridge in the afternoon . The same day , Eastern Theater troops under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker defeated the Confederates in the Battle of Lookout Mountain . The next day they began a movement toward Bragg 's left flank at Rossville . On November 25 , Sherman 's attack on Bragg 's right flank made little progress . Hoping to distract Bragg 's attention , Grant ordered Thomas 's army to advance in the center of his line to the base of Missionary Ridge . A combination of misunderstood orders and the pressure of the tactical situation caused Thomas 's men to surge to the top of Missionary Ridge , routing the Army of Tennessee , which retreated to Dalton , Georgia , fighting off the Union pursuit successfully at the Battle of Ringgold Gap . Bragg 's defeat eliminated the last significant Confederate control of Tennessee and opened the door to an invasion of the Deep South , leading to Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Reopening the Tennessee River 1.2. 1 Opening the Cracker Line 1.2. 2 Wauhatchie 1.2. 3 Longstreet departs 1.3 Preparations for battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 The Battles for Chattanooga 3.1 Orchard Knob 3.2 Lookout Mountain 3.3 Missionary Ridge 3.4 Rossville Gap 4 Retreat and pursuit 4.1 Ringgold Gap 5 Aftermath 6 Battlefield preservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Memoirs and primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Chickamauga Further information : American Civil War , Western Theater of the American Civil War , Battle of Stones River , Tullahoma Campaign , and Chickamauga Campaign Chattanooga viewed from the North bank of the Tennessee River , 1863 . The Union Army pontoon bridge is shown on the left , Lookout Mountain at the right rear . The small hill in front of Lookout Mountain is Cameron Hill , which was significantly flattened during 20th century development of the city . Federal supply lines and Wheeler 's October 1863 raid Confederate Union Chattanooga was a vital rail hub ( with lines going north toward Nashville and Knoxville and south toward Atlanta ) , and an important manufacturing center for the production of iron and coal , located on the navigable Tennessee River . In September 1863 , the Union Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans executed a series of maneuvers that forced Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg and his Army of Tennessee to abandon Chattanooga and withdraw into northern Georgia . Rosecrans pursued Bragg and the two armies collided at the Battle of Chickamauga on September 19 -- 20 . Bragg achieved a major victory when a gap was opened mistakenly in the Union line and a strong assaulting force commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet drove through it and routed a good portion of the Union army . A determined defensive stand by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas on Snodgrass Hill saved the army from total destruction , earning him the nickname `` Rock of Chickamauga '' and allowing time for most of Rosecrans 's army to retreat to Chattanooga . Bragg did not cut off the escape routes to Chattanooga and did not organize a pursuit that might have seriously damaged the Union army before it could regroup and prepare its defenses in the city . The Union forces took advantage of previous Confederate works to erect strong defensive positions in a tight , 3 - mile - long semicircle around the city . Bragg had three courses of action . He could outflank Rosecrans by crossing the Tennessee either below or above the city , assault the Union force directly in their fortifications , or starve the Federals by establishing a siege line . The flanking option was deemed to be impracticable because Bragg 's army was short on ammunition , they had no pontoons for river crossing , and Longstreet 's corps from Virginia had arrived at Chickamauga without wagons . A direct assault was too costly against a well - fortified enemy . Receiving intelligence that Rosecrans 's men had only six days of rations , Bragg chose the siege option , while attempting to accumulate sufficient logistical capability to cross the Tennessee . Bragg 's army besieged the city , threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender . The Confederates established themselves on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain , both of which had excellent views of the city , the Tennessee River flowing north of the city , and the Union 's supply lines . Bragg also had little inclination to take offensive action against the Federal army because he was occupied in leadership quarrels within his army . On September 29 , Bragg relieved from command two of his subordinates who had disappointed him in the Chickamauga Campaign : Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman ( who had failed to destroy part of the Union army at McLemore 's Cove ) and Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk ( who had delayed attacking on September 20 of Chickamauga ) . On October 4 , twelve of his most senior generals sent a petition to Confederate President Jefferson Davis , demanding that Bragg be relieved of command . Davis personally visited Chattanooga to hear the complaints . After he decided to retain Bragg in command , Bragg retaliated against some of those generals by relieving Lt. Gen. D.H. Hill and Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner . Never in the history of the Army of the Cumberland had the spirit of its officers and men been more depressed . The battle of Chickamauga had not only been fought and lost , but we also lost what was more than losing the battle . We had lost confidence in our commander . Capt . George Lewis , 124th Ohio In Chattanooga , Rosecrans was stunned by the defeat of his army and became psychologically unable to take decisive action to lift the siege . President Abraham Lincoln remarked that Rosecrans seemed `` confused and stunned like a duck hit on the head . '' Union soldiers began to feel the effect of extremely short rations and many of their horses and mules died . The only supply line that was not controlled by the Confederates was a roundabout , tortuous course nearly 60 miles long over Walden 's Ridge from Bridgeport , Alabama . Heavy rains began to fall in late September , washing away long stretches of the mountain roads . On October 1 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler 's Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons -- burning hundreds of the wagons , and shooting or sabering hundreds of mules -- at the start of his October 1863 Raid through Tennessee to sever Rosecrans 's supply line . Toward the end of October , typical Federal soldiers ' rations were `` four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of pork '' every three days . The Union high command began immediate preparations to relieve the city . Only hours after the defeat at Chickamauga , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker to Chattanooga with 15,000 men in two small corps from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia . Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was ordered to send 20,000 men under his chief subordinate Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , from Vicksburg , Mississippi . On September 29 , Stanton ordered Grant to go to Chattanooga himself , as commander of the newly created Military Division of the Mississippi , bringing all of the territory from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River ( and much of the state of Arkansas ) under a single commander for the first time . Grant was given the option of replacing the demoralized Rosecrans with Thomas . Although Grant did not have good personal relations with Thomas , he heartily disliked Rosecrans . He selected Thomas to command the Army of the Cumberland . Hearing an inaccurate report that Rosecrans was preparing to abandon Chattanooga , Grant telegraphed to Thomas , `` Hold Chattanooga at all hazards . I will be there as soon as possible . '' The Rock of Chickamauga replied immediately , `` We will hold the town till we starve . '' Grant traveled over the treacherous mountain supply line roads and arrived in Chattanooga on October 23 . Reopening the Tennessee River ( edit ) Opening the Cracker line ( edit ) Engraving of the view north from Point Lookout on Lookout Mountain over the Chattanooga region , from Battles and Leaders , 1885 The chief engineer of the Army of the Cumberland , Brig. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , had devised a plan with Rosecrans to open a more reliable supply line to the troops in Chattanooga . General Thomas put the plan afoot immediately upon taking command. Smith briefed Grant immediately after the new commander 's arrival and Grant enthusiastically concurred with the plan . Brown 's Ferry crossed the Tennessee River from Moccasin Point where the road followed a gap through the foothills , turned south through Lookout Valley to Wauhatchie Station , and then west to Kelley 's Ferry , a navigable point on the Tennessee that could be reached by Union supply boats . If the Army of the Cumberland could seize Brown 's Ferry and link up with Hooker 's force arriving from Bridgeport , Alabama , through the Lookout Valley , a reliable , efficient supply line -- soon to become known as the `` Cracker Line '' -- would be open . And a force at Brown 's Ferry would threaten the right flank of any Confederate movement into the valley . Hazen 's men land at Brown 's Ferry Hooker left Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum with one of his divisions of the XII Corps to guard the railroad line from Murfreesboro , to Bridgeport . Slocum 's remaining division , under Brig. Gen. John W. Geary , and the two divisions of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard 's XI Corps were ordered to move quickly to Lookout Valley . However , weather conditions delayed the movement , so Grant decided to move ahead with the Brown 's Ferry operation even before Hooker could arrive . Smith 's plan for the assault on Brown 's Ferry was to send most of one brigade ( Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen 's ) traveling stealthily downriver on pontoons and a raft at night to capture the gap and hills on the west bank of the Tennessee while a second brigade ( Brig. Gen. John B. Turchin 's ) marched across Moccasin Point in support . Braxton Bragg had no idea that this operation was being planned , but he was aware of Hooker 's pending river crossing at Bridgeport , so was concerned about his left flank . He ordered Longstreet to move additional units into Lookout Valley , but , unknown to Bragg , the order was ignored . Furthermore , Longstreet 's lack of diligence allowed command mixups to leave only two regiments near Brown 's Ferry . Early on the morning of October 27 , Hazen 's men floated unnoticed past the Confederate position on Lookout Mountain , aided by low fog and no moonlight . They were able to seize the ground above Brown 's Ferry by 4 : 40 a.m. A counterattack by the 15th Alabama Infantry , commanded by Col. William C. Oates ( of Little Round Top fame ) was repulsed and Oates was wounded . Oates 's brigade commander , Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law , placed his brigade blocking the road over Lookout Mountain and reported the Union success to Longstreet . Longstreet dismissed the importance of the report , considering the Union move to be only a feint , and did not bother passing the information on to Bragg . When Bragg learned of it , he ordered Longstreet to retake the ground immediately , but Longstreet once again did nothing and Smith 's men spent the day consolidating their bridgehead without interference . Hooker 's column marched through Lookout Valley and linked up with Hazen and Turchin at Brown 's Ferry at 3 : 45 p.m. , October 28 . Thomas 's staff began the preparations to bring supplies over the Cracker Line and he telegraphed General in Chief Henry W. Halleck that he expected `` in a few days to be pretty well supplied . '' Wauhatchie ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Wauhatchie Battle of Wauhatchie Having ignored several direct orders from Bragg to attack Brown 's Ferry , Longstreet was ordered by Bragg to attack Hooker 's concentration at Wauhatchie instead . There , Hooker had neglected to arrange his force into effective defensive positions , instructing them merely to find good cover for the troops and bivouac . He detached Brig. Gen. John W. Geary 's division at Wauhatchie Station , a stop on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad , to protect the line of communications to the south as well as the road west to Kelley 's Ferry . Longstreet was amazed to see Geary 's bivouacking soldiers with their large wagon train parked directly in front of him . Longstreet ordered a night attack , a relatively rare occurrence in the Civil War , using only the brigade of Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law and Brig. Gen. Micah Jenkins 's division from Lookout Mountain , far fewer troops than Bragg had authorized . The attack was scheduled for 10 : 00 p.m. on October 28 , but confusion delayed it until midnight . Although Geary and his officers expected an attack and had thrown out pickets , its suddenness took them by surprise . Enveloped from the north by Col. John Bratton 's brigade , the Union defenders formed into a V - shaped battle line , facing north and east . Geary 's son Edward , an artillery lieutenant , was killed in the battle , dying in his father 's arms . Hearing the sounds of battle , Hooker , at Brown 's Ferry , sent Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard with two XI Corps divisions as reinforcements . Orders of march were confused and delayed the movement . Hooker mistakenly deployed units from both XI Corps divisions against Law 's and Brig. Gen. Henry L. Benning 's brigades , leaving no one to go to Geary 's aid . Law 's 2,000 men were greatly outnumbered by Hooker 's men , but the hilltop position was naturally strong and several vigorous Union assaults were repulsed . Receiving an erroneous report that Bratton was retreating , Law decided to pull back . Just as his men left their entrenchments , Col. Orland Smith 's brigade ( Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr 's division ) spilled over them , capturing some stragglers and scattering a regiment that failed to get the order to retreat . Meanwhile , Hooker agreed to let Howard proceed to Wauhatchie with some cavalry . Geary 's men continued to hold fast , although they began to run low on ammunition . Just as Bratton began to sense victory , he received a note from Jenkins to retreat because Union reinforcements were arriving at his rear . He withdrew to Lookout Mountain , successfully covered by Benning 's brigade . Both sides had planned poorly for the battle . Hooker 's carelessness in placing his men had left them at risk . Grant was disgusted at Hooker 's performance and considered relieving him . Longstreet committed too few men for an assault of this importance and Bragg was also disgusted with his subordinate . Bragg 's biographer , Judith L. Hallock , wrote that Wauhatchie was , for Longstreet , an `` ill - conceived , ill - planned , and poorly coordinated attack '' that `` resulted in a shambles . '' Longstreet departs ( edit ) Bragg had committed the most egregious error of his checkered career . In all too typical fashion , he had allowed rancor to crowd out rational thought . Without a coherent plan or even the desire for close coordination between the two segments , he had divided his army in the face of a now numerically superior foe who was about to receive even more reinforcements . The view of Peter Cozzens , The Shipwreck of Their Hopes The opening of the cracker line changed the strategic situation completely . Bragg knew the siege was effectively broken . Considering his options -- retreating from the area ; assaulting the Union fortifications at Chattanooga ; waiting for Grant to attack ; attempting to move around Grant 's right flank ; attempting to move around Grant 's left flank -- Bragg realized that movement around Grant 's left flank was the only promising option . It would potentially allow him to re-establish an additional badly needed rail supply line ( to Virginia via Knoxville ) and join forces with about 10,000 men operating in southwestern Virginia under the command of Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones . An impediment to this plan was the operation of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's Union Army of the Ohio , currently occupying Knoxville and blocking the railroad . On October 17 , Bragg had ordered the division of Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson and two cavalry brigades to extend his right flank toward Knoxville . On October 22 , Bragg added the division of Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson to the expedition , bringing the total to about 11,000 men , and considered sending Stevenson 's corps commander , John C. Breckinridge , as well . In early November , Bragg ordered additional reinforcements and changed the orders from simply extending the right flank to actually pushing Burnside away from Knoxville and reestablish communications with Virginia . But events in Virginia caused Bragg to change his plan . Responding to a suggestion from President Davis , Bragg announced in a council of war on November 3 that he was sending Longstreet and his two divisions into East Tennessee to deal with Burnside , replacing the Stevenson / Jackson force . Davis had suggested Longstreet for this assignment because he intended Longstreet 's divisions to return to the Army of Northern Virginia at the end of the campaign and Knoxville was on the route back to Virginia . In the face of a rapidly expanding enemy force , Bragg chose to divide his army and decrease his net defensive force by about 4,000 men ( less than 10 % ) in order to facilitate the move on Knoxville . Campaign historian Steven E. Woodworth judged , however , that `` even the flat loss of the number of good soldiers in Longstreet 's divisions would have been a gain to the army in ridding it of their general 's feuding and blundering . '' Preparations for Battle ( edit ) Grant had two weeks following Wauhatchie before Sherman was to arrive , and he charged Thomas and Smith with the responsibility for planning an assault against Bragg , starting with an attack by Sherman on the Confederate right flank , emphasizing that he would not approve the plan until Sherman had an opportunity to review it . After considerable reconnaissance the two generals presented their plan on November 14 . Sherman 's arriving troops would use newly improved roads to pass through the hills north of Chattanooga , taking a route that was not visible from Lookout Mountain , hoping that Bragg would not know for certain whether Sherman was targeting Chattanooga or Knoxville. Smith would assemble every available boat and pontoon to allow Sherman 's corps to cross the Tennessee River near the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek and attack Bragg 's right flank on Missionary Ridge . If the attack were successful , the Union would control the two key railroad lines that supplied Bragg 's army , forcing him to withdraw . Thomas 's army would simultaneously pin down the Confederate center on Missionary Ridge . The plan also called for Hooker to assault and seize Lookout Mountain , Bragg 's left flank , and continue on to Rossville , where he would be positioned to cut off a potential Confederate retreat to the south . Sherman arrived ahead of his troops on the evening of November 14 . He observed the end of Missionary Ridge that he was designated to attack and remarked that he could seize it successfully by 9 a.m. on the assigned day . Grant approved Thomas 's and Smith 's plan , although he withdrew support for the attack by Hooker on Lookout Mountain , intending the mass of his attack to be by Sherman . Sherman 's men were still a considerable distance from Chattanooga because they had been under orders from Halleck to repair the railroad as they marched the 330 miles from Vicksburg ( an order countermanded by Grant on October 27 ) and their commander had ignored advice from Thomas that he march rapidly without the impediment of his trains , as Hooker had done . Although Grant had hoped to begin offensive operations on November 21 , by November 20 only one of Sherman 's brigades had crossed over Brown 's Ferry and the attack had to be postponed . Grant was coming under pressure from Washington to react to Longstreet 's advance against Burnside at Knoxville . Bragg , having dispatched most of his cavalry , had little means of gathering intelligence . He assumed that Sherman 's corps would be heading toward his department 's extreme right flank at Knoxville , not Chattanooga . Therefore , he believed that the main Union assault would occur on his left flank , Lookout Mountain . On November 12 , Bragg placed Carter Stevenson in overall command for the defense of the mountain , with Stevenson 's division placed on the summit . The brigades of Brig . Gens . John K. Jackson , Edward C. Walthall , and John C. Moore were placed on the `` bench '' of the mountain ( a narrow and relatively flat shelf that wrapped around the northern end of the mountain approximately halfway to the summit ) . Jackson later wrote about the dissatisfaction of the commanders assigned to this area , `` Indeed , it was agreed on all hands that the position was one extremely difficult to defense against a strong force of the enemy advancing under cover of a heavy fire . '' Thomas L. Connelly , historian of the Army of Tennessee , wrote that despite the imposing appearance of Lookout Mountain , `` the mountain 's strength was a myth ... It was impossible to hold ( the bench , which ) was commanded by Federal artillery at Moccasin Bend . '' Although Stevenson placed an artillery battery on the crest of the mountain , the guns could not be depressed enough to reach the bench , which was accessible from numerous trails on the west side of the mountain . Dissatisfaction also prevailed in the Chattanooga Valley and on Missionary Ridge , where Breckinridge , commanding Bragg 's center and right , had only 16,000 men to defend a line 5 miles long . Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson , whose division was assigned to the Confederate works along the western base of the ridge , wrote `` This line of defense , following its sinuosities , was over two miles in length -- nearly twice as long as a number of bayonets in the division could adequately defend . '' Bragg exacerbated the situation on November 22 by ordering Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne to withdraw his and Simon B. Buckner 's divisions from the line and march to Chickamauga Station , for railroad transport to Knoxville , removing 11,000 more men from the defense of Chattanooga . This move was apparently made because , as Grant had hoped , Bragg concluded that Sherman 's troops were moving on to Knoxville , in which case Longstreet would need the reinforcements , for which he had been constantly clamoring since he was first given the assignment . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Union subordinate commanders Maj. Gen . William T. Sherman Maj. Gen . George H. Thomas Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker Further information : Union order of battle Grant 's Military Division of the Mississippi assembled the following forces at Chattanooga : The Army of the Tennessee , commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , consisting of the XV Corps under Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair , Jr. , and the 2nd Division of the XVII Corps under Brig. Gen. John E. Smith . The Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas , consisting of the IV Corps under Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger , and the XIV Corps under Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer . The command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , which was part of the Army of the Cumberland during the battle , consisting of the XI Corps under Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard and the 2nd Division of the XII Corps under Brig. Gen. John W. Geary . ( On November 24 and 25 , Hooker was in direct command of the 2nd Division of the XII Corps , along with Charles Cruft 's division detached from the IV Corps and Peter J. Osterhaus ' division detached from the XV Corps . ) Confederate ( edit ) Confederate corps commanders Lt. Gen . James Longstreet Lt. Gen . William J. Hardee Maj. Gen . John C. Breckinridge Further information : Confederate order of battle Bragg 's Army of Tennessee had the following forces available in Chattanooga : Longstreet 's Corps , under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , consisting of the divisions under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws and Brig. Gen. Micah Jenkins ( replacing John Bell Hood , wounded at Chickamauga ) . Longstreet 's Corps was dispatched to Knoxville on November 5 . Hardee 's Corps , under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee , consisting of the divisions under Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson ( Cheatham 's Division ) , Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson ( Hindman 's Division ) , Brig. Gen. States Rights Gist ( Walker 's Division ) , and Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner ( detached November 22 to Knoxville ) . Breckinridge 's Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge , consisting of the divisions of Maj . Gens . Patrick R. Cleburne , Alexander P. Stewart , Carter L. Stevenson , and Brig. Gen. William B. Bate ( Breckinridge 's Division ) . On November 5 , Bragg seriously weakened his forces by sending Longstreet 's Corps against Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside near Knoxville . On November 22 , Bragg further weakened his forces by ordering the division of Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville . The battles for Chattanooga ( edit ) Orchard Knob ( edit ) Orchard Knob in 1864 Battle monuments on Orchard Knob Orchard Knob , c1900 - 1915 On November 23 , the Union army observed columns of Cleburne 's and Buckner 's men marching away from Missionary Ridge and also heard claims from Confederate deserters that the entire army was falling back . Grant became concerned that Bragg was massively reinforcing Longstreet and sought to disrupt the movement . Thomas ordered his division under Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood to advance in a reconnaissance in force , instructing him to avoid an engagement with the enemy and return to his fortifications when the strength of the Confederate line was revealed . Wood 's men assembled outside of their entrenchments and observed their objective approximately 2,000 yards to the east , a small knoll 100 feet high known as Orchard Knob ( also known as Indian Hill ) . Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's division lined up similarly to protect Wood 's right flank , and Howard 's XI Corps extended the line to the left , presenting over 20,000 soldiers arrayed in almost parade - ground alignment . I never saw troops move into action in finer style than Thomas 's did today . They are entitled to the highest praise for their soldierly bearing and splendid bravery . Grant 's chief of staff , John Rawlins At 1 : 30 p.m. , 14,000 Union soldiers moved forward at the double quick , sweeping across the plain , stunning the 600 Confederate defenders , who were able to fire only a single volley before they were overrun . Casualties were relatively small on both sides . Grant and Thomas decided to order the men to hold their position and entrench , rather than following the original orders to withdraw . Orchard Knob became Grant 's and Thomas 's headquarters for the remainder of the battles . Bragg quickly readjusted his strategy , recalling all units that were within a day 's march . Cleburne 's division returned after dark from Chickamauga Station , interrupting the process of boarding the trains to Knoxville . Bragg began to reduce the strength on his left by withdrawing Maj. Gen. William H.T. Walker 's division from the base of Lookout Mountain and placing them on the far right of Missionary Ridge , just south of Tunnel Hill . He assigned Hardee to command his now critical right flank , turning over the left flank to Carter Stevenson . In the center , Breckinridge ordered his men to begin fortifying the crest of Missionary Ridge , a task that Bragg had somehow neglected for weeks . Unable to decide whether to defend the base or the crest of the Ridge , the divisions of Brig . Gens . William B. Bate and Patton Anderson were ordered to move half of their divisions to the crest , leaving the remainder in the rifle pits along the base . James L. McDonough wrote of the upper entrenchments , `` Placed along the physical crest rather than what is termed the military crest ... these works severely handicapped the defenders . '' The Union side also changed plans . Sherman had three divisions ready to cross the Tennessee , but the pontoon bridge at Brown 's Ferry had torn apart and Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus 's division was stranded in Lookout Valley . After receiving assurances from Sherman that he could proceed with three divisions , Grant decided to revive the previously rejected plan for an attack on Lookout Mountain and reassigned Osterhaus to Hooker 's command . Lookout Mountain ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Lookout Mountain Cravens house on Lookout Mountain Battles of Chattanooga , November 24 -- 25 , 1863 On November 24 , Hooker had about 10,000 men in three divisions to operate against Lookout Mountain : Brig. Gen. John W. Geary 's ( XII Corps ) , Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft 's ( XIV Corps ) , and Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus 's ( XV Corps ) . Acknowledging that this was too large a force for a simple diversion , Grant authorized a more serious effort against the mountain , but did not agree to a full - scale assault . Hooker was ordered to `` take the point only if his demonstration should develop its practicability . '' Fighting Joe ignored this subtlety and ordered Geary `` to cross Lookout Creek and to assault Lookout Mountain , marching down the valley and sweeping every rebel from it . '' The advance of Cruft and Osterhaus stalled at Lookout Creek , but Geary crossed the stream unopposed further south and found that the defile between the mountain and the river had not been secured . The Union troops were opposed by Brig. Gen. Edward C. Walthall 's brigade of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham 's division ( temporarily under the command of Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson ) . Geary swept northeast along the base of Lookout Mountain and pushed Walthall 's badly outnumbered men back to the Cravens House , just below the northern end of the mountain . The men of Brig. Gen. John C. Brown 's Confederate brigade on the mountain top found themselves powerless to intervene in the battle raging below the cliffs . Geary 's success allowed the other two divisions to cross the creek and push aside the Confederate skirmishers in front of them . Brig. Gen. John C. Moore brought his brigade up around 1 : 00 p.m. to become embroiled in a fight with Geary and Brig. Gen. Walter C. Whitaker 's brigade of Cruft 's division . Moore was pushed back and soon joined by Brig. Gen. Edmund Pettus 's brigade . By about 3 : 00 p.m. , thick fog enveloped the mountain . Brig. Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs , quartermaster general of the Union Army , observing from Orchard Knob , was the first writer to name the action on Lookout Mountain the `` Battle Above the Clouds '' . The two sides blazed away blindly in the fog the rest of the afternoon but few men were hit . During the fight , Hooker sent a stream of `` alternate whimpering and blustering '' messages to Grant , but got it exactly right when he predicted , `` In all probability the enemy will evacuate tonight . '' Realizing the battle was lost , Bragg ordered the position abandoned . At midnight the fog cleared and , under a lunar eclipse , the divisions of Stevenson and Cheatham retreated behind Chattanooga Creek , burning the bridges behind them . That night Bragg asked his two corps commanders whether to retreat or to stand and fight . Hardee counseled retreat , but Breckinridge convinced Bragg to fight it out on the strong position of Missionary Ridge . Accordingly , the troops withdrawn from Lookout Mountain were ordered to the right flank . Missionary Ridge ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Missionary Ridge Battle of Chattanooga by Thure de Thulstrup . Ulysses S. Grant uses a field glass to follow the Union assault on Missionary Ridge . Grant is joined by Generals Gordon Granger ( left ) and George H. Thomas . Battle of Missionary Ridge , November 25 , 1863 Confederate Union Sherman 's remaining three divisions crossed the Tennessee River successfully on the morning of November 24 , then took what the general thought -- due to faulty intelligence -- was the north end of Missionary Ridge but was actually a completely separate rise known as Billy Goat Hill . Sherman was dismayed to see that , across a deep ravine , the Confederates had fortified Tunnel Hill , the northernmost portion of the ridge . Taking no further offensive action for the day , Sherman ordered his men to dig in on Billy Goat Hill . On November 25 , Grant changed his plan and called for a double envelopment by Sherman and Hooker . Thomas was to advance after Sherman reached Missionary Ridge from the north and Hooker from the south . He gave a supporting role to Thomas : I have instructed Sherman to advance as soon as it is light in the morning , and your attack , which will be simultaneous , will be in cooperation . Your command will either carry the rifle pits and ridge directly in front of them or move to the left , as the presence of the enemy may require . Grant had no particular expectation for Hooker other than to divert Bragg 's attention by continued demonstrations on Lookout Mountain . However , Thomas wanted support on his flank and called Hooker to cross the valley and demonstrate against Bragg 's left flank directly at the Rossville Gap . As the morning progressed , Sherman launched multiple direct assaults against Cleburne 's line on Tunnel Hill , but despite his significantly larger force , committed only three brigades to the attacks and made no headway . At the southern end of the battlefield , Hooker 's advance was slowed for hours by the burned bridges on Chattanooga Creek . Seeing the lack of progress on the flanks , around 3 : 30 p.m. Grant ordered Thomas to move forward in the center in accordance with his earlier instructions . The men of the Army of the Cumberland advanced and quickly pushed the Confederates from their rifle pits but were then subjected to a punishing fire from the Confederate positions up the ridge . Most of Thomas 's troops had been at the disastrous loss at Chickamauga and had suffered taunts by Sherman 's and Hooker 's newly arrived forces . Now they were under fire from above with no apparent plan to advance or move back . At this point , the Union soldiers continued the attack against the remaining lines . This second advance was taken up by the commanders on the spot , but also by some of the soldiers who , on their own , sought shelter from the fire further up the slope . Bragg had placed his artillery and trenches of the infantry along the actual crest of the ridge , rather than the military crest , and they were unable to provide effective fire . The Union advance was disorganized but effective ; finally overwhelming and scattering what ought to have been an impregnable Confederate line . As such , the Army of the Cumberland 's ascent of Missionary Ridge was one of the war 's most dramatic events . Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones contend that the Battle of Missionary Ridge was `` the war 's most notable example of a frontal assault succeeding against intrenched defenders holding high ground . '' A Union officer remembered that Little regard to formation was observed . Each battalion assumed a triangular shape , the colors at the apex ... ( a ) color - bearer dashes ahead of the line and falls . A comrade grasps the flag ... He , too , falls . Then another picks it up ... waves it defiantly , and as if bearing a charmed life , he advances steadily towards the top ... Grant was initially furious that his orders to advance only as far as the rifle pits had not been followed exactly . Thomas was taken by surprise as well , knowing that he would be blamed if the assault failed . But it succeeded . By 4 : 30 p.m. the center of Bragg 's line had broken completely and fled in panic , requiring the abandonment of Missionary Ridge and a headlong retreat eastward to South Chickamauga Creek . The sole exception to the panicked flight was Cleburne 's command , his division augmented by two brigades from another division , which formed the rearguard of Bragg 's army as it retreated eastward . Rossville Gap ( edit ) After Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's command left Lookout Mountain at about 10 a.m. and moved east , they encountered a significant obstacle . The bridge across Chattanooga Creek , about a mile from Rossville Gap , had been burned by the Confederates as they withdrew the night before and the creek was running high . Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus assigned a 70 - man pioneer unit to start rebuilding the bridge while men of the 27th Missouri created a rickety footbridge and began crossing one by one . Hooker decided to leave his guns and wagons behind so that all of his infantry could cross first , but his advance was delayed about three hours and he did not reach Rossville Gap until 3 : 30 p.m. Breckinridge was absent while the Union attack wrecked his corps . Worried about his left flank , he rode to the end of his line in the early afternoon . At 3 : 30 p.m. , about the time Thomas launched his four - division attack on Missionary Ridge , Breckinridge visited Stewart 's left flank brigade of Col. James T. Holtzclaw , whose commander pointed to the southwest where Hooker 's men were busily bridging Chattanooga Creek . Concerned about Rossville Gap , which lay undefended beyond his left flank , Breckinridge ordered Holtzclaw to send a couple of regiments to hold the position . It was too late ; by the time the Southerners reached the gap , Osterhaus 's division had already marched through . Lt. J. Cabell Breckinridge , the general 's son and aide - de-camp , rode into a group from the 9th Iowa and was captured . Hooker quickly faced his troops to the north and organized a three - pronged attack . He sent Osterhaus along a trail east of Missionary Ridge , Cruft onto the ridge itself , and Geary along the western face of the ridge . Holtzclaw faced his men south and put up a fight , but Cruft and Osterhaus soon began herding the outnumbered Confederates north along Missionary Ridge . Hearing a tremendous racket to the north , Breckinridge finally rode off to find out what was wrong . As Holtzclaw retreated before Hooker 's command , he eventually bumped into Col. Anson G. McCook 's 2nd Ohio of Carlin 's brigade , now astride the ridge . Surrounded by superior forces on four sides , approximately 700 of Holtzclaw 's men surrendered . Retreat and pursuit ( edit ) During the night , Bragg ordered his army to withdraw toward Chickamauga Station on the Western and Atlantic Railroad ( currently the site of Lovell Air Field ) and on November 26 began retreating toward Dalton , Georgia , in two columns taking two routes . Only Sheridan tried to pursue beyond Missionary Ridge , but he finally gave up late that night when it was clear that he was not being supported by either Granger or Thomas . Ringgold Gap ( edit ) The pursuit ordered by Grant was effectively thwarted at the Battle of Ringgold Gap . At 3 a.m. on November 27 , Cleburne readied his men and waited until the Union force was almost upon them before opening fire with artillery and rifles . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's force was taken utterly by surprise , but he tried to use his numbers to regain the initiative . He attempted to outflank the Confederates both on the right and on the left , but the Confederates held their positions . For five hours the slaughter continued , Cleburne 's 4,100 soldiers against Hooker 's 12,000 , with Hooker gaining little ground . Cleburne 's men stayed to about noon , then retreated , successfully allowing the wagons and artillery to pass through the gap unharmed . Grant called off the remaining pursuit because his army was low on rations and he decided he needed to stay close to his supply line . Furthermore , Washington was still clamoring for the rescue of Burnside in Knoxville and Grant was told that the Union troops there had rations that would last only until December 3 . President Lincoln 's message of congratulations to Grant after Missionary Ridge had said `` Well done . Many thanks to all . Remember Burnside . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Captured artillery , c. 1865 Casualties for the Union Army amounted to 5,824 ( 753 killed , 4,722 wounded , and 349 missing ) of about 56,000 engaged ; Bragg reported Confederate casualties of 6,667 ( 361 killed , 2,160 wounded , and 4,146 missing , mostly prisoners ) of about 44,000 . Southern losses may have been higher ; Grant claimed 6,142 prisoners . When a chaplain asked General Thomas whether the dead should be sorted and buried by state , Thomas replied `` Mix ' em up . I 'm tired of States ' rights . '' One of the Confederacy 's two major armies was routed . Bragg relieved Breckinridge from command , accusing him of drunkenness during the period November 23 -- 27 . Bragg chose to blame Breckinridge and the cowardice of his army for the defeat . He resigned from command of the Army of Tennessee on December 1 and was replaced temporarily by Hardee . ( Gen. Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of the army on December 27 . ) In East Tennessee , Longstreet 's offensive against Burnside ( the Knoxville Campaign ) fell apart at the Battle of Fort Sanders on November 29 . Although he was ordered to rejoin Bragg , Longstreet considered the order impracticable and informed Bragg that he would return with his command to Virginia but would maintain the siege on Knoxville as long as possible in the hopes that Burnside and Grant could be prevented from joining forces and annihilating the Army of Tennessee . This plan turned out to be effective because Grant sent Sherman with 25,000 men to relieve the siege at Knoxville . Longstreet abandoned his siege on December 4 , went into winter quarters , and returned to Virginia in the spring of 1864 . The Confederate enthusiasm that had risen so high after Chickamauga had been dashed at Chattanooga . The Union now held undisputed control of the state of Tennessee , including Chattanooga , the `` Gateway to the Lower South . '' The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman 's 1864 Atlanta Campaign , as well as for the Army of the Cumberland , and Grant had won his final battle in the West prior to receiving command of all Union armies in March 1864 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) National cemetery at Chattanooga with a view of Lookout Mountain in the distance Portions of the Chattanooga battlefields , including 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) at Lookout Mountain , are preserved by the National Park Service as part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Battle of Chickamauga First Battle of Chattanooga Second Battle of Chattanooga Armies in the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' The Battle of Chattanooga `` '' . CivilWarHome.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abstract from returns of the Union forces at and about Chattanooga November 20 , 1863 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , pages 12 - 13 ) Jump up ^ Abstract from returns of the Army of Tennessee for October 31 and December 10 , 1863 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , page 656 ) Jump up ^ Return of casualties in the Union forces ( see also note at bottom of page 80 ) : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , pages 80 - 90 Jump up ^ See Confederate casualties : Battle of Lookout Mountain and Battle of Missionary Ridge . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Chattanooga '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ The National Park Service 's Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Archived November 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . classifies two campaigns for this period : Reopening the Tennessee River ( Battle of Wauhatchie ) and Chattanooga - Ringgold ( the Third Battle of Chattanooga , frequently known as the Battles for Chattanooga , and the Battle of Ringgold Gap ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 577 -- 90 ; Esposito , text to map 115 ; McDonough , pp. 3 -- 12 , 23 -- 25 ; Hallock , pp. 82 -- 84 ; Connelly , pp. 232 -- 33 ; Cleaves , pp. 178 -- 79 ; Korn , pp. 35 , 45 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Connelly , pp. 232 -- 33 ; Esposito , map 115 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 23 -- 26 , 8 -- 9 ; McDonough , pp. 25 -- 40 ; Hallock , pp. 88 -- 108 ; Connelly , pp. 233 -- 50 ; Eicher , pp. 593 -- 96 ; Korn , pp. 81 , 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 11 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 41 -- 48 , 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 83 ; Cleaves , p. 182 ; McDonough , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Lamers , pp. 375 -- 76 ; Korn , pp. 78 -- 80 ; Cozzens , pp. 11 , 17 -- 19 ; Esposito , map 115 ; Eicher , pp. 596 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 2 -- 3 . The order , written by general in chief Henry W. Halleck , directed Grant to travel to Memphis , Tennessee . He arrived there on October 16 and received new orders to continue to Louisville , Kentucky . He met personally with Stanton on October 17 and learned of his new command . Jump up ^ Cleaves , p. 182 ; McDonough , pp. 49 -- 54 ; Liddell Hart , p. 212 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 151 ; Smith , pp. 264 -- 65 ; Lamers , p. 393 ; Eicher , p. 595 ; Korn , pp. 83 -- 89 ; Cozzens , pp. 18 , 2 -- 6 ; Esposito , map 115 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 18 , 39 -- 42 ; McDonough , pp. 55 -- 58 ; Kennedy , p. 241 ; Smith , pp. 266 -- 67 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 154 -- 55 ; Cleaves , p. 188 ; Korn , p. 89 ; Eicher , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 51 -- 56 ; Cleaves , pp. 189 -- 90 ; Eicher , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Hallock , p. 122 ; Connelly , pp. 255 -- 58 ; Cozzens , pp. 57 -- 58 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 156 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 76 -- 85 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 158 -- 60 ; Connelly , pp. 258 -- 59 ; Korn , pp. 90 -- 91 ; Eicher , p. 602 ; Esposito , map 116 ; Cozzens , pp. 61 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 602 -- 603 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 160 ; McDonough , pp. 87 -- 88 ; Kennedy , p. 242 ; Cozzens , pp. 72 -- 73 ; Korn , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 92 ; McDonough , pp. 88 -- 89 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 163 -- 64 ; Kennedy , p. 242 ; Cozzens , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 603 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 89 -- 94 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 164 -- 66 ; Korn , p. 93 ; Hallock , p. 123 ; Cozzens , pp. 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 93 ; Cozzens , pp. 90 -- 97 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 93 -- 94 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 167 ; Cozzens , pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Halleck , pp. 123 -- 24 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 167 ; Connelly , pp. 260 -- 61 ; Cozzens , pp. 100 -- 101 ; Korn , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 174 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 98 -- 101 ; Hallock , pp. 125 -- 26 ; Connelly , pp. 262 -- 64 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 177 -- 79 ; Cozzens , pp. 103 -- 105 ; Korn , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 172 ; McDonough , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Kennedy , p. 245 ; Liddell Hart , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hallock , p. 212 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 169 -- 70 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 460 -- 62 ; Liddell Hart , p. 214 ; McDonough , pp. 109 , 117 -- 18 ; Cozzens , pp. 109 -- 10 , 112 , 114 ; Eicher , p. 116 ; Korn , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Connelly , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 125 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 176 -- 79 ; Connelly , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 601 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 408 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 602 ; Cozzens , pp. 104 , 125 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 110 -- 11 ; Cozzens , pp. 128 -- 29 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 275 ; McDonough , pp. 111 -- 13 ; Cleaves , pp. 194 -- 95 ; Cozzens , pp. 130 -- 35 , 203 . Grant did not move to Orchard Knob until 9 : 30 a.m. , November 25 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 124 -- 28 , 183 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 181 ; Korn , p. 143 ; Connelly , pp. 270 -- 72 ; Cozzens , pp. 140 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 129 -- 30 ; Cozzens , pp. 143 -- 44 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 465 . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 160 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 185 -- 86 ; McDonough , pp. 130 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 171 -- 78 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 186 ; Korn , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 186 -- 87 ; Cozzens , p. 182 . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 191 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 137 -- 40 , 160 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 187 -- 88 ; Korn , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 196 ; Hallock , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 468 -- 69 ; McDonough , 117 -- 24 ; Liddell Hart , p. 215 ; Cozzens pp. 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 200 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 610 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 189 -- 96 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 471 -- 78 ; Korn , pp. 137 -- 41 ; McDonough , pp. 143 -- 59 , 162 -- 64 ; Cozzens , pp. 199 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 82 ; Eicher , p. 116 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 167 -- 205 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 195 -- 202 ; Liddell Hart , p. 217 ; Cleaves , pp. 198 -- 99 ; Korn , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 280 ; McDonough , pp. 199 -- 200 ; Cozzens , p. 308 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 201 . The last flag - bearer mentioned in the quotation , an eighteen - year - old lieutenant , was awarded the Medal of Honor for this action . He was Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and would later become the father of Douglas MacArthur . Jump up ^ Catton , American Heritage , p. 439 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 206 -- 209 ; Kennedy , p. 245 ; Cleaves , p. 199 ; Cozzens , pp. 282 , 366 -- 69 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 204 -- 205 ; Korn , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 193 ; McDonough , pp. 159 -- 60 ; Korn , p. 142 ; Cozzens , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 315 ; O.R. , Series 1 , Vol . XXXI , Part 2 , p. 615 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 211 -- 12 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 202 ; Cozzens , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 150 ; McDonough , pp. 214 -- 15 ; Cozzens , pp. 348 , 350 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 246 -- 48 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 478 ; Cozzens , pp. 370 -- 84 ; McDonough , pp. 220 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 386 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 205 ; Korn , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 613 ; Livermore , pp. 106 -- 108 ; Cozzens , p. 389 , cites Union casualties of 684 killed , 4,329 wounded , and 322 captured or missing for the battles of November 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 613 . Jump up ^ Connelly , p. 277 ; Hallock , p. 149 ; Cozzens , p. 397 ; Kennedy , 246 ; McDonough , 225 . Jump up ^ Smith , 282 ; Liddell Hart , pp. 217 -- 18 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 206 -- 11 ; Korn , pp. 105 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 462 . Jump up ^ The Army of the Ohio was based in Knoxville , the Army of the Tennessee in Nashville ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 213 ; Cozzens , p. 391 ; Korn , p. 155 . References ( edit ) Catton , Bruce . Grant Takes Command . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 13210 - 1 . Cleaves , Freeman . Rock of Chickamauga : The Life of General George H. Thomas . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1948 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1978 - 0 . Connelly , Thomas L. Autumn of Glory : The Army of Tennessee 1862 -- 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2738 - 8 . Cozzens , Peter . The Shipwreck of Their Hopes : The Battles for Chattanooga . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01922 - 9 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Hallock , Judith Lee . Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat . Vol. 2 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0543 - 2 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Kagan , Neil , and Stephen G. Hyslop . National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War : A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle . National Geographic , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0347 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Korn , Jerry , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Fight for Chattanooga : Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4816 - 5 . Lamers , William M. The Edge of Glory : A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans , U.S.A. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1961 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2396 - X . Liddell Hart , B.H. Sherman : Soldier , Realist , American . New York : Da Capo Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80507 - 3 . First published in 1929 by Dodd , Mead & Co . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 - 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McDonough , James Lee . Chattanooga -- A Death Grip on the Confederacy . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 425 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Six Armies in Tennessee : The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9813 - 7 . Woodworth , Steven E. and Charles D. Grear , eds . The Chattanooga Campaign ( Southern Illinois University Press ; 2012 ) 226 pages ; essays by scholars Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Johnson , Robert Underwood , and Clarence C. Buel , eds . Battles and Leaders of the Civil War . 4 vols . New York : Century Co. , 1884 - 1888 . OCLC 2048818 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Horn , Stanley F. The Army of Tennessee : A Military History . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill , 1941 . OCLC 2153322 . Jones , Evan C. , and Wiley Sword , eds . Gateway to the Confederacy : New Perspectives on the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5509 - 7 . Sword , Wiley . Mountains Touched with Fire : Chattanooga Besieged , 1863 . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15593 - X . Powell , David A. Battle Above the Clouds : Lifting the Siege of Chattanooga and the Battle of Lookout Mountain , October 16 -- November 24 , 1863 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 377 - 5 . Watkins , Sam . Co . Aytch Maury Grays , First Tennessee Regiment or , A Side Show of the Big Show . Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House , 1882 . OCLC 43511251 . Woodworth , Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals : The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0461 - 8 . Woodworth , Steven E . This Grand Spectacle : The Battle of Chattanooga . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 35007 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Chattanooga Campaign : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Period images of the Chattanooga battlefield Animated History of the Battles for Chattanooga Extensive analysis of the battle of Chattanooga Includes the major reports , period maps , and recent photos . Emphasis on Hooker 's turning Bragg 's left flank . Coordinates : 35 ° 02 ′ 42 '' N 85 ° 18 ′ 32 '' W  /  35.045 ° N 85.309 ° W  / 35.045 ; - 85.309 Western Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Arkansas 1861 -- 65 Missouri : 1861 Major battles Wilson 's Creek 1862 Campaigns New Mexico New Madrid - Island No. 10 Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers New Orleans Expedition Pea Ridge Iuka - Corinth Kentucky Prairie Grove Stones River Major battles Fort Donelson Island No. 10 Pea Ridge Shiloh New Orleans Siege of Corinth Perryville Prairie Grove Chickasaw Bayou Stones River 1863 Campaigns Vicksburg Tullahoma Little Rock Morgan 's Raid Chickamauga Knoxville Chattanooga Major battles Champion Hill Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Port Hudson Chickamauga Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge 1864 Campaigns Meridian Expedition Red River Camden Expedition Forrest 's Expedition Atlanta Tupelo Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Savannah ( Sherman 's March to the Sea ) Major battles Kennesaw Mountain Atlanta Mobile Bay Westport Franklin Nashville 1865 Campaigns -- Major battles -- Armies Cumberland Georgia Mississippi Ohio Tennessee Mississippi Tennessee Geography Departments -- Landforms -- ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Ulysses S. Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. Grant Legacy Bibliography Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant Grant 's Tomb Grant Park Grant Memorial Presidential library Grantism General Grant ship General Grant tree grove Grant Cottage State Historic Site Lee and Grant at Appomattox The Peacemakers Cultural depictions U.S. Postage stamps Currency $50 Bill Grant High School U.S. Grant Hotel Family Julia Grant ( wife ) Jesse Root Grant ( father ) Frederick Dent Grant ( son ) Ulysses S. Grant Jr. ( son ) Jesse R. Grant ( son ) Nellie Grant ( daughter ) Ulysses S. Grant III ( grandson ) Chapman Grant ( grandson ) Ulysses S. Grant IV ( grandson ) Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky - Grant ( granddaughter ) Cincinnati ( horse ) ← Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga_Campaign&oldid=825228421 '' Categories : Chattanooga Campaign 1863 in the United States History of Chattanooga , Tennessee Campaigns of the Western Theater of the American Civil War Military operations of the American Civil War in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Military operations of the American Civil War in Tennessee September 1863 events October 1863 events November 1863 events Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 05 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where did the battle of chattanooga take place
[ "The Chattanooga Campaign[7] was a series of maneuvers and battles in October and November 1863, during the American Civil War. Following the defeat of Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans' Union Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga in September, the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men by occupying key high terrain around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Union forces in the West, now consolidated under the Division of the Mississippi. Significant reinforcements also began to arrive with him in Chattanooga from Mississippi and the Eastern Theater. On October 19, Grant removed Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replaced him with Major General George Henry Thomas." ]
[ "October and November 1863" ]
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Christian cross
Christian cross - wikipedia Christian cross Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Christian cross variants be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . A Greek cross A Latin cross Latin cross from the 6th - century mosaic in the Basilica of Sant ' Apollinare in Classe , Ravenna The Christian cross , seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus , is the best - known symbol of Christianity . It is related to the crucifix ( a cross that includes a usually three - dimensional representation of Jesus ' body ) and to the more general family of cross symbols . The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross ( ✝ ) and the Greek cross ( ✚ ) , with numerous variants used in text , visual art , heraldry , and in various confessional contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of use 1.1 Pre-Christian 1.2 Instrument of torture 1.3 Early Christian 2 In contemporary Christianity 3 Exclusion 4 Notable individual crosses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of use ( edit ) Pre-Christian ( edit ) Main article : Cross This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) The cross-shaped sign , represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles , greatly predates the introduction of Christianity , in both East and West . It goes back to a very remote period of human civilization . It is supposed to have been used not just for its ornamental value , but also with religious significance . It may have represented the apparatus used in kindling fire , and thus as the symbol of sacred fire or as a symbol of the sun , denoting its daily rotation . It has also been interpreted as the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest , or the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization . Ankh Another associated symbol is the ansated cross ( ankh or crux ansata ) used in ancient Egypt . It was often depicted in the hands of the goddess Sekhmet , and as a hieroglyphic sign of life or of the living . Egyptian Christians ( Copts ) adopted it as the emblem of the cross . In his book , The Worship of the Dead , Colonel J. Garnier wrote : `` The cross in the form of the ' Crux Ansata ' ... was carried in the hands of the Egyptian priests and Pontiff kings as the symbol of their authority as priests of the Sun god and was called ' the Sign of Life ' . '' Ndj & nfr Another Egyptian symbol is the Ndj ( Cross-ndj ( hieroglyph ) ) - Uses for the hieroglyph : 1 -- `` to protect , guard , avenge '' , and `` protector , advocate , avenger '' 2 -- `` homage to thee '' , ( a form of salutation to gods ) 3 -- `` discuss a matter with someone '' , `` to converse '' , `` to take counsel '' . Yet another Egyptian symbol is the nfr - meaning : beauty or perfect . In the Bronze Age a representation of the cross as conceived in Christian art appeared , and the form was popularised . The more precise characterization coincided with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs . The cross then came into use in various forms on many objects : fibulas , cinctures , earthenware fragments , and on the bottom of drinking vessels . De Mortillet believed that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental , but rather a symbol of consecration , especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial . In the proto - Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it . True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns , at Mycenæ , in Crete , and on a fibula from Vulci . According to W.E. Vine , the cross was used by worshipers of Tammuz , an Ancient Near East deity of Babylonian origin who had the cross-shaped taw ( tau ) as his symbol . Instrument of torture ( edit ) Further information : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion and crux simplex John Pearson , Bishop of Chester ( c. 1660 ) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles ' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified `` a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador '' , but that , `` when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name '' , and he declared : `` The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof '' . Early Christian ( edit ) See also : Early Christian symbols The Alexamenos graffito The Sinai icon of Christ Pantocrator ( 6th century ) , showing Christ with a cruciform halo and holding a book adorned with a crux gemmata During the first two centuries of Christianity , the cross was rare in Christian iconography , as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it . A symbol similar to the cross , the staurogram , was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66 , P45 and P75 , almost like a nomen sacrum ( nomina sacra ) . The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century . The earliest depiction of the Christian Cross may be the Herculaneum Cross which was found in the city of Herculaneum , which was entombed in pyroclastic material along with Pompeii during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 . Another early depictions of the cross as a Christian symbol is the Alexamenos graffito . However , the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century , as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapters IX and XXIX , written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next , and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria , who died between 211 and 216 , could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ( the Lord 's sign ) to mean the cross , when he repeated the idea , current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 ( in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ ) in Genesis 14 : 14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing ( a `` type '' ) of the cross ( T , an upright with crossbar , standing for 300 ) and of Jesus ( ΙΗ , the first two letter of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ , standing for 18 ) , and his contemporary Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . In his book De Corona , written in 204 , Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . The crucifix , a cross upon which an image of Christ is present , is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD . The Jewish Encyclopedia says : The cross as a Christian symbol or `` seal '' came into use at least as early as the second century ( see `` Apost . Const . '' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , `` Apologia , '' i . 55 - 60 ; `` Dial . cum Tryph . '' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , `` De Corona , '' iii. ; Cyprian , `` Testimonies , '' xi. 21 -- 22 ; Lactantius , `` Divinæ Institutiones , '' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the second century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , `` Apologia , '' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , `` Octavius , '' xxix . Christians used to swear by the power of the cross In contemporary Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Cross necklace A crucifix on the wall of a church In contemporary Christianity , the cross is a symbol of the atonement and reminds Christians of God 's love in sacrificing his own son for humanity . It represents Jesus ' victory over sin and death , since it is believed that through his death and resurrection he conquered death itself . See Colossians 2 : 15 , `` Having disarmed the powers and authorities , he made a public spectacle of them , triumphing over them by the cross . Christian crosses at a joint service for the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as Lutheranism , some Anglicans , and others often make the Sign of the Cross upon themselves . This was already a common Christian practice in the time of Tertullian . The Feast of the Cross is an important Christian feast . One of the twelve Great Feasts in Eastern Orthodoxy is the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14 , which commemorates the consecration of the basilica on the site where the original cross of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by Helena of Constantinople , mother of Constantine the Great . The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name ( In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis ) , though in English it has been called the feast of the Triumph of the Cross . Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican bishops place a cross ( + ) before their name when signing a document . The dagger symbol ( † ) placed after the name of a dead person ( often with the date of death ) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross . Exclusion ( edit ) Death on a stake , one of the many forms presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce See also : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died , they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol . During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was `` a symbol of minor importance '' when compared to the prominence given to it later , but by the second century it was nonetheless so closely associated with Christians that Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church . Luther wrote : `` The cross alone is our theology . '' He believed one knows God not through works but through suffering , the cross , and faith . The crucifixion of Jesus as presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce The Protestant Reformation spurred a revival of iconoclasm , a wave of rejecting sacred images , which in some localities ( such as England ) included polemics against using the cross in worship . For example , during the 16th century , a minority of theologians in the Anglican and Reformed traditions Nicholas Ridley , James Calfhill , and Theodore Beza , rejected practices that they described as cross worship . Considering it a form of idolatry , there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses . There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as ' relics of Papacy ' , as happened for example in September 1641 , when Sir Robert Harley , pulled down and destroyed the cross at Wigmore . Writers during the 19th century indicating a pagan origin of the cross included Henry Dana Ward , Mourant Brock , and John Denham Parsons . David Williams , writing of medieval images of monsters , says : `` The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross , which , before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation , was a pagan symbol of fertility . '' The study , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The Battle for Mythic Britain states : `` Before the fourth century CE , the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity , symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal . '' Jehovah 's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship , which they believe constitutes idolatry . They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two - beam cross , arguing that the Greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole . Although early Watch Tower Society publications associated with the Bible Student movement taught that Christ was executed on a cross , it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name Jehovah 's witnesses was adopted in 1931 , and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936 . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross , however , their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that `` for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ , while our message is a declaration of the living Christ . '' When asked what was the symbol of his religion , Hinckley replied `` the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and , in fact , therefore , the symbol of our worship . '' Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter - day Saints `` to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership . '' Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni ( who is found in statue on most temples ) are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith . Notable individual crosses ( edit ) A wooden cross at Coventry Cathedral , constructed of the remnants of beams found after the Coventry Blitz Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross , from a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery Cross in Valle de los Caídos near Madrid , the highest cross in the world Kottakkavu Sliva , a Persian cross founded by Mar Sabor and Mar Proth , is preserved at Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro - Malabar Pilgrim Center , North Paravur , India . The Millennium Cross in Skopje , Republic of Macedonia , one of the biggest crosses in the world The Cross on the Hill , a 199 - foot ( 61 m ) cross located in Bossier City , Louisiana Tile cross from Rødtvet Church in Oslo , Norway , built in 1978 The Ruthwell Cross , a stone Anglo - Saxon cross located in Ruthwell , Dumfriesshire The World Trade Center Cross rises from the World Trade Center wreckage . The Cross in Melaten - Friedhof , Köln , Germany Altar and cross in the Chapel at Callaway Gardens See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosses . Christian symbolism Christian cross variants Crosses in heraldry Cross burning Cross of All Nations Khachkar Market cross Memorial cross Mount Samat Roodmas Rood screen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christianity : an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0901 - 7 pages 321 - 323 ^ Jump up to : Marucchi , Orazio . `` Archeology of the Cross and Crucifix . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Cf . `` Various objects , dating from periods long anterior to the Christian era , have been found , marked with crosses of different designs , in almost every part of the old world . India , Syria , Persia and Egypt have all yielded numberless examples ... The use of the cross as a religious symbol in pre-Christian times and among non-Christian peoples may probably be regarded as almost universal , and in very many cases it was connected with some form of nature worship '' ( Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1946 ) , Vol. 6 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ John Garnier ( 1904 ) . The worship of the Dead . p. 226 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vine 's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words , `` Cross , Crucify '' . See , also , Abram Herbert Lewis , Paganism surviving in Christianity , G.P. Putnam 's sons , 1892 , pp 237 , 238 . Jump up ^ John Pearson , An Exposition of the Creed ( London 1715 , 5th edition ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hutado , Larry ( 2006 ) . `` The staurogram in early Christian manuscripts : the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus ? '' . In Kraus , Thomas . New Testament Manuscripts . Leiden : Brill . pp. 207 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14945 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stranger , James ( 2007 ) . `` Archeological evidence of Jewish believers ? '' . In Skarsaune , Oskar . Jewish Believers in Jesus The Early Centuries . City : Baker Academic . p. 715 . ISBN 9780801047688 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Octavius ' ' '' . Ccel.org. 2005 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form , likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer ( Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapter XXIX ) . Jump up ^ `` Stromata , book VI , chapter XI '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Apology. , chapter xvi . In this chapter and elsewhere in the same book , Tertullian clearly distinguishes between a cross and a stake . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Stott , John ( 2006 ) . The Cross of Christ ( 20th Anniversary ed . ) . Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3320 - X . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . , ( see Apocalypse of Mary , viii. , in James , `` Texts and Studies , '' iii. 118 ) . Jump up ^ De Corona , chapter 3 , written in 204 . Jump up ^ Keith Houston , Shady Characters ( W.W. Norton & Company 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 39306442 - 1 ) , pp. 97 and 106 Jump up ^ The perhaps 1st - century Epistle of Barnabas sees the letter T as indicating the cross of Christ ( Chapter 9 , 7 ) Jump up ^ The Jewish Encyclopedia states : `` The cross as a Christian symbol or ' seal ' came into use at least as early as the 2nd century ( see ' Apost . Const . ' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , ' Apologia , ' i . 55 - 60 ; ' Dial . cum Tryph . ' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , ' De Corona , ' iii. ; Cyprian , ' Testimonies , ' xi. 21 - 22 ; Lactantius , ' Divinæ Institutiones , ' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the 2nd century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , ' Apologia , ' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , ' Octavius , ' xxix '' 9 ( Jewish Encyclopedia , article `` Cross '' ) . Jump up ^ Jan Willem Drijvers , Helena Augusta : The mother of Constantine the Great and the legend of her finding of the True Cross , Brill 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , Apology. , chapter xvi . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( Tertullian , De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Martin Luther : Catholic Critical Analysis and Praise Jump up ^ Nicholas Ridley , A Treatise on the Worship of Images , written before 1555 . Jump up ^ James Calfhill , An aunsvvere to the Treatise of the crosse ( An answer to John Martiall 's Treatise of the cross ) at 1565 . Jump up ^ Theodore Beza , in his Answer to the Colloquium of Montheliard at 1588 , according to Jaroslav Pelikan , The Christian Tradition : A History of the Development of Doctrine , Vol. 4 , University of Chicago Press 1985 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Peter Blickle , Macht und Ohnmacht der Bilder. : Reformatorischer Bildersturm im Kontext der europäischen Geschichte , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2002 , pp. 253 - 272 . Jump up ^ Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England : Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke , Boydell & Brewer , 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Henry Dana Ward , History of the cross , the pagan origin , and idolatrous adoption and worship of the image , at 1871 . Jump up ^ Mourant Brock , The cross , heathen and Christian : A fragmentary notice of its early pagan existence and subsequent Christian adoption , London 1879 . Jump up ^ John Denham Parsons , The non-Christian cross ; an enquiry into the origin and history of the symbol eventually adopted as that of our religion , at 1896 . Jump up ^ David Williams , Deformed Discourse : The function of the Monster in Mediaeval thought and literature , McGill - Queen 's Press 1999 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Christopher R. Fee & David Adams Leeming , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The battle for mythic Britain , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Society . pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , appendix 5C , page 1577 Jump up ^ Franz 2007 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Riches , by J.F. Rutherford , Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society , 1936 , page 27 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( May 1975 ) . `` The Symbol of Christ '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( April 2005 ) . `` The Symbol of Our Faith '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. ( November 1994 ) . `` Exceeding Great and Precious Promises '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ McKeever , Bill . `` Why No Crosses ? '' . Mormonism Research Ministry . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy . The Christian Cross of Jesus Christ , Symbols of Christianity , and representations of it as objects of devotion MSN Encarta ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) , `` Cross '' Philip Schaff , History of the Christian Church , Ch . 6th , `` Christian Art : § 77 . The Cross and the Crucifix '' An Explanation of the Russian Orthodox Three - Bar Cross Variations of Crosses - Images and Meanings Variants of Christian crosses In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Byzantine cross Byzantine cross ( variant ) Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Celtic cross ( variant ) Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Cruciform halo Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross St. Florian Cross ( variant ) Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Orthodox cross ( Greek ) Orthodox cross ( Slavic ) Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Ringed cross Cross quadrate Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Syriac cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross St. Thomas Cross Historical Avellane cross Carolingian cross Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Engrailed cross Chi Rho / Chrismon / Labarum Coptic ankh Early Coptic cross Cross erminée Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Lorraine cross ( variant ) Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Staurogram / Monogrammatic Cross Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross * Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Ashur sun cross Balkenkreuz Black sun Caddo sun cross Kolovrat Nordic Cross flags Sauwastika Sunwheel swastika / Odinic fylfot Sun cross Sun cross ( variant ) Swastika Triskelion / Triskele Christianity portal Arts portal Culture portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_cross&oldid=800917741 '' Categories : Christian crosses Christian symbols Cross symbols Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the cross become a symbol of christianity
[ "During the first two centuries of Christianity, the cross was rare in Christian iconography, as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it.[1] A symbol similar to the cross, the staurogram, was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum (nomina sacra).[6] The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century.[7]" ]
[ "from the 4th century" ]
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Musical phrasing
Musical phrasing - wikipedia Musical phrasing Jump to : navigation , search Bar - line shift 's effect on metric accent : first two lines vs. second two lines Play ( help info ) or play with percussion marking the measures ( help info ) . This article is about expression in music performance . For the unit of musical metre , see Phrase ( music theory ) . Musical phrasing refers to the way a musician shapes a sequence of notes in a passage of music to express an emotion or impression . A musician accomplishes this by interpreting the music -- from memory or sheet music -- by altering tone , tempo , dynamics , articulation , inflection , and other characteristics . Phrasing can emphasise a concept in the music or a message in the lyrics , or it can digress from the composer 's intention . For example , accelerating the tempo or prolonging a note may add tension . Giuseppe Cambini -- a composer , violinist , and music teacher of the Classical period -- had this to say about violin phrasing : The bow can express the affections of the soul : but besides there being no signs that indicate them , such signs , even were one to invent them , would become so numerous that the music , already too full of indications , would become a formless mass to the eyes , almost impossible to decipher . I should consider myself fortunate if I could only get a student to hear , through a small number of examples , the difference between bad and mediocre , mediocre and good , and good and excellent , in the diversity of expressions that one may give to the same passage . -- `` Nouvelle Méthode théorique et pratique pour le violon '' . Paris , Naderman ( c. 1803 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Intuitive and analytical phrasing 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Intuitive and analytical phrasing ( edit ) `` There are two schools of thought on phrasing , '' says flautist Nancy Toff : `` one more intuitive , the other more analytical . The intuitive school uses a verbal model , equating the function of phrasing with that of punctuation in language . Thus , said Chopin to a student , ' He who phrases incorrectly is like a man who does not understand the language he speaks . ' '' Problems linked with an analytical approach to phrasing occur particularly when the analytical approach is based only on the search for objective information , or ( as is often the case ) only concerned with the score : The reliance on the score for information about temporal structures reflects a more profound analytical difficulty . Structural information gleaned from the score is visually apprehended and as such is predisposed to visualist models of structure . These models are premised on symmetry and balance and on a timeless notion of `` objective '' structure . ( ... ) Temporal and aurally - apprehended structures are denied reality because they can not be said to `` exist '' in the way that spatial and visually apprehended structures do . ( ... ) Musical investigations exhibit the Western prejudice toward visualism in the dependence on visual symmetry and balance . Information about structure from listening experience is suspect because it is considered `` subjective '' and is opposed to `` objective '' information from the score . -- F. Joseph Smith See also ( edit ) Musical technique Tempo rubato References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newman , William S. ( 1995 ) . Beethoven on Beethoven : Playing His Piano Music His Way , p. 170 - 71 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30719 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Nouvelle Méthode théorique et pratique pour le violon '' by Giuseppe Cambini ( ref ) Jump up ^ Toff , Nancy ( 1996 ) . The Flute Book : A Complete Guide for Students and Performers ( Second ed . ) . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510502 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , F. Joseph ( 1989 ) . Understanding the Musical Experience , p. 121 - 124 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88124 - 204 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Liebling , Emil , ed. ( 1908 ) . `` Phrasing '' . The American History and Encyclopedia of Music . 1 . New York : Irving Squire . pp. 267 -- 82 . `` The Art of Phrasing '' . Dwight 's Journal of Music . Boston . 37 ( 21 ) . 19 January 1878 . Curry , Samuel Silas . `` Phrasing '' . Lessons in Vocal Expression , Course I : Processes of Thinking in the Modulation of Voice . Boston : The Expression Company . pp. 73 -- 80 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Musical phrasing at Wikiquote Conducting and directing Bandleader Bandmaster Concertmaster Conductor ( baton ) Director Kapellmeister Maestro Prompter Répétiteur Cheironomy Conductorless orchestra Articulation Beat / Meter Cadence / Resolution Cue Dynamics Phrasing Tempo Black conductors Women conductors List of principal conductors by orchestra Melody Balungan Cadence Interval Melodic motion Motif Ornament Pattern Phrasing Pitch Rhythm Sequence Steps and skips Timbre Type ( figure ) Voice Voice leading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_phrasing&oldid=787344563 '' Categories : Music performance Rhythm and meter Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does it mean to read with phrasing
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History of anime
History of anime - wikipedia History of anime Part of a series on Anime and manga Anime ( show ) History Industry Original net animation Original video animation Fansub Fandub Companies Longest series Manga ( show ) History International market Mangaka ( list ) Dōjinshi Scanlation Publishers Best - selling series Longest series Alternative Gekiga Demographic groups ( show ) Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres ( show ) Harem Isekai Magical girl Mecha Yaoi Yuri Others People ( show ) Mitsuru Adachi Fujio Akatsuka George Akiyama Hideaki Anno Hideo Azuma Clamp Osamu Dezaki Hisashi Eguchi Tetsuo Hara Yukinobu Hoshino Ryoichi Ikegami Kunihiko Ikuhara Ken Ishikawa Shotaro Ishinomori Ikki Kajiwara Tomoharu Katsumata Yoshiaki Kawajiri Shōji Kawamori Rakuten Kitazawa Kazuo Koike Satoshi Kon Masami Kurumada Kōichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Shigeru Mizuki Hideko Mizuno Shinji Mizushima Daijiro Morohoshi Tadao Nagahama Go Nagai Shinji Nagashima Daisuke Nishio Eiichiro Oda Kyoko Okazaki Mamoru Oshii Rintaro Takao Saito Hiroshi Sasagawa Junichi Sato Sanpei Shirato Masamune Shirow Gisaburō Sugii Isao Takahata Osamu Tezuka Akira Toriyama Year 24 Group Tatsuo Yoshida Fandom ( show ) Conventions ( list ) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Moe Yaoi fandom General ( show ) Omake Terminology Iconography Anime and manga portal The history of anime can be traced back to the start of the 20th century , with the earliest verifiable films dating from 1917 . The first generation of animators in the late 1910s included Ōten Shimokawa , Jun'ichi Kōuchi and Seitaro Kitayama , commonly referred to as the `` fathers '' of anime . Propaganda films , such as Momotarō no Umiwashi ( 1943 ) and Momotarō : Umi no Shinpei ( 1945 ) , the latter being the first anime feature film , were made during World War II . During the 1970s , anime developed further , with the inspiration of Disney animators , separating itself from its Western roots , and developing distinct genres such as mecha and its super robot subgenre . Typical shows from this period include Astro Boy , Lupin III and Mazinger Z . During this period several filmmakers became famous , especially Hayao Miyazaki and Mamoru Oshii . In the 1980s , anime became mainstream in Japan , experiencing a boom in production with the rise in popularity of anime like Gundam , Macross , Dragon Ball , and genres such as real robot , space opera and cyberpunk . Space Battleship Yamato and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross also achieved worldwide success after being adapted respectively as Star Blazers and Robotech . The film Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become an international success . Later , in 2004 , the same creators produced Steamboy , which took over as the most expensive anime film . Spirited Away shared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival and won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , while Innocence : Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Contents 1 Origins of anime ( early 1900s -- 1922 ) 2 Pre-war productions ( 1923 -- 1939 ) 3 During the second World War 4 Toei Animation and Mushi Production 5 1960s 6 1970s 7 1980s 8 1990s 9 2000s 10 2010s 11 Firsts 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Origins of anime ( early 1900s -- 1922 ) ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( pre-1939 ) and Kamishibai According to Natsuki Matsumoto , the first animated film produced in Japan may have stemmed from as early as 1907 . Known as Katsudō Shashin ( 活動 写真 , `` Activity Photo '' ) , from its depiction of a boy in a sailor suit drawing the characters for katsudō shashin , the film was first found in 2005 . It consists of fifty frames stenciled directly onto a strip of celluloid . This claim has not been verified though and predates the first known showing of animated films in Japan . The date and first film publicly displayed is another source of contention : while no Japanese - produced animation is definitively known to date before 1917 , the possibility exists that other films entered Japan and that no known records have surfaced to prove a showing prior to 1912 . Film titles have surfaced over the years , but none have been proven to predate this year . The first foreign animation is known to have been found in Japan in 1910 , but it is not clear if the film was ever shown in a cinema or publicly displayed at all . Yasushi Watanabe found a film known as Fushigi no Bōrudo ( 不思議 の ボールド , `` Miracle Board '' ) in the records of the Yoshizawa Shōten ( 吉沢 商店 ) company . The description matches James Blackton 's Humorous Phases of Funny Faces , though academic consensus on whether or not this is a true animated film is disputed . According to Kyokko Yoshiyama , the first animated film called Nippāru no Henkei ( ニッパール の 変形 , `` Nippāru 's Transformation '' ) was shown in Japan at the Asakusa Teikokukan ( 浅草 帝国 館 ) in Tokyo sometime in 1911 . Yoshiyama did not refer to the film as `` animation '' though . The first confirmed animated film shown in Japan was Les Exploits de Feu Follet by Émile Cohl on April 15 , 1912 . While speculation and other `` trick films '' have been found in Japan , it is the first recorded account of a public showing of a two - dimensional animated film in Japanese cinema . During this time , German animations marketed for home release were distributed in Japan. . Few complete animations made during the beginnings of Japanese animation have survived . The reasons vary , but many are of commercial nature . After the clips had been run , reels ( being property of the cinemas ) were sold to smaller cinemas in the country and then disassembled and sold as strips or single frames . The first anime that was produced in Japan was made sometime in 1917 , but there it is disputed which title was the first to get that honor . It has been confirmed that Dekobō Shingachō : Meian no Shippai ( 凸 坊 新 画帳 ・ 名 案 の 失敗 , `` Bumpy New Picture Book : Failure of a Great Plan '' ) was made sometime during February 1917 . At least two unconfirmed titles were reported to have been made the previous month . The first anime short - films were made by three leading figures in the industry . Ōten Shimokawa was a political caricaturist and cartoonist who worked for the magazine Tokyo Puck . He was hired by Tenkatsu to do an animation for them . Due to medical reasons , he was only able to do five movies , including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki ( 1917 ) , before he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist . Another prominent animator in this period was Jun'ichi Kōuchi . He was a caricaturist and painter , who also had studied watercolor painting . In 1912 , he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916 . He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s . His works include around 15 movies . The third was Seitaro Kitayama , an early animator who made animations on his own and was not hired by larger corporations . He eventually founded his own animation studio , the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo , which was later closed due to lack of commercial success . He utilized the chalkboard technique , and later paper animation , with and without pre-printed backgrounds . The works of these two latter pioneers include Namakura Gatana ( `` An Obtuse Sword '' , 1917 ) and a 1918 film Urashima Tarō which were believed to have been discovered together at an antique market in 2007 . However , this Urashima Tarō was later proved to most likely be a different film of the same story than the 1918 one by Kitayama , which , as of October 2017 , remains undiscovered . Prewar productions ( 1923 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) Yasuji Murata , Hakuzan Kimura , Sanae Yamamoto and Noburō Ōfuji were students of Kitayama Seitaro and worked at his film studio . Kenzō Masaoka , another important animator , worked at a smaller animation studio . In 1923 , the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed most of the Kitayama studio and the residing animators spread out and founded studios of their own . Prewar animators faced several difficulties . First , they had to compete with foreign producers such as Disney , which were influential on both audiences and producers . Foreign films had already made a profit abroad and could be undersold in the Japanese market , priced lower than what domestic producers needed to break even . Japanese animators thus had to work cheaply , in small companies with only a handful of employees , which then made it difficult to compete in terms of quality with foreign product that was in color , with sound , and promoted by much bigger companies . Until the mid-1930s , Japanese animation generally used cutout animation instead of cel animation because the celluloid was too expensive . This resulted in animation that could seem derivative , flat ( since motion forward and backward was difficult ) and without detail . But just as postwar Japanese animators were able to turn limited animation into a plus , so masters such as Yasuji Murata and Noburō Ōfuji were able to perform wonders with cutout animation . Animators such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo , however , did attempt to bring Japanese animation up to the level of foreign work by introducing cel animation , sound , and technology such as the multiplane camera . Masaoka created the first talkie anime , Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka , released in 1933 , and the first anime made entirely using cel animation , The Dance of the Chagamas ( 1934 ) . Seo was the first to use the multiplane camera in Ari - chan in 1941 . Such innovations , however , were difficult to support purely commercially , so prewar animation depended considerably on sponsorship , as animators often concentrated on making PR films for companies , educational films for the government , and eventually works of propaganda for the military . During this time , censorship and school regulations discouraged film - viewing by children , so anime which could possess educational value were supported and encouraged by the Monbusho ( the Ministry of Education ) . This proved important for producers that had experienced obstacles releasing their work in regular theaters . Animation had found a place in scholastic , political and industrial use . During the Second World war ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( 1939 -- 1945 ) In the 1930s , the Japanese government began enforcing cultural nationalism . This also lead to a strict censorship and control of published media . Many animators were urged to produce animations which enforced the Japanese spirit and national affiliation . Some movies were shown in newsreel theaters , especially after the Film Law of 1939 promoted documentary and other educational films . Such support helped boost the industry , as bigger companies formed through mergers and prompted major live - action studios such as Shochiku to begin producing animation . It was at Shochiku that such masterworks as Kenzō Masaoka 's Kumo to Chūrippu were produced . Wartime reorganization of the industry , however , merged the feature film studios into three big companies . More animated films were commissioned by the military , showing the sly , quick Japanese people winning against enemy forces . In 1941 , Princess Iron Fan was made in China , as Asia 's first full - length animated feature . In 1943 , Geijutsu Eigasha produced Mitsuyo Seo 's Momotaro 's Sea Eagles with help from the Navy . Shochiku then made Japan 's first full - length animated feature , Seo 's Momotaro 's Divine Sea Warriors in 1945 , again with the help of the Navy . Due to economic factors , it would be Japan which later emerged long after the war with the most readily available resources to continue expanding the industry . Toei animation and Mushi production ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( 1946 -- 1959 ) In 1948 , Toei Animation was founded and produced the first color anime feature film in 1958 , Hakujaden ( The Tale of the White Serpent , 1958 ) . It was released in the US in 1961 as Panda and the Magic Serpent . After the success of the project , Toei released a new feature - length animation annually . Toei 's style was characterized by an emphasis on each animator bringing his own ideas to the production . The most extreme example of this is Isao Takahata 's film Hols : Prince of the Sun ( 1968 ) . Hols is often seen as the first major break from the normal anime style and the beginning of a later movement of `` auteuristic '' or `` progressive anime '' which would eventually involve directors such as Hayao Miyazaki ( creator of Spirited Away ) and Mamoru Oshii . A major contribution of Toei 's style to modern anime was the development of the `` money shot '' . This cost - cutting method of animation allows for emphasis to be placed on important shots by animating them with more detail than the rest of the work ( which would often be limited animation ) . Toei animator Yasuo Ōtsuka began to experiment with this style and developed it further as he went into television . In the 1980s , Toei would later lend its talent to companies like Sunbow Productions , Marvel Productions , DiC Entertainment , Murakami - Wolf - Swenson , Ruby Spears and Hanna Barbera , producing several animated cartoons for America during this period . Other studios like TMS Entertainment , were also being used in the 1980s , which lead to Asian studios being used more often to animate foreign productions , but the companies involved still produced anime for their native Japan . Osamu Tezuka established Mushi Production in 1961 , after Tezuka 's contract with Toei Animation expired . The studio pioneered TV animation in Japan , and was responsible for such successful TV series as Astro Boy , Kimba the White Lion , Gokū no Daibōken and Princess Knight . Mushi Production also produced the first anime to be broadcast in the United States ( on NBC in 1963 ) , although Osamu Tezuka would complain about the restrictions on US television , and the alterations necessary for broadcast . 1960s ( edit ) The 1960s brought anime to television and in America . The first anime film to be broadcast was Three Tales in 1960 . The following year saw the premiere of Japan 's first animated television series , Instant History , although it did not consist entirely of animation . Osamu Tezuka 's Tetsuwan Atom ( Astro Boy ) is often miscredited as the first anime television series , premiering on January 1 , 1963 . Astro Boy was highly influential to other anime in the 1960s , and was followed by a large number of anime about robots or space . 