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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
jb9ull
|
What parts of the Soyuz are re-useable? Surely they don't have to re-manufacture and rebuild the whole entire thing to go to space? Is it just the module which isn't reuse-able? or is it the entire whole rocket part as well?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g8u57l2"
] |
[
"Well you see Billy, back when the Soyuz was originally designed the idea of spacecraft reusability was still theoretical. The act of launching and returning a Soyuz leaves every major system damaged or destroyed by design. Since neither the rocket or the capsule were designed for reusability, the rocket is cheaper to build, but nothing can be reused without significant risk to absolutely everyone involved. Perhaps more notably, it is only relatively recently that economic and governmental pressures have been aligned to drive the creation/ design of truly reusable space vehicles."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6e015a
|
[NSFW]What are the benefits of abstaining from fapping for a long time ?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"di6m5pw",
"di6mrwn",
"di6qx9i",
"di6lx7e",
"di6oust",
"di6n39s"
] |
[
"Masterbating once a day, simulating what would be normal sexual intercourse, is healthy. A 2003 Australian study published in BJU International linked frequent ejaculation early in life with reduced risk for prostate cancer later on."
] |
[
26
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
go5dpf
|
Is math invented or discovered?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"frdslw4",
"frdt5ss",
"frdsss6"
] |
[
"Discovered, numbers and algebra and the logic behind it was all already here before humans could write it down. For example, speed, acceleration, gravity and orbits were all things before humans existed, let alone gave equations for them."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6blcww
|
why does water look white when it's coming out of the faucet full force and clear when it's a lighter flow?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dhnjo38"
] |
[
"Many faucets have this thing called an \"aerator\" which essentially adds air to the water. So when you put it in a cup, the water looks cloudy until all the air bubbles rise to the top. The lighter flow means there's less pressure, so less force to create air bubbles."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
9wcx9a
|
what causes some old people to get those really bad humps?
|
I know about arthritis, but apart from that, why do some old people have a really bad hump on their backs? Some are so bad they walk around bent over.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e9jqv2s"
] |
[
"Kyphosis ( URL_1 ) front to back curve, or Kyphoscoliosis ( URL_0 ) front to back plus sideways curve. In the case of older people, bones get old and degrade, muscles get weak, and the support just isn't there to keep a \"straight\" spine anymore."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphoscoliosis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
6djotv
|
How can neanderthal DNA exist in our genepool today if they were a separate species?
|
I thought that the difference between species was that they could not produce viable offspring. So how could the neanderthals have produced fertile offspring by mating with homo sapiens?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"di36ouy",
"di398z6",
"di366cm"
] |
[
"First of all, that definition of species applies in a minority of cases. *All* fossil species don't go by that definition, many, many, many plants don't use it, and several animals don't either. Second of all Neanderthals are believed to have only produced viable offspring with one specific combination. IIRC it was male human/female neanderthal and only female offspring but it's been a while since I've seen it."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
bygfmv
|
What is the engineering and science involved in making the weather forecasts accurately ?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"eqhvg7t",
"eqhyuep"
] |
[
"Modern forecasts are generated using computer simulations. Several times a day supercomputers operated by a variety of countries will ingest data about current conditions around the world. The data comes from satellites, radars, weather balloons, ground monitoring stations, and various other sources. The supercomputers will then run models to simulate what is likely to happen several days into the future. Different models are going to produce different results, so the job of the meteorologist is to use their training and local knowledge to consolidate the different model outputs into a single cohesive forecast. For example, a meteorologist might know that a particular model tends to overestimate rainfall in a certain area or perform worse in certain conditions, and correct the forecast accordingly. The science and engineering that goes into improving forecasts tend to fall into one of several categories. You can try to improve the programming behind the models, which are based on our understanding of how weather systems work. You can build faster supercomputers so that you can run the models at higher resolution. And finally, you can improve the quality and quantity of data going into the models, by launching better satellites and installing more ground equipment. There are lots of people who work on all three areas."
] |
[
18
] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/tools/radar/mpar/",
"https://www.weather.gov/bmx/radar_dualpol"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
a1xisv
|
How did America become the richest, most powerful country in the world when it was hundreds of years behind the modern world at its founding?
|
It seems America leapt forward very quickly to surpass the rest of the world when they had the latest start of all the super powers of the time. How?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"eatj28y",
"eatjrjm",
"eatj31h",
"eatjcca",
"eatjkv6"
] |
[
"The colonies that became the United States had a new land without organized modern armies on the borders. They had good land for agriculture and they had motivation to put ideas into action. And when they stretched all the way to the Pacific, they had unparalleled access to two major oceans, which led to the US controlling the world's oceans in a way no other country was able to do. European powers always had other countries just a few kilometers away."
