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http://www.scholarships.com/financial-aid/college-scholarships/scholarships-by-type/september-11th-scholarships/needham-9-11-scholarship-fund/ | 2013-12-11T21:24:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164047228/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133407-00011-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.921926 | 131 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__34675758 | en | Needham 9/11 Scholarship Fund
Candidates for the Needham 9/11 Scholarship Fund must submit an application, which can be found on http://www.needhamco.com/911Fund.asp. The application contains a request for documentation.
Generally scholarships are awarded to surviving children of the victims of the 9/11 tragedies. Scholarship awards are based on need, academics and the individuals are children of 9/11 victims. Applications are accepted on an ongoing basis and are usually approved at the beginning of the school year or semester.
For details, go to http://www.needhamco.com/911Fund.asp. | history |
https://www.covenantmbc.net/ | 2024-03-03T16:00:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00433.warc.gz | 0.966005 | 886 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__148419781 | en | NEW COVENANT MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH, INC.
606 SW Broadway
Ocala, FL 34475
"The Church With An Open Door"
New Covenant is livestreaming the weekly 10:00 am worship service. Click on the link below to view.
New Covenant Missionary Baptist Church, Inc. is a Bible-teaching church whose doors are always open to welcome you with Christ's love and genuine warmth. Our membership is approximately 550 and still growing.
Bible Study is currently being posted on Facebook.
We hope that you will worship with us.
New Covenant Missionary Baptist Church was organized in the fall of 1899 at a regular monthly conference at Mount Moriah Baptist Church. The church was organized and in 1901, the first building (an unpainted wooden building wih belfry and bell) was erected and dedicated in 1902 under the leadership or Rev. Bachelor and some of the memberss that included Henry Chandler and family, Sallie Goins and daughter, Aquilla Scott, Shed Phillips, Alice Johnson, C. J. Johnson, Jack Lambright and family, Pasty Morgan and family, Patsy Sims and family, Lula Anderson and husband, Mother Graham, Geraldine Davis, the Agent family, and Duhart Murray.
Under the pastorate of Rev. A.E. Crumady, the chapel was built in the 1940’s.
With the pastoral leadership of Rev. Dr. O. Van Pinkston, who served for 49 years (1949-1999), another edifice and an educational building including day care for the children’s preschool and Vacation Bible School were built. The church’s organizational structure was changed with departmentalization. In April 1954, Covenant was the host for the 74th Annual Session of the General Baptist State Convention of Florida, Inc.
Dr. Pinkston served in our District and State Congress Conventions as well as our National Congress and Conventions. He served the Second Bethlehem Baptist Association as Moderator for 32 years and was Moderator Emeritus and was an excellent Bible Study teacher and Pastor/Teacher.
During the 1960’s Covenant was a “beacon of light” and headquarters in the fight against racism and injustice shown against our people. These efforts produced many leaders who blazed the way and the people responded in mass numbers. Rev. Frank George Pinkston (son of Rev. Pinkston) was a very brave and victorious leader during this time. Covenant became active in all related organizations: District, State, and National Congresses and conventions and we still continue as active participants.
Rev. Stanley M. Jacobs, Sr. was called to serve as pastor of Covenant Missionary Baptist Church in July 1999. Under Pastor Jacobs’ leadership, the current church edifice was completed in May 2002 and the congregation has grown to nearly 600. Pastor Jacobs’ ministry has also given birth to the New Covenant Faith-based Community Development Corporation that provided affordable housing in our community. Renovations in 2016 were made in the educational building which relocated the church administrative offices downstairs to provide easier accessibility and the education classes were relocated upstairs. To accommodate church growth, renovations were completed in 2020 which expanded the seating capacity in our sanctuary and remodeled fellowship hall.
Covenant has come through many trials, hardships and stormy weather, but it stands today as a monument of FAITH shown by these patriarchs who went forward trusting God. We have been instrumental in helping to mold the lives of many young men and women. Many have become leaders in various fields and organizations. With God’s blessings, all things are possible.
The focus of New Covenant Missionary Baptist Church is to transform our community by seeking the salvation of all people through
Please feel free to contact us, make a comment /request or send an encouraging word. Just email us at the address below or call us directly. Our office hours are Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.; however, you may leave a message after hours and we will contact you as soon as possible.
New Covenant Missionary Baptist Church
606 SW Broadway
Ocala, FL 34475
Phone: (352) 622-7877
Fax: (352) 622-7548 | history |
https://www.wirenn.com/post/cuban-independence-day | 2023-12-09T08:10:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00138.warc.gz | 0.951414 | 354 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__181246982 | en | Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State
On Cuban Independence Day, I extend my warm regards and best wishes to the people of Cuba. The United States joins you in celebrating the anniversary of Cuba’s independence, 118 years ago today. The struggle of the Cuban people continues. Your democratic system was overthrown by a military dictator at the middle of the last century. But the revolution your forefathers fought for your rights, freedoms, and prosperity was hijacked by a communist dictatorship that has inflicted the worst forms of abuse on the Cuban people for 61 years.
Both Americans and Cubans alike value our independence and we seek to provide a better, more prosperous future for families, in realization of our God-given rights and dignity as individuals. We salute the brave Cubans who carry on this struggle despite the threats and abuses of the Castro regime: human rights defenders like José Daniel Ferrer and the Ladies in White; and journalists and truth-tellers like Roberto Quiñones, who by shining light on conditions in Cuba prevent the regime from hiding the truth. We salute those demanding the right to exercise their faith in peace, like Pastors Ayda Expósito Leyva and Ramón Rigal, who chose to provide their children with a faith-based home-school education but were imprisoned for doing so. These brave individuals, and many more who are unjustly imprisoned for their beliefs, or who daily face threats and abuse for standing up for what is right, are the true heirs to José Martí.
The United States stands with the Cuban people as you struggle to achieve your vision of a Cuba that is free and more just. The day when your dream of freedom becomes reality is decades overdue, but that day will come. | history |
http://www.sacra-pizza-man.org/category/catholic/page/2/ | 2020-01-19T20:56:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00483.warc.gz | 0.980577 | 6,588 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__93814233 | en | “I die the king’s good servant, and God’s first.”–Thomas More
“Blessed Thomas Moore is more important at this moment than at any moment since his death, even perhaps the great moment of his dying; but he is not quite so important as he will be in about a hundred years time. He may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history. For he was above all things historic; he represented at once a type, a turning point and an ultimate destiny. If there had not happened to be that particular man at that particular moment, the whole of history would have been different.”
–G. K. Chesterson, “A Turning Point in History”
There is much to learn from the story of how the head of one of the most revered men in England, Sir Thomas More, ended up on the chopping block on London’s Tower Hill in 1535. Few people in history have faced their trials and deaths as squarely, calmly, and with as much integrity as did More.
More’s road from his post as Lord Chancellor of England to the Tower of London owes its course to a Bible passage, a marriage of a long-dead prince, and the consuming desire of lustful and vain-glorious King Henry VIII to marry Anne Boleyn. Swept along with More, in this fateful confluence of writings, events, and people, was nothing less than the Reformation.
Henry Finds Leviticus
In 1509, when the new eighteen-year-old king, Henry VIII, married a young Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon, the marriage came with the blessing of Pope Julius II, in the form of a dispensation from an injunction found in the Bible’s Leviticus. The dispensation was deemed necessary because Catherine had been briefly married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur, raising the question of whether Henry’s marriage violated Leviticus 20:21: “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing…they shall be childless.” The fact that Arthur remained ill throughout the six-month-long marriage until his death, and that therefore the marriage–if Catherine is to be believed–was never consummated, doubtless made the case an easier one for Pope Julius than it otherwise might have been.
By early 1526, however, King Henry’s affection had turned from Catherine to the beautiful Anne Boleyn. Reviewing Leviticus, Henry began to question the lawfulness of his marriage to Catherine. Even the least skeptical historian, of course, has considered the possibility that lust, together with a desire to father the healthy son that Catherine–now past her child-bearing years–could not, might have influenced his interpretation of the Bible chapter. Whether out of concern for his soul or for his sex life, Henry set in motion a process that would change the face of Europe.
In early 1527, Henry instructed his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, to institute proceedings to resolve the issue of the validity of his marriage to Catherine. Henry’s request came at a tumultuous time in European history. Emperor Charles V pushed his troops toward Rome and, in May, wreaked havoc in the city. Troops raped women, killed children, and even disentombed the corpse of Pope Julius II and dragged it through the streets. (The living pope, Pope Clement VII, fled Rome for a castle in St. Angelo, where he was held prisoner–complicating Wolsey’s task of gaining a dispensation for Henry). Meanwhile, in an effort to counterbalance Charles’s power, Sir Thomas More, a loyal councilor of Henry’s, working in France, successfully negotiated a treaty between England and its longtime enemy.
By June, Henry had become sufficiently convinced that his 1509 marriage violated the command of Leviticus and he informed his wife that they had been unlawfully married for the past eighteen years. Faced with having her dignity as a married woman stripped and her surviving daughter labeled illegitimate, Catherine did not take the news well.
When More and Wolsey returned to England in September, after traveling to France to ratify the new treaty, the king raised with More at Hampton Court the issue of his marriage. According to More, “his Highnes walkying in the galery, brake with me of his great mater.” More reported that Henry “layed the Bible open byfore me, and ther red the wordis that moved” him to conclude his marriage was unlawful. When More suggested a different interpretation of Leviticus, the King ordered him to “commune ferther” with royal advisers and read a report–then in preparation–that made the case for annulment.
Later in the fall, Henry took the unusual step of visiting More at his home in Chelsea to take up again his “great matter.” In a scene memorialized in Robert Bolt’s great play, A Man for All Seasons, the King walked the gardens with his arm around the neck of his trusted councilor. Henry and More differed, in the end, over the matter of papal supremacy. The King argued that Leviticus made his marriage a crime in God’s eyes–and that no Pope had the power to waive the Biblical injunction. More, on the other hand, accepted papal supremacy as a matter of faith, and tended to view Pope Julius’s 1509 dispensation as conclusive.
From Henry’s standpoint, the proceedings to gain the annulment of his marriage to Catherine continued at a frustratingly slow speed and with no tangible results. In the summer of 1528, as London confronted outbreaks of the plague and sweating sickness, the Pope dispatched Cardinal Campeggio from Rome to convene a legatine court in London that would decide the matter. For his part, Thomas More occupied himself aggressively pursuing heretics, who he viewed as a much greater threat to England’s well-being than the king’s marriage controversy.
On May 31, 1529, at the Dominican house of Blackfriars in London, an inquest into the King’s “great matter” convened. Three weeks later, on Midsummer’s Day, a remarkable scene took place–one that is slightly recast in Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII. In the real event, the proceeding opens with the cry, “King Harry of England, come into the court!” “Here, my lords,” the king replies. “Catherine, Queen of England, come into the court!” Without an answer, Catherine walked over to the King, then knelt and pleaded for “pity and compassion.” She proclaimed her loyalty to Henry and insisted that she never had relations with her husband’s brother. Henry, in response, stated that were it not for his love for her, he would have acted sooner on his religious doubts–and pledged to abide by the court’s conclusions concerning the lawfulness of his marriage. In a speech that followed, Henry made the case for annulment and acknowledged–at Wolsey’s request–that he, and not any member of the clergy, was the “chief mover” of the inquest. In a moment of drama that portended another date with the executioner’s block, John Fisher, the Bishop of Rochester and a main supporter of Catherine, rose to make clear that he had not, as the King had implied, joined with other bishops in signing a document urging the king to take the matter of his marriage to the Pope. The inquest produced no results; Catherine chose to make no more appearances, nor to recognize its authority to decide the validity of her marriage. Instead, in July, she appealed the matter directly to Pope Clement–who then announced that the decision would be made in Rome, not England.
While the court at Blackfriars continued in session, Thomas More traveled to Cabrai, where negotiations involving major European powers to take place. More played England’s cards well, winning separate peace agreements with Francis and Charles V. The agreements, which would hold the peace in Europe for fifteen years, rank among More’s proudest achievements. More chose to remember the accomplishment on his tombstone at Chelsea along with just one other: he noted that he had always been “molestus” (troublesome) to heretics.
The failure of Cardinal Wolsey to secure a Church decision annulling his marriage did not sit well with King Henry. In October 1529, Henry ordered Wolsey arrested for treason and stripped him of the title of Lord Chancellor, the highest appointed office in England and a position he had held for fourteen years. In his place, Henry chose Thomas More. The choice was widely acclaimed. Wolsey called his replacement “the aptest and fittest man in the Realm.” More, despite having sympathies for Catherine and being well aware of the tension that might cause, accepted the post–primarily because it offered him an opportunity to defend his Church against what he saw as a growing plague of heretics. (During his tenure, More would ban heretical texts, search the home of heretics, and prosecute–and even burn–those persons he believed to be undermining Church authority.)
The King Takes on the Church
Beginning in 1530, King Henry VIII took an increasingly aggressive posture on the matter of his marriage annulment. Thomas Cranmer, who would become a sort of scholar-in-residence for Henry, wrote a treatise, Collectanea satis copiosa, that demonstrated the unlawfulness of the marriage between Henry and Catherine. The King added his own handwritten comments in the margins. The report circulated to faculties of England’s universities which duly–under some pressure–issued declarations that the king’s scruples were probably justified.
In the middle of June, Henry convened a meeting of lords and prelates, who were persuaded to send a letter to Pope Clement asking that the King’s annulment be granted. More’s signature was conspicuously absent from the letter sent to the Pope. In the month after the meeting, the King’s attorney general charged fourteen prelates (including Bishop John Fisher) who had sided with Catherine in the dispute with violations of praemunire laws. Clement’s answer to the king’s letter could not have made Henry happy; the Pope reminded the King that his refusal to send a delegate to Rome was the principal cause of the delay in resolving his “great matter.”
In September, Henry issued a proclamation that prevented enforcement of any papal bull inconsistent with his own view of his marriage’s lawfulness. Henry’s direct attack on Vatican authority upset Thomas More, who openly expressed his disagreement with the king’s action.
The King’s movement away from Rome continued. Intellectual support for the move came in the form of an influential argument by a lawyer, Christopher St. German, who wrote that the law of the realm should trump ecclesiastical law. In November 1530, a man who would become an eager proponent of the St. German’s view, Thomas Cromwell, became a member of the King’s inner council. In time, Cromwell–cunning, cynical, intelligent, ambitious, resourceful–would prove to be More’s chief nemesis. (A case could be made for Cromwell. His efforts prevented mass bloodshed in England and his pragmatic nationalistic politics seem a better fit for the time than More’s campaign to preserve the medieval order.)
Henry’s impatience became obvious in 1531. The angry King summoned the clergy to Westminster, where he demanded that they reimburse the Crown for the costs of sending a delegation to Rome on a failed mission to secure his annulment. But his demands did not stop there. He insisted that the convocation issue a statement recognizing him as “the sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy.” After a heated debate–and insertion of the phrase “so far as the law of Christ allows”–the bishops agreed to issue the statement of recognition.
While a formal decision on his marriage hung in the balance, Henry took direct action. In May, at his request, a group of royal councilors met with Catherine and urged her to drop her opposition to the annulment. The mission failed. Henry, however, had waited long enough. On July 11, 1531, Henry and Catherine separated. By late the following year, Anne Boleyn was pregnant and, in early 1533, Henry and Anne Boleyn secretly married.
While the King and Anne Boleyn shared a bed, Henry’s advisers stepped up pressure on Rome and domestic opponents of his annulment. In 1532, Thomas Cromwell presented a bill to Parliament that denied payment to Rome (in the form of “annates” by new bishops) and moved to limit the authority of the Church–and Thomas More–to punish heretics. A bill prepared for the king by Cromwell transferred powers of the Church to Parliament and denied to bishops their longstanding authority to arrest heretics.
Thomas More could not stomach the assault on his authority to continue his pursuit of heretics. The last straw, for the Lord Chancellor of the Realm, turned out to be the decision on May 15 of the clergy, submitting to Henry’s demand, and accepting that all ecclesiastical law required royal consent–an action that effectively made Henry the head of the Church of England. On the next day, More submitted his resignation. In the garden of Westminster’s York Place, More handed Henry the great seal, concealed in a white leather pouch, and bowed. Henry accepting the seal, told More, “For your service you have done me, you will find me a good and gracious lord.” The two men would never meet again.
In April 1533, Parliament officially declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine to have been invalid and Anne Boleyn proclaimed “Queene at Greenewych.” The coronation was a grand affair at Westminster Abbey. Thomas More, still serving as a king’s councilor even though no longer Lord Chancellor, did not attend the event, angering Henry.
The Arrest and Imprisonment of Thomas More
In the summer of 1533, Master Secretary Thomas Cromwell began an investigation into the activities of Thomas More. More’s former position and his wide respect made him easily the most prominent of the opponents to major portions of the King’s agenda. One aspect of Cromwell’s investigation focused on More’s relationship to Elizabeth Barton, a nun who claimed to have experienced visions about a dire future for England should Henry follow through on his plans to marry Anne Boleyn. More had met with Barton to discuss her visions, and the King’s men were aware of their association. A proposed bill of attainder drafted by Cromwell identified More as an accomplice of Barton. On the scaffold after conviction for treason, Barton confessed that her revelations were fraudulent, providing additional ammunition for those who would like to use her guilt to tar More.
More denied any conspiracy with Barton in an informal meeting with Cromwell in February 1534. A month later, in letters to both Henry VIII and Cromwell, More reaffirmed his loyalty to the King and his desire to see the king’s interests furthered. On the matter of Henry’s marriage, More adhered to a policy of silence. He continued to affirm his belief in papal supremacy, but was careful to do so by suggesting that his belief was based on the persuasive power of an earlier writing on the subject written by the king himself. More’s caution, however, did not prevent the pressure against him from increasing. Commissioners of the King summoned More to a meeting in which they threatened him and called him “a villainous servant,” but departed without taking action.
Meanwhile, Parliament, sitting in an extraordinarily long session, enacted numerous bills proposed by Cromwell on the King’s behalf. The Act of Annates provided that bishops in England would be selected by the king, not Rome. The Act of Succession declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine void and established a line of succession through the children of Queen Anne. The Act also specified various new offenses to be treasonous, such as “derogating” the royal family. Most significantly for Thomas More, the Act required all of the King’s subjects to take an oath promising to maintain “the whole effects and contents of the present Act.”
On April 12, 1534, soon after leaving church at St. Paul’s Cathedral with his son-in-law William Roper, More was handed a summons to appear at Lambeth Palace the next day to take the oath of succession. More returned to Chelsea to spend with his family what he probably knew would be his last night as free man.
The next morning, More bid farewell to his family at the front gate, and boarded a boat for Lambeth with Roper and four servants. As they set off down the river, More–at peace with his decision–tells his son-in-law, “Son Roper, I thank our Lord the field is won.”
When asked to take the oath at Lambeth Palace, More asked to see the texts of both the oath and the Act of Succession. After reading the documents, More told the commissioners that while he would deny nothing contained in the oath, his conscience would not allow him to take it. Indecisive as to how to handle More’s refusal, the commissioners sent More out to a room adjoining the Palace’s garden to wait while they discussed the matter. Summoned back, More refused for a second time–even after much cajoling and threats of imprisonment–to take the oath. He also refused to elaborate further on his reasons. The frustrated commissioners turned More over to the Abbot of Westminster, who kept him for four days before he was transferred to a cell in the Tower of London.
More spent the remainder of the year in the so-called “Bell Tower.” He used the time in his dimly lit cell to write a lengthy book called A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation. He also wrote letters to his beloved daughter, Margaret, comforting her and offering what explanation he could for the decision that led to his imprisonment.
The Trial of Thomas More for Treason
In November 1534, bills were introduced in Parliament that would eventually lead to More’s trial and execution. The Act of Supremacy, the law enacted in 1535 declared Henry to be the supreme head of the Church of England (formalizing the clergy’s earlier submission to this authority). The Treason Act made it a capital offense to maliciously wish, will, or desire, by words or writing” to deny to members of the royal family their “dignity, title, or name of their royal estates.”
After enactment of the new laws, Thomas Cromwell and four other advisers to the King interviewed Thomas More in a room at the Tower of London. The men told More that Henry demanded to know More’s opinion of the Act of Supremacy. More balked at the request, saying that he refused to “meddle” in such affairs. Told that the King might yet be merciful if More acknowledged his consent to the Act, the prisoner was unmoved. My whole concern now, More told the men, was to live the best possible Christian life.
In May 1535, King Henry’s determination to crush his remaining opposition hardened. Within days after the King learned that the Pope–who had condemned Henry’s marriage to Anne and threatened him with ex-communication if he did not return to Catherine–had made Bishop Fisher, the most outspoken supporter of Catherine in England, a cardinal, the King’s men brought charges of treason against Fisher. As wryly noted by historians, Fisher’s head was off before his cardinal’s hat was on.
More faced intense questioning in a third interrogation before Cromwell and other councilors. Asked once again to give an oath–this time an oath to the supremacy of Henry as the head of the Church of England–, More retained his resolute silence. Stepping up the pressure, authorities sent Solicitor-General Richard Rich to More’s cell with instructions to remove his books and writing materials. (While Rich and More visited briefly in the Tower, a discussion about the King’s role might–or might not have–taken place. The question of what really happened would become a focus of More’s later trial.) Shortly after Rich’s visit, More faced official investigators again in what amounted to a preliminary hearing to determine whether he violated the Treason Act.
On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Two days later, an indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. More would stand trial for his life.
The trial of Sir Thomas More for treason opened in Westminster Hall on July 1, 1535. Although a jury of twelve men would have the final say, More had to understand that a verdict of guilty was inevitable. Were the jury to have declared otherwise, they might well have faced imprisonment themselves. Reports described More as “weakened by his imprisonment,” but having “a cheerful and composed countenance.”
The attorney general opened the proceedings by reading the indictment, which consisted of four basic charges. The Duke of Norfolk then offered More a final chance to escape with his life: “You see now how grievously you have offended his Majesty; yet he is so very merciful that if you will lay aside your obstinacy, and change your opinion, we hope you may obtain pardon and favor in his sight.” More replied–“stoutly,” according to reports–that he appreciated the offer, “but I beseech Almighty God that I may continue in the mind I am in, through his grace, unto death.”
Seated in a chair because of his weakness, More attempted to answer each of the charges against him. On the charge of opposing the Henry’s marriage, More freely admitted that he had, “according to the dictates of my conscience,” told the King his true opinion. To do otherwise, he said, would have “basely flattered” his Majesty and made him “a wicked subject” and “a traitor to God.” Giving the King an honest answer, when asked for it, can hardly be treasonous, More contended.
On the second charge of not swearing to recognize the King as the supreme head of the Church when asked about the matter during his Tower interview, that “no law in the world can punish any man for his silence.” When told that his silence was “an evident sign of the malice of his heart,” More quoted a legal maxim that held that “he that holds his peace, gives consent.”
The third charge against More was that, while in the Tower, he wrote letters to Bishop Fisher inciting him to violate the Treason Act. The letters in question, which authorities claimed Fisher burned, could not be produced. More insisted that the letters counseled no violations of law. The letters, he said, merely told Fisher that he had followed his conscience when questioned on the matter of Henry’s supremacy of the Church, and that Fisher should “satisfy his own mind”–whatever position that took him to.
The fourth charge, described by More as “the principal crime objected against me,” concerned his Bell Tower conversation with Richard Rich a few days before. The indictment alleged that More, responding to a hypothetical question posed by Rich, told his visitor that the Parliament had no more power to enact the Act of Supremacy that it did to pass a law declaring God not to be God. The court called Rich to testify, and the solicitor-general gave his account of the conversation, confirming the charge laid out in the indictment. More emphatically rejected Rich’s testimony, saying that if Rich’s version were in fact true “then I pray I may never see God’s face.” More’s striking statement, given his intense and sincere religiosity, leaves little room to doubt but that Rich was flat-out lying. More added that he was “more concerned about Rich’s perjury” than he was about his own “danger.” He said that he had long regarded Rich as a liar, “a great gamester, and of no good name and character.” How likely was it, More asked his accusers, that he would choose, among all the people of the Realm, Richard Rich to confide “the secrets of my conscience?” More’s powerful answer to Rich’s accusation prompted the attorney general to call to other men who were present in More’s cell at the time of the supposed conversation to testify. Although neither men would likely risk the King’s ire that might come if they supported More’s account, they did him the next best favor and testified that they were too busy stuffing More’s books and carting them away to have paid any attention to the conversation between Rich and the prisoner.
The jury deliberated for “scarcely a quarter of an hour” before returning with its verdict: Guilty. As the Lord Chancellor began to pronounce sentence, More interrupted to remind him it was customary to allow defendants to speak prior to the imposition of sentence. More, finally with nothing more to lose and free to speak his mind, told the court his indictment was grounded on a law “repugnant to God.” Further unburdening himself, More said that the Parliament lacked authority to enact any law inconsistent with the teachings of “Christ’s universal Catholic Church.” He added that he thought the recently enacted laws also violated the Magna Charta and the King’s Coronation Oath. The Lord Chancellor broke in to ask More how he reconciled his opinion with the fact that “all the bishops, universities, and most learned men of the Kingdom” found the Act lawful. More responded that if one were to take account of the views of all of Christendom, and not just England, his view would be favored by “ten to one.”
Finally, sentence was pronounced on the man of unbreakable conscience: More should be “drawn on a hurdle through the City of London to Tyburn, there to be hanged till he should be half dead; then he should be cut down alive, his privy parts cut off, his belly ripped, his bowels burnt, his four quarters sit up over four gates of the City and his head upon London Bridge.”
After the reading of his sentence, the constable escorted More to an awaiting barge, which carried him the short ways down the Thames toward the Tower of London. The party disembarked the barge at Old Swan Stairs. An armed guard led More, dressed in a coarse woolen gown, up Old Swan Lane and down Thames Street. As More and his guards approached the Tower, his daughter Margaret knelt to receive his blessing, then embraced and kissed him. More then was escorted through the large crowd back to his cell, where he would spend the last six days of his life.
More spent most of his final days fasting and praying. His famous wit stayed with him until the end. More declined an opportunity for a haircut, telling the barber, “The King has taken out a suit on my head and until the matter is resolved I shall spend no further cost upon it.” On the Monday following his sentence, More received a visit from his wife Alice, to whom he gave a final letter for Margaret composed with charcoal. At some point, although it is not known when, More learned that the King had commuted his sentence from disembowelment to beheading–in recognition of More’s years of service, it was said.
Sir Thomas Pope, a representative of the King’s council arrived in More’s cell at dawn on Tuesday, July 6, 1535. The representative told More that he must die at nine o’clock that morning and that the King had requested that he keep his words to a minimum at the execution. Shortly before nine, dressed in a plain gray robe and carrying on red wooden cross, the bearded More was led out of his cell for the 200-yard journey to the execution site on Tower Hill. More’s family was not among the crowd; the King had not granted them permission to attend.
An officer steadied More as he climbed to the execution block. Following the wishes of the King, More spoke only briefly to the large crowd that had gathered to watch the event. He told the bystanders to pray for him in this world, and that he would pray for them in the next. He told the crowd, “I die the King’s good servant, and God’s first.” He knelt down in front of the block and uttered the words of Psalm 51. Then he rose and kissed his red-robed executioner. “Be not afraid to do thine office,” he said.
More knelt down, laid his head upon the block, and stretched his arms out in front of him. One blow of the execution’s axe took off his head. The executioner raised the head for the crowd to see: “Behold the head of a traitor!” More’s head was boiled, impaled on a pole, and positioned on London Bridge.
Thomas More’s heroic efforts to preserve the unity of the Church ultimately failed. In the year after his death, Henry VIII escalated his attacks on Catholic institutions, draining monasteries of resources necessary for their survival. Europe became a religiously divided continent in the decades that followed. Today, Europe’s religiosity continues its long and steady decline–a decline that began in the days of More.
The Catholic Church, however, recognized the More’s contributions to the faith. On May 19, 1935, at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Pope Pius XI presided at a canonization ceremony for Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher. The Pope said of More:
[W]hen he saw the doctrines of the Church were gravely endangered, he knew how to despise resolutely the flattery of human respect, how to resist, in accordance with his duty, the supreme head of the State when there was question of things commanded by God and the Church…It was for these motives that he was imprisoned, nor could the tears of his wife and children make him swerve from the path of truth and virtue. In that terrible hour of trial, he raised his eyes to heaven, and proved himself a bright example of Christian fortitude.
More biographer Richard Marius reminds us why the life and death of Sir Thomas More remains relevant today. More, he wrote, is that rare and “magnificent individual whose life summarized an age in a way that few lives have been able to do.” | history |
http://www.palacerestaurant.fi/en/restaurant/history/ | 2019-09-17T21:54:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573121.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917203354-20190917225354-00050.warc.gz | 0.943696 | 668 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__157238040 | en | Stylish and distinctive, the building housing the Palace restaurant at Eteläranta 10 was originally created to mark the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki and is these days often described as a calling card for the Finnish design industry.
The building’s facade is currently being renovated as part of an extensive refurbishment project. The works also extend to the 10th floor, where the restaurant and its dining areas will be given a new, National Board of Antiquities-approved look and identity that sensitively reflect our establishment’s unique and distinguished heritage.
Mimicking the kitchen’s classically modern style of cooking, the restaurant’s interiors will also be restored to their previous mid-century glory. A 1950s modernist look is the ideal fit for Finland as the country heads towards the 2020s. The restaurant interior’s sleek and pared down aesthetic will also extend to the way our dishes are presented to our diners. The restaurant’s iconic light sign has also been restored and will be returned to the building’s roof at new year.
From its inception in 1952, Palace has led the way for gastronomy in Finland. The 10th floor housed the formal dining room, while the second floor was home to a more relaxed cafe, which was later to become La Vista and Palacen Ranta. In 1961, the legendary American Bar opened on the building’s 11th floor.
The Palace restaurant has always enjoyed a reputation for impeccable fine dining. At the beginning, the majority of the dishes would have been presented to diners by silver service staff at the table with popular dishes including:
– Palermaa’s blinis, served with anchovies, honey and sour cream
– Caesar sandwich, toasted rye bread with steak tartar, caviar, egg yolk and onion
– Burbot à la Harry, burbot, beurre blanc and fennel
– Rolled roast moose – Zander à la Walewska
– Duck à la Palace, with red cabbage
– Läskisoosi, pan-fried pork in gravy
– Beetroot timbale
In the 1990s, the Palace Gourmet restaurant became famous for its Menu Surprise, a daily menu served blind complete with wine.
Private dining at the Palace
Private dining rooms at the Palace are named after notable figures associated with the restaurant, including the building’s architect and the restaurant’s former general managers and head chefs.
Viljo Revell (1919-1964). Architect who designed the restaurant building at Eteläranta 10.
Wilhelm Noschis (1919-1999). Hotel Palace General Manager from 1952 until 1985.
Aleksander Palermaa (1911-1997). The restaurant’s first ever head chef, 1952 – 1976.
Eero Mäkelä (1942-2008). Palace Head Chef. During his tenure, Palace became the first Finnish restaurant to be awarded a Michelin star.
Heikki Tavela (1932-2013). Businessman, gourmand and Palace owner in the early 2000s. Founder member of the Läskisoosi Society. | history |
https://www.campervaninsurance.ie/blog/the-early-days-of-the-campervan-episode-2 | 2023-02-04T02:27:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00138.warc.gz | 0.967818 | 744 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__219961230 | en | 02 Apr 2020
The Early Days of the Campervan - Episode 2< back
At Stuart Insurance Ltd, we provide our customers with comprehensive campervan insurance and we regularly blog about news, events and general goings-on in the campervan world. In this particular series, we look at the early days of the campervan and what transpired to make so many people in Ireland and around the world fall in love with life on the road.
In our first look into the history of the campervan, we took a rough overview of the entire timeline of this most recognisable of recreational vehicles. Here in episode two, we look specifically at the 1950s and what unfolded to bring the campervan that we know today into existence.
The Pressed Steel Van
The early 1950s bore witness to something of a seminal moment in campervan history, as it saw the first commercial pressed steel van come into production. With models like the VW Microbus rolling off the production line, the campervan market saw a real boost in popularity.
By 1952, German manufacturer of caravans Westfalia recognised the potential the VW Microbus had for conversion, leading to them creating a kit for making vans more habitable for longer. This kit was known as ‘the Camping Box’ and could be fitted to the VW transporter to turn it into something that could be lived in, in relative comfort.
The commercial success of this enterprise encouraged more companies to create new and improved conversion kits, however, it was an expensive business and VW standards meant that many did not make the grade. The evolution of the campervan, however, was far from over.
UK Enters Market
Around the same time, as the popularity of the campervan had gained momentum, British Manufacturer Bedford launched the Dormobile - another of the biggest names in the industry. What was basically a standard ten-base van was initially only designed to be slept in and whilst it was up against the might of VW, it achieved widespread success.
New converter kits became available to add seating and cooking facilities, as well as the famous extending roof which allowed two more berths to be created. During this time, a raft of new companies like Kenex, Pitt and Calthorpe lined up to create new converter kits for the Dormobile, with Kenex eventually being bought out by Dormobile.
Since the very early beginnings of the campervan, it was perhaps the 1950s that saw the biggest foundations laid for campervanning as we know it today. The fun and freedom that can be accessed and enjoyed even by those with modest incomes in a campervan really started to take hold in the 1950s. We’ll take a look at the decade that followed in our next blog.
Protecting Our Customers On the Road
At Stuart Insurances Ltd, we offer affordable campervan insurance, as well as insurance for you home and life. We’re proud to say that we protect our campervan customers on their journeys with comprehensive policies in case the worst should happen.
If you’d like a quote for your campervan insurance, give us a call on (01) 288 1779 now and a member of our team will do their very best to find the ideal policy for your needs. Alternatively, if you’d like to know more about our full range of products, visit us online at www.campervaninsurance.ie
That’s it for now. Check back soon with us for the third instalment of campervan memory lane. Until next time! | history |
http://blog.giftstarter.com/the-origin-of-mothers-day-and-why-we-give/ | 2018-01-17T04:50:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886815.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117043259-20180117063259-00427.warc.gz | 0.973177 | 984 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__14351635 | en | Maybe you’ve heard this before: “Mother’s Day—it’s just a meaningless, corporate holiday. Why celebrate it? We should show love to our mothers everyday!”
Well, the cynics may have one thing right: we absolutely should show our hardworking, adoring mothers our appreciation for them every day of the year. But is Mother’s Day really nothing but a “corporate holiday” invented by Wall Street to lure the masses into a day of hollow, frenzied shopping? Let’s dig a little deeper.
The Origin of Mother’s Day and Why We Give
Mother’s Day actually has roots dating all the way back to the Greek and Roman eras, where communities would hold enormous festivals dedicated to celebrating varying goddess-mothers.
Later, right up until the early 1900s, what we would later come to call Mother’s Day was celebrated by Christians in Europe as a yearly lenten tradition called Mothering Sunday. It was less about celebrating mothers, and more about spending a special Sunday morning in one’s “mother” church, or, the church that was located closest to their home. Basically, if a family typically attended church in another town, Mothering Sunday was the day they returned to their neighborhood church. Children also occasionally presented their mothers with flowers and small gifts on Mothering Sunday.
The American Mother’s Day, which we now celebrate each year on the second Sunday in May, was not, in fact, invented by Wall Street, but by a woman named Ann Jarvis. In the late 1800s, Jarvis was a strong advocate for women, leading organizations that were designed to help support mothers and connect them with one another. One of these organizations even proved crucial in helping unite the Union and Confederate armies after the Civil War.
In fact, countless outspoken and passionate women of the late 1800s and early 1900s played varying roles in laying the groundwork for the Mother’s Day we celebrate now:
Another precursor to Mother’s Day came from the abolitionist and suffragette Julia Ward Howe. In 1870 Howe wrote the “Mother’s Day Proclamation,” a call to action that asked mothers to unite in promoting world peace. In 1873 Howe campaigned for a “Mother’s Peace Day” to be celebrated every June 2. Other early Mother’s Day pioneers include Juliet Calhoun Blakely, a temperance activist who inspired a local Mother’s Day in Albion, Michigan, in the 1870s. The duo of Mary Towles Sasseen and Frank Hering, meanwhile, both worked to organize a Mothers’ Day in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some have even called Hering “the father of Mothers’ Day.” (History.com)
After Ann Jarvis died in 1905, her daughter Anna worked with a local department store and the Methodist church to create a special day honoring mothers. Later, Anna decided that Mother’s Day should be a national holiday, believing that there were too many holidays already on the national calendar honoring men’s achievements. She began a letter-writing campaign, and by 1912, several states had adopted Mother’s Day as an official holiday.
Interestingly, by 1920, card companies, florists, and department stores had begun to capitalize on Jarvis’ Mother’s Day, which deeply discouraged her. She never wanted Mother’s Day to become a corporate holiday—her whole idea was simply to set aside a day to honor mothers. Before she died in 1948, she even tried to encourage the government to take the holiday off its national calendar, before personally disowning the holiday all together.
Mother’s Day cynics—soften your hearts. The traditional American Mother’s Day is rooted in love, admiration, and appreciation for mothers (and women) everywhere. Consider the fact that Anna Jarvis herself never married or had children of her own, but was passionate about seeing women recognized for their strength and dedication to their families and communities.
And that is why we give on Mother’s Day. Not because the commercial advertisements are luring us. Not because of guilt incited by our mothers’ expectations. We give on Mother’s Day to show the women in our lives that we notice them, love them, and because we know they deserve to feel joyful and appreciated.
This Mother’s Day, remember Anna Jarvis. Give with intention. Give thoughtfully. And if all you can give is a hug, some encouragement, and a few moments of your time, know that Anna would feel honored to know that Mother’s Day can persist as she first dreamed it. | history |
https://moodabidri.newskarnataka.com/citizen-corner/tulu-inscription-found-on-a-boulder-in-moodabidire-taluk | 2023-03-27T03:14:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00004.warc.gz | 0.959834 | 227 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__59084457 | en | Moodabidire: On the right side of the Itala Sri Somanatheshwara temple in Daregudde of the taluk, a Tulu inscription on a rock called elephant stone by the locals was discovered by Prof. S.A. Krishnaiah, Director of Studies at the Oriental Collection Research Center, Udupi.
Krishnaiah said that Vedamurthy Sagri Gopalakrishna Samaga of Udupi has guided him to study this place. Due to the restoration of the temple, soil accumulated around this rock, and currently only 5 to 6 lines of illegible Tulu script are visible in this inscription and the rest of the lines are buried in the soil.
Krishnaiah said that additional study of this legislation will be done in the near future. Dr. Radhakrishna Bellur, Tulugiologist has done the preliminary study of the inscription. opined that the inscription belongs to the 12th-13th century on the basis of the script. Ravi Santosh Alva and local people have cooperated in the fieldwork research. | history |
https://www.glensidepld.org/hispanic-heritage-month/ | 2021-01-19T02:57:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00114.warc.gz | 0.941088 | 128 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__30592459 | en | Each year, Americans observe Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15th to October 15th, by celebrating the histories, cultures and contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America.
The day of September 15th is significant because it is the anniversary of independence for Latin American countries Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In addition, Mexico and Chile celebrate their independence days on September 16th and September 18th, respectively.
In celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, we’ve curated books by Latinx authors for adults, teens, and kids. Check one out today! | history |
http://monmouthcountylib.org/programs-and-library-news/2444-manalapan-music-muster-the-civil-war-in-song.html | 2017-04-28T18:00:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00034-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.910954 | 291 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__46964576 | en | On Saturday, May 16 at 11 am, the Monmouth County Library Headquarters in Manalapan will be the site for the Manalapan Music Muster: The Civil War in Song. Saturday will be a day devoted to Civil War music and history. Dr. David Martin, author of over 20 books on the Civil War will deliver the keynote address on the importance of music to the war effort and to the people at home. Rich Mendoza of the Libby Prison Minstrels will emcee this very special event as seven musical groups take the atage to perform music of the Civil War.
The musical groups include the Libby Prison Minstrels, the Susquehanna Travellers, the Irish Volunteers Civil War Band, Steve Ball and Lisa Williams, Jed Marum, Helen Beedle and Joe Becton. Weather permitting, the Library will also be the site of a Civil War encampment with living historians in authentic period Civil War uniforms who answer questions about the battles, the solder's preparations, their food, their daily lives and how the music help create camaraderie among the soldiers.
This program is co-sponsored by the the NJ Civil War Heritage Association and made possible by a grant from the NJ Council for the Humanities. The program begins at 11am and runs until 4 pm. For more information, call the Library at 732-431-7220 Ext. 7222. | history |
http://www.chevydealersga.com/chevy-impala.html | 2013-06-19T06:14:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142617/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.967453 | 478 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__121630184 | en | Everything You Need to Know About New Chevy Cars and Trucks In Georgia
American car buyers have held the Chevrolet Impala in high esteem for over half a decade. To own an Impala has long been a badge of honor among those who hold quality and beauty in high esteem. From the day it rolled off the assembly line in 1958, the Impala changed the way auto buyers saw just what kind of high quality car the United States could forge. This car is a true example of how combining style, performance, function, and value can make the Impala a staple in garages and driveways of millions of Americans. The proof is in the numbers! Since it was introduced, 12 million Impala's have been sold between the years of 1958 to 2002. This proves that more Americans have made the Impala their car of choice over any other full-sized car in the history of auto making. In some professional's opinion, the Chevrolet Impala is said to be the car that gave birth to the muscle car. Chevrolet introduced this fine example in auto making as a top-of-the-line model, which fast grew into the symbol for performance in the 1960's.
Description A snapshot of the Impala's interior.
Affordability, versatility, and power worked like a charm to turn the Impala into a lasting American symbol of quality. Impala was without a doubt best-selling Chevrolet car in its first full year on the market. In the coming year it became the best-selling car in all of America. The Impala held that coveted for almost ten years. In 1965 it set an industry sales record for selling over one million cars.
The Impala outsold other full size models which previously cornered the market distributed by Ford and Plymouth. The Chevrolet Impala maintained its position as the most popular full- size Chevrolet model through the mid-eighties. The Impala, which was named after the African antelope, has been easily distinguished by its three sets of taillights. Another trademark of the Impala is the SS nameplate, introduced in 1961. This craftsmanship was continued through 1969. It was given new life as it was revived in 1994 through 1996, only to be renewed again for the 2004-2011 model years. This revered symbol of the Impala is forever synonymous with power.
Back to Georgia Chevy Car Gallery | history |
https://majestyus-can.com/welcome.php | 2023-12-07T07:11:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00050.warc.gz | 0.918824 | 115 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__282349487 | en | The Quality Royal Magazine
Every month Majesty gives its readers a colorful insight into the privileged lives of the royal families of the world. Personalities, lifestyles and fashion are all captured in exciting features and stunning photographs.
Majesty records all the important royal engagements and takes an in-depth look at the dramatic history of Britain's monarchs. Month by month it builds into a beautiful and authoritative collection.
Recent events in the Royal Family are going to provide some of the most interesting, and indeed, probably the most important changes in history - and Majesty will be there! | history |
https://todayinsg.com/latest-news/spore-uk-share-200-years-of-history-queens-death-a-profound-loss-president-halimah/ | 2022-09-26T02:54:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00305.warc.gz | 0.945905 | 434 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__59339188 | en | SINGAPORE – Singapore and the United Kingdom share two centuries of history and Queen Elizabeth II’s death is a profound loss, said President Halimah Yacob on Friday.
In a Facebook post, the President said: “Deeply saddened by the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her Majesty was a symbol of unity, greatly loved and trusted by people from across the Commonwealth. She pledged her life to service and will be remembered for her grace, warmth, and wit.”
In a separate Facebook post, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that Queen Elizabeth has left a significant mark on Singapore’s history and ties with the United Kingdom.
PM Lee said: “On behalf of the Singapore Government, I extend my sincerest condolences to King Charles III and all members of the royal family, Prime Minister Elizabeth Truss and the British people.”
“Deeply saddened by the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her Majesty was the heart and soul of the United Kingdom,” he said, adding: “Her Majesty also left a significant mark on Singapore’s history and our longstanding close relations with the United Kingdom. Her passing is greatly mourned by everyone in Singapore.”
The Prime Minister’s Office said in a statement: “As a mark of respect, State flags at all government buildings will be flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral. Parliament will observe one minute of silence at the beginning of its sitting on Monday, Sept 12, 2022.”
On Thursday, Queen Elizabeth, who was Britain’s longest-reigning monarch, died peacefully at Balmoral Castle in Scotland at the age of 96.
In his post on Friday, PM Lee shared a photo of him shaking hands with the Queen during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in London in 2018.
PM Lee said: “Her Majesty’s reign saw one of the longest periods of peace and prosperity in the history of the United Kingdom. Throughout her life, she steadfastly served the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.” | history |
https://oldrectory-lanreath.co.uk/house-history | 2024-02-28T15:27:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00001.warc.gz | 0.98546 | 4,471 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__184412084 | en | A History of Lanreath and The Old Rectory
For those with a little time to spare!
The village of Lanreath is ancient. The name itself derives from the 11th century name of Lanredoch (Lan meaning the site of an ancient Church so the name literally meant Redoc’s Church site). In the 16th Century the name was softened to Lanreatha and the final ‘a’ was dropped sometime after that. It is pronounced Lan~reth. More than two thousand years ago, Cornwall was as much a Celtic nation as Wales and Scotland. Iron Age Celts spread all over England, down through northern France, into Middle and Eastern Europe. These peoples shaped the hill fort that still dominates nearby Bury Down (approximately half a mile to the north-east) and it is likely that the area sheltered at least one settled community.
In AD 43 the Romans invaded, and though their initial arrival may not have touched what they called Dumnonia (Devon and Cornwall) they did slowly come nearer, travelling down the ancient tracks that still run along the spine of Cornwall, constructing a camp near the spot now occupied by Bodmin town. After an occupation lasting four centuries the invaders retreated and in the vacuum left by their departure tribal warfare broke out once again. In addition, along the southern and eastern coasts of Britain hordes of Angles and Saxons were beginning to swarm ashore.
The end of Celtic Britain was in sight, but it was not something that was going to happen over night. For fifty years a ferocious struggle raged across the breadth of what is now England. Gradually the British leaders fell back towards Wales and the South West. The legend of King Arthur belongs to this period and if Arthur did exist, in some form at least (and many modern historians believe he did) it’s certainly possible that his final stronghold was to be found in Cornwall. King Mark, often associated with the Arthurian stories, is said to have ruled the area around Lanreath and a few miles away, on the other side of the Fowey River, an ancient memorial stone commemorates the existence of Mark’s nephew, the even more celebrated Tristan.
Mystery surrounds the wars and the rulers that shaped Dumnonia during this period, but one powerful influence of the time is fairly well documented - Christianity. It is through this early Celtic Church that the prefix ‘’Lan’ was used to describe a monastic settlement, often set within a circular enclosure. It is reasonable to suppose that here in this valley, perhaps on the very spot where the parish church now stands, there dwelt a small community of Celtic monks. Saint Marnarch (pronounced in the same way as Monarch), patron of the church, was probably their founder, but like many Cornish saints he is an obscure figure and though he is thought to have spent some time on the north coast nothing at all is known about the origins of his connection with Lanreath.
Several centuries were to elapse before the Anglo-Saxons’ final conquest of Dumnonia. Eastern Cornwall and the area around Lanreath, would have been one of the first to come under direct Anglo-Saxon influence and in 1066, when Norman William invaded, the village was held by a Saxon known as Aelfric. Saxon dominance was short-lived and by 1087, when William’s clerks compiled the Domesday Book, the whole of Cornwall had been handed over to Richard, Count of Mortain, half-brother of the Conqueror and one of the most powerful men in England. The parish, at that time, extended to an area of something like one hundred and forty acres. There were forty acres of woodland (in which pigs would have routed for acorns); thirty acres of pasture supporting three head of cattle and sixty sheep, and enough arable land, according to Domesday Book, to provide work for eight ploughs, though there were only three ploughs in the village. It is likely that these ploughs were shared between the fifteen or so resident families. The Count of Mortain built a stone castle at Launceston and soon there were others, at Restormel near Lostwithiel, at Trematon by the River Lynher, and at Tintagel. Celtic monasteries and narrow Saxon churches were being pulled down to make way for sturdy Norman structures. There is no doubt that the present day parish church of St. Marnarch was originally a fairly typical example of Norman workmanship. A large part of that building still stands to-day, though during the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries there were to be a number of alterations and additions.
The coming of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, caused a stir all along the southern coast of Cornwall; but it was not until the seventeenth century that Lanreath itself came into direct contact with great events. At that time the area belonged to the Grylls family, and in 1609 Charles Grylls, counsellor-at-law (who with his wife and eight children is commemorated by a remarkable monument in St. Marnarch’s chancel) decided to build himself a new house. The lovely Jacobean manor he created, now known as Court Barton, is not open to the public, but its mellow north front may be seen from the centre of the village. The Grylls family must have been pleased when their fine house was completed, and no doubt Charles’s nephew Francis, who was soon to become Rector of the parish, joined in the celebrations. Meanwhile, across the country storm clouds were gathering and in 1642 the Civil war began.