1963 introduced Sennin Buraku as the first `` late night '' anime and Toei Doga 's first anime television series Wolf Boy Ken . Mushi Pro continued to produce more anime television and met success with titles such as Kimba the White Lion in 1965 . What is noted as the first magical girl anime , Sally the Witch , began broadcast in 1966 . The original Speed Racer anime television began in 1967 , and was brought to the West with great success . At the same time , an anime adaptation of Tezuka 's Princess Knight aired , making it one of very few shoujo anime of the decade . The first anime adaptation of Shotaro Ishinomori 's manga Cyborg 009 was created in 1968 , following the film adaptation two years prior . The long - running Sazae - san anime also began in 1969 and continues today with excess of 6,500 episodes broadcast as of 2014 . With an audience share of 25 % the series is still the most - popular anime broadcast . 1970s ( edit ) During the 1970s , the Japanese film market shrank due to competition from television . This reduced Toei animation 's staff and many animators went to studios such as A Pro and Telecom animation . Mushi Production went bankrupt ( though the studio was revived 4 years later ) , its former employees founding studios such as Madhouse and Sunrise . Many young animators were thrust into the position of director , and the injection of young talent allowed for a wide variety of experimentation . One of the earliest successful television productions in the early 1970s was Tomorrow 's Joe ( 1970 ) , a boxing anime which has become iconic in Japan . 1971 saw the first installment of the Lupin III anime . Contrary to the franchise 's currently popularity , the first series ran for 23 episodes before being cancelled . The second series ( starting in 1977 ) saw considerably more success , spanning 155 episodes over three years . Another example of this experimentation is Isao Takahata 's 1974 television series Heidi , Girl of the Alps . This show was originally a hard sell because it was a simple realistic drama aimed at children , and most TV networks thought children needed something more fantastic to draw them in . Heidi was an international success , popular in many European countries , and so successful in Japan that it allowed for Hayao Miyazaki and Takahata to start a series of literary - based anime ( World Masterpiece Theater ) . Miyazaki and Takahata left Nippon Animation in the late 1970s . Two of Miyazaki 's critically acclaimed productions during the 1970s were Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) and Lupin III : The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . During this period , Japanese animation reached continental Europe with productions aimed at European and Japanese children , with the most - pronounced examples being the aforementioned Heidi but also Barbapapa and Vicky the Vikings . Italy , Spain and France grew an interest in Japan 's output , which was offered for a low price . Another genre known as mecha came into being at this time . Some early works include Mazinger Z ( 1972 -- 1974 ) , Science Ninja Team Gatchaman ( 1972 -- 1974 ) , Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 -- 75 ) and Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 -- 80 ) . As a contrast to the action - oriented shows , shows for a female audience such as Candy Candy and Rose of Versailles earned high popularity on Japanese television and later in other parts of the world . By 1978 , over fifty shows were aired on television . 1980s ( edit ) The release of Space Battleship Yamato is often cited as the beginning of anime space operas . The shift towards space operas became more pronounced with the commercial success of Star Wars ( 1977 ) . This allowed for the space opera Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 ) to be revived as a theatrical film . Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) was also unsuccessful and revived as a theatrical film in 1982 . The success of the theatrical versions of Yamato and Gundam are seen as the beginning of the anime boom of the 1980s , and of `` Japanese Cinema 's Second Golden Age '' . A subculture in Japan , who later called themselves otaku , began to develop around animation magazines such as Animage or later Newtype . These magazines formed in response to the overwhelming fandom that developed around shows such as Yamato and Gundam in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In the United States , the popularity of Star Wars had a similar , though much smaller , effect on the development of anime . Gatchaman was reworked and edited into Battle of the Planets in 1978 and again as G - Force in 1986 . Space Battleship Yamato was reworked and edited into Star Blazers in 1979 . The Macross series began with The Super Dimension Fortress Macross ( 1982 ) , which was adapted into English as the first arc of Robotech ( 1985 ) , which was created from three separate anime titles : The Super Dimension Fortress Macross , Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada . The sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam , Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam ( 1985 ) , became the most successful real robot space opera in Japan , where it managed an average television rating of 6.6 % and a peak of 11.7 % . The otaku subculture became more pronounced with Mamoru Oshii 's adaptation of Rumiko Takahashi 's popular manga Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 ) . Yatsura made Takahashi a household name and Oshii would break away from fan culture and take a more auteuristic approach with his 1984 film Urusei Yatsura 2 : Beautiful Dreamer . This break with the otaku subculture would allow Oshii to experiment further . The otaku subculture had some effect on people who were entering the industry around this time . The most famous of these people were the amateur production group Daicon Films which would become Gainax . Gainax began by making films for the Daicon science fiction conventions and were so popular in the otaku community that they were given a chance to helm the biggest - budgeted anime film ( at that time ) , Royal Space Force : The Wings of Honnêamise ( 1987 ) . The film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind helped jumpstart Studio Ghibli . One of the most - influential anime of all time , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) , was made during this period . The film gave extra prestige to anime allowing for many experimental and ambitious projects to be funded shortly after its release . It also allowed director Hayao Miyazaki and his longtime colleague Isao Takahata to create their own studio under the supervision of former Animage editor Toshio Suzuki . This studio would become known as Studio Ghibli and its first film was Laputa : Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) , one of Miyazaki 's most - ambitious films . The success of Dragon Ball ( 1986 ) introduced the martial arts genre and became incredibly influential in the Japanese Animation industry . It influenced many more martial arts anime and manga series ' including YuYu Hakusho ( 1990 ) , One Piece ( 1999 ) , and Naruto ( 2002 ) . The 1980s brought anime to the home video market in the form of original video animation ( OVA ) . The first OVA was Mamoru Oshii 's Dallos ( 1983 -- 1984 ) . Shows such as Patlabor had their beginnings in this market and it proved to be a way to test less - marketable animation against audiences . The OVA allowed for the release of pornographic anime such as Cream Lemon ( 1984 ) ; the first hentai OVA was actually the little - known Wonder Kids studio 's Lolita Anime , also released in 1984 . The 1980s also saw the amalgamation of anime with video games . The airing of Red Photon Zillion ( 1987 ) and subsequent release of its companion game , is considered to have been a marketing ploy by Sega to promote sales of their newly released Master System in Japan . Sports anime , as it is now known , made its debut in 1983 with an anime adaptation of Yoichi Takahashi 's soccer manga Captain Tsubasa , which became the first worldwide successful sports anime . Its themes and stories were a formula that would be used in many sports series that followed , such as Slam Dunk , Prince of Tennis and Eyeshield 21 . The late 1980s saw an increasing number of high - budget and experimental films . In 1985 , Toshio Suzuki helped put together funding for Oshii 's experimental film Angel 's Egg ( 1985 ) . Theatrical releases became more ambitious , each film trying to outclass or outspend its predecessors , taking cues from Nausicaä 's popular and critical success . Night on the Galactic Railroad ( 1985 ) , Tale of Genji ( 1986 ) , and Grave of the Fireflies ( 1988 ) were all ambitious films based on important literary works in Japan . Films such as Char 's Counterattack ( 1988 ) and Arion ( 1986 ) were lavishly budgeted spectacles . This period of lavish budgeting and experimentation would reach its zenith with two of the most - expensive anime film productions ever : Royal Space Force : The Wings of Honneamise ( 1987 ) and Akira ( 1988 ) . Studio Ghibli 's Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) was the top - grossing film for 1989 , earning over $40 million at the box office . Despite the commercial failure of Akira in Japan , it brought with it a much larger international fan base for anime . When shown overseas , the film became a cult hit and , eventually , a symbol of the medium for the West . The domestic failure and international success of Akira , combined with the bursting of the bubble economy and Osamu Tezuka 's death in 1989 , brought a close to the 1980s era of anime . 1990s ( edit ) In 1995 , Hideaki Anno wrote and directed the controversial anime , Neon Genesis Evangelion . This show became popular in Japan among anime fans and became known to the general public through mainstream media attention . It is believed that Anno originally wanted the show to be the ultimate otaku anime designed to revive the declining anime industry , but midway through production he also made it into a heavy critique of the subculture , eventually culminating in the controversial successful film The End of Evangelion ( 1997 ) which grossed over $10 million . Anno would go on to produce live - action films . Many scenes in Evangelion were so controversial that it forced TV Tokyo to clamp down with censorship of violence and sexuality in anime . As a result , when Cowboy Bebop ( 1998 ) was first broadcast it was shown heavily edited and only half the episodes were aired ; though it too eventually became a mainstream hit both in and outside of Japan . Evangelion started a series of so - called `` post-Evangelion '' or `` organic '' mecha shows . Most of these were giant robot shows with some kind of religious or difficult plot . These include RahXephon , Brain Powerd , and Gasaraki . It also led to late - night experimental TV shows . Starting with Serial Experiments Lain ( 1998 ) , late - night Japanese television became a forum for experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom ( 2000 ) , Texhnolyze ( 2003 ) and Paranoia Agent ( 2004 ) . Experimental anime films were also released in the 1990s , most notably the cyberpunk thriller Ghost in the Shell ( 1995 ) , which alongside Megazone 23 ( 1985 ) , had a strong influence on The Matrix . Ghost in the Shell , alongside Evangelion and the neo-noir space western Cowboy Bebop , helped further entrench the awareness of anime in the international consciousness born out of the success of Akira . The late 1990s also saw a brief revival of the super robot genre that was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but had become rare due to the popularity of real robot shows such as the Gundam and Macross series in the 1980s and psychological mecha shows such as Neon Genesis Evangelion in the 1990s . The revival of the super robot genre began with the Brave ( Yuusha ) Series , starting with Brave Exkaiser in 1990 , also there were many remakes and sequels of 1970s super robot shows such as Getter Robo Go and Tetsujin - 28 go FX in response to `` post-Evangelion '' trends , but there were very few popular super robot shows produced after this , until Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann in 2007 . Alongside its super robot counterpart , the real robot genre was also declining during the 1990s . Though several Gundam shows were produced during this decade , very few of them were successful . The only Gundam shows in the 1990s which managed an average television rating over 4 % in Japan were Mobile Fighter G Gundam ( 1994 ) and New Mobile Report Gundam Wing ( 1995 ) . It was n't until Mobile Suit Gundam SEED in 2002 that the real robot genre regained its popularity . 3D rendering was used in this scene of Princess Mononoke , the most expensive animated film at the time , costing $20 million The 1990s also saw the popular video game series , Pokémon , spawn an anime television series which is still running , several anime movies , a trading card game , toys , etc . Other 1990s anime series which gained international success were Dragon Ball Z , Sailor Moon , and Digimon ; the success of these shows brought international recognition to the martial arts superhero genre , the magical girl genre , and the action - adventure genre , respectively . In particular , Dragon Ball Z and Sailor Moon were dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide . Another large success was the anime One Piece , based on the best - selling manga of all time , which is still ongoing . In 1997 , Hayao Miyazaki 's Princess Mononoke became the most - expensive animated film up until that time , costing $20 million to produce . Miyazaki personally checked each of the 144,000 cels in the film , and is estimated to have redrawn parts of 80,000 of them . By 1998 , over one hundred shows were aired on television . 2000s ( edit ) The `` Evangelion - era '' trend continued into the 2000s with Evangelion - inspired mecha anime such as RahXephon ( 2002 ) and Zegapain ( 2006 ) -- RahXephon was also intended to help revive 1970s - style mecha designs . The real robot genre ( including the Gundam and Macross franchises ) , which had declined during the 1990s , was revived in 2002 with the success of shows such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2002 ) , Eureka Seven ( 2005 ) , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( 2006 ) , Mobile Suit Gundam 00 ( 2007 ) , and Macross Frontier ( 2008 ) . The 1970s - style super robot genre revival began with GaoGaiGar in 1997 and continued into the 2000s , with several remakes of classic series such as Getter Robo and Dancougar , as well as original titles created in the super robot mold like Godannar and Gurren Lagann . Gurren Lagann in particular combined the super robot genre with elements from 1980s real robot shows , as well as 1990s `` post-Evangelion '' shows . Gurren Lagann received both the `` best television production '' and `` best character design '' awards from the Tokyo International Anime Fair in 2008 . This eventually culminated in the release of Shin Mazinger in 2009 , a full - length revival of the first super robot series , Mazinger Z . An art movement started by Takashi Murakami that combined Japanese pop - culture with postmodern art called Superflat began around this time . Murakami asserts that the movement is an analysis of post-war Japanese culture through the eyes of the otaku subculture . His desire is also to get rid of the categories of ' high ' and ' low ' art making a flat continuum , hence the term ' superflat ' . His art exhibitions are very popular and have an influence on some anime creators particularly those from Studio 4 ° C . The experimental late night anime trend popularized by Serial Experiments Lain also continued into the 2000s with experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom ( 2000 ) , Texhnolyze ( 2003 ) , Paranoia Agent ( 2004 ) , Gantz ( 2004 ) , and Ergo Proxy ( 2006 ) In addition to these experimental trends , the 2000s were also characterized by an increase of moe - style art and bishōjo and bishōnen character design . There was a rising presence and popularity of genres such as romance , harem and slice of life . Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s , building on a trend started in the late 1990s by such works as Sentimental Journey ( 1998 ) and To Heart ( 1999 ) . Examples of such works include Green Green ( 2003 ) , SHUFFLE ! ( 2006 ) , Kanon ( 2002 and 2006 ) , Fate / Stay Night ( 2006 ) , Higurashi no Naku Koro ni ( 2006 ) , Ef : A Tale of Memories ( 2007 ) , True Tears ( 2008 ) , and Clannad ( 2008 and 2009 ) . Many shows have been adapted from manga and light novels , including popular titles such as Inuyasha ( 2000 ) , Naruto ( 2002 ) , Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 ) , Monster ( 2004 ) , Bleach ( 2004 ) , Rozen Maiden ( 2005 ) , Aria the Animation ( 2005 ) , Shakugan no Shana ( 2005 ) , Pani Poni Dash ! ( 2005 ) , Death Note ( 2006 ) , Mushishi ( 2006 ) , Sola ( 2007 ) , The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya ( 2006 ) , Lucky Star ( 2007 ) , Toradora ! ( 2008 -- 09 ) , K - On ! ( 2009 ) , Bakemonogatari ( 2009 ) , and Fairy Tail ( 2009 ) ; these shows typically last several years and achieve large fanbases . Nevertheless , original anime titles continue to be produced with the same success . The 2000s marked a trend of emphasis of the otaku subculture . A notable critique of this otaku subculture is found in the 2006 anime Welcome to the N.H.K. , which features a hikikomori ( socially withdrawn ) protagonist and explores the effects and consequences of various Japanese sub-cultures , such as otaku , lolicon , internet suicide , massively multiplayer online games and multi-level marketing . In contrast to the above - mentioned phenomenon , there have been more productions of late - night anime for a non-otaku audience as well . The first concentrated effort came from Fuji TV 's Noitamina block . The 30 - minute late - Thursday timeframe was created to showcase productions for young women of college age , a demographic that watches very little anime . The first production Honey and Clover was a particular success , peaking at a 5 % TV rating in Kantou , very strong for late - night anime . The block has been running uninterrupted since April 2005 and has yielded many successful productions unique in the modern anime market . There have been revivals of American cartoons such as Transformers which spawned four new series , Transformers : Car Robots in 2000 , Transformers : Micron Legend in 2003 , Transformers : Superlink in 2004 , and Transformers : Galaxy Force in 2005 . In addition , an anime adaptation of the G.I Joe series was produced titled G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 . The revival of earlier anime series was seen in the forms of Fist of the North Star : The Legends of the True Savior ( 2006 ) and Dragon Ball Z Kai ( 2009 ) . Later series also started receiving revivals in the late 2000s and early 2010s , such as with Studio Khara 's Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy ( 2007 -- ) , and new adaptations of Masamune Shirow 's manga Appleseed XIII ( 2011 ) and Ghost in the Shell : Arise ( 2013 -- 2016 ) . The decade also dawned a revival of high - budget feature - length anime films , such as Millennium Actress ( 2001 ) , Metropolis ( 2001 ) , Appleseed ( 2001 ) , Paprika ( 2006 ) , and the most expensive of all being Steamboy ( 2004 ) which cost $26 million to produce . Satoshi Kon established himself alongside Otomo and Oshii as one of the premier directors of anime film , before his premature death at the age of 46 . Other younger film directors , such as Mamoru Hosoda , director of The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2006 ) and Summer Wars ( 2009 ) , also began to reach prominence . During this decade , anime feature films were nominated for and won major international film awards for the first time in the industry 's history . In 2002 , Spirited Away , a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki , won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . It was the first non-American film to win the award and is one of only two to do so . It has also become the highest grossing anime film , with a worldwide box office of US $ 274 million . Following the launch of Toonami on Cartoon Network and later Adult Swim , anime saw a giant rise in the North American market . Kid - friendly anime such as Pokémon , Yu - Gi - Oh ! , Digimon , Doraemon , Bakugan , Beyblade , and the 4Kids Entertainment adaptation of One Piece have all received varying levels of success . This era also saw the rise of anime - influenced animation , most notably Avatar : the Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , Ben 10 , Chaotic , Samurai Jack , The Boondocks , RWBY and Teen Titans . At the 2004 Cannes Film Festival , Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence , directed by Mamoru Oshii , was in competition for the Palme d'Or and in 2006 , at the 78th Academy Awards , Howl 's Moving Castle , another Studio Ghibli - produced film directed by Hayao Miyazaki , was nominated for Best Animated Feature. 5 Centimeters Per Second , directed by Makoto Shinkai , won the inaugural Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film in 2007 , and so far , anime films have been nominated for the award every year . By 2004 , over two hundred shows were aired on television . 2010s ( edit ) In 2012 , the Toonami block in the US was relaunched as an adult - oriented action block on Adult Swim , bringing uncut anime to a far wider audience . In addition to re-releasing older shows , the block ( as well as Adult Swim itself ) oversees the premiere of English releases for various new shows , including : Durarara ! ! ( 2010 ) , Deadman Wonderland ( 2011 ) , Hunter x Hunter ( 2011 ) , Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) , Attack on Titan ( 2013 ) , Kill la Kill ( 2013 ) , Space Dandy ( 2014 ) , Akame ga Kill ! ( 2014 ) , Parasyte - the maxim - ( 2014 ) , and One Punch Man ( 2015 ) . On September 6 , 2013 Hayao Miyazaki announced that The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) would be his last film , and on August 3 , 2014 it was announced that Studio Ghibli was `` temporarily halting production '' following the release of When Marnie Was There ( 2014 ) , further substantiating the finality of Miyazaki 's retirement . The disappointing sales of Isao Takahata 's comeback film The Tale of Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) has also been cited as a factor . Additionally , various international anime distribution companies , such as ADV Films , Bandai Entertainment , and Geneon Entertainment , were shut down due to poor revenue , with their assets spun into new companies like Sentai Filmworks or given to other companies . Both Attack on Titan and The Wind Rises reflect a national debate surrounding the reinterpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan , with Miyazaki 's pacifism in the film coming under fire from the political right , while Attack on Titan has been accused of promoting militarism by people in neighboring Asian countries , despite being intended to show the haunting , hopeless aspects of conflict . The mecha anime genre ( as well as Japanese kaiju films ) received a Western homage with the 2013 film Pacific Rim directed by Guillermo del Toro . Western streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime are increasingly becoming involved in the production and licensing of anime . In 2015 , an all record - high of three hundred forty shows aired on television . Firsts ( edit ) First ... Native language name English name Released Type Broadcast Anime ( oldest known ) 活動 写真 Katsudō Shashin Unknown short film Unknown Confirmed film release 凸 坊 新 画帳 ・ 名 案 の 失敗 Bumpy new picture book -- Failure of a great plan February 1917 short film Unknown Anime publicly shown in a theater 芋川 椋 三 玄関 番 の 巻 or 芋川 椋 三 玄関 番 之 巻 The Story of the Concierge Mukuzo Imokawa April 1917 short film Unknown Talkie 力 と 女 の 世の中 Within the World of Power and Women April 13 , 1933 film Unknown Entirely cel - animated anime 茶釜 音頭 The Dance of the Chagamas 1934 film Unknown Feature film 桃太郎 海 の 神 兵 Momotaro : Sacred Sailors April 12 , 1945 film Unknown Appearance on television ( non series ) もぐら の アバンチュール Mole 's Adventure July 14 , 1958 short film Yes Color feature film 白蛇 伝 The Tale of the White Serpent October 22 , 1958 film Unknown Television series インスタント ヒストリー Instant History May 1 , 1961 series Yes Late night series 仙人 部落 Hermit Village September 4 , 1963 series Yes Giant robot series 鉄人 28 号 Tetsujin 28 - go October 20 , 1963 series Yes Color television series ジャングル 大帝 Kimba the White Lion October 6 , 1965 series Yes Magical girl series 魔法使い サリー Sally the Witch December 5 , 1966 series Yes Adult - oriented ( animated ) film 千 夜 一夜 物語 A Thousand and One Nights June 14 , 1969 film Unknown Hentai with an `` X rating '' クレオパトラ Cleopatra September 15 , 1970 film Unknown Space opera series 宇宙 戦艦 ヤマト Space Battleship Yamato October 6 , 1974 series Yes Real robot series 機動 戦士 ガンダム Mobile Suit Gundam April 7 , 1979 series Yes OVA ダロス Dallos December 12 , 1983 OVA Yes Hentai OVA ロリータ アニメ Lolita Anime February 21 , 1984 OVA Yes Fully computer animated anime A. LI. CE A. LI. CE February 5 , 2000 film No See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Film portal Japan portal History of manga Kamishibai Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Katsudō Shashin is thought to have been made sometime between 1907 and 1911 . It is not known if this film was ever publicly displayed or released as evidence suggests it was mass - produced to be sold to wealthy owners of home projectors . B. ^ Radio broadcasting . C. ^ Also referred to as The World of Power and Women . D. ^ Also referred to as Momotaro 's Divine Sea Warriors or Momotaro : God Warriors of the Sea . E. ^ Most erotic works have been retroactively tagged as `` hentai '' since the coining of the term in English . As such , there is no agreed upon first hentai series or film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Litten , Freddy . `` On the earliest ( foreign ) animation films shown in Japanese cinemas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporting by Linda Sieg ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` The first anime was called ( Katsudo shashin ) , Japan finds films by late `` anime '' pioneers `` . reuters.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest anime found '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China People 's Daily Online ( Japanese Edition ) : 日本 最 古 ? 明治 時代 の アニメ フィルム 、 京都 で 発 '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Urashima Tarō ( supposed title ) ( digitally restored version ) '' . Japanese Animated Film Classics . National Museum of Modern Art , Tokyo . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ; Yasushi Watanabe ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Jasper ( 2009 ) . `` The First Frames of Anime '' . The Roots of Japanese Anime , official booklet , DVD . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ; Yasushi Watanabe ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Baricordi , Andrea ; D'Opera , Adeline ; Pelletier , Claude J. ( 2000 ) . Anime : A guide to Japanese Animation , 1958 - 1988 ( 1 ed . ) . Montréal : Protoculture Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 2 - 9805759 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Alan ( 1994 ) . Japan : An Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 206489 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Jasper ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Pioneers of Japanese Animation ( Part 1 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Roots of Japanese Anime , official booklet , DVD . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 38 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2014 ) . Anime Encyclopedia : A century of japanese animation . Stone Bridge Press . p. 616 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61172 - 018 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Anime : A History . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 390 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tezuka , Osamu ; Schodt , Frederik L. ; Chameleon , Digital ( 2002 ) . Astro Boy ( 1st ed . ) . Milwaukie , OR : Dark Horse Manga . p. 2 ( Intro ) . ISBN 1 - 56971 - 676 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Astro Boy not the First Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mike Toole Show : Old 's Cool '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bendazzi , Giannalberto ( October 23 , 2015 ) . Animation : A World History : Volume II : The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets . CRC Press . ISBN 9781317519911 . Jump up ^ `` Anime in Europe '' . February 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 2002 - 01 - 20 ) . `` FILM ; Anime , Japanese Cinema 's Second Golden Age '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunota Headlines '' . Aeug.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Megazone 23 '' . A.D. Vision . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joel Silver , interviewed in `` Scrolls to Screen : A Brief History of Anime '' featurette on The Animatrix DVD . Jump up ^ Joel Silver , interviewed in `` Making The Matrix '' featurette on The Matrix DVD . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verboon , Nick ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` 90 's Flashback : Neon Genesis Evangelion '' . Unreality Mag . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's Rough Cut - Princess Mononoke - Hayao Miyazake Transcript 11 / 4 / 1999 '' . Princess Mononoke. 1999 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Ghibli Disney Video '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ `` Eva 1.0 Wins Tokyo Anime Fair 's Animation of the Year '' . Anime News Network . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Video '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Studio Ghibli May No Longer Be Making Feature Films '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animetaro '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Blum , Jeremy ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Animation legend Hayao Miyazaki under attack in Japan for anti-war film '' . South China Morning Post . SCMP Group . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A revival of militarism ? Attack on Titan sparks Korean - Japanese spat ( 軍國 主義 復活 ? / 進擊 的 巨人 引發 韓 日 論戰 ) '' . The Liberty Times . Taipei . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Axinto , Jemarc ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Pacific Rim : In - depth study of the influence of Anime '' . The Artifice . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/10/18/netflix-is-currently-funding-thirty-original-anime-productions/&refURL=https://www.google.at/&referrer=https://www.google.at/ Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/13/14262102/amazon-anime-strike-streaming-service Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ 力 と 女 の 世の中 ( 1933 ) ( in Japanese ) . AllCinema Movie & DVD Database . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Clements , Helen McCarthy . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 . Revised and Expanded Edition. -- Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press , 2006. -- P. 12. -- ISBN 978 - 1933330105 Jump up ^ `` Oldest TV Anime 's Color Screenshots Posted '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( Revised and Expanded ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia 2000 holds press conference '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2000 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . The history of anime can be traced back to the start of the 20th century Further reading ( edit ) Clements , Jonathan and Helen McCarthy ( 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . Clements , Jonathan and Barry Ip ( 2012 ) `` The Shadow Staff : Japanese Animators in the Toho Aviation Education Materials Production Office 1939 -- 1945 '' in Animation : An Interdisciplinary Journal 7 ( 2 ) 189 - 204 . Drazen , Patrick ( 2003 ) . Anime Explosion ! : The What ? Why ? & Wow ! of Japanese Animation . Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 72 - 8 . Ettinger , Benjamin `` Karisuma Animators '' Ettinger Benjamin `` Toei Doga '' ( Part 2 ) Anipages Daily . July 25 , 2004 and July 26 , 2004 . Miyazaki , Hayao trans . Ryoko Toyama `` About Japanese Animation '' Murakami , Takashi ( 2003 ) . Super Flat . Last Gasp . ISBN 4 - 944079 - 20 - 6 . Okada , Toshio et al. ( 2005 ) , `` Otaku Talk '' . Little Boy : The Arts of Japan 's Exploding Subculture . Ed . Takashi Murakami . Japan Society and Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 913304 - 57 - 3 . Sharp , Jasper `` Pioneers of Japanese Animation at PIFan '' Midnight Eye September 25 , 2004 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , with a Selective Guide to DVDs and Videos . Kodansha America . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 . Kime , Chad . `` American Anime : Blend or Bastardization ? '' EX Online Anime Magazine . External links ( edit ) HISTORY OF ANIME : Osamu Tezuka Years in anime History of anime Before 1917 1917 -- 1938 1939 -- 1945 1946 -- 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Animation industry in Japan History of anime Companies / studios Active 3Hz 8 - Bit A.C.G.T A.P.P.P. AIC Ajia - do Animation Works Aniplex A-1 Pictures CloverWorks Arms Artland Asahi Production Asread AXsiZ Bandai Namco Holdings Actas Bandai Namco Arts Bandai Namco Pictures Sunrise Bee Train Production Bones Brain 's Base Bridge C - Station C2C CoMix Wave Films Creators in Pack Cygames CygamesPictures Daume David Production Dentsu Digital Frontier Diomedéa DLE Doga Kobo Eiken Emon EMT Squared Feel G&G Direction Gainax Gallop Genco Geno Studio GoHands Gonzo Hoods Entertainment IG Port Production I.G Signal.MD Wit Studio Xebec Imagin J.C. Staff Khara Kinema Citrus Knack Productions Kyoto Animation Lay - duce Madhouse Magic Bus MAPPA Mook Animation Mushi Production NAZ Nexus Nihon Ad Systems Nippon Animation Nomad Oh ! Production OLM Orange Passione P.A. Works Pierrot Pine Jam Polygon Pictures Production IMS Production Reed Project No. 9 Robot Communications Satelight Sega Sammy Holdings Marza Animation Planet TMS Entertainment Seven Seven Arcs ( Seven Arcs Pictures ) Shaft Shin - Ei Animation Shuka Silver Link Square Enix Visual Works Studio 4 ° C Studio Chizu Studio Comet Studio Deen Studio Ghibli Studio Gokumi Studio Hibari Lerche Studio Nue Studio Ponoc Studio VOLN SynergySP Tatsunoko Production Tezuka Productions TNK Toei Animation Troyca Ufotable Ultra Super Pictures Liden Films Ordet Sanzigen Trigger White Fox Yumeta Company Zero - G Zexcs Defunct Artmic Cherry Lips Group TAC Hal Film Maker J2 Communications Jetlag Productions Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo Manglobe Palm Studio Radix Ace Entertainment Spectrum Animation Studio Fantasia Topcraft Triangle Staff Tsuchida Production Walt Disney Animation Japan Industry associations The Association of Japanese Animations Japanese Animation Creators Association Awards Animation Kobe Awards Animax Anison Grand Prix Anime Grand Prix Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year Japan Media Arts Awards Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film Newtype Anime Award Ōfuji Noburō Award Seiyu Awards Sugoi Japan Award Tokyo Anime Award Types Original net animation ( ONA ) Original video animation ( OVA ) Television Late night UHF Genres Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Related topics Animage Katsudō Shashin Kinema Junpo Manga Newtype Animation topics By country Bangladesh Bhutan China Taiwan Croatia Czech Republic Estonia India Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Portugal Romania Spain Thailand United States Vietnam History Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Canada China France Hungary Iran Korea Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Industry Animator List Animation department Animation director Story artist Animation studios List Animation database Biologist simulators Animation film festivals international regional Highest - grossing films ( Openings weekends ) Outsourcing International Animation Day Works Films Based on cartoons Computer - animated Feature - length Lost or unfinished Package Short Short series Stop - motion Series Direct - to - video Internet Television Techniques Traditional Limited animation Masking Rotoscoping Stop motion Barrier grid Clay strata - cut Cutout ( silhouette ) Graphic Model go motion Object Pixilation Puppetoon Computer ( history , timeline ) 2D Flash PowerPoint SVG CSS Digital puppetry 3D Cel shading Crowd Morph target Motion capture Non-photorealistic rendering Procedural Skeletal Machinima Digital puppetry Virtual cinematography Other methods Blocking Chuckimation Drawn - on - film Flip book Inbetweening Kinegram Paint - on - glass Pinscreen Pixel art Pose to pose Puppet Rubber hose Sand Syncro - Vox Zoetrope Variants Abstract animation ( visual music ) Adult animation Animated cartoon Animated sitcom Animated documentary Educational animation Erotic animation Independent animation Instructional animation Related topics Animation music Mickey Mousing Character animation model sheet walk cycle lip sync off - model Twelve principles Motion comic Films with live action and animation highest grossing Cartoon physics Cartoon violence Most expensive animated films Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_anime&oldid=852333311 '' Categories : History of animation Anime Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2016 CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 06 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did anime become popular in the west