] |
[
17
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
dupvrl
|
How do cultures without electricity store their crops to prevent winter starvation?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f77o9of",
"f77lx1b"
] |
[
"Grains and legumes (beans, peas, lentils etc) can be stored for years in a dry place. They just need to be turned over occasionally. In a wet climate, they would use rooms or vessels that were raised up from the floor, so that moisture can't get up. Vegetables were often salted, or fermented to turn sugar into acid like sauerkraut and kimchi. Some vegetables such as onions and carrots can also simply be left out in the field during winter. There are also some which simply last for a long time without spoiling, for example red cabbage. In warm climates, it was also common to dry some fruit until they became so acidic or sweet that they didn't spoil. For example dates, figs and persimmons. And once sugar became abundant, they could be preserved with sugar. Meat and fish meanwhile were often salted and dried. If the weather wasn't warm enough for that, they could hang the meat under the roof, where the warm air from the fire pit dried and smoked it. They could also use more salt instead of heat, which was used a lot by scandinavian fishers, who exported their catch all across Europe."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
agpny4
|
How was the size of the observable universe calculated?
|
So it's measured at ~93billion light years in diameter, but I don't understand how they did this. It's such a huge distance and doesn't seem possible for us to have calculated that.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ee831vq"
] |
[
"We know the age of the Universe. We know the rate of expansion of the Universe, including the fact that the rate was faster during a short period at the beginning that we call the inflation. So we can calculate the actual distance from us an object is if the light we receive from it today is as old as the universe."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ds4xqd
|
Why is there still a delay in broadcasting on the news while people are being interviewed?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f6n88v1",
"f6n67wo"
] |
[
"Because broadcast quality video from a remote location is usually done via satellite, which is a 45,000 mile round trip. Have you ever tried to setup a video-conference with 5 people? 90% of the time something is fucked up and you have to dial in again, or restart something, or Lydia has echo on her end. That's annoying for a weekly meeting, for a national TV broadcast that costs huge $$. The tried-and-true satellite technology is much more reliable in many cases than using the internet."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
9ez7e8
|
What does Publisher's Clearing House get by giving away millions of dollars?
|
You're always hearing about their sweepstakes, and you know that "your chance of winning is not increased by purchase". (In fact, do they even sell anything?) So, why do they constantly give away money?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e5skpm9"
] |
[
"Publisher's Clearing House is a magazine aggregator. You buy magazine subscriptions from them. This is their way of advertising their magazine service. Once you enter the sweepstakes, you will never see the end of them badgering you to buy magazines (and of course they'll sell your info to other companies)."
] |
[
11
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
972f97
|
If 1/6 people have genital herpes, how can the rate of transmission be so low?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e450035",
"e45lsle"
] |
[
"Its not low, its highly contagious--The amount of people with Genital Herpes is 20 times higher today than it was in 1967 by one measure(doctor visits), increasing every year"
] |
[
7
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6glw3g
|
How do humans seem to possess the innate ability to maintain a steady rhythm?
|
Whether it's tapping your hands with an equal pause between each instance, or playing a full out song. How is it so easy for us? It's hard to believe that most animals could be capable of achieving the same feat.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dira28b",
"diral0f",
"dira4b8",
"dirbnp9"
] |
[
"Ex-drummer (for fun) here. Short answer: we don't. Most can maintain a decent semblance of rhythm when clapping with a song or tapping one's foot, but to maintain any semblance of something that could, say, be the backbone beat of a played song actually takes skill. I don't have it, most don't. You ever see a large group of people do something that takes rhythm well? That took a shitton of work and practice."
] |
[
6
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5179533/"
],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
9fzxfn
|
What are sinuses and how are they necessary for animals?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e60m3kx"
] |
[
"Do you mean the sinuses in your face/head? There are a few main reasons you/animals have paranasal sinuses: * to warm and moisturize the air you're breathing in * to decrease the weight of the skull * possible role in the immune system * in animals that make vocalizations, they can serve as resonating chambers for speech/sounds * shock absorption in trauma situations edit: You also asked what they are. They are mucous lined, air-filled cavities in bones in your face and skull that develop in utero and through childhood. Adults have four distinct paranasal sinuses. Humans are born with their maxillary sinuses (the maxillary sinus is above your teeth and to the sides of your nose beneath your eyes), the sinuses in your frontal bone (forehead) and sphenoid bone (behind your eyes closer to your ears and above your jaw articulation) form around 6-7 years of age, your ethmoid sinuses (behind the eyes extending backwards to the sphenoid sinuses) develop during puberty."
] |
[
4
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
a63wug
|
Why are there no mammals with more than 4 limbs?
|
Some insects have a lot of limbs, and so do some crustaceans. But why are there no mammals with more than 4 limbs? Illustrations of fantasy creatures often depict some mammal with more than 4 limbs, like Apa the flying bison. So this made me wonder why there aren't any in real life.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ebrh2wc",
"ebrf3cl",
"ebrf0r4",
"ebrfwnw"
] |
[
"Because all mammals (and all reptiles, ambiphians, and birds) are all descendant from prehistoric tetrapods. The basic model of the tetrapod is having four limbs (tetra - four; pod - foot). While some have adapted these limbs into wings (birds, bats) and some have lost the limbs altogether (snakes), none have gained any limbs. Occasionally an organism will be born with extra limbs as a result of some mutation or birth defect, but these are usually harmful to their survival, so it does not catch on as a trait."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
nqrvex
|
why does squinting seemingly make stuff less bright, even if your pupil isn’t being covered in the slightest?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"h0cnxfh"
] |
[
"The whites of your eyes have little to do with what you actually see. The pupil of your eyes is responsible for receiving light and transmitting it to the brain to be perceived as vision. Squinting changes the angle of the lens of your eye overlying the pupil, causing light to be refracted differently to certain areas inside of your eye, some of which are better at detecting brightness of light, while others are better at detecting color and overall acuity (sharpness) of an image. If you wear glasses for nearsightedness (trouble with distance vision), you can actually improve your distance vision slightly through squinting -- it bends the light in a way that partially corrects the lens abnormality in nearsightedness. If you only have a mild case of nearsightedness, squinting can almost correct it entirely (but will cause eye strain and other issues doing it all the time). All your glasses (or contact lenses) do in these situations is add another lens with a correction factor to cancel out what your lens isn't doing properly and hence correct your vision."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
btrqbj
|
How does an “Acquired taste” work?