Cornwall was staunchly loyal to the Royalist cause and for several years Cromwell’s Army found it impossible to gain any sort of foothold west of the Tamar. The County gentlemen fought with conspicuous gallantry and when, in the summer of 1644, the Parliamentarian Lord Essex attempted to seize Launceston and Bodmin the King himself led an army into Cornwall. A second Royalist force, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, advanced from the west and after a battle at Braddock Down, just south of Middle Taphouse, Essex found himself cornered with what was left of his troops, in the town of Lostwithiel and the triangle of land just west of the Fowey River. The King, accompanied by his fourteen-year-old son (the future Charles II), his entourage and his Generals, stayed first in Liskeard and then at the great mansion of Boconnoc, four miles north of Lanreath. As the siege went on the area between the Fowey and Looe Rivers must have teemed with Royalists troops. Some were definitely quartered in Lanreath, and there is a tradition that on one occasion at least King Charles himself visited the village, spending an hour or so at the courthouse, now the Punch Bowl Inn. The whole Grylls family are thought to have been ardent Royalists and Francis, who by this time had been Rector for nearly thirty years, was no exception.
Lord Essex’s army was worn down and scattered but the power of Parliament could not be held at bay for ever and on August 17th, 1647, the last Cornish fortress to hold out (Pendennis Castle, near Falmouth) reluctantly surrendered to General Fairfax. Eighteen months later King Charles I was executed. The ensuing decade of Parliamentarian rule was not popular in Cornwall, but it had to be endured. It is not known whether the Grylls family were at any time involved in helping Royalist fugitives to escape but it has been suggested that the underground tunnel, entrances to which can still be seen beneath the Old Rectory, may date from this period. Soon, in any case, Francis was replaced as Rector by a man whose views were more in tune with those of the Government and in order to avoid sequestration of their estates his relations were ordered to pay crippling fines.
By 1660 the Commonwealth was running out of steam and with the Restoration came almost immediate relief. Barely six months after the King’s return another Francis Grylls was instituted as Rector of Lanreath. In this same year we find the first written reference to his parsonage house. Listed on the new Hearth Tax Rolls, Lanreath Rectory is described as having eleven hearths. Whether this second Francis altered or improved the property in any way we don’t know but nineteen years after his institution in 1679, in the Ecclesiastical Records for that year, is a detailed description of the Rectory. The building contained a hall, a ‘parlour with boarded floor’, a kitchen ‘with great range and two ovens’ - and an amazing number of rooms devoted to the pursuit of self-sufficiency, among them a bread house, bake house, brew house, buttery, pantry and dairy. Outside there was a barn, a stable, a calves’ house ‘with hay store above’, an ox house, a malt house, ‘four small rooms for hogs and a dove house of stone’. The gardens included ‘the Pigeon House garden’, two kitchen gardens and a place for ‘flowers and sweet herbs’.
The second Francis Grylls survived until 1691, out-living Charles II by six years.
One after the other, three more members of the Grylls family (William, Nicholas and Richard) were to become Rectors of Lanreath. Richard, the last of this clerical dynasty, was presented to the living in 1719. In 1726, during Richard’s incumbency, there appears in the Ecclesiastical Records another description of the Rectory, and this time there is greater emphasis on living accommodation. In addition to the ‘parlour with boarded floor’; there are said to be six rooms with plastered or partly plastered walls (one ‘handsomely plastered’), and the hall is now described as ‘a great hall, open to the roof’. The hall may have been much the same fifty years earlier, but by 1726 a ‘great hall open to the roof’ was becoming more of a rarity and consequently would have been more likely to get a mention. Richard Grylls seems to have taken a great interest in his garden and glebe land, planting numbers of ash and sycamore saplings (perhaps explaining the large number of these trees in and around the garden of the current building), putting new apple trees in the Pigeon House Garden and building a high wall round the vegetable garden, which lay on the western side of the house, bordering the main village street. The southern part of this wall is still standing, and though its no longer within the Rectory grounds it can be seen by anyone standing in the street, some fifty yards or so above the Punch Bowl Inn.
Richard Grylls remained Rector until 1736.
The next Rector was Hele Trelawny. Hele’s term did not last long, and in 1740 he was replaced by Joshua Howell, a young man who is said to have been wealthy. Little else is known about Joshua (apart from the fact that he had a number of children) but he is supposed to have had building work done at the Rectory. In 1785 Joshua Howell died and his place was taken by Edward Pole, an even more shadowy figure than his predecessor. He was Rector for fifteen years and during his time the Napoleonic Wars began, bringing with them new fears of invasion. For some years a close watch was kept upon the coast and naughty children were threatened with abduction by 'Boney'. While the war was in progress something of a blind eye was often turned upon the smuggling trade. Throughout the eighteenth century smuggling had been endemic in Cornwall and many country gentlemen became involved; among them one of the Rectors of Lanreath. The Punch Bowl Inn was definitely a centre of activity, and when this kind of work was in hand the Rectory’s ‘secret passage’, originally constructed for other purposes, could have come in very handy. Edward Pole died in 1800, and the new century brought a new family into the life of Lanreath Rectory.
For several hundred years the Bullers had been respected landowners. A number of their sons had gone into the Navy, and during the eighteenth century one had achieved distinction as an Admiral, adding a good deal to the family’s prestige - “Bullers Quay” in Looe is named after him. By 1800 their seat was at Morval, near Looe, and it’s there that Richard Buller, Rector of Lanreath from 1800-1827, was probably born. He does not appear to have been a remarkable figure, but his incumbency saw the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the end (almost) of Georgian England. His wife probably read the new novels of Jane Austen, provided Richard didn’t disapprove. He, no doubt, travelled about the parish in a serviceable dog-cart. His life may have been comfortable but it is unlikely that he was particularly well-off for when he died, in 1827, the Rectory seems to have been in a bad state of repair. The next incumbent, Stephen Worsley, was instructed by his Bishop to put things right, and it may be for this reason that he chose to reside in Blackheath, near London, leaving a curate in charge while essential work was carried out. We don’t know how extensive the repairs were, or exactly how long they took. Soon after the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, another Richard Buller was instituted as Rector, and an important era had begun.
When he arrived to take control of his new parish the Reverend Richard Buller, Rector of Lanreath from 1829-1883, was thirty-three years old. His wife, Elizabeth, was the same age and they had two children, Rhoda aged five and Alexander aged three, with a second daughter, Emmeline, soon to be born. They were wealthy, had excellent connections, and Elizabeth planned to continue to do a lot of entertaining. The existing Rectory would not be adequate for their needs and so, they engaged an architect (probably Thomas Lee, who designed Arlington Court, near Barnstable) and embarked upon a series of elaborate alterations, finally adding a southern section which almost doubled the size of the house. This later extension formed the separate Master and Mistresses Bedrooms, a first floor Study or Dressing Room (now the Living Rooms of Fowey and the Living Room and Bedrooms of Daymer) and on the ground floor a large handsome Drawing Room and Dining Room (these now form a large part of the owners apartments). The thickness of the walls by the entrance to each room testifies to the strength of these walls. All this meant that the building contained something like twenty-five rooms. Although the Victorian age had begun there was not yet a Victorian style, and in character the new work was utterly Georgian. Efforts seem to have been made to create a harmonious whole, and the portico added to the west front may have been intended to camouflage what might otherwise have been a noticeable join. (This portico has since been removed and the entrance hall has become part of the owners kitchen).
The gardens were also considered to be in need of attention. The Bullers are said to have planted innumerable trees and shrubs. The magnificent wisteria on the western side of the house probably dates from this time, though it may be older. As a finishing touch, they created a circular entrance driveway that approached the Rectory through the space now occupied by the bungalow just beyond the current driveway – and when all this was completed, one can imagine the excitement with which Elizabeth Buller awaited her first dinner guests. Richard’s cousin Charles, renowned for his good looks, was Member of Parliament for Liskeard and a friend of William Makepeace Thackeray, who had once come down to help him with an election campaign (‘he made the people laugh’); and it may not be too much to imagine that the famous novelist may sometimes have come to dine at Lanreath.
If he did, it seems certain that he would have found a happy, lively household. Rhoda, Alexander and Emmerline were followed, in time, by Jane, Henry, Ann and Alice. There were usually half a dozen servants, plus, of course, a nurse for the children and later a governess. The children’s bedrooms now form the two bedrooms of the apartment called Epphaven and the nurse/governess would have used what is now the bedroom of Gorran apartment.
The facsimile of Richard Buller, displayed inside the Church, reveals the quintessential Victorian parson. From his comfortable Rectory he must have watched the spread and development of the British Empire; and when, round about 1850, Alexander followed family tradition by going into the Navy he probably reflected with satisfaction that little now menaced a Service which had already subdued the world. The girls all seem to have married fairly young and their weddings, no doubt, were celebrated by the whole village. When, at last (an elderly widower with a young curate to help him and Alexander’s daughter to keep him company) Richard Buller looked back upon his life, it must have been with a great deal of quiet gratification.
John Buller-Kitson became Rector in 1883, and like the Grylls’ of long ago must have felt the Rectory was almost a family home. His incumbency saw the end of the Victorian era and the beginning of the First World War.
John Buller-Kitson was succeeded by Leonard Williams, but Mr. Williams’ term was short, and four years later his place was taken by Reginald Murley, who was to see Lanreath through the troubled period of the Twenties and Thirties. When he died, in 1939, he was succeeded by Charles Girling, the last Rector (though not the last clergyman) ever to occupy Lanreath Rectory.
Mr. Girling had a lively young family and was popular in the village. He was instituted on January 13th, 1940, at a time of desperate national anxiety, and one of his first acts was to order the digging up of the west lawn and the creation in its place of a large emergency vegetable garden. Lanreath Home Guard met regularly in his study and there their weapons were kept, stored in a cupboard so large that it has since been turned into the kitchen of Caerhays apartment! Soon Plymouth was being devastated by enemy action, and from time to time even the little town of Looe came under attack. Lanreath’s young men were far away and in danger (the Roll of Honour inside the Church lists those who were serving at this time) and there was a real fear that the invasion, if it came, might be launched on the beaches of Cornwall. No-one knew how it might all be going to end, but like clergymen up and down the country Charles Girling was an enduring source of strength, and when it ended he helped to co-ordinate the celebrations.
The Girling family remained at Lanreath Rectory until 1962, but some time before that date it had begun to be evident that the Rectory (as a rectory) did not fit into the modern world. It had been built to house a self-sufficient community, and such communities were now part of the past. In 1962, after Charles Girling’s death, the Church Commissioners put the old house up for sale. The purchaser, a private company, sought and obtained permission to convert its acquisition into eight flats. The Church had retained Richard Buller’s orchard and there a new rectory was being built, but the remaining gardens were still unnecessarily extensive and several pieces of land - constituting most of the current village east of the Punch Bowl Inn, were sold off as potential building sites. The circular drive was grassed over, the tennis courts were removed and part of the kitchen quarters were demolished), opening up the eastern side of the stable courtyard (these kitchens were originally sited adjacent to the wall between the current Courtyard car park and the garden. Inside the house several large rooms were partitioned and, finally, the great central staircase was taken away to make room for the kitchens and bathrooms of Fowey and Daymer apartments.
The house had changed dramatically; but survived with much of its character intact. There is every possibility that without this new use, the original building might have been pulled down to build further modern housing. Hundreds of families have spent happy holidays in the house, most of them going home relaxed, many returning again and again.
There is a lot to be discovered about the long history of the Old Rectory, Lanreath but it is not a house that now lives only in the past. The current work, renovating parts of the building and surviving grounds, repairing other parts of the building that had been neglected, should mean that The Old Rectory continues to exist as a family home and as a provider of employment to local people for many more years to come. However, we can all still listen to the magnificent pealing of the Church bells and for just a few moments, wonder how life might have been all those years ago........
Old Aerial Photo of The Old Rectory | history |
https://faridhaerinejad.com/2020/11/25/example-post-3/ | 2021-11-29T10:45:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00029.warc.gz | 0.964469 | 244 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__118358577 | en | BEHIND THE HIGH WALLS
Life & Death in Iran’s Prison
They each remember the day they were arrested, the day their torture began.
They remember the long, lonely years of solitary confinement behind the high walls of Iran’s notorious prisons. In the years shortly after the 1979 revolution in Iran, an entire generation of bright, young people with promising futures languished and suffered in prisons, enduring physical torture, sensory deprivation, and sadism, all in the name of the Islamic Republic.
They wondered how their revolution, which was so well-intentioned, had gone so wrong—hi-jacked by clerics who thought the way forward was in going back to the antiquated fundamentals of their religion.
There are stories of lashings and hangings carried out in the name of Allah.
Thousands of young people have been brutally tortured and ruthlessly murdered. Many were buried in the most inhumane ways in mass graves. There are accounts of mountains of discarded shoes of those who died. Those who lived through the massacres, and mental torture, are left with indelible memories of life and death in the prisons of the first Islamic Republic. This is their story. | history |
https://concertedactivity.work/a-guide-to-the-third-reconstruction-who-really-won-americas-civil-war-and-why | 2021-12-03T03:57:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362589.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203030522-20211203060522-00463.warc.gz | 0.957147 | 1,915 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__133799412 | en | A Guide to the Third Reconstruction: Who Really Won America’s Civil War and Why It Matters to Workers Today
March 25, 2021
America’s Civil War was ultimately a war between free and unfree labor. It was a war to decide whether the foundational principle of the country would be the liberty to enslave others or the liberty to sell one’s labor freely. Today, workers are still fighting this war. Since 1865, the government has maintained a system of superexploitation by way of an underclass, which does not have the liberty to sell its labor.
From the moment the South surrendered, slavery — under another name — commenced under the Black Codes. Then, unsatiated with 4 million freedmen who could be robbed, cajoled, jailed, killed, and forced back onto plantations or into forced contract labor, our government sought out Chinese laborers as replacements in the mines and the railroads. During and after both World Wars, the Bracero program brought another group of foreign workers — Mexicans — as cheap labor to the agricultural industry... And here we are today, where the “undocumented” workers, like those who’ve come before, have no right to freely sell their labor.
At each historical moment, the arrival of this superexploited underclass has intensified competition among workers and fanned the flames of resentment and racist backlash among native-born workers. The government has always “othered” a subset of workers — from indentured servants, to chattel slaves, to Chinese and Mexican laborers, to the undocumented — to ensure that the ruling class can extract the most profit. We seem to be forever haunted by a democracy that nurtures and protects the exploiter and his freedom to exploit.
The government has always “othered” a subset of workers — from indentured servants, to chattel slaves, to Chinese and Mexican laborers, to the undocumented — to ensure that the ruling class can extract the most profit.
Before the Civil War, Southern slaveholders knew that, in order to survive, slavery had to expand. With the the Fugitive Slave Act (1850), the Kansas Nebraska Act’s repeal (1854) of the Missouri Compromise, and the Dred Scott decision (1857), the South seemed to ensure the spread of slavery westward forcing the North’s hand. With only about 400,000 of the 4 million slaves in 1865 being forcibly brought to the U.S., the slavocracy had long relied upon reproducing its slave workforce on their plantations. At the same time, the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade was so grossly violated that the slave trade was practically re-established and maintained. On the eve of the war, slave ships originally embarking from New York harbor brought up to 60,000 slaves annually. With its Northern allies and government acquiescence, the future of chattel slavery seemed secure.
Lincoln’s presidential win threw the South’s effort into doubt. While the expansion or containment of chattel slavery may have defined the sides at the beginning of the war, Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation made it so that it became a war to determine whether a central government would champion an economic system built upon chattel slavery and guarantee the property rights of slaveholders. But while chattel slavery was defeated, the dependence on unfree labor was not.
After the war, the planter oligarchy class sought to replace its former slave workforce with one coerced by state power by way of the Black Codes. Labor control was now achieved through vagrancy laws that criminalized men out of work, or simply, not at work. Freedmen could be jailed for not working, or leaving the plantation, and subjected to forced labor. They could not rent or purchase land to cultivate themselves, organize for higher wages, and it was illegal to offer freedmen higher wages than that provided for in their current contract. Regardless of conditions, workers were tied to an employer for the entire contract term. They would forfeit all wages earned, if they left, since wages were typically paid at the end of a year’s contract. Prison labor euphemistically called convict-leasing incentivized the freedmens' arrest. Workers risked arrest if they were caught without their labor contract. Once jailed, the only way out was to sign a labor contract for whatever a planter was willing to pay. Nonpayment of contract wages was epidemic. It was slavery by another name.
Yet, even with the Black Codes in full force, plantation owners still sought out cheaper alternative labor in newly-arriving Sicilians and Chinese. Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, eyeing the end of slavery, sent an emissary to China in 1862 to seek the replacement to slave labor—the Chinese—to build the railroads and work the fields at a cheaper price than paying former slaves. Chinese laborers were brought in to break strikes. They were hated by industrial workers who decried the scheming Capitalists for reestablishing another form of slavery after the war, but contempt for their bosses didn’t prevent many from engaging in racist and xenophobic attacks and massacres of the Chinese, which included burning Chinatowns and expelling Chinese. By 1882 the government’s Chinese Exclusion Act banned not only future immigration but also the citizenship of the approximately 300,000 Chinese already in the US. There would be no great slave republic, but the destruction of Reconstruction ensured there would always be a place for foreign workers as a class of unfree laborers in order to ensure super profits and to undermine unity and progress for workers.
While the Bracero program, which lasted from 1942 to 1964, brought more than 4 million workers, likely twice that number came as it fueled a demand for even cheaper labor among growers who sought out undocumented Mexican workers. The Bracero program, like the other aforementioned government policies, which created an underclass of labor, showed that legalizing guest worker programs enabled bosses to seek out an even deeper layer of exploited worker. Growers cemented the now mainstream stereotypes of:
- The hardworking immigrant that happily does the work no American worker will do;
- Without these workers the industry will go bankrupt. Meant to obscure the government’s role in facilitating this superexploitation, this racism aims to justify the conditions that workers endure by claiming they want to work under such conditions.
Since the 1980’s, this “happy slave” stereotype has saddled the undocumented worker — the latest incarnation of the unfree laborer comes from a provision in the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, misleadingly named employers' sanctions. (See a previous post outlining how the employer sanctions provision criminalizes and divides the working class.) While the undocumented underclass toil in industries such as service, construction, and homecare, Black and white native-born workers are warehoused in the prison industrial complex or shut out from jobs from the opposing stereotype that promotes they are lazy and unwilling to work. Like the Southeastern slave-producing states, foreign countries now reproduce our underclass, raise them to working age, and then see them risk the journey to America to certain work and misery.
At every historical turn, there is the government’s not-so-invisible hand creating the super-exploitive conditions that pit workers against one another in order to rob more of the wealth workers create. The very laws it creates to criminalize the foreign worker and ostensibly “protect” native-born workers is the very same law that creates the incentive for employers to superexploit the foreign worker. Inevitably, these laws encourage workers to see the foreign worker as the enemy and shields the real driver of these conditions—the law stripping foreign workers of the same rights as native workers. This is no mere discrimination between and among workers and individual bosses, but systemic government control to legally deprive a group of workers of the right to sell their labor. If unfree labor is still a central driving force of our economy, then it would seem the South, in fact, did win the Civil War.
We can't end the legacy of slavery nor crush white supremacy, so long as we permit the government to promote such an abhorrent system that robs us and then would have workers see each other as the enemy.
Today, Biden, labor unions, and immigrant advocates are seeking to strengthen this modern-day slave law. There is growing pressure on Biden to address the legacy of slavery, with calls for a Third Reconstruction. But a national reckoning of slavery is not enough — once we see that systemic exploitation is the very fabric of this “democracy”. The hypocrisy of “enforcing” employer sanctions echoes how the government willfully ignored the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade or used the Bracero program to traffick in the first era of Mexican undocumented.
Do we have to imagine a Confederate flag flying above every investment house — every political and government office, business establishment and fraternity, where super profits are being extracted or protected by law — to see more clearly our current condition? Workers must rise up against this system and the state that protects the criminals and their liberty to exploit. Only a unified working class can finally win this country’s Civil War. | history |
https://www.bodegasfrutosvillar.com/en/100-years-of-bodegas-frutos-villar-s-l/ | 2023-09-23T21:40:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00732.warc.gz | 0.917609 | 369 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__314931456 | en | 100 YEARS of Bodegas Frutos Villar, S.L
During this very special year, due to the alert situation that we have had due to COVID-19, our firm celebrates 100 years of existence, giving all our experience and know-how, so that you can enjoy all our wines, and especially MURUVE , than 100 years ago.
It was in 1920, when its founder Frutos Villar, began his journey from a town, Villavendimio (Zamora), passing his legacy to his three sons, Salvio, Jacinto and Quirino, expanding throughout the region and other neighboring provinces, his wine red MURUVE. Later, a new generation, made up of José Luis, Jesús and Mª Concepción, developed the company in other Denominations of Origin (Cigales, Rueda y R, Duero, Vinos de la Tierra de Castilla y León). Currently, there is a 4th generation, which has taken the reins of Bodegas Frutos Villar, S.L., Jesús Jáñez, José Miguel Villar, José Luis Villar, Daniel Jáñez. Elena Villar, Fernando Villar, Alberto and Javier Jáñez, Carlos Villar, Patricia Villar.
To commemorate this centenary, the winery has released a special wine MURUVE GRAN RESERVA 2014, with 5,000 bottles, presented in individual cases, and cases of 3 bottles.
To purchase this wine, you can do so: Telephone: 0034.9188.8.131.52, or by e-mail: [email protected] | history |
http://www.sherrylcaulfield.com/four-lives-price-australian-heritage/ | 2023-03-23T19:53:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00304.warc.gz | 0.983198 | 3,216 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__72468063 | en | Four lives – the price of my Australian heritage
Hello and thank you for stopping by my blog as part of the Australia Day Book Giveway Blog Hop. I recently released my debut novel, Seldom Come By, an epic adventurous love story set on the eve of the great war.
It was described in a recent review as: a great mix of romance, scenery, tragedy and history.
It’s true. I am attracted to all of the above. In celebration of Australia Day I will be giving away a copy of Seldom Come By – print or ebook – your choice – to someone who leaves a comment here to this blog. You need to comment by midnight AEST Tuesday 28 January. The winner will be announced towards the end of January.
I’m sorry to say, this is a longer than usual blog. How did that happen! I have decided to write about my Australian heritage, how this line of Caulfields came to be in Australia, and the price they paid. It is a story of hope, sacrifice and heartache. I hope you enjoy it. When you have finished reading and commenting hop back on the blog tour of over 50 blogs, where there are more book giveaways to be found. 🙂
I was born and raised on a farm east of the gold mining town of Gympie, in a place called Cedar Pocket, once home to large stands of one of Australia’s few native deciduous trees, the Red Cedar. As far back as I can remember, both sides of my family were farmers – small crops and dairy. For many years, what epitomised being Australian to me, were the women and men of the land, summers spent swimming in free-flowing creeks and the odd dunk in the briny sea.
On Sept 11, 2001, when I was living in New Zealand, I received a life-changing call from my older brother. “This is it,” he said. “I’m walking off the farm.” All Greg had wanted to do with his life was be a farmer. He left school at 16 years of age to pursue his dream, pelting his school shoes at the wall, announcing with certitude that he was never going back. Twenty years later, despite working across three paw-paw farms and capping mineshafts, he was unable to meet his mortgage payments. His news was monumental and heartbreaking. Before I could ask a single question, he said. “I’m off to work in the mines.”
Little did we know at the time he was continuing a lost family tradition. Twelve hours later that date woud be seared in history.
Five years down the line, our father, at our urging decided to write his life story. One thing about our father, when he decides to do something he really does give it his all. Rather than write a simple memoir, he decided to trace the path of his forebears on the Caulfield side to understand how they came to be in Australia. His grandmother had died when he was two years of age; ten years later, his seldom seen grandfather, Charles, passed away. All he knew about his grandfather was he had a bunch of stepbrother and sisters; little more.
In January 2006 while holidayiing in Hervey Bay with my parents I typed the first chapter of my father’s story. In doing so I read the amazing details of the life of his great grandparents, James and Catherine. I was unprepared for the story he uncovered. I know they were not alone in the hardships they bore; yet they weren’t two historical figures to me. They were a young man and a young woman not in the prime of their life but in the promise of their life and this is their Australian story:
My great, great, great Grandfather, James Caulfield, lived near Dungannon, not far from the ruins of Castle Caulfield, the ancient Northern Island seat of King Colla da Crioch, whose descendants were named Caulfield. In the late 1840s he married Easter Canny and their first child, a son, also called James, was born in 1851. That same year, to escape Ireland’s ongoing, crippling, potato famine, they emigrated to Durham County, England.
There, in Tow Law, near Wolsingham, James found employment in the coal and iron ore mines, the extracts of which would be made into cannon balls for the Crimean War. Six short years later he was tragically killed in a mining accident, leaving Easter with three young boys, James (6), John (4) and Charles (a new born).
How she survived the next 15 years as a widow with three boys to rear, we do not know. All we know is that James went on to become an underground miner like his father. It was stated as his occupation on his June 1872 wedding certificate to Catherine McAninally. Their first child, a son born on the 10th May 1873, was also named James, following the family tradition.
Two years later, when their second son, Francis, was born, they took up the Queensland Parliament’s offer of employment in Queensland. Offers to those experienced in mining and related professions had been available in England for over decade and as an enticement included free passage to Queensland for their families.
It was no holiday. These migrant ships became known as Coffin Ships, due to the number of people who perished on the voyages.
The young Caulfield family left London on the 9th December 1875 aboard the Western Monarch, a new vessel launched only a few months earlier. On this crossing, 442 migrants were bound for Australia. On board were a surgeon, a Dr Harricks, and a nurse, Matron Randall. They were certainly needed. A bout of Enterin Fever – typhoid – went through the ship. Catherine and Francis, were two of its victims.
When the Western Monarch anchored at the bar in Moreton Bay, Brisbane, on 15th March 1876, it was boarded by the Qld Health Officer, Doctor Challinor.
Fortunately by this stage Catherine and Francis were recovering, however one remaining case of typhoid fever was found. The entire ship was placed in quarantine. The occupants were deposited on sandfly-infested Peel Island, which had scant facilities to cater for such a large group of people. Outraged and alarmed, the ship’s doctor, Harricks, wrote to the Brisbane Courier Mail warning that passengers would perish as a result. He requested that Catherine and Francis be transferred to the Brisbane Hospital. Sadly his requests went unanswered.
On the 19th March, baby Francis Caulfield died; three days later, his brother, James. They were buried on Peel Island in sight of their new callous country, which their parents had hoped would be a land of golden opportunity for them.
On the 27th March 1876 the Western Monarch was allowed to disembark at the Port of Brisbane. James and Catherine could finally start their longed-for, now grieving, lives in Australia.
They took the railroad to Warwick where they lived on its outskirts in the town of Clifton, while James worked at Elphinstone Colliery. On the 20th August 1878 they welcomed a new, Australian-born son, Charles. Just over a year later, on 4th July 1879, their fourth son, Henry was born.
Around this time tenders were called to extend the railway line 40 miles to the booming tin-mining area of Stanthorpe, a Latinised name meaning ‘tin village’.
James, because of his experience, was employed by a large construction firm, Overend & Co, managing a small team of men preparing the dynamite blasting of cuttings that would blow away the rock on the Stanthorpe to Warwick Rail line. Gangs worked night and day to complete the task.
When not working on the railway line James was busy building a small hut on a freehold 40 acre parcel of land, at Killarney south east of Warwick so his family could move there in 1880.
At ten past eleven on Friday the 2nd April 1880 at Cutting 81, near Mineral Creek, fourteen miles south of Warwick, James along with three of his team were preparing three holes for dynamite. He lit two of the three charges and after they exploded James went back to light the third. When it did not explode he returned to replace it with another when it suddenly exploded shattering his right hand and wrist and tearing away the left part of his face. Michael Considine, one of his employees, raced to his aid, asking him if he could stand up. “Yes,” he replied. Then: “God help my wife and family.”
He was placed on a mattress on a spring cart and frantically transported along the railway line while a runner was sent to Warwick for a doctor. They were met at Rosentahal Creek six miles from Warwick.
Meanwhile, Catherine had just finished packing up their rented home in Clifton to move to Killarney to the hut her husband had finished building. When she arrived in Warwick a day later, she asked about the whereabouts of her husband James.
“That’s him in the funeral coffin in the street,” she was told.
He had died within minutes of seeing the Doctor.
Somehow, someway, Catherine continued on to the meagre hut and farm her husband had prepared for her. I can’t imagine how she managed to survive those months alone, in the middle of nowhere, with two babies under two, curious aborigines peering through the cracks of her cobbled home, unable to read a single book for company. Six months later, her youngest son, Henry, died, leaving Charles – my great grandfather – the only suriving son of her late husband, James.
In the process of researching James’ history my father discovered his headstone on the Warwick Cemetery Heritage Trail. The column top was broken, not a mark of vandalism but symbolic of his life being cut short; it was lying on the ground having fallen out of its base. His infant son Henry had his inscription on the headstone as well.
This December just passed, as my father and I drove south to Tamworth for his sister’s funeral, we called in to the Warwick cemetery on a hot glaring day to visit the gravestone of my great, great grandfather, whose headstone my father had lovingly restored. James Caulfield, was 27 years old when he died.
Eight months later to the day, Catherine married a bachelor, Thomas Brennan, 20 years her senior, signing her second marriage certificate with an X.
With heartfelt thanks to my father, for his hours of research in documenting our family history.
Thank you for sharing this story with us. It was a beautiful post and I look forward to reading your novel.
Thanks for the great giveaway too.
Thank you Jess. You’re in the draw! 🙂
Congrats on your amazing debut! a huge topic to start a series –
every good wish for it’s [and your] success! it sounds fantastic…
Thanks you so much for your kind words, faith hope & cherry tea
OH MY GOODNESS Sherryl.
What an amazing, though tragic story. I have been trying to trace my family tree on both side, but unfortunately have mostly names and dates, and very few stories.
Thank you for sharing, enjoy your Australia Day holiday.
Thanks Karen for visiting and reading my blog. Yes, very tragic. I’ve added your name to the draw.
What a rich family history. Happy Australia Day holiday!
Thanks Eleni. Will have to research the other side one day. Love your Avatar. Enjoy the last day of the long week-end. We are off to have a BBQ with friends.
Thank you for this interesting post. Isn’t it fascinating delving into the lives of our predecessors….
Yes! Regan 🙂 Makes me want to be a time traveller!
What an amazing story. I teach year 5 and we will be researching life in the 1800’s especially in Queensland. The story you have shared is a wonderful insight into life at the time and I am eager to share it with my class. Thanks for allowing a glimpse of your family history in this poignant tale.
Louise, thanks for your comments. Yes, I think it is important to understand that perhaps the setbacks we encounter in our 21st century lives pale in comparison to our ancestors a century or two earlier. We don’t fully appreciate the advances of modern medicine and transportation because it is all we know. Feel free to share with your students. This is an abridged version – I can send you more detail offline if you are interested.
I would love that – does my email show up for you to use?
Lovely post. I think many of us wonder at the strength of our forebears who came on the long voyage to this country. Thanks for sharing. Happy Australia Day, and thanks to Book’d Out for organising this great way for authors to celebrate with readers. Cheers, Noelle Clark (Journeys with Noelle).
Thanks for coming by. It’s been a great way for authors to meet other authors, I’ve still got lots of sites to visit – hopefully tomorrow.
Thanks for sharing
Thanks for reading my blog and leaving a comment bn100.
Wow, what a sad story yet it shows how strong Catherine was.
Like your day I have been doing my family history for many years and love uncovering little things along the way.
Have a wonderful weekend.
Lovely to hear from you Ann-Marie… She really had to keep moving forward didn’t she? Have fun with your family history project.
Amazing story – thank you for sharing. My day has got somewhat better for reading that!
Ta for you comment Paul. I’m glad your day got better!
Thanks for the very interesting blog Sherryl… it was great reading it.. Thanks for the giveaway as well 🙂
Thanks Brenda. You are in the draw!
Wow, what a powerful and moving story. Thanks so much for sharing, it helps us, especially the younger generations, know how far we have come and what has been sacrificed for us today. Thanks for the giveaway and happy Aus Day! 🙂
Thanks Amanda. Life certainly was a struggle for some people back then. I will add that by the time she remarried, Catherine’s sister had joined her in Australia. I hope her presence was of immense comfort to her.
Shows how much we have to be thankful for today.
Certainly does Dale. Thanks for popping by.
What a sad story! Three of my grandparents were born overseas and migrated in the wake of WW2, but my mother’s father’s family were early settlers, mostly of the convict variety. A lot of sad stories there – very few people emigrate for happy reasons, after all – but I think your Catherine’s story is particularly tragic.
Thanks for visiting Catherine. True – most people are fleeing something in the hope of something better. A few moment’s of reflection reminds us to be ever so grateful of our lot – and modern medicine. Enjoy your long week-end 🙂 | history |
https://www.beverlypatterson.com/in-progress | 2023-10-02T17:17:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00043.warc.gz | 0.985106 | 104 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__121545598 | en | (NOT) Business as Usual was an exhibition organized by City College students in December 2019 to protest the sudden cancelling of 300 classes. Its purpose was to call attention to the class cuts and bring about change. While ultimately some classes were restored and Chancellor Mark Rocha was fired, the City College art program has continued to be systematically dismantled. In May 2020 the Fort Mason campus was shuttered, a huge loss for the community.
Beverly contributed three paintings, two sculptures and a visitor engagement piece. | history |
https://www.vinhoweb.pt/detail.aspx?section=Port&idc=47&ido=32474&vat=1 | 2022-08-19T20:37:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00289.warc.gz | 0.98148 | 848 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__204492888 | en | Warre’s has been leading the Port trade since it was established as the first British Port House in 1670. A pioneer of a great tradition with over 300 years of history, Warre’s legacy is built on the superb quality of Warre’s Vintage Ports and on an unwavering commitment to quality and successful innovation.
The firm that became Warre’s was established in 1670. Two Englishmen, William Burgoyne and John Jackson opened offices in northern Portugal as Burgoyne & Jackson - initially a general trading company, exporting wines, olive oil and fruit, as well as importing dried cod and English woollen goods.
Over time, the company admitted new partners and its name changed accordingly; in 1718 it traded as John Clark, then in 1723 it was known as Clark & Thornton and finally in 1729, it became Messrs. Clark, Thornton & Warre, with the arrival of the first Warre in Portugal. This was William Warre, born in India (1706), where his parents and grandparents were long established members of the East India Company.
By the close of the 18th century, Warre’s had become one of the leading companies as illustrated by the total shipments of Port for 1791. In that year, 21 companies exported a little over 30,000 pipes of Port, of which Warre & Sons accounted for 2,937 pipes, i.e. 10% of the total.
The Warres: one of the great Port families.
On arriving in Portugal in 1729 William Warre (1706 - 1773) was to start a family Port dynasty that would make a unique and unmatched contribution to Port and to the life of its adopted city and country. In 1745, he married Elizabeth Whitehead, sister of John Whitehead, the distinguished British Consul responsible for designing and building the magnificent British Factory House (1790). Their eldest son, also William, would himself serve as His Majesty’s Consul. The 5th sibling, James Warre, became a prominent figure in the Port trade for over 50 years and would father the most illustrious member of the family, another William Warre (1784 - 1853). This William was destined to have an outstanding military career which was to mark him as one of the most distinguished and historically important figures to come out of the many Port families in the long annals of the Port trade.
William Warre: A heroic figure in the history of Port
Commissioned as an officer in the British Army, the young Porto-born Captain Warre played a central and decisive role at virtually all of the key battles throughout the Peninsular War (1808 – 1812), during which joint British and Portuguese forces fought Napoleon Bonaparte’s successive invading armies. Captain Warre’s knowledge of the language and the country, despite the fact that he was aged only 24 at the outbreak of war, made him invaluable to his commanders, Field Marshall Beresford and the Duke of Wellington. To the latter William recommended and supplied Port from his family’s company. In a letter to his father, dated 15th May, 1810, written from Army Headquarters at Fornos d’Algodres, he wrote:
“My Dear Father,
I have been much flattered lately by Ld. Wellington’s reception of me, and lately remained two days at his Hd. Qrs. At Celorico, 2 leagues from here. He has applied to me to procure him one hogshead of very fine old Port. He does not care about the price, and wishes me to get you to take care of it for him in London. At Oporto it is impossible to get any old wine, and I therefore told him I would write to you, and beg your assistance.”
He would eventually rise to the rank of Lieutenant - General, receiving several awards for gallantry and titles from both Portugal and England in recognition of his substantial contribution towards the recovery of Portugal’s independence. | history |
https://www.aerolifeaviation.com/Resources/TheLongestFlightintheWorld | 2023-02-04T05:57:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00384.warc.gz | 0.981641 | 2,970 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__87590172 | en | The longest flight in the world
Did you know there are several world records that were set for flight?
There are multiple world records set for flight. Some of them were with pilots, some without, some being refuelled and some not. The latest record-breaking was Qantas Airways landing in Sydney. This record was achieved at 7.45 am Sunday October 20th, 2019 after its continuous journey from New York of 19 hours and 16 minutes in air. Feels like its alot right? How about 1558 hours and 19 minutes! It was 1958 when two Las Vegas pilots, Robert Timm and John Cook, set this record. Let me tell you their incredible yet funny record breaking flight.
Early years of aviation; way back when
Back in the 1900’s flight endurance was limited by how much fuel a plane could carry but this was all about to change with the initiation of mid-air aircraft refuelling which increased an aircraft’s endurance to an unbelievable 1558 hours and 19 minutes. In 1923, the US Army Air Service set the first refuelled endurance record by staying in the air for more than 37 hours. It had 9 refuelings that pumped 687 gallons of gas with 38 gallons of oil into its tanks. Of course this record was broken multiple times; close to a dozen actually. 1929 claimed to have the highest number of record breaks as it was reset 5 times!
2 decades later, in 1949, a solid endurance record was set by two former Navy pilots in an Aeronca Sedan for 46 days and 9 hours. This record was set in a successful attempt to convince the government to reopen the Yuma Army Airfield. This record stood solid for almost a decade until about 9 years later, in the year 1958, two more pilots decided to set a new endurance record. This was about 2 years after the debut of an incredible aircraft; the Cessna 172, which was getting quite popular. After some slight modifications to the Cessna 172, which they named ‘The Old Scotchman’ for their mission, they set a record of 50 days in flight.
However, another group was just starting their journey, ‘Hacienda’ was ready to break this record in the deserts of Las Vegas.
The initiative for the ‘Hacienda’ journey..
Doc Bailey, an entrepreneur, built his first ever family oriented hotel and casino the ‘Hacienda’ in Las Vegas in 1956. This 265 room hotel did not do well.
Hacienda was considered to be one of the ‘low rollers’ because of its undesirable location and it catered to locals and families.
The 265 room ‘Hacienda’ Hotel and casino in Las Vegas
Doc tried many things to boost his business but was soon convinced to step forward and engage in something much more ambitious.
All the popular casinos were over a mile north of Hacienda.
Robert Timm, a slot machine mechanic who’s been described as a bear of a man, approached Doc with an idea. Doc was known to listen to and consider all ideas no matter where they came from. He was easily convinced that the best way to boost Hacienda’s visibility was to publicize that they were going to attempt to break the manned flight endurance record. The driving force behind this was the fact that Timm was an experienced aviator and had great passion for flying. He suggested they should feature the name Hacienda Hotel on the side of the aircraft which would draw the attention of many.
Robert Timm, the slot mechanic
Doc was inspired by Timm’s initial idea. He put together a fundraising activity in support of a Cancer Research Foundation to garner goodwill for the stunt without merely using the flight as a public display stunt for Hacienda. People could try to win a cash price of $10,000 by guessing how long the flight endurance would be after contributing a small amount to the cancer foundation. This wasn’t gambling; it was helping a noble cause.
With Doc’s money committed to the stunt, they now needed a co-pilot and an aircraft with Timm serving as the primary pilot.
Modifications to a Cessna 172 to make it endurance-ready…
Timm reached out to one of his friends, Iru Kuenzi, who was also a mechanic at Alamo Aviation in Las Vegas. “He told me about this project he was going to get involved in and wanted to know if I’d be interested in helping him. I told him ‘sure’.”
Timm and Kuenzi chose N9217B, a Cessna 172 with 1500 hours total time on the airframe. Although it already had a Narco Omnigator Mk II and a Mitchell autopilot, these two spent a year modifying it to be stunt-ready.
Timm and Kuenzi bought N9217B - a Cessna 172
They installed a 95 gallon Sorenson belly tank on the plane to supplement the 47 gallons of fuel the wing tanks could carry. This was then fitted with an electric pump to transfer the fuel to the wing tanks.
They re-plumbed the oil lines so they could change the engine oil and oil filter without shutting down the engine. Then they removed everything from the interior except for the pilot’s seat. They put a small mattress in place of the co-pilot's seat so they could take turns resting. They also installed a small stainless steel sink in the rear to wash and shave during the flight.
The co-pilot’s side door was also removed and replaced with a folding, accordion style door. A small platform was designed that could be lowered out this door to provide more footing during refueling operations.
Then, the two mechanics decided to replace the aircraft’s current 450SNEW engine with a brand new one from Continental Motors. Timm had explained to them the plan and was delighted by the idea of receiving a ‘special engine’ for the purpose. Years later Kuenzi discovered how this ‘special engine’ was given to them as a mere sales strategy by Continental Motors.
Timm made one additional modification, over the objection of Kuenzi who did not approve, installing a primer-like system designed to squirt alcohol into the combustion chamber of each of the engine’s six cylinders. He believed that this design would reduce the build up of carbon from combustion.
The first flight ...
Everything was set and ready for flight. The aircraft and pilot were ready although there are no records who the first co-pilot was who accompanied Timm during the early attempts.
They took to the sky three times and each was cut short by mechanical problems. Timm mentioned in one of his diaries ‘the entire sky lit up’ on their third attempt later realizing he has witnessed one of the atomic bomb denotations in the Nevada testing area. The three flights never lasted longer than 17 days. Timm was frustrated by the vast amount of mechanical problems and also was not getting along with his co-pilot, eventually dismissing him.
During this time, ‘The Old Scotchman’, who had held the endurance record previously, showed back up and set a new record frustrating Timm even more. Now they needed more than 50 days in air to come in even with the ‘The Old Scotchman’ record!
Introducing John Wayne
It didn’t take long until Timm found the perfect co-pilot in John Wayne Cook. Cook was a steady 33 year old with hours of flying experience who was also working at Alamo Aviation. It turned out that Cook has also spent time working on N9217B and Cook replied with ‘Sure, I’ll try’ when Timm requested him for the 4th attempt in the sky.
John Wayne Cook was a lanky, single, 33 year old airplane mechanic with experience flying for the airlines
Experienced airline pilot John Wayne Cook
During the time Timm was on the lookout for his co-pilot, Kuenzi removed their ‘special engine’ and reinstalled the old 450SNEW engine while also disabling Timm’s primer-like system without his knowledge and this decision turned out to be spot on!
The fourth and final attempt
With less publicity than Doc originally desired, Timm and Cook lifted to the skies from Las Vegas with special permission from the FAA to lift off at 350-400 pounds above the maximum takeoff weight. They were even chased by a car who painted white on the aircraft wheels so that the duo did not cheat by secretly landing the aircraft when nobody was watching.
Encouragement from a speeding Ford Thunderbird
‘Hacienda’ flew close to Las Vegas for the first few days until they made sure it did not have any mechanical shortcomings this time. Then they flew South, spending most of their time flying over the deserts of Blythe, California and Yuma, Arizona which had flatter, lower altitude terrain.
How did they refuel Hacienda?
Their primary support vehicle was a Ford truck loaded with fuel tank, pump and other necessities, donated for the purpose of accomplishing the mission. Hacienda flew 20 feet above a highway the government closed temporarily for the purpose and refueled twice a day using a hose. One of the pilots stood on the platform and winched up a fuel line to pump fuel into the belly tank. This took about 3 minutes. So, doing the math... 64 days with two refuelings each makes for 128 refuelings in total!
Robert Timm and John Cook didn’t do air to air refueling or use a solar powered airplane. They matched the speed of the Cessna 172 with a Ford truck and pulled up a fuel line for about 3 minutes to fill the tank.
Re-fueling the airplane
It wasn’t easy. Weather got in the way sometimes and interrupted their schedule. They made plans on meeting in new locations and times. They even had to deal with a non-functioning fuel pump at one point and managed to haul up 5 gallon fuel cans using a rope!
Refueling the Cessna 172 airplane
Food, water, towels and other basic necessities were also sent during these transfers. What do you think they ate? Chinese? Certainly not. Doc has taken lead in instructing chefs from the hotel to prepare them food with the finest, fresh ingredients which were stuffed into thermos jugs to send up to the pilots.
Endurance routines of the pilots...
Yes, they had a schedule for everything. Each of them took turns flying for 4 hours each. When they were not flying they tried their best to sleep. They attended to little chores to keep the aircraft off the ground and washed or exercised when they weren’t sleeping.
According to Cook’s diary, their hygiene activities were particularly uncomfortable.
On one occasion Timm was going through his daily hygiene routine so had undressed, lowered the platform and stepped out of the co-pilot’s door with his toothbrush when Cook realized they were too low and would not be able to clear a ridge that was just in front of them. Panic stricken, Cook screamed to Timm to pull up the platform. Later, Cook told about his experience seeing a bare naked Timm struggling to pulling up the platform.
You might even wonder how they used the bathroom. Well, you know the standard Cessna 172 does not come with a bathroom. It doesn’t even have enough room for it. So they created their own method in the form of a camping toilet and plastic bags, which were then disposed of in unpopulated areas of the desert.
Even though the first few weeks of the flight sailed smoothly, Cook starts writing about their hardships in flight later on. They were constrained with a lack of exercise, burdened with constant engine noise and had difficulty completing even routine daily chores. They lacked sleep. They even escaped a tragic end when Timm accidentally dozed off in the pilot's seat at about 2:55 am about halfway through their mission. They later disclosed to a reporter,“It was 2:55 AM and he [Timm] was fighting sleeplessness. On auto pilot fell asleep 4000 FT over Blythe Airport found himself halfway to Yuma Ariz 4000 ft. Very lucky. We must sleep more in the day time”
Flying by the record
39 days were gone, Hacienda’s generator, heat, light and electric pump had all failed. They had blankets to combat the miserably cold weather. A wind generator was installed on a strut, but only provided very little output and was just enough to power up some Christmas lights. For the failed electric pump, they used a hand pump and we found Cook’s diary summing up the torture,
Progressing towards the 50 day record that was recently set by the two former Navy pilots at that time, Timm and Cook were determined to break the flight endurance record. They decided not to land once they finally broke the record; they kept on flying for as long as they could. They really wanted to ensure that they had set the record bar high enough.
Holding the record after great difficulties encountered along the way, the pilots finally made the decision to land on the 7th of February 1959. Making sure not to forget having the white paint on the wheels of the aircraft checked before they landed, their efforts had paid off. It is amazing to be able to tell you that they flew 150,000 miles which is about 6 complete circles around the earth. Their extra effort in extending the record was worthwhile because up to today the record is still theirs.
On February 7th 1959, the two pilots set their record on the record books
Some final thoughts
Several years later, Steve, the son of Timm commented on how much skill and determination his dad and Cook needed to survive for 64 days 22 hours and 19 minutes in the air, let alone setting a record.
Many years after the fact, when reporters asked Timm if he would ever consider replicating the stunt he replied,
This incredible Cessna 172 aircraft now hangs from the ceiling of McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas after it spent some time in the McCarren museum. | history |
http://candycrate.blogspot.com/2013/11/happy-veterans-day.html | 2018-05-21T10:42:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864063.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521102758-20180521122758-00464.warc.gz | 0.970688 | 200 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__154120156 | en | World War I – known at the time as “The Great War” - officially ended when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles outside the town of Versailles, France. However, fighting ceased seven months earlier when an armistice, or temporary cessation of hostilities, between the Allied nations and Germany went into effect on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. For that reason, November 11, 1918, is generally regarded as the end of “the war to end all wars.” http://www.va.gov/opa/vetsday/vetdayhistory.asp
Although, like many holidays, Veterans Day has evolved into a day of celebration of our military past and present the original November 11th celebration was a relief as the unofficial ending of World War I. Today, 95 years later we say THANK YOU to our United States Military, past and present. | history |
http://sekouodinga.com/art/RGB-postcard.html | 2019-02-23T08:38:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249495888.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223082039-20190223104039-00163.warc.gz | 0.968584 | 171 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__200668081 | en | Sekou Odinga grew up in Queens in a family of nine. He is a father of eight, a grandfather of nineteen+ and a great-grandfather. He is a former member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and the Black Liberation Army (BLA). He is a Muslim, New Afrikan and a Prisoner of War unjustly held in the u.s. prison system for the past 30+ years for defending Black people against this country's war on Black Liberation.