[ "The 1960s brought anime to television and in America. The first anime film to be broadcast was Three Tales in 1960. The following year saw the premiere of Japan's first animated television series, Instant History, although it did not consist entirely of animation.[17]:90 Osamu Tezuka's Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy) is often miscredited as the first anime television series, premiering on January 1, 1963.[19] Astro Boy was highly influential to other anime in the 1960s,[20] and was followed by a large number of anime about robots or space.\n" ]
[ "The 1960s" ]
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
United states Environmental Protection agency - wikipedia United states Environmental Protection agency Jump to : navigation , search `` EPA '' and `` Environmental Protection Agency '' redirect here . For other uses , see EPA ( disambiguation ) . Environmental Protection Agency EPA Seal of the Environmental Protection Agency Flag of the Environmental Protection Agency Agency overview Formed December 2 , 1970 ; 47 years ago ( 1970 - 12 - 02 ) Headquarters William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.8939 ° N 77.0289 ° W  / 38.8939 ; - 77.0289 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.8939 ° N 77.0289 ° W  / 38.8939 ; - 77.0289 Employees 15,376 ( 2016 ) Annual budget $8,139,887,000 ( 2016 ) Agency executives Scott Pruitt , Administrator Mike Flynn , Acting Deputy Administrator Website www.EPA.gov The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA or sometimes U.S. EPA ) is an agency of the federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress . President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2 , 1970 , after Nixon signed an executive order . The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate . The agency is led by its Administrator , who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress . The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt . The EPA is not a Cabinet department , but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank . The EPA has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , regional offices for each of the agency 's ten regions , and 27 laboratories . The agency conducts environmental assessment , research , and education . It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state , tribal , and local governments . It delegates some permitting , monitoring , and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes . EPA enforcement powers include fines , sanctions , and other measures . The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts . In 2016 , the agency had 15,376 full - time employees . More than half of EPA 's employees are engineers , scientists , and environmental protection specialists ; other employees include legal , public affairs , financial , and information technologists . In 2017 the Trump administration proposed a 31 % cut to the EPA 's budget to $5.7 billion from $8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 Offices 2.2 Regions 3 Related legislation 3.1 Air 3.2 Water 3.3 Land 3.4 Endangered species 3.5 Hazardous waste 3.6 Other 4 Programs 4.1 EPA Safer Choice 4.2 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative 4.3 Energy Star 4.4 Smart Growth 4.5 Pesticides 4.6 Fuel economy 4.7 Air quality 4.8 Oil spill prevention program 4.9 Toxics Release Inventory 4.10 WaterSense 4.11 Drinking water 4.12 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 4.13 Radiation protection 4.14 Tools for Schools 4.15 Environmental Education 4.16 Environmental Impact Statement Reviews 4.17 Clean School Bus USA 4.18 Environmental justice 4.18. 1 Barriers to enforcing environmental justice 5 Research vessel , 2004 -- 2013 6 Advance identification 7 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 8 Controversies ( 1983 -- present ) 8.1 Fiscal mismanagement , 1983 8.2 Political pressure and scientific integrity , 2001 -- present 8.3 Fuel economy , 2005 -- 2010 8.4 Mercury emissions , 2005 8.5 Climate change , 2007 -- 2010 8.6 Gold King Mine waste water spill , 2015 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Stacks emitting smoke from burning discarded automobile batteries , photo taken in Houston in 1972 by Marc St. Gil ( cs ) , official photographer of recently founded EPA Same smokestacks in 1975 after the plant was closed in a push for greater environmental protection Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s , Congress reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment . Senator James E. Murray introduced a bill , the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959 , in the 86th Congress . The 1962 publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides . In the years following , similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress 's potential responses . In 1968 , a joint House -- Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs , Senator Henry M. Jackson , and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics , Representative George Miller , to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy . In the colloquium , some members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment . The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ( NEPA ) was modeled on RCA . That bill would have established a Council on Environmental Quality in the office of the President , declared a national environmental policy , and required the preparation of an annual environmental report . President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1 , 1970 . The law created the Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) in the Executive Office of the President . NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment . The `` detailed statement '' would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact statement ( EIS ) . Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPA Administrator . On July 9 , 1970 , Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency , a new Environmental Protection Agency . After conducting hearings during that summer , the House and Senate approved the proposal . The agency 's first Administrator , William Ruckelshaus , took the oath of office on December 4 , 1970 . EPA staff recall that in the early days there was `` an enormous sense of purpose and excitement '' and the expectation that `` there was this agency which was going to do something about a problem that clearly was on the minds of a lot of people in this country , '' leading to tens of thousands of resumes from those eager to participate in the mighty effort to clean up America 's environment . When EPA first began operation , members of the private sector felt strongly that the environmental protection movement was a passing fad . Ruckelshaus stated that he felt pressure to show a public which was deeply skeptical about government 's effectiveness , that EPA could respond effectively to widespread concerns about pollution . Organization ( edit ) The EPA is led by an Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency . As of 2017 Scott Pruitt is the 14th Administrator . Offices ( edit ) Office of the Administrator ( OA ) which as of March 2017 consisted of 11 divisions , the Office of Administrative and Executive Services , Office of Children 's Health Protection , Office of Civil Rights , Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations , Office of the Executive Secretariat , Office of Homeland Security , Office of Policy , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Public Engagement and Environmental Education , Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization , Science Advisory Board Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention ( OCSPP ) Office of the Chief Financial Officer ( OCFO ) Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance ( OECA ) Office of Environmental Information ( OEI ) Office of General Counsel ( OGC ) Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) Office of International and Tribal Affairs ( OITA ) Office of Research and Development ( ORD ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the National Center for Computational Toxicology , National Center for Environmental Assessment , National Center for Environmental Research , National Exposure Research Laboratory , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , National Homeland Security Research Center , National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Land and Emergency Management ( OLEM ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation , Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery , Office of Underground Storage Tanks , Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization , Office of Emergency Management , Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office . Office of Water ( OW ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water ( OGWDW ) , Office of Science and Technology ( OST ) , Office of Wastewater Management ( OWM ) and Office of Wetlands , Oceans and Watersheds ( OWOW ) . Regions ( edit ) The administrative regions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency . Creating 10 EPA regions was an initiative that came from President Richard Nixon . See Standard Federal Regions . Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agency 's programs , except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states . Region 1 : responsible within the states of Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ( New England ) . Region 2 : responsible within the states of New Jersey and New York . It is also responsible for the US territories of Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Region 3 : responsible within the states of Delaware , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia . Region 4 : responsible within the states of Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Tennessee . Region 5 : responsible within the states of Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . Region 6 : responsible within the states of Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas . Region 7 : responsible within the states of Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , and Nebraska . Region 8 : responsible within the states of Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , and Wyoming . Region 9 : responsible within the states of Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , the territories of Guam and American Samoa , and the Navajo Nation . Region 10 : responsible within the states of Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington . Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands , except those programs delegated to tribal authorities . Related legislation ( edit ) The laws below are general environmental protection measures , and may also apply to other units of the government , including the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture . Air ( edit ) 1955 : Air Pollution Control Act PL 84 - 159 1963 : Clean Air Act PL 88 - 206 1965 : Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act PL 89 - 272 1966 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89 - 675 1967 : Air Quality Act PL 90 - 148 1970 : Clean Air Act Extension PL 91 - 604 1977 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 95 - 95 1990 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 101 - 549 Water ( edit ) 1948 : Water Pollution Control Act PL 80 - 845 1965 : Water Quality Act PL 89 - 234 1966 : Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89 - 753 1970 : Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91 - 224 1972 : Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92 - 500 1974 : Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93 - 523 1977 : Clean Water Act PL 95 - 217 1987 : Water Quality Act PL 100 - 4 1996 : Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 Land ( edit ) 1964 : Wilderness Act PL 88 - 577 1968 : Wild and Scenic Rivers Act PL 90 - 542 1970 : Wilderness Act PL 91 - 504 1977 : Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95 - 87 1978 : Wilderness Act PL 98 - 625 1980 : Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act PL 96 - 487 1994 : California Desert Protection Act PL 103 - 433 2010 : California Desert Protection Act Endangered species ( edit ) 1946 : Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act PL 79 - 732 1966 : Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89 - 669 1969 : Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91 - 135 1972 : Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92 - 522 1973 : Endangered Species Act PL 93 - 205 1979 : Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 95 335 Hazardous waste ( edit ) 1965 : Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89 - 272 1970 : Resource Recovery Act PL 91 - 512 1976 : Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94 - 580 1980 : Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( `` Superfund '' ) PL 96 - 510 1984 : Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98 - 616 1986 : Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99 - 499 2002 : Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ( `` Brownfields Law '' ) PL 107 - 118 Other ( edit ) 1947 : Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act PL 80 - 104 1969 : National Environmental Policy Act PL 91 - 190 1972 : Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act PL 92 - 516 1976 : Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94 - 469 1982 : Nuclear Waste Policy Act PL 97 - 425 1996 : Food Quality Protection Act PL 104 - 170 Programs ( edit ) A bulldozer piles boulders in an attempt to prevent lake shore erosion , 1973 ( photograph by Paul Sequeira , photojournalist and contributing photographer to the Environmental Protection Agency 's DOCUMERICA project in the early 1970s ) This section is missing information about several major EPA programs . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2010 ) It is worth noting that , in looking back in 2013 on the agency he helped shape from the beginning , Administrator William Ruckelshaus observed that a danger for EPA was that air , water , waste and other programs would be unconnected , placed in `` silos , '' a problem that persists more than 50 years later , albeit less so than at the start . EPA safer Choice ( edit ) The EPA Safer Choice label , previously known as the Design for the Environment ( DfE ) label , helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients , without sacrificing quality or performance . When a product has the Safer Choice label , it means that every intentionally - added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists . Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label . Safer Detergents Stewardship initiative ( edit ) Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative ( SDSI ) , EPA 's Design for the Environment ( DfE ) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants . Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water . Nonylphenol ethoxylates , commonly referred to as NPEs , are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant . The Design for the Environment , which was renamed to EPA Safer Choice in 2015 , has identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates . These safer alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available . CleanGredients is a source of safer surfactants . Energy Star ( edit ) In 1992 the EPA launched the Energy Star program , a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency . As of 2006 , more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances , office equipment , lighting , home electronics , and more . In addition , the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings . In 2006 , about 12 percent of new housing in the United States was labeled Energy Star . The EPA estimates it saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006 alone . The Energy Star program has helped spread the use of LED traffic lights , efficient fluorescent lighting , power management systems for office equipment , and low standby energy use . Smart Growth ( edit ) EPA 's Smart Growth Program , which began in 1998 , is to help communities improve their development practices and get the type of development they want . Together with local , state , and national experts , EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment , create economic opportunities , and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels . Pesticides ( edit ) EPA administers the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) ( which is much older than the agency ) and registers all pesticides legally sold in the United States . Fuel economy ( edit ) Manufacturers selling automobiles in the United States are required to provide EPA fuel economy test results for their vehicles and the manufacturers are not allowed to provide results from alternate sources . The fuel economy is calculated using the emissions data collected during two of the vehicle 's Clean Air Act certification tests by measuring the total volume of carbon captured from the exhaust during the tests . The testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving cycles designed to simulate driving during rush - hour in Los Angeles during that era . Until 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures calculated from the test . In 1984 , the EPA began adjusting city ( aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or UDDS ) results downward by 10 % and highway ( aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or HWFET ) results by 22 % to compensate for changes in driving conditions since 1972 , and to better correlate the EPA test results with real - world driving . In 1996 , the EPA proposed updating the Federal Testing Procedures to add a new higher - speed test ( US06 ) and an air - conditioner - on test ( SC03 ) to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission estimates with real - world reports . In December 2006 the updated testing methodology was finalized to be implemented in model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a 12 - year review cycle for the test procedures . In February 2005 , EPA launched a program called `` Your MPG '' that allows drivers to add real - world fuel economy statistics into a database on the EPA 's fuel economy website and compare them with others and with the original EPA test results . The EPA conducts fuel economy tests on very few vehicles . `` Just 18 of the EPA 's 17,000 employees work in the automobile - testing department in Ann Arbor , Michigan , examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year , or roughly 15 percent of new models . As to that other 85 percent , the EPA takes automakers at their word -- without any testing - accepting submitted results as accurate . '' Two - thirds of the vehicles the EPA tests themselves are randomly selected and the remaining third is tested for specific reasons . Although originally created as a reference point for fossil - fueled vehicles , driving cycles have been used for estimating how many miles an electric vehicle will get on a single charge . Air Quality ( edit ) The Air Quality Modeling Group ( AQMG ) is in the EPA 's Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) and leads in the full range of air quality models , air pollution forecast , atmospheric dispersion modeling and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing the impacts of air pollution sources and control strategies . It serves other EPA headquarters staff , EPA regional Offices , and State and local environmental agencies , coordinates with the EPA 's Office of Research and Development on the development of new models and techniques , and wider issues of atmospheric research and conducts modeling analyses to support policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA 's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards ( OAQPS ) . It is located in Research Triangle Park , North Carolina . Controlling air pollution helps diminish the risk of pollution - related diseases . The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act ( CAA ) for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act per Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act . The BenMAP open - source tool , created by the agency , estimates the health benefits from improvements in air quality . Oil spill prevention program ( edit ) EPA 's oil spill prevention program includes the Spill Prevention , Control , and Countermeasure ( SPCC ) and the Facility Response Plan ( FRP ) rules . The SPCC Rule applies to all facilities that store , handle , process , gather , transfer , refine , distribute , use or consume oil or oil products . Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as : animal fats , oils and greases ; fish and marine mammal oils ; and vegetable oils . It mandates a written plan for facilities that store more than 1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than 42,000 gallons below - ground , and which might discharge to navigable waters ( as defined in the Clean Water Act ) or adjoining shorelines . Secondary spill containment is mandated at oil storage facilities and oil release containment is required at oil development sites . Toxics release Inventory ( edit ) The Toxics Release Inventory ( TRI ) is a resource for learning about toxic chemical releases and pollution prevention activities reported by industrial and federal facilities . TRI data support informed decision - making by communities , government agencies , companies , and others . Watersense ( edit ) WaterSense is an EPA program launched in June 2006 to encourage water efficiency in the United States through the use of a special label on consumer products . Products include high - efficiency toilets ( HETs ) , bathroom sink faucets ( and accessories ) , and irrigation equipment . WaterSense is a voluntary program , with EPA developing specifications for water - efficient products through a public process and product testing by independent laboratories . Drinking water ( edit ) EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public , by setting standards for more than 160,000 public water systems nationwide . EPA oversees states , local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act . The program includes regulation of injection wells in order to protect underground sources of drinking water . Select readings of amounts of certain contaminants in drinking water , precipitation , and surface water , in addition to milk and air , are reported on EPA 's Rad Net web site in a section entitled Envirofacts . Despite mandatory reporting certain readings exceeding EPA MCL levels may be deleted or not included . In 2013 , an EPA draft revision relaxed regulations for radiation exposure through drinking water , stating that current standards are impractical to enforce . The EPA recommended that intervention was not necessary until drinking water was contaminated with radioactive iodine 131 at a concentration of 81,000 picocuries per liter ( the limit for short term exposure set by the International Atomic Energy Agency ) , which was 27,000 times the prior EPA limit of 3 picocuries per liter for long term exposure . National Pollutant discharge Elimination system ( edit ) The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters . Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act , the NPDES permit program authorizes state governments to perform its many permitting , administrative , and enforcement aspects . As of 2017 , EPA has approved 46 states to administer all or portions of the permit program . EPA regional offices manage the program in the remaining areas of the country . The Water Quality Act of 1987 extended NPDES permit coverage to industrial stormwater dischargers and municipal separate storm sewer systems . See also : United States regulation of point source water pollution Radiation Protection ( edit ) EPA has the following seven project groups to protect the public from radiation . Radioactive Waste Management Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs Protective Action Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents : EPA developed a manual as guideline for local and state governments to protect the public from a nuclear accident , the 2017 version being a 15 - year update . EPA 's Role in Emergency Response -- Special Teams Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials ( TENORM ) Program Radiation Standards for Air and Drinking Water Programs Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection Tools for schools ( edit ) EPA 's Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants . It helps school personnel identify , solve , and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment . Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building , schools can lower their students ' and staff 's risk of exposure to asthma triggers . Environmental Education ( edit ) The National Environmental Education Act of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy . EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program . Environmental impact statement reviews ( edit ) EPA is responsible for reviewing Environmental Impact Statements of other federal agencies ' projects , under the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) . Clean school Bus USA ( edit ) Clean School Bus USA is a national partnership to reduce children 's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling , installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones . Its goal is to reduce both children 's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses . Environmental justice ( edit ) The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards environmental justice . Administrator Christine Todd Whitman was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton 's Executive Order 12898 during 2001 , removing the requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when making changes to environmental legislation , and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order . In a March 2004 report , the inspector general of the agency concluded that the EPA `` has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan , and has not established values , goals , expectations , and performance measurements '' for environmental justice in its daily operations . Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to review the success of its programs , policies and activities towards environmental justice . Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA 's Superfund program , and that this situation was worsening . Barriers to enforcing Environmental justice ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many environmental justice issues are local , and therefore difficult to address by a federal agency , such as the EPA . Without strong media attention , political interest , or ' crisis ' status , local issues are less likely to be addressed at the federal level compared to larger , well publicized incidents . Conflicting political powers in successive administrations : The White House maintains direct control over the EPA , and its enforcements are subject to the political agenda of who is in power . Republicans and Democrats differ in their approaches to environmental justice . While President Bill Clinton signed the executive order 12898 , the Bush administration did not develop a clear plan or establish goals for integrating environmental justice into everyday practices , affecting the motivation for environmental enforcement . The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes , informing the public of environmental enforcement , and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution , water pollution , hazardous wastes and chemicals . `` It is difficult to construct a specific mission statement given its wide range of responsibilities . '' It is impossible to address every environmental crime adequately or efficiently if there is no specific mission statement to refer to . The EPA answers to various groups , competes for resources , and confronts a wide array of harms to the environment . All of these present challenges , including a lack of resources , its self - policing policy , and a broadly defined legislation that creates too much discretion for EPA officers . The EPA `` does not have the authority or resources to address injustices without an increase in federal mandates '' requiring private industries to consider the environmental ramifications of their activities . Research vessel , 2004 -- 2013 ( edit ) OSV Bold docked at Port Canaveral , Florida In March 2004 , the U.S. Navy transferred USNS Bold ( T - AGOS - 12 ) , a Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship , to the EPA . The ship had been used in anti-submarine operations during the Cold War , was equipped with sidescan sonar , underwater video , water and sediment sampling instruments used in study of ocean and coastline . One of the major missions of the Bold was to monitor for ecological impact sites where materials were dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports . In 2013 , the General Services Administration sold the Bold to Seattle Central Community College ( SCCC ) , which demonstrated in a competition that they would put it to the highest and best purpose , at a nominal cost of $5,000 . Advance identification ( edit ) Advance identification , or ADID , is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material . The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes . As of February 1993 , 38 ADID projects had been completed and 33 were ongoing . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the EPA earned a D by scoring 67 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . Controversies ( 1983 -- present ) ( edit ) EPA headquarters in Washington , D.C. Fiscal mismanagement , 1983 ( edit ) In 1982 Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion program to clean up hazardous waste dumps Superfund and demanded records from EPA director Anne M. Gorsuch . She refused and became the first agency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of Congress . The EPA turned the documents over to Congress several months later , after the White House abandoned its court claim that the documents could not be subpoenaed by Congress because they were covered by executive privilege . At that point , Gorsuch resigned her post , citing pressures caused by the media and the congressional investigation . Critics charged that the EPA was in a shambles at that time . Gorsuch , appointed by Ronald Reagan , resigned under fire in 1983 . Gorsuch based her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states . She believed that the EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost - effective . During her 22 months as agency head , she cut the budget of the EPA by 22 % , reduced the number of cases filed against polluters , relaxed Clean Air Act regulations , and facilitated the spraying of restricted - use pesticides . She cut the total number of agency employees , and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating . Environmentalists contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters , and accused her of trying to dismantle the agency . Political pressure and scientific integrity , 2001 -- present ( edit ) In April 2008 , the Union of Concerned Scientists said that more than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of political interference in their work . The survey included chemists , toxicologists , engineers , geologists and experts in other fields of science . About 40 % of the scientists reported that the interference had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years . The highest number of complaints came from scientists who were involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals used in food and other aspects of everyday life . EPA research has also been suppressed by career managers . Supervisors at EPA 's National Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer - reviewed journal article about EPA 's integrated risk information system , which led two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication , and the corresponding author , Ching - Hung Hsu , to leave EPA `` because of the draconian restrictions placed on publishing '' . EPA subjects employees who author scientific papers to prior restraint , even if those papers are written on personal time . EPA employees have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry and governmental pressure , and are concerned about the censorship of environmental reports . In 2015 , the Government Accountability Office stated that the EPA violated federal law with covert propaganda on their social media platforms . The social media messaging that was used promoted materials supporting the Waters of the United States rule , including materials that were designed to oppose legislative efforts to limit or block the rule . In February 2017 , U.S. Representative Matt Gaetz ( R - Fla . ) sponsored H.R. 861 , a bill to abolish the EPA by 2018 . According to Gaetz , `` The American people are drowning in rules and regulation promulgated by unelected bureaucrats . And the Environmental Protection Agency has become an extraordinary offender . '' The bill was co-sponsored by Thomas Massie ( R - Ky . ) , Steven Palazzo ( R - Ms . ) and Barry Loudermilk ( R - Ga . ) . Fuel economy , 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) In July 2005 , an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel - efficient cars was delayed . The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it , but the EPA delayed its release at the last minute . In 2007 , the state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new cars . EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own standards , but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level , which would then preempt state laws . California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , along with governors from 13 other states , stated that the EPA 's actions ignored federal law , and that existing California standards ( adopted by many states in addition to California ) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal standards . It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own staff in making this decision . After the federal government had bailed out General Motors and Chrysler in the Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 2010 , the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox was released with an EPA fuel economy rating abnormally higher than its competitors . Independent road tests found that the vehicle did not out - perform its competitors , which had much lower fuel economy ratings . Later road tests found better , but inconclusive , results . Mercury emissions , 2005 ( edit ) In March 2005 , nine states ( California , New York , New Jersey , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Maine , Connecticut , New Mexico and Vermont ) sued the EPA . The EPA 's Inspector General had determined that the EPA 's regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act , and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees . The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard University which contradicted its position on mercury controls . The suit alleged that the EPA 's rule exempting coal - fired power plants from `` maximum available control technology '' was illegal , and additionally charged that the EPA 's system of cap - and - trade to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions , which they objected would lead to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average levels declined . Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations . Illinois 's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90 % by 2009 . In 2008 -- by which point a total of fourteen states had joined the suit -- the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air Act . In response , EPA announced plans to propose such standards to replace the vacated Clean Air Mercury Rule , and did so on March 16 , 2011 . Climate change , 2007 -- 2010 ( edit ) Further information : Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Wikinews has related news : EPA proposes using Clean Air Act to fight global warming In December 2007 , EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the public welfare -- a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global - warming regulations . Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House . White House aides -- who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change -- knew the gist of what Johnson 's finding would be , Burnett said . They also knew that once they opened the attachment , it would become a public record , making it controversial and difficult to rescind . So they did not open it ; rather , they called Johnson and asked him to take back the draft . Johnson rescinded the draft ; in July 2008 , he issued a new version which did not state that global warming was danger to public welfare . Burnett resigned in protest . A $3 million mapping study on sea level rise was suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama Administrations , and managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps . Gold King mine waste water spill , 2015 ( edit ) In August 2015 , the 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill occurred when EPA contractors examined the level of pollutants such as lead and arsenic in a Colorado mine , and accidentally released over three million gallons of waste water into Cement Creek and the Animas River . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Politics portal Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Brownfield land Environmental Technology Verification Program EPA Methods Federation of Earth Science Information Partners ( ESIP Federation ) Green Sticker programs MyEnvironment Renewable energy Stormwater Volkswagen diesel scandal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` EPA 's Budget and Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission and What We Do '' . EPA . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hiroko Tabuchi ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` What 's at Stake in Trump 's Proposed E.P.A. Cuts '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPA History : Clean Air Act of 1970 / 1977 '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2016 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Guardian : Origins of the EPA '' . EPA Historical Publication . EPA . Spring 1992 . 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Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` About the Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention ( OCSPP ) ; '' . Epa.gov. 2014 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of the Chief Financial Officer ( OCFO ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2017 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance ( OECA ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . 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Jump up ^ EPA , OA , OEAEE , OWC , US . `` About the Office of Water '' . www.epa.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : Former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus and his senior assistants discuss integrating 10 regional offices into the fledgling agency . Video , Transcript ( see pp. 6 , 9 ) . Jump up ^ Memorandum Of Agreement between The Navajo Nation and The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions 6 , 8 , and 9 regarding the Implementation of Environmental Standards and Regulations on the Navajo Nation , October 9 , 1991 Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus comments on the `` silos '' problem that has dogged EPA from the start in an interview in which he and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970 , Video , Transcript ( see p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ `` EPA SDSI Home Page '' . Epa.gov. 2008 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CleanGredients Home Page '' . Cleangredients.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , `` 2006 Annual Report : Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships . '' . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ EnergyStar.gov , `` History : Energy Star . '' . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Growth US EPA '' . Epa.gov . n.d . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Test Procedure Revisions '' . EPA.gov . October 22 , 1996 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Fuel Economy '' . EPA.gov . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Your MPG ! '' . FuelEconomy.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave Vanderwerp ( August 2009 ) . `` The Truth About EPA City / Highway MPG Estimates '' . CarAndDriver.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Squatriglia ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Honda Finds EVs a Perfect Fit Autopia '' . Wired.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations '' . EPA . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toxics Release Inventory ( TRI ) Program '' . EPA . February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , Washington , DC . `` WaterSense Timeline . '' Revised 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` WaterSense . '' Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/radnet/ EPA Jump up ^ Envirofacts EPA Archived 2012 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sandy Bauers ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Spike in iodine - 131 found in city water '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p. 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Iodine - 131 levels in Philadelphia , PA drinking water '' . EPA RadNet Environfacts . EPA . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeff McMahon ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) . `` EPA Draft Stirs Fears of Radically Relaxed Radiation Guidelines '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` About NPDES '' . EPA . 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NPDES State Program Information '' . NPDES . EPA . 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Clean Water Act section 402 ( p ) ; 33 U.S.C. § 1342 ( p ) . Jump up ^ Radiation Protection Programs EPA retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Radioactive Waste Management '' ( website ) . EPA . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radiological Emergency Response '' ( website ) . EPA . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Protective Action Guide '' ( PDF ) . EPA . 11 January 2017 . p. 86 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical , Biological , Radiological , and Nuclear Consequence Management '' ( website ) . EPA . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naturally - Occurring Radiation Program '' ( website ) . EPA . December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radiation Regulations and Laws , Standards for Air and Drinking Water '' ( website ) . EPA . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection '' ( website ) . EPA . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Healthy Indoor Air Quality in Schools US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Education ( EE ) US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Clean School Bus Clean Diesel and DERA Funding US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , S.G. ( 2007 ) . Superfund : Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898 Archived 2009 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Environmental Health Perspectives , Volume 115 , Number 7 , pp. 1087 -- 93 Jump up ^ Bullard , Robert ( 2007 - 07 - 25 ) . Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Regarding Environmental Justice . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bullard , Robert . Growing Smarter : Achieving Livable Communities , Environmental Justice , and Regional Equity . Cambridge : MIT Press , 2007 Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , W.A. `` Still reforming after all these years : George W. Bush 's new era ' at the EPA . Environmental Policy : New directions for the Twenty - first century . Washington DC : CQ Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Burns , Ronald G. Michael J. Lynch , and Paul Stretesky . Environmental Law , Crime , and Justice . New York : LFB Scholarly publishing Inc , 2008 Jump up ^ Environmental Justice Coalition ( EJC ) . `` Environmental Justice act of 2009 . '' Environmental Justice Coalition , 2008 . EJ Coalition Online : Ejcoalition.Multiply.com Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About the OSV Bold '' . EPA . p . EPA 842 - F - 05 - 004 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Long , Katherine . `` What a $5,000 deal : Seattle Central gets former Navy ship Local News '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` EPA -- Wetlands -- Wetlands Fact Sheet '' . Epa.gov. 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Burford Resigns As Administrator of Embattled EPA '' , Toledo Blade , Mar 10 , 1983 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Bruce . Burford out ; agency is in ' a shambles ' , Spokane Chronicle , March 10 , 1983 Jump up ^ Views from the Former Administrators , EPA Journal , November 1985 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia . Anne Gorsuch Burford , 62 , Dies ; Reagan EPA Director , Washington Post , July 22 , 2004 ; Page B06 . Jump up ^ Douglad Martin ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Anne Gorsuch Burford , 62 , Reagan E.P.A. Chief , Dies '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Meddling at EPA ? Activists point to survey ; Two thirds of 1,586 EPA scientists polled cite interference , UCS reports '' . Associated Press . April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stedeford , Todd ( 2007 ) . `` Prior restraint and censorship : acknowledged occupational hazards for government scientists '' . William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review . 31 ( 3 ) : 725 -- 745 . Jump up ^ Stedeford ( 2007 ) , p. 738 , note 95 Jump up ^ Stedeford ( 2007 ) , pp. 736 -- 740 ^ Jump up to : Urbina , Ian ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . More than a quarter - century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted , as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed Jump up ^ DiCosmo , Bridget ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity Tests In Fracking Study '' . InsideEPA . Inside Washington Publishers . ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . But some members of the chartered SAB are suggesting that the fracking panel revise its recommendation that the agency scale back its planned toxicity testing of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing , or fracking , process , because of the limited resources and time frame ... Chesapeake Energy supported the draft recommendation , saying that `` an in - depth study of toxicity , the development of new analytical methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitation of the study . '' Jump up ^ Satterfield , John ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Letter from Chesapeake Energy to EPA '' ( PDF ) . InsideEPA . Inside Washington Publishers . ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Flowback and Produced water ... Chesapeake agrees that an indepth study of toxicity , the development of new analytic methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitations of the study ... Wastewater Treatment and Waste Disposal ... Chesapeake believes there was unjustified emphasis on the surface disposal of produced water to treatment plants in the SAB 's Review ... Chesapeake disagrees with the inclusion of water distribution network corrosion and burden of analyzing for contaminants by POTW 's into the study . Jump up ^ `` The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study 's Scope '' . The New York Times . 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study , industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus Jump up ^ `` Natural Gas Documents '' . The New York Times . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania . Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan H. ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` GAO hits EPA for ' covert propaganda ' to promote ' waters of the United States ' ( WOTUS ) rule '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 861 '' . United States Congress . Jump up ^ Hensley , Nicole ( 5 February 2017 ) . `` Florida congressman pitches bill that would abolish the Environmental Protection Agency '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Danny Hakim ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Efficiency '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Keim , Brandon . `` Governor Arnie to EPA : Hasta La Vista , Bureaucratic Delay Monkeys Wired Science '' . Wired.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Denies California Waiver '' . ABC . February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon , Richard ; Wilson , Janet ( 2007 - 12 - 20 ) . `` EPA denies California 's right to mandate emissions '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Absurdity at the EPA : Denying California emissions plan a new low News for Dallas , Texas Dallas Morning News Opinion : Editorials '' . The Dallas Morning News . 2008 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Letter from Gov. Schwarzenegger and 13 other Governors Regarding U.S. EPA 's Denial of California 's Tailpipe Emissions Waiver Request '' . Gov.ca.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Janet ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . `` EPA chief is said to have ignored staff '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT2 Full Test and Video '' . Edmunds InsideLine. 2009 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jared Gall ( August 2009 ) . `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT -- Short Take Road Test '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Drive Report : 26mpg in 2010 Chevrolet Equinox Four - Cylinder '' . GreenCarReports.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Chevy Equinox EPA Mileage Numbers Do n't Add Up '' . Thetruthaboutcars.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox vs. 2011 Kia Sorento , Program # 2939 '' . Motorweek. 2010 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Review : 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT FWD '' . Jump up ^ Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark , Washington Post , January 31 , 2004 Jump up ^ EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted , Washington Post , February 4 , 2005 Jump up ^ New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data , Washington Post , March 22 , 2005 Jump up ^ Bustillo , Miguel. States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions , LA Times , March 30 , 2005 Jump up ^ Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois Power Plants , Environmental Progress , Spring 2006 , page 12 Jump up ^ Baltimore , Chris ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` EPA must rewrite utility mercury rule : U.S. court '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the MATS Regulation '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ John Shiffman and John Sullivan ( December 7 , 2008 ) . `` An Eroding Mission at EPA ; The Bush administration has weakened the agency charged with safeguarding health and the environment '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Coastal Collapse '' . Slate . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Zoë ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` EPA Causes Massive Spill of Mining Waste Water in Colorado , Turns Animas River Bright Orange '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Joseph J. ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' They 're not going to get away with this ' : Anger mounts at EPA over mining spill '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) EPA Alumni Association , `` Protecting the Environment , A Half Century of Progress '' -- an overview of EPA 's environmental protection efforts over 50 years External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Environmental Protection Agency . Official website Environmental Protection Agency in the Federal Register United States government agencies involved in environmental science Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Research Program Smithsonian Institution National Science Foundation Department of the Interior National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement Bureau of Reclamation Office of Surface Mining , Reclamation , and Enforcement United States Geological Survey Office of Insular Affairs Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service National Ocean Service National Geodetic Survey National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Laboratories Office of Environmental Management Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency Foreign Agricultural Service United States Forest Service Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center Rural Utilities Service Food and Nutrition Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Directorate for Science and Technology Department of Health and Human Services National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Office of Naval Research Air Force Research Laboratory United States Army Research , Development and Engineering Command United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. 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Rust Belt
Rust Belt - Wikipedia Rust Belt Jump to : navigation , search Change in total number of manufacturing jobs in metropolitan areas , 1954 -- 2002 . ( Figures for New England are from 1958 . ) > 58 % loss 43 -- 56 % loss 31 -- 43.2 % loss 8.7 -- 29.1 % loss ( United States average : 8.65 % loss ) 7.5 % loss -- 54.4 % gain > 62 % gain Three metropolitan areas lost more than four fifths of their manufacturing jobs : Steubenville , OH ; Johnstown , PA , and Augusta , ME . Change in per capita personal income in metropolitan counties , 1980 -- 2002 , relative to the average for U.S. metropolitan areas . income above average , growth faster than average income above average , growth average or below average income above average but decreasing income below average , growth faster than average income below average , growth average or below average income below average and further decreasing The Rust Belt is a region of the United States , made up mostly of places in the Midwest and Great Lakes , though the term may be used to include any location where industry declined starting around 1980 . Rust refers to the deindustrialization , or economic decline , population loss , and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once - powerful industrial sector . The term gained popularity in the U.S. in the 1980s . The Rust Belt begins in western New York and traverses west through Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Ohio , Indiana , and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , ending in northern Illinois , eastern Iowa , and southeastern Wisconsin . New England was also hard hit by industrial decline during the same era . Previously known as the industrial heartland of America , industry has been declining in the region since the mid-20th century due to a variety of economic factors , such as the transfer of manufacturing further West , increased automation , and the decline of the US steel and coal industries . While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high - tech industries , others have not fared as well , witnessing rising poverty and declining populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Outcomes 3.2 Transformation 4 International equivalents 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In the 20th century , local economies in these states specialized in large - scale manufacturing of finished medium to heavy industrial and consumer products , as well as the transportation and processing of the raw materials required for heavy industry . The area was referred to as the Manufacturing Belt , Factory Belt , or Steel Belt as distinct from the agricultural Midwestern states forming the so - called Corn Belt and Great Plains states that are often called the `` bread - basket of America '' . The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways , and abundance of paved roads , water canals and railroads . After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota , Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains , the Steel Belt was born . Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities : Chicago , Buffalo , Detroit , Milwaukee , Cincinnati , Toledo , Cleveland , St. Louis , and Pittsburgh among others . This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria - Hungary , Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor . Following several `` boom '' periods from the late - 19th to the mid-20th century , cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic and social conditions . From 1979 to 1982 , the US Federal Reserve decided to raise the base interest rate in the United States to 19 % . High interest rates attracted wealthy foreign `` hot money '' into US banks and caused the US dollar to appreciate . This made US products more expensive for foreigners to buy and also made imports much cheaper for Americans to purchase . The misaligned exchange rate was not rectified until 1986 , by which time Japanese imports in particular had made rapid inroads into US markets . From 1987 to 1999 , the US stock market went into stratospheric rise , and this continued to pull wealthy foreign money into US banks , which biased the exchange rate against manufactured goods . Related issues include the decline of the iron and steel industry , the movement of manufacturing to the southeastern states with their lower labor costs , the layoffs due to the rise of automation in industrial processes , the decreased need for labor in making steel products , the internationalization of American business , and the liberalization of foreign trade policies due to globalization . Cities struggling with these conditions shared several difficulties , including population loss , lack of education , declining tax revenues , high unemployment and crime , drugs , swelling welfare rolls , deficit spending , and poor municipal credit ratings . Geography ( edit ) See also : Regional economics and Shrinking cities in the United States The Rust Belt of the United States ( red ) As people migrate , they often coin new names for their destinations . Since the term `` Rust Belt '' pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se , the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries . The extent to which a community may have been described as a `` Rust Belt city '' depends at least as much on how great a role industrial manufacturing played in its local economy in the past and how it does now , as on perceptions of the economic viability and living standards of the present day . News media occasionally refer to a patchwork of defunct centres of heavy industry and manufacturing across the Great Lakes and mid-western United States as the snow belt , the manufacturing belt , or the factory belt - because of their vibrant industrial economies in the past . This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River , including St. Louis , and many of those in the Great Lakes and Northern New York. . At the centre of this expanse lies an area stretching from northern Indiana and southern Michigan in the west to Upstate New York in the east , where local tax revenues as of 2004 relied more heavily on manufacturing than on any other sector . Before World War II , the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States . However , by the twentieth century 's end their population had fallen the most in the country . History ( edit ) The linking of the former Northwest Territory with the once - rapidly industrializing East Coast was affected through several large - scale infrastructural projects , most notably the Erie Canal in 1825 , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830 , the Allegheny Portage Railroad in 1834 , and the consolidation of the New York Central after the American Civil War . A gate was thereby opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities , but of Western Europe as well . Coal , iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions which emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines . Coming in the other direction were millions of European immigrants , who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then - unprecedented speed . Chicago , famously , was a rural trading post in the 1840s but grew to be as big as Paris by the time of the 1893 Columbian Exposition . Sectors of the US Economy as percent of GDP 1947 -- 2009 . Early signs of the difficulty in the northern states were evident early in the 20th century , before the `` boom years '' were even over . Lowell , Massachusetts , once the centre of textile production in the United States , was described in the magazine Harper 's as a `` depressed industrial desert '' as early as 1931 , as its textile concerns were being uprooted and sent southward , primarily to the Carolinas . After the Great Depression , American entry into the Second World War effected a rapid return to economic growth , during which much of the industrial North reached its peak in population and industrial output . The northern cities experienced changes that followed the end of the war , with the onset of the outward migration of residents to newer suburban communities , and the declining role of manufacturing in the American economy . Deteriorating U.S. net international investment position ( N.I.I.P. ) has caused concern among economists over the effects of outsourcing and high U.S. trade deficits over the long - run . Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region . One source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements . Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China which pegs its currency to the dollar and has much lower prevailing wages , forcing domestic wages to drift downward . Some economists are concerned that long - run effects of high trade deficits and outsourcing are a cause of economic problems in the U.S. with high external debt ( amount owed to foreign lenders ) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position ( NIIP ) ( − 24 % of GDP ) . Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt . On June 26 , 2009 , Jeff Immelt , the CEO of General Electric , called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20 % of the workforce , commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand . A disused grain elevator in Buffalo Since the 1960s , the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers . Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor ( see steel crisis ) . Beginning with the recession of 1970 -- 71 , a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged . Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay - offs . In general , in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32.9 % between 1969 and 1996 . Wealth - producing primary and secondary sector jobs such as those in manufacturing and computer software were often replaced by much - lower - paying wealth - consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered . A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985 . In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China , Japan , Taiwan , and South Korea . As a result , the traditional manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval . This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S. and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits . Some economists believe that GDP and employment can be dragged down by large long - run trade deficits . A March 3 , 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial claimed that , while Ohio lost 10,000 jobs in the past decade , Texas created 1.6 million new jobs . The editorial stated , `` Ohio 's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians -- and thus its employers -- are still in the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers . '' A September 13 , 2008 opinion column by Phil Gramm and Mike Solon stated , `` Yes , Michigan lost 83,000 auto manufacturing jobs during the past decade and a half , but more than 91,000 new auto manufacturing jobs sprung up in Alabama , Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , Virginia and Texas . '' Outcomes ( edit ) Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption : `` People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet , in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier , with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. ... The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime , fatherless children , broken trust , reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education , and the like '' . Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today , particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states , and many once - booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down . From 1970 to 2006 , Cleveland , Detroit , Buffalo , and Pittsburgh lost about 45 % of their population and median household incomes fell : in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30 percent , in Buffalo by 20 percent , and Pittsburgh by 10 percent . It seemed that during the mid-1990s in several Rust Belt metro areas the negative growth was suspended as indicated by major statistical indicators : unemployment , wages , population change . However , during the first decade of the 21st century , a negative trend persisted : Detroit lost 25.7 % of its population ; Gary , Indiana -- 22 % ; Youngstown , Ohio -- 18.9 % ; Flint , Michigan -- 18.7 % ; and Cleveland , Ohio -- 14.5 % . An abandoned Fisher auto body plant in Detroit A steel plant in Bethlehem , PA . Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact , part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem . The Huber Breaker ( in Ashley , Pennsylvania ) was one of the largest anthracite coal breakers in North America . It was built in the 1930s ; it closed in the 1970s . 