|
When I first tried root beer I hated it, but overtime loved it. Same thing with regular beer. How does this work? Why does something we hated suddenly become appealing?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ep1udcv",
"ep6me7h",
"ep1ry6y"
] |
[
"The brain is very adaptive. Certain tastes the brain interprets that they should be avoided because they are new and potentially hazardous to the body. However the brain is predisposed to want to be \"happy\". So if you regularly expose yourself to these types of tastes and learn nothing bad is happening then the brain will turn those \"warning\" feelings into \"happy\" feelings as that is the preferred feeling."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
609qv3
|
Why has it been so challenging for humans to create artificial wings?
|
Repost
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"df4l007",
"df4l5ws"
] |
[
"Birds have hollow bones and muscle structures designed for flight humans do not posses these things currently"
] |
[
4
] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.ultralightnews.com/_media/img/large/quicksilver-mx-ultralight-aircraft.jpg"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
a6pi0e
|
What is the purpose of eyebrows?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ebwv2lv",
"ebxc72j",
"ebwysmd"
] |
[
"Shave your eyebrows and engage in some physical activity to find out. One of the obvious functions of eyebrows is to keep sweat and other stuff from running into your eyes and interfering with your vision. Other secondary functions involve communication and other social stuff. Having eyebrows makes it easier to see from a distance what is going on on someones face. It is just another thing to convey facial expressions more overtly."
] |
[
68
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
elpzo0
|
What is the purpose of the black dots on the edge of the windows of cars and trains?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fdjxdx6",
"fdjjcbd",
"fdjif0p",
"fdk4g9f",
"fdjtwec",
"fdld6nb"
] |
[
"So though all of these answers have some truth to them they are not completely correct. The black stuff is called frit, and it \"fades\" from heavy at the edge to light due to the tempering process. If it were a solid color it would heat the edge too fast and shatter in the oven. The purpose is for the adhesive to have something to adhere to, and hide the glue edge for a more finished look. I used to run the tempering oven that made windshields and we had to \"print\" the frit on in a very specific way to prevent breakage while tempering."
] |
[
51
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dither"
],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
laeqes
|
Why do doctors stick that stick on your tounge and make you say ahhhh?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"glni6q2",
"glnjmes"
] |
[
"They're looking at your throat. Saying aah opens it up and the stick is to hold your tongue out of the way."
] |
[
6
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
k640ag
|
How does an explosion kill someone?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"geil3c7"
] |
[
"The air around the blast is collapses so fast the natural pressure changes, like going from the top of the ocean to the very bottom instantly. The body can't take the pressure and your organs basically get crushed. This starts to happen around 5 PSI (pounds per square inch) or imagine a 1lb weight squeezed into a tiny 1 inch area, than multiple all that force by 5. & #x200B; This CDC article is actually really well written and easy to understand: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )"
] |
[
4
] |
[
[
"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/niosh-125/125-explosionsandrefugechambers.pdf"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ge2w6q
|
How are kills 'confirmed' in a military setting?
|
Edit - my question could apply to any time period, but especially in older times and concerning snipers and pilots.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fpl0lz9"
] |
[
"For snipers; it just means you shot someone and someone else was there to witness that someone fall down. Since snipers generally work in teams, one shooter and one spotter, this generally means any kill a sniper gets is going to be witnessed by their spotter. They'll write down the specifics of their shot in a ledger, so it's not down to just remembering. And, by the way, this is just an informal statistic that some snipers like to track. \"Confirmed kills\" aren't really a thing that is tracked by the military, and the majority of soldiers aren't ever going to kill anybody. Instead, soldiers worry far less about how many kills they've racked up and far more about not getting blown to pieces or otherwise killed themselves."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iyyi90
|
why does the US have the highest GDP in the world.
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g6fjn0j",
"g6fjs8u"
] |
[
"you might want to check that. China is estimated to have the highest GDP in the world now (USA has dropped with the pandemic). But to answer the question, a very large population, an enormous amount of natural resources, a very large country (lots of land), and it was one of the first to start growing automated manufacturing industry (Ford and the assembly line). World war 2 was a major turning point. All of europe was mired in a brutal war for about 2 years before the USA entered. Europe and Russia were largely devastated, while the USA was mostly untouched. After the war, Europe was rebuilding, Germany was under the Marshal Plan, and the USA really advanced the economy as well as its military. In terms of population, USA is about 4 times as big as germany, 5 times as big as france, UK, italy, 30 times bigger than sweden. So of course the GDP of USA is much much larger."