U.S. Political Prisoner & Prisoner of War
"These are people who dedicate their lives to the transformation of this country, who put the benefit of their communities ahead of themselves, who belieed that transformation was not only possible, but was worth dying for to end brutality, racism, economic discrimination, imperialism, war." | history |
https://ziviatelje.dk/atelier/ | 2023-12-02T08:43:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00124.warc.gz | 0.98246 | 214 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__262765989 | en | Vera’s atelier was always referred to as an “open atelier” where artists, architects, craftsmen and women, writers, journalists and people from all walks of life came for a coffee, rakia and conversation. The impromptu gatherings became recurrent and Saturday mornings became a sort of “salon chez Vera.” Ideas were exchanged and joint projects were erected in those 60 years that Vera occupied and created within her atelier in Ilica 110.
She first obtained use of the atelier as a master student of sculptor at the Art Academy across the street. Originally the atelier had been a bakery that many years later, with the help of architect friends and workers, she turned into her workspace where she created sculptures, jewelry, graphics, and reliefs in ceramics, galvanoplastics, bronze and plaster.
Today her atelier is undergoing transformation so that it can be used as the working space of several artists, in what we call the Creative Collective Space. | history |
https://smart-car.tech/blog/2015hondaaccord/ | 2020-10-21T21:02:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878633.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021205955-20201021235955-00415.warc.gz | 0.98184 | 2,641 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__153008101 | en | There was a time when the world was introduced to cars to carry people from one place to the other, and there was also a time when style started becoming constant. Among a mighty league of car manufacturers, is one such brand that is known for its presence in both, two and four wheeler segments. Honda, a Japanese automobile giant was founded in December 1995. There is one such car that is considered a blend of Luxury and sportiness wrapped in a Sedan. Yes, the Honda Accord is on of the most sought after sedan cars that are available in most countries. This car directly competes with Toyota Camry and carries a long history (but I’ll try my best to keep it short, I promise ) History of Accord: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-Rkj6-L0YQ The name itself grants power, status or recognition to its owner. It was considered a boring car in the United States of America; hopefully the all-new 2015 Accord would manage to run over that accusation.[caption id="attachment_2627" align="aligncenter" width="559"] Image Source: www.pattypeckhonda.com[/caption] 1976-2014 A journey of 38 years: Similar to our lives, the Accord has had its share of ups and downs. Lets accelerate through 38 years (approximately) with the Honda Accord. It stated off with the successful but diminutive Civic that was one of the most preferred cars in America, but that was replaced by the Accord that made an ever-lasting impression in America, the sales were pretty good right from the very beginning. With more space, came greater power and more economy (America was facing fuel crisis) and more so hassle free parking. The Accord was initially available as a 2-door hatchback with comfortable seating and logical control/gauge placements as well as high quality switchgear. The car was known for its generous standard equipment list that included AM/FM stereo radio, rear defroster/ wiper/washer and remote hatch release. The Accord had a 1.6 liter four cylinder engine that had 68-horse power. During ’76 American V8’s were struggling with the 140 horsepower producing engines, Honda’s CVCC head design was produced that was not only clean, it also provided an efficient combustion. During 1978, an LX version of the Accord was launched that had lady luxury’s grace, the upholstery, air conditioning, digital clock were majorly responsible for the growth in the sales of the Accord cars. During 1979, the accord family saw a logical expansion phase that added a four-door sedan as the Toyota Corona’s major adversary. It was 9 inches longer than the opponent due to its three-body box style. The engine advanced to a 1.8 liter, 72 hp engines; there were a few more advancements such as oil cooler, power steering as well as a tachometer. Not many changes were incorporated in the year 1980, however the year 1981 was an exciting one for Honda. There was an introduction of the luxury trim level sedan called the SE, this was no ordinary sedan, this accord had style, and it was the babe on the roads. With uber chic features like leather seating, power windows, door locks, alloy wheels, a sound system with cassette deck, this was a way bigger deal than owning a super car now. Adding to the glory of Honda, the Accord was revamped in the year 1982 with a 3inch increase in its wheelbase and its length by 2 inches. The new version was more spacious and it provided more room space for rear seat passengers. The all new body and plush interiors were quite delightful and modish. The new 1.8-liter engine had increased hp (75) During 1982, Honda started producing Accord’s in the US, and by 1991 the Marysville Ohio plant produced over 3,50,000 cars for American Consumers. Improvements were a must and the Accord kept getting bigger and better, the year 1983 was when Honda accord was given a four-speed auto unit that replaced the three-speed unit. The second generation Honda Accord’s came to an end in the year 1985. But just before bidding farewell, a special four-door version was offered to celebrate its success, it was called the SE-i. This indicates the engine's induction was by fuel injection unlike the other Accords. This limited edition was one of a kind and generated a lot of interest. In 1986, Honda took a big leap with the newly introduced version that was built on a better theme than before, the wheel base was increased by 6 inches and the vehicle length was elongated by 3 more inches. The slender looks were given a major priority. The new accords were bigger and heavier than before and so, their engine’s had also evolved to 2 liters and managed to produce 98 HP with the DX and LX trims and 110 HP in the fuel-injected versions. That was exactly when; the new suspension named “wish bone” was added to the Accords to provide better handling and better comfort. There was a heated up battle between the family sedan producing cars in the US, especially Toyota and Honda and it was evident that race enthusiasts chose Honda ( the Toyota was termed as the poor man’s BMW ) With a few minor changes, the Honda Accords were introduced till 1989. But, 1990 was a revolutionary year for yet another breed of Accords. The all-new 1990 Accord underwent a major overhaul and it was bigger in size and quite powerful, terming this car the best selling car in America. This lasted for a period of 3 continuous years (1990-1992) Only sedans were available and the hatchbacks were completely out, the wheel base of the new cars were increased and measured a total of 107.1 inches, the accord had gained weight too, it was close to 3000 pounds. Styling was given equal importance and the car looked sportier than ever. Fuel injectors were standard and the engine also went through a major upgrade, the 2.2 liter engine had the power of 125 ponies in both the DX and LX versions and the EX version was as powerful as 130 horses. Auto transmission and electronic controls were added. In 1992, the accords were equipped with drivers side Airbags and got rid of the shoulder belts that were mandatory according to the government’s safety norms. Not many changes were incorporated in the years that followed, the engines were upgraded and so did the horsepower. [caption id="attachment_2628" align="aligncenter" width="1500"] Image Source: sterlingtowing.com[/caption] ARRIVAL OF THE V6: During 1995, the first V6 engine powered Accords were rolled out and were made available in LX and EX Sedan variants. The new engine was adapted from the 1991 Acura legend and had 170 HP mated to a 4-speed auto transmission, the engine was quieter and smoother than the 4 cylinder versions. There were a few upscale features like the moon roof and CD deck added to the cars. Honda kept on increasing and the cars got bigger and better, the cars looked better, slender and more desirable every time. The new VTEC system was added to Honda cars with a 2.3 liter inline four engine that had 150 HP as well as the newly launched V6 version that had a 3 liter engine and produced 200 Hp. Owing to interior and exterior changes in the previous years, the 2002 Honda Accord had marked the fifth year of the generation cycle. Honda had introduced an SE trim level model which was available in a coupe format too, the audio systems were upgraded, the drivers sear and the power adjustments were improved, there was the introduction of the keyless entry too. The 2003 models had an exciting theme, which was much needed from Honda, and so, the Accord’s engines were more powerful and the design was just the thing to boost up its reputation. The new engines had V6 power and the 2.4-liter engine produced 160 hp whereas the 3-liter version produced 240 hp. There was an introduction of a five speed automatic and a 6 speed manual transmission. That was the exact year when the 3 models were made available again; the DX base model, LX (equipped) model and Luxury EX model which had all the top notch features such as; Heated leather seats, power passenger seat, dual-zone climate control, power moon roof and alloy wheels, there was also a navigation system (optional) During 2005, the Accord made a grand debut with a super high fuel efficiency goal, the V6 engine now produced 255 Hp and its performance was brisk and it could cover 0-60 in 7.5 seconds. The new Accord gave an average of 23.8 mpg which was disappointing as compared to the estimated 29 mpg (city) and 37 mpg (highway) the Honda had new looks, new tail lights and illuminated steering wheel controls, the front seat side airbags and head curtain air bags were added. Honda did not stop, it kept the tradition going, and the 2006 model had a few evident changes such as the revised front and rear fascias and new taillights. The sedan was now made available in 6 speed manual transmission, the suspension settings were revised and the car had 17-inch alloy wheels, the Air conditioning was revised and cruise control was added. The journey post 2008 had incorporated new design aesthetics in the new Honda Accord models, the size of the car got roomier and more powerful, keeping the fuel economy in sight, the styling was quite aggressive (it was adopted form the Acura TL) and it was quite desirable. The new 2.4 liter 177 hp producing engine was better than before, the EX model has a 190 hp producing engine and there was another model that produced 268 hp with a 3.5 liter engine. The 2009 model wasn't too different; the V6 engine produced 271 hp. There weren't many noticeable changes. But all of that is finally going to change with the all-new 2015 Honda Accord. THE ALL-NEW HONDA ACCORD (2015) The 2015 Honda Accord is going to be one of the best mid size sedans to hit the market. Being one of the most preferred Family sedan world wide, previous versions of the Accord have carried minimal complaints and owners have been happy with the performance. The all-new Accord is set to carry the same legacy ahead, it might also be one of the most competing and preferred cars in 2015. WHAT'S NEW? [caption id="attachment_2624" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Image Source: www.2014carsnews.com[/caption] The car looks almost like the previous version but new features have been added to make it more desirable. The interiors have been modified so well that they would definitely spoil the customer, even the dashboard has a complete new look and has high quality plastic additives. Being a Japanese by birth, this Honda car is going to have an abundance of technology, the all new climate control, Bluetooth enabled system, USB connectivity, rear view mirror cameras, collision warning, blind spot guidance, air bags as well as a dedicated monitor.With a little extra money, you could also fit in the "World Pandora" music, Digital photography assistance, high quality LED lights. [caption id="attachment_2629" align="aligncenter" width="750"] Image Source: carsrelease2014-2015.com[/caption] ENGINE: The car will be available in a 2.4 litre variant that would generate 185 HP and for those who like to live life on the edge, there is a 3 liter V6 engine variant that produces 278 Bhp (if you are willing to pay that much) [caption id="attachment_2626" align="aligncenter" width="615"] Image Source: www.2015newcarsmodels.com[/caption] LAUNCH & PRICE: The Honda Accord would strike the American market with a well thought out price ranging from $ 25,000 to $ 40,000. This car would compete directly with the upcoming Toyota Camry 2015. There is going to be a certain price difference between both. The Accord should launch by the 3rd quarter of 2014. [caption id="attachment_2625" align="aligncenter" width="1280"] Image Source: www.xhza.com[/caption] BOTTOM LINE: Honda is one of the most trusted automobile brands world wide. The all new Accord is going to be better than ever and it is certain to attract buyers who like cars that can do more than just carry a person from one place to the other. Let's find out which of the two cars (Honda Accord and Toyota Camry) performs better. | history |
http://choosewashingtonstate.com/success-stories/oberto-sausage-company/ | 2024-02-23T19:31:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00357.warc.gz | 0.976541 | 631 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__872098 | en | The pepperoni-powered American Dream.
The story of the Oberto Sausage Company originates in Italy in 1918. It was there that a young Constantino Oberto, like many immigrants at the turn of the century, dreamed of a better life for him and his family. Heeding the advice of his Uncle John, Constantino moved to America, eventually arriving in Seattle, a place, his uncle told him, where a hard working entrepreneur couldn’t help but succeed.
Relying on traditional family recipes, Constantino and John set up a small salami and sausage shop on South King Street. The company grew steadily over the years until tragedy struck the family unexpectedly in 1943. Constantino died, leaving the task of running the company to his wife Antoinetta and a young son.
Art Oberto was just 16 at the time and the future of his family and the company depended on him. He could have easily sold the business and few would have blamed him if he did. The country was in the midst of war and that meant meat rationing. A little sausage maker in Seattle was low on the priority list, so much so that a sympathetic meat inspector talked other butchers into giving the teenager some of their meat to keep the Oberto Sausage Company in business.
But quitting wasn’t something Art knew how to do. Instead, he rose to the task, opening the factory each morning before he headed off to school. After class, he’d load up the company’s delivery truck and make the rounds, selling the company’s sausage, salami and coppacola to anyone who would buy.
Not only was Art a natural born salesman, but he was also a resourceful entrepreneur. It was he and his wife Dorothy who came up with the idea for a new product for Oberto, something a local distributor had shown them. Soon, Beef Jerky started to flow from the Oberto Sausage Company and even today, it’s the company’s biggest seller.
Oberto has gone on to become a national brand that is still locally loved. Its product line includes other familiar brands, including Lowrey’s Meat Snacks, Pacific Gold Meat Snacks and Smokecraft.
But it’s the jerky and pepperoni that keeps customers coming back. So much so that the company announced plans to open a new plant in 2013 in Nashville to keep up with demand. The new facility joins the 170,000 square foot Oberto plant in Kent, Washington.
Though Art isn’t involved in running the business on a day-to-day basis any longer, you’ll still find him out and about, serving as its front man and biggest cheerleader. A true Washington original, Art has been part of the fabric of the community for the last 85 years, including being a longtime sponsor of the Oh, Boy! Oberto hydroplane, which not only captured the sport’s national championship several times but also served as the company’s fastest, most recognizable billboard. | history |
https://www.loftmodern.com/collections/nemo-italianaluce | 2023-09-27T18:11:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00161.warc.gz | 0.880341 | 195 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__325799407 | en | Established in Milan in 1993 by Franco Cassina, Nemo stands as a hallmark in Italian design, rooted in a lineage of pioneering innovations. Under the ownership of Federico Palazzari, Nemo proudly presents 'The Masters' collection, a distinctive array of lamps envisioned by twentieth-century luminaries like Le Corbusier, Charlotte Perriand, Vico Magistretti, Franco Albini, and Kazuhide Takahama. Additionally, Nemo collaborates with contemporary visionaries such as Mario Bellini, Jean Nouvel, Andrea Branzi, Bernhard Osann, and Arihiro Miyake to craft modern icons. In 2020, the acquisition of Turin-based Ilti Luce led to the birth of Nemo Studio, dedicated to pioneering architectural lighting solutions for museums, retail spaces, and outdoor environments. Today, Nemo's global presence spans Milan, France, and the United States, boasting distribution networks across 40+ countries. | history |
https://dominionpress.bigcartel.com/product/wotan-s-awakening | 2023-12-09T21:18:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00718.warc.gz | 0.932759 | 504 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__163951503 | en | Wotan’s Awakening: The Life and Times of Guido von List, 1848–1919
by Eckehard Lenthe
Translated by Annabel Lee
488 pages, 6” x 9”, high-quality interior stock, sewn signatures, bound in burgundy cloth with foil stamping and inlaid portrait.
This is the ultimate biography of the Austrian occultist and rune-mystic Guido von List (1848–1919), a key figure in the esoteric Germanic revival who was occupied with questions of language, the occult, mythology, history, and national identity. This was a tumultuous time in central Europe, spanning from the era of industrial and democratic revolutions to the catastrophe of the first World War and the complete dissolution of the Austrian Empire.
Guido von List dedicated himself to researching, defending, and nourishing archaic Germanic traditions. He was an adventurer, mountaineer, and renaissance man who expressed his ideas in various ways, among them as a playwright, editor, journalist, and author. His life intersected with other important figures of the day: philosophers, pagan theologists and theosophists, artists, politicians, and writers.
List sought to understand the spiritual landscape that lies under the visible one, and he anchored the present to the past by drawing attention to the magical landscape of his native land, unlocking the secrets of its place-names and hidden symbols. List’s special interests included mythology, heraldry, etymology, history, and folklore—disciplines in which he rediscovered ancient Germanic themes and brought them once more into the light.
Illustrated with numerous rare images, this biography was written with great care and detail and represents a unique and sympathetic insider’s view. Much of the information in the book derives from the author’s extensive personal archives, which are the harvest of decades of research. Beyond the fascinating story of List’s life, Wotan’s Awakening contains extensive appendices and bibliographies, making it a primary sourcebook on fin-de-siècle Austria and Germany, and the lesser-known spiritual, cultural, and political currents of the age.
Wotan’s Awakening is impeccably designed in the style of the original publications of the Guido von List Society and is now available in a deluxe limited edition of 400 copies. Each book also includes a few special enclosures. | history |
https://emory.prestosports.com/sports/mswimdive/2023-24/releases/20240205m4f30r | 2024-03-01T16:54:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00717.warc.gz | 0.985472 | 413 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__204090749 | en | Emory University swimming legend Andrew Wilson has been inducted into the inaugural College Swimming and Diving Coaches Association (CSCAA) Division III Hall of Fame as announced by the organization on January 30th. The inaugural induction ceremony is set to take place at the CSCAA Annual Awards Celebration on May 6, 2024, hosted at the illustrious Hyatt Regency in downtown Indianapolis.
Wilson is one of 38 outstanding swimmers, divers, and coaches to be inducted into the inaugural class. Each member of the class was selected for their remarkable achievements and profound impact on collegiate swimming and diving. Few swimmers had their presence felt more than Wilson, first as he dominated as an Eagle and then as a member of Team USA on the world's stage.
With Emory, Wilson put together one of the greatest careers of any Division III athlete in any sport. Over the course of his career, Wilson was a two-time CSCAA and UAA Swimmer of the Year, a 10-time national champion including six as an individual, and 17-time All-American. He established five Division III records and was a two-time Academic All-American of the Year. He led Emory to its first-ever men's national championship after returning to school after spending the previous year trying to qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympics.
After graduating in 2017, Wilson continued to swim professionally and went on to make history as he became the first-ever Division III swimmer to represent the United States at the 2020 Olympic games. In Tokyo, Wilson captured a gold medal as part of the men's 4x100 Medley Relay and finished tied for sixth in the 100 Breaststroke. He also competed in the 200 Breaststroke where he placed 17th and competed in prelims of the first-ever 4x100 mixed Medley Relay.
Wilson was a recipient of the NCAA postgraduate scholarship as a senior and went on to complete his master's degree in Applied Mathematics at the University of Oxford in England following his retirement from swimming. | history |
https://oatens.com/ | 2023-06-02T02:24:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00548.warc.gz | 0.925657 | 441 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__222233068 | en | 50 YEARS IN BUSINESS
Visit our showroom to see the difference.
SPEND OVER $500 IN-STORE AND YOU’RE IN THE DRAW!
TERMS & CONDITIONS APPLY. NSW Permit #TP/02407 See website for details.
Oaten’s has come a long way. From humble beginnings in 1973, Oaten’s has evolved into a modern 2002m² showroom which boasts one of the largest displays of exclusive fine furniture and household products between Port Macquarie and Tweed Heads.
Family-owned and operated, the Oaten’s team has a strong reputation across the Northern Rivers region for their service and knowledge.
1973 | Bill & Colleen opened the Kyogle Appliance Centre, selling electrical appliances.
1979 | The business expanded into furniture
1979 | Moved business to the Roxy Theatre building in Geneva Street. Bill & Colleen owned the Roxy for about 5 years.
1980 | Opens a store at Casino Fair in Walker Street. W.A. OATEN PTY LTD – trading as Oaten’s
1980 | Bill was joined by his older brother, Earl who lived in Casino.
1981 | Mark (second child), joined his father in the family business after finishing school.
1983 | Moved the Casino store from Casino Fair to 150-152 Canterbury Street Casino.
1984 | Moved the store in Kyogle from the Roxy Theatre the to the Main Street in Kyogle.
1987 | The Kyogle business was moved completely to the Casino.
1989 | Bill & Colleen bought the land and building at 150-152 Canterbury Street Casino.
2003 | A major remodelling project doubled the showroom floor to 2000m2 making Oaten’s home to one of the largest displays of fine furniture and quality household goods from Port Macquarie to Tweed Heads.
2023 | Celebrate 50 years of business. | history |
http://mytravelbay.com/treasures-of-england-tour-package-2012-go-collette-europe-guided-travel/ | 2018-05-21T11:09:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864063.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521102758-20180521122758-00629.warc.gz | 0.867841 | 322 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__94908374 | en | Experience leisurely stays in England’s beautiful countryside. Enjoy a classic English “Cream Tea” as you ride a restored steam train through the Cotswolds. Sail the picturesque Lake District, made famous by poets and artists, on a genuine Victorian steam yacht. Visit the elaborate 1st century Roman spas of Bath. Learn more about the ‘fab four’ at the “Beatles Story” museum. Visit Glastonbury Abbey to view the reputed resting place of King Arthur and explore Tintagel, believed to be the original Camelot Castle. See the spot from where the Pilgrims set sail. Tour the famed Wedgwood China factory. Enjoy time for lunch in the Cornish fishing village of Padstow. Experience British tradition during an overnight in a Manor House hotel. From Liverpool to rolling landscapes, from Salisbury Cathedral to Stonehenge, these are England’s treasures. See photos, itinerary map, and more tour details for England’s Treasures tour package:
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The next article was originally published to Treasures of England Tour Package 2012 | Go Collette | Europe Guided Travel and is courtesy of My Travel Bay. Find more on: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvXjGdmL4-Y | history |
https://ourindonesiatoday.com/landscape-of-the-soul-indonesias-forgotten-history/ | 2024-04-24T16:43:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819668.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424143432-20240424173432-00063.warc.gz | 0.980063 | 1,434 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__93893733 | en | “By Ron Witton”
In the 1960’s I completed BA and MA honours degrees in Indonesian and Malayan Studies from the University of Sydney and then went on to gain a doctoral degree from Cornell University focusing on Indonesia. Since then I have taught Indonesian social sciences and have also worked as an Indonesian interpreter and translator. I have continued visiting Indonesia since my first visit in 1962 and taught for a while in post graduate social sciences at Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. With that background, I thought I had fairly good grounding in Indonesian history and society.
However, this confidence was profoundly shaken when, by chance, I was in the NSW country town of Coffs Harbour and happened to visit the town’s art gallery. There I was confronted by an exhibition entitled “Landscape of the Soul: A Mixed Media Exhibition Illustrating the Experience of European Dutch and Eurasian People in Indonesia During the Japanese Occupation, the Revolution and After”.
What I learnt was that soon after Indonesian independence was declared on 17 August 1945, there occurred the most horrific massacres of men, women and children who were of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, a profoundly important historical event but one that has hardly entered academic, let alone popular, historical consciousness. Since then, I have begun reading about what happened in that period. I have come to realise that the main reason I was unaware of those events is that it is only in the in the last ten years that academic scholarship has begun to examine those events and their significance. At the end of this article, I have listed some of the materials that have helped me begin to understand what moved Frances Larder to create the wall hangings that artistically re-create this forgotten period of Indonesian history.
In my readings about this period I was soon introduced to two terms: Binnenkampers and Buitenkampers. Binnenkampers (i.e.in-campers) refers to the over 100,000 Dutch nationals who were held from 1942 to 1945 in Japanese internment camps while Buitenkampers (i.e. out of-campers) refers to the over 250,000 Dutch nationals who remained outside the camps for the duration of the war. The majority of this latter group were those of mixed Indonesian and European descent (“Eurasians”). It should also be remembered that among the Eurasians there was a comparatively small number who were of mixed Chinese-European descent.
Dutch colonial law provided for the Dutch citizenship of the father to be passed on to children of mixed Eurasian parenthood, and so the majority of Eurasians were considered to be Dutch nationals. Before the war, while there was very little racial strife, the “Indos”, the somewhat derogatory term used to refer to Eurasians, had a sharply demarcated social position within the colonial society of the Dutch East Indies. Having often had more schooling than native Indonesians and being fluent in Dutch, they generally had relatively good employment prospects compared to most Indonesians. However, they were generally restricted to inferior or limited positions such as clerks, petty officials and NCOs. Nevertheless, they generally felt themselves to be part of Dutch society, albeit colonial society, and had a high level of loyalty to the Netherlands.
Ironically, some Eurasians had in fact been party to a very early nationalist attempt in 1911 to form a political party to promote an independent country free from Holland. However, the Dutch government refused to recognise the party and exiled its leaders. As Indonesian nationalism grew in the 1920s and 1930s, Eurasians increasingly saw their fortunes linked to the colonial order.
This then is the background to the events immediately following the declaration of Indonesian independence when there occurred what has been described as a “brief genocide”. The Japanese had trained many young Indonesians in martial arts and had instilled in them the idea that the “enemy” were the Americans, the English and the Dutch. With the surrender of the Japanese and the immediate declaration of Indonesia’s independence by Sukarno and Hatta, the prospect of the re-establishment of Dutch rule resulted in an intense level of paranoia of the Dutch and anyone who supported the Dutch, whether that was the British troops who landed and were ordered to restore Dutch rule or local Dutch nationals who were often characterised as spies and supporters of NICA, the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration.
Ironically the Dutch who were in internment camps were to a certain extent protected from such attacks, particularly as they could return to such camps which provided them with a level of protection. However, many, many thousands of Eurasians had no protection at all and were brutally massacred by rampaging Indonesians who saw this as a way of expressing their support for Independence. It is significant that as a student of Indonesian history I was taught about Dutch soldiers such as Raymond “Turk” Westerling who massacred many thousands of Indonesian civilians in support of Dutch counter-insurgency efforts against the Indonesian nationalist movement. However, we were never taught the names of Indonesians, such as Sabarudin, who helped coordinate and carry out the massacre of Eurasian men, women and children. While there has been some attention paid to the atrocities carried out in such locations as the Simpang Club in Surabaya, there are many sites of massacres that have been lost to the historical record. The parallel with the little known locations of many of the 1965 massacres that occurred throughout Indonesia need hardly be stressed.
It is clear that only in the last 10 years has there begun to be a body of scholarship examining this period of Indonesian history and Frances Larder’s exhibition helps one to begin to comprehend the historical trajectory of events before, during and after the Japanese occupation. Of particular concern has been the effect that those horrific events had on the children of Eurasians in that period, and indeed Frances Larder was a child during that period. Such children are now quite elderly but remain the only eyewitnesses. Their vivid recollections of that terrifying period and the effect it had on their lives is what makes the Dutch documentary (with English subtitles) Buitenkampers , so heartbreakingly moving.
Frances Larder’s exhibition, through her wonderful wall hangings, supplemented by historical mixed media materials, records Eurasian colonial life, the privations of the Japanese occupation, the killings following the Japanese surrender, the exodus of some 100,000 Eurasians to Indonesia after independence, their alienation and isolation in Holland, and the subsequent migration of some of them to Australia.
I am pleased that the Sydney’s Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre was the second gallery to host her exhibition, and that an exhibition in Melbourne is already being planned. This is an exhibition that deserves to travel from gallery to gallery across Australia to help further Australia’s understanding of both the diverse heritages that migrants have brought here and the particular experience of Australia’s Indo-Eurasian citizens. | history |
https://basketballjoy.com/is-basketball-in-the-olympics/ | 2022-10-06T13:40:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00019.warc.gz | 0.974283 | 1,527 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__68716906 | en | Since basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, it has become a global game marked by American dominance.
Even though the first modern Olympic games were held five years after basketball began, it took the invention of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (FIBA) in 1932 to move the game into the Olympics.
Is basketball in the Olympics? Basketball has been in the Olympics since 1936, and women’s basketball was introduced in 1976. There are also basketball competitions in the Paralympics, and in 2020, the Games included a new format of basketball (3 x 3).
History of Basketball in the Olympics
The 1936 Olympics in Berlin was the first time basketball was included, and the teams played it on an outdoor tennis court. In 1948, it was held in an indoor stadium and has been ever since.
For the next 20 years, the United States dominated the sport without losing a single game and without fielding a single NBA player. Instead, the Olympic basketball team was made up exclusively of college players.
In 1972, the U.S. suffered a controversial loss to the Soviet Union but reclaimed the gold in 1976. Also in 1976, the Olympic Games included women’s basketball for the first time.
Since 1996, the United States’ women’s team has gone undefeated. Sue Bird and Diana Taurasi have five Olympic gold medals, the highest number of Olympic gold medals for any basketball player of any gender.
Types of Basketball Played at the Olympics
There are six different basketball events in the Olympic Games:
- Men’s Basketball
- Women’s Basketball
- Men’s 3×3 Basketball
- Women’s 3×3 Basketball
- Men’s Wheelchair Basketball
- Women’s Wheelchair Basketball
Men’s basketball has been played in every Olympic games since 1904. The International Olympic Committee admitted women’s basketball in 1976, and that competition has been included ever since. The 2020 Olympic Games featured men’s and women’s 3×3 basketball for the first time.
Since 1960, the Summer Paralympics featured men’s wheelchair basketball. In 1968, the Paralympics added a women’s wheelchair basketball competition.
It’s interesting to note that the Paralympics included women’s basketball before the standard Summer Olympics.
What Is 3 x 3 Basketball?
A quick overview: 3 x 3 basketball features two teams that start with three players and one alternate each. The teams play for 10 minutes or until one team hits 21 points.
The game is played on a half-court and was widespread globally in an informal way. Since 2007, FIBA has offered multiple tournaments and set standardized rules for the competitions.
In 2020, the women’s U.S. team won gold, the Russian Olympic Committee won silver, and China won third. The men’s competition resulted in Latvia taking gold, the Russian Olympic Committee taking silver, and Serbia taking bronze.
What Country Has the Most Basketball Olympic Medals?
The U.S. men’s team has the most gold medals (16) and the most overall medals (19). The Soviet Union has the most silver medals (4) and the most bronze medals (3).
The U.S. women’s team has the most gold medals (9) and the most overall medals (11). Australia has to most silver medals (3) and the most bronze medals (2).
Even though basketball is a global sport, America and Americans’ influence on the game is undeniable. From its roots in the winter of Massachusetts to Tokyo in 2020 and beyond, basketball is a sport with a worldwide presence and elite levels of competition.
NBA Players In the Olympics
For many years, players from the National Basketball Association were barred from playing in the Olympic Games since the Olympics were meant to be for amateur athletes.
However, other countries would get around this rule by giving players “allowances” instead of “wages.” Some Eastern Bloc countries listed their Olympians as being in the military when they were, in fact, just paid by the state to be athletes.
Thus, in 1989, FIBA decided that NBA players would, in fact, be allowed to play in the Olympics. This decision led to the renewed American dominance in the sport and the formation of the so-called Dream Team.
The 1992 U.S. Dream Team
Eleven players made up the basketball team that headed to the Olympics. Ten of them were NBA players, most at the peak of their careers, and one was a college basketball player.
They came from across the league, with eight NBA teams sending players. Additionally, a college player was chosen to honor the tradition of the U.S. Olympic team featuring college players.
Chicago Bulls: Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen
These two had led the Bulls to the first two of their championship three-peat just weeks before the Olympics. Michael Jordan was instrumental in building the Dream Team.
There are even rumors that he made sure that his rival Isiah Thomas didn’t make it onto the team. However, instead of using his fame to be the poster child of the Dream Team, Jordan supported Magic Johnson and Larry Bird being co-captains.
Boston Celtics: Larry Bird
At 35 years old, Larry Bird was the oldest player on the Dream Team. His storied career was marred by a back injury that caused him to miss 37 games in his final NBA season (1991-1992).
Despite the injury, Larry Bird played phenomenally in the Olympics. Playing on the Dream Team was a wonderful swan song for the basketball legend, who retired after taking home the gold.
Los Angeles Lakers: Magic Johnson
Magic Johnson had already been diagnosed with HIV, and he had retired from the NBA in 1991. Due to his diagnosis, he and the team faced scrutiny.
The Australian Olympic Committee said they would boycott due to concerns that Magic would infect other players. In 1991, HIV was highly stigmatized, but this treatment of Magic Johnson actually garnered him more support. The Australian team did show up, walking back on their previous threats.
San Antonio Spurs: David Robinson
This was actually the Admiral’s second Olympic appearance, since he played on the 1988 Olympic team. Although he graduated from the United States Naval Academy and was drafted in 1987, he had to complete obligatory military service.
Since he hadn’t started playing professionally yet, he was allowed to play in the Olympics in 1988, the last year that active NBA players weren’t allowed to participate.
The rest of the players came from the following NBA teams:
- Utah Jazz: John Stockton and Karl Malone
- New York Knicks: Patrick Ewing
- Golden State Warriors: Chris Mullin
- Philadelphia 76ers: Charles Barkley
- Portland Trail Blazers: Clyde Drexler | history |
https://bikecurious.blog/category/fleet/ | 2018-07-15T22:45:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589022.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715222830-20180716002830-00064.warc.gz | 0.964457 | 545 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__110048781 | en | You may have seen the ‘before’ pics of this bike here. It’s an early Colnago Saronni – that is to say, it’s a Colnago Super. rebranded and badged by Ernesto to honour his ‘favourite son’, Beppe Saronni. In due course the brand expanded and was eventually sold off, so the later bikes were made by other Italian builders like Technotrat. Great bikes in their own right, but not Colnagos, despite what unscrupulous eBayers will tell you. The term Saronni is now associated more with the deep metallic burgundy colour of the bike Saronni rode (see my Colnago Super for an … Continue reading Colnago Saronni in red, but not Saronni Red!
The iconic Colnago Super. I’ve had a few over the years, and refined it down to this one. Simple, classic, clean, bloody good looking and in the iconic ‘Saronni Red’. Now, ironically, I also have a red Colnago Saronni which isn’t in this red. I collected this one on a trip to Italy a while ago and it will be heading back there with me for Eroica in October 2018 – and very possibly to Flanders for the Retro Ronde in June. Continue reading Colnago Super – in Saronni Red
This is my Practical Superbike – a steel framed Colnago Tecnos, dating from 2002. According to Laura Paolini at Colnago (the source of all available serial number information on Colnagos) it was originally “color AD10, I think it has later been repainted in AD14”. AD10 was the light blue version of the same Art Deco colour scheme and yellow was the primary colour of the team that owned it before me. It’s an ex-team bike, from a German domestic outfit but these days is fitted with a much more friendly Campagnolo triple crankset. In fact, it’s Campagnolo throughout, but a bit … Continue reading Colnago Tecnos
In the late 1980s and early 1990s while steel still reigned supreme, the frame builders of the world were waiting for the next big thing. Vitus in France had been making their bonded aluminium frames since the 1970s, while in … Continue reading Raleigh DynaTech 300
Here’s a quick gallery of the Family Fleet as it stands today. Click on each image for a little more about each bike, Continue reading N+1 | history |
https://kooga.co.nz/napier-old-boys-marist-rfc/ | 2019-02-19T07:12:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00315.warc.gz | 0.971532 | 208 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__164134356 | en | Merge two of Hawkes Bays most successful clubs and the result is Napier Old Boys Marist, a powerful force in Hawke’s Bay Sport.
The new organisation was formed from the amalgamation of Marist and Napier Old Boys clubs in late 1990. Both clubs have a proud history of sporting success since being founded in the early 1900’s. They are in fact among the Bays most successful clubs, with a total of some 26 Maddison Trophy titles between them within a 60 year period. Napier Old Boys, established in 1910, won the first of their 15 inter town championships in 1930, while Marist, founded in 1908, first became champions in 1936 and finished with 11.
Anyone around during the heady days of the 1960’s and early 1970’s will relate tales of titanic battles between the two clubs for inter town supremacy. Games between the McLean Park based clubs often attracted crowds of 4000 to 5000 , more than for most Bay Rep matches these days. | history |
https://networkingarchives.org/research/ | 2021-08-03T06:20:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00048.warc.gz | 0.923299 | 749 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__96707820 | en | During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries Europeans accessed increasingly effective and economical means of exchanging letters within and across boundaries. In their most political functions, correspondence networks gathered information necessary for the consolidation of state authority. At their most esoteric, they were devoted to the exchange of ideas within a trans-national community of learned men and women known as the ‘republic of letters’. Although handled in separate historical literatures, these two types of ‘intelligencing’ overlapped: on the one hand, ‘men of letters’ possessed the linguistic, rhetorical, diplomatic skills, and networks required to obtain the information vital to emerging states; on the other, states possessed the abundant resources and the best infrastructures for collecting and disseminating information.
The study of both kinds of early modern intelligencing has been hindered because scholars have lacked both large quantities of high-quality epistolary data and the tools and quantitative methods needed to analyse the networks documented by them.
‘Networking Archives’ addresses these challenges by bringing together the data, tools, methods, and expertise of two existing projects to perform four conceptually distinct but chronologically overlapping tasks.
Uniting existing data. The first task will be to unite the existing resources created by the two projects: Early Modern Letters Online (EMLO) the published union catalogue created by the Mellon-funded ‘Cultures of Knowledge’ project in Oxford, and the unpublished epistolary data extracted from the 16th-century Domestic and Foreign State Papers Online collected by the AHRC-funded ‘Tudor Networks of Power’ (TNoP) project in Queen Mary University London and Cambridge.
Curating new data. The second task will be to combine the editorial tools and expertise of the two projects to curate a third dataset: the records of letters in the Stuart State Papers Online. Added to EMLO, this will create a consolidated meta-archive of c. 450,000 letter records provide the materials for a fresh wave of research into the early modern ‘intelligencing’ networks and the role of intelligencers between the accession of Henry Tudor in 1509 and the death of Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch, in 1714.
Analysing the meta-archive. The third and principal phase of work will combine quantitative network analysis of this data with traditional research approaches to discover what the ‘meta-archive’ reveals about the ways in which ‘intelligence’ was gathered and transmitted in the early modern period, in the service both of consolidating of state authority and open intellectual exchange within the international ‘republic of letters’. To explore the utility of the data, software, and methods in pursuing this objective, the project team will undertake a series of collaborative, interdisciplinary ‘laboratories’ in which experiments will be conducted on the newly curated and merged datasets.
Propagating methods. The fourth programme of work will expand these laboratories into two training schools and a colloquium designed to introduce a cohort of colleagues in early career through the process of data-cleaning, data-formatting, network analysis, and critical methods for incorporating their findings into historical scholarship.
The research outputs from all these activities will be presented in a variety of traditional and non-traditional humanities publications, including large-scale datasets, technical papers, peer-reviewed scholarly articles, a popular history on espionage and surveillance in the early modern world, a collaboratively researched case study of intelligencing at the centre of the meta-archive, and an edited collection of essays emerging from the project’s training schools and colloquia. | history |
https://wiskfoods.com/ae-en/artisans/cottage-delight-jams-marmalades-chutneys-curds-honey-UAE | 2023-12-05T23:00:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00673.warc.gz | 0.920891 | 143 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__151169580 | en | Jam artisan, founder of Cottage Delight
Passion for quality and taste
In 1974, Nigel Cope could be seen first creating fabulous fudge in his kitchen at home in the Staffordshire Moorlands, founding the Cottage Delight brand. Over the years, Nigel’s passion for quality and taste expanded the Cottage Delight range to include juicy jams, dreamy curds, chunky chutneys, marvellous marmalades, and so much more. After four decades, Nigel has retired but his ethos remains at the core of Cottage Delight, which still resides in the heart of the Staffordshire Moorlands and still create Nigel’s fabulous fudge recipe. | history |
https://serendipityandfamilyhistory.com/2019/05/27/a-memorial-day-miracle/ | 2023-03-29T06:34:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00210.warc.gz | 0.989801 | 1,242 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__120966055 | en | In 2014, I had the opportunity to accompany my husband on a work trip to Hilton Head Island in South Carolina during the week before Memorial Day. The weather was great, the ocean was beautiful, and I had plenty of time to catch up on some projects. I had never been to South Carolina, and I figured it would be unlikely to have another opportunity to visit there any time in the near future, if ever. A week in a beautiful place with just my husband and lots of relaxation? Yes, please!
I had been asked to give a short talk about Memorial Day during our church services on the upcoming Sunday, so I spent a good deal of time gathering my thoughts and trying to determine how best to approach the topic of Memorial Day and honoring our fallen veterans.
Since I love family history, I thought it would be a great time to share a few family stories in my talk. I could honor some of my veteran ancestors, and hopefully get others excited about family history, too. One of the ancestors I selected to highlight was my 3rd great-grandfather, Samuel Madison, a Civil War veteran.
On Thursday of that week, while my husband relaxed a bit after his last full day of class, I continued to peruse several resources to piece together an outline of Samuel’s service.
Samuel Madison enlisted in Co. A of the 21st Michigan Volunteers in Jackson, Michigan, on September 10, 1864. He had a wife, Miretta, and two children, Frank and Alzina. The family stayed in Eaton, Michigan, following Samuel’s enlistment. Although I would love to know what enticed Samuel, who was about 39 years old at the time, to enlist three full years into the war, we can only speculate. Unfortunately, the records do not include that type of information.
Samuel’s service in the war was short. In November and December 1864, his unit participated in the March to the Sea in Georgia and also the Siege of Savannah. It is very likely that Samuel participated in these events to some degree, because we know from his records that he died from acute dysentery at 1 Div 14 A.C. hospital in Savannah, Georgia, on January 10, 1865. Like many others, he contracted the illness while in service. His Compiled Military Service Record may give more details on his activities prior to his death and could be a great source for future research.
Samuel was buried in Laurel Grove cemetery in Savannah, and later was re-interred at Beaufort National Cemetery in South Carolina.
As I pieced together and analyzed the data and clues from Samuel’s military service, the location of his burial caught my attention. He was buried in Beaufort? South Carolina? We were in South Carolina that very day and would be flying home to Michigan the next day. Was the cemetery close enough that maybe we could visit?
Sure enough – Beaufort National Cemetery was about one hour from our hotel. It was only 5pm by this point so there was plenty of time to drive over there. When my husband heard about my discovery, he immediately said, “Well, let’s go!” And so we did. Within a few minutes we were out the door, GPS at the ready, and on our way.
It was a beautiful sunny evening. The cemetery, like all national cemeteries, was peaceful and reverent. We searched in the grave locator on site to double check the grave location: section 41, site 4740. My husband and I were both excited – it was an unexpected opportunity at the end of our week in Hilton Head. My husband loves everything military and I love everything family history so it was a perfect adventure for us. I was also very humbled – because I was still stunned at the sudden turn of events that led us to this discovery.
We found his stone and spent time reflecting on Samuel’s service and the sacrifice of all the people buried there. We soaked in the peace and beauty of the area; how the stones were arranged neatly in curved lines, each one representing a life lost, and how the sun sprinkled light through the trees and over the rows of white.
We noticed a small group of people, including some Boy Scouts, who were placing flags at the graves for Memorial Day. We asked if we could get a flag so we could place it at Samuel’s stone, and the Scouts very kindly obliged.
My husband placed Samuel’s flag carefully, honored to give this small act of service back to my 3rd great-grandfather who had given his life in service to his country. How long had it been since a family member had visited his grave? How long since someone made a point to say thank you for your service and sacrifice in person? Considering his family for the next several generations stayed in Michigan, I would guess it had been a very long time.
That experience and the sequence of events that led up to it have stayed with me. I know that we were led there. I could feel it. By chance, I had been asked to talk about Memorial Day. By chance, I selected Samuel Madison as a person to spotlight in my talk. By chance, when I pieced together the details of his service, I happened to be one hour away from his final resting place, where my husband and I could take the time and make the effort to pay our respects for my Civil War ancestor that paid the ultimate sacrifice. And by chance, we happened to visit the cemetery on a Thursday evening at the exact time that we could place the flag at his gravestone, in honor of his service, for Memorial Day.
If I had waited even one day to dig into that research on Samuel Madison, the opportunity would have been lost. And what a disappointment that would have been! Instead, my husband and I had what felt like a surreal experience as we were led exactly where we needed to go, exactly when we needed to be there.
And that, friend, is serendipity. | history |
http://www.bitworking.com/london-in-1851/ | 2013-05-18T10:21:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382261/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.977569 | 120 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__174089248 | en | London in 1851
1851 is the year, and London is the place, where the first modern chess tournament was held. Adolf Anderssen from Germany won the first chess tournament. Chess is two-player board game played on a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. It originated in northwest India during the Gupta empire. The earliest evidence of this board game is found in the Sassanid Persia around, where the game came to be known under the name chatrang. Chess is also known as the “King’s Game”. | history |
http://poweranddixon.com/ | 2018-03-19T01:16:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00653.warc.gz | 0.985768 | 197 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__237814556 | en | Continuing the legacy of Power and Dixon, P.C. as one of the most respected and oldest Black-owned law firms in Chicago, Berve Power, Jr. Esq,
became managing partner in 2002, as his uncle and one of the founders of the firm, Robert C. Power successfully transitioned the firm's leadership to him.
Attorney Power has honored the tradition and advanced the practice through focused, community-driven work and service.
Practicing law since passing the bar at the age of 23, the former intern of the US Attorney's Office, has a keen focus on civil rights. Power has been part of internationally noted cases, including The Ryan Harris Case, in which a 7 and 8 year old were wrongly accused of murder. The criminal case was dismissed due to lack of evidence against the Chicago youth. The civil case against the City of Chicago on behalf of the youth who were falsely accused, was settled in 2005 for $6.2 million. | history |
https://www.jeep-caribbean.com/history/1970s.html | 2022-07-04T22:04:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104496688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704202455-20220704232455-00641.warc.gz | 0.919305 | 903 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__71796652 | en | The Jeep® Brand's 4x4 leadership continues in the 70's with the introduction of the first full-time 4x4 system. The sporty two-door full-size Cherokee (SJ) sweeps the 4x4 of the Year awards. Six models help elevate sales to all-time highs.
THE AMC YEARS
In 1969, Kaiser Jeep started a “Jeep® Great Escape” advertising campaign showing the variety of recreational uses of Jeep vehicles. Kaiser Jeep sold the company to American Motors (AMC) in 1970 for approximately $75 million. Four-wheel-drive vehicles were becoming very popular – by 1978, AMC was producing 600 vehicles a day. In 1972, the Quadra-Trac® 4x4 System was introduced, the first automatic full-time four-wheel-drive system. In 1976, the Jeep Brand introduced the CJ-7.
DARING ADVENTURES BEGIN HERE
1970-1984 DISPATCHER JEEP® (DJ)
1974-1987 JEEP® J-10 PICKUP
HONCHO MEANS “BOSS”
In 1971, the Jeep® Trucks dropped the Gladiator name. Later offerings were called J-10 (119-inch) or J-20 (131-inch). Improvements included front disc brakes, a new front axle, six-stud wheels and heavier frame cross members. The J-10 J-Series pickup truck line included the Honcho, Golden Eagle and 10-4 trim packages.
All trucks shared the same body design as the Jeep® Wagoneer and Cherokee from the cab forward, and were offered with traditional slab-sided or step-side bodies. The 10-4 trim package was produced from 1974-1983. The1978 package consisting mostly of color choices and detailing, the 10-4 package also offered an optional, factory-installed CB radio.
The Honcho included gold striping on the bedside, fenders and tailgate, wide 8x15-inch spoker wheels and off-road tires, Levi’s denim interior, and sport steering wheel. The Laredo package replaced the Honcho in 1983. Produced in 1977-1983, the 1977 Golden Eagle package included a grille guard, driving lamps, pick-up bed roll bar, eight-inch wheels, Levi’s seats, accent stripes and an eagle hood decal–all for a $749 premium.
1974-1987 JEEP® J-20 PICKUP
1955-1983 JEEP® CJ-5 UNIVERSAL
1972-1983 JEEP® CJ-5 RENEGADE
SPECIAL EDITION 4X4S
Renegade models typically featured a 304-cubic inch (5L) V8 engine, stouter drivetrain, alloy wheels, and a Trac-Lok® limited slip rear differential. For 1976 AMC reintroduced the Super Jeep® (also offered in 1973). This unique CJ-5 featured special striping on the hood and seats, chrome front bumper, roll bar, 258 OHV inline six, black rubber lip extensions on the fenders, and oversize Polyglas white-walled tires.
1975-1983 JEEP® CHEROKEE (SJ)
1975-1978 JEEP® CHEROKEE CHIEF (SJ)
In January of 1975, the Cherokee Chief was introduced. The Wide-Track option was available with key upgraded interior and exterior features: exterior stripes, larger wheels, three-inch-wider axles, larger front and rear wheel cutouts, Dana 44 front and rear axles, and a nicer interior. The package retailed for $349 more than the “S” model.
1976-1986 JEEP® CJ-7
In 1978, Mark Smith, who is widely known as the father of modern four-wheeling, took a group of 13 modern explorers from Tierra del Fuego, Chile to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska in their Jeep® CJ-7 4x4s. The 21,000-mile trip took 122 days to complete and included a remarkable crossing through the Darien Gap, a stretch of hostile jungle that had only once before been crossed by the British military in 100 days with the loss of eight men. Smith and his men crossed the Darian Gap in 30 days and lost no one. | history |
https://savoybrown.com/biography/the-early-years/ | 2024-03-04T17:31:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00103.warc.gz | 0.917529 | 429 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__19836545 | en | The History of Savoy Brown
Defining the British Blues Boom music scene in London in the mid ‘60’s
The British R ‘n‘ B boom of the early 1960’s led directly to the British Blues Explosion in 1968.
The London R n B boom led by, for example, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, The Pretty Things and to some extent the Beatles quickly moved into mainstream pop and left a vacuum in the London clubs.
This vacuum, in London, was filled in the mid 60’s by John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers featuring Eric Clapton and Savoy Brown’s Blues Band featuring Kim Simmonds.
Both these bands became headliners at major London clubs such as The Marquee establishing a “blues night” amongst the mainstream soul and popular music in the charts at that time.