2000 -- 2016 population change in Rust Belt cities ( hide ) City Population change 2016 population 2000 population Detroit , Michigan − 29.3 % 672,795 951,270 Gary , Indiana − 25.6 % 76,424 102,746 Flint , Michigan − 22.1 % 97,386 124,943 Youngstown , Ohio − 21.6 % 64,312 82,026 Saginaw , Michigan − 20.7 % 48,984 61,799 Cleveland , Ohio − 19.4 % 385,809 478,403 Dayton , Ohio − 15.5 % 140,489 166,179 Niagara Falls , New York − 12.5 % 48,632 55,593 Buffalo , New York − 12.2 % 256,902 292,648 Canton , Ohio − 11.8 % 71,323 80,806 Lakewood , Ohio − 11.2 % 50,279 56,646 Toledo , Ohio − 11.2 % 278,508 313,619 Decatur , Illinois − 11.2 % 72,706 81,860 St. Louis , Missouri − 10.6 % 311,404 348,189 Pontiac , Michigan − 10.0 % 59,698 66,337 Cincinnati , Ohio − 9.8 % 298,800 331,285 Altoona , Pennsylvania − 9.8 % 44,589 49,429 Springfield , Ohio − 9.6 % 59,087 65,358 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania − 9.2 % 303,625 334,563 Charleston , West Virginia − 9.2 % 49,138 53,421 Akron , Ohio − 9.0 % 197,633 217,074 Parma , Ohio − 7.3 % 79,425 85,655 Lorain , Ohio − 7.2 % 63,730 68,652 Hammond , Indiana − 7.1 % 77,134 83,048 Chicago , Illinois − 6.6 % 2,704,958 2,896,016 Huntington , West Virginia − 6.5 % 48,113 51,475 South Bend , Indiana − 5.6 % 101,735 107,789 In the late - 2000s , American manufacturing recovered faster from the Great Recession of 2008 than the other sectors of the economy , and a number of initiatives , both public and private , are encouraging the development of alternative fuel , nano and other technologies . Together with the neighboring Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario , Canada , the so - called Rust Belt still composes one of the world 's major manufacturing regions . Transformation ( edit ) Since the 1980s , presidential candidates have devoted much of their time to the economic concerns of the Rust Belt region , which contains the populous swing states of Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Michigan . Those states were also critical and decisive to Donald Trump 's victory in the 2016 US Presidential Election . Different strategies were proposed in order to reverse the fortunes of the former Factory Belt including building casinos and convention centers , retaining the so - called `` creative class '' through arts and downtown renewal , encouraging the `` knowledge '' economy type of entrepreneurship , etc . Lately , analysts suggested that industrial comeback might be the actual path for the future resurgence of the region . That includes growing new industrial base with a pool of skilled labor , rebuilding the infrastructure and infrasystems , creating R&D university - business partnerships , and close cooperation between central , state and local government and business . New types of R&D - intensive nontraditional manufacturing have emerged recently in Rust Belt , such as biotechnology , the polymer industry , infotech , and nanotech . Infotech in particular creates a promising venue for the Rust Belt 's revitalization . Among the successful recent examples is the Detroit Aircraft Corporation , which specializes in unmanned aerial systems integration , testing and aerial cinematography services . In Pittsburgh , robotics research centres and companies such as National Robotics Engineering Center and Robotics Institute , Aethon Inc. , American Robot Corporation , Automatika , Quantapoint , Blue Belt Technologies and Seegrid are creating state - of - the - art robotic technology applications . Akron , a former `` Rubber Capital of the World '' that lost 35,000 jobs after major tire and rubber manufacturers Goodrich , Firestone and General Tire closed their production lines , is now again well known around the world as a centre of polymer research with four hundred polymer - related manufacturing and distribution companies operating in the area . The turnaround was accomplished in part due to a partnership between Goodyear Tire & Rubber , which chose to stay , the University of Akron and the city mayor 's office . The Akron Global Business Accelerator that jump - started a score of successful business ventures in Akron resides in the refurbished B.F. Goodrich tire factory . Additive manufacturing , or 3D printing , creates another promising venue for the manufacturing resurgence . Such innovative companies , as MakerGear from Beachwood , Ohio , or ExOne Company from North Huntingdon , PA , are designing and manufacturing industrial and consumer products using 3 - D imaging systems . Not long ago , the London - based Economist pointed towards a growing trend of reshoring , or inshoring , of manufacture when a growing number of American companies are moving their production facilities from overseas back home . Rustbelt states can ultimately benefit from this process of an international insourcing . However , automation has led to the types of manufacturing that requires fewer workers even with advanced skills . That is why job gains in manufacture in Rust Belt have not been nearly enough to keep pace with lay - offs . As a result , middle class incomes and savings in the Rustbelt states continue to be negatively impacted . Delving into the past and musing on the future of Rustbelt states , the Brookings Institution report suggests that the Great Lakes region has a sizable potential for transformation , citing already existing global trade networks , clean energy / low carbon capacity , developed innovation infrastructure and higher educational network . International equivalents ( edit ) The following regions , areas , and city are known to have some similarities to the rust belt in the United States : Northern England -- another former industrial centre which began declining in the 1980s Southern Ontario - Canadian counterpart , the Canadian Rust belt does not include Toronto and Ottawa Ruhr Area , Germany Bergslagen , Sweden Nord - Pas - de-Calais , France Northeast China -- a former centre of heavy industry that declined for other reasons Steel crisis Mindanao , Philippines Donbass - region in Eastern Ukraine See also ( edit ) United States portal Economy portal Geography portal Dutch disease Outsourcing Early 1980s recession in the United States Decline of Detroit Economy of Youngstown , Ohio Shrinking cities in the United States Economy of the United States List of belt regions of the United States Deindustrialization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crandall , Robert W . The Continuing Decline of Manufacturing in the Rust Belt . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution , 1993 . Jump up ^ Technology and Steel Industry Competitiveness : Chapter 4 . The Domestic Steel Industries Competitiveness Problems . Washington , D.C : Congress of the United States , Office of Technology Assessment , 1980 , pp. 115 - 151 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leeman , Mark A. From Good Works to a Good Job : An Exploration of Poverty and Work in Appalachian Ohio . PhD dissertation , Ohio University , 2007 . Jump up ^ Teaford , Jon C. Cities of the Heartland : The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David R. 1989 . `` Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century . '' Journal of Economic History 49 ( 4 ) : 921 -- 937 . Jump up ^ Fifty States : The Heartland . Jump up ^ McClelland , Ted . Nothin ' but Blue Skies : The Heyday , Hard Times , and Hopes of America 's Industrial Heartland . New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marie Christine Duggan ( 2017 ) `` Deindustrialization in the Granite State , Part I '' in Dollars & Sense , Nov / Dec. https://www.academia.edu/35530846/Deindustrialization_in_the_Granite_State_What_Keene_New_Hampshire_Can_Tell_Us_About_the_Roles_of_Monetary_Policy_and_Financialization_in_the_Loss_of_US_Manufacturing_Jobs Jump up ^ Alder , Simeon , David Lagakos , and Lee Ohanian . `` The Decline of the US Rust Belt : A Macroeconomic Analysis . '' 2012 . PDF Jump up ^ High , Steven C. Industrial Sunset : The Making of North America 's Rust Belt , 1969 -- 1984 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Jargowsky , Paul A. Poverty and Place : Ghettos , Barrios , and the American City . New York : Russell Sage Foundation , 1997 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , John M. , and Perry Macon . People and Folks : Gangs , Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City . Lake View Press , Chicago , IL , ( paperback : ISBN 0 - 941702 - 21 - 9 ; clothbound : ISBN 0 - 941702 - 20 - 0 ) , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Rust Belt Woes : Steel out , drugs in , '' The Northwest Florida Daily News , January 16 , 2008 . PDF Jump up ^ Beeson , Patricia E. `` Sources of the decline of manufacturing in large metropolitan areas . '' Journal of Urban Economics 28 , no . 1 ( 1990 ) : 71 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Higgins , James Jeffrey . Images of the Rust Belt . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Americans : Reconstruction to the 21st Century Chapter 25 : The Conservative Tide . Inset : Sunbelt , Rustbelt , Ecotopia Jump up ^ `` Sun On The Snow Belt ( editorial ) '' . Chicago Tribune . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . The Northern states , once the foundry of the nation , are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt , in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt . Jump up ^ `` Measuring Rurality : 2004 County Typology Codes '' . USDA Economic Research Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garreau , Joel . The Nine Nations of North America . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1981 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Jeff ; et al. ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` Which Way Forward ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kunstler , James Howard ( 1996 ) . Home From Nowhere : Remaking Our Everyday World for the 21st Century . New York : Touchstone / Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83737 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Who Makes It ? '' . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Marion , Paul ( November 2009 ) . `` Timeline of Lowell History From 1600s to 2009 '' . Yankee Magazine . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Population and Maximum Decennial Census Population of Urban Places Ever Among the 100 Largest Urban Places , Listed Alphabetically by State : 1790 -- 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivens , L. Josh ( December 14 , 2004 ) . Debt and the dollar Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved on June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul Craig ( August 7 , 2003 ). Jobless in the USA Newsmax . Retrieved on June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hira , Ron and Anil Hira with forward by Lou Dobbs , ( May 2005 ) . Outsourcing America : What 's Behind Our National Crisis and How We Can Reclaim American Jobs . ( AMACOM ) American Management Association . Citing Paul Craig Roberts , Paul Samuelson , and Lou Dobbs , pp. 36 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Cauchon , Dennis and John Waggoner ( October 3 , 2004 ). The Looming National Benefit Crisis . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Kevin ( 2007 ) . Bad Money : Reckless Finance , Failed Politics , and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 314328 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bailey , David and Soyoung Kim ( June 26 , 2009 ). GE 's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal.UK Guardian ... Retrieved on June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Matthew E. `` The silver lining of rust belt manufacturing decline . '' Journal of Urban Economics 46 , no . 3 ( 1999 ) : 360 -- 376 . ^ Jump up to : David Friedman ( Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation ) . No Light at the End of the Tunnel , Los Angeles Times , June 16 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Ohio , Wall Street Journal , March 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` If You Like Michigan 's Economy , You 'll Love Obama 's '' , Wall Street Journal , September 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fukuyama , Francis . The Great Disruption : Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order . New York : Free Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Francis Fukuyama . The Great Disruption , The Atlantic Monthly , May 1999 , Volume 283 , No. 5 , pages 55 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Feyrer , James , Bruce Sacerdote , and Ariel Dora Stern . Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny ? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s . Brookings - Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs ( 2007 ) : 41 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hartley . `` Urban Decline in Rust - Belt Cities . '' Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary , Number 2013 - 06 , May 20 , 2013 . PDF Jump up ^ Glenn King . Census Brief : `` Rust Belt '' Rebounds , CENBR / 98 - 7 , Issued December 1998 . PDF Jump up ^ Mark Peters , Jack Nicas . `` Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide '' , The Wall Street Journal , May 13 , 2013 , A3 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rustbelt recovery : Against all the odds , American factories are coming back to life . Thank the rest of the world for that '' . The Economist . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . PDF Jump up ^ `` Greening the rustbelt : In the shadow of the climate bill , the industrial Midwest begins to get ready '' . The Economist . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beyers , William . `` Major Manufacturing Regions of the World '' . Department of Geography , the University of Washington . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rust Belt is still the heart of U.S. manufacturing Jump up ^ Michael McQuarrie ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The revolt of the Rust Belt : place and politics in the age of anger '' . Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Joel Kotkin , March Schill , Ryan Streeter . Clues From The Past : The Midwest As An Aspirational Region . Sagamore Institute , February 2012 . PDF Jump up ^ Rethink The Rust Belt Jump up ^ DetroitAircraft.com Jump up ^ Sherry Karabin . Mayor says attitude is key to Akron 's revitalization . The Akron Legal News , May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conference in Pittsburgh shows growing allure of 3 - D printing '' . By Len Boselovic / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Coming home : A growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States '' . The Economist . Jan 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Faberman , R. Jason . `` Job flows and labor dynamics in the US Rust Belt . '' Monthly Labor Review . 125 ( 2002 ) : 3 . Jump up ^ John C. Austin , Jennifer Bradley and Jennifer S. Vey . The Next Economy : Economic Recovery and Transformation in the Great Lakes Region ... Brookings Institution Paper , September 27 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Broughton , Chad ( 2015 ) . Boom , Bust , Exodus : The Rust Belt , the Maquilas , and a Tale of Two Cities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765614 . Cooke , Philip . The Rise of the Rustbelt . London : UCL Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 13454 - 0 Coppola , Alessandro . Apocalypse town : cronache dalla fine della civiltà urbana . Roma : Laterza , 2012 . ISBN 9788842098409 Denison , Daniel R. , and Stuart L. Hart . Revival in the rust belt . Ann Arbor , Mich : University of Michigan Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87944 - 322 - 7 Engerman , Stanley L. , and Robert E. Gallman . The Cambridge Economic History of the United States : The Twentieth Century . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Hagedorn , John , and Perry Macon . People and Folks : Gangs , Crime , and the Underclass in a Rust - Belt City . Chicago : Lake View Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 941702 - 21 - 9 High , Steven C. Industrial Sunset : The Making of North America 's Rust Belt , 1969 -- 1984 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8528 - 8 Higgins , James Jeffrey . Images of the Rust Belt . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 626 - 4 Lopez , Steven Henry . Reorganizing the Rust Belt : An Inside Study of the American Labor Movement . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23565 - 7 Meyer , David R. ( 1989 ) . `` Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century '' . The Journal of Economic History . 49 ( 4 ) : 921 -- 937 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700009505 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . JSTOR 2122744 . Preston , Richard . American Steel . New York : Avon Books , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 029604 - X Rotella , Carlo . Good with Their Hands : Boxers , Bluesmen , and Other Characters from the Rust Belt . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22562 - 7 Teaford , Jon C. Cities of the Heartland : The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35786 - 1 Warren , Kenneth . The American Steel Industry , 1850 -- 1970 : A Geographical Interpretation . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3597 - X External links ( edit ) Industrial Heartland map and photographs Rust Belt map Changing Gears Documentary Film Collection Digital Media Repository , Ball State University Libraries ( hide ) `` Belt '' regions of the United States Banana Bible Bison Black Alabama Borscht Corn Cotton Frost Fruit Jell - O Lead Pine Rice Rust Salt Snow Stroke Sun Unchurched Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_Belt&oldid=834463083 '' Categories : Urban decay in the United States Belt regions of the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 27 . 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where has the us manufacturing belt been traditionally located (specific cities)
[ "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]" ]
[ "Chicago", "Buffalo", "Detroit", "Milwaukee", "Cincinnati", "Toledo", "Cleveland", "Louis", "Pittsburgh" ]
1649153912213900685
Wind shear
Wind shear - wikipedia Wind shear Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Wind shear ( disambiguation ) . Cirrus uncinus ice crystal plumes showing high level wind shear , with changes in wind speed and direction . Wind shear ( or windshear ) , sometimes referred to as wind gradient , is a difference in wind speed and / or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere . Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizontal wind shear . Vertical wind shear is a change in wind speed or direction with change in altitude . Horizontal wind shear is a change in wind speed with change in lateral position for a given altitude . Wind shear is a microscale meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance , but it can be associated with mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts . It is commonly observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms , fronts , areas of locally higher low - level winds referred to as low level jets , near mountains , radiation inversions that occur due to clear skies and calm winds , buildings , wind turbines , and sailboats . Wind shear has significant effects on control of an aircraft effect , and it has been a sole or contributing cause of many aircraft accidents . Wind shear is sometimes experienced by pedestrians at ground level when walking across a plaza towards a tower block and suddenly encountering a strong wind stream that is flowing around the base of the tower . Sound movement through the atmosphere is affected by wind shear , which can bend the wave front , causing sounds to be heard where they normally would not , or vice versa . Strong vertical wind shear within the troposphere also inhibits tropical cyclone development , but helps to organize individual thunderstorms into longer life cycles which can then produce severe weather . The thermal wind concept explains how differences in wind speed at different heights are dependent on horizontal temperature differences , and explains the existence of the jet stream . Down draft winds with associated virga allow these clouds in the eastern sky at civil twilight to mimic aurora borealis in the Mojave desert Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Where and when it is strongly observed 3 Horizontal component 3.1 Weather fronts 3.2 Near coastlines 4 Vertical component 4.1 Thermal wind 4.2 Effects on tropical cyclones 4.3 Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather 4.4 Planetary boundary layer 4.4. 1 Effects on flight 4.4. 1.1 Gliding 4.4. 1.2 Parachuting 4.4. 1.3 Soaring 4.4. 1.4 Impact on passenger aircraft 4.4. 2 Sailing 4.4. 3 Sound propagation 4.4. 4 Effects on architecture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) Wind shear refers to the variation of wind over either horizontal or vertical distances . Airplane pilots generally regard significant wind shear to be a horizontal change in airspeed of 30 knots ( 15 m / s ) for light aircraft , and near 45 knots ( 22 m / s ) for airliners at flight altitude . Vertical speed changes greater than 4.9 knots ( 2.5 m / s ) also qualify as significant wind shear for aircraft . Low level wind shear can affect aircraft airspeed during take off and landing in disastrous ways , and airliner pilots are trained to avoid all microburst wind shear ( headwind loss in excess of 30 knots ) . The rationale for this additional caution includes : ( 1 ) microburst intensity can double in a minute or less , ( 2 ) the winds can shift to excessive cross wind , ( 3 ) 40 - 50 knots is the threshold for survivability at some stages of low - altitude operations , and ( 4 ) several of the historical wind shear accidents involved 35 - 45 knot microbursts . Wind shear is also a key factor in the creation of severe thunderstorms . The additional hazard of turbulence is often associated with wind shear . Where and when it is Strongly observed ( edit ) See also : Jet stream Microburst schematic from NASA . Note the downward motion of the air until it hits ground level , then spreads outward in all directions . The wind regime in a microburst is completely opposite to a tornado . Weather situations where shear is observed include : Weather fronts . Significant shear is observed when the temperature difference across the front is 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) or more , and the front moves at 30 knots or faster . Because fronts are three - dimensional phenomena , frontal shear can be observed at any altitude between surface and tropopause , and therefore be seen both horizontally and vertically . Vertical wind shear above warm fronts is more of an aviation concern than near and behind cold fronts due to their greater duration . Upper - level jet streams . Associated with upper level jet streams is a phenomenon known as clear air turbulence ( CAT ) , caused by vertical and horizontal wind shear connected to the wind gradient at the edge of the jet streams . The CAT is strongest on the anticyclonic shear side of the jet , usually next to or just below the axis of the jet . Low - level jet streams . When a nocturnal low - level jet forms overnight above the Earth 's surface ahead of a cold front , significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet . This is also known as nonconvective wind shear since it is not due to nearby thunderstorms . Mountains . When winds blow over a mountain , vertical shear is observed on the lee side . If the flow is strong enough , turbulent eddies known as `` rotors '' associated with lee waves may form , which are dangerous to ascending and descending aircraft . Inversions . When on a clear and calm night , a radiation inversion is formed near the ground , the friction does not affect wind above the top of the inversion layer . The change in wind can be 90 degrees in direction and 40 kt in speed . Even a nocturnal ( overnight ) low level jet can sometimes be observed . It tends to be strongest towards sunrise . Density differences cause additional problems to aviation . Downbursts . When an outflow boundary forms due to a shallow layer of rain - cooled air spreading out near ground level from the parent thunderstorm , both speed and directional wind shear can result at the leading edge of the three dimensional boundary . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear will become . Horizontal component ( edit ) Weather fronts ( edit ) Main article : Weather fronts Weather fronts are boundaries between two masses of air of different densities , or different temperature and moisture properties , which normally are convergence zones in the wind field and are the principal cause of significant weather . Within surface weather analyses , they are depicted using various colored lines and symbols . The air masses usually differ in temperature and may also differ in humidity . Wind shear in the horizontal occurs near these boundaries . Cold fronts feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather , and may be preceded by squall lines and dry lines . Cold fronts are sharper surface boundaries with more significant horizontal wind shear than warm fronts . When a front becomes stationary , it can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind speed , known as a shear line , though the wind direction across the front normally remains constant . In the tropics , tropical waves move from east to west across the Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins . Directional and speed shear can occur across the axis of stronger tropical waves , as northerly winds precede the wave axis and southeast winds are seen behind the wave axis . Horizontal wind shear can also occur along local land breeze and sea breeze boundaries . Near coastlines ( edit ) Play media Wind shear along the coast with low level clouds moving towards the east and higher level clouds moving towards the south - west The magnitude of winds offshore are nearly double the wind speed observed onshore . This is attributed to the differences in friction between land masses and offshore waters . Sometimes , there are even directional differences , particularly if local sea breezes change the wind on shore during daylight hours . Vertical component ( edit ) Thermal wind ( edit ) Main article : Thermal wind Thermal wind is a meteorological term not referring to an actual wind , but a difference in the geostrophic wind between two pressure levels p 1 ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) ) and p 0 ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 0 ) ) , with p 1 < p 0 ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) < p_ ( 0 ) ) ; in essence , wind shear . It is only present in an atmosphere with horizontal changes in temperature ( or in an ocean with horizontal gradients of density ) , i.e. baroclinicity . In a barotropic atmosphere , where temperature is uniform , the geostrophic wind is independent of height . The name stems from the fact that this wind flows around areas of low ( and high ) temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around areas of low ( and high ) pressure . The thermal wind equation is f v T = k × ∇ ( φ 1 − φ 0 ) ( \ displaystyle f \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( T ) = \ mathbf ( k ) \ times \ nabla ( \ phi _ ( 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 0 ) ) ) , where the φ x ( \ displaystyle \ phi _ ( x ) ) are geopotential height fields with φ 1 > φ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ phi _ ( 1 ) > \ phi _ ( 0 ) ) , f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the Coriolis parameter , and k ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( k ) ) is the upward - pointing unit vector in the vertical direction . The thermal wind equation does not determine the wind in the tropics . Since f ( \ displaystyle f ) is small or zero , such as near the equator , the equation reduces to stating that ∇ ( φ 1 − φ 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ nabla ( \ phi _ ( 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 0 ) ) ) is small . This equation basically describes the existence of the jet stream , a westerly current of air with maximum wind speeds close to the tropopause which is ( even though other factors are also important ) the result of the temperature contrast between equator and pole . Effects on tropical cyclones ( edit ) Strong wind shear in the high troposphere forms the anvil - shaped top of this mature cumulonimbus cloud , or thunderstorm . Main article : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones are basically heat engines that are fueled by the temperature gradient between the warm tropical ocean surface and the colder upper atmosphere . Tropical cyclone development requires relatively low values of vertical wind shear so that their warm core can remain above their surface circulation center , thereby promoting intensification . Vertical wind shear tears up the `` machinery '' of the heat engine causing it to break down . Strongly sheared tropical cyclones weaken as the upper circulation is blown away from the low level center . The vertical wind shear in a tropical cyclone 's environment is very important . When the wind shear is weak , the storms that are part of the cyclone grow vertically , and the latent heat from condensation is released into the air directly above the storm , aiding in development . When there is stronger wind shear , this means that the storms become more slanted and the latent heat release is dispersed over a much larger area Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather ( edit ) Main article : Severe thunderstorm Severe thunderstorms , which can spawn tornadoes and hailstorms , require wind shear to organize the storm in such a way as to maintain the thunderstorm for a longer period of time . This occurs as the storm 's inflow becomes separated from its rain - cooled outflow . An increasing nocturnal , or overnight , low level jet can increase the severe weather potential by increasing the vertical wind shear through the troposphere . Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions , which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm , moist air and kills the thunderstorm . Planetary boundary layer ( edit ) Depiction of where the planetary boundary layer lies on a sunny day See also : Ekman layer , Ekman spiral , Planetary boundary layer , and Surface layer The atmospheric effect of surface friction with winds aloft force surface winds to slow and back counterclockwise near the surface of the Earth blowing inward across isobars ( lines of equal pressure ) , when compared to the winds in frictionless flow well above the Earth 's surface . This layer where friction slows and changes the wind is known as the planetary boundary layer , sometimes the Ekman layer , and it is thickest during the day and thinnest at night . Daytime heating thickens the boundary layer as winds at the surface become increasingly mixed with winds aloft due to insolation , or solar heating . Radiative cooling overnight further enhances wind decoupling between the winds at the surface and the winds above the boundary layer by calming the surface wind which increases wind shear . These wind changes force wind shear between the boundary layer and the wind aloft , and is most emphasized at night . Effects on Flight ( edit ) Main articles : Aeronautics and Gliding Gliding ( edit ) Glider ground launch affected by wind shear . In gliding , wind gradients just above the surface affect the takeoff and landing phases of flight of a glider . Wind gradient can have a noticeable effect on ground launches , also known as winch launches or wire launches . If the wind gradient is significant or sudden , or both , and the pilot maintains the same pitch attitude , the indicated airspeed will increase , possibly exceeding the maximum ground launch tow speed . The pilot must adjust the airspeed to deal with the effect of the gradient . When landing , wind shear is also a hazard , particularly when the winds are strong . As the glider descends through the wind gradient on final approach to landing , airspeed decreases while sink rate increases , and there is insufficient time to accelerate prior to ground contact . The pilot must anticipate the wind gradient and use a higher approach speed to compensate for it . Wind shear is also a hazard for aircraft making steep turns near the ground . It is a particular problem for gliders which have a relatively long wingspan , which exposes them to a greater wind speed difference for a given bank angle . The different airspeed experienced by each wing tip can result in an aerodynamic stall on one wing , causing a loss of control accident . Parachuting ( edit ) Wind shear or wind gradients are a threat to parachutists , particularly to BASE jumping and wingsuit flying . Skydivers have been pushed off of their course by sudden shifts in wind direction and speed , and have collided with bridges , cliffsides , trees , other skydivers , the ground , and other obstacles . Skydivers routinely make adjustments to the position of their open canopies to compensate for changes in direction while making landings to prevent accidents such as canopy collisions and canopy inversion . Soaring ( edit ) Soaring related to wind shear , also called dynamic soaring , is a technique used by soaring birds like albatrosses , who can maintain flight without wing flapping . If the wind shear is of sufficient magnitude , a bird can climb into the wind gradient , trading ground speed for height , while maintaining airspeed . By then turning downwind , and diving through the wind gradient , they can also gain energy . It has also been used by glider pilots on rare occasions . Wind shear can also create wave . This occurs when an atmospheric inversion separates two layers with a marked difference in wind direction . If the wind encounters distortions in the inversion layer caused by thermals coming up from below , it will create significant shear waves that can be used for soaring . Impact on passenger aircraft ( edit ) Effect of wind shear on aircraft trajectory . Note how merely correcting for the initial gust front can have dire consequences . Strong outflow from thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three - dimensional wind velocity just above ground level . Initially , this outflow causes a headwind that increases airspeed , which normally causes a pilot to reduce engine power if they are unaware of the wind shear . As the aircraft passes into the region of the downdraft , the localized headwind diminishes , reducing the aircraft 's airspeed and increasing its sink rate . Then , when the aircraft passes through the other side of the downdraft , the headwind becomes a tailwind , reducing lift generated by the wings , and leaving the aircraft in a low - power , low - speed descent . This can lead to an accident if the aircraft is too low to effect a recovery before ground contact . Wreckage of Delta Air Lines Flight 191 tail section after a microburst slammed the aircraft into the ground . Another aircraft can be seen flying in the background past the crash scene . As the result of the accidents in the 1970s and 1980s , most notably following the 1985 crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 191 , in 1988 the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration mandated that all commercial aircraft have on - board wind shear detection systems by 1993 . Between 1964 and 1985 , wind shear directly caused or contributed to 26 major civil transport aircraft accidents in the U.S. that led to 620 deaths and 200 injuries . Since 1995 , the number of major civil aircraft accidents caused by wind shear has dropped to approximately one every ten years , due to the mandated on - board detection as well as the addition of Doppler weather radar units on the ground ( NEXRAD ) . The installation of high - resolution Terminal Doppler Weather Radar stations at many U.S. airports that are commonly affected by wind shear has further aided the ability of pilots and ground controllers to avoid wind shear conditions . Sailing ( edit ) Wind shear affects sailboats in motion by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the mast . The effect of low level wind shear can be factored into the selection of sail twist in the sail design , but this can be difficult to predict since wind shear may vary widely in different weather conditions . Sailors may also adjust the trim of the sail to account for low level wind shear , for example using a boom vang . Sound propagation ( edit ) See also : Speed of sound Wind shear can have a pronounced effect upon sound propagation in the lower atmosphere , where waves can be `` bent '' by refraction phenomenon . The audibility of sounds from distant sources , such as thunder or gunshots , is very dependent on the amount of shear . The result of these differing sound levels is key in noise pollution considerations , for example from roadway noise and aircraft noise , and must be considered in the design of noise barriers . This phenomenon was first applied to the field of noise pollution study in the 1960s , contributing to the design of urban highways as well as noise barriers . Hodograph plot of wind vectors at various heights in the troposphere . Meteorologists can use this plot to evaluate vertical wind shear in weather forecasting . ( Source : NOAA ) The speed of sound varies with temperature . Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude , sound is refracted upward , away from listeners on the ground , creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source . In the 1862 , during the American Civil War Battle of Iuka , an acoustic shadow , believed to have been enhanced by a northeast wind , kept two divisions of Union soldiers out of the battle , because they could not hear the sounds of battle only six miles downwind . Effects on architecture ( edit ) Wind engineering is a field of engineering devoted to the analysis of wind effects on the natural and built environment . It includes strong winds which may cause discomfort as well as extreme winds such as tornadoes , hurricanes and storms which may cause widespread destruction . Wind engineering draws upon meteorology , aerodynamics and a number of specialist engineering disciplines . The tools used include climate models , atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels and numerical models . It involves , among other topics , how wind impacting buildings must be accounted for in engineering . Wind turbines are affected by wind shear . Vertical wind - speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel , and this in turn affects the turbine operation . This low level wind shear can create a large bending moment in the shaft of a two bladed turbine when the blades are vertical . The reduced wind shear over water means shorter and less expensive wind turbine towers can be used in shallow seas . See also ( edit ) Aviation safety Low level windshear alert system Sailing Cumulonimbus and aviation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vertical wind shear . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 24 '' . ^ Jump up to : Publishing , Integrated . `` LOW - LEVEL WIND SHEAR . ) Retrieved on 2007 - 11 - 25 '' . Jump up ^ FAA FAA Advisory Circular Pilot Wind Shear Guide . Retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Shear '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Streams in the UK '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Knox , John A. ( 1997 ) . Possible Mechanisms of Clear - Air Turbulence in Strongly Anticyclonic Flows . Retrieved on 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ CLARK T.L. , HALL W.D. , KERR R.M. , MIDDLETON D. , RADKE L. , RALPH F.M. , NEIMAN P.J. , LEVINSON D. Origins of aircraft - damaging clear - air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations . Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ National Center for Atmospheric Research . T - REX : Catching the Sierra 's waves and rotors Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fujita , T.T. ( 1985 ) . `` The Downburst , microburst and macroburst '' . SMRP Research Paper 210 , 122 pp . Jump up ^ David M. Roth . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Unified Surface Analysis Manual . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Franklin B. Schwing and Jackson O. Blanton . The Use of Land and Sea Based Wind Data in a Simple Circulation Model . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : James R. Holton ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . ISBN 0 - 12 - 354015 - 1 Jump up ^ Mcilveen , J. ( 1992 ) . Fundamentals of Weather and Climate . London : Chapman & Hall . p. 339 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 41160 - 1 . Jump up ^ University of Illinois . Hurricanes . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes : a tropical cyclone with winds > 64 knots '' . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ University of Illinois . Vertical Wind Shear Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` AMS Glossary of Meteorology , Ekman layer '' . American Meteorological Association . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Glider Flying Handbook . U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington D.C. : U.S. Federal Aviation Administration . 2003 . pp. 7 -- 16 . FAA - 8083 - 13_GFH . ^ Jump up to : Piggott , Derek ( 1997 ) . Gliding : a Handbook on Soaring Flight . Knauff & Grove . pp. 85 -- 86 , 130 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9605676 - 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knauff , Thomas ( 1984 ) . Glider Basics from First Flight to Solo . Thomas Knauff . ISBN 0 - 9605676 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alexander , R. ( 2002 ) . Principles of Animal Locomotion . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alerstam , Thomas ( 1990 ) . Bird Migration . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44822 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eckey , Bernard ( 2007 ) . Advanced Soaring Made Easy . Eqip Verbung & Verlag GmbH . ISBN 3 - 9808838 - 2 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration , Langley Research Center ( June 1992 ) . `` Making the Skies Safer From Windshear '' . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Terminal Doppler Weather Radar Information '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Ross ( 1996 ) . The Symmetry of Sailing . Dobbs Ferry : Sheridan House . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 57409 - 000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Foss , Rene N. ( June 1978 ) . `` Ground Plane Wind Shear Interaction on Acoustic Transmission '' . WA - RD 033.1 . Washington State Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` C. Michael Hogan , Analysis of highway noise , Journal of Water , Air , & Soil Pollution , Volume 2 , Number 3 , Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue , Pages 387 - 392 , September , 1973 , Springer Verlag , Netherlands '' . ISSN 0049 - 6979 . Jump up ^ Everest , F. ( 2001 ) . The Master Handbook of Acoustics . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136097 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cornwall , Sir ( 1996 ) . Grant as Military Commander . Barnes & Noble Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 56619 - 913 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Darkest Days of the War : the Battles of Iuka and Corinth . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5783 - 1 . Jump up ^ Professor John Twidell . Wind Engineering . Retrieved on 2007 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Heier , Siegfried ( 2005 ) . Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 86899 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Robert ( 2001 ) . Large Wind Turbines . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 49456 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lubosny , Zbigniew ( 2003 ) . Wind Turbine Operation in Electric Power Systems : Advanced Modeling . Berlin : Springer . p. 17 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 40340 - X . External links ( edit ) National Science Digital Library - Wind shear Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_shear&oldid=789040430 '' Categories : Wind Weather hazards to aircraft Microscale meteorology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where can wind shear associated with a thunderstorm be found
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Because I could not stop for Death
Because I could not stop for Death - wikipedia Because I could not stop for Death Jump to : navigation , search Emily Dickinson in a daguerreotype , circa December 1846 or early 1847 `` Because I could not stop for Death '' is a lyrical poem by Emily Dickinson first published posthumously in Poems : Series 1 in 1890 . The persona of Dickinson 's poem meets personified Death . Death is a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the speaker to her grave . According to Thomas H. Johnson 's variorum edition of 1955 the number of this poem is 712 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Text 3 Critique 4 Musical settings 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The poem was published posthumously in 1890 in Poems : Series 1 , a collection of Dickinson 's poems assembled and edited by her friends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson . The poem was published under the title `` The Chariot '' . It is composed in six quatrains with the meter alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter . Stanzas 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 employ end rhyme in their second and fourth lines , but some of these are only close rhyme or eye rhyme . In the third stanza , there is no end rhyme , but `` ring '' in line 2 rhymes with `` gazing '' and `` setting '' in lines 3 and 4 respectively . Internal rhyme is scattered throughout . Figures of speech include alliteration , anaphora , paradox , and personification . The poem personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave . She also personifies immortality . The volta ( turn ) happens in the fourth quatrain . Structurally , the syllables shift from its constant 8 - 6 - 8 - 6 scheme to 6 - 8 - 8 - 6 . This parallels with the undertones of the sixth quatrain . The personification of death changes from one of pleasantry to one of ambiguity and morbidity : `` Or rather -- He passed Us -- / The Dews drew quivering and chill -- '' ( 13 - 14 ) . The imagery changes from its original nostalgic form of children playing and setting suns to Death 's real concern of taking the speaker to afterlife . Text ( edit ) Close transcription First published version Because I could not stop for Death -- He kindly stopped for me -- The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- And Immortality . We slowly drove -- He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too , For His Civility -- We passed the School , where Children strove At Recess -- in the Ring -- We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain -- We passed the Setting Sun -- Or rather -- He passed Us -- The Dews drew quivering and Chill -- For only Gossamer , my Gown -- My Tippet -- only Tulle -- We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground -- The Roof was scarcely visible -- The Cornice -- in the Ground -- Since then -- ' tis Centuries -- and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses ' Heads Were toward Eternity -- THE CHARIOT Because I could not stop for Death , He kindly stopped for me ; The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality . We slowly drove , he knew no haste , And I had put away My labor , and my leisure too , For his civility . We passed the school where children played , Their lessons scarcely done ; We passed the fields of gazing grain , We passed the setting sun . We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground ; The roof was scarcely visible , The cornice but a mound . Since then ' tis centuries ; but each Feels shorter than the day I first surmised the horses ' heads Were toward eternity . Critique ( edit ) In 1936 Allen Tate wrote , `` ( The poem ) exemplifies better than anything else ( Dickinson ) wrote the special quality of her mind ... If the word great means anything in poetry , this poem is one of the greatest in the English language ; it is flawless to the last detail . The rhythm charges with movement the pattern of suspended action back of the poem . Every image is precise and , moreover , not merely beautiful , but inextricably fused with the central idea . Every image extends and intensifies every other ... No poet could have invented the elements of ( this poem ) ; only a great poet could have used them so perfectly . Miss Dickinson was a deep mind writing from a deep culture , and when she came to poetry , she came infallibly . '' Musical settings ( edit ) The poem has been set to music by Aaron Copland as the twelfth song of his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson . And again , by John Adams as the second movement of his choral symphony Harmonium , and also set to music by Nicholas J. White as a single movement piece for chorus and chamber orchestra . Natalie Merchant and Susan McKeown have created a song of the same name while preserving Dickinson 's exact poem in its lyrics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Because I could not stop for Death `` : Study Guide '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fr # 479 in : Franklin , R.W. , ed . The Poems of Emily Dickinson : Reading Edition . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Poem IV. XXVII ( page 138 ) in : Higginson , T.W. & Todd , Mabel Loomis , ed . Poems by Emily Dickinson . Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1890 . Jump up ^ Tate 1936 , pp. 14 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Because I could not stop for Death -- www.nicholasjwhite.com Critical essays on `` Because I could not stop for Death '' ( hide ) Emily Dickinson Poetry `` Success is Counted Sweetest '' ( 1864 ) `` Because I could not stop for Death '' ( 1890 ) `` I taste a liquor never brewed '' ( 1890 ) `` A Bird came down the Walk '' ( 1891 ) `` I 'm Nobody ! Who are you ? '' ( 1891 ) `` I like to see it lap the Miles '' ( 1891 ) `` I heard a Fly buzz -- when I died '' ( 1896 ) `` There is a pain -- so utter -- '' ( 1929 ) People Edward Dickinson ( father ) William Austin Dickinson ( brother ) Lavinia Norcross Dickinson ( sister ) Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson ( sister in law ) Thomas Wentworth Higginson ( editor ) Mabel Loomis Todd ( editor ) Related Emily Dickinson home and museum Dickinson Historic District Collected manuscripts and papers Emily Dickinson International Society The Emily Dickinson Journal Dickinson Electronic Archives The Belle of Amherst ( 1976 play ) A Quiet Passion ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Because_I_could_not_stop_for_Death&oldid=831052013 '' Categories : American poems Poetry by Emily Dickinson Poems about death 1890 poems Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 13 : 15 . 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emily dickinson's because i could not stop for death
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Fried Green Tomatoes
Fried Green Tomatoes - wikipedia Fried Green Tomatoes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1991 film . For other uses , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( disambiguation ) . Fried Green Tomatoes Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Avnet Produced by Jon Avnet Norman Lear Screenplay by Fannie Flagg Carol Sobieski Based on Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg Starring Kathy Bates Jessica Tandy Mary Stuart Masterson Mary - Louise Parker Cicely Tyson Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Geoffrey Simpson Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Act III Communications Avnet / Kerner Productions Electric Shadow Productions Fried Green Tomatoes Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $119.4 million Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 comedy - drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg . Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski , it stars Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson , and Mary - Louise Parker . It tells the story of a Depression - era friendship between two women , Ruth and Idgie , and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn , a middle - aged housewife , and Ninny , an elderly woman . The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth 's abusive husband , Frank , and the accusations that follow . It received a generally positive reception from film critics and was nominated for two Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and casting 3.2 Setting 3.3 Differences between the film and novel 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Track listing 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Evelyn Couch , a timid , unhappy housewife in her 40s , meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson , Alabama , nursing home . Over several encounters with Evelyn , Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop , and the people who lived there . The film 's subplot concerns Evelyn 's dissatisfaction with her marriage , her life , her growing confidence , and her developing friendship with Ninny . The narrative switches several times between Ninny 's story , which is set between World War I and World War II , and Evelyn 's life in 1980s Birmingham . Ninny 's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode , the youngest of the Threadgoode children , whom Ninny describes as her sister - in - law . Idgie 's close relationship with her charming older brother , Buddy , is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed . Devastated , she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy 's former girlfriend , the straitlaced Ruth Jamison , intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family . Idgie initially resists Ruth 's attempts at friendship , but gradually a deep attachment develops between them . Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta , Georgia . Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank . Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her , she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie , where her baby , a boy whom she names Buddy , Jr. , is born . Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy , Jr . She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe , employing the family cook , Sipsey , and her son , Big George , who excels with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons . Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy , Jr. , but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant , and he is later reported missing . Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner , Idgie is immediately a suspect , as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth . She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore , the local sheriff , who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George ; she refuses to sacrifice him . During the subsequent trial , the local minister , Reverend Scroggins , has no problem lying , providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank 's disappearance . Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk , the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case . Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges . After the trial , Ruth is diagnosed with cancer , becomes very ill , and eventually dies . Following her death , the café closes . Over time , many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away , bringing Ninny to the end of her story , but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank . Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy , Jr . Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank 's body , which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him . The investigator ate with gusto , proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he 'd ever tasted . Evelyn discovers that during Ninny 's temporary stay at the nursing home , her house was condemned and torn down . Evelyn , having become friends with her , offers her a room in her house which she accepts . As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be , they pass Ruth 's grave , freshly adorned with a jar of honey , a honeycomb , and a card which reads , `` I 'll always love you , the Bee Charmer '' . The Bee Charmer is Ruth 's old nickname for Idgie , and the note reveals that she is still alive . Cast ( edit ) Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene `` Idgie '' Threadgoode Mary - Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode Cicely Tyson as Sipsey Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode Stan Shaw as Big George Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode Jo Harvey Allen as Women 's Awareness Teacher Macon McCalman as Prosecutor Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates Reid Binion as Young Julian Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett Constance Shulman as Missy Production ( edit ) Conception and casting ( edit ) Avnet first read the novel in 1987 . He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom , with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point . Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story , she insisted he read the book and like her , he loved it . He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear 's company , Act III Communications , who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter . He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982 's Annie . She wrote a draft for it as a musical , which he was unhappy with . Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg , who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film , to develop the script . Although she had some screenwriting experience , she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one . The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured , but she found it difficult and also left the project , after writing 70 pages of the screenplay . With no money left to hire another writer , Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2 -- 3 years developing it . Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft . Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind ; she expressed excitement about making the film . He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Do n't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively . When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy . Mary - Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin 's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison . She read for the part several times , initially unhappy with her own tests . When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson , they -- and the producers -- agreed that they had good chemistry . Setting ( edit ) Inside the Whistle Stop Cafe , Juliette , Georgia . Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer . Scouting for a location , she found Juliette , Georgia , a town that was , according to Avnet , nearly deserted . The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store . It was redesigned as a cafe , with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles . After the release of the film , Juliette saw an influx of tourists and , with Jon Avnet 's encouragement , locals opened the Whistle Stop Café , recreated to mirror the film set . Although `` Whistle Stop Café '' is now a registered trademark , other establishments have appeared using that name . While writing the novel , Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale , Alabama , and the café on a real - life restaurant , the Irondale Café . She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great - aunt . The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double . However , after the latter backed out at the last minute , Masterson volunteered to do it herself . The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film . Differences between the film and novel ( edit ) Unlike the novel , the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit , instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous . The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love - making . At the time of the film 's debut , it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as `` glossing over '' the lesbian relationship . However , it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content . It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans , women , and the disabled , but the novel 's examination of sexuality - based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot , is made more ambiguous . Though in the book , Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters , at the end of the film it 's largely hinted that they are one and the same , although this runs counter to Ninny 's earlier comment that `` I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes ; I married her ( Idgie 's ) brother , Cleo '' . Release ( edit ) The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27 , 1991 , opening in five theaters . It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24 , 1992 , in 673 theaters . It ran for 19 weeks in total , with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone , and took in $37,000,000 outside the US , bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide . In its opening weekend it earned $105,317 , and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940 , which was 6.4 percent of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at no . 11 for all films released in the US in 1991 , and no . 5 for PG ‐ 13 rated films released that year . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was generally well received by critics . Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a `` fresh '' score of 73 % based on 41 reviews . Critics enjoyed the narrative , but found it conventional and predictable . The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as `` clumsy '' , Roger Ebert praised the performances , Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score . The cast drew praise for their performances , particularly Masterson and Tandy . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jessica Tandy ) and for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski ) . At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992 , Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award , and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work , and the film got a Best Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) nomination . At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden , it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award . Soundtrack ( edit ) Fried Green Tomatoes Studio album by Various Artists Released December 31 , 1991 Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 24 Label MCA Fried Green Tomatoes : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film , and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle . For the original score , composed by Thomas Newman , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( score ) . Track listing ( edit ) `` I 'll Remember You '' ( Grayson Hugh ) -- 5 : 08 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' ( Paul Young ) -- 4 : 34 `` Cherish '' ( Hip Hop Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 3 : 58 `` Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead '' ( Taylor Dayne ) -- 3 : 20 `` Rooster Blues '' ( Peter Wolf ) -- 3 : 15 `` Barbecue Bess '' ( Patti LaBelle ) -- 2 : 54 `` If I Can Help Somebody '' ( Aaron Hall ) -- 3 : 49 `` Cool Down Yonder '' ( Marion Williams ) -- 3 : 10 `` Cherish '' ( Movie Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 2 : 29 `` Ghost Train '' ( Main Title ) ( Thomas Newman ) -- 3 : 11 `` Visiting Ruth '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 46 `` A Charge To Keep I Have '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Green Tomatoes ' : Why a Little Film Bloomed : Movies : Film starts slowly at the box office but word of mouth , themes , strong cast ignite interest in the $11 - million work '' . Los Angeles Times . February 10 , 1992 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Avnet , Jon ( 1998 ) , Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Universal Studios ^ Jump up to : Kenny , J.M. ( director ) ( December 15 , 1998 ) , Moments of Discovery : The Making of Fried Green Tomatoes ( DVD ) , Universal Studios Home Video , retrieved April 4 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Park , Irby ( May 7 , 2003 ) , `` Fannie Flagg Captivates Audience at City Book Event '' , The Chattanoogan , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Little Town Where Movie was Made Finally Gets Café , Fried Tomatoes '' , Rome News - Tribune , April 13 , 1992 , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zganjar , Leslie ( November 1 , 2002 ) , `` The Whistle Stop name is just too popular '' , Birmingham Business Journal , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Nolan , Michael ( October 20 , 2002 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes At The Irondale Cafe '' , American Profile , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Rockler , Naomi R. ( March 22 , 2001 ) , `` A Wall on the Lesbian Continuum : Polysemy and Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Women 's Studies in Communication , 24 , retrieved June 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( January 6 , 2006 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes , Emanuel Levy , retrieved June 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Pryor , Kelli ; Isaak , Sharon ( February 28 , 1992 ) , `` Women in Love '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time , retrieved February 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Vickers , Lu ( June 1994 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes Excuse me , did we see the same movie ? '' , Jump Cut , 39 : 25 -- 30 , retrieved February 12 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Box Office Mojo , retrieved April 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved April 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 10 , 1992 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Chicago Sun - Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( December 27 , 1991 ) , `` Women Finding Strength In Women '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) Awards '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved June 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) '' . Swedish Film Institute . March 22 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fried Green Tomatoes Fried Green Tomatoes on IMDb Fried Green Tomatoes at AllMovie Fried Green Tomatoes at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Jon Avnet Between Two Women ( 1986 ) Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) The War ( 1994 ) Up Close & Personal ( 1996 ) Red Corner ( 1997 ) Uprising ( 2001 ) 88 Minutes ( 2007 ) Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) Have a Little Faith ( 2011 ) Three Christs ( 2017 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Longtime Companion / The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1991 ) Fried Green Tomatoes / Frankie and Johnny ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1994 ) Go Fish / The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1995 ) Boys on the Side ( 1996 ) Bound ( 1997 ) In & Out ( 1998 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) The Mexican ( 2002 ) The Hours ( 2003 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2004 ) Kinsey ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2009 ) A Single Man ( 2010 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2011 ) Beginners ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) Philomena ( 2014 ) The Imitation Game ( 2015 ) Carol ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fried_Green_Tomatoes&oldid=838177508 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s LGBT - related films 1990s mystery films American films American comedy - drama films American female buddy films American LGBT - related films American mystery films Directorial debut films Films scored by Thomas Newman Films based on American novels Films directed by Jon Avnet Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1980s Films set in Alabama Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films about domestic violence Lesbian - related films LGBT - related comedy - drama films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 11 : 50 . 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who played young idgie in fried green tomatoes
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