] |
[
8
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
exepdc
|
How do UV lights work for killing germs?
|
I bought a toothbrush holder that has a UV light. You brush your teeth put it in the holder shut the door and it lights up for about a minute. I am wondering how effective it could possibly be. I know they use UV lights kill germs. But can you use cheap lights and are they that effective after 1 minute?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fg8kiew"
] |
[
"I can't speak for the exact model of toothbrush holder you purchased, but there are [studies that show that \"portable UV toothbrush cases\"]( URL_1 ) are effective at considerably reducing the number of bacteria on a toothbrush. [This study]( URL_0 ) found that UV disinfectants could reduce bacteria count from 10^8 to 10^4 - that's a reduction from hundreds of millions, down to tens of thousands. However, this was not as effective as the chemical disinfectants they tested, like 100% concentrated white vinegar or 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. That really shouldn't come as a surprise though, there's not much that can survive being soaked in pure acetic acid for ten minutes. So if you want a toothbrush that is as clean and possible and almost sterile, you should use a harsh chemical disinfectant. However, the UV light is certainly much better than nothing, and most people don't sanitize their toothbrushes at all and have never had a problem."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058182/#!po=37.500",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268624/#!po=37.5000"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
d0uv31
|
how do car radios receive the title and artist information for songs playing on the radio? Why does it sometime lag and display the wrong information?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ezeeyrl",
"ezefa6s"
] |
[
"When radio stations propagate sound there is also hidden digital data that can by only \"heard\" and decoded by receivers with RDS standard. They are lagged mostly because of loss of data packets."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
b7cdwp
|
When people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations does it activate the parts of the brain we use when taking in and processing sound? Or is it more like an inner voice that has dissociated, and they are unable to control?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ejqsepv",
"ejr8ara",
"ejqzn2d",
"ejqoush"
] |
[
"As a side note, it was learned that schizophrenics who were deaf didn't hear voices, but had hallucinations of disembodied hands signing at them."
] |
[
187
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ltc1jb
|
Why are we only addicted to things that are bad for us, not saying it’s exclusive, but more often than not it’s bad for us.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gox2ikl",
"gox5esb"
] |
[
"An addiction is defined as something which is detrimental to our lives. There are plenty of things we will seek desperately which are not only healthy but necessary. Food, shelter, and love. Those are not addictions until our lust for them *becomes* detrimental. When we cannot abstain from sex, when we cannot abstain from eating."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7qy4vt
|
What is three phase power?
|
Repost
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dssuzam"
] |
[
"I've searched tha seven seas fer an answer. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 how three-phase power works ]( URL_2 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: 3 Phase Power ]( URL_6 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5: 3 phase power. ]( URL_0 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What exactly are three-phase power systems? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_12 comments_) 1. [Fuckin' three-phase electric power -- how does it work? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5 Three-phase power ]( URL_4 ) ^(_8 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Explain 3-phase vs. Single Phase power ]( URL_3 ) ^(_7 comments_)"
] |
[
3
] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qy1jt/eli5_3_phase_power/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6soxfb/eli5_what_exactly_are_threephase_power_systems/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rh30r/eli5_how_threephase_power_works/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jfywb/eli5_explain_3phase_vs_single_phase_power/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nlsx8/eli5_threephase_power/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/le3nx/fuckin_threephase_electric_power_how_does_it_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4nzw1r/eli5_3_phase_power/"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ald7qa
|
How does military sonar cause decompression sickness in whales?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"efd0hxf",
"efd0qdx",
"efdbc8u",
"efd70ln",
"efd8hst",
"efd9y22",
"efekii3",
"efdeto0",
"efei7nr",
"efdbbex",
"efdlgzh",
"efeqpsf"
] |
[
"When they go deep more air (Mainly the nitrogen but, you know, eli5) soaks into their blood and if they come up to quick it comes back out and makes painful/deadly bubbles inside their blood and body. When they hear the very loud noise from the sonar it scares them and they swim too fast to the surface making those bubbles form in their blood and kills them. You may have seen a similar effect with a two liter of soda, the dissolved co2 gas that makes soda bubbly stays dissolved because it is under pressure. If you remove the cap and let the pressure out slow the gas can start to come out slowly and will go flat eventually. This is like your lungs slowly taking out that extra gas. If you take the cap off very quickly there’s a short rush of bubbles that form, this is like the air bubbles that form in your blood of you don’t give your lungs time to breath out the extra air. eli12: replace “air” with “nitrogen” Replace “scares” with “likely is the excruciatingly painful equivalent of blowing out their sonar eardrums a-la tremors/dynamite combo” Edit- thanks kind strangers for the silver and GOLD, never had that before, gotta figure out how to use it now :) Edit: to all those saying you have to breathe compressed air to get the bends there are free-divers confirmed to have gotten the bends after extreme, freakishly superhuman deep dives. Herbert nitsch used a torpedo like sled to Freedive to 831 feet(wholly crap) and got the bends so that confirms it. URL_0 Keep in mind that was straight down and straight up as fast as he could go in an apparatus pulling him along faster than you can normally swim on one surface breath of air. The bends he got caused permanent damage and now he has balance issues. Neat youtube vid on it, worlds deepest man. He actually passed out due to nitrogen narcosis(ie you are literally drunk on nitrogen) and fell asleep under water, was raised to the surface too quick, and got the bends The culviers beaked whale can dive to 9,874 feet and on that dive the whale stayed down for 2 hours 17 mins. Plenty of time to get the bends coming up too fast."