As headlining pioneers of the new blues movement Savoy Brown gave a platform to emerging bands in other areas of the U.K. Ten Years After and Jethro Tull both were opening acts to Savoy Brown on blues night at the Marquee.
Chicken Shack from Birmingham also came to London and along with the early Fleetwood Mac established themselves on the scene.
John Mayall, Savoy Brown, Fleetwood Mac, Jethro Tull, Chicken Shack and Ten Years After became the “big six” blues bands at that time.
In fact a 45 single was released by The Liverpool Scene called “I’ve Got These Fleetwood Mac Chicken Shack John Mayall Can’t Fail Blues” and the second chorus has Savoy Brown and Jethro Tull to round off the full song story.
Hits soon followed for these bands (Savoy Brown cracking the USA in 1969) and the blues movement quickly gave way to the heavy rock of Black Sabbath, themselves a blues band when they started.
The British Blues Boom was a phenomena never to be repeated again and remains one of the foremost U.K. music movements of all time. | history |
https://littletalky.com/bape-hosts-30th-anniversary/ | 2024-02-28T08:10:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00253.warc.gz | 0.926132 | 946 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__192208190 | en | A Bathing Ape, commonly known as Bape Hoodie, has achieved an extraordinary milestone in the world of streetwear by celebrating its 30th anniversary. To mark this momentous occasion, the iconic Japanese brand hosted a spectacular runway show in the heart of New York City. This event not only showcased Bape’s evolution over the past three decades but also reaffirmed its position as a pioneering force in the fashion industry. In this article, we will take a closer look at the significance of the 30th-anniversary runway show and explore the mesmerizing journey of Bape.
30 Years of Bape – A Legacy Unfolded
Founded in 1993 by Nigo, Bape Hoodie has been a driving force in the streetwear culture since its inception. Its distinctive camo patterns, bold designs, and playful graphics have revolutionized the fashion landscape, captivating a diverse audience ranging from streetwear aficionados to A-list celebrities.
The 30th anniversary marks a significant moment for the brand as it reflects on its storied history while looking ahead to the future. Throughout these three decades, Bape has continuously pushed boundaries, blending street style with high fashion and collaborating with global brands and artists. The runway show in New York City is a testament to the brand’s worldwide influence and its ability to transcend cultural and geographical boundaries.
The Extravagant Runway Show
Bape‘s 30th-anniversary runway show was a dazzling spectacle that took place in one of New York City’s most iconic venues. Fashion enthusiasts, celebrities, and industry insiders gathered to witness the culmination of three decades of innovation and creativity. The show was a harmonious fusion of streetwear and high fashion, with each look showcasing the brand’s signature aesthetic.
The runway was transformed into an immersive experience, featuring elaborate sets that paid homage to Bape’s most iconic designs and collaborations throughout the years. From the signature camo motifs to the iconic ape head logo, every element of Bape’s legacy was thoughtfully integrated into the show’s presentation.
Celebrating Diversity and Inclusivity
Beyond the celebration of its own legacy, the 30th-anniversary runway show also emphasized Bape’s commitment to diversity and inclusivity in the fashion industry. Models from various backgrounds, ethnicities, and identities graced the runway, showcasing Bape’s designs on a global and inclusive stage. The brand’s dedication to representing a diverse range of perspectives aligns with the ever-evolving landscape of fashion and reflects its appeal to a broad and diverse audience.
Unveiling Exclusive Collections
In addition to the retrospective celebration, Bape’s 30th-anniversary runway show also unveiled exclusive collections that pay homage to its legacy while embracing contemporary trends. Limited-edition pieces featuring collaborations with renowned artists, designers, and global brands were among the highlights of the show. These collections are a testament to Bape’s continued commitment to pushing the boundaries of streetwear and embracing creative collaborations that captivate its global fanbase.
Impact on the Future of Streetwear
As Bape marks its 30th anniversary, it cements its position as an enduring and influential force in the streetwear and fashion industry. Its journey from a small store in Tokyo’s Harajuku district to a global powerhouse symbolizes the power of creativity, innovation, and dedication to one’s unique vision.
With the runway show serving as a glimpse into the brand’s future, Bape shows no signs of slowing down. It continues to inspire and shape the streetwear landscape, capturing the hearts of new generations while holding a special place in the hearts of loyal fans.
In conclusion, Bape’s 30th-anniversary runway show in New York City was a breathtaking celebration of the brand’s legacy, innovation, and enduring influence on streetwear culture. From its humble beginnings to becoming a global phenomenon, Bape’s journey exemplifies the power of creativity and authenticity.
As Bape continues to evolve and expand its creative boundaries, its impact on the world of fashion and streetwear remains unparalleled. The 30th-anniversary runway show served as a testament to the brand’s ability to bridge the gap between street style and high fashion while celebrating diversity and inclusivity.
As we eagerly await the brand’s future endeavors, it is evident that Bape will continue to shape the fashion industry for years to come, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts and wardrobes of fashion enthusiasts worldwide. | history |
http://www.gold-coin.com/goldcoin/Gold-Coin-Found-By-Construction-Worker-in-Sonora-California/ | 2017-04-28T08:06:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00632-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.964052 | 525 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__139106292 | en | Gold Coin Found By Construction Worker in Sonora, California
April 9, 2013 - Recently, Eberardo Rodriguez of Moreno Valley was putting in high-speed internet cables in downtown Sonora, to link the traditionally sleepy town to the fast-paced internet age. Rodriguez was trenching the asphalt at Green and Bradford Streets in Sonora, shoveling dirt with his digging bar when he discovered a dime-sized gold coin predating both the Gold Rush and the statehood of California.
The gold coin was minted in 1844 in Charlotte, NC, and according to its markets had a $2.50 denomination at the time of its minting.
The Numismatic Guaranty Corporation’s statistics indicate that the Charlotte Mint stuck only 11,622 examples, though it is not currently known how many of those original examples survive. At current market prices, the gold in the coin Rodriguez found is worth $195.01, though features of the numismatic coin such as its minting and current condition ultimately determine its value.
A Sonora resident and coin collector, Gerald Howard, said the coin may have a special mintmark, which would make it very valuable. Gary Carter, owner of DD’s Antiques N Such in Jamestown, offered to buy the coin from Rodriguez for $300, but Rodriguez declined to sell it.
Carter inspected the coin and noticed it had been worn down on both sides, partially an effect of the coin’s being in the streets of Sonora. He stated that if the coin was in excellent condition it would have booked for $900 and up.
Sharon Marovich, chairwoman of the Tuolumne County Heritage Committee, said downtown Sonora’s streets weren’t paved until around 1922 and until the 20th century people panned for gold in the dirt streets.
Mine tailings, or the refuse dirt from local mining operations, were unloaded onto the roads in order to smooth them over and during periods of rain it wasn’t uncommon for people to sift through them in search of gold.
For Marovich, Rodriguez’s discovery of the gold coin is significant because it shows the history of the town of Sonora, which is encapsulated and coating all of downtown.
Collectors in the modern market are well aware of the high value of gold coinage at current market prices and stories of gold holdings being found, usually by surviving relatives, are often read as a piece of history getting handed down in modern times.
Senior Staff Writer - Gold-Coin.com | history |
https://ycwywsjd.cn/cynthiarose8417 | 2021-09-25T08:56:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057615.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925082018-20210925112018-00189.warc.gz | 0.916873 | 749 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__250966113 | en | This summer, the Nova Scotia Museum’s 27 sites across the province will provide families with experiences that are entertaining and educational. “Museums offer excellent ways to spend quality family time together,” said Leonard Preyra, Minister of Communities, Culture and Heritage. “I encourage everyone to visit our museums in the summertime to take advantage of special programs, exhibits and learning experiences.” At the Museum of Natural History in Halifax, visitors will be treated to Out of This World: Extraordinary Costumes from Film and Television. Featuring more than 40 costumes and objects from science fiction films and TV programs, this exciting exhibition shows visitors how costume design uses colour, style, scale, materials, historical traditions, nature and cultural cues to help actors and audiences engage with the characters being portrayed. Also in Halifax, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic hosts Cable Ships: Connecting Halifax to Titanic and the World. Researched and developed by museum staff, the exhibit explores the history of cable ships, from their contribution to establishing global communications, to the role of Halifax-based ships during the recovery operations after the sinking of RMS Titanic. At Ross Farm Museum in New Ross, visitors can explore 60 acres of rolling farmland to discover what life was like over 100 years ago. From historic Rose Bank Cottage, where the Ross family lived, to daily activities such as wool spinning, candle making and ox shoeing, the museum gives visitors the chance to experience yesterday’s traditional farming methods, while learning sustainable ways of living for today. In Barrington, visitors can step inside the preserved Barrington Woolen Mill to learn how machinery and water power helped revolutionize life in rural Nova Scotia. Established in 1882, the mill industrialized the process of turning raw fleece into yarn and cloth, forever changing the way local fishing and farming families produced warm, wool clothing. At the Museum of Industry in Stellarton, visitors of all ages can push, pull, lift, drop and laugh as they enjoy exhibits and interactive displays that highlight how technology, and people, worked throughout this province’s history. Featuring 30,000 artifacts, the Museum of Industry is the best place to find out what “Made in Nova Scotia” really means. Visitors eager to experience Nova Scotia’s Gaelic culture, heritage and hospitality need look no further than the Highland Village Museum. Located in scenic Iona, Victoria Co., the village is North America’s only living history museum for Gaelic language and culture. The 43-acre site features historic buildings, rare farm animals, lively interpreters and a breathtaking view of the Bras d’Or lake, now a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. At Uniacke Estate Museum Park in Mount Uniacke, visitors can explore one of Nova Scotia’s grandest homes. Built in 1816 by prosperous Irish politician Richard John Uniacke, this country mansion features treasured family belongings such as fine furniture and exquisite portraits. Outside the picturesque estate, there are several walking trails, ranging from easy to challenging, that offer recreational opportunities for people of all ages. In Lower West Pubnico, visitors to Le Village Historique Acadien de la Nouvelle-Écosse will be able to enjoy the site’s new nature trail, which was opened on June 5. Stretching along the shoreline of the village’s 17-acre property, the trail will feature strategically placed interpretive panels that highlight the area’s natural beauty and historical significance. For information on the 27 museums sites, scheduled events, locations, admission rates and hours of operation, visit http://museum.gov.ns.ca . | history |
https://breezyhillturning.com/slideshow-5/index.html | 2021-07-31T16:12:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00583.warc.gz | 0.974864 | 343 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__250767672 | en | These photos show some of the segmented work I have completed. Hundreds of pieces of wood are cut and assembled to create the patterns that you see. Woods from all over the world are used for their natural colors and properties. Each piece requires careful planning and meticulous attention to detail to construct. I have enjoyed the challenges they present.
Fibonacci Sunburst was inspired by my investigation of the Fibonacci series of numbers. While not organic as some of the carved pieces, the Fibonacci series is reflected in the numbers of elements (types of wood, number of spirals, numbers of layers....).
Skyphos was based on a piece of Phoenician pottery of the geometric era, about 1000 BC, that I saw in the Boston Museum of art. Interestingly, a piece of pottery of this same shape and design was also done by a Navajo potter.
I was on a trip to the Maine seacoast and got inspired by some jewelry that featured 4 dolphins in a ring which formed a Celtic cross. Researching the story behind the design led to really interesting history and the inspiration for the piece, St. Brendan’s Cross. I wrote a very brief biography of the story behind the cross and the monk which can be found here.
I completed the piece All American shortly after 9/11 as a tribute to the victims of the disaster. Looking into the piece there is a suggestion of stars and stripes. All the wood in the piece is from the US, hence the name.
Golden Urn was a gift to my parents for their 50th wedding anniversary. It was the first turned piece that I tried my hand at doing some carving on. | history |
https://mongol.tech/soviet-era-bombs-found-in-mongolia/ | 2020-11-28T07:10:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00163.warc.gz | 0.94905 | 490 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__30803828 | en | In response to emergency call from Soum’s police sergeant B.Soronzonbat, on April 29 night, Explosive Search and Destroy team, appointed by Chairman of Mongolian Staff of Armed Forces, deployed to Bayanjargal soum of Tuv aimag, Mongolia.
The emergency team deployed to “Ulaan-Ukhaa”, a place 23 kilometres from Soum center, found “OFAB-250”, “FAB-250” model airplane bombs and 30 mm combat bullets. The team exterminated the found military objects and ensured safety of local people. In order to check the place for more objects, the emergency team of the Ministry of Defense is planning to survey the area surrounding the found objects.
Locals say, in socialist era, a Soviet air unit used to station around this area.
In the twentieth century, Soviet army entered into Mongolian (then People’s Republic of Mongolia) territory four times, respectively in: 1921, 1939, 1945 and 1967. All these military movements were in response to the region’s security and in the name of defense of Mongolia.
By the end of 1960’s North group of People’s Army of China stationed near Mongol-Russian border. This group included 33 steppe division, 11 mechanical division, 9 army, 4300 tanks, and 10 000 artillery. On top of that, 30 civilian infantry divisions have been set up and started training against possible enemy that is Soviet Union. In response to this threat, Far Eastern district of Soviet Union increased preparedness of its Southern Baikal group. In the framework of this action, Soviet Union regrouped its Far Eastern and South Baikal military groups, and transferred troops from Leningrad and Baltic military groups.
In this effort Soviet Union sent one army corps comprised of 2 divisions as its pioneers of 39th army. Construction troops of Soviet Union in Mongolia participated in building of railway road and civilian buildings.
By the beginning of 1970, Soviet Union’s 39th army moved into Mongolia. This army is comprised of 7 sections. Each section had up to 330 tanks, and were deployed near Chinese border.
As progress of that story should take more attention, it’s better to discuss that history in another post. Legacy of Soviet armies in Mongolia is still founding in many places in Mongolia. | history |
https://aberdeenlordprovost.wordpress.com/2018/07/05/piper-alpha-tragedy-30-years-on/ | 2022-12-08T03:56:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711232.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208014204-20221208044204-00269.warc.gz | 0.942691 | 1,136 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__2538933 | en | The Piper Alpha tragedy, which saw 167 men lose their lives, was 30 years ago yet the events of that night are just as shocking today, three decades on. It will forever be imprinted in the memories of the people of Aberdeen.
Final preparations have been put in place in the Piper Alpha Memorial Garden in Aberdeen’s Hazlehead Park ahead of a special service tomorrow (7pm on Friday 6 July) to commemorate the 30th anniversary.
Aberdeen City Council, with the support of the Pound for Piper Trust, has installed new benches and refreshed the garden in readiness for the service.
The Act of Remembrance has been organised by Reverend Gordon Craig, Chaplain to the Oil & Gas Industry of the United Kingdom.
Reverend Craig will lead the service for families, friends and representatives from industry in honour of the 167 men who tragically lost their lives in the Piper Alpha disaster.
It will be a very sad and humbling occasion, but we must never forget the men who died – dads, sons, brothers, uncles, nephews, partners, friends and colleagues who never returned home.
That is why it is so important that the City of Aberdeen and industry come together for this Act of Remembrance. And, by doing so, I hope that those affected will know that our thoughts are with them at this time and forever.
The memorial garden, which includes the Piper Alpha memorial statute, is a very special place for the people of Aberdeen, the wider oil and gas industry, and particularly for those whose lives have been affected by this tragedy.
To enable those offshore or unable to attend the Act of Remembrance the service will be broadcast live on Facebook @TheUkOilGasChaplaincy
The order of service is:
- Bon Accord Silver Band starts playing at 6.30pm
- Rev Craig will begin proceedings at 7pm
- Industry representatives will begin the roll-call of those who lost their lives
- A lone piper will play a lament followed by a minute’s silence
- Wreaths will then be laid by the Lord Provost on behalf of the City of Aberdeen, Oil & Gas UK Chief Executive Deirdre Michie on behalf of the industry, and Steve Rae, one of the trustees from the Pound for Piper Trust, which provides funding to help the city council maintain the Memorial Garden
- Families, friends, colleagues and well-wishers will then be invited to lay flowers or wreaths
- Light refreshments will be available in Hazlehead Park Café, from 6pm onwards, courtesy of the Pound for Piper Trust.
All are welcome to attend.
While the Act of Remembrance is the key event marking the anniversary of the disaster there are other opportunities for those wanting to reflect and pay their respects. These are:
Oil Chapel at the Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting
The Oil Chapel at the Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting in Aberdeen will open on 6 July between 12 noon and 4pm where people can visit to view the original Book of Remembrance or light a candle;
Rev Craig will conduct ‘Daily Prayers’ that day in the Kirk starting at 1pm and lasting around 15 minutes.
Ferryhill Parish Church
On Saturday 7 July Ferryhill Parish Church will keep its Church Sanctuary open from 10am to 4pm providing a peaceful space in which to remember those who lost their lives and who were affected;
Ferryhill Parish Church also has the Memorial Chapel, home of the Piper Alpha stained-glass window. The designer of the window, Jennifer-Jane Bayliss, will be in the church from 11am and 12 noon and 2pm and 4pm on Saturday.
The church is also home to the Lord Provost’s Book of Remembrance, and visitors will be able to read the names of loved ones, survivors’ names and official letters of condolence from all over the world.
A short film with some memories from survivors of the disaster will also be available and there will be an opportunity to light a small candle in remembrance.
Aberdeen Maritime Museum
To mark the 30th anniversary of the Piper Alpha tragedy there will be an opportunity to see in detail the Piper Alpha Memorial banner, commissioned by the Victorian Trade and Labour Council in Australia, and gifted to the City of Aberdeen, at Aberdeen Maritime Museum this weekend.
Made by textile artist Julie Montgarret the banner commemorates those who lost their lives in the Piper Alpha Disaster 30 years ago.
The banner usually hangs in the museum’s education suite but it will be taken down off the wall to allow visitors to see both sides of this very special tribute.
Piper Alpha Memorial Banner Aberdeen Maritime Museum, Shiprow Friday 6 July, Saturday 7 July, 10am-5pm Sunday 8 July, 12noon-3pm
Aberdeen Central Library
Remembering Piper Alpha exhibition
To mark the 30th anniversary of the tragedy the Local Studies section has put together an exhibition showcasing items from its reserve stock. The exhibition will be on display in the Information Centre.
Exhibition runs 5 July – 14 July
Aberdeen Central Library, Rosemount Viaduct
The images are of the Piper Alpha Memorial statue, created in bronze, by renowned Scottish artist Sue Jane Taylor. The statue was unveiled on 6th July 1991 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. The plinth under the Piper Alpha statue states: Dedicated to the memory of the one hundred and sixty seven men who lost their lives in the Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster 6th July 1988. | history |
https://100thregiment.org/about/ | 2023-12-09T04:58:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00187.warc.gz | 0.965835 | 797 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__26467039 | en | The 100th Regiment Historical Society was incorporated in 2013 as a non-profit organization located in Ottawa, Ontario.
The Society’s purpose is to:
- Promote and commemorate the memory, contributions, and achievements of the 100th (Prince Regent’s County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot in the defence and development of Canada.
- Encourage historical interpretation & research in the community.
- Operate a program for youth that stimulates an interest in history, research, 19th century music, and effective speaking while developing a sense of pride and discipline through their involvement as historical interpreters.
- Advance education by hosting events, displays, exhibitions and performances; supporting programs offered by museums, historic sites, and all levels of government; and by producing educational material.
The Historical Regiment
The 100th (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot was raised in Ireland for service during the Napoleonic Wars. It arrived in North America in late 1805 and during the next 13 years spent its time in garrison posts from what we know today as the Maritimes to the western end of Ontario.
On May 4th, 1812, the War Office approved that the regiment’s name would in future be styled “The 100th (or His Royal Highness the Prince Regent’s County of Dublin) Regiment.”
During the War of 1812, the 100th Regiment played a critical role in defending Canada participating in actions in both Upper & Lower Canada, and the United States. Several companies also acted as marines aboard ships on the Great Lakes.
Some of the regiment’s actions include:
– Battle of Sackets Harbor (May 1813)
– Capture of vessels Growler & Eagle (June 1813)
– Murray’s Raid (July to Aug 1813)
– Capture of Fort Niagara (Dec 1813)
– Raids on Buffalo & Black Rock (Dec 1813)
– Battle of Chippawa (July 1814)
– Siege of Fort Erie (Aug to Sept 1814)
– Skirmish at Cook’s Mills (Oct 1814)
On May 27th, 1815 the regiment was awarded the battle honour of ‘Niagara’ for their distinguished conduct in the capture of Fort Niagara by assault on the night of 19th December 1813.
On February 23rd, 1816, the War Office gave notice that the 95th Regiment would in future be styled the Rifle Brigade and taken out of the numbered Regiments of the Line. All following regiments had their unit number altered with the 100th Regiment to be renumbered the 99th retaining the title of H.R.H the Prince Regent’s County of Dublin Regiment.
The 99th (late 100th) Regiment was disbanded in 1818 and members were offered a choice between land in Canada or transport back to England with many accepting grants of land. The largest concentration of the regiment’s discharged soldiers was in the military settlement of Richmond. The village of Richmond is now part of the City of Ottawa.
Connection with Ottawa Ontario
In 1818, many of the disbanded members of the regiment chose to stay in Canada. Of those who decided to stay, a large portion took their land grants in a new military settlement on the Jock River in North Eastern Upper Canada. There they established the Village of Richmond which is now part of the City of Ottawa.
These new settlers landed near the area where the Canadian War Museum now stands and setup camp. There they left their families and proceeded towards their new settlement cutting the Richmond Road.
Today you can visit the area where the settlers first landed, drive the Richmond Road, and visit the Village of Richmond where many of the streets are named after officers of the regiment. Many descendants of the original members of the regiment still live and work in the Ottawa area. | history |
http://www.truevacationtravel.com/vacation-experiences/family/ | 2017-07-21T14:50:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00452.warc.gz | 0.906112 | 426 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__58681144 | en | - Family: 2 adults; 2 kids 10 & 14
- Looking for something more enriching than an amusement park
- Has passports and wants to explore culture
Our Family Vacation Solution
Spend 9 days in South America, exploring the ruins of an ancient civilization and then — through the celebrations and traditions of their ancestors — get a first-hand glimpse into what life was like in the time of the Incas. The Peru vacation, which includes a Machu Picchu tour, is a vibrant and festive adventure that spotlights a unique culture.
Pachamanca Feast and Inca Dancing
Enjoy a traditional Andean feast known as Pachamanca. Learn the history behind this event, then watch Teatro Sol y Luna perform the dances and stories of the Incas.
Urubamba River Rafting
Hold onto your hat as you raft down the Urubamba River. Local experts describe the fascinating cultural and natural history as you glide along this scenic route.
Moray and Maras
Take the ancient Incan path into these ancient ruins and venture into the Sacred Valley as you visit the fascinating salt pan terraces.
Privately Guided Machu Picchu Tour
Spend the afternoon exploring these 15th-century Incan ruins and stunning views of the magnificent structures surrounded by green peaks glazed by a soft mist.
At the Center for Traditional Textiles in Cusco, master weavers demonstrate their intricate art, as well as how to spin and dye alpaca wool.
- JW Marriott Hotel, Miraflores
- Sol y Luna Lodge and Spa
- Libertador Palacio Del Inka Hotel Cusco
- 8 Breakfasts
- 6 Lunches
- 5 Dinners
- VIP Inclusions:
- The services of two Adventure Guides
- VIP access and private events
- Outstanding accommodations
- Most meals during trip
- Admission fees to attractions and performances
- Cultural experiences with local experts
- Family activities and special thrills just for kids
- Transportation within your vacation
- Luggage service | history |
https://clarehedges.com/2017/01/reproduction-antique-double-tassel-tie-back/ | 2021-09-26T16:42:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057882.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926144658-20210926174658-00453.warc.gz | 0.976574 | 326 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__9144383 | en | I really enjoy the challenge to recreating old textiles, whether it is decoding the pattern of an old piece of weaving or, as in this case, working out how these antique double tassel tie backs were made. The originals were in a very poor state with most of the wooden moulds at best cracked and at worst badly damaged by wood worm. Most of the red silk thread which had been covering the moulds was long gone but it was possible to see the decorative striping.
The first job was to work out the component parts so that new moulds could be created
Then I covered each mould with red thread before the decoration was added
I confess the looped decoration was a new technique to me – but that is the joy of having to recreate something, you have to learn new ways of doing things.
Next came the new ruff and skirt
Then it was time to start reassembling everything. I made a new rope and formed it into the traditional tie back shape but without making a knot in the actual rope since one of the moulds would acting as the “knot”. The rope was simply tied around with linen to stop it slipping once inside the mould and then threaded through the central hole of the mould.
I attached the wires to the rope ready for attaching the moulds. Then it was simply a case of threading each mould onto the wires in the correct order!
Lastly the ruff and skirt. A wooden button fixes the wires in place
This final photo shows the old, extremely shabby, tie back and the new one side by side | history |
http://www.normandydirect.com/propertylisting/-38.html | 2017-11-24T07:41:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00084.warc.gz | 0.936669 | 1,998 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__200021266 | en | Head north to the "Mother-of-Pearl Coast". Although traditionally renowned for its locally produced oysters, it is probably more widely known for its involvement in "Operation Overlord". Here remains one of the man-made docks, constructed to provide a landing for the thousands of vehicles and hardware during the D-Day Landings of World War II. The strategic "Mulberry Harbour" has since become a historic landmark. There are several museums in the area, all providing poignant reminders of events of June 1944. In addition, you can visit the heroic sites of the Beaches, including Omaha & Utah, or ponder at the American Cemetery at Colleville-St-Laurent.
Standing majestically between the bocage and the bay of Le Mont St Michel. Visitors will find a variety of attractions in this modern town, including mini-golf with terrace-bar, museum and public gardens. You will be reminded of its strategic position during the 2nd World War, not least by the sight of General Patton's tank, "Thunderbird"; the first to reach the town following the 1944 D-Day Landings, sitting proudly on a roundabout in the town!
Situated in the Andaines Forest, this spa town is said to have once housed the Knights of the Round Table. A beautiful setting, with a small lake nestling among the pine forests of the Normandy/Maine Regional Natural Park.
Not far from Bayeux, you will find this wonderful chateau; which is the best example of Louis XIV architecture in Normandy. Occasionally you will find the surrounding skies graced with a colourful array of hot-air balloons from one of the rallies held nearby. Several other well-preserved chateaux can be found in the region, including Combourg near Le Mont St Michel. Built between the 12th & 15th centuries, it is still owned and occupied by a descendant of the famous Romantic writer, Chateaubriand.
A charming town which hosts the famous 11th century Tapestry. Study for yourself Queen Mathilde's embroidered depiction of the famous "Battle of Hastings", whilst she awaited her husband, William-the-Conqueror's return. Take in the sights of the impressive Gothic Cathedral, or the museum dedicated to "The Battle of Normandy". Several bars and restaurants available.
East of St Malo, a pretty, seaside village and a must for oyster-lovers.
This coastal resort has been described as "the most beautiful kilometre in France." As the horizon changes with the tides, there is a spectacular view across Normandy and Brittany to the bay of Le Mont St Michel. It has long been a source of inspiration for painters. In addition, it is a popular attraction for bird-watchers, with a large variety of birds nesting on the cliffs.
A short drive will bring you to one of the best zoos in Normandy. See a wide variety of animals, birds and reptiles, amongst the beautifully kept gardens and woodland; and enjoy a picnic as the children tire themselves out in the extensive play area.
For the more adventurous, take a day-trip from Granville; or visit neighbouring Jullouville, and hire yourself a catamaran. Weekly training courses are available.
Apart from its annual Jazz Festival, there are many attractions; public gardens, shops and restaurants. Enjoy a leisurely aperitif or sample the traditional local cuisine, whilst admiring the majestic twin towers of the13th Century Notre-Dame Cathedral.
D-Day Landing Beaches
The D-Day Landings took place on 6th June 1944. "Operation Overlord" on the Normandy coast was the largest operation of combined military forces in the history of mankind. General Omar Bradley & the 1st American Army was to land between Ste-Honorine & St-Martin-de-Varreville, on the beaches code-named "Omaha" and "Utah". Commanded by General Dempsey, the 2nd British Army & the 3rd Canadian infantry division were to land on the west coast of Calvados, between Colleville & Le Hamel, on the beaches code-named "Gold", "Juno" & "Sword". Colonel Rudder was in command of the 2nd Ranger batallion, attacking at Point du Hoc & suffering tremendous losses in the process. The historic 5-Beach Assault & surrounding battles have been depicted in several films, including "Saving Private Ryan" and "The Longest Day". By 4pm on June 6th, Bristish tanks began arriving at Arromanches from "Gold" Beach; & on 7th June, along with the 47th Royal Marine Commando, began development of the famous artificial harbour known as "Mulberry B" or "Winston Harbour". This enabled 2,500 000 men, 54 000 vehicles plus 104 000 metric tons of supplies to be transported in 100 days via Arromanches. Bayeux was liberated on June 7th by the British 56th Independent Brigade. Caen, however, was not liberated until July 20th, following bitter fighting. Cherbourg found liberation on June 26th, following assaults by three American divisions. Val-Saint-Pere was liberated at the beginning of August by the G.I's of the U.S. Vlllth Corps coming from Avranches. Several Military Cemeteries are sited in Normandy, covering British, American, Canadian, Polish and German losses. The famous Cemetery at Colleville-St-Laurent between Arromanches and Grandcamp has 9 386 American graves, and the British Cemeteries total over 17 000 graves. The German Cemeteries in the region total nearly 78 000 graves.
A pretty town with sandy beaches, coves and rock-pools
Once the "romantic capital" of Alienor of Aquitaine and Henri II Plantaganet. At the Romanesque granite chapel of Notre-Dame-sur-L'Eau, Thomas Beckett is said to have taken mass on Christmas Day 1166. Your journey will take you through the rolling hillsides, valleys, and cider-apple orchards of the region, where you can unwind with a taste of the locally produced cider or "calvados" .
"Monaco of the north": a quaint, picturesque fishing port. Spend a lazy day with a picnic on one of several beautiful, unspoilt sandy beaches. Explore the pretty harbour as the local fishermen return with the day's catch; or sample fresh "moules frites" in one of the excellent sea-front restaurants. Offering stunning views from the summit of this historic town, there are a variety of shops & restaurants as well as the casino and the former home of Dior, whose gardens are open to the public during the summer months. (Please check for availability and timetable.)
Karting de Mortain
For slightly older children and adults; a short drive will bring you to the Karting Circuit in Mortain. Please check timetable in advance. Address: La Tête à la Femme, 50140 Le Neufbourg Phone:02 33 59 60 33
Le Mont St Michel
One of the most spectacular sights in France, this wonderful landmark can be viewed from our local Church on a clear day. The original site dates back to around the year 500 A.D. A granite pyramid with its winding cobbled streets leads you to the village, Abbey and Church; described as "one of the most fabulous constructions of the Middle Ages". Sample one of the fine restaurants and bars, with breathtaking views across the bay. Music festivals, concerts and laser-shows celebrating Saint Michel.
Le Moulin de Jean Restaurant
Just 10 minutes' drive away, this "Michelin Guide 2015" restaurant is ideal for that "special celebration". An old watermill set amongst willow trees and a small stream, it offers a memorable taste of exquisite French cuisine.
Children and adults alike will enjoy exploring the pretty "Cascades". Amongst an abundance of greenery, the Grande Cascade reaches a height of 20 mtrs, whilst the Petite Cascade leads to a deep gorge. Visit the ancient 12th century "Abbaye Blanche", which is still inhabited, or the 13th Century Gothic Church.
Pony trekking / Walking / Cycling
St Sever Forest. Here you can enjoy relaxing walks, picnics, pony-trekking or cycling in complete tranquillity, whilst experiencing the sights and sounds of the forest. These include local deer, badgers, woodpeckers, cuckoos and various birds of prey. Wild primroses and orchids decorate the roadsides. The walks are colour-coded, according to the distance and duration your prefer.
The Grand Aquarium, on the Emerald Coast of Brittany, is adjacent to the autoroute. It presents an excellent family day out including the 360 degree glass-walled "shark-ring", and the mechanical submarine "nautibus".
For an exhilarating family day out, try L'Ange Michel theme-park. Attractions include aquasplash, quadbiking, bumper boats, tourist train, dry-slope sledging and pony rides. There is also an amusement park for smaller children.
A Medieval town with several tourist attractions. It has a modern indoor swimming-pool with slides and toddlers' pool, and a number of popular crêperies. Since the first small foundry was established, dating back to the son of William-the-Conqueror, the town has become a worldwide exporter of its famous copperware and brass bells. | history |
https://blog.history.ac.uk/2017/10/3d-history-at-the-ihr/ | 2024-04-20T20:03:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420184033-20240420214033-00293.warc.gz | 0.941921 | 848 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__170613310 | en | On History Day, on 31 October, IHR Digital will demonstrate its new 3D printer and 3D imaging equipment. This will be the first public outing of our new kit which we’ve purchased in conjunction with the School’s Institute of Classical Studies. Together we’re setting up a ‘3D Centre for History and Classics’. From 2018 the Centre will run courses on how and why to use 3D technologies in historical research. At History Day you’ll be able to register you interest for one of these courses at the IHR stand.
The IHR has recently taken possession of a high performance computer on which staff and researchers can practise high quality photogrammetry; that is, the creation of three-dimensional representations derived from digital photographs of 2D images or physical objects.
Today’s photogrammetry software will run well enough on a regular desktop computer, and is able to convert images taken on a standard digital camera. However, the IHR’s hi-spec workstation allows us to create exceptionally high-quality images, as well as complex visualisations that can be experienced through the ‘immersive technology’ of virtual reality (VR). Our purchase of a 3D printer means we can also create physical models from these images, using an additive process by which—layer-by-layer—the printer builds up an exact scale representation.
Photogrammetry, virtual reality and three-dimensional printing may at first seem far removed from historical study as practised at the IHR. But 3D is now an important way to undertake and present research, especially in areas such as architectural, urban and topographical history, or histories of material culture. It similarly creates opportunities for new forms of archival and object-based teaching, which permit otherwise rare artefacts to be viewed closely and remotely ‘in the round’, or handled and used as three-dimensional models.
3D technology also helps us to assemble and explore what was hitherto lost. Examples include the recreation of historical built environments, as depicted in the Virtual St Paul’s website or the recently completed St Stephen’s Chapel project. There’s also the opportunity to reconstruct severely damaged documents, of which a prime example is the Great Parchment Book of the Honourable the Irish Society: compiled in 1639, destroyed by fire in 1786, and now readable again as a flattened 3D representation.
It’s no surprise that museums and galleries make good use of three-dimensional technology to promote their collections. Notable here are the 3D Petrie Museum, at University College London, and the British Museum, while artefacts from many other institutions appear on digital platforms such as Sketchfab. Within universities, three-dimensional technology (while increasingly compact and affordable) is often reserved for those studying engineering, the medical and physical sciences architecture and archaeology.
Critical engagement with 3D images or printed objects is much less common for undergraduate and graduate historians, often because the equipment remains the preserve of other departments. Now that we’ve acquired this technology for the IHR, we’re looking to establish the Institute as a centre for historical applications of imaging, modelling and virtual reality; one where historians can gain new skills and to which they’ll bring research data to model and share in new ways.
We hope these options will be on display at the IHR’s forthcoming Winter Conference—Home: New Histories of Living—on 8-9 February 2018. In keeping with its focus on new research practices, the conference will include papers from historians using 3D technologies to recreate and experience, for example, the early modern home from data gathered in probate records.
Following the Winter Conference, we’ll invite historians to try out the IHR’s imaging and printing equipment for themselves. In doing so, we hope that a technology of the late 2010s and 2020s will help rekindle a Pollardian ambition fostered in the 1920s: of the Institute as a national ‘historical laboratory’—a place for experimentation and training in new approaches to the past. | history |
http://glassancientbeads.blogspot.com/2009/11/filigrana-or-not-filigrana.html | 2018-03-20T17:37:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00639.warc.gz | 0.962333 | 1,653 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__29746694 | en | Saturday, November 28, 2009
Ancient Bead Decoration With "Cable" or "Filigrana" Canes
The modern glass term filigrana refers to glass canes wherein one or more colors appear in helical form around a cane of different color. Many writers simply call this "cable decoration." The decorative cane may be made in different ways: 1) two or more different canes joined by heating, then drawn and twisted while still soft; or 2) a drawn cane wrapped or trailed with threads of one or more different colors.
Examples A and B here are wound beads, on which short pieces of cane were laid and trailed threads added, then well marvered so the decorations are flush with the rest of the bead. Here the canes' white threads appear wrapped around transparent glass, rather than suspended within the cane. It is possible that some transparent glass has weathered or worn away, so the present appearance may not be as originally made.
Example C was made quite differently, although the cane that has the red and yellow threads appears also to have had the colored threads wrapped around a more transparent glass that is now quite degraded. This bead was constructed as a "rolled pad," the striped cane pieces and the double-helix cane prepared before a strip of the combination was rolled around a mandrel, the strip's ends fused, and the perforation ends somewhat rounded.
Examples A and B may have been made circa 100 CE, with the possibility that they were made a few centuries earlier -- or later. An example similar to B is depicted in the Greater Washington Bead Society's "Bead Timeline of History" together with beads made perhaps about 100 BCE, but that bead is not discussed in the accompanying publication (James W. Lankton et al., A Bead Timeline, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1200 CE; Washington, DC: Bead Society of Greater Washington, 2004, fig. 6.6, p. 56 and fig. 6.0, p. 53, in group number 602). The same bead seems to have been photographed also in a different group (between numbers 39 and 40) in the Timeline placed in a time period roughly around 900 CE. The group is categorized in "Europe," but no comment is offered for the group or for this bead (Timeline fig. 8.0, p. 74).
Example C is hard to judge, but could have been made about the 8th century CE or even later. Some beads with such decoration have been found in northern European Frankish sites.
The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York, has several beads with such cane decoration around their equators (Acc. no. 72.1.22A-D). They are large oblate spheroids. Three are opaque white glass with undulating trailing of translucent turquoise glass, the additional trailed cane being turquoise glass spirally wound with yellow glass. A fourth is said to have been core-formed, translucent turquoise glass with an undulating opaque white trail, the added cane of white, spiral-wound with yellow glass. Size given is 3.3 cm x 2.6 cm. The beads are attributed to northwest Iran, ca. 6th to 1st centuries BCE, Achaemenid or Parthian periods (Sidney M. Goldstein, Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass; Corning, NY: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1979, catalog nos. 232-235, beads A, B, C, D, pp. 114-115).
Some beads decorated with such helical-thread or "cable" decoration have been found in England, and a few in Ireland, in sites securely datable at various times between 100 BCE and 100 CE. There is some evidence from distribution of find sites that the beads were made in England, although the origins of the glass components are not certain and workshops not found. These beads are discussed by Margaret Guido in The Glass Beads of the Prehistoric and Roman Periods in Britain and Ireland (London, UK: The Society of Antiquaries of London, 1978), pp. 76-79, 182-187. The cables inventoried as bead decorations are all strictly two-color. The bead forms are annular and oblate spheroids as well as fragments. In the annular examples the cables are often wound around the bead body parallel to the perforation.
Guido also inventories one annular bead, "Translucent light greenish bottle-glass with opaque white around perforation and circumferential bands of finely twisted white, red and blue." The bead, 2.5 cm in diameter, 1.1 cm long, with perforation diameter 1 cm., was found in excavation of the Roman fort (called Arbeia) on the Tyne River, South Shields, Durham. The fort was occupied circa 122-369 CE. At times Spanish, Palmyrene and Tigris elements had been at the fort (op. cit. p. 232, drawing p. 101, fig. 38, no. 10). It is possible that the bands are not whole canes marvered in, but are segments of cane; the drawing depicts four narrow bands side-by-side, with surface color-alternation in diagonal stripes placed so that the directions alternate, chevron-fashion, similar to the effect of spheroid beads made later at Fustat, Egypt as well as probably elsewhere. In the latter, the cane segments are fused aligned with the direction of the perforation, not placed circumferentialy. In the Durham bead, the individual bands appear to be each about 1.5 mm wide or less, narrower than the Fustat-type cane segments. This bead is located in the South Shields Museum.
Some beads with such decoration, the 'cables' opaque white and translucent blue, have been found in early Christian sites in Ireland, circa 8th century CE (Julian Henderson, "An Archaeological and Scientific Study of 47 Glass Beads," in David Freke, ed., Excavations on St Patrick's Isle, Peel, Isle of Man 1982-88; Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2002, p. 356). One similar to the Irish type was found in a circa 10th century, CE burial at Peel in a group that probably constituted a necklace, with disparate types of glass and probably varying ages (see discussion by Henderson, and inventory of the beads found in "Beads: Context and Catalogue," ibid., pp. 339-348).
It should be borne in mind that the Canaanite-Phoenicians had traded in England for tin, some centuries before the Roman invasion, and may have introduced some design inspiration, glass-working technology and even prepared glass. Both moving populations and trade, beginning well before the Roman era, may have moved glass, prepared canes, and beads with such decoration into the British Isles from places as far-flung as the eastern Mediterranean basin and northern and eastern Europe.
Bead A here is 12 x 10 mm, B is 11 x 12 mm, and C is 13 x 10 mm (diameter x length through the perforation).
Given the very small scale of these decorative canes, they could not have been drawn after the helical threads were added. Those in the Corning Museum examples cited above appear to be about 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Those in examples A and B here are about 4 mm. diam., and in C about 2.1 mm diameter. The process of marvering those in A and B would have somewhat flattened and broadened the decorative canes. Since these appear to be smaller in scale than those used in glass vessels of the Roman Empire era, they may have been made specifically for decoration of small objects such as beads.
Archaeologically excavated workshops have not been reported that could document when and where such canes were made.
Images copyright (c) 2009 by the blog owner. | history |
http://typewriter.umwblogs.org/about/the-invention/ | 2019-03-19T01:40:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201882.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319012213-20190319034213-00198.warc.gz | 0.952615 | 1,581 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__100691718 | en | GOAL: “A machine by which it is assumed that a man may print his thoughts twice as fast as he can write them, and with the advantage of the legibility, compactness and neatness of print…” -Anonymous 1
Sholes, Glidden, & Soule. “Typewriting Machine Patent” United States Patent Office, 1868, http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00079265&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0079265.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0079265%2526RS%3DPN%2F0079265&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page (accessed March 30, 2011).
“It looked something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table” -Richard Current2
The first American patent for a writing machine appeared as early as 1829 by William Burt, and for the typewriter appeared in 1843 by Charles Thurber. Their machines however, were not the successful story we know today. Thurber’s machine was too slow and did not have any success. Just as important as the inventors are, promoters are needed for technology to be successful, and Christopher Latham Sholes was able to find an able partner in James Densmore. After reading about a typewriting machine being invented by James Pratt of Alabama, Sholes began to improve upon his latest model. He ended up building between twenty-five and thirty models total and demonstrated the most recent model in 1873. The very first model of the typewriter Sholes created indeed did look like a piano, but nevertheless it was the first practical writing machine. Its development began in Miklwaukee in the Winter of 1866-67. 3 Sholes was assisted by Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden, both amateur inventors. The original only wrote in capital letters and its structure prevented the operator from seeing the line that she was writing.” 4 Densmore presented their completed machine in 1873 to E. Remington & Sons. Zellers quotes Henry Benedict, a director of the Remington Company, “‘That machine, is very crude, but there is an idea there that wil revolutionize business. We must on no account let it get away.’ A contract for manufacture was signed on March 1, 1873, and eventually E. Remington & sons acquired complete ownership.” 5 Thus, the Remington Company took a risk, as most companies must do for a new piece of technology to prevail.
“QWERTY Keyboard” http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/IMAGES/Q.78pat.jpeg (Accessed March 30, 2011).
The keyboard is the main component to the typewriter, as it has all the letters. And there were many variations to this piece of the machine. One of the main issues with early typewriters, and early writing machines in general, was that they “did excellent work, but which could not compete against the pen in speed.” 6 It also only had uppercase letters and no lowercase. Wershler-Henry states that “Originally the tendency was to arrange all letters…in alphabetical order for easy reference. It was assumed that if people knew their alphabet, and most people did, it would be easy to locate the letter required.” But this was not efficient for the typewriter, because, “the ‘ABC’ arrangement caused his up-strike machine to jam when any speed was reached.” 7 rather it was efficient only for the typer.
Sholes was also the creator of the QWERTY keyboard that we know and still use today (with a few modifications). The problem with the original machine’s keyboard was that the arms would get stuck together as one was going up to type the next letter and the other was coming down. As a solution, Wershler-Henry explains, “Sholes’s parter [James Densmore] delegated his son-in-law…to draw up a list of the most common two-letter sequences in the English language. Sholes then designed the keyboard so that these pairs were separated, thus introducing a tiny delay between the activation of one letter and the next.” 8
Whether or not this was more efficient is debatable. On one hand, the key arms were no longer sticking together, but on the other, typists were not used to this arrangement of letters. “Sholes’s arrangement is a keyboard ‘considerably less efficient than if the arrangement had been left to simple chance.'” 9 So why then did it remain persistent all the way through present day?
The most popular alternate keyboard to the QWERTY was created by August Dvorak and was patented in 1936, as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard. 10 This keyboard featured a greater utilization of right hand keying, a minimization of awkward fingering sequences, and a larger home-[middle] row vocabulary (3000 vs. 100 common words). In addition, the typist can learn this keyboard in a third amount of time it took to learn the QWERTY keyboard. 11 But why did QWERTY prevail? The answer, simply because people wanted things to stay the same, no one wanted to learn a new keyboard all over again, and just as many technological advances occur, the superior product does not always become the standard.
- “Typewriting Machine” Scientific American 17, no. 1 (July 1867): 3. <http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=scia;cc=scia;rgn=full%20text;idno=scia1017-1;didno=scia1017-1;view=image;seq=00011;node=scia1017-1%3A1> (accessed March 30, 2011). ↩
- Richard Current, The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It (Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1954) 9 ↩
- John Zellers, The Typewriter: A Short History, on its 75th Anniversary 1873-1948. (New York: The Newcomen Society of England,1948), 10. ↩
- Ibid, 13. ↩
- Ibid, 12. ↩
- Ibid, 9. ↩
- Darren Wershler-Henry, The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005) 155. ↩
- Ibid, 156. ↩
- Ibid, 156. ↩
- Ibid. ↩
- Ibid. ↩ | history |
https://rapidroofing.com/roofing-contractors-sterling-heights-mi/ | 2024-04-17T11:24:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817153.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417110701-20240417140701-00097.warc.gz | 0.939362 | 192 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__41163916 | en | In 2024, Rapid Roofing proudly expanded its operations to Sterling Heights, marking a new chapter in our history of service excellence. Founded in Southeast Michigan in 2000 by Bill and Mike Beaty, our journey into residential roofing services began with a profound legacy of hard work and integrity passed down by their father. Over the years, this legacy has shaped our mission: not merely to repair roofs but to ensure the peace of mind of each homeowner we have the privilege to serve. Achieving an A+ rating and earning accolades such as the Angie’s List Super Service Award since 2009, Rapid Roofing has evolved beyond its roofing origins. Today, we’re a comprehensive exterior service provider, passionately upholding our founders’ values of quality, integrity, and a customer-first approach. Embedded within the Michigan community, we’re committed to enhancing the lives of our neighbors with unmatched service and craftsmanship. | history |
https://thememoirofawriter.com/2020/05/07/ghost-soldiers-by-hampton-sides-review/ | 2023-06-10T02:01:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00234.warc.gz | 0.98851 | 2,089 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__179068463 | en | During a time where death was welcomed and at times begged for, there were still soldiers holding on to life by the skin of their teeth. These soldiers were the forgotten soldiers in Hampton Sides Ghost Soldiers. When I grabbed Ghost Soldiers off of a shelf at a local Goodwill, I had no idea what it was about but was intrigued by the interesting title. Two dollars lighter and one book heavier, I was the new owner of a beat up copy of a story about a mission during War World II. Quite honestly, I didn’t have any intention of actually reading it, but that changed the moment I read the first page.
I wasn’t expecting Hampton Sides gift for detail, which had me cringing yet wanting to know more. Sides offers a thorough account of the American soldiers surrender to the Japanese while at the Battle of Bataan, and the march they had to take to their own prisoner of war camp. This walk was later dubbed the Bataan Death March due to how great the death toll was for the captured soldiers during this march. Sides also gives a detailed record of the quality of life within the prisoner of war camp while maintaining the attention of the reader by bringing to light a plan of rescue for the imprisoned soldiers.
The story begins by diving right into the middle of the action with the American soldiers still fighting in the Battle of Bataan against the Japanese army, their life hanging by a thread as many troops were riddled with disease and supplies were few—if any. As the men lay in their foxholes they took to singing a chant, originally written by an American newsman, “We’re the battling bastards of Bataan, no mama, no papa, no Uncle Sam. No aunts, no uncles, no nephews, no nieces—no pills, no planes, no artillery pieces…and nobody gives a damn.” In just a few short lines it shows the hopeless attitude the troops had adopted. Though this battle took place during World War II and was quite a few years before my time, Sides not only captured the forlorn thoughts of these soldiers, he brought it to life as if this travesty happened only yesterday.
The American soldiers fought for their country, their fellow comrades, and their life only a short three months in Bataan before American General Edward P. Kings gave the orders to the 75,000 American troops in Bataan to surrender themselves to the Japanese. These orders were against American General MacArthur’s, who was a fellow commander. This in turn forced MacArthur’s hand and he himself had to withdraw from his position by orders of President Roosevelt. Stricken with guilt, MacArthur swore he’d come back for his troops. At first glance, instinct makes MacArthur look like a pushover, but as the story progresses Sides shows the loyalty of MacArthur by proving his promise was not vain.
When the U.S. General met with the Japanese General to make the surrender of the American troops known, the Japanese began planning for the prisoner intake that would occur. They had to make provisions and figure out the way in which they would get so many soldiers to the actual prison camp, which was near the city Cabanatuan. What the Japanese didn’t realize until it was too late was that there were a lot more American soldiers that had surrendered than they had counted on. The march was sixty miles long and through torturous heat. Many soldiers, already extremely ill, did not make it far. Even so, the ones that could walk were rarely given food or water. The Japanese, easily angered, would kill any soldier that walked too slow or fell. If they stopped by a source of water, death was the result if any prisoner attempted to drink. With so many factors working against the American soldiers it is easy to see why it is named the Bataan Death March.
Once the prisoners reached the camp, Hampton Sides did a remarkable job describing what life was like behind enemy fences for the American soldiers that were imprisoned there. The prisoners worked hard, laborious tasks on an incredibly small amount of food and water. These already diseased men fell into even more sickness. Death was rampant, claiming men daily. Their pain was described in great detail and not easy to read about, but it illustrated the amount of hardship these men had to go through and only few survived. The men were forced to live with lice, malaria, and beriberi with limited medication. They worked daily, whether it was building landing strips or digging trenches; they were always wearing their already worn bodies out.
Escaping the camp was at the forefront of each man’s mind; at least until they realized getting too close to the fences would bring deadly consequences. If one soldier ever attempted an escape the entire camp would be punished. Though the men in this camp experienced some of the most inhumane practices, Sides wrote about the hope these men clung to as if it was their ship home. Even though the soldiers had been disappointed by their own countries military and were put on the government’s last priority list they still stayed optimistic about being rescued. When one soldier would be on the brink of breaking physically and mentally a fellow soldier would convince him it was a time to keep living. The soldiers weren’t always in harmony; there were points when survival depended on how much they were willing to be selfish because food quantity eventually dropped even lower. It was the survival of the fittest—or rather the survival of the men who could still use their limbs.
Ghost Soldiers was told in shifting perspectives and also showed the reader what was going on with General MacArthur and his hard work and determination to free his soldiers. It was a nice touch to be able to read both sides of the story, which made reading about the more gruesome details more bearable because it gave you a sense of hope that these men might survive and make it back home to their loved ones. You aren’t only reading about horrifying details of the prisoners of war but also about the determination the men planning their rescue had.
Colonel Mucci was the chosen front man to lead the handpicked Rangers, who were soldiers that stood out and were specifically chosen to train for the mission of bringing the extremely decreased number of around 600 soldiers home. Three years passed with the soldiers in captivity and by that time it wasn’t just American soldiers they would bring back to safe ground, there were British as well. The Rangers themselves had to face many difficulties during their own march to the camp, like ducking and lying flat on the ground every time they heard a noise, thinking it could be enemy planes. When the Rangers were close enough to the camp they were afraid of getting caught, but they were fortunate enough to team up with local guerrillas.
The Rangers finally freed the weak, barely capable of walking prisoners from the camp. But making it to the camp and getting the soldiers out safely wasn’t the end. They still had to get out of enemy territory and most of the freed men were carried or put onto carts. The most powerful part of this story was the reaction the Rangers had towards the very men they rescued. They called the once prisoners “heroes” and refused the term for themselves. It was a moving moment of recognition and selflessness. The ghost soldiers may have felt forgotten and in many minds they were, but to MacArthur, Mucci, and the Rangers they were the true heroes of the war.
“The forgotten epic story of World War II’s most dramatic mission”, is what the book is described as. It can no longer claim to be forgotten, for it will always be remembered for those who read this chilling story. There were times where tears were on the brink of overflowing and I had to put the book down. Hampton Sides knows how to tell a true story that isn’t all about facts and numbers. It was about the American soldiers and who they were and what they went through. Sides lets the reader experience the story as if their grandpa was sitting them down and telling them about his time in the war.
He didn’t just tell the story of prisoners of war and their rescue, he took each soldiers story and cared about them and every single soldier that was introduced had a conclusion. Even if that conclusion was that they were never heard of again. Sides made sure everything coincided and that the entire story had an end.
“Today the site of Cabanatuan Camp is a modest park covered in tropical fruit trees. A memorial wall of white marble lists the names of 2,656 Americans who perished there.”
This book was published in 2002, I read it in 2012 and I wrote this in 2015. I decided to publish it here, because…why not?
It’s hands down one of my favorite books on a subject that I love learning about. Specifically, I like learning about the lesser known occurrences of WWII – so if you know any like books, recommend them!
I’ve posted reviews before and anyone who has read those and made it through this clunker will see the difference in style. My more recent reviews hit more on technique and what worked and what didn’t. This is more of a traditional review.
Do you want to see more like this?
The Battle of Bataan, fought two years before I was born, and the rescue of the surviving prisoners is a story I have seen on film, read, and I even talked to a survivor about when I was ten years old. Yes, Hampton Sides does a particularly fine job of bringing it back to its reality. Your review does the book justice. Thank you. Warmest review Ed
LikeLiked by 1 person
That’s so cool that you were able to talk to a survivor. I’ve met a few WWII vets and it’s always an interesting experience.
I was fortunate the one I talked to when I was ten was willing to talk. Most of them clammed up for decades. Warmest regards, Ed
LikeLiked by 1 person | history |
http://turkishgoldminersassociation.org/turkish-gold/turkish-gold-history | 2017-04-24T01:27:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00451-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.957982 | 569 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__119914324 | en | Gold has captivated the imagination and passions of civilizations for thousands of years, forming the basis of early currency and trade all over the world. It is surprising how the earliest Anatolian civilizations demonstrated advanced knowledge of metal ores and mining practices dating back to the Neolithic period ca. 9,000 BC.
The earliest Anatolian gold artefacts were discovered at Alacahoyuk (modern Corum), which dates to the early Bronze Age, ca. 3,000 BC. By this time, the inhabitants of Anatolia (modern Turkey) had developed sophisticated technology for manufacturing metals.
Gold played a major part in the advance of many Anatolian civilizations and evidence can still be seen to this day through ancient mine workings across some of the countries largest modern day deposits.
In Turkey fine native gold is often found in quartz veins in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. Early civilizations lacking knowledge of extraction techniques, and an understanding of geology, sourced gold from placer deposits in streams or rivers. One such river, rich in alluvial gold, is the Gediz (River Hermus of antiquity) which drains the region of the Boz Sira Mountains to the east of Izmir. As the second largest river draining the Anatolian plateau into the Aegean, the Gediz is steeped in legend from King Midas through to the great riches of King Croesus and the earliest minted gold coins of Lydia (ca.650 BC).
As the alluvial deposits in Anatolia were exhausted of their gold, oxidized zones of gold-quartz and sulphide deposits began to be exploited. Where bedrock quartz deposits were used, the separation of native gold from quartz, was accomplished by hand picking, crushing, milling and finally washing of the residues.
In the 1980s there was renewed interest in Turkish gold deposits, as both geologists and archaeologists began significant research into the location of gold sources from over 2,000 years ago. The gold hoards of Galatia, Phrygia, Lydia and Troy stood as testament to the rich geology that lay beneath western Turkey. Today, gold is being extracted once more and Turkey is now the leader in European gold production.
It is notable that the focal point for exploration and mining has been the provinces of western Turkey, where many of these great archaeological finds were made. The first modern gold mine is Ovacik (1 Moz), which lies 100 km north of Izmir and just kilometres from modern day Bergama (ancient Pergamon). The second mine is Kisladag (5.5 Moz), located 180 kilometres east of Izmir , near the town of Usak.
The major gold deposits of Turkey run across the following three regions;
Website developed by Alkimi | history |
https://davisbiotech.com/online-resources-new-online-archives-offer-insight-into-more-than-a-century-of-american-history/ | 2022-06-25T20:00:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00498.warc.gz | 0.938168 | 492 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__229542155 | en | From Cooper Union:
The Cooper Union Presents Great Hall Voicean extraordinary new public resource that tells the story of New York and the nation through the words of the people who helped shape it from the stage of the legendary Great Hall. Great Hall Voice is a digital archive, free and accessible to all, and generously supported by the Robert David Lion Gardiner Foundation. This growing collection features all known sound and video recordings made in the historic Cooper Union Great Hall since 1941 and continuing to the present day, as well as 8,900 objects, such as photographs, tickets and flyers, related to over 3,000 great hall programs. dating from 1859.
Great Hall Voice houses recordings of some of America’s most renowned thinkers and leaders from all disciplines, including Presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall; feminist, journalist and activist Gloria Steinem; nearly every New York City mayor from the 1950s to the present; Congressional leaders like John Lewis and Adam Schiff; cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead; architect Louis I. Kahn; psychologist and writer Timothy Leary; and poet and author Carl Sandburg. The digital archive is searchable by date, speaker and 20 different themes such as anthropology and sociology; architecture and urbanism ; Environment; work and economy; New York; politics and activism; racial justice and human rights; and Women, gender and sexuality.
It took nearly four years for a team of archivists and designers to create the archive which consists of the new digital platform and a collection compiled from multiple sources. Many historic recordings had languished in Cooper Union Audio Visual Department storage for decades. With the start of this project, they have been relocated, conserved and cataloged. Additional recordings were transferred from the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, the Cooper Union School of Art, and the WNYC New York Public Radio Collection of the New York City Archives. Many recordings made in partnership with WNYC from 1968 to 1970 were syndicated nationally by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. Ultimately, the archive project grew into a larger cause to consolidate all available information about the Great Hall at Cooper Union into this formalized resource. The born physical and digital records represented on the site are archived and available in the Cooper Union Library Archives and Special Collections.
Direct to the Voices of the Great Hall Online Archive
Learn more, read the full announcement | history |
https://villapnai.com/explore/historic-sites/ | 2024-02-23T00:56:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00781.warc.gz | 0.944563 | 4,818 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__153293997 | en | It is impossible to overstate the historical importance of northern Israel and the Galilee, and the multitude of deeply significant sites that can be visited in this beautiful part of the world: Bronze Age settlements from the time of King David (e.g. Tel Hazor, Tel Beit She’an); Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine cities (e.g. Beit She’an); the places where Jesus lived and ministered (e.g. Nazareth, Capernaum, Mount of the Beatitudes); Crusader fortresses and citadels (e.g. Nimrod, Akko); and much more.
The Galilee contains many important places of pilgrimage for Christians.
However, it should be remembered that Jesus was a Jew and is recognized as a prophet by Muslims.
Everyone, irrespective of their religion or beliefs, is welcome at these sites, which offer wonderful and restful locations, often with stunning views, for contemplation, meditation or prayer.
The “Bible Walks” website (www.biblewalks.com) provides a comprehensive historical description of a vast array of sites, together with visitors information and excellent photographs.
We highly recommend a recent edition of “The Holy Land: An Oxford Archeological Guide”, Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Oxford University Press (We have a copy in the Villa, for guests use) Below, we have highlighted some of our favourites sites listed below in ascending order of distance from Rosh Pinna.
Tel Hazor is of one of the largest and most important biblical sites from the Canaanite and Israelite periods (18th to 9th Century BCE) when this mighty city was the gateway between Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Described as the “head of all of those kingdoms” (Joshua 11:10) Hazor was the largest and most important fortified city in the region. It was noted for its bronze making industry.
The upper city is situated at the top of the Tel and is protected by massive walls, towers and gates that enclose an area of 10 hectares. Gate towers dating back to the time of King Solomon have been partially reconstructed.
Inside the walls are the excavated remains of a Canaanite palace (14th to 13th Century BCE) and temple, an Israelite citadel (9th to 8th Century BCE), and numerous other imposing structures including civic and commercial buildings.
A very significant and impressive system to store and supply water was constructed in the 9th Century BCE, including a vertical square shaft descending 46 metres into the ground, accessible by 123 steps carved into the rock.
The much larger lower city is some 75 hectares in area, protected by a surrounding rampart.
Comparatively little has been excavated, yet it is known to contain the remains of various structures dating from 18th to 13th Century BCE. The lower city is not open to the public.
However, it can be clearly seen from the northern side of the upper city. Worth bringing binoculars! http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Hazor.html
“Old Korazim” was a small town established early in the 1st Century CE.
According to the Christian gospels, Jesus visited Korazim did not “repent” and was cursed.
Korazim was destroyed by an earthquake in the 4th Century CE, though it was subsequently restored and prospered until the 8th Century CE.
Set on a promontory on the northern slopes, the excavated town is approximately 10 hectares in size.
In the centre is an important synagogue, partially reconstructed, that dates to the 4th Century CE.
There are fine carvings on the lintel and on other stones, including a stone bench (a “cathedra of Moses”) with a Hebrew inscription. Nearby is an underground Mikveh.
The town’s water supply was a nearby spring, and a complex network of covered gullies and cisterns distributed and stored the water. An oil press can be seen on the western side of the town. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Korazim.html
Centred about the octagonal Church of the Beatitudes, beautiful and serene gardens and expansive lawns offer wonderful views over the Lake.
It is believed that here Jesus preached the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1-7:28) to a very large crowd of Galileans. The sermon contains the eight Beatitudes, including, for example, “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.”
This is truly a wonderful place to sit, think, contemplate and meditate.
With plenty of shade, it is a delightful place even in the heat of the mid-Summer.
Nearby are the ruins of a 4th Century CE Byzantine church. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Beatitudes.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount
Below the Mount of the Beatitudes, on the shore of the Lake, is the Church of the Multiplication built, it is believed, on the site where Jesus performed the miracle of the “five loaves and two fish”, also known as the “feeding of the five thousand” (Matthew 14:13-21, Mark 6:31-44, Luke 9:10-17 and John 6:5-15).
A very large crowd of 5,000 men plus accompanying women and children had followed Jesus from nearby Bethsaida. As evening approached, the crowd became hungry, yet the only food available was five loaves of bread and two fish.
Jesus gave thanks and broke the bread. Miraculously there became more than enough food to feed the entire crowd.
The beautiful and serene modern church is built on the site of the original 4th Century CE church and contains many of the original features, including a series of the original floor mosaics.
These stunning figurative mosaics and are the earliest know examples of their kind in Israel. A limestone block, under the altar, is venerated as the stone on which the miraculous meal was laid. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/tabcha.html
A short walk from the Church of the Multiplication is the Church of the Primacy of Peter.
Situated on the shore of the Lake, the modern Franciscan chapel is built on the foundations of a 4th Century CE church, still visible at the base of the modern walls.
The modest chapel, quiet and reflective, houses a large rock set into the floor, the “mensa Christi”, on which Jesus and the disciples had breakfast.
On the lake side of the church are some carved stone steps (2nd Century BCE?) that lead down to a small beach.
Early in the morning it is still possible to see fishermen casting their nets into the Lake. Warm springs flow into the Lake close to this point, attracting large numbers of fish to this place.
Nearby, a small jetty, shaded by an awning, has some picnic tables – an ideal location for contemplation and a spot of lunch. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/tabgha-church-of-primacy-of-peter
Capernaum was a fishing village on the north shore of the Lake, inhabited from the 2nd Century BCE to the 11th Century CE.
An important Jewish centre, it was the centre of Jesus’ public ministry and is mentioned on numerous occasions in the Gospels (Matthew 4:13, 8:5, 11:23, 17:24, Mark 1:21, 2:1, 9:33, Luke 4:23, 31,7:1, 10:15, John 2:12, 4:46, 6:17, 24,59).
The narrow network of streets and buildings that formed the village has been excavated.
At the centre is an octagonal church built over an ancient house believed to have been the house where the apostle Peter lived.
A modern church is built on pillars over this site, with a glass floor through which the remnants of this ancient church can be viewed.
There are also the remains of a 4th Century CE synagogue, one of the most magnificent ancient synagogues in Israel.
Nearby is the Church of the Seven Apostles, a beautiful modern Greek Orthodox church. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html
This rarely visited archeological site is located in Jordan Park Nature on the north-east of the Lake, just east of the Upper Jordan River.
The site is the probable location of the town of Bethsaida (“Beit Tsaida”) where Jesus healed a blind man (Mark 8:22) and the birthplace of the apostles Andrew, Peter and Philip (John 1:44). Though now some 1.5 km from the Lake, it once have sat on its north-eastern shore until earthquakes shifted the course of the Upper Jordan and raised the northern banks.
Recent excavations have revealed an extensive walled town dating from the 3rd Century BCE, that has yielded a multitude of archaeological treasures, including a fisherman’s house, a winemaker’s house amongst other structures and artifacts.
You can walk the network of cobbled streets, flanked by shops, houses and a temple.
However, the excavations also revealed that beneath this Hellenistic and Roman town lies a much older Bronze Age city, likely the city of Geshur.
King David’s third wife, the mother of Absalom, came from here (2 Samuel 3: 3). Archaeologists have reconstructed the massive city gate complex at the southern end of the city.
Tel Beit Tsaida is a tranquil refuge with wonderful views over the Lake and the Upper Jordan.
Hard to find, access to the site is from the gate to the Jordan park. Right after passing the gate, turn left and reach the parking lot on the north side of the ruins.
We recommend combining a visit to this archeological site with a visit to the nearby Bethsaida National Park Reserve (see î Bethsaida) http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Bethsaida.html
Further round on the western shores of the Lake, are the excavated ruins of the Byzantine church and monastery of Kursi, commemorating Jesus’ so-called “miracle of the swine” (Mark 5:1-20, Matthew 8:28-34, Luke 8:26-39).
Dating back to the 5th Century CE, it is the largest Byzantine monastery in Israel. According to 1st Century CE Jewish records, Kursi was a gentile town, hence the keeping of pigs.
Kursi is a beautiful place to visit, lush and green and with wonderful views over the lake. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Kursi.html
The Montfort is a 13th century Crusader fortress built during the times of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The ruins of the fortress is perched majestically on a narrow and steep cliff above the southern bank of Nahal Kziv (Kziv River). The fortress is a fantastic family outing combining striking natural scenery and historical insight.
Unlike many other crusader fortresses in this region, this fortress had not been originally built for military purposes but begun its way as an agricultural farm, prior to its becoming one of the finest examples of fortified building architecture in crusader states.
The fortress is only accessible by foot, but the hike to the fortress is fun and beautiful and does not take very long. The hike is of medium difficulty and suitable for children ages 4+. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Montfort.html
Nimrod Fortress is a very important Crusader-era castle, the largest in Israel, built between 1229-1290 AD to defend the route from Damascus to Jerusalem.
A mountain-top citadel, impressive in its own right, Nimrod commands fantastic
views up to Mount Hermon and down the steep ravines to the Hula valley below.
Some 65 dunams in area, the outer walls connect a series of defensive towers, each containing various rooms and halls in which the defending soldiers would have lived and from where they would have fought.
A large underground reservoir, fully accessible, would have provided enough water to sustain the castle through a prolonged siege.
The central Keep (Donjon), the strategic heart of the castle, likes on the highest point of the castle and offers some of the best views of Nimrod as a whole and of the surrounding landscape.
At 800 m above sea level, the site can be pleasantly cool in the heat of mid-Summer, but can therefore be cold in the Autumn and Spring.
It is not somewhere to visit in Winter! https://www.touristisrael.com/nimrod-fortress/6010/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Fortress
The nearby Witches’ Cauldron restaurant is a great place to have a hearty lunch or evening meal, particularly when the weather is cold. The restaurant has magnificent views over the beautiful crater lake of Birkat Ram. http://www.the-witch.co.il/home.asp
The drive to Nimrod, once you have passed through Kiryat Shimona and start the climb into the Golan Heights, is beautiful.
It is well worth taking your time and stopping at the various viewing points along the road.
It is also worth considering visiting some of the Druze settlements such as Majdal al-Shams (less than 10 km away) whilst you are in the Heights. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort_Castle
A small town in the time of Jesus, Nazareth became a major Christian stronghold during the Byzantine period.
It has been continuously occupied ever since.
Centred about the Old City and its market (mainly dating to the 19th Century CE), Nazareth today is a bustling mixed Christian, Muslim and Jewish city.
Full of fascinating and beautiful corners, its 30 churches, many mosques and ancient synagogues are testament to its history and spiritual significance.
At the heart of the city is the Basilica of the Annunciation, commemorating Gabriel’s visit to Mary.
A stunning modern church, it is built over the grotto believed to be Mary’s house, now an important shrine. The floor contains a 5th Century CE mosaic.
The adjacent St Joseph’s Church is built over a grotto believed to be Joseph’s carpentry workshop.
St Gabriel’s Church, close to Mary’s Well, is a Greek Orthodox church that commemorates the Annunciation. The 12th Century CE Synagogue Church, built by the Crusaders, is built on the site of an ancient synagogue where it is believed that Jesus prayed and studied as a boy.
Other churches worth visiting include the Greek Catholic Church, Christ Church, Our Lady of the Fright, Mensa Christi, and the Convent of the Sisters of Nazareth.
No visit to Nazareth would be complete without a visit to the bustling market, a traditional Arab souk in many respects, selling food, spices and fabrics as well as artwork and souvenirs and with many nearby cafes and restaurants.
Mount Tabor, 9 km east of Nazareth, was a strategically important fortress dating back to the Bronze Age and has numerous references in the Old Testament (Joshua 19: 22, Judges 4: 6-14 and 8: 18, 1 Samuel 10: 3, 1 Chronicles 6: 77, Psalms 89: 12, Jeremiah 46: 18, and Josiah 5: 1).
The summit of the Mount (575m) has extensive Roman and Crusader ruins, clearly visible today.
It is here that Christians believe that Moses and Elijah appear to Jesus who had become “transfigured” (Matthew 17: 1-13), commemorated by the Church of the Transfiguration.
A modern church, it built over the remains of a Crusader church, including 3 accessible grottoes. There is also Greek Orthodox church and monastery.
We recommend taking the short hike (2.5 km) from the Gate of the Wind parking lot beside the wall and begin to climb on foot up to the Franciscan monastery.
The walk along the hillside paths reveals a wealth of magnificent scenery: plowed fields, ponds and communities hidden amid the tangle of greenery are disclosed one after another cumulating to a wide panorama from different successive angles.
A gentle breeze blows on the hill in both winter and summer. From the summit there are fabulous views over the Jezreel valley and is a wonderful place for a picnic.
Mount Tabor is also a popular launch site for hang-glider enthusiasts. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/tabor.html
Akko, also known historically to Arabs as عكّا (‘Akka) and Westerners as Acre, lies on the northern edge of the coastal valley in the Bay of Acre.
Akko possesses a long history of various cultures: Canaanites, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Crusaders and Arabs. Akko is a holy city in the Bahá’í Faith and has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a site of extraordinary significance to the world’s cultural heritage.
Akko boasts beautiful seashore, a marina and a fishing port. Old Acre, which is situated on a peninsula, is one of the few cities along the shores of the Mediterranean whose surrounding walls have remained intact, aside from two openings that now provide access to motor vehicles.
Akko is our favorite city in the north; there is plenty to see (and hear and taste and smell) above ground and below.
Akko also makes a great place to spend a Saturday, as the Old City doesn’t close down and all the sites are open. It is a city brimming with history and bustling multicultural livelihood. One day-trip to Akko may not suffice to enjoy the multiple attraction Akko has to offer, below is a list of our favorite:
- Visit the Hall of the Crusader Knights at the Citadel. Archaeological excavations revealed a complex of halls built and used by the Hospitallers Knights.
- Descend into the Templar Tunnel, which was built by the Knights Templar to provide underground passage between their fortress and the port on the south-eastern side of the city.
- Visit Or Torah synagogue, a Tunisian synagogue, meticulously handcrafted spectacle of stained glass and tile mosaic entirely unique to Akko. (Located a 3-5 minute walk outside the Old City from the Land Gate)
- Shop, eat and linger in the market. There are very good fishmongers (but arrive early) as well as spices, olives, baklava, soap and fresh loofas from the sea. There are some excellent humus eateries in the market.
- Walk atop the city walls, the section from Weizman St. to the Land Gate at the sea shore dates back from the rule of Ahmed Al-Jazzar, This section also houses the Treasures in the Wall Ethnographic Museum.
- Visit the Turkish Bazaar – Newly renovated bazaar in the old city, where several up-and-coming chefs have opened small restaurants.
- Explore Tel Akko – the remains of the ancient city of Acre before it was resettled on the piece of land currently known as the “Old City”. Tel Akko offers incredible views of the Old City, Haifa and the sea. The hill, or “Tel”, results from multiple ancient cities built on top of each other from the Early Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. Excavations are on-going, and since few tourist know about it, is well worth a visit if you’re craving some peace and quiet.
- Swim in fine Mediterranean water and relax on one of Akko beaches adorned with soft, fine sand from the Nile Estuary.
- Marvel and contemplate in the Shrine of Baha’u’llah – the holiest place for the Baha’is. The Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh is composed of a central room that has a small garden at its centre.
Akko has excellent fish & seafood restaurants, housed in authentic stone buildings, and some with fine views of the sea or the port.
If you are looking for something special try Uri Buri or El-Babour & the Sea (booking advisable).
Beit She’an is one of the oldest cities in Israel, first occupied some 6,000 years ago.
The Tel (Tel el-Hisn) contains evidence of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlements, and became an administrative centre during the Egyptian occupation (15th Century BCE).
Subsequently a Canaanite settlement, the Tel was later captured by the Philistines, who having defeated the Israelites at the battle of Mount Gilboa, hung the body of King Saul from the city walls.
The Israelites later captured Beit She’an under the leadership of King David.
At the foot of the Tel lies the deeply impressive excavated ruins of a Hellenistic, Roman and then Byzantium metropolis, once home to a population of 40,000 citizens and covering an area of 1,500 dunam.
The colonnaded Cardo is flanked by shops, baths and temples, and evokes a real sense of what it must have been like as a bustling commercial centre some 2,000 years ago.
More than that, there is a significant Roman theatre and a full-size a chariot-racing arena.
Fantastic views of the Roman city can be seen from the top of the Tel.
Beit She’an continued to be an important city under the Arab caliphate and the subsequent Latin Kingdom. Nearby are the ruins of Crusader-era castle.
Beit She’an can be best reached by driving down the eastern shore of the Lake on the 92.
The road passes the holiday resort of Kibbutz Ein Gev, which is an excellent place to stop for a rest and a meal.
The 92 also passes the ruins of a Byzantine Christian monastery at Kursi, commemorating Jesus’ so-called “miracle of the swine” (Mark 5:1-20, Matthew 8:28-34, Luke 8:26-39). Impressive in its own right, it is a beautiful location an offers another lovely place to break to the journey to Beit She’an. | history |
https://www.mountmellickparish.ie/our-parish/presentation-sisters-history/ | 2024-02-28T00:35:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00764.warc.gz | 0.983628 | 3,474 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__111750721 | en | Mountmellick – The Story of Our Community
In 1771, when Nano Nagle was making final preparations to bring the Ursulines to Cork, Mountmellick was raised to the status of a parish. Catholics were few, ignorance and poverty were rife and morale was at a very low ebb. Under the leadership of two zealous pastors the Catholic population increased in spite of oppression, famine and emigration. In 1833 Rev. Andrew Healy became the third P.P. of Mountmellick. He was deeply concerned for the welfare of his people and prayed earnestly for 20 years that the Lord would send Presentation Sisters to provide education for the “poor females” in his parish.
Because of poverty it seemed impossible to provide for a community of nuns – there was no way he could raise funds – but he so believed that the Presentation Sisters were the “right” ones that he refused an offer from another Congregation that would be self sufficient and hence not totally committed to the poor; so he kept on praying and trusting against all the odds until his heart’s desire was granted in 1854.
Anna Maria Corballis was a talented young lady belonging to a wealthy and very religious Dublin family. After her two older sisters joined Fanny Ball in establishing Loreto Abbey, Dublin, Anna Maria entered first the Cistercians in England and later the Carmelites in Dublin. In both cases her health broke down. Eventually she discovered her true vocation when she entered with the Presentation Sisters in Bagenalstown. Before taking her solemn vows, as Sr. Charles, she disposed of her patrimony in favour of the Presentation foundation in Mountmellick, through Dr. Healy, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin.
Foundation: On March 6th 1854, Sisters Charles Corballis (Bagenalstown), Aloysius Brophy (her cousin), Ignatius Taylor and Frances Kelly (all from Carlow Community) travelled by train to Portarlington, stopping off to visit the sisters in Kildare. They were accompanied by Fr. Hamilton, a professor in Carlow College, who, with the bishop, ardently supported the new foundation all along the way. There was consternation when no covered car could be procured at Portarlington railway station to bring the sisters on the last leg of their journey to Mountmellick. Fr. Hamilton thought it very undignified for “cloistered nuns” to have to travel in an open car and, with their unseemly luggage, remarked that “they were more likely to be taken for a group of strolling players”!
A house had been rented in the centre of the town as a home for the new community. This big house, devoid of any furniture or convenience, except for two deal tables and three wooden chairs, provided little welcome on a cold bleak afternoon in early March. However, nothing could daunt the enthusiasm of this little group, who had left the security and companionship of their respective communities to embark on a very challenging mission. The sisters slept on pallets on the floor for some time and it is recorded that they carried their three wooden chairs from the refectory to the chapel and back several times daily for most of that first year!
A major task on the evening of arrival was to set up an oratory using one of the deal tables as an altar. Next morning the Bishop offered Mass after which the Blessed Sacrament was reserved and the house blessed. Now, with Jesus in their midst, the first community of Presentation Sisters was officially established in Mountmellick on 7th March 1854.
The Sisters were somewhat disconcerted by the seeming lack of welcome on the part of Fr. Healy or his parishioners. In fact, he had told no one of their coming and so the Sisters were already installed before anyone was aware of their presence. Soon, however, they understood why Fr. Healy acted as he did when they became aware of “the old spirit of bigotry and Protestant ascendancy” which prevailed in the area and how easily hostility could be aroused.
25th March 1854 was a very significant date in the history of the parish, when the Angelus bell rang out at 6 a.m. announcing again, after centuries of silence, the Good News of the Incarnation. We are told that, as Sr. Aloysius rang the bell, she held a little statue of Our Lady in her hand and prayed fervently that the Mother of God would send out blessings of hope and peace to all of her oppressed and deprived children.
In April 1854 the four rooms on the ground floor of their rented home were set up as classrooms, using desks obtained from a former national school, which had catered for 48 pupils. The Sisters were very happy when, on 23rd April, they eagerly opened their school doors, well prepared to accept 40 – 50 pupils. 300 young people turned up aged 4-19 years! The annals describe scenes from these early school days reminiscent of Nano’s first experiences in Cork. These young people, some of whom would just have survived the famine, had little experience of discipline or co-operation. Quarrelling, shouting and generally boisterous, they paid no heed whatever to the many efforts made to calm them. The Sisters felt helpless and sometimes frightened in those early days and it took much courage, patience, faith and commitment to persevere in such difficult circumstances. Their pupils had no knowledge of religion and very few had made First Holy Communion, so the Sisters provided evening classes to teach them prayers and catechism.
In May 1854 the Sisters set up a shrine to Our Lady in their garden and encouraged the pupils to take part in May processions and sing hymns to Our Lady. Afterwards, we are told that, when things got out of control in the classroom, it was enough to make the sign of the Cross and say a Hail Mary aloud to restore order and quiet! The proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, that year, was eagerly availed of as an opportunity to foster a lively devotion to their heavenly Mother in the hearts of the pupils.
During all this time the Sisters kept a very low profile. Because of the prevailing anti-Catholic atmosphere they were seen as a threat. On the feast of Corpus Christi, two men in the grounds of the Sisters’ house deliberately fired a shot at Sr. Ignatius who was standing inside a window, narrowly missing her but leaving the window shattered. Fr. Healy had the two men arrested. During the court hearing, however, he stated that he did not wish them to be prosecuted, but, since the Sisters had come for the benefit of the people they should be respected. This produced a favourable result.
In a special solemn ceremony in 1855, the Bishop presented the Sisters with rings, now worn for the first time in the Order. (Pius IX had sketched the shield and cross with rays saying, when asked for a motto, that the “cross would supply for all”).
1856 saw a number of improvements introduced. Overcrowding in the school was affecting the health of the pupils and their teachers and so the sisters acquired the only available site – a disused distillery yard with some ruined buildings in it, at the entrance to the town. The old distillery dwelling house was renovated as a new home for sisters and a two-roomed thatched school, well lit and ventilated, was built mainly from rubble on the site. A chapel in the new home, capable of holding 200, proved a huge asset in fostering a spirit of faith and devotion in many parishioners.
In September 1856 a very large number of children, adults and married women made their first Confirmation; they were confirmed in the parish church in Graigue. Immediately after the ceremony the newly confirmed, all dressed in white, walked in procession, followed by the congregation, right through the town and into the convent garden – a distance of one mile. No one had organised or foreseen this event, not even Fr. Healy – a striking witness to the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. (The convent garden is still a place that attracts the newly confirmed, newly-weds and past pupils -after almost 150 years.)
A new convent was built in 1863. It was built at a time of real poverty, and with the help of very small donations, bazaars etc. – money often coming in ‘miraculously’ -the exact sum at the exact time! Two years elapsed before it could be occupied as there was no money to furnish it. A statue of the Immaculate Conception, placed at the highest point of the convent, caused quite a stir. It was just 7 years since the Sisters came to Mountmellick, at which time an orange pole and flag was permanently raised exactly opposite the site of the new convent and everyone entering the town had to pass under it.
In reaction to the erection of the statue, a delegation of the ‘local ascendancy’ brought a petition to Dublin Castle to have the offending statue removed. The petition failed when it was ascertained that it was legally distant from the public thoroughfare. Angry members then threatened to erect a statue of Queen Elizabeth right opposite – but it didn’t happen. The prominent position of Mary Immaculate was a heart warming sign of hope and security for the Catholics where religion was only struggling into life after a cruel persecution of nearly 300 years.
In 1866 St. Joseph’s ‘Benefit School’ opened for Catholic families who had become better off and were sending their children to Protestant Schools so as not to mix with the poor children! The school was set up in the house vacated by the Sisters and the subjects taught were English, French, vocal and instrumental music, painting and needlework. ‘Sunday school’ classes, which up to now were held in Graigue, were transferred to the convent.
In 1868 the first Parish Mission was preached by the O.M.I. Fathers. Many older adults needed to be instructed in the very basics before receiving the Sacraments. The Sisters gave this instruction each evening after school, teaching the Christian Doctrine by rote, since only one in twenty could read. We are told that it was pathetic to see old men hobbling in to get their first ever lessons in Catechism. The bishop came and administered the sacrament of Confirmation to hundreds of these adults at the end of the parish mission.
By 1869, twenty-five years after the foundation, it was clear that the foundation was already bearing much fruit with 18 sisters in community and 30 professed sisters (past pupils) elsewhere. The custom of mothers bringing their children to be offered to Our Lady, May Processions, “Holy Childhood”, “Holy Angels” and Children of Mary were firmly established in the parish. ‘Mountmellick Work’ and other forms of embroidery and hand work had become very popular and profitable. In 1882, an exhibition of needlework was held in Dublin with the intention of promoting home industry – the Sisters, having embroidered a beautiful large quilt in Mountmellick. Work for the occasion, received a certificate of merit.
By 1883 it was clear that developments called for a larger and more ‘modern’ school. The site of the Benefit school, which had been absorbed into the ‘National System’ was available. This year was one of great economic depression and the Sisters got little encouragement financially. However, putting their trust in God, Mary Immaculate and St. Joseph, as always, they set about raising the money. They decided, among other things, to run a bazaar. Their first request for a prize was made to Pope Leo XI11 who graciously sent a beautiful cameo of Our Lady and his Apostolic blessing! Thus heartened, they redoubled their efforts and the bazaar raised £650 clear! The rubble from the thatched school and St. Joseph’s was used to help in the building, while the Sisters taught in the open air and/or under canvas tents in all weathers for two years until the new school opened in 1886. This was to be the scene of their labours for the next 88 years – with the addition of 2 more rooms in 1930.
In 1921, after 67 years in Primary Education, the sisters were aware of a growing need for secondary education. This was especially a life long dream of Mother Patrick Clarke, a woman of great vision and zeal. So, when the Quaker boarding school (established in 1687) came on the market in May 1921, it was bought by the Sisters, through the generous financial aid of D.E. Williams of Tullamore, who had often expressed to the sisters a desire to help the young people of Mountmellick. On 25th October, the feast of Our Lady of Victories, the secondary school, although still in need of vast renovations, opened its doors to thirty day pupils and five boarders. With Mother Ita Fanning at the helm, M. Berchmans Curtin and Sister Martha Timmins formed the nucleus of ‘St. Mary’s College’ where, over the years, countless young girls were well equipped academically, culturally and spiritually for life. St. Mary’s College was destined to grow from strength to strength under the patronage of Our Lady of Victories and have a huge impact locally and nationwide. The fee in 1948 was £30 p.a. for the Boarding School. Pupils came from many counties. Both teachers and pupils worked consistently and tirelessly and achieved great results. The Sisters dedicated themselves totally to the apostolate in St. Mary’s College.
In 1953, Mother Michael Ryan led a foundation to Bicester, Oxon in England and later to Swindon and Acocks Green, Birmingham. In 1958, the Convent of our Lady of Victories was opened. The convent was blessed by Bishop Thomas Keogh, Kildare and Leighlin.
In 1967, a further step was taken when the College became co-educational and the boarding school was phased out. In 1986 it merged with the local Vocational School to form the current Community School. At the same time, the convent behind St. Mary’s College was closed and sold to the trustees of the new school. In 1990 the amalgamated schools underwent renovation and is now known as Mountmellick Community School. Some old dormitories were removed or converted for school use and a school gymnasium was built.
In 1971, two new schools were built on the same site on Davitt Road, Mountmellick, replacing both the convent primary school and the boys primary school. The girls school became known as St. Joseph’s Girls National School and the boys’ school as St. Patrick’s Boys Primary School. Until 1971, the boys had attended the convent school until they finished 1st Class and then continued their education in the boys’ school. This changed when the new schools were opened. The boys then started school in the new St. Patrick,s Boys School. For this reason, three Sisters worked on staff of the boys school. In time, the number was reduced to two and finally one. In 1973, the ‘old schools’ were demolished and the rubble was used as foundation for extended playground in St. Joseph’s GNS – an unbroken chain of significant recycling since 1856!
In July 1992, the establishment of a house in Kirwan Park began a new phase in the history of Presentation Sisters in Mountmellick. For two years this was a house of formation for young sisters. From 1994 to 1999, the house became the Ministries Office (later the Education Office) – a centre for administration and support to many primary and secondary schools in the Northern Province. Since 1999, the present interprovincial Justice community, are responsible for the development of a ministry which supports the congregational thrust towards Justice, Human Rights and Ecology.
In 2004, one hundred and fifty years after foundation, there were thirteen Sisters resident in the town. Three Sisters worked in Primary education, two Sisters in the Community School, three in Kirwan Park and others in a variety of parish based ministries.
In 2008 Ministries included Sisters on Board of Management of Primary and Secondary Schools, Voluntary teaching in Secondary School, Two sisters on Staff of Primary School, Ministry of Prayer – prayer groups, Homework ministry, Church sacristy, Home Visitation and Community Ministry, voluntary housing for the elderly. Sr. Mary Caulfield now (2008) lives in Wolfe Tone Court and initiates many activities for the residents. | history |
https://shaktitv.net/a-historical-perspective-on-hijra-culture-and-its-depiction-in-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki/ | 2023-09-28T11:15:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00129.warc.gz | 0.956096 | 756 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__229169954 | en | Hijra culture, also known as the third gender or transgender community, has a rich and diverse history in India. Dating back to ancient times, the hijra community has been an integral part of Indian society, and has played a significant role in shaping its culture and traditions.
The term “hijra” refers to individuals who do not conform to traditional binary gender roles of male or female, and instead identify as a third gender. The hijra community has been recognized by Indian society for centuries, with references to the hijra community found in Hindu mythology, literature, and ancient texts.
In Hindu mythology, the god Aravan is said to have taken on the form of a hijra to marry Lord Krishna’s sister, Subhadra. Similarly, in the ancient Indian text Kama Sutra, hijras are mentioned as an accepted and respected part of society.
Despite this acceptance in ancient India, hijras have faced discrimination and marginalization in modern times. In the 19th century, the British colonial government criminalized hijra practices, and labeled them as “unnatural” and “criminal.” This led to the hijra community being pushed to the fringes of society, and forced to live in isolated communities on the outskirts of cities.
It was only in 2014 that the Indian Supreme Court recognized hijras as a third gender, and granted them legal recognition and protection under the law. However, even with this legal recognition, hijras continue to face discrimination and prejudice in many aspects of Indian society.
The depiction of hijra culture in popular media has played a significant role in shaping public perception of the community. One such portrayal is seen in the Indian television series “Shakti: Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki,” which first aired in 2016. The series centers around the story of a young woman named Soumya, who is born intersex and raised as a hijra by the eunuchs in her community.
The show has been praised for its realistic portrayal of hijra culture, and for bringing attention to the struggles faced by members of the community. Through its depiction of Soumya’s experiences, the show sheds light on the discrimination and marginalization that hijras face in Indian society, as well as their struggles for acceptance and recognition.
One of the most notable aspects of the show’s portrayal of hijra culture is its depiction of the bond between members of the hijra community. The eunuchs in the show are shown as a close-knit community, who look out for and support one another in the face of discrimination and adversity. This portrayal is grounded in the reality of hijra culture, where community and support are integral to the lives of hijras.
Another aspect of the show’s portrayal of hijra culture is its depiction of the hijras as complex, multifaceted individuals. Rather than reducing them to one-dimensional stereotypes, the show presents hijras as individuals with their own hopes, dreams, and struggles. This humanization of the hijra community is a crucial step in combating the discrimination and marginalization they face in society.
In conclusion, the hijra community has a long and complex history in India, and their struggles for recognition and acceptance continue to this day. The portrayal of hijra culture in popular media, such as “Shakti: Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki,” has played an important role in raising awareness of the community’s struggles and humanizing their experiences. By recognizing the complexity and diversity of hijra culture, we can work towards a more inclusive and accepting society for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity. | history |
http://glennonbrothers.ie/history.html | 2017-03-25T03:52:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00604-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.842562 | 460 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__307362309 | en | The following important dates demonstrate the company’s impressive record as a pioneer of innovation in the Irish timber processing industry. Many of the achievements listed below were firsts in an Irish context.
1913 Glennon Brothers Timber Ltd founded.
1938 Power supply changes from water to steam.
1945 Sawmill power changes from steam to electricity.
1969/72 Log harvesting and shipping operations from Scotland to Ireland.
1976 Involved in sourcing the timber used to make Tim Severin’s boat for the "Brendan
Voyage". 1977 Production of decorative panelling from Irish pine and fir.
1978 Produced whitewood flooring from Irish spruce.
1980 Profile chipper sawing line installed.
1981 Sawdust fired drying kilns installed.
1984 Computerised forestry and log inventory systems installed.
1988 Telesales operation introduced.
1988 Involved in sourcing the timber to build the “Dyflin Viking Ship” for Dublin’s millennium celebrations.1991 Production of CLS for the timber frame manufacturing industry.
1993 Irish timber shipped to Japan for the construction of traditional houses.
1995 Decorative pine flooring launched on the market under the Glenpine brand name.
1998 Launched Glendeck, the outdoor decking product line.
1998 Acquired Woodfab Fermoy from the Smurfit group.
1999 Stage 1 of the refurbishment of the sawmill in Fermoy.
2001 €20 million development in Fermoy (Linck sawline).
2002 IT investment and launch of company website.
2002 Certified for heat treatment.
2003 Installation of new treatment facilities.
2003 Import of Scottish logs.
2003 New planing line installed in Fermoy.
2004 Serious fire in Longford resulting in the destruction of the processing line.
2004 High-speed handling equipment in Fermoy.
2005 New log grader installed in Fermoy.
2005 Launched Glenfence fencing range.
2005 Strategic growth plan for the UK developed.
2005 Scotland – established Windymains Timber Ltd.
2006 Installation of AWS weighbridge.
2007 Acquisition of Dempsey Timber Engineering.
2008 Acquisition of Adam Wilson & Sons
2008 Acquisition of Alexanders Timber Design | history |
https://thetimekit.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-alarm-clocks-a-journey-from-first-alarm-clocks-to-modern-ones | 2023-12-01T23:42:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00497.warc.gz | 0.97301 | 1,333 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__40224339 | en | A BRIEF HISTORY OF ALARM CLOCKS: A JOURNEY FROM FIRST ALARM CLOCKS TO MODERN ONES
There is no denying that waking up in the morning isn’t the best part of our daily routine for most of us. Even if we decide on a short nap, it is not very difficult to go overboard and lose track of time. All hail the mighty alarm clock, for otherwise making it to our destinations on time would be difficult. The blaring of the alarm clock isn’t very pleasant. But it is what we call a necessary evil.
So, it is only fair if we know a little bit about the alarm clock history.
If we turn over the pages of alarm clock history, the ones that we have now weren’t always around. But the need to wake up in the morning was obviously there. Then, how did people wake up before alarm clocks?
Before alarm clock invention
In the early days of human civilization, people relied on the bright morning sun to wake them up. Then there was the rooster, which was loud enough to wake up an entire village. In the earlier days, people often drank a lot of water before turning in for the night. The compulsion to use the washroom served as an alarm clock for them.
Precursor to the first alarm clocks
The concept of alarm clock has always been present in the history of mankind. The first alarm clocks or rather somewhat similar concepts go back to as far as the 4th century BC. This was when the Greek philosopher Plato used a water clock with an alarm sound like that of a water organ, to wake up for his lectures at dawn.
During the Hellenistic period, Ctesibius, a Greek inventor and mathematician, added certain mechanisms to the water clock so as to produce sound at pre-set times. He did this either by dropping pebbles on a gong or by blowing trumpets.
First alarm clock
In the year 725, the Buddhist monk and inventor Yi Xing created an astronomical clock that not only measured time but also the distance of planets and stars. He called it “Water-Driven Spherical Bird’s-Eye-View Map of the Heaven.” It had a water wheel that turned gears in the clock. Puppet shows were set or gongs rang from time to time. This was first recorded mechanism with close resemblance to the alarm clock we know today.
First alarm clock towers
In the 14th century, clock towers were erected in various parts of Western Europe. These would chime at fixed hours every day.
The earliest mention of such clock tower was by the Florentine writer Dante Alighieri in 1319.
St Mark’s Clocktower in St Mark’s Square, Venice, is possibly the most renowned striking clock tower still standing. Its construction took place in 1493, by the famous clockmaker Gian Carlo Rainieri from Reggio Emilia.
Evolution of modern alarm clocks
During the industrial revolution, around 1850’s, as work routine became more stringent, people living around factories would wake up to the factory whistles.
Further, there was an entire profession called ‘knock-uppers’. Their job was to knock on doors and windows to wake people up. However, this profession faded as we entered the 20th century, owing to the alarm clock invention which were easier and more convenient to use.
In 1787, Levi Hutchins, an American, invented an alarm clock to wake him up at 4 a.m. Although made for personal use, this alarm clock is the first recorded mechanical alarm clock.
In 1847, Antoine Redier, a Frenchman, was the first to patent an alarm clock that was adjustable. This adjustable alarm clock came with a dial which had a hole for each number. The user just had to insert a pin into the hole of the hour he needed to wake up at.
In 1876, American Seth E. Thomas patented his own version of mechanical wind-up alarm clock that could be set for any time. His company mass produced such alarm clocks. Thus began the dawn of modern-day alarm clocks which was easily accessible to the common folks.
At the mention of an alarm clock, the classic picture that comes to mind is that of the double-bell alarm clock. One can trace back its birth to the 1880s. Westclox has been manufacturing this model since the 1920s. One of the longest lasting alarm clocks would be the ‘Big Ben’ by Westclox. It first came out in the 1900s and continued to be in production till 1960s and 70s. Without the exterior bells, its neat design helped it to gain popularity.
Alarm clocks at the time of war
During the World War II, the production of alarm clocks ceased in the United States. That was in 1942. But soon a shortage of alarm clocks led to resumption of their manufacture in 1944. Several new designs came out along with the ones existing before the war. Thus, the alarm clocks were among the first post war consumer goods to come out in the market even before the end of the war.
James F. Reynolds, in the 1940s, invented the first radio alarm clock. People could now choose to wake up to the morning broadcast of news or soothing music rather than the blaring sound of the alarm.
For the love of sleep, the snooze button came into being in 1956. Now people could, at their own risk, choose to stay in bed for few more minutes before the alarm went off again.
Like most things around us, alarm clocks have come a long way. The present scenario is not unknown to us. With the advent of digital era, alarm clocks have found their way into our digital devices in the form of apps and web-based tools. More often than not, people now wake up to their phone’s alarm tone.