] |
[
10239
] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch"
],
[
"http://www.thecre.com/sefReports/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Crum-L.A.-Mao-Y.-1996.-Acoustically.pdf"
],
[],
[
"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/01/15/ocean-advocates-blast-sonic-cannon-tests/21837725/",
"http://time.com/3025678/offshore-drilling-atlantic-energy-oil-gas/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/brenda-peterson/killing-with-sound_b_2744864.html"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6nruw4
|
American judges' roles in a trial/sentencing
|
So, by looking at a whole bunch of YouTube videos of trials and sentences being read out to defendants for both petty crimes and very serious crimes, there are some things I really struggle to grasp: 1. Judges almost always seem to include their own, personal opinions and give a "moral lecture" to the defendent. The judge takes up a lot of "space" with his or her own personality, so to speak. 2. They seem to be able to "make up" punishments to some extent, e.g. sentencing the defendent to carry a sign with a humiliating message on it. Is this actually the case? Are these punishments explicitly defined in the law, or does the law in these cases give judges the freedom to come up with "appropriate" punishments? 3. Judges sometimes seem to subjectively change the sentence depending on what they feel like, e.g. someone being disruptive or insulting the judge: add 6 months of prison. A judge having a good day: remove (part of) a fine, or shorten a prison sentence. Is this actually the case? What's the reasoning behind all of this? How much of it is accurtate? Does it differ a lot by state? The reason I'm asking is because in Sweden, the judge has a much more passive and low-key role. While they of course still are the head of the court and responsible for the process and the order in the court, there is A LOT less focus on the judge.
|
Culture
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dkbvqfu",
"dkbtfnm",
"dkcdwzf"
] |
[
"At trial: There are two types of trials, jury trials and bench trials. There are two types of questions - questions of law and questions of fact. In a jury trial, the jury is the factfinder. They get to determine whether the defendant is guilty or innocent by determining whether the defendant did what he was charged with based on the evidence. In a bench trial, the judge determines guilt or innocence. In either case, the judge also determines questions of law. They get to see whether legally, a certain piece of evidence can be introduced, certain questions can be asked, or certain witnesses are called. In sentencing - the judge determines the sentences based on statutory guidelines. Sometimes there are mandatory minimums - for certain crimes (generally repeat offenders), the judge HAS to give at least the minimum sentence. In cases without mandatory minimums, the judge has discretion to reduce (or increase) the sentence due to mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Of course, they have to generally follow the guideline of no cruel and unusual punishment, so they cant impose a 10 year sentence for shoplifting a shirt. For your questions: 1. Judges generally want to give justice. In many cases, they will talk to the defendant and lecture them. But in sentencing, judges can explain why they sentenced the way they did. On top of lecturing the defendant, this is all recorded as part of the court record. That way on appeal, the judge's reasoning is nicely laid out in the transcript. If the appeal's standard is, \"did the judge abuse their discretion,\" having all the reasons laid out on record about why the punishment was given helps them not get overturned. 2. These cases are VERY rare. These cases are also not explicitly defined in the law. But they arent unlawful, per se, as long as they arent cruel and unusual. If someone decided to appeal the conviction based on the sentence and actually get it overturned because the punishment was cruel and unusual, then future judges wont/cant/shouldnt impose these sentences. But most people would rather hold up a sign for a couple hours than pay thousands of dollars in fines (plus hire a lawyer for an appeal, which can take years) or spend time in jail. 3. Its possible. If the defendant is being disruptive or insulting the judge, the judge might impose a higher sentence. But their reasoning will never be, \"because they insulted me.\" They will say, \"the defendant showed little remose and didnt respect the justice system.\" Whether the judge is being petty or not is probably unknowable. But on the flip side, a lot of judges are willing to find mitigating factors as well - if the person is remoseful, checked into rehab, apologized or paid back the victim or whatever, the judge will often reduce the sentence, or sometimes throw out the case altogether for some of the pettier stuff. _____________________________ As for why the difference - Sweden is a Civil Law system, where only Legislative Acts are law. The United States is a Common Law system based on a principle called \"stare decisis\" - meaning that judges create precedent for future judges to follow. Neither system is better than the other, just different. For example, take the crime of Conspiracy. Conspiracy is generally defined as, \"two or more people agree to commit a crime and take a step in trying to commit the crime.\" Lets pretend both the US and Sweden have this law. Say we have a drug buy. One person sells, one person buys. Technically the selling and buying of drugs can fit under \"Conspiracy\". However, both systems realize that this isnt the type of crime that the \"Conspiracy\" law was meant to tackle - its not conspiracy if the crime necessarily needs at least 2 people to be committed. In the US, a judge can say that in their opinion. Their case changes the current law of Conspiracy to not include these types of drug buys. In a Civil System, the Legislature needs to come forward and make this part of the law, which can take up more time. But on the flipside, they also get less abuse of power, and finding the current law is a lot easier (in the US, you might have conflicting legislation and judge-made precedent, so you might go go digging to find the most recent law and determine how much power the most recent law has). From what I understand, Judges take a more active role in Civil Law systems for factfinding (calling witnesses, asking questions, presenting evidence) but less in sentencing. In the US Common Law system, the Judges rarely ask questions or present evidence. The lawyers are the ones to present all the evidence, and the Judges are there to make sure the evidence is legit. EDIT - I should add that most (like 90-95%) cases are resolved with a plea bargain. There are very few guidelines for a plea except for other sentences imposed by the judges before you, and judges often subvert mandatory sentences by accepting a plea. Also, accepting a plea is considered to be a mitigating factor to reduce sentences - since youre willing to accept responsibility for the crime (which in practice is a lot more complicated, but thats a different problem), the judge takes that into consideration. And the word \"sentences\" can mean many different things that isnt jailtime. There have been a huge history of ways to give shorter/less severe sentences for crimes - things like suspended sentences. For example, a possible sentence is \"1 year suspended for 2 years.\" That means you have 1 year of jailtime, but you dont actually go to jail. You go on probation for 2 years, and if you make it through probation, you dont have to spend that year in jail. If you screw up on probation, you go to jail for the full year. \\"
] |
[
111
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
8qdkhu
|
How do hallucinogens "edit" what you're seeing?