Most of us have ditched the actual alarm clock as our mobile phones come with facilities ranging from basic alarm clock to such apps which will make you solve a puzzle before you can disable it. So much just to jolt us sleepyheads back to reality. And not just sleep. We need alarm clocks for so much more. Anywhere anything that needs to be timed, alarm clock is the answer. Hence, it is safe to say that the alarm clock is one such invention of mankind that is here to stay. | history |
https://wgsmaine.com/about-the-wg/wgs-history/ | 2024-02-23T20:18:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00585.warc.gz | 0.982949 | 354 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__130104460 | en | Washington General Store History
The building that’s now home to The Washington General Store has an interesting history. It’s always been a large, central part of our small Maine town. However, it’s taken on a variety of forms since it was initially built.
After the building was completed in the 1930s it was used as a lumber barn. At this time the large building’s three floors were filled with drying lumber that had just been milled on Washington Pond. In fact, lumber that was left in the 3rd floor drying room was used to make the bar by the front windows.
After it the lumber ran out in the area, the building became Luce’s Bargain Shop. Luce’s was one of those fantastic places where you never knew what you might find. From antiques to junk it was all available at Luce’s Bargain Shop.
Then, in 2013 the building went up for auction. After it didn’t sell, Sean and Amy Donaghy bought it. Then they began the labor of love that was turning the old, vinyl sided former lumber barn into the beautiful general store you see today.
The Donaghys made a point of incorporating pieces of the building’s history into their renovations. Found pieces including old doors, the tongue and groove wood siding, and the previously milled lumber were added to contemporary elements to create a new space with the feel of the past.
Now that it’s become The Washington General Store we hope you’ll come by and say hello. You can even enjoy some of our food, drinks and other assorted sundries while having a look around the new, old building. | history |
https://www.stratisuk.com/kelvin-hall | 2021-06-12T11:47:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00510.warc.gz | 0.932291 | 292 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__98799109 | en | Stratis was delighted to work alongside architects Page\Park and contractors McLaughlin & Harvey at this stunning £24M redevelopment of one of Glasgow's most iconic buildings.
The stunning Domus Tex range was used to create a feature wall in the café.
This unique partnership between Glasgow City Council, Glasgow Life, the University of Glasgow and the National Library of Scotland saw this historic venue transformed into an exciting new centre of cultural excellence providing collections’ storage, teaching and research, alongside a state-of-the-art Glasgow Club health and fitness centre.
Safe, secure and publicly accessible museum storage was created for the internationally-important Hunterian and Glasgow Museums' collections. Around 1.5 million objects, previously stored in various locations around the city, were relocated to the new facility. This included the only surviving complete suite of interiors by Charles Rennie Mackintosh for Mrs Cranston’s Ingram Street tearooms which will undergo conservation works in public view.
The venue has also become the new home for the National Library of Scotland’s Moving Image Archive resulting in improved access to the public to more than 100 years of Scottish history on film and video. Visitors now have access to over 60,000 film reels, videotapes and digital files as well as the National Library of Scotland’s other licensed digital collections.
Photos: McLaughlin & Harvey
Read about this beautiful project on the Architects' Journal | history |
https://www.thebookseller.biz/book/9781638788232 | 2023-06-06T02:32:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00784.warc.gz | 0.940529 | 816 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__86235558 | en | Black Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids: 51 Inspiring People from Ancient Africa to Modern-Day U.S.A. (People and Events in History) (Hardcover)
Meet extraordinary black heroes throughout history—biographies for kids ages 8 to 12
You’re invited to meet ancient Egyptian rulers, brilliant scientists, legendary musicians, and civil rights activists—all in the same book! Black Heroes introduces you to 51 black leaders and role models from both history and modern times. This black history book for kids features inspirational biographies of trailblazers from the United States, Egypt, Britain, and more.
Discover where in the world they lived, and what their lives were like growing up. Learn about the obstacles they faced on the way to making groundbreaking accomplishments. You’ll find out how these inspirational figures created lasting change—and paved the way for future generations.
Black Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids features:
- Fascinating biographies―Read about famous icons like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Harriet Tubman, as well as lesser-known pioneers like aviator Bessie Coleman and astronomer Benjamin Banneker.
- Ways to learn more―Every biography includes an idea for a new way to explore the person and their work, like a book to read, website to visit, or video to watch.
- Colorful portraits―Bring the historical heroes to life in your imagination with the help of full-color illustrations.
Black Heroes goes beyond other black history biographies for kids to highlight people from around the world and across time. Who will your new hero be?
About the Author
ARLISHA NORWOOD ALSTON, PhD, is a historian, researcher, and social justice advocate. She received her PhD in history from Howard University. She has published several children’s books, including The Story of Ruby Bridges and Black Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids: 51 Inspiring People from Ancient Africa to Modern-Day U.S.A.
“From the kings and queens of Africa to the movers and shakers of the present day, Black Heroes captures the true essence of the Diaspora and its impact around the globe. Whether you are a novice, a historian, or just a historian at heart, this text should be included in your personal library. Its colorful and detailed imagery captures the attention of the youngest of readers, yet its content is relevant for all.” —Samantha Knox, Ed.D., LPC, LCPC, NCC/Owner of Aya Behavioral Health LLC
“There is such a need for this specific kind of learning for youth right now. This book essentializes African American leadership and activism in the way only a scholar rooted in Black institutional education can. Dr. Norwood has synthesized some names we know with many we should and illuminated the important linkages between them all. I am very excited to share this book with the young people in my family.” —Kimberly Brown Pellum, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of History at Florida A&M University and Author of Black Beauties: African American Pageant Queens in the Segregated South
“As a teacher, many of the kids I teach are minorities. I can attest that this book is a game changer in the libraries of educators and families alike. It is filled with short bios of acclaimed individuals of highly melanated descent and—spoiler alert—some of them you possibly have never heard of! This book comes with easy-to-grasp passages and references for each individual to further educate you. I believe that this book will educate all of our youths, inspire their inventiveness, and instill a sense of pride to know that, just like those before them, they are all destined for greatness in the skin that they are in.” —Cambria Hammond, First Grade Lead Teacher | history |
http://twigs.emeritus.net.au/ | 2019-04-19T21:20:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00487.warc.gz | 0.970099 | 307 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__213782122 | en | I’m Christine Sutton, Family Historian and Writer. Born in 1946 in Preston, England, I spent my early years in an environment where tales of my parent’s childhood and family myths were bedtime stories, and life’s lessons were handed down at the dining table and in the kitchens and sitting rooms of grandmothers and aunties. My interest in genealogy was sparked in 1982 when, at my mother-in-law’s funeral, I discovered cousins born in the 1940s who were of the same generation as my 1970s children. Like so many others, I asked myself ‘How?’ and ‘Why?’ and turned to research to find the answers. My family history focus has shifted over the past 35 years. From building a family tree, I’ve moved on to look closely at the people behind the names and dates.
My mantra is, “It’s not the tree that matters, it’s the fruit”. It’s the driver for discovering the “Who? When? Where? What? Why? And How?” of our family history. It has led me to look closely, down the generations at individuals, places, historical events, photographs and possessions that have had an influence on who the Amblers and Suttons are today.
I live with my partner and our crazy labradoodle, Nicnak Tiger Woods, in a retirement resort in Beachmere, Queensland. | history |
https://wonderland.cx/news/helesa/ | 2024-04-13T22:18:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816853.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413211215-20240414001215-00109.warc.gz | 0.963683 | 307 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__136356468 | en | Posted on: 28th February 2015
“Helesa is a tradition, which was established hundreds of years ago. A sailor crashed onto the shores of a small coastal town. After running out of food to eat, the sailor and his men decided to carry the boat through the streets of the town and sing a chant while asking for donations. Today, this is known as the Helesa song. “
short documentary: culture & tradition
director Yilmaz Vurucu
story teller Vural Etyemez
produced by Bahanur Nasya
Helesa is 16min documentary about a beautiful tradition, established to help receive aid from the local fishing community in Sinop/TR some centuries ago. Over time, the custom grew into a street festival. Fishermen, as well as the locals, would fill the streets, travel from apartment to apartment, from one small shop to another, chanting the Helesa song. The donations made would be used for a good cause. For one night during the month of Ramadhan, the whole town would unite for a good cause. This beautiful event of the year, is increasingly under threat. Many youngsters even don’t know the lyrics of the song, so participation is decreasing.
We produced this documentary, in order to underline the importance of such fairytale like stories for local identity. We hope, it attracts attention and the tradition is carried in to the future. | history |
https://brightfirstnational.com.au/suburb-profile/2263/buckland-valley | 2021-07-31T18:10:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154099.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731172305-20210731202305-00122.warc.gz | 0.950232 | 214 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__162676751 | en | A few minutes’ drive from Bright, this is the beautiful valley of the Buckland River. Nestled at the base of Mount Buffalo the valley is dotted with dairy and alpaca farms, vineyards, nut groves and orchards, as well as some of the best boutique accommodation in the North East...
In summer the river is a great place to cool off with a number of fantastic swimming holes and several well maintained, easily accessible bush camping areas.
The river is also an angler’s paradise, home to abundant stocks of trout and other fish species.
It’s hard to imagine now but this peaceful place was once a thriving gold mining township and the site of one of the most infamous incidents of the Victorian Gold Rush era. In 1857 a simmering resentment by European miners towards the thousands of Chinese in the valley boiled over into a full scale riot resulting in the expulsion of the Chinese from the Buckland goldfields. A memorial to the Chinese gold miners can be visited today at the historic Buckland Valley Cemetery. | history |
http://www.pewterreport.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=7249:buccaneers-great-lee-roy-selmon-gone-too-soon-at-age-56 | 2014-09-02T20:37:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044349-00153-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.982418 | 411 | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__159644035 | en | Forty-eight hours after former Tampa Bay defensive end and Pro Football Hall of Famer Lee Roy Selmon suffered a serious stroke, the Buccaneers legend known as “The Gentle Giant”, passed away Sunday afternoon at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Tampa. Selmon was 56.
The family released a statement this evening "thanking the community for their thoughts and prayers" and noted Selmon was surrounded by his family when he died.
The former Oklahoma Sooner earned six straight Pro Bowl nominations from 1979 to 1984, and collected 78.5 quarterback sacks during his career, which ranks first in team history. The 1979 NFL Defensive Player of the Year was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995, and became the first member of the Buccaneers’ Ring of Honor in 2009.
Selmon's number 63 jersey remains the only number officially retired by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
After his football career, Selmon was involved in numerous charitable organizations, opened a chain of restaurants bearing his name, and served as the University of South Florida’s associate athletic director from 1993-2001, before taking over as the school’s athletic director until he retired in 2004 citing health issues.
The Glazer family released this statement this evening regarding the passing of the Buccaneer great.
"Tampa Bay has lost another giant. This is an incredibly somber day for Buccaneer fans, Sooner fans, and all football fans. Lee Roy's standing as the first Buc in the Hall of Fame surely distinguished him, but his stature off the field as the consummate gentleman put him in another stratosphere. Put simply, he was first class. He was the real deal. We are so blessed to have known this fine man and to have called him one of our own, yet so sad to have lost him so soon. Our hearts go out to the Selmon family at this time of their loss."
PewterReport.com sends its sincerest condolences to the Selmon family. | history |
http://quanzhou.made-in-china.com/info/sight-seeing.html | 2017-03-27T22:16:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00650-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.979727 | 161 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__232187769 | en | Kaiyuan temple, first constructed in 686, was originally named the Lotus Flower Temple. The temple was later renamed several times until finally in 738, the Tang Emperor Xuan Zong, a devout Buddhist, ordered every large town in China to name one of its temples "Kaiyuan," the title of his reign. The temple has since been known as Kaiyuan Temple.
The Kaiyuan temple is one of the outstanding examples of Chinese architecture and art. There are numerous other stone carvings in the temple - figures resembling the Sphinx, animal heads and birds, dragons and tigers. Interestingly there are columns here in ancient Greek style. Many of these rare art works were once religious decorations on other buildings in Quanzhou, later moved to Kaiyuan Temple. | history |
https://business.columbustexas.org/events/details/live-oaks-dead-folks-cemetery-tour-4830 | 2018-12-15T04:41:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826715.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215035757-20181215061757-00631.warc.gz | 0.852881 | 87 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__9279225 | en | Name: Live Oaks & Dead Folks Cemetery Tour
Date: November 3, 2018
Time: 6:00 PM - 10:00 PM CDT
The 14th Annual Live Oaks and Dead Folks Cemetery Tour
First tour begins at 6:00 pm and the last tour will begin at 9:00 pm
Come out and hear the stories of some of the "colorful and interesting" folks buried in the cemetery. | history |
https://buesingcorp.com/clients/sundt/ | 2021-09-26T02:54:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057796.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926022920-20210926052920-00267.warc.gz | 0.970321 | 322 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__147377390 | en | Sundt was founded in 1890 by Mauritz Martinsen Sundt, a Norwegian ship carpenter who immigrated to the United States as a teenager. The company's early projects were homes and farm structures in northern New Mexico. In 1929, the company ventured outside of New Mexico for the first time to build a Methodist Church in Tucson, Arizona. The project was directed by John Sundt, one of Mauritz's 12 children. John liked Tucson, and decided to stay. During the 1930s, he bought out his father's interest, relocated the company to Tucson, and renamed it M.M. Sundt Construction Co. In 1942, the company built Los Alamos, an entire town in New Mexico for a super-secret government project. In just 14 months, Sundt built homes, research buildings, and the infrastructure to support a community of military and technical personnel. In 1952, Sundt diversified its operations by entering the heavy construction field. Its first project of this type was a new 14,000-foot runway at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson. Over the ensuing years, M.M. Sundt has become one of the state’s leading heavy construction contractors. In 1966, the company opened a regional office in Phoenix, when it took its first steps to becoming an employee-owned corporation. Today, Sundt is 100 percent employee owned, celebrating its 120th anniversary this year, and is known as one of the 100 largest general contractors in the United States incorporating five divisions: Building, Concrete, Federal, Heavy Civil, and Mining and Industrial. | history |
https://databaser.ub.gu.se/alvin/164737 | 2023-12-09T11:10:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00702.warc.gz | 0.930021 | 161 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__86024865 | en | Alvin is a national platform for the long-term preservation and accessibility of digitised collections and digital cultural heritage material, but also a catalogue of material that has not yet been digitised. It is developed and operated by Uppsala University Library in collaboration with Gothenburg University Library and the University Library at Lund University. Several other cultural heritage institutions are also members of Alvin.
The database contains author and other personal archives, advertising posters, medical history, portraits, images from polar expeditions, botanical plates, letters, sketchbooks and much more.
Almost all digital material found in Alvin can be used freely. However, be aware that some of the more modern material may be copyrighted. The rights label under the heading "Licensing of the work" in each entry tells you what applies. | history |
http://cchic-news.com/Communiques-de-presse-Details.php?ID=269-Wally-Schirra-s-Omega-Speedmaster-Sells-For-Over-$1.9-Million | 2023-12-11T20:32:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00247.warc.gz | 0.966962 | 586 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__19364032 | en | Sells For Over $1.9 Million
An OMEGA Speedmaster chronograph, previously owned and worn by NASA astronaut Walter “Wally” Schirra, has sold at RR Auction for US $1,907,000. The BA 145.022 model in 18K yellow gold is of particular historic value, and represents OMEGA’s enduring connection to the achievements of space exploration.
The watch is part of the iconic Numbered Edition series that was produced in 1969 to celebrate the success of Apollo 11. Model numbers 3 – 28 were given to the astronauts in NASA’s space programme, including those who were present at an “Astronaut Appreciation Dinner” on the 25th of November that year in Houston.
Schirra was among the astronauts in attendance that night and, as such, he received watch number 8, with an encircled engraving on the caseback which states, “Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Mercury 8 – Gemini 6 – Apollo 7”.
The Speedmaster BA 145.022 is crafted from 18K yellow gold and famously includes a rare burgundy bezel, as well as a further inscription on the caseback that reads, “to mark man’s conquest of space with time, through time, on time.” The watch also houses the Calibre 861 – a direct descendent of the legendary Calibre 321 that accompanied astronauts on the moon.
Schirra plays a symbolic role in OMEGA’s history of space exploration. On October 3rd in 1962, he wore his own personal Speedmaster CK 2998 during the “Sigma 7” mission of the Mercury program. This was the first time an OMEGA watch had been worn in space, and marked the start of the brand’s long and special involvement beyond Earth. Just a few years later, NASA would officially qualify the Speedmaster for all manned space missions, launching an OMEGA legacy that continues to this day.
The commemorative Numbered Edition series featured only 1,014 models - produced between 1969 to 1973. The very first of these was created for US President, Richard Nixon, with number 2 allocated to the US Vice President Spiro Agnew. These watches, however, were later returned due to the US government’s strict gifting protocol. Model numbers 3 – 28 were given to NASA astronauts, numbers 29 to 32 were offered to Swiss watch industry leaders and politicians, while 33 – 1000 were offered to the public. Each one remains a highly sought-after piece to this day.
Earlier this year, the Speedmaster BA 145.022 presented to Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins, fetched US $765,000 at auction – yet again proving the popularity of this unique Speedmaster series.
All photographs are courtesy of RR Auction | history |
http://www.aerlex.com/museum-of-flying | 2018-04-25T18:25:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947939.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425174229-20180425194229-00237.warc.gz | 0.902468 | 222 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__21666139 | en | The Museum of Flying at Santa Monica Airport will host the fourth California Aviation Hall of Fame induction ceremony and dinner on Saturday evening, May 5, 2018.
This year’s Hall of Fame induction will honor four amazing individuals in aviation: inventor, educator and commercial airline pilot Angela Masson; test-pilot and astronaut Mike Melvill; high time commercial pilot and author Barry Schiff; and Dick Rutan, highly decorated air force pilot and record setter.
The Museum of Flying established the California Aviation Hall of Fame six years ago with a mission to commemorate and educate the public about the many individuals who have contributed to the birth and growth of aviation and aerospace in California. Ticket purchases for the event raise funds to support the Museum of Flying, a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization.
This year’s ceremony at The Museum of Flying will begin with a reception at 6:00pm and dinner at 7:00pm. A live auction will take place at 8:15pm, followed by the induction. To purchase tickets, click here for the Museum of Flying website. | history |
https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/396.560 | 2020-04-07T01:11:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371662966.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406231617-20200407022117-00181.warc.gz | 0.910497 | 152 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__13046536 | en | Grants and donations for Oregon Military Museum
The Oregon Military Department may seek, solicit, receive and administer monetary grants or donations for the support and improvement of the Oregon Military Museum established under ORS 396.555 (Oregon Military Museum established at Camp Withycombe). Grants and donations so received are continuously appropriated to the Oregon Military Department for the purposes of this section and ORS 396.565 (Disposal of property). [1977 c.118 §2; 1989 c.360 §8; 2001 c.656 §2]
3 OregonLaws.org assembles these lists by analyzing references between Sections. Each listed item refers back to the current Section in its own text. The result reveals relationships in the code that may not have otherwise been apparent. | history |
https://bwdaz.com/our-long-history | 2023-09-27T12:28:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510297.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927103312-20230927133312-00196.warc.gz | 0.957065 | 186 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__21606788 | en | We're over 75 years old! Our trade association has a long and colorful history dating back to December 1944. We began as the Arizona Wholesale Beer and Liquor Association, a non-profit corporation created to promote and protect the general business interests of beer and liquor distributors operating across Arizona. Ever since, our Association has been an active participant in the public policy arena to protect and preserve state-based regulation of beverage alcohol, with an orderly and effective marketplace.
In more recent years, as the beverage alcohol industry continued to grow and evolve in our state and nationally, we decided to change our name and narrow our organization’s focus to beer and wine distributorships, renaming the association as the Beer and Wine Distributors of Arizona (or “BWDA”). We are a full-service, professional trade association representing nine locally-owned and operated beer and wine distribution companies actively doing business in Arizona. | history |
https://studiohibernacula.com/ru/products/sigil-ameth | 2024-02-22T03:38:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00579.warc.gz | 0.931181 | 247 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__48829357 | en | The Sigil of Ameth or “Sigillum Dei,” (The Seal of God) is a magical diagram from the late middle ages, credited to Renaissance mystic and scientist John Dee. This is one of the most complex and puzzling sigils I've transcribed. It is composed of a pentagram and three heptagons inclosed in a circle. These structures house the sometimes-complete and sometimes fragmented, abbreviated, and encoded names of god and his angels. The outermost circle is believed to be the cypher used to form the names of the spirits, thrones, and angels within it.
According to its earliest description in the Liber iuratus Honorii, the Sigil of Ameth can grant the initiated magician command over all creatures and lesser angels. Though I make no such claims, this sigil remains an esoteric treasure, and is certainly impressive to behold. The original engraved tablet rests in the King Gallery of the British Museum beside Dee's Obsidian scrying mirror.
This is one of our largest amulets, measuring 30mm in diameter, and rests in a setting of hand-finished brass. Matching chains can be found in our Chains & Accessories section. | history |
https://www.c-venturesfund.com/en/how-adrian-cheng-is-rejuvenating-a-50-year-old-business-by-targeting-chinas-millennials/ | 2022-07-06T19:45:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00234.warc.gz | 0.961514 | 215 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__75004247 | en | When Adrian Cheng looks across Hong Kong’s harbor from Tsim Sha Tsui, he sees his family’s legacy writ large across the city’s skyline. There, from a balcony atop the new luxury apartment building of his Victoria Dockside development, he can view the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre on the opposite side of the harbor.
With its curved glass and massive sloping roof, the convention center is said to resemble a bird taking flight. His grandfather Cheng Yu-tung, founder of the family’s flagship property firm New World Development, came up with the ambitious plan for the building, which included a manmade island, back in the early 1980s when the market was in a slump and other developers had no interest. Undeterred, Yu-tung turned the convention center into a Hong Kong icon, showcasing New World’s capabilities. Yu-tung reportedly once said the convention center was one of the two projects of which he was most proud.
FOR THE FULL ARTICLE PLEASE CLICK ON THE LINK BELOW | history |
https://venderetimepieces.com/the-history-of-rolex/ | 2024-04-16T07:49:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817073.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416062523-20240416092523-00759.warc.gz | 0.974976 | 624 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__183989880 | en | Rolex is a brand that is synonymous with luxury, style, and prestige. Established in 1905, Rolex has been at the forefront of watchmaking innovation and has created some of the most iconic and sought-after timepieces in history. The brand has been able to maintain its reputation as the ultimate symbol of success and luxury for over a century, and its watches have become highly prized and sought after by collectors worldwide.
The early years of Rolex were marked by the ambition of its founder, Hans Wilsdorf. Wilsdorf was a visionary entrepreneur who believed that wristwatches would one day replace pocket watches as the preferred timepiece. In 1905, he established Wilsdorf & Davis in London, and in 1908, the Rolex brand was born. The name “Rolex” is believed to have been chosen because it was easy to pronounce in any language and because it sounded good.
From the beginning, Rolex was dedicated to making high-quality timepieces. In 1910, a Rolex watch became the first wristwatch to receive the Swiss Certificate of Chronometric Precision, a highly coveted award that recognized the accuracy and precision of a watch’s movement. In 1926, Rolex created the Oyster, the world’s first waterproof watch, which was put to the test when a swimmer wore one while crossing the English Channel. The Oyster’s success led to the development of the Perpetual rotor, a self-winding mechanism that eliminated the need for manual winding and has become a standard feature in modern watches.
Throughout the years, Rolex continued to innovate and develop new technologies, such as the first wristwatch to show two time zones simultaneously in 1954, and the first watch to be certified as a chronometer with a self-winding movement in 1988. The brand has also been associated with some of the most famous explorers and adventurers of the 20th century. Sir Edmund Hillary wore a Rolex watch when he became the first person to summit Mount Everest in 1953, and Jacques Piccard wore one when he descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest point in the ocean, in 1960.
The Rolex brand has become an icon of luxury and prestige, and its watches are highly prized by collectors and enthusiasts around the world. The brand’s enduring popularity can be attributed to its commitment to quality, precision, and innovation. Rolex watches are designed to last a lifetime, and many become treasured family heirlooms that are passed down from generation to generation.
In conclusion, the history of Rolex is one of innovation, precision, and enduring style. The brand’s commitment to excellence has made it one of the most respected and sought-after names in watchmaking, and its watches are considered to be some of the finest in the world. From the first waterproof watch to the latest high-tech timepieces, Rolex has always been at the forefront of watchmaking, and its legacy will continue to inspire and delight watch enthusiasts for generations to come. | history |
http://corneliustoday.com/wp/cleansing-history-at-confederate-monument | 2017-04-30T01:25:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123635.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00183-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.956984 | 778 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__309546457 | en | Aug. 7. By Dave Yochum. The last official Confederate Reunion may have been held more than 65 years ago in Cornelius, but the Civil War and how its dead are remembered is still the subject of discussion.
Volunteers and trustees of the Mt. Zion Monument Association took scrub brushes and power washers in hand today to clean up the statue that sits on association property in front of Mt. Zion United Methodist Church.
It was vandalized last month, along with at least three other Confederate monuments in North Carolina in the wake of the tragedy at Emanual African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston in June.
It’s a larger discussion than who owns the monument, the church, of course, does not.
UNC-Charlotte history professor David Goldfield said Confederate monuments are important because they demonstrate our link to and respect for the past.
“They are also a statement of what we value most at present,” he said.
The Confederate Monument in Cornelius, includes the Confederate battle flag, was dedicated in 1910. A Confederate soldier stands at parade rest, with his rifle resting on the ground.
Forty five years after the end of the war, those who remained in Cornelius had to be keenly aware of the friends and loved ones they lost during the conflict.
Inscribed on the monument is this:
“THOUGH MEN DESERVE / THEY MAY NOT WIN SUCCESS / THE BRAVE WILL HONOR THE BRAVE / VANQUISHED NONE THE LESS.”
That is about bravery, not slavery.
Goldfield says the dedication ceremony for the Lincoln Memorial, now a symbol of national reconciliation, almost missed the point in 1922.
“Only at the last minute, did the organizers of the dedication realize that it might be a good idea to include an African American speaker,” Goldfield explains.
But at the same time, monuments erected during periods of disfranchisement 45 years later symbolically reinforced those who held wealth and power. The Confederate monument cost $10,000 in 1910, the equivalent of roughly $250,000 today.
The average American worker made $200 to $400 a year. The average life expectancy in 1910 was only 47 years for a man.
Goldfield says Confederate monuments and memorials had more than one meaning even when they were erected.
“Yes, they are a tribute to those who fought and died—and many of those did not own slaves and were protecting their homes and families—but many of them were put up between the 1890s and 1920s to reinforce disfranchisement, Jim Crow laws, and the supremacy of the white race. So monuments are as much if not more about the present as they are of the past,” he said.
No one knows exactly what was in the minds of the Cornelius people who erected the statue 105 years ago. Even their children are dead.
At the University of Texas, Austin, a statue of Jefferson Davis has stood for decades. More recently, there is now a statue of Martin Luther King Jr. On Monument Avenue in Richmond, there is a series of statues and memorials to Confederate heroes. But at the end there is a statue of Arthur Ashe, the African American tennis great.
“The worst thing we can do is to vandalize, destroy, or remove these Confederate icons. Burying history only makes it fester and creates even greater myths than the monuments themselves portray. Of course, building competing statues is expensive. An alternative is to have an explanatory plaque next to these monuments and memorials. For decades in the South, public space belonged to whites. It’s long past time to have public space belong to everyone,” Goldfield says. | history |
http://www.siuecougars.com/sports/m-tennis/mtt/demars_kent00.html?view=bio | 2013-06-19T00:34:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707437545/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123037-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.933713 | 75 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__20832347 | en | Kent DeMars transformed the SIUE men's tennis program from club status to national powerhouse. DeMars coached players who earned 56 All-American certificates from 1974 to 1984. SIUE collected seven consecutive national championships under DeMars from 1978-1984. Three different players won NCAA Division II singles titles from 1977 to 1983. Four different doubles teams earned national titles from 1979 to 1984. | history |
https://g-boutiquehotel.co.uk/who-we-are/ | 2024-03-02T11:03:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00620.warc.gz | 0.92046 | 516 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__172445094 | en | Right on our doorstep we have the tennis courts at Canoe Lake Leisure, where the Wimbledon qualifiers are held each summer, the Model Village and internationally renowned Rose Gardens. A short stroll to the east and you arrive at the Golf course and the hugely popular Tenth Hole café – their cakes are the stuff of legend!
Walk just a couple of minutes west along the south-facing seafront brings you to the Rock Gardens and the Pyramids Centre – which often hosts large concerts and private hire functions. Both of these are right next to the fantastic D-Day Museum, Blue Reef Aquarium, Southsea Skatepark and Southsea Castle. The open-air Bandstand has free shows running throughout the summer, and Castle Field hosts major outdoor concerts and events, including Portsmouth’s very own Victorious Festival.
Just a little further along the seafront and you reach Mozzarella Joes – fab food right on the water’s edge where you can see the Hovercraft glide right up the beach taking passengers to the Isle of Wight. Lastly you reach Clarence Pier – which is the location for Southsea’s long-established funfair, amusement arcades and beach-front eateries.
If shopping is more your thing – a few minutes in a taxi gets you to Gunwharf Quays, the extremely popular shopping and commercial district. It mixes up-to-the-minute retail (like Ralph Lauren, Fred Perry and FatFace) with a swathe of modern waterfront eateries and hidden heritage gems like the Old Customs House and and quality favourites like Loch Fyne. Thrown in nightclubs, art galleries, Casinos and the bowling alley and it’s easy to see why people spend an entire day there.
Of course, no visit to Portsmouth can be considered complete without a visit to the landmark Spinnaker Tower – viewing the city, the Solent and the historic dockyard from the top of the 115m tower is an unforgettable experience.
And once you’ve glimpsed those battleships – both centuries old and brand new – you may well want to visit the Historic Dockyard. A fascinating journey through naval history including Nelson’s flagship HMS Victory, the first iron-clad HMS Warrior – and the staggering purpose-built museum housing Henry VIII’s ill-fated Mary Rose, raised from the Solent with a host of medieval treasures. The Dockyard, still functioning today, also houses Action Stations – with its mix of museums, function suites and a cinema. | history |
https://ta152h.tripod.com/w3warbirdlist.html | 2022-08-11T17:40:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571483.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811164257-20220811194257-00129.warc.gz | 0.923878 | 22,211 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__203930179 | en | WW3 warbirds - the complete list
A complete list of WW3 warbirds built in 1:72nd according to my speculative theme rules.
This page also features relevant snippits from the only vaguely alternative history that gives the modelling some background.
Please, read on...
The warbird model list
The fighting begins.
The seeds of the 1950-1991 war go back to the Second Russian Civil War, fought between 1927-1930. To the outside world, the key differences between the sides of Trotsky and Stalin was that whereas Trotsky beleived that the Bolshevik Revolution could only survive by spreading the revolution into the Western industrialised world, Stalin favoured a policy of "socialism in one nation", supported by buffer states as a hedge against invasion. That Trotsky was victorious (with Stalin fleeing to exile in Mexico) immediately made the USSR and Marxism/Leninism a greater danger to the west than if Stalin had won. Thus, although the West was forced to support Trotsky's workers' state during the Second World War in order to defeat Nazi Germany, by mid 1946 many Western nations were placing highly restrictive barriers on trade with the USSR.
Against the usual back drop of border and colonial wars, what is known in the West as World War III, and in the so-called Soviet Bloc as the Great Ideological War, began. It started on June 25 in Korea (the same day that Communist lead general strikes in Britain, France and Italy began), when the Communist North invaded the capitalist South. Later that same day the USSR and the East German government enforced a blockade on air routes sustaining West Berlin (the city's land routes to the West having been blockaded since 1948). In response to Western belligerence over this issue, Red forces were soon advancing and sweeping all before them, the first land battles starting in Europe on the 28th of June. "We have begun the struggle to help in the liberation our worker comrades in the capitalist nations of Europe," said Trotsky in a speech on Moscow Radio.
Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Britain soon fell to a combination of Communist revolt and military defeat. Amid the chaos of general strikes and Troksyists uprising, millions fled ahead of the rapidly advancing Red Army to relative saftey in the USA, Canada and elsewhere.
With the USSR boycotting the United Nations (UN) over the issue of Communist China's membership when the war broke out, the organisation quickly became an anti-Communist grouping of countries. UN membership would be confined to those nations that had declared war against the common enemy. Free governments in exile were encouraged to rebuild their military strength and create new factories to to arm them using UN funding.
Many nations, especially those emerging from colonisation in to the Third World, remained neautral. Some, whilst officially neutral, joined forces with the UN on specific issues and efforts and are known as Allied nations. A number of loose multinational alliances and movements would come and go over the years of WW3.
Supermarine Spitfire F.XIVE (Fujimi), "1015/B" 5 Sqd, Pakistani AF, Peshawar, vs Afghanistan. Silver overall.
Mission: Sqd Ldr Wasim Alam engaged two Afghani Harvards during a CAP (combat air patrol) over disputed border territory, shooting down Harvard "47".
North American Harvard IIB (Revell), "49" 2 Sqd, Royal Afghan AF, Sherpur, Afghanistan, vs Pakistan. Tan/mid-stone upper and lt. blue under surfaces. 4x60lb rockets and 2xtwin .30 cal machine gun pods.
Mission: Whilst on an armed recce of the disputed border area, Harvards "47" and "49" were engaged by two Pakistani Spitfires, ""49" escaping at low level but "47" was shot down with both crew killed.
Bristol Beaufighter TF.X (Matchbox), "166" of Flottille 4F, French Navy, Kien An, French Indo China, vs Viet Minh. Dark sea grey (DSG)upper and neutral grey (NG) under surfaces. Donald duck nose art. 8 x 60lb rockets on WW2 style underwing launch rails.
Mission: Pre-planned strike against Viet Minh camp in northern Tonkin.
Related option: French Air Force Hawker Tempest II, 1950.
Grumman TBM-3 Avenger (Hasegawa), "886" VA-805, Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Sydney, Yellow Sea vs North Korea. Type B roundels, DSG upper with NG sides and under surfaces. 8x5inch rockets, open bomb bay with 2x500lb bombs. SEE PHOTOS 1950s
Mission: Flying from HMAS Sydney steaming in the South China Sea, RAN Avengers and Sea Furies joined other UN aircraft in attacking airfields near Pyongyang.
de Havilland Vampire FB.50 (Frog), "16" 1st Esc, 2nd Wing, Belgium AF, Florennes vs USSR. Black green (BG) upper and silver under surfaces. 4x60lb rockets under wing roots and 2 x 500lb bombs on underwing pylons.
Mission: With each Vampire flying several sorties during the day, the pilots of the 1st Esc undertook CAS (close air sipport)and BAI (battlefield area interdiction) missions in support of NATO troops trying to defend a line along the Rhine.
Petlyakov P-10MB Butcher (Dragon Arado Ar234C-3), "Blue 29", Eskadra A, 1st Brigade, Polish Naval Air Arm, Gdynia vs UN. Gull grey upper and side surfaces with light grey under surfaces. Polish national markings below wings and on fin, with Soviet star on sides and upper wings. Wing tip tanks and radar(from Lancaster H2S)under forward fuselage and drop tanks (DTs - from Hawker Hunter) beneath twin engine pods; the radar operator sits in a windowless station behind the main wings, accessed via a ventral entry hatch. One 1,500kg armour-piercing bomb under each wing.
Mission: As the Soviet Baltic fleet breaks out in to the Atlantic, it is supported by Soviet and Polish aircraft in the first major naval battle of the war. This aircraft is one of two Polish Pe-10MBRs credited with placing bombs on the Royal Navy battleship HMS Howe, severely damaging the warship which was subsequently finished off with a torpedo dropped from a Soviet AVMF Pe-10T. The names of the two-man crew are unknown.
Regia I.A.R.82 (Acamedy Bf 109G-14), "Red 28", 1st Fighter Regiment, Albanian People's Army Air Force, Durres vs Greece. Black green and tan upper and side surfaces with neutral grey under surfaces. Centreline drop top, tail, spinner and wheel hubs in red.
Mission: In Red 28 (a Romanian built Bf 109G-14 supplied in 1947), Colonel Amarildo Topalli today encountered a Greek civilian registered Beech 18 flying close to the Albanian coast, the aircraft clearly either on a spying mission or about to drop off subversive elements. Pulling up along side, Colonel Topalli could see uniformed men with cameras in the windows. Cleared to fire, he squickly dispatched the spy plane to the sea, all 5 men on board meeting their deaths. The next day, as Red troops invaded Greece, Albania's Stalinist leaders declared their nation's neutrality in the war that was raging all around them.
Avia S-92R Turbina (Revell Me 262A-1/U3), "White 29", 1 Sqd,Yugoslav AF, Libijana. Lt Grey overall with black green (BG) patches on uppers and sides. Yellow neutrality bands on nose and rear fuselage.
MIssion: With northern Italy exploding into civil war and Soviet forces thundering down from Austria, the government in Belgrade was desperate for intelligence on the goings on just across the border. With few recce aircraft available and only one recce modified Czech Avia built Turbina still airworthy (and that still finished in an experimental winter camoulflage that had been retained for the now aborted summer airshow season), it was the job of Major Nenad Bjekovic to take his jet in to hostile airspace. After having neutrality bands added, the aircraft was deployed from Belgrade to Lubijana to undertake a series of high speed photo flights. Beginning on the 4th and lasting the 19th of July, Bjekovic flew 10 solo "red ink" missions over Italy, this series of sorties going unchallenged and finally coming to an end when an engine fire forced the Turbina to be grounded. Although Bjekovic was rewarded with decorations for his heroism, his story remianed secret until 2002, when a Serbian historian uncovered documents revealing these remarkable missions.
Hispano-Messerschmitt HM-1101A2 (Revell Me-1101), "30 - 8", Esc 30, Spanish Air Force, Zaragosa vs USSR. Armour sand with dark green (DG) suiggles on upper and side surfaces and silver under surfaces. Each wing has 12 x 55mm (R4M) underwing air-air rockets outboard of wing DTs (from MB.339) with 30mm cannon in gonadola (adapted from Bf109)inboard; nose arnament is 4 x .50 cal machine guns.
Mission: At the hands of Major Sergio Sanchez, the Spanish Air Force achieved it's first air-air jet kill today. Flying a Messershmitt designed HM-1101A2 (a version sepcially armed for bomber interception), Major Sanchez shot down a Soviet Kalinin K-18 (Soviet built Arado Ar-555-1) bomber.
S.N.A.S.C.O. NC901Ei (Dragon Ta-152C-1), "24" 16 Sormo, Italian AF, Latina, Italy vs USSR. Lt grey undersurfaces, desert sand and light olive uppers and sides. Centreline 75 gal. DT, 2 x 500ib bombs, 4x5 inch HVAR, 30mm cannon firing through propeller hub and 4 x 20mm Hispano short barrel cannons (2 in wing roots, 2 in fuselage upper deck).
Mission: Armed with this Italian ground attack version of the French post-WW2 produced Ta-152C copy, 16 Stomo deployed from Signella, Sicily, to bases in northern Italy at the outbreak of hostilities (quickly camofouflaging their aircraft on the way). Fighting their way back to Rome, the unit first undertook missions against armed Italian Communists, later encountering their Soviet liberators.
On this day, Capt.Fabio Cannavaro flew several sorties in "24" against Soviet armour and infantry as they encircled Rome. Ordered to fly with a centreline drop tank in case of an urgent need to divert to more distant airfields, this is exactly what happened, as each of the airfields close to Rome were shelled, bombed or captured during the day. By nightfall, Cannavaro was at Lamezia Terme in southern Italy, the remants of his unit by now scattered across central and southern Italy. At dawn today, 16 Stormo had 15 airworthy airframes; this had dwindled to just 7 by night fall.
de Havilland Mosquito NF.XIX (Airfix), "4-12" 4 Storm, 9 Gruppo, Italian AF, Lamezia Terme, Italy vs USSR. Ugraded with 4 bladed propellers. 8 red star kill markings. Black under with DSG and BG upper surfaces.
Mission: With the highly sucessful team of Lts. Gianluigi Buffon and Stefano Fiore in the cockpit, "4-12" shot down a Soviet Li-2 transport making a night supply drop to Italian Communists active in central Italy tonight.
Vought F4U-5NL Corsair (Italeri), "QE-J" 4 Sqd, RAAF, Kimpo, South Korea. Red "Struth!" nose art, overall black scheme. 6x5inch rockets and 2x100lb incindery bombs underwing, centre drop tank (DT).
Mission: Nocturnal CAS sorties flown in support of Australian and New Zealand troops near Kaesong, North Korea.
OTHER SIDE 1951:
Il-28: Spanish Republican Air Force vs UN (red and yellow roundel in a purple background)
Yak-17: German Red Army Air Force vs UN (East German markings)
Yak-9: Afghan Air Force vs Pakistan
Neutral and struggling to deal with passionate ideaologies and a desire to command it's region, Indonesia causes great concern to the West. Through both political and often low intensity military means, Indonesia confronts its neighbours over the coming decade.
Republic F-47D Thunderbolt (Hasegawa), "19" 316 Sqd, Royal Dutch AF, Merauke, Dutch New Guniea, vs Indonesian insurgents. "Jeanie" nose art, NG under with BG and DSG upper surfaces. Centre line DT and 2 x 500lb underwing bombs.
Mission: CAS in support of Dutch troops in contact (TIC) with Indonesian insurgence along the west coast of Dutch New Guinea, near Yapekopra.
OTHER SIDE 1952:
La-9 or -11: Vietnamese Peoples Liberation Air Force (based in China)vs France
By 1953, the United Nations (UN) is growing in strength, the policy of arming members nations for direct involvement in the war paying off.
Grumman F9F-2 Panther (Hasegawa), "110-D" 2 Esq, Grupo Aviacao Embarcada, Brazillian AF on Brazillian Navy aircraft carrier Minas Gerais, Sea of Japan vs North Korea and China. Oxford blue overall. 6x5inch rockets.
Mission: BAI sorties flown against enemy troop and armour concentrations near Kosan, North Korea.
North American F-86F Sabre (Fujimi), "NZ1098" 14 Sqd, RNZAF, Osan, South Korea, vs North Korea and China. "Teasin Tina" and "Margie" nose art, with yellow fuselage band and large tiger motif. Silver overall. 8 red star kill markings. Underwing DTs. SEE PHOTOS 1950s
Mission: Flying Officer Peter McKenzie shot down a Chinese piloted MiG-15 in "Teasin' Tina" in MiG Allley today.
In September, 1953, the Middle East erupts in conflict. In Iraq a military coup ousts the Western backed Royal family, the UN's undermanned and poorly equipped oil protection forces being forced out of the country by the end of the month. Pushing on, Kuwait soon falls to Iraqi troops. Controversially, the Saudi Arabian government refused permission for UN troops based there, or requiring to transit through Saudi Arabia, to intervene in the Iraqi and Kuwaiti crises. Meanwhile in Iran a general strike against UN and British interference in the nation's affairs coincides with a Soviet invasion. Trotsky's Red Army quickly reaches the Gulf, strangling the West's supply of oil from the region.
Victory Aircraft Thunderjet Mk.2NE (Academy F-84E/G), "720", 3 Sqd, Southern Rhodesian Air Force, Tabriz, Iran vs USSR. Silver overall with oxford blue on nose (up to canopy), wing tip tanks and on vertical and horizontal tail surfaces; roundels are of an RAF type with a single verical assegai (spear). Sharks mouth on blue nose, aft of the standard squadren blue nose ring. Two swastikas, a Japanese flag and a red star beneath the canopy and above "Rozzie Deth II" aircraft name, next to a red "Hell's Angels" girlie picture. Clear F-84E type bubble canopy, with F-84G suction doors on fuselage to provide air for Candian Orenda engine. Both wingtip fuel tanks have refueling probes fitted (also a boom recepticle on the port wing).316 gal Saudi made "Bin Laden bomb" (so-called because they were made by the Saudi Arabian based Bin Laden company for the Near East Air Force) napalm tanks on 4 underwing stores pylons with 8 x 5 inch HVAR under each wing. Single RATO rocket under each side of the rear fuselage.
Mission: The personal aircraft of Squadron Leader Ross "Rozzie" Finnis, "720" carries with it many clues to his flying history. Joining the RAF in 1939, Finnis flew P-40s with 112 Sqd in North Africa (shooting down a Bf-110 and He-111) before transferring to the China-India-Burma theatre in 1943, flying Hurricanes and doing an exchange stint with the Flying Tiger's Hell's Angels squadron (shooting down a Ki-84). Demobilised in 1946, Finnis joined the Southern Rhodesian Air Force in 1948, commanding 3 Sqd during he defence of Greece in 1950 whilst flying Meteor F.4s (and shooting down a Bulgarian Il-10). By Septembe 1953, 3 Sqd was re-equipped with the Canadian built Thunderjet Mk.2NE (NE for Near East) and stationed in Iran. Flying against targets in both Iraq and Iran throughout September, today it is the turn of the Red Army to feel the heat from his weapons as they cross the border in north eastern Iran, Finnis becoming an ace as he shoots down an Il-28 boming his airfield on his return from a morning mission against Soviet armour.
North American F-51D Mustang (Italeri), 1 Sqd, Sultan of Oman's AF, Seeb, Oman, vs USSR. Over all silver. 2 x 500lb bombs and 6x5inch rockets. SEE PHOTS 1950s
Mission: Flown by a seconded RAF pilot, Sqd Ldr David Wilcox, this aircraft attacked a Red Army convoy approaching the coastal city of Bandar-e 'Abbas, making several sorties during the day.
Avro CF-100 Canuck F.4BM (Hobby Craft), "35" 112 Sqd, RAF, Finner, Ireland, vs Warsaw Pact (WP). NG under and BG with DSG upper surfaces. Sharks mouth nose art. Wing tip 2.75 inch air-to-air rocket pods and 8x.50 cal machine guns in ventral position with 2xAIM-4A SARH guided Falcons on outer underwing pylons and DTs on inner underwind pylons.
Mission: Two Socialist French Tu-16s were shot down over the Atlantic by this aircraft today.
Dassualt Ouragan (Heller), "12" BA-9, Portugese AF, Kenitra, Morocco, vs WP. 1 red star kill marking and several mission symbols. Overall silver. 8x5inch rockets, 2 DTs.
Mission: An anti-flak stike logged today support UN bombing of Cadiz, Spain.
de Havilland Canada Sea Hawk FB.60 (Airfix), "22" Flottile 4F, French Navy, aircraft carrier Delacroix, Atlantic, vs WP. 2x500 bombs, 2 DTs. DSG upper and duck egg blue under surfaces.
Misson: During major airstrike on Cadiz, this aircraft bombed and straffed port facilities.
Douglas A-1E Skyraider (Revell), "A-UP" 4 Sqd, RAF, Butterworth, Malaysia vs Malayan Communists (Malayan Emergency. "Awesone Annie" nose art. NG under and DSG with BG upper surfaces. Centerline DT, 2x750lb napalm, 6x500 bombs, 4x5inch rockets.
Mission: Working with an RAAF 0-1 FAC, "Awesome Annie" joined with single seat A-1s to attack a Communist camp in the Cameron Highlands, the front passenger seat being filled by a camera man whose film of this attack was subsequently inserted into documentary newsreels and the feature film "Malay marauders".
Canadian Electric Canberra B(I)8 (Frog), "3-RW" 1st Esc, Free Belgium AF, Rathcoole, Ireland, vs WP. Mission symbols and "Marlene, Nancy, Marion" nose art. Black under with DSG and BG upper surfaces. Under fuselage 4 x 20mm cannon pack
Mission: A noctural intruder mission made up of 8 Canberras, including this aircraft, attacked a rail yard at Swansea, Peoples' Republic of Britain (PRB).
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17PF (Hasegawa), red "133", Normandie-Niemen regiment, French Red Army Air Force, Villacoublay, France vs UN. French Red Army AF markings are red stars with white outline and a French blue centre dot. Four white star kill markings. Black under with tan and olvie drab upper surfaces. Arnament of 2 x 23mm and 1 x 37 mm cannon undernose with UB-16-57 pods on inner underwing pylons armed with air-to-air 55mm rockets. Underwing DTs. Radar warning and ECM aerials on tail fin with scabbed on chaff dispensers on fuselage at the base of the tail; the extra weight of such defensive systems (plus a little ballast in the tail) re-aligning the aircraft's CG allow for the rentention of the 37mm cannon usually eplaced by a third 23mm cannon on MiG-17PFs.
Mission: Flown by a French Commuinst pilot known only be his code name "Colonel Marquis", this aircraft was credited on this night with shooting down a USAF RB-47 near Nancy. This mysterious pilot would go on to have 54 confirmed day and night kills before, apparently, losing his life in a mid-air collision with a F-100D in 1959 whilst flying a MiG-19.
North American FJ-4C Fury (Revell), "401" 825 Sqd, Royal Canadian Navy, HMCS Magnificeant, North Atlantic vs WP. "Foxy killer" art work, 5 red star kills. Dark gull grey upper and LG under surfaces. Two DTs, 4 x AIM-Bs, air-to-air refueling probe (ARP).
Mission: Under heavy and sustained attack in the North Atlantic whilst protecting a UN convoy to the UK, "Foxy Killer" accounted for three Tu-16s, a Tu-95 and a My-4 during this day, flying several sorties at the hands of two pilots.
North American F-100D Super Sabre (Hasegawa), "KT-W" 11 Esc, Free Belgium Air Force, Hacketstown, Ireland vs WP. Sharks teeth and eys nose art, many mission markings, 1 red star kill. BG and DSG upper and silver under surfaces. Two DTs, 4x M177 750lb bombs, ARP.
Mission: Attack against coastal fortifications at Holyhead, PRB.
McDonnel RF-101C Voodoo (Hasegawa), "33-TF", 3rd Escadren, 33rd Escadre, Free French Air Force, Decomimannu, Italy vs WP. Silver overall. 6 camera mission symbols. Under fuelage DTs.
Mission: On an eventful photo recce sortie this day that went southern France, "33-TF" was shot at by at least 6 SA-2 SAMs and avoided interception by several MiGs.
Dassualt Super Mystere B.2 (Airfix), "26", 201 Sqd, Mexican Air Expeditionary Force, Kenitra, Morooco vs WP. Tan, dark brown (DB) and BG upper and NG under surfaces. Puncho Pistola gung slining chicken nose art with 2 red star kills. 2 x AIM-9Bs and 2 DTs.
Mission: Cpt Valquez shot down a Spainish Republican MiG-19SFs today to bring his tally to 3. He would received credit for 16 kills before his death at the hands of a MiG-21 in 1965.
In 1960, Belgium de-colonises the Congo, leaving behind it a mess of rebel forces, both tribal and Marxist. The UN sends in a stabilisation force to ensure security in Central Africa.
Dassault Mystere IVA (Matchbox), "565" Columbian Air Force Expeditionary Force, UN Congo Satbilisation Force, Kinshasa, Congo vs rebel forces. Sharks teeth nose art on white/red/yellow/dark blue bands around intake. BG and DB upper and NG under surfaces. 2 x 500lb bombs and 6 x5 inch rockets underwing.
Mission: Bombing run followed by straffing against a tribal rebel group near the town of Bongo that had ambushed a UN road convoy.
India decolonises Purtugese Goa by force and has a breif border war with China.
de Havilland Sea Venom FAW.50 (Modelcraft), "015" 300 Sqd, Indian Navy, INS Vikrant, off Goa, vs Portugal. Overall light sea grey. 4 x 60lb rockets.
Mission: Attacked with rockets and cannon Portugese coastal gun emplacements prior to an amphibious landing by Indian forces.
RELATED OPTIONS: Indian Aif Force Saab/HAL J-29F and/or MiG-17F vs China
Su-9 Romanian Red AIr Force vs UN.
Cessna 0-1D Bird Dog (Airfix), "B" 4 Sqd RAAF, Bandar Sri Aman (Simanggang), Sarawak, Malaysia vs Indonesia (Indonesian Confrontation). Overall OD with white panels above wings and dark blue wheel hubs. Large RAF style high-viz roundels above and below wings with small RAAF kangaroo roundels on fuselage. Large shark's teeth nose art. Twin 2.75 inch smoke marking rockets on each inboard wing pylon.
Mission: During a FAC patrol along the border with Indonesia, insugencies were sighted and a flight of RNZAF (Canadian built)Hunters called in to work the area with napalm, bombs and cannon.
Although the USSR formally retreated form Iran in 1960, there continues to be regular fighting along the Iran-Soviet border.
McDonnell Douglas F-101K Voodoo (Revell), "M" 85 Sqd, RAF, Doshan-Tappeh, Iran, vs USSR. "Flying mermaid" nose art on port and large, brown kangaroo on starbaord side. Sand and tan upper and LG under surfaces. 20mm M61 Vulcan cannon in under fuselage weapons bay, under fudelage DTs, 2 x AIM-9B under intakes and 2 x AIM-7D under wings. SEE PHOTOS 1960s
Mission: With RAF pilot Flying Officer Simon Watson at the controls and RAAF exchange Flying Officer Henry Price in the back seat, the "Flying Mermaid" uses a mix of AIM-9 and Vulcan cannon to to shoot down an ELINT An-12 Cub that strys across the border today.
OTHER SIDE 1964:
MiG-21F-13: Italian Red Army Air Force vs UN.
On this day, the UN finally makes its long anticipated land invasion of the People's Republic of Britain.
Bell 204 UH-1B Huey (Italeri), "57" 16 Sqd, South African Air Force, South African Navy Helicopter Tender 16, vs WP. Overall olive drab (OD). Rear doors removed. XM3 weapons kit with 48 x 81mm rocket tubes in 24 tube pairs with a fixed forward firing 20mm cannon mounted above the frame each side.
Mission: Throughout the day, the crew of "57" provided CAS to South African and other UN troops during their assault on Aberystwyth, Wales.
Convair F-102C Delta Dagger (Hasegawa), "29+01" JG34, Free German Air Force, Donemana, Ireland, UK vs WP. "Olga" name on port intake art with small William Tell graphic alongside, 8 red star kills. BG, DG & DSG upper and LG under surfaces. IR seeker above nose. Two underwing DTs, open missile bay with 4 x AIM-4D and 2 x AIM-4F.
Mission: With Oberst Hans Shmidt at the controls, "Olga" saw action against a Soviet Tu-16 that was on an Elint mission over the North Sea. The intruder was splashed by Shmidt using a AIM-4F. This was the final combat by a NATO assigned F-102 in the North Atlantic or Europe theatres, the type having been phased out of service in favour of more modern types like the F-106 and F-4. The next day, the unit stood down to convert to F-4D.
Convair F-106J Delta Dart (Hasegawa), "248", 3 Sqd,Japanese Self Defence Force Air Force, Misawa, Japan vs USSR. 4 red star kill markings under canopy. Overall NG. Underwing DTs, 2 x AIM-7D underwing, plus open missile bay with 2 x AIM-4D and 2 x AIM-26B, muzzle fairing for M61A1 Vulcan 20mm cannon on lower port side behind the radome. SEE PHOTOS 1960s (Vulcan not fitted at time of photography)
Misson: Follwing the night shoot down by land based SA-2 SAMs of a USN EP-3B Orion off the Kurile Islands, "248" joined in the RESCAP effort to save the crew. Piloted by Lt. Takako Yoneyama, "248" and another F-10J were engaged by a pair of Su-15s that were attempting to deter the rescue. During the brief fight, Yoneyama claimed the lead Flagon with an AIM-26B shot. This was the aircraft's 5th confirmed kill and this pilot's 2nd. An earlier attempt to destroy the target by firing both AIM-7Ds failed when they both broke lock and went ballistic. The remaining Flagon retreated and the three surviving Orion crew members were rescued; the downed Flagon pilot was not.
Pakistan, neutral but Allied since 1962, has several conflicts with neighbouring India over the next few decades over territorial disputes.
Republic F-84F Thunderstreak (Italeri), "834" 19 Sqd, Pakistani Air Force, Chakala, Pakistan vs India. LG under surfaces and DG, BG and tan S-E Asian style uppers.
Two DTs and 2 x AGM-12B Bullpup.
Mission: In the hands of two pilots and flying from dawn to dusk, this aircraft logged 4 CAS/BAI sorties during the day. Mission using Bullpups was targeted against a bridge, this being the day's final sortie. On this mission, "834" and 3 other F-84Fs were jumped by 2 Indian produced MiG-19SF, "834" being the only survivor from the engagement.
RELATED OPTIONS: Indian Air Force MiG-19SF
Boeing Vertol HH-47B Chinook (Italeri), 12 Sqd, RNZAF, Udon, Thailand. Yellow "Home James" graphic beneath a picture of a stripping women next to open starboard forward hatch. Tan, DG and BG overall. Rescue hoist above starboard forward hatch and 3x0.50 inch Browning M3 MGs pointing menacingly from open windows, starboard nose mounted extendable air-air refueling probe and search light under nose.
Mission: Called in to action soon after dawn following the loss of a RAAF RB-47H in Laos, the crew of "Home James" headed north. With support from a RNZAF KC-130B and escorted by RAAF A-1s, the chopper "Home James" is directed to the pick up zone despite heavy ground fire. 3 survivors and 2 bodies troops are recovered from the scene by the crew of "Home James".
Douglas A-1D Skyraider (Hobby Craft), "98" 2 sqd, RAAF, Vientiane, Laos vs Vietmanes & Laotion Communists. Tan, DG and BG uppers with LG unders. Centreline DT, with 2x BLU-1 finned napalm, 2x LAU-3 19 round 2.75 inch rocket pods, 2 x 7.62mm mini gun pods, 2x CBU-25 and 2x LAU-68 rocket pods (for 7x2.75 inch white phosphorus target marking rockets)under wing.
Mission: With Flight Lieutenant Willam Robert "Buffalo" Newton at the controls, "98" flew RESCAP support for the mission to rescue survivors from the downed RB-47H. Repeatedly taking on heavy ground fire to clear an area suitable for the attending HH-47B to affect the rescue. His aircraft damaged by small arms fire, he maintained an aggressive vigilance at the scene until the rescue operation was complete. Only after landing was it learnt that Newton had been severely wounded in his right leg during the battle, his aircraft running off the runway on landing as he collapsed from blood loss. For this, Newton was awarded a DFC (Distinguished Flying Cross). Note tha the squadren was using reclaimed former Royal Australian Navy A-1Ds as the RAAF was no longer able to replace Skyraider attrition with more recent models.
Lockheed F-104G Starfighter (Hasegawa), "23" 1 Sqd, SAAF, Rimmi-Miramore, Italy vs WP. "Miss Behavin'" nose art, bomb mission symbols, unit badge. DSG & BG upper and NG unders. ALQ-87 ECM pod on centreline, 2 x Mk83 Snakeye AND 2 X AIM-9D under wing, wing tip fuel tanks, plus ARP.
Mission: F-104G "23", flown by Squadren Leader Hansy Pattel, joined 3 other SAAF Starfighters to make a low altitude attack on a Triple A site near Vienna, Austria. The site was successfully pu out of action, but at the cost of one South African pilot who was shot down by an AA-2 missile fired by a Soviet MiG-21. The mission was associated with an airbourne assult planned for later that day, but the assault was scrubbed when 2 of the 4 US Army Ch-47C Chinooks taking part collided shortly after take off, killing several troops including the assault team commander. This was 1 Sqd's, and the SAAF's, last combat mission with the Starfighter before converting to the F-4E.
Egypt and others support a rebel force based in Dhofa, Oman, fighting for control of the strategicaly positioned country. This fighting will continue from the late 1950s to the early '80s. With the US Army denied access to Oman by the Sultan, several OV-10 Mohawks and their crews are transfered to the USAF. Air Force Hohawks are permitted by the Sultan to operate over rebel infiltration routes.
Grumman OV-10B Hohawk (Hasegawa), 363 Tactical Recon. Sqd, USAF, Thumrayt, Oman vs South Yemen & Omani rebels. "Beach buggy" nose art. Experimental overall sand/mid stone/DB wrap around camo. Underwing DTs and underslung SLAR pod.
Mission: Whilst udertaking a recce mission along the border with South Yemen, the crew of "Beach Buggy" (Cpt. Carl Graham and Lt. Steve Aldrin) reported that they were under fire from probable SA-7 Grail IR-guided SAMs. Although the SAMs were sucessfully avoided, this was just one of many engagements reported in the area that day, leading to a cross border strike by Omani Hunters and Iranian F-4Ds the next day.
Having previously worked on it's "export" aircraft in India, Saab moves to Israel in the early 60s.
Saab/IAI 35 Dragon (Revell), "287" 200 Sqd, Israel Self Defence Force Air Force, Hazor, Israel, vs Egypt/Jordan/
Syria. Armor sand, medium green and tan uppers with LG unders. Under fuselage DTs and 2 x AIM-9B underwing. SEE PHOTOS 1960s.
Mission: The co-called "War of attristion" started today and lasted until 1973, when open warfare between Israel and it's Arab neighbours again broke out. Flying "287", Colonel Yitzak Levi was credited with the destruction of a Syrian (Egyptian built) Mirage IIIESY over the Golan Heights today.
During the course of the war, many target areas were attacked and fought over dozens of of times. The Romanian city of Constanta was one such little known but frequently visited target. On the Black Sea and with major road, rail and port facilities, the city was a heavilly defended Warsaw Pact held logistics centre in 1968. Amid the rubble from previous attacks, the Reds moved and housed men, machines, food, fuel, munitions and other war material vital to their operations in the Balkans.
McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II (Fujimi), "53-06", 53 Stormo, 21 Gruppo, Italian Air Force, Grosetto, Italy, vs WP. BG, LO and tan S-E Asian style uppers and LG unders. Many bomb mission symbols. LORAN towel rack. 2 x SUU-30 munitions dispenders on 2 x Triple Ejector Racks (TERs)on inner wing pylons, DTs on outers, ALQ-101 (shallow) on port front Sparrow recess, 2 x AIM-7E at rear, with centreline Multiple Ejector Rack (MER) carrying 6 x 500lb Mk82. SEE PHOTOS 1960s & 70s
Mission: After a 3 month truce associated with the ongoing Geneva Peace Talks, the fighting started again today. On an pre-dawn LORAN mission and bombing through cloud, F-4D 53-06 served as a lead ship for other F-4Ds during an attack on port facilities in Constanta as part of a series of UN strike package hitting the city today. On egress from the target area, the attack formation was engaged by several Romanian and Soviet MiG-21s, Major Costantino Alberti (pilot)and Leutenant Marcello Pizzo (Weapsons Systems Operator) in "53-06" being credited with the destruction of a Soviet MiG-21PF. Two Sparrows were fired, the second one hitting the Fishbed of Yuri Balenco, who ejected with minor injuries.
Douglas EB-66E Destroyer (Italeri), "X" ??? Sqd, RAF, Akrotiri, Cyprus vs WP. "Huff" fuselage art, camel mission markings. NG & BG upper and LG unders.
Mission: Operating as an EW platform, "Huff" supported the UN strike package attacking Constanta in Romania during the afternoon.
From the late 1960s, South Africa became increasingly involved with fighting in it's own region, against nationalist insurgencies in South Africa itself and in South West Africa (Namibia) - occupied by South Africa - and with helping the white minority government in Rhodesia and the Portugese colonists in Angola and Mozambique fight their own wars against black nationalist forces. These were essentially counter-insurgency "low intesity conflict" or "bush wars" at the time.
North American AT-28D Nomad (Heller), "4215" 8 sqd, SAAF, Windhoek, South-West Africa vs SWAPO. DG and tan uppers with LG unders. 2 x .50 cal gun pods and 2 x 7 round 2.75 inch rocket pods.
Mission: On this day, "4215" flew several sorties in the hands of several aircrew during an assault on Windhoek by SWAPO. The attack started in the early hours of the morning and lasted until late afternoon, SAAF aircraft such as this Nomad flying hundreds of CAS missions. Although SWAPO was defeated in a military sense, the attack was politically and psychologically significant, forcing the South Africans to withdraw many of their assets from assignments in Europe and the Middle East to meet the growing threats closer to home.
OTHER SIDE: 1968
Su-7BMK, German Red Army Air Force vs UN.
In April, 1970, South Vitenam and its UN allies crossed the borders of Cambodia and Loas in a major effort to attack Viet Minh santcuaries and supply lines. This operation, called Half Back Flanker, was just the start of a much larger campaign that would culimnate in Operation Full Forward, the invasion of North Vietnam. This would in turn result in a full scale Chinese invasion of IndoChina, driving the UN out of the region and back to a defence line along the Thai border (Chinese progagandists called this Opertion Full Back).
Lockheed OT-33A Silver Star (Hasgawa), 426 Sqd, RAAF, Da Nang, Sth Vietnam vs Vietnamese Communists. "Miss fire" and "Norma" nose art. Tan, BG & light olve (LO) uppers and LG unders. No internal guns for this fast FAC. 2x LAU-68 rocket pods.
Mission: Flying a mormning FAC mission, the crew of this aircraft (Flying Officer Greg Hogg and Pilot Officer Ian Bolte) suported Australian and New Zealand forces as the pushed across the border into Laos near the DMZ that seperated North and South Vietnam. During their sortie, the pair co-ordinted a series of air strikes against North Vietnamese positions that threatened the airmoble operation.
Martin B-57G Canberra (Italeri), 17 Sqd, RNZAF, Udon, Thailand vs Vietnamese, Cambodian & Loation Communists. Overall black. "Moon maid" nose art. 4 x KMU-338 500lb Paveway I laser guided boms under wing and ALQ-87 ECM pod.
Mission: During the first night of Full Forward, Flight Lieutenant Harold Short and Flying Officer Henry Smith flew "Moon Maid" on an interdiction mission over Laos, working with an RNZAF AC-130H and RAAF F-4E Pave Phantoms to strike at North Vietnamese traffic moving along trails towards the invading Allied troops. North of Ban Dakchoun, Short and Smith were attacked by a several SA-3 SAMs, but managed to avoiding the missiles. Sveral tanks were destroyed during the sortie.
Hughes OH-6A Cayuse (Italeri), "17" Loatiion Army, Attapu, Laos vs Pathet Lao & Viet Minh. Overall OD. One forward firing M60 machine gun mounted on each side of fuselage. All doors removed.
Mission: After avoiding contact with all sides during the first day of Full Forward, the Loation Army undertook a series of engagements againt North Vietnamese forces near Attapu in Southern Loas. This Cayuse was involved in flying armed FAC missions throughout the day in the hands of Major Thonglith Abhay.
Bell 206A OH-58A Kiowa (Italeri), South Vietnamese Army, Chu Pha, South Vietnam. Overall OD. Forward doors removed and side armour installed on pilot and observer seats. Port mounted axial firing 7.62 mm Minigun.
Mission: Flown by Seargent Ly Dinh Cam, this Kiowa was used throughout the day in support of South Vietnamese operations across the la Krang Po river into Cambodia. During his third sortie of the day, the Seargent was engaged by a neutral Cambodian Air Force MiG-17F flying an what was later called an "airspace sovereignty" flight. No hits on the Kiowa were made. Three months later, the Seargent again became famous by being the last of many to land a Khelicopter on the decks of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne as Saigon fell to Communist troops; his passengers were 8 women and children.
In 1973, after a series of skirmishes over the preceeding years (known as the "War of atrrition"), Israel's Arab neighbours strike back. In a ferocious 23 day war, the Arabs are pushed back in the Sinai Peninsual to the UN controlled Suez Canal Zone.
Saab/IAI 37 Slammer (Matchbox), "87", 101 Sqd, Israel Self Defence Force Air Fource, Hazor, Israel, vs Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Sand, tan and BG upper with LG unders. ALQ-101 (deep) ECM pod and AIM-9E on pylons either side of centreline DT, with 2x AGM-62A Walleye underwing.
Mission: Flown by Major Schlomo Rabin, "87" is a prototype Slammer brought in to active service by the pressing needs of the current total war with Israel's Arab foes. The mission, to drop Walleyes on an office block at Egypt's Helwan aircraft factory, is sucessful but proves controversial when several Turkish, French and Italian aircraft engineers are casaulties, their offices having been specificly targetted. Of the six Slammers carrying Walleyes involved in the raid, all but "103" return safely. Major Rabin is credited with the destruction of an Egyptian Mirage IIIEE2 during the egress.
Related option: .
RELATED OPTIONS: Algerian Air Force HF-24E, Libyan AIr Force Fiat G.91R vs Israel.
Canadian/British Aircraft Company Bucaaner S.2e (Airfix), "65+59", MFG 1, Free German Navy, Kinloss, UK vs WP. OD & DSG uppers with dark ghost grey (DGG) unders. Mission markings. Nose mounted ARP, bulged bomb bay fuel tank, 2x AJ.168 Martel on outer wing pylons, DT on right inner and a data link pod on left inner. TRAM turret undernose just behind radome with FLIR, LLLTV and laser designater.
Mission: Kapitanleutnant Erich Hess (pilot) and Kapitanleutnant Wilhelm Vonnegut flying "65+59" this day over the North Atlantic near Norway attack the Soviet Navy's 'KRESTA I' class RKR (Rocket Cruiser) Vitse Admiral Drozd and sink it with both Martels during a major air-sea battle.
Su-15 Flagon F, Polish Air Force vs UN, Mig-21bis Norwegian Socialist Republic Air Force vs UN.
Bangladesh, born out of the 1971 Indian-Pakistani war, continues to struggle against domestic guerilla forces over the next decade.
Hawker Canada Hunter T.80 (Matchbox), "708" 2 Sqd, Bangladesh Air Wing, Dakka, Bangladesh vs rebels. Overall BG and DSG. DTs on inner wing pylons and 2 x Matra 155 rocket pods on outer pylons.
Mission: As part of low intensity conflict againt armed northern rebels, this aircraft is used against a rebel base north of Sylhet. Flown by Colonel Shafiuddin Rajshahi and leading two other Hunters (these three representing all the Hunter force available for sevrice on the day), the aircraft rocketed and straffed the target for several minutes.
OTHER SIDE: 1977
Mig-25 German Red Army Air Force vs UN.
From early 1975 to late 1989, Chad was in the grips of a civil war that was fuelled by Libyan, Sudanese and other foreign support for several guerilla armies. Shifting loyalties in this many sided conflict made it difficult for the UN to pick winners or good-guys. Indeed, with the USA reluctant to authorise a UN involvement in what it saw as a "minor European colonial war by proxy" (to quote one US Secretary of State, Dennis Nailor), it was left to the pro-Western African Defence and Progress Organisation (ADPrO) to join the fight. With the help of non-African ADPrO members such as France, Spain and Canada, the work of this always under funded force began in 1978 was finally completed in 1989 when a peace agreement with Libya and Sudan was signed and the forces of those nations departed Chad. This effort was not helped, however, by the attitude of the French, who continually made arms sales to Libya, the French observing that such sales were necessary due to the fact UN contracts produced little or no profit. (Anyway, neighbouring Algeria always supplied Libya with arms through the back door with arms that it couldn't procure itself directly.) So, with the French supplying both the ADPrO forces and Libya and the Italians supplying both Sudan and Libya, it is a neat earner (with commodity and resource deals often bartered for arms, although the oil-rich Libyans often paid cash). Although a residual counter-insurgency effort continued for many more years, it could be dealth with by the Chad military (ironically, now Libyan backed) and mercenary personnel.
On this day, ADPrO forces went on the first of many major offensives against Libyan targets on northenn Chad. With Libyan and Sudanese forces fighting each other in the East, the UN mounted a heavy attack on the Libyan logistical effort, striking at airfields and transport hubs. Combined operations using air power, paratroops, heli-bourne assualt troops and special forces set back the Libyan war effort but could not be sustained. Six months later, the ground captured in this operation was being fought over again with the ADPrO forces on the defensive after the Sudanese and Libyans, and the local forces they each backed, had joined forces. A note about this particualr offensive is that, although air-air refueling assets were plentiful for the small stike force on day 1, the decision by ADPrO commanders to insist on heavy offensive weapon loads in place of external fuel has always been controversial; 2 aircraft (a Helwan 79 and an F-4G)crashed having run dry for various reasons.
Helwan 79E Escorpion (Kfir C-2) (Hasegawa), "63" Esc 464, Ala 46, Spanish Air Force vs Libya, N'Djamena,Chad. Lightning throwing scorpion nose art with Legionnaires type head gear. LG under with counter shaded NG and DGG upper surfaces. Laser rangerfinder and marked target seeker under nose. ARP, centreline DT, AS.30L on left underwing pylon and Martel ARM under right wing, plus 2x AIM-9J on outers.
Mission: Flown by Colonel José Paco, "63" is used to attack air defence sites near Zouar in Chad. Flying in a strike package that includes 4 Escorpions (2 single seaters and 2 Pave Spike equipped two-seaters), 2 Spanish F-4Gs, 4 French A-4FFs and 4 Canadian CF-4Es, they hit several radar sites (with Martel ARM fired by the Escorpions and Martel ARMs and Shrikes from the F-4Gs) and a C3I bunker (with the AS.30L). One aircraft is lost after it's refuleing probe is damaged, crashing before returning to N'Djamena, the pilot ejecting and being rescued the next day. Meanwhile, the Canadian CF-4Es providing fighter sweep and escort account for 2 Libyan (Turkish built) MiG-21bis interceptors.
McDonnell Douglas A-4FF Skyhawk (Fujimi), "12-YE", EC 1/12, French Air Force, Daka, Senegal vs Libya. Can-can girlie nose art. NG under surfaces, with light olive, DSG and European One green on uppers. Camel hump, black painted Agave radar nose and two internal 30mm DEFA cannon. ARP, centreline DT, 2 x Durandal on horizontal ejector racks on each inner wing pylon, Phimat pod on right outer and Barracuda ECM pod on left outer.
Mission: Making the long journey from Dakar with the aid of refuelling and navigational support from two Canadian CC-135Rs, four inappropriately camouflaged A-4FFs attack the Libyan held airfield at Zouar, Chad. Two are equipped with Durandal to break up the paved runway, the other two carrying Beluga CBUs to hit aircraft parked in the open. A Hip and a Hind are reported as destroyed and two Mig-23s and with a further Hip damaged. The runway is hit successfully and cut in two places. One of the Skyhawks is damaged by a SAM and diverts to Dirkou in Niger. Additional support for the attack is provide by Spanish Escorpians (SEAD and C3I bunker buster) and F-4Gs (SEAD), Canadian F-4Es (top cover) and a Canadian CEC-135R and CE-2C Hawkeye.
Note: The A-4FF aircraft were normally based at Kinshasa, Congo (Zaire), but because the unit normally responsible for Northern African operations was currently withdrawn from combat status due to re-equipment with Jaguars, EC1/12 had to spread itself thin and deploy a detachment to Dakar.
Aermachhi MB.326LS (Supermodel), "731" Sudanese Air Force vs Libya, Al Junayah, Sudan. LG under surfaces with sand, mid-stone and OD uppers. 2 underwing DTs and 2 x Matra 155 rocket pods. SEE PHOTOS 1970s
Mission: After deploying forward from Khartoum to refuel at Al Junayah, Major Omar Khalid flies a solo in a two plane attack mission to Abeche in Chad, which has just been occupied by the Libyan Army. Their target is the town’s police station, where the Libyans are believed to be holding a Sudanese Army Colonel involved in intelligence operations; the idea being either to kill the Colonel before too much information was tortured out of him, or to provide a distraction to allow his escape. The attack is accurate, leaving the police station in flames. Much to the surprise of the Sudanese, the Colonel re-appears a week later, having evaded his would-be Libyan captors.
Helwan HA-220G Aozou (HA-200 Seata)(MPM), 23rd (Brotherhood) Squadron, Libyan Arab Republic Air Force, Bardai, Aozou Strip, northen Chad. Light blue undersurfaces, with armour sand, chocolate and light earth uppers and sides. Libyan green roundels. 2 x UB-16-57 rocket pods on inner under wing pylons and 2 x 20mm Hispano cannon in gondolas underwing. Streamlined flare dispenser scabbed on undersides ahead of wings. Note that the nose guns have been deleted, to allow some space for deployment equipment, a must when frequently deploying to remote and frequently bare facilitis.
Mission: With Libyan intelligence accurately predicting the ADPrO offensive, aircraft were disperse away from the main airfield at Zouar. This saw four Helwan HA-220Gs (a COIN modified, Egyptian built, Spanish/German designed HA-200 Seata, locally known as Aozou and featuring Marbore VI engines, self-sealing tanks, armour and extra navigation euqipment)located out to Bardai to provide counter-insurgency and CAS work. With Bardai overlooked in the ADPrO offensive, these aircraft were thus on call when a Libyan infanty platoon encountered Nigerian special forces on the main road leading from Libya to Zouar. Taking off at 16.30 hrs, pilot Captain Muhamed Latiff (a Pakistani) and navigator/FAC Captain Al-Saad Omar (a Libyan) were joined by another HA-220G and engaged the Nigerians, who were holed up in a strong defensive position. Making several rocket and straffing runs, they quelled the return fire and made it possible for the infantry to capture the Nigerian position. During the engagement, flares and manouvering successfully saw one Nigerian Redeye SAM launch evaded.
Cessna A-37C Dragonfly (Academy A-37B), "240", Ethiopian Imperial Air Force, Kora Toro, Chad vs Libya. Camouflage grey undersurfaces with pale stone, mid-stone and desert sand upper and side surfaces. Single AGM-65B Maverick on each inner underwing pylon, DT on inner middle and Mk.20 Rockeye CBU on outer middle pylons. AIM-9E on outer right and AN/ASQ-173 LST/SCAM on outer left pylon. ALE-39 dispensers beneath fuselage.
Mission: Ably supported by Kenyan KC-30H tankers and French Foreign Legion OV-10DF+s, 8 Ethiopian A-37B "Piglets" (so-called because they were armed like a "baby Warthog") provided CAS/BAI services to ADPrO forces launching an assult on the Libyan occupied town of Faya-Largeau. This particular aircraft, piloted by Lt. Ismael Abubaker, was credited with the destruction of a Libyan tank and several trucks when he and another A-37C were directed against a Libyan column approaching Faya-Largeau from the north, forcing these re-enforcements to retreat. Although the town was taken by ADPrO, it was re-captured by the Libyans a several months later.
RELATED OPTION: Chad Army Bell 212 UH-1N, Libyan Seatta (on the work bench, now)
Late 1979 is not a good time for the West. In August, Iran falls to a popular Islamic fundamentalist regime, September, the leftist Sandinista's take power in Nicaragua and then in December the USSR takes control of Afghanistan and Vietnam invades Cambodia.
As the Samoza regime in Nicaragua faulters, international assistance from the Rio Pact nations props up the governemnt for its final months.
Northrop F-5E TigerII (Italeri), "432" 5 Sqd, Columbian Air Force, Manugua, Nicaragua vs Sandanistas. Two bomb mission symbols. DGG overall, counter shaded on uppers with light ghost grey (LGG). ARP, centreline DT, AIM-9J on wing tips.
Mission: With a Sandanista column on Managua's outskirts, the rebels fly two captured Cessna O-2As over the capital. One is shot down by Columbian F-5E, "432" flown by Captain Ricki Fernandez, who dispatches the small piston engined aircraft with 20mm fire during a low altitude chase over Manugua.
1979 December: OTHER SIDE:
Vietnamese Peoples Liberation Air Force MiG-23 vs Cambodia.
LTV A-7N Corsair II (Hasegawa), "493", 349 Sqd, Royal Netheralnds Air Force, Marham, UK, vs WP. European One style camo with wrap around DSG, DG and Euopean One dark green. Equipped with both USN type retractable ARP and USAF type boom recepticle, plus Pave Penny laser marked target sensor under intake. AIM-9L on fuselage pylons, DTs on inner wing, 2 x GBU-10 Pavway II 2,000lb laser guided Mk 84s, ALQ-131 ECM pod on right and AGM-45 Shrike on left outer pylons.
Mission: Colonel Franciscus Horst flies "493" on a nocturnal mission to attack SAM sites in Soviet occupied Poland. Flying in suppoort of an UN stike package with USAF F-4Gs and operating with Pave Tack carrying OF-4Es of the Dutch 323 Squadron, the night ops modified A-7Ns of 349 Squadren provide DEAD (Destruction of Enemy Air Defences)services to back up the SEAD (Supression of Enemy Air Defences) of the F-4Gs. With many Warsaw Pact SAMs in Poland operating from hundreds of hardened and semi-hardened sites, the big GBU-10s are proving useful for the DEAD mission. Tonight, Colonel Hort delivers his Paveways into a concrete bunker serving to co-ordinate a group of SA-6 sites near Poznah.
Sepecat Jaguar International SD (Hasegawa), 128, 725 Sqd, Free Danish Air Force, Chambery, France, vs WP. Overall NG. 2 x Magic AAMs on overwing pylons, centreline DT, inner wing pylons with MERs, each with 2XBLG 400 400kg LGBs, right outer with Phimat chaff pod and left outer with Barax ECM pod. 2 x ALE-39 counter measure dispensors under rear fuselage.
Related option: French Jaguar version with BAe recce pod Chadian Air Force, vs Libya, 1979.
AugustaWestland Tonal (Italeri A129A based)HMA.2, “06” 385 Sqd, Royal Navy, HMAS Ocean, South Atlantic. Augusta A129A Mangusta airframe with AH-64 Apache General Electric T700 engine nacelles including Black Hole IR suppression. Apache stub wings with AAM rails at each tip, mast-mounted sea surveillance and targeting radar from AH-64D and Apache TADS in place of Mangusta M65 TOW turret. Ventral 30mm Chain gun under fuselage, 1 x AIM-9M on each wingtip, 1 x Sea Skua anti-shipping missile under each outer wing pylon with inner left 2 x AGM-114B Hellfire on modified quad mount with EFT attached to lower mountings and inner right, 1 x AGM-45F Maverick. M130 dispensers mounted on rear fuselage with ALQ-114 IR jammer between engine nacelles. Enlarged main wheels. Overall flat gull grey with two yellow (shared) ship silhouettes on left beneath canopy .
Mission: With pilot Lt Cmdr Earnest Jones and weapons operator Lt Martin Taylor flying, Tonal 06 patrols with Tonal 08 into the northern end of Falkland Sound. Their nocturnal mission is to interdict Argentine maritime vessels transiting through the Sound on their way to and from Port Howard and Port San Carlos. Backed by Sea Tomcats FRS.1As providing fighter cover and a Sea Viking AEW.2, they identify three of ships dashing towards Port San Carlos. Closing in, the crew of 06 prepares to launch a Maverick at the patrol ship "Rio Iguaza" when the fighter controllers on the Sea Viking calls out a warning of two approaching Argentine Navy Sea Harier FGA.81s from Stanley Airfield. Leaving the air defence task to the Tomcats, the Tonals continue their attack, the Maverick striking the "Rio Iguaza" and leaving it burning. Next, the crew of Tonal 08 sends a Sea Skua and a Maverick in to transport vessel "Rio Carcarana". 06 follows this with a Hellfire in to the trawler "Narwal", hitting ammunition and sinking the vessel within minutes. Determined to make sure the ship is sunk, 08 rakes the "Rio Carcarana" with 30mm fire around the waterline before both helicopters retreat for the long journey back to HMS Ocean. The end result: both the "Rio Carcarana" and "Narwal" are sunk, with the "Rio Iguaza" badly damaged and beached, never to sail again, with one of the two Argentine Sea Harriers destroyed by the crew of Tomcat FRS.1A “200” (the other making an emergency landing in a field for some ground loitering).
Coming soon: details of Tomcat FRS.1A "200"
In response to growing Palestinian and Lebanese guerilla activities, Isreal invades Lebanon, confronting Syria in the process. The Syrian Alpha Jets were Lebanese aircraft seized by the Syrians soon after their arrival in early 1981, this action following a coup attempt by Lebanese Army and Air Force leaders against the Syrian backed government.
Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jet A (Fujimi), Syrian Air Force, Homs, Syria vs Isael. Wrap around sand, dark tan and BG. Centreline 30mm DEFA gun pod, 4 x Mk.82SE on under wing pylons.
With Isreali and forces moving through Southern Lebanon, Major Farouk al-Sharaa leads an extremely low level flight with two other Alpha Jets against an Isreali Army column near Marjayoun. A pair of Turkish built MiFG-21MFs are assigned to fly escort. Soon, Isreali F-15As are on their case, taking out the MiGs and picking off the Alpha Jets, leaving Major al-Sharaa to go it alone. Hugging the terrain, he zips over the column of trucks and half tracks, dropping his bombs and turning up the Beka'a Valley to land at an emergency roadside airstrip established by the Syrians. At dawn the next day,Major al-Sharaa flew the aircraft to an airfield in northern Syria, again at low level, without any harrassment from the Isrealis.
RELATED OPTIONS: Turkish Army Mi-24 vs Israel.
Ever since Vietnam's December 1979 invasion of Cambodia, the UN backed forces of ASEAN and ANZUS have maintained an economic blockade on Cambodia and Vietnam and a no-fly zone over Cambodia. Now, three years in to their effort, and with the anti-Vietnamese coalition on the brink on major defeats, the UN authorises a massive escalation in air strikes.
Dassault-Breguet Super Etendard (Academy Minicraft), "01" 16th Attack Sqd, Phillipino Air Force, ???, Thailand, vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. Medium blue grey (MBG) upper and NG lower surfaces. DT on right inner and AM.39 Exocet on left inner, Magic on outers.
McDonald Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk (Fujimi), "A10-106" 2 Sqd, RAAF, Korat, Thialand, vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. "Razorback" name on nose gear door. "Shark grey" camo of LSG under surfaces with sides and upper surfaces darkening to DSG via dark gull grey. Black 'roo national markings. Centreline DT, Pave Spike TV and laser designator pod on inner right and AN/AAS-38A Flir pod on inner left, with LAU-10 Zuni 4x5inch rocket pods on outers.
General Dynamics F-16B Fighting Falcon (Hasegawa), "82-041", 84 Sqd, RAAF, Korat, Thailand vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. Girlie nose art with mission taly board and "Batchelor son" legend behind intake. LSG under with LSG and NG counter shaded on upper surfaces. black 'roo national markings. Rapport II ECM fairing on tail. DTs centreline and under inner wings, F-16 style TERs with 2 x GBU-12 Paveway IIs on centre wing pylons and AIM-9L on wing tips.
Following the USSR's invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan becomes the major base for anti-Soviet rebel forces. The resulting tension leads to several Pakistani air strikes against Soviet targets in Afghanistan throughout the 1980s.
Dassault Mirage F.1EP3(Hasegawa), "41", 17 Sqd, Pakistani Air Force, Sargodha, Pakistan vs USSR and Afghanistan. Overall tan, dark broan and grass green. Laser marked target seeker and laser rangefinder under nose. ARP, 2 x BL755 on centreline, DTs on inner wing pylons with ALE-40 counter measure dispensers on pylons, AGM-45 Shrike on outer right with ALQ-119 on outer left pylon and AIM-9P3 on wing tips.
Following Tito's death in 1979, neutral Yugoslavis starts to slowly break up. As civil war breaks out with, the UN, concerned about Soviet penetration of Yuguslav territory and air space, announces a no fly zone over parts of Yugoslavia. Both Yuogoslav and Soviet aircraft are engaged.
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A Hornet (Hasegawa), "4-11", 4 Stormo, 9 Gruppo, Italian Air Force, Rimmi-Miramare, Italy vs WP and Yugoslavia. Low-viz shark eating Mig-23 art ahead of left intake and 2 red star kill below canopy. NG under and medium grey upper surfaces. Centreline and inner wing pylon DTs, Aspide AAM on right fuselage stations, Atlis II laser designater pod on left fuselage staions, BLG-1000 LGBs on outer underwing pylons, AIM-9M on wing tip stations.
Grumman A-6E Intruder (Fujimi), "158796", 340 Mira, Greek Air Force, Andravidha, Greece vs Yugoslavia. Bomb symbol mission markings. LSG under surfaces with NG uppers. ARP, TRAM turret. Centreline DT, 2 x GBU.16 Mk83 Paveway II laser guided bombs on inners plus MERs on outers each with 3 x Mk83 LDGP bombs and 1 x AIM-9M on F-16 style outer Sidewinder pylon outboard under each wing.
Panavia Tornado IDS(C) (Hasegawa), "188702", 410 Sqd, Canadian Forces, Cottesmore, UK vs WP. Green "Norma Sue" nose art and black bomb mission symbols plus low-viz grey national markings and low viz 410 Sqd cougar emblem. Wrap around variation of F-111 pattern camo with light olive, DSG and European One green. Laser marked raget seeker and laser range finder fairing on right under forward fuselage with FLIR fairing on left; left 27mm cannon removed. Under fuselage DT and AXQ-14 data link pod, 2 x GBU.15 EO-guided Mk84 2,000lb bomb on inner wing pylons with Skyshadow ECM on left and BOZ-100 chaff dispenser on rigt outer pylons.
Federal Yugoslav AIr Force MiG-27 Flogger D vs UN, Croats, Bosnians etc.
General Dynamics F-16A ASF (Air Superiority Fighter) Fighting Falcon (Hasegawa), "658", 312 Sqd, Free Slovak Air Force, Istrana, Italy vs WP. 8 red star kill markings under canopy with "low-viz" black outlined William Tell aces symbol and a Tiger Squadron emblem on the tail. LSG under with gunship grey and NG and Gunship Grey uppers. ASF variant features IRST fairing on left ahead of canopy and low-level TV camera fairing on right ahead of canopy and AIM-7 compatability. Centre line ALQ-131, DTs on inner under wing pylons, 2 x AIM-7M on center pylons, 4 x AIM-9M on outer under wing and wing tip stations.
On the 12 September, 1987, Iraq launches a massive offensive against Iran as part of it's long running war with the Islamic fundamentalist nation. Aides by the West, Iraqi forces make deep penetrations in to Iran. In response, Iran, wanting desperately to force an end to the war, escalates its attacks on shipping in the Gulf, thereby precipitating combat with UN forces in the region as they try to protect oil convoys from Iraq and Gulf Co-Operation Council nations.
Northrop F-5F Tiger II (Testors), 27 Sqd, Iraqi Air Force, Kirkuk, vs Iran. Dark brown, tan and DG upper and LG under surfaces. ALE-38 dispensors under lower fuselage. Centreline DT, Belouga on inner pylons, 2xBLU-1 napalm on outers and 2x AIM-9J on wing tips.
Mission: This aircraft is involved in an unsually well documented cpmbat sortie today. At the controls is Colonel Sharar Haydar Mohammed, with documentary director/camera man Hashim Hassan in the rear seat filming the action. To add further images are the gun camera film and a video camera capturing the vision through the HUD. Part of a strike force of 6 ex-Saudi Tiger IIs, their target is dug in Iranian armour east of Bakhtaren in Iran. During the spectacular low altitude attack no Tiger IIs are lost, but Colonel Mohammed is engaged by Iranian F-1s and manages to shoot one down with a Sidewinder; his wingman also bags a kill in similar fashion. With all this captured on film, the sortie becoes a highlight of Hassan's next feature length propaganda movie, Tigers over the Tigris, which also makes Colomel Mohammed a star.
On this night, Iranian, U.S. and U.K. units clashed over the Gulf. The incident began as a U.S. Marine Corps helicopter patrol consisting of 2 AH-1Ws and a UH-1N+ reported taking fire from an Iranian oil platform suspected of involvement in attacks on shipping. The Americans returned fire, sending Hellfires, 70mm rockets and 20mm rounds into the structure, destroying it. The fact that this was in recognised Iranian waters appeared to pass the Americans by, who immediately began attacking other Iranian sea surface targets as they converged on the area to render assistance to the platform. In response, the Iranians launched several air attacks on UN shipping, using F-4Es and their missile armed F-1s. This in turn, this brought about British involvement, as their ships and F-15Cs in the area joined the mutual air defence effort. By day break, both sides had retreated and set about about recovering their dead and wounded.
Bell 412 UH-1N+ Griffon (Italeri), "113" HML/A-367, USMC, aboard USS Guam, The Gulf vs Iran. "Defender of freedom" nose art. NG overall. Inverted TADS optical & IR sensor/laser designator on roof top, AAN-16 FLIR under nose, open rear doors with pintel mounted .50 Cal machine guns, ALE-40 chaff/flare dispensors on tail boom and ALQ-144 IR jammer above engine. SEE PHOTOS 1980s
Mission:Part of the helicopter combat team that sparked the incident, "113" was tasked with provided FAC, targeting, immediate air defence and light fire support against the oil platform. The names of the crew have not been released.
Mitsubishi/Iranian Aircraft Industries F-1 (Hasegawa), 16 Sqd, Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, Lali, Iran vs US Navy. Tan, sand and medium green upper and LG under surfaces. Centreline DT, ASM-1 on left and ASM-2 on right inner wing pylons with PL-7 AAMs (Chinese Magic copies) on wing tips.
Mission: One of "around 30" (DoD estimate) locally produced F-1s in service with the Iranian Republic Islamic Air Force at the time, this aircraft was one of two tasked to hit U.S. Navy vessels in the Gulf near Bahrain. Escorted by F-4Es, both F-1s fired both of their missiles (acquired from Japan via Pakistan) at long range, hitting the frigates USS Palua and the USS Madden, sinking the latter. Although one of the F-1s was subsequently shot down, this aircaft, piloted by Lt. Ali Daei survived.
McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle F.3 (Fujimi), "DO - 888", 43 Sqd, RAF, Al Dhafra, Sharjah vs Iran. Overall NG with DGG counter shaded on upper surfaces. "RAF Desert Eagles" emblem on vertical stabilizers, low-viz national markings and pink Spitfire art behind left intake. F-14 style Northrop TCS (TV Camera System)under the nose. Centreline DT, 4 x Active Skyflash AAMs on fuselage stations with 4 x AIM-9M on under wing stations; AAS-38A FLIR mounted beneath left pylon.
Piloted by Sqd Ldr Alex Ramon, this aircraft was one of a pair of RAF Eagle F.3s patrolling over the Gulf that intercepted an Iranian strike package. Flying against 4 F-4Es and 2 F-1s, Ramon shot down 2 Phantom IIs whilst his wingman, F/O Dean Newman, shot down a single F-1 .
In 1996, the break-up of Yuogoslavia was formaliased by a UN backed peace agreement. This allowed for a cease fire and a means to determine borders. As part of the agreement, all sides were allowed to re-equip thier armed forces within the constrainst of a conventional arms control treaty. In terms of airpower, this permitted subsonic combat aircraft to be operated only, with the UN chiefly responsible for air defence over the break away states, plus Albania. However, ceasefire violations rose sharply during the first half of 1988 along with a growing conflict in Serb controlled Kosovo, leading to a determination by the UN to deal once and for all with what they saw as Serb aggression. In July, 1988, the U.N. was able to launch a sucessful offensive against the Soviet backed Serb forces. By cobbling together a colition of previously warring nationalities, they were able to take advantage of their air superiority in the region and retake ground that had long been fought over. By the end of September, they had forced Belgrade to surrender as U.N. ground troops probed at the city's suburbs.
As a result of the devastation wrought by the earlier Balkan war, the Yugoslav Air Force and much of the industry that supported it was left in tatters. With few flyable and salvageable aircraft and smashed factories, they had to import new equipment that met with the new arms control limitations. With UN type aircraft unavailable and deep concerns about the suitability of the local Orao design, the Turkish built multi-role Su-39S (Savasci = Fighter) Frogfoot came to be the combat vehicle of choice. Of the 27 delivered before July 1988, 2 were converted to test a locally produced all-weather fire control system, based around the Rečno Korito (River Bed) FLIR/EO turret. The system had been tested on the Oroa before the nation’s break up. The first Frogfoot converted was Black 43, which featured a non-standard nose mounting without the more aerodynamic fairing installed on the second test vehicle, Black 45.
Su-39YNN (Yugoslav Noc Atak = Night Attack) (Zvenda), Black 42, 3 Sqd Yugoslav Air Force, Cacak, Yugoslavia vs UN forces. Small red star Yugoslav AF roundels. Flying witch on broom stick each side of nose. Black undersurfaces with upper and side surfaces black green, light olive, tan and uniform green. Locally developed Rečno Korito (River Bed) FLIR/laser turret mounted on nose with Kopyo-25 (Spear) radar on centre line. Tandem paired ASO-2 dispensers above rear of engine nacelles and UV-26 dispensers in vertical tail fairing ahead of L-166S Sukhogruz (General cargo vessel) active IR jammer. Large intake under the rear of each engine nacelle for improved IR exhaust cooling. One 30mm twin cannon in under fuselage fairing. Underwing, from outside inwards: 2 x R-73 (AA-11 Archer) AAMs, 1 x R-27R (AA-10 Alamo A) left and 1 x R-27T (AA-10 Alamo B) right, 2 x EFT, 2 x L-57-16 rocket pods, 1 x 8 pack of 9M120 Vikhr (Viking) laser guide missiles left, 1 x Danube ECM pod right.
Mission: Removed from their test duties and transferred to 3 Sqd the day before the UN offensive, Black 43 and 45 were deployed to Cacak to be ready for combat operations. The next night, though, only Black 43 was combat ready when Capt Milovan Djoric was ordered to escort a pair of An-32s to Pale, in the serb held Republika Srpska and back. This was part of a major operation to rescue Bosnian-Serb leaders from their capital before it was cut off and overrun by the UN. Flying low to avoid or reduce the chances of detection, Djoric reached Pale with little trouble only to find the airfield under attack from Egyptian Special Forces. Working with a ground based FAC and using cannon fire, rockets and firing Vikhr missiles, Djoric gave cover while the transport set down and were loaded with VIPs. One of the transports has hit badly and had to be abandoned, but the other took off and reached safety with the Bosnian-Serb President on board. Meanwhile, Djoric was engaged by a pair of Italian Squall F.1s (combat capable BAe EAP “iterim” fighters) which fired three Active Skyflash AAMs and a AIM-9M at him, causing some damage to his mount. In return, the Serbian pilot fired a R-27T and both R-77s and dispensed plenty of chaff and flares. Diverting to a small airstrip at Bajina Basta just across the border in Serbia, Djoric landed his damaged Frogfoot and was later awarded several decorations for his actions.