|
Your eyes tell your brain what you see, how do hallucinogens interact with that process? Edit: For the record, I worded that wrong, I just meant eyes give the brain the input to decipher.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e0icakg"
] |
[
"Nope, that's not how it works. Your eyes sense light, and your brain does everything else. Recognizing that some of the image is a ball and some of it is a dog is all in your brain. Hallucinations are not image edits, they are your brain saying \"I see my dead Grandma\" when that's not in the light pattern. Optical illusions are images that trick the light = > ideas process, it's not very perfect."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
8f0dzg
|
Why do older video games require fewer ports to be forwarded than newer video games? For example, CoD: WaW released in 2008 requires only one port to be forwarded whereas the newest CoD requires nearly one hundred on PC
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dxzlcfi"
] |
[
"Network engineer here. A few things. I should say I've never had to forward a port for a game. Make a hole in a firewall, but not port forwarding. As to port usage. Gaming networks have both gotten more complicated with game using separate internal apps for different processes. Things like voice comms, gaming networks, updates, etc. It used to be a game was an independent program, now it is many programs tied together. Also some game programming has gotten sloppy and bloated. Programmers used to strive to make the most of the smallest amount of data. Now with basically unlimited bandwidth and storage things skyrocket."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
a1ob2n
|
Why do lions appear on old european heraldry despite lions not existing in Europe ?
|
Culture
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"earg5um",
"earfwo5",
"earginu",
"earm6cc",
"earetng",
"earqy3t",
"eas6ip1",
"earsh3q",
"earti18",
"eas0f7j",
"easi85k"
] |
[
"1) Lions lived in parts of Southern and Eastern Europe until the 300s AD. So in many regions there was cultural memory of the beasts even if they died out several generations previously. 2) The Romans took their gladiatorial fighting traditions wherever they conquered and a major part of that was importing exotic animals for people to fight. So lions would be known in Romanized Europe. 3) They had trade routes to the Middle East and to Africa which would allow for the wealthy Nobles and Royalty to import exotic animals for menageries which were popular in the middle ages."
] |
[
1508
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave"
],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
i5u144
|
why do computers have to restart in order to install an update?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g0rjyvj",
"g0rzqc3",
"g0rlnlt"
] |
[
"Because you can't make critical changes to a computer while it is still in this. This is equivalent to replacing your car engine while the car is still running."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
eqe76o
|
how does a battleship accurately target ground targets?
|
What with waves etc, and before GPS.
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"feq8aio"
] |
[
"Well, battleships don't exist anymore, but back when they were last used, in WWII (ignoring the 4 recommissioned in the 80's) they had complex mechanical computers that could calculate firing solutions by collecting information from radar and the ships own movements. Hitting stationary targets on land was not that hard. Hitting moving targets like other ships was possible but harder. GPS wouldn't really help because the guns are unguided, meaning they follow a ballistic trajectory. GPS wouldn't give you any more information than radar. It's essentially the same as a person with a rifle shooting a target. Your aim determines where the bullet goes. If you aim in the right spot, the bullet goes where you want to. Also waves weren't really a factor, These ships were huge and extremely heavy, they really didn't move around that much. Wind and weather was a much bigger factor than waves."
] |
[
6
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
n410ck
|
in movies and tv you often see people having panic attacks hyper ventilating into a paper bag. Why do some hyper ventilate and is this an accurate portrayal of panic attacks?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gwt2mne",
"gwszify"
] |
[
"The breathing in a paper bag is a method to counter the high oxygen concentration in your blood when hyperventilating. By breathing in a bag, the air you breath in is more rich in carbon dioxide and contains less oxygen, causing the levels in your body to return to normal. So it is an accurate portrayal of a common thing to do when having a panic attack, since it often goes paired with hyperventilation."
] |
[
8
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
gxwur9
|
Do insects like ants, flies, cockroaches etc have brains? How do they function?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ft64wfz",
"ft85bxh"
] |
[
"Yes, they have brains with a nervous system that works very much the same as yours does. In fact many of the same genes and molecules are used to build and control the nervous systems of all animals, which is why we can study animals like fruit flies to learn things that may teach us about human disease and medicine. Insects are different from us in many ways, but they're really more alike than they are different."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
85cn1i
|
When censoring people’s identity, why are only the eyes covered?