MB.339KB (Supermodel) "29", Bonian Presidency Air Force, Zagreb, Croatia, vs Serbian forces. Light sea grey undersurfaces, on vertical tail and half-way up fuselage sides with flat gull grey on uppersurfaces and half-way down fuselage sides. Undernose LRMTS fairing with NF-5A style chaff/flare dispensors on rear fuselage and large tip tanks. AIM-9Ms AAMs on outer, RBL.755 CBUs on middle and Mk.82s on inner underwing pylons.
Mission: Flown by Capt. Jovo Radovic, this was one of 2 MB.339KBs to attack a Bosnian-Serb militia artillery site near Dojob, Bosnia. Flying with the support of an Egyptian FAC in a TIALD equipped Jaguar, the two MB.339KBs were credited with the destruction of two artillery pieces and several trucks.
RELATED OPTIONS: Austrian HARM equipped AMX, Slovenian Hawk 100.
1989: March: A MONTH IN AFRICA
With Zaire (freshly renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) following the death of it's long time leader) under attack from all sides in a civil war that has taken on international dimensions, a U.N. task force is fighting to regain territory and to stablise the nation with a new, U.N. backed leadership. However, significant regional forces are in opposition, with the Southern African Community (SAC) nations (Angola, Anzania, Bostwana, Mozambique, Namimbia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) resisting the UN and attempting to place their own preferred leader in to power.
North American Aviation/Bombardier COV-10M Bronco (Hasegawa OV-10A kit), "1903697", Canadian Armed Forces, 104 Sqd, Kananga, DRC. NG undersurfaces, with European One green, dark sea grey and flat gull grey uppers and sides. LANTIRN attack and nav pods under fuselage, with AGM-114C Hellfire on single round launcher on left outer sponsons pylon and 7 round CRV-7 rocket launcher on outer right. Pave Penny LST on A-10 stle mounting on right forward fuselage and air refueling probe on left. AIM-92 A Stinger POST single round launchers on stub pylons attached to outside of each underwing station, with a DT on each pylon and an ALE-40 dispenser scabbed on to the inner on the pylon. ALQ-144 IRCM above rear fuselage and RWHRS fairings on fuselage nose and at rear top of each vertical tail. ALE-40 flush mounted also in each boom.
Mission: This aircraft and its crew is responsible for assisting in the defence of a Canadian fire base under sustained attack from Angolan forces during the night. Piloted by Major Steven Greig and with Capt. Luke Turkle as FAC, they call in other U.N. assets including a Cuban AC-130H to deal with the Angolans. Flying for over 4 hours, and with a refueling from an Cuban KC-130H, they help to force the attacker to retreat, themselves being credited with the destruction of a tank using their Hellfire.
EMBRAER EMB-312FFL Tucano (Premier), "24", "Easy money", 3rd Esq, French Foreign Legion Air Corps, Lisala, DRC. NG undersurfaces with black, black green, chocolate brown and light olive on upper and side surfaces. Chaff/falre dispenser beneath central fuselage, ahead of ALQ-144 IRCM and MAWS fairing beneath rear. 2x .50cal MG pod on inner and 18x58mm Matra 155 RP on outer pylons.
MIssion: On the same day, in the north of the country, the French Foreign Legion is tasked with maintaining control over river traffic along the Congo. Flying solo, American pilot George Adams (a Ret. USAF Capt.) and in company with another EMB-312FFL (flown by a South African) engage a barge that has fired on a DRC Army patrol boat, sinking the vessel. During the engage, two IR-guided SAMs are fired, both being evaded.
Denel Kori A.1ZI (Yumu Soko G-4 Super Galeb) "11888", 8 Sqd, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Gerwu, Zimbabwe. Chocolate and BG upper and side surfaces, LG underneath. Aden 25 mm cannon pod (from BAe Hawk) on centerline, aft of small LMTS fairing. DTs on inner underwing pylons with Denel 250kg retarded bombs (Mk82 Snakeye look-a-likes) on outers, with PL-7 AAMs on wingtip launchers. Chaff/flare dispensers scabbed on to lower rear fuselage. Nose refueling probe (from A-37B). Single seat cockpit, with rear seat area covered for extra avionics space.
Mission: Developed from the Joint Anzanian-Yugoslav G-4 Super Galeb/Kori, the single seat Kori A.1 was a standard attack aircraft of the SAC nations by the late 1980s. Escorted by Zambian Denel Cheetah C fighters and refueled by Anzanian Chinese built An-12 tankers, 12 Zimbabwian Kori A.1ZIs attack the UN airfield at Kamina, destroying a fuel storage area and causing damage several aircraft, including a Cuban AC-130H. None of the attackers were damaged. The pilot of "11888" on this day was Capt. Vincent Pamire.
BR>Also this week in Africa, an Army coup in the nation of Somalia sees the destruction of the last vestiages of quasi-civilian rule and a collapse into anarchy.
Hughes 500MD-TOW Defender (Italeri), "214", Somali Army, Mogadishu, Somalia Army vs Somali government. OD overall. 2x twin TOW launchers.
Mission: Colonel Mohammed Ali Mahdi of the Somali Army was at the controls of "214" alongside TOW operator Major Abd-i-rashid Ali Shermarke on a mission to eliminate the leaders of Somalia. Targeting a building in Mogadishu where a cabinet meeting was being held by the ruling joint military-civilian government, Major Shermarke fired 2 TOWs into the room where the meeting was being held and one TOW each into the adjoining rooms. A second Defender followed up the attack with Minigun and rocket fire before a special operations team loyal to the General Mohammed Ibrahim Egal stormed the building. By the time the operation was over the entire cabinet was dead. Hours later Egal appointed himself President. In the weeks that followed, the north of the country declared independence and Egal set about ruthlessly establishing his rule in the south against a backdrop of growing clan violence. When, in mid-June, Egal is himself assinated, the Somali Army breaks up into openly warring factions.
In late November, 1990, UN forces led by NATO invade Soviet occupied southern Norway, following the Soviet invasion of neutral Sweden, leading to a new ground war front. By the end of December, the battle front will broadened to include Sweden and Finland as the Soviet domination of the region falters.
Bell 406 OH-58D Kiowa Warrior (Italeri), "913" 655 Sqd, British Army, Finse, Norway vs USSR and Socialist Republic of Norway. BG overall, small type B roundel. ALQ-144 IR jamer above tail boom, 2 x AGM-114A Hellfire on right ordnance pylons with 1 x M260 7 round 2.75 inch rocket pod on left.
Mission: Major Tim Boyden (FAC) and Captain Will Donald (pilot)conduct a night armed recconnaissance in 913 and encouter a large armoured Soviet force heading south from Andalsnes. Hampered by low cloud and falling snow, and dodging the attentions of SAMs and Ka-50 Hokums, Boyden and Donald manage to call in a series of helicopter and fixed winged air strikes against the advancing enemy before leaving the scene to refuel. Twice they return to the fray, identifying and marking targets in conditions now worsened by fires and smoke. For their efforts, they are mentioned in dispatches.
Fairchild A-10D Thunderbolt II (Hasegawa), "06" VMA-531, USMC, Stravanger, Norway vs USSR and Socialist Republic of Norway. "Speedwell" nose art, 1991 Gulf War A-10 style kill list beneath canopy. Wrap around NG, DSG and LG. Terrain avoidance radar in front of right landing gear nacelle, ARP to right of cockpit with boom receptical ahead of canopy. AN/AAS-38B NITEHawk FLIR and laser designator pod on inner left under wing pylon, 2 x AGM-65D IR guided Mavericks on right mid and 2 x AGM-65E laser guide Mavericks on left mid under wing pylons, ALQ-184 ECM pod on outer right and 2 x AIM-9M on twin mountings with on outer left pylon.
Mission: Capt. Simon P. "Speedwell" Weller is one of those who render fire power support to Boyden and Donald's efforts to stop the Soviet advance tonight. Flying under their minimum safety limits, Weller and wingman Capt. James "Jimbo" Rutter manage to repeatly engage Soviet armour under the guidance of the British Army rotary FAC team. Weller manages to fire 3 AGM-65s (2 D and 1 E model) and several round of 30mm shells, being credited with destroying 2 tanks and an APC, before being forced to break off due to poor visibility. Several small arms rounds are later found to have hit is A-10D. During the engagement, Rutter is killed when a SAM hits his aircraft at low level and he augurs in to a hill. Rutter is credited with destroying 1 tank.
OTHER SIDE: L-29ZA of the Swedish Socialist Republic Air Force vs Swedish patriots/UN, Su-24 Fencer Polish Air Force vs UN.
As the USSR teeters on the brink of internal dissolution and surrender, Finland, under pressure to allow greater Soviet military access to its territory and airspace, renounces the terms of its economic and military agreements with Soviet Union. Effectively but not formally this amounts to a declaring war on its larger neighbour. The December War lasts less than three weeks.
Mikoyan Guverich MiG-29 Flcrum A (Hasegawa), "MG-130", HavLv 31, Kuopio-Rissala, Finland vs USSR. LSG under with LSG and light ghost grey counter shaded on upper surfaces. Pouncing feline unit emblem on vertical stabilisors. 2 x white star (US), 1 x RAF type B roundel and 2 x red star (USSR) kill markings. 2 x AA-10 AAMs (one IR, one SARH) on inner wing pylons, 4 x AA-8 IR guided AAMs on outer wing pylons.
Mission: This is the personal aircraft of Colonel Jari Litmanen, the squadren leader of HavLv 31. The first 3 kill markings on this aircraft are those earned during his time as volunteer with USSR's Frontal Aviation, flying MiG-21Bis aircraft during the late 1970s. They represent a USAF A-7D, a USAF F-16A and an RAF Jaguar GR.1. The two red star kills are from the first night of the December War, 13/12/90, when Litmanen claimed two Soviet aircraft, an IL-76 and a MiG-29 Fulcrum C. On this, the next day, he would be credited with a further two victories, destroying an Su-24 Fencer and another Fulcrum C during Soviet attacks on the air base.
1990-91: December - January
As the USSR disintegrates, Soviet troops under commanders wanted by the UN for war crimes seek refuge in neutral Turkey, Syria and in North Korea. Whole divisons move, vowing to fight on. Those in Turkey and Syria effectively hold their host nations to ransom as the UN demands their disarnament and surrender; in return, they threaten an assualt on Israel with weapons of mass destruction. Similarly in North Korea, the Soviets are less beligerant, but the North Koreans refuse to hand them over to the UN. With a deadline set for 15 January, 1991, the last acts of WW3 are set to play out.
Grumman A-6E Intruder (Hasegawa), "106 - E", RAAF, Misawa, Japan vs USSR. LSG under and NG upper surfaces. Black 'roo national markings and "Daphne" art behind left intake. ARP, centre line DT, 1 x AGM-119A Penguin on left inner pylon with AGM-123A Skipper II rocket assisted GBU-16 Paveway II on right inner and 2 x AGM-84C Harpoon on outers.
Mission: On the fisrt night of the campaign against North Korea, this aircarft (crewed by pilot Flt Lt Ray Munro and WSO Flt Lt Mike Martin) engage two North Korean destroyers in the Sea of Japan, destroying both.
Related options: Japanese F-16D FAC?
McDonnell Douglas (R)F-4E Phantom II (Fujimi), Iraqi Air Force, H-2, Iraq vs Syria. Overall NG. F-4E with centreline PHARPS (TARPS derived PHanton Airborn Recconnaisance Pod), 2 x AIM-7E on rear fuselage stations, BOZ-100 chaff pod on right inner wing and 2 x AGM-122B ARMs on right inner station, with ALE-39 dispensers scabbed on each inner wing pylon and DT on outer pylons.
Mission: After the first night's attacks, this aircraft is dispatched to provide imagery along the Syrian-Iraqi border. After dodging several SAMs, imagery is returned confirming the success of several overnight air attackes on Syrian border positions.
McDonnell Douglas F-15E Eagle (Hasegawa), "186" 322 Sqd, Royal Dutch Air Force, Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia vs Turkey. Overall gunship grey. Garfield "Flying standard" nose art on left and Snoopy riding a bomb on right. 322 Sqd Eagle badge on vertical stabilizers. Underwing DTs, 1 x AIM-9M on inner rail and 1 x AIM-120A AMRAAM on outer rail on each wing pylon, LANTIRN navigation and targeting pods plus JP233 on centre line.
Mission: The main runway at the Turkish airbase of Malatya/Erhaç is the target of Capt Berthold Timmers and WSO Capt Petrus Timmins in F-15E "186" on the first night of the campaign against Turkey and Syria. Flying low over the airbase, they are engaged by a fierce air defence effort that destoys 3 other UN aircraft (another JP-233 equipped Dutch F-15E, a USAF F-19A Tornado on a SEAD/DEAD sortie, and an escorting RAF Eagle F.2B)over the next few minutes, but remarkably Timmers and Timmins complete their mission successfully and without a scratch.
In a side line to the operations in Kuwait and Syria, Greece and the Greek Cypriot government launches an attack on the Turkish half of Cyprus. With Turkey in a vulnerable position as the U.N. goes after the Soviet troops harboured there, the Turkish Cypriots are defeated and forced off the island, being airlifted and shipped by Greek forces to an area of Turkey temporarilly occupied by the Greek Army especially for the purposes of landing the refugees. The operation started on the 20th of January and is complete by February 7th.
Bell 209 AH-1W Super Cobra (Testors), "34501", Greek Marines, Rizokarpaso, Cyprus vs Turkish Army. DG, dark brown and light brown wrap around camo. A-10A 1991 Gulf War style kill list (tanks, trucks, APCs etc) behind canopy. 8 x AGM-114A Hellfire anti-tankmissiles, 2 x M261 19 round 2.75 inch rocket pods and nose mounted M197 20mm cannon.
Mission: In Cyprus since in the 23rd January launch of the campaign, this helicopter has been operated with considerable sucess from both ship and land bases by its crew of Capt. Vasilios Dimitriadis (pilot) and Lt. Yiannis Kalitzakis (gunner). On this day, they sortied against Turkish armour at Rizokarpaso, one of the last Turkish Army strongholds on the island, destroying 3 tanks, 3 APCs, a radar and several trucks.
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18D Hornet (Hasegawa), "531" 331 Sqd, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Elefsís Air Base, Greece vs Turkish and disident Soviet units. A-10A Gulf War style kill list of ground targets and 1 red star kill. DTs on inner wing pylons, 1 x AGM-65G-2 on outer left, 1 x CPU.123 UK 1,000lb Paveway II laser guided bomb on right outer, HER with 2 x CBU.59 Rockeye on centreline, 1 x Active Skyflash on right fuselage station with TIALD pod on left. AIM-132A ASRAAMs on wintips.
Mission: On a nocturnal interdiction flight working a kill box in eastern Turkey, pilot Maj Kennett Aanonsen WSO Lt Magnus Bersvendsen engange a Turkish Army (locally built) Mi-8 helicoper flying at low altitude. After damaging it with an ASRAAM round and forcing it to land, they finish it off with their 1,000 lb Paveway. This is the last "air to air kill" recorded of WW3 and comes just 2 days prior to the end of all related hostilities.
Grumman EA-6B Prowler (Fujimi), "03" 835 Sqd, Royal Navy, HMS Nelson, The Gulf vs Turkey and dissident Soviet units. Bathing woman with beach ball nose art on right, Sea witch/Debbie on left with camel mission symbols. LSG under surfaces, NG around cockpit but mostly LGG on upper surfaces. Centre line DT, 2 x ALARM on inner wind pylons and standard Prowler ECM pods on outers. SEE PHOTOS 1980s
Mission: The honour of firing the last air to surface missile of WW3 went to the crew of Sea witch/Debbie, who launced an ALARM at an threatening SAM site in western Turkey on this day just at 00.2 hours local time, just a minute after the formal ceasation of hostilities at 00.1 hours. The Prowler was escorting RAF Globemaster T.1s on an humanitarian food drop (best done at night so as to avoid casualties amongst the starving Kurds) when an SA-6 related radar attempted to lock on to a Globemaster. | history |
https://www.meridiana.it/fr/destinations/destination_detail.aspx?code=lon | 2017-04-28T06:25:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122865.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00269-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.95469 | 416 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__88107188 | en | Fly to London from:
London is the capital of Great Britain and England, and it’s one of the largest cities in Europe. Nowadays it is the major stock exchange in the world, as it recently became larger than the one in New York. With its five international airports, it’s the largest global air traffic hub in the world. Without doubt, London is a city that has immense influence on the rest of the world with its culture, art, communications, politics and economy.
The main tourist attractions are located in the city centre, including the “City”; the West End for cinemas, bars, nightclubs, shops and restaurants; Westminster with Westminster Abbey, the Royal Buckingham Palace, Clarence House, Kensington and Chelsea area, with its museums (the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum) and Hyde Park.
Other important tourist attractions are: St. Paul’s Cathedral, the National Gallery, the Bank side of Southwark with the Globe Theatre, the Tate Modern and London Bridge, the Tower Bridge and London Tower, Tate Britain, the British Museum in Bloomsbury.
In 1987, Westminster Palace was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, this also includes Westminster Abbey and the small Medieval church of St. Margaret.
Westminster Palace, known also as the Houses of Parliament, is where the two houses of British parliament hold their debates, (the House of Lords and the House of Commons). The palace is located on the north bank of the Thames river.
As far as museums are concerned, it’s certainly worth mentioning the British museum, with its countless treasures and the esteem of being the oldest public museum in the world. Over two centuries, the Museum has collected over six million masterpieces. Works of major interest are the Elgin marbles, the Egyptian mummies, the Rosette stele and the Mildenhall Treasure. The museum treasures include ancient Roman, Greek, and Egyptian collections as well as coins, medals, paintings and drawings. | history |
https://www.china-midwest.com/2021/05/25/ | 2024-03-02T03:07:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00462.warc.gz | 0.961651 | 238 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__27531889 | en | Series #3: The Warring States of China
Tuesday, May 25, 2021 from 9:00 AM to 9:40 AM
We celebrate the Asian American & Pacific Islander Heritage Month by offering a complementary preview of our cultural awareness workshops every last Tuesday morning at 9AM ET. Our topic this month is a reflection on the Warring States Period of China which was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state’s victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty.
It was also an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China that fostered the flourishing of the “Hundred Schools of Thought”, when a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and debated freely.
Join us in an exploratory discussion of this important period in China’s history and take a look at some of the greatest philosophers whose thoughts influenced generations and generations of people in East Asian countries and all over the world. | history |
http://www.worldstridesheritageperformance.org/sites/Philadelphia.php | 2013-06-20T08:25:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005723/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.945061 | 745 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__141032795 | en | Benjamin Franklin's passion for science and technology set the foundation for The Franklin Institute. This premier museum features interactive exhibits to fascinate everyone from children to world-famous scientists. Explore this incredible facility and enjoy its exhibits, activities, and shows.
Fels Planetarium was constructed in 1933 and today features state-of-the-art technology, including a unique Digistar projection system. Explore the vastness of outerspace during one of the many amazing shows under this enormous dome.
Ever considered riding a bike on a cable wire? Sky Bike is an amazing biking experiment where riders can wheel across a wire strung 28-feet in the air. The bicycle is weighted down to prevent it from falling. See how it works!
Become a star athlete at The Sports Challenge exhibit! Use virtual reality to transport yourself to a new environment and see if you can meet the physical challenge presented. As you enjoy this fun exhibit, you'll learn about the physics and physiology behind sports actions.
Take an outdoor walking tour through Philadelphia's most historically significant sites like The Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Congress Hall, Betsy Ross House, and Christ Church. This 1.25 mile journey is led by an articulate and knowledgeable guide.
See Along The Way:
The Liberty Bell is inscribed with the passage from Leviticus 25:10, "Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the Land unto all the inhabitants thereof."
Get a look at actual objects owned by Betsy Ross at the Betsy Ross House, including her walnut chest-on-chest, her eyeglasses, and her quilted petticoat!
See the only U.S. Post Office that does not fly an American Flag at Franklin Court. Franklin Court pays tribute to some of the great contributions that Benjamin Franklin made to Philadelphia, including the establishment of the post office. When this post office was built in 1775, there was no American Flag to fly.
Eastern State Penitentiary
Eastern State Penitentiary held some of the most notorious criminals for almost 150 years. Tour the grounds and see where Al Capone lived for eight months and where "Slick" Willie spent 11 years. Take a guided tour through the crumbling halls and explore the dark past of this historic prison.
Did You Know?
The Hollywood movie, 12 Monkeys, was filmed at Eastern State Penitentiary and starred Brad Pitt and Bruce Willis. The first official inmate at Eastern State Penitentiary was arrested for burglary. He was sentenced to two years at the prison.
National Constitution Center
The National Constitution Center is an interactive museum dedicated solely to the United States Constitution. With more than 100 multimedia exhibits and artifacts, this museum celebrates the history of the Constitution and applies its relevance to the world today.
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held in Philadelphia and lasted four months. During this time, delegates from several states gathered to discuss and debate the terms of the Constitution six days per week, with the exception of one 10-day break.
Benjamin Franklin was in poor health at the time of the signing. He needed special assistance to put his signature on the Constitution.
Philadelphia Phillies Game
Cheer the Philadelphia Phillies to victory at Citizen's Bank Park. Enjoy the thrill of a baseball game as you enjoy the beautiful city skyline above center field.
Know Before You Go:
The Philadelphia Phillies are the oldest professional sports team to maintain one name in one city. The team was founded in 1883.
The Phillies captured the World Series Championship title two times: once in 1980 against Kansas City, and again in 2008 against Tampa Bay.
The Baseball Hall of Fame includes 11 players from the Philadelphia Phillies. | history |
http://minorityreporter.net/celebrating-the-legacy-of-the-great-dr-martin-luther-king-jr/ | 2023-02-06T06:22:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00537.warc.gz | 0.937979 | 1,249 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__196453889 | en | Observed the third Monday in January, celebrating the life and legacy of the Civil Rights leader, as well as a commitment to service
The Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday celebrates the life and legacy of a man who brought hope and healing to America. We commemorate as well the timeless values he taught us through his example — the values of courage, truth, justice, compassion, dignity, humility and service that so radiantly defined Dr. King’s character and empowered his leadership.
On this holiday, we commemorate the universal, unconditional love, forgiveness and nonviolence that empowered his revolutionary spirit.
Dr. King wrote in a letter from a Birmingham, Alabama jail on April 16. 1963, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.”
NPS – Engraved on the North Wall of the MLK Jr. Memorial
The eternal flame at the gravesite of civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., at the King Center in Atlanta, the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Georgia, Source: Library of Congress
On August 27, 1984, President Reagan established a commission (98 Stat. 1473 ) to assist in the first observance of the Federal legal holiday honoring Martin Luther King Jr., and on January 18, 1986, President Reagan signed Proclamation 5431 (100 Stat. 4396), marking the first observance of his birthday a national holiday.
On August 23, 1994, President Clinton signed the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday and Service Act (108 Stat. 1565), expanding the mission of the holiday as a day of community service, interracial cooperation and youth anti-violence initiatives.
In 1999, Title 4, United States Code, (113 Stat. 1285), was amended to add the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday to the list of days on which the flag should be displayed.
The following ia a Proclamation on Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 2022:
On a late summer day in 1963, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., stood on the National Mall before hundreds of thousands of demonstrators who had gathered to march for freedom, justice, and equality. On that day, Dr. King shared a dream that has continued to inspire a Nation: To bring justice where there is injustice, freedom where there is oppression, peace where there is violence, and opportunity where there is poverty. Today, people of all backgrounds continue that march — raising their voices to confront abuses of power, challenge hate and discrimination, protect the right to vote, and access quality jobs, health care, housing, and education. On this day, we reflect on the legacy of a man who issued a call to the conscience of our Nation and our world.
Dr. King pushed us to see ourselves in one another, recognizing that we are “caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.” He reminded us that we have a duty to uphold our founding ideals and work to perfect our Union. Through bus boycotts, restaurant sit-ins, freedom rides, and marches, the movement that Dr. King helped lead used non-violent protest and civil disobedience to advance the call for justice. He was jailed dozens of times for his efforts, but Dr. King’s commitment to justice never wavered. From a Birmingham jail, he reminded us that “human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability…injustice must be rooted out by strong, persistent, and determined action.”
Living up to his legacy, and what Dr. King believed our Nation could become requires more than just reflection — it requires action. We must protect the hard-fought gains he helped achieve and continue his unfinished struggle. That is why the Congress must pass Federal legislation to protect the right to vote — a right that is under attack by a sinister combination of voter suppression and election subversion.
We must confront the scourge of racism and white supremacy — a stain on our Nation — and give hate no safe harbor in America. We must strive to achieve not just political equality but also economic justice so that workers can earn a decent living, students can learn safely, the sick can access health care, the poor can climb out of poverty, the elderly can age with dignity, and everyone in America can live without discrimination or fear.
Just as in Dr. King’s time, there are those who now say that change would be too disruptive and that these urgent needs can wait. But we must resist complacency, summon new resolve to advance the cause of freedom and opportunity, and do our part to bend the arc of the moral universe toward justice. This is the cause of our time. We are at an inflection point in our history — in the midst of a battle for the very soul of our Nation. We all must find the courage to keep pushing forward in our struggle to realize Dr. King’s dream for a freer, fairer, and more just society. We must keep the faith in that righteous cause — and in each other.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Monday, January 17, 2022, as the Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday. I encourage all Americans to observe this day with appropriate civic, community, and service projects in honor of Dr. King and to visit www.MLKDay.gov to find Martin Luther King, Jr., Day of Service projects across our country.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-sixth.
JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR. | history |
http://catherinesteacups.blogspot.com/2012/06/ | 2018-07-23T02:15:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594790.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723012644-20180723032644-00389.warc.gz | 0.978307 | 507 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__271609687 | en | St. Augustine, FL
My Beloved and I celebrated our 30th Wedding Anniversary early by traveling to a city we never had the pleasure of visiting before.
Highlights were the following:
Eating at the Scarlet O'Hara Restaurant
Staying at "The Peace & Plenty B&B"
Dining every morning with the most delicious breakfasts.
This is Cheesecake filled Crepes with home made blueberry syrup, fruit, and sausage.
One of the 3 rooms we enjoyed while visiting there...this was my favorite room with a Parisian influence called, "Prosperity"
Me in the outside courtyard at the B&B...the Guest house is behind me, and we stayed in one of the rooms there also that had an Asian & Zen theme
This was just breathtaking - the cross you see behind is 200+feet tall and is made from Stainless Steel. This cross was erected to commemorate the first Catholic Mass ever held in the United States. The statue of the man in front of is in honor of the Priest who conducted that mass.
Cool drinks in the hot weather.
These were served at the O.C. White restaurant where we enjoyed Lobster tails...and they were delicious!
The carousel we were told was a must!
Thanks Claudie - it was - and I rode it too! ;)
Multiple chandies to gaze our eyes on.
This one is in Flagler College - a must tour for everyone who visits this historic town.
A carriage ride that my Beloved had already arranged prior to our arrival - our first ever!
Another view of the cross with a fountain in front of it at the Catholic church nearby.
Our final night there was spent on a 2 hr Sail boat ride - another first for us.
We loved it too!
We met a lovely couple from NC where we used to live.
We took turns taking pics of each other so we'd have COUPLE shots! ;)
I took this pic - and I love it...
And this is the view of the 200+ feet high cross from the waters on the sail boat on our final evening there. A great way to end our lovely Anniversary trip.
St. Augustine is a must for anyone who loves shopping, great food, lovely historic views, and so much history. We'll definitely return - and the weather was PERFECT every day we were there.
Hugs to all my blogging buds! | history |
https://www.csi-professionals.com/post/happy-women-s-history-month | 2024-04-16T23:32:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817112.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416222403-20240417012403-00077.warc.gz | 0.86691 | 116 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__156398631 | en | At CSI, we strive to acknowledge the contributions and possibilities of women while celebrating the bold, brave, and brilliant individuals who have shaped our past and inspire our future. Join us as we honor the remarkable legacies of trailblazers like Amelia Earhart, Marie Curie, Maya Angelou, and Malala Yousafzai. Their courage, brilliance, and resilience inspire us to break barriers, embrace our power, and pave the way for a brighter future. Let's celebrate their achievements and continue to amplify women's voices everywhere.
top of page
bottom of page | history |
https://www.disciplemakerministry.com/post/the-benefits-of-team-work | 2023-12-04T13:41:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00182.warc.gz | 0.976083 | 1,301 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__311859479 | en | The Valley Gate was repaired by Hanun and the residents of Zanoah. They rebuilt it and put its doors with their bolts and bars in place. They also repaired a thousand cubits of the wall as far as the Dung Gate. The Dung Gate was repaired by Malkijah son of Rekab, ruler of the district of Beth Hakkerem. He rebuilt it and put its doors with their bolts and bars in place. The Fountain Gate was repaired by Shallun son of Kol-Hozeh, ruler of the district of Mizpah. He rebuilt it, roofing it over and putting its doors and bolts and bars in place. He also repaired the wall of the Pool of Siloam, by the King’s Garden, as far as the steps going down from the City of David. Beyond him, Nehemiah son of Azbuk, ruler of a half-district of Beth Zur, made repairs up to a point opposite the tombs of David, as far as the artificial pool and the House of the Heroes. 17 Next to him, the repairs were made by the Levites under Rehum son of Bani. Beside him, Hashabiah, ruler of half the district of Keilah, carried out repairs for his district. Next to him, the repairs were made by their fellow Levites under Binnui son of Henadad, ruler of the other half-district of Keilah. Next to him, Ezer son of Jeshua, ruler of Mizpah, repaired another section, from a point facing the ascent to the armory as far as the angle of the wall. Next to him, Baruch son of Zabbai zealously repaired another section, from the angle to the entrance of the house of Eliashib the high priest. Next to him, Meremoth son of Uriah, the son of Hakkoz, repaired another section, from the entrance of Eliashib’s house to the end of it. Nehemiah 3:13-21
Team Work Makes Dream Work
Verse 13 captures the repair of Valley Gate. Nehemiah began his inspection of the wall at Valley Gate. It was situated 500 yards north and west of the Dung Gate. Historically that was the later gateway across the city from the Gihon spring. A resident of Zanoah named Hanun repaired. Zanoah was a town in the low country of Judah. It was situated 10 miles west of Jerusalem. Hanun and the residents of Zanoah repaired a large portion of the gate all the way to the Dung gate.
In verse 16, the ruler of a half-district of Beth Zur named Nehemiah made repairs up to a point opposite the tombs of David. This is not the same Nehemiah the cupbearer. This Nehemiah was from Beth Zur which was a Judean hill country (Joshua 15:58). The name Beth Zur means “house of rock,” or “house of the god Zur.” It was situated approximately 4 miles north of Jerusalem.
A ruler in the district of Beth Hakkerem named Malkijah repaired the Dung gate. The name Beth Hakkerem means "house of a vineyard." The gate leads directly to the Western Wall of Jerusalem. The gate was so named because outside of it was the general dump heap of the city. Next, a ruler of the district of Mizpah named Shallun repaired the Fountain Gate. He also repaired the wall of Pool of Siloam. The name Mizpah means “watchtower.” It was located about 7.5 miles north of Jerusalem. The Pool of Siloam was a freshwater reservoir that was a major gathering place for ancient Jews making pilgrimages to Jerusalem. It was at the Pool of Siloam that Jesus healed the blind man (John 9:1-11).
In verse 17, the Levites joined the repair work under the leadership of Rehum. The name Rehum means merciful. He was one of the exiles that returned from captivity in Babylon. Then, individual district leaders made repairs on behalf of their district. These included Hashabiah (regarded by Jehovah). Binnui, which ironically means building along with Ezer which means helper, Zabbai which means “given by Jehovah, Baruch which means “blessed,” and Meremoth which means “bitterness.”
The spirit of cooperation and teamwork that prevailed during the rebuilding project is fascinating. People from surrounding communities came together to lend a helping hand wherever they were needed. These hardworking souls were not professional builders. But because of the leadership of Nehemiah and the commitment of the leaders among them, the repair moved along at a rapid pace.
These committed laborers teach us three important lessons for the way we should conduct ourselves when dealing with an overwhelming task. First, we have to cultivate a spirit of partnership and teamwork. We should always try to find common ground to work with others for a worthy cause notwithstanding our personal preferences. A worthy vision is always more important than personal ambitions.
Second, no task is beneath anyone, regardless of title or personal achievement. When the cause is just, and the vision is noteworthy, we should be willing to pitch in wherever we are needed. The district leaders were personally invested in the repair. They did not hide behind their titles or position. Instead, they each repaired a section of the wall. That sight must have motivated many average onlookers who may not have been too motivated to participate in the repair. We should not underestimate the power of influence. I think many of these district leaders were influenced by the fact that other district leaders were also doing repairs.
Third, we should use our affluence to influence others for the greater good. That influence is action-based. These men did not say much. Their work ethic and their commitment to the work at hand made them very influential. So much so that their name is recorded in the Bible. The lesson they teach us is that when given an opportunity to do something that can enhance the kingdom or bring glory to God, we should not hesitate.
Blessed Lord, may we be always ready to do the work for which you created us no matter how challenging that may be. | history |
https://srpskanews.com/vijesti/crime-during-operation-medak-pocket-without-punishment-croatian-society-awarded-executioners/1323 | 2024-03-02T04:23:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00162.warc.gz | 0.975663 | 746 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__164532844 | en | BELGRADE – A tribute for 88 victims was paid Friday at the St Mark Church in Belgrade in memory of the Serbs brutally killed by the Croatian troops during Operation Medak Pocket in the south-central Lika region of Croatia on September 9, 1993.
Participants of the commemoration said that the crime went unpunished and that the executioners later received recognition from the Croatian society.
Dragan Pjevac, head of the Coordination of Serbian Associations of Missing Persons’ Families from the Former Yugoslavia, told Srna that Davor Domazet Loso, the prime suspect in the brutal murder of the people of Divoselo, Pocitelj and Citluk, was recently appointed advisor to Croatian President Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic, the first accused Rahim Ademi was acquitted, while the second accused Mirko Norac was sentenced to six years in jail for “failure to act”.
“My mother Boja was killed in Pocitelj a few kilometres away from home. She was found by my brother Nikola 18 days later, her head smashed and three fingers cut off. A year ago, the victims’ families lodged a 16-page criminal report against Domazet detailing the arguments and facts corroborating his responsibility for those crimes, but we haven’t received any reply yet,” Pjevac said.
Under such circumstances and in an environment where more than 50 percent of young Croats believe that the Ustasha were more positive than the partisans, he doubts that the responsible will be prosecuted and the search for the missing from the Medak Pocket and all other execution sites finished.
“We are still searching for 14 bodies and it is up to us the families and the Serbian society as a whole to fight for our victims, both from WWII and the 1990s war, with the truth as a weapon. The victims need peace and respect, not politics,” said Pjevac.
Professor Mile Rajcevic, who fled Divoselo, said that in his village 30 residents were killed and everything else wiped out in September 1993, which made Operation Medak Pocket an act of genocide.
During the crimes, the Lika villages where the pogrom occurred were under UNPROFOR’s protection for 18 months and the UN organisation “failed to protect the Serb civilians,” said Rajcevic.
“The people who got there after the slaughter saw some disturbing scenes. Like those left by the Spanish Inquisition and even worse, because no one was spared. Everyone was killed,” said Rajcevic.
His home village is totally desolate now – no inhabitants, just the charred remnants and graves indicating that people used to live there.
Operation Medak Pocket, also known as the Bloody September in Lika, was the Croatia’s third attack on the troops of the Republic of Serbian Krajina /RSK/ since the RSK territory was placed under the UNPROFOR protection.
The attack began on September 9, 1993 when the Croatian troops raided the Serbian villages of Divoselo, Citluk and Pocitelj, murdering 88 Serbs, including 36 civilians.
Seventeen were women, 26 were over 60 years of age, while 14 are still listed missing.
UNPROFOR Commander Jean Cot, who visited the site immediately after the atrocity, wrote this in a report: “I haven’t found any sign of life; no people, no animals. In several villages we passed through today the destruction is total, systematic and intentional.” | history |
https://www.greenberetcd.com/aviator | 2024-04-12T23:09:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00613.warc.gz | 0.966446 | 308 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__1256249 | en | Army Aviation Badges
An oxidized silver badge 3/4 inch in height and 2 1/2 inches in width, consisting of
the shield of the coat of arms of the United States on and over a pair of displayed
wings. A star is added above the shield to indicate qualification as a Senior Army
Aviator. The star is surrounded with a laurel wreath to indicate qualification as a
Master Army Aviator.
The wings suggest flight and reflect the skills associated with aerial flight. The shield
of the coat of arms of the United States signifies loyalty and devotion to duty.
An individual must have satisfactorily completed the prescribed training and proficiency tests, and must have been designated as an aviator in orders issued by the appropriate headquarters as outlined in AR 600-105.
Senior Aviator: An aviator, who is medically qualified and instrument qualified may apply for the Senior Aviator Badge as long as the aviator has served seven years of rated aviation service, served 84 months in operational flying duty assignments and
accumulated 1,000 hours of flight time.
Master Aviator: A Senior Aviator, who is medically qualified and instrument qualified may apply for the Master Aviator Badge as long as the aviator has served fifteen years of rated and aviation service, served 120 months in operational flying duty assignments accumulated 2,000 hours of flight time.
The Aviator and Senior Aviator Badges were approved on 27 July 1950 and the Master Aviator Badge was approved on 12 February 1957. | history |
http://babe-ruth.com/ | 2017-04-24T21:08:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00503-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.981961 | 1,522 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__230919110 | en | player. Born George Herman Ruth, Jr., on February 6, 1895,
in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the first of eight children
born to Kate and George Herman Ruth, Sr. Most of the Ruth
children died in infancy and only George Jr. and his sister
Mamie survived to maturity. Little George, as he was called,
grew up in a poor waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore, where
he lived above the family saloon.
1902, the Ruths sent their son away to St. Marys
Industrial School for Boys, which was both a reformatory
and an orphanage. Ruth developed a love for sports, particularly
baseball, which served as his escape from the strict environment
at St Marys. From an early age he showed potential
as an athlete, and in his late teens he had developed into
a professional candidate. His tough southpaw pitching attracted
Jack Dunn, manager of the minor league Baltimore Orioles.
In 1914, the Orioles signed Ruth to his first professional
baseball contract. He became the teams youngest member,
and was befittingly nicknamed Babe.
five months, 19-year-old Ruth graduated to the major leagues,
and signed with the Boston Red Sox. He remained with the
team for six seasons, alternating positions as pitcher and
outfielder. With his great pitching, powerful bat, and winning
personality, he was quickly on his way to greatness, overshadowing
players like Ty Cobb and Honus Wagner.
a controversy revealed that the Chicago White Sox conspired
to throw the 1919 World Series, the sport of baseball was
in need of a hero. The scandal had shaken the publics
faith in the game. However, in 1919, while still a part-time
pitcher for the Red Sox, Ruth made his home-run assault
on the record books. His 25th home run that year shattered
the modern major league record held by the now forgotten
Gabby Kraveth. By the end of the year, Ruths record
was an unprecedented 29 home runs, and he was credited with
reviving faith in the game.
December of 1919, the Boston Red Sox sold the invaluable
player to New York Yankee owner Colonel Jacob Ruppert. Ruppert
bought Ruths contract for over $100,000, which was
a staggering price at the time. In 1920, Ruth joined the
Yankees, who as yet had never won a pennant. For years they
played in the shadow of the New York Giants. Without a baseball
park to call their own, the Yankees were forced to hold
their games at the Giants Polo Grounds.
started as a full-time outfielder, hitting 54 home runs
his first year with the Yankees. Shortly after, he became
baseballs preeminent player, and such a drawing card
that New York built a new stadium for the crowds he was
attracting. Yankee Stadium had its opening day on April
4, 1923, with a total attendance of 74,000. The stadium
became known as The House That Ruth Built, and
the period became known as the Golden Age of Baseball. On
opening day, Ruth made the first home run in Yankee Stadium
slugging percentages in 1920 and 1921 were .847 and .846.
Neither figure has ever been approached. In fact, a slugging
percentage higher than .704 has been achieved only 20 times,
eight by Ruth. In 1923, hitting .393, he was named the leagues
Most Valuable Player, and capped off the year by ushering
the Yankees to their first World Series Championship. He
also led the American League in home runs from 1919-1924,
and again from 1926-1931.
1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, breaking his own record, and
setting a new one that would endure for decades (Roger Maris
broke it in 1961). With an exceptional year, he assumed
almost mythic status, and was nicknamed The Sultan
of Swat, The Home Run King, and Herman
the field Ruth reveled in his celebrity status, enjoying
a wild and extravagant life. However, his high living and
headstrong behavior eventually began to take a toll on his
performance. He was still baseballs premier player
but fellow teammate and newcomer Lou Gehrig started to show
signs of greatness as well. The year 1931 was the start
of Ruths 12th season with the Yankees, and it also
marked the great days of Lou Gehrigs career. Ruth
was still a force, but Gehrig was closing the gap. At the
end of the season the two players were tied in home runs.
1933, Ruths once great talent began to erode. Realizing
that his playing days were numbered, he threatened the Yankees
that he would quit if not given the opportunity to become
a manager. After they denied his request, he left the Yankees
in 1934. Two years later, the Boston Braves offered to take
on Ruth as a part-time player, baiting him with an eventual
assistant-manager position. He accepted, and his decision
met with mixed feelings among New York fans. Some thought
that he was deserving of the opportunity, and others felt
that he was selling out.
three months, Ruth became aware of the fact that the Braves
only wanted him for his drawing power. They had no intention
of giving him a managerial position. He resigned from the
team, and made his last appearance as a player in May of
1935, retiring with 714 career home runs (a record that
was broken by Hank Aaron in 1974).
1936, Ruth was part of the first class inducted into the
National Baseball Hall of Fame, along with Ty Cobb, Honus
Wagner, Walter Johnson, and Christy Mathewson. He became
a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938, but never achieved
his goal of managing a major league team.
was diagnosed with cancer in 1946. Although the extent of
his illness was kept from him, he knew that his time was
limited. He spent the remainder of his life making countless
visits to childrens hospitals and orphanages. In 1948,
Ruth made his final appearance at Yankee Stadium, celebrating
the 25th anniversary of The House that Ruth Built.
His number was retired, and April 27th was declared Babe
August 16, 1948, Ruth died at the age of 53. At the time
of his death, he held 54 major league records, including
most years leading a league in home runs (12), most total
bases in a season (457), and highest slugging percentage
for a season (.847).
with the Red Sox, Ruth married 18-year-old waitress Helen
Woodford, whom he had known less than three months. In 1929,
Ruths wife died in a fire. At the time, they had been
separated for three years. Her tragic death allowed him
to marry Claire Hodgson, a former model and actress. With
Claires daughter from a previous marriage and Ruths
adopted daughter (with Woodford), they became an immediate
family. Ruth and Hodgson remained together until Ruths | history |
https://support.eurekamarket.net/hc/en-us/articles/360054798474-Organic-Trade-Association-OTA- | 2021-07-27T02:12:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00619.warc.gz | 0.960124 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__35322124 | en | The demand for foods produced more “naturally” arose out of a response to the introduction of synthetic pesticides and herbicides in the 1940s and the resulting movement toward organic farming. By the early 1970s, the need for standardized organic labeling became apparent to the western leaders of the organic movement who worked to pass laws and create certification standards and processes. In 1973 the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) organization was formed and in 1974, Oregon enacted the first organic state laws in the country. During that same period, the Western Alliance was formed among organic activists in the three Pacific border states. In 1985 the Organic Food Production Association of North America (OFPANA) was formed in Massachusetts and joined forces with the Western Alliance to work collaboratively on nationwide standards that would unify the language, practices, tools and certification requirements. Ultimately these original trade associations became the Organic Trade Association (OTA), a national organization of over 1,500 members representing businesses across the organic supply chain that addresses all things organic, including food, fiber/textiles, personal care products, and new emerging sectors. | history |
http://tynemouth.play-cricket.com/website/web_pages/237516 | 2019-01-23T08:57:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584328678.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123085337-20190123111337-00158.warc.gz | 0.959557 | 602 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__41829687 | en | Welcome to the Play-Cricket Homepage of Tynemouth Cricket Club
Home of the Croons!
Cricket Club, founded in 1847, has the distinction of being the oldest
continuous playing club in Northumberland and we have played on the very same
ground off Preston Avenue, North Shields since 1885. The pavilion was opened in
1902 after the previous wooden building was wrecked by severe gales. Now,
almost a century later, history has repeated itself, with the clubhouse and
pavilion being fully refurbished. Tynemouth CC has a long and proud tradition
of encouraging all to enjoy the game of cricket.
our long history, Tynemouth Cricket Club has been at the forefront of the
development of cricket in the North East. As early as the 1850's the Club had
junior members, was organising cricket tours and supporting representative
matches. We have a long tradition of playing and promoting high quality
cricket. Tynemouth was closely involved in the creation of the present
Northumberland County Cricket Club in 1896. Tynemouth senior players have
regularly represented Northumberland, and many of our junior players have
gained similar honours since Northumberland Junior matches began in the 1970's.
In the previous decade Gerry Knox became the first Tynemouth player to play
first-class county cricket, while in more recent times former juniors Nicky Peng
and Gordon Muchall both went onto first class cricket with Durham CCC and
represented England and more recently, Paul Muchall and Richard Coughtrie have
moved on via Durham Academy to Gloucestershire. Equally, the creation of
national club competitions has seen Tynemouth reach the U13 National Finals
five times in the last twenty years (from 1400 clubs) and the U15 National
Finals in 2001 (from 1300 clubs).
quality of our achievements and facilities saw the Club invited to be a
founder-member of the North-East Premier League in 1999, one of five leagues of
which it is a member. The club runs six senior league teams, and junior teams
from U7 to U18.
is a very exciting time for the club as we have recently just completed on
three major projects:
As from the 18th January we became Tynemouth
Cricket Club Limited. This will have a minimal effect on you
as members but provide peace of mind for us who serve on the
in November we made an application to the SITA Trust for the much needed
refurbishment of our 3 lane outdoor nets. We now have a first class facility
that all of our playing members and coaches will benefit from.
The committee agreed a substantial budget to
refurbish the pavilion which will hopefully have a knock on effect in increased
bookings but also provide an excellent facility to our current members. | history |
http://www.vividpublishing.com.au/michelides/ | 2017-03-29T15:16:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190753.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00637-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.937241 | 225 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__170650055 | en | - About Vivid
- Latest Books
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The Tobacco Pioneers
This remarkable history celebrates the business skills, energy and determination of brothers, Peter and Michael Michelides, not only in their pioneering of the tobacco and cigarette manufacturing industry in Western Australia in the face of overwhelming odds, but also their leading roles in the development and growth of a vibrant Greek community in Perth.
Richly illustrated with photographs and documents from family archives and government and newspaper sources, the book is in two parts: Firstly their arduous journey from the small Greek island of Castellorizo via Egypt to Perth over a hundred years ago; the founding, growth and decline of their cigarette and tobacco empire, Michelides Ltd and their strong family and community involvement; secondly comprising dynamic biographies of their children, together with a detailed family tree.
This is a book of historical significance and rich heritage that details the struggles and triumphs of early Greek migration to Australia and for family and friends to reconnect with, or find their place in, the story of these two outstanding men. | history |
https://thefunreader.com/5-facts-about-a-legendary-leader-swatantra-veer-savarkar/ | 2021-03-07T14:31:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178377821.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307135518-20210307165518-00086.warc.gz | 0.986241 | 420 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__144441164 | en | Today, 28th May is the birth anniversary of a Revolutionary freedom fighter ‘Swatantra Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’. Despite his lifetime contribution towards independence struggle in the colonial era, very few things are known about him in public.
1) Advocate Savarkar Born in 1883, Savarkar studied from Fergusson College, Pune and went on to study law from prestigious Gray’s Inn in London. 2) The Author of 1857 Revolt Savarkar wrote a book on 1857 revolt of Indians against tyrannical British and named it First War of Independence. 3) The Great Escape While studying in London, he continued his independence struggle and thus was arrested by authorities. While being brought back to India, Savarkar escaped from clutches of British and jumped into the sea near France. Unfortunately, he was caught later, but this daring act became famous and his arrest was even disputed in International Court. 4) Imprisonment Savarkar was sentenced to ‘Life Imprisonments’ for his acts against British Raj and sent to Cellular Jail in Andaman then famously known as ‘Kalapani’ Here while performing tedious tasks as a prisoner, he created many poems on patriotism. He also organized protests and strikes against the torture of political prisoners. He authored a book “Majhi Janmathep” which gives details of his experiences at Andaman. 5) Anti-Caste Crusader After being released from dreaded Kalapani and confined to house arrest in Ratnagiri, Savarkar undertook various activities against caste discrimination. He organized entry of untouchables in temples and also had community meals with them. He also promoted their education this breaking social norms of those times. Very few people know that he was among first to call for complete Independence from British and also critic of Partition of India. A great revolutionary, a poet, a social reformer, a philosopher, we salute this ‘Veer’ for his service to this Mother India. | history |
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