|
It seems to me that facial features are more easily used to identify people rather than eyes?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dvwhb7x",
"dvwmlat",
"dvwpyx4"
] |
[
"There already a lot of identifying features in the eyes. Eye position, eye color, length of lashes, etc that could make it easier for a stranger to find them. But, people who already know the person could identify them based on other parts. TL:DR: enough censorship against strangers, just enough for family & friends to recognize"
] |
[
15
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
9mur21
|
Why when lifting a load with a chain, the angle of the chain effects the max load the chain can handle in that situation?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e7hj0ni",
"e7hj3gx"
] |
[
"Because let’s say you have to lift 500 pounds. This means that the vertical component of the chain’s load has to equal 500 pounds. Now if that chain is straight up and down that’s perfect. 100% of the chains load is vertical so that means the total load is 500 pounds. Now let’s say that chain is pulling at a 45% angle. The chain isn’t pull straight up, so to get to 500 pounds upward you need an even greater load along the chain. Think of it as a triangle. The bigger the side load the greater the hypotenuse. This has a really good explanation on page 2 URL_0"
] |
[
5
] |
[
[
"https://ascindustries.com/portals/0/pdf/Angles.PDF"
],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ecgwgl
|
Do all Chinese people know all signs of the Chinese alphabet?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fbb9x7y"
] |
[
"NO. There is no alphabet. There are characters, and there are tens of thousands of them, and most people do not know all of them. The signs use common characters. You can figure out meaning from context. Most modern words are made from 2-3 characters, so you can guess the word from its components. Moreover, characters sometimes include known sub-characters (\"radicals\"), and those radicals have known meaning. What is odd about Chinese is no logical link between written character and spoken sounds. I.e. if you see a new character, you cannot pronounce it, and if you hear a new word, you cannot write it down."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6g84es
|
Why hasn't the hydrogen engine taken over the combustible engine market?
|
In middle school I was in a science fair and the kid across from me had a hydrogen engine prototype. He explained that it's a combustible engine that basically runs on water. So why haven't they taken over the market and afaik why haven't we made a way for it to run on salt water?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dio7s0m",
"dio6v2w",
"dio6wuy"
] |
[
"Hrm... okay, so lots of problems here. 1. Hydrogen engines do not run on water. They burn (oxidize) hydrogen in order to produce energy. Although the hydrogen can be extracted from water via electrolysis, most hydrogen is manufactured by breaking apart methane from natural gas. Even if the hydrogen burned came purely from electrolysis, you still need to provide energy to the electrolysis reaction in order to make that hydrogen. Said energy would come from power plants, coal, gas, nuclear, solar, whatever. 2. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is also invisible, undetectable to any human sense, and highly explosive. These all make it less than ideal for a fuel source. hydrogen needs to be liquified or highly compressed in order to have the energy density to drive a car more than a few miles. Now consider what would happen if two such cars were to collide. A canister of pressurized and highly explosive fluid is not what you want to have in your car in such a situation. The extra material that would be required to contain and protect the hydrogen would make a car much heavier than the plastic/sheet metal gas tanks in standard automobiles. And heavier = less efficient. 3. Those issues aside, hydrogen makes an appealing fuel because of its high efficiency. The combustion reaction of hydrogen and oxygen produces a lot of energy without requiring much to sustain itself. And since it doesn't produce CO2, it's appealing as a \"green\" technology (though it does produce NO2 and I think NO3 due to the nitrogen in the air, and those are both greenhouse gasses as well). The problem then comes down to efficiency. As I said, most commercial hydrogen is made from natural gas, because the amount of energy required to break down that gas compared to the energy that the released hydrogen produces is rather good (I recall reading somewhere that it's about 80-90% efficient? Don't have a source for that though). Generating hydrogen through electrolysis is much less efficient, somewhere in the 10-20% range. Using natural gas doesn't really help the environment. The carbon output shifts to the hydrogen processing facility, and you're spending more energy than just burning the natural gas in the car itself. Using electrolyzed hydrogen helps the environment only so long as the source of your electricity is much, much cleaner than the car (because you're spending so much more energy to liberate that hydrogen), but it's a massive spike in demand to the electrical grid. It's possible that hydrogen could replace gasoline in automobiles, but for now the cons outweigh the pros. Not to mention there's the logistical nightmare of installing new facilities in every gas station in the world to store and distribute hydrogen. Electric cars perform many similar functions, but have many fewer drawbacks, which is why they've been pursued more vehemently."
] |
[
16
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
9rul4y
|
How does touchscreen technology work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e8jumv2",
"e8k224p"
] |
[
"The majority of touch screens are compromised of a number of layers. One of those layers is a capacitive layer that's basically a grid of wires that aren't touching. When you touch the screen you close the citcuit between the wires in the grid and the device uses that information to figure out where you touched it. There are also optical systems that use infrared light to do the same thing where instead of closing a circuit you're breaking a beam of light much like those things that chime when you enter a shop. Some systems use cameras mounted on the corners of the display to track your finger. Larger displays like the table based Microsoft Surface used a camera underneath the device that watched for infrared light released when you pushed on the display and caused the screen to bend, releasing the light. There are a few other options, but those are the Missy common."
] |
[
25
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
8bg5fw
|
Why is the reversible, and compact design of USB-C only made recently? Why couldn't they have used this design decades ago when they were designing USB-A?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dx6l0qs",
"dx6qai9",
"dx6mk0j",
"dx6hetr",
"dx6rs29",
"dx6ppwc",
"dx6vmq2",
"dx6uokm",
"dx6o5l1",
"dx6mfiq",
"dx6oyl0",
"dx6q2h3",
"dx6ra26",
"dx6m5sa",
"dx6rlbz",
"dx70a7l",
"dx6tmu1",
"dx6q1hd",
"dx6uzgj",
"dx6xz5i",
"dx6v7pc",
"dx7cogs",
"dx740oz"
] |
[
"One of the other deals with this: USB was meant to be a replacement for SERIAL interfaces (Eg, RS232). It was a way to quickly transmit data that happened to also provide a little bit of power. Today, it's primarily used as a power source that happens to have a data exchange. In terms of transmitting information like RS232, USB was meant to be a semi-permanent, hot-swappable interface for things like mice, printers, keyboards, and gamepads. No one was thinking about charging phones. The USB-A and B ports were designed to be fairly strong on their own. USB C is a significantly \"weaker\" physical connection."
] |
[
4108
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41htM9RiX%2BL._SY450_.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.qacqoc.com/usb-type-c-vs-usb-3-0-whats-difference/"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_8110"
],
[],
[
"http://www.belkin.com/us/Resource-Center/USB-C/USB-C-counterfeits/"
],
[],
[
"https://www.reclaimerlabs.com/blog/2017/1/12/usb-c-for-engineers-part-2"
],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
aiie1p
|
Why do car windows get foggy but home windows don’t?
|
Why do car windows fog up but windows in houses don’t?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"eeo02jl",
"eenz74w"
] |
[
"Home windows are double or triple panned with near vacuum conditions between the panes. The \"vacuum gap\" between the panes acts as an insulator between the inside and outside. That prevents most fog from condensation."
] |
[
8
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
5vlb11
|
Why do we use fresh water for our sewage?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"de2yewy",
"de2ycdr"
] |
[
"It's easier and cheaper to have a single delivery system to all buildings than it is to develop and install a second identical system for non-potable water delivery. You're also avoiding the inevitable mishaps when people confuse the two."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
f3i4ml
|
- how does a coffee maker turn room temperature water into scalding hot liquid so quickly
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fhiw3ix",
"fhiwpgb"
] |
[
"It doesn't work like a kettle, trying to warm a big tank of water up at once, it draws water up through a tube, and heats the water in that tube only. The result is hot water rapidly, but it's not being delivered at a very high volume. That's how it does it. A lot of water at once hot takes time. A small amount at a time hot, can be done very quickly when you're running off wall power."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
jz8exe
|
Why is it easier to pick up an 100 pound person compared to an 100 pound bag?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gdaf881"
] |
[
"2 reasons. First reason a 100lb humancs height is probably going to be a bit taller than a 100lb bag of whatever. So you won't have to go as low to grab and lift a person verse the bag. Second reason. Thick of a person at a cylinder taller than it is wider when you grab a person you are pulling them close to your body, bring your center of gravities close to you and allowing the center of mass to remain above your foot print, plus the other persons is also balancing theirself so they are trying to maintain their center of gravity inline with yours while a bag isn't as coropative . If it's center of gravity goes outside of yours it tends to continue it's path away causing you to have to exert more energy to control the bag."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ci55jk
|
What does a good economy mean for an average person?
|
The U.S. economy is growing but what does it really mean for the average person? Ex: my wife and I have made less than 60k these last 4 years. We haven’t noticed any differences in our lives with the changing economies.
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ev1t7ak"
] |
[
"Good economy means more tax income, more tax income means better infrastructure, better government services like education, healthcare or welfare programs. Better infrastrucutre and services leads in turn to even better economy. More taxes also means than tax rate can be lowered without hurting infrastructure and services. Good economy means less poverty, less poverty means less diseases, less crime. Vast majority of crime is committed for economic reasons. Less diseases and crime in turn leads to even better economy. Good economy means more jobs. More jobs means that your value is now higher since there are more job opening and less candidates for those jobs. Good economy means that your property is valued more, since there are more people who can afford property. It's quite mind boggling to me that average adult middle class American cannot understand such basic concepts and says that he hasn't noticed any differences."
] |
[
4
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
b0u40v
|
Why is paying a chartable organization money to pay staff/people to allow your child into a college a crime, but donating directly to that college to allow your child to attend not?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"eih5zwm"
] |
[
"If you're talking about the recent scandal, they didn't donate to a charitable organization to get their children in. What happened in the current scandal is various bribes were paid to people at the college, as well as others who helped manipulate or fabricate test results and false academic credentials. That's fraud."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
8waof2
|
the difference between IaaS (infrastructure as a service) and PaaS (platform as a service)
|
I have a specific situation. We have 1 ERP System 1 cloud service model 1 App Information from the ERP should transfer to the App through the cloud. What should the cloud service model be IaaS or PaaS? Is the connector an API or EDI or both? What would be the case if instead of an ERP System there is a Web EDI with its own cloud? I am very lost and got super confused. I've been trying to understand all of it for weeks, but i can't seem to wrap my head around it.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e1u79xf"
] |
[
"IaaS provides you with a plot of land, an electric, water, and sewer hookup. PaaS provides you with a house ready to live in. You just need to put your furniture in it. In this case, is your App running on an existing software solution like a tomcat? And someone else is managing that tomcat? Or do you need to install the App on a base OS installation and only need the bare bones?"
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
bi0rfb
|
Why do some automatic cars have a +/- manual transmission option, and what is the benefit of using it?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"elx4cc5",
"elx70x2",
"elxotd1"
] |
[
"It allows a person to manually shift the gears, which has been a common thing for many decades. This can be useful for shifting to lower gears when doing things like going up or down very steep inclines. Also some people like to \"play\" manual sometimes :\\"
] |
[
14
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
9pr9qw
|
how instincts work
|
Does DNA store experiences?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e83wz1b",
"e83yunc"
] |
[
"Developmental genes will cause certain structures to form in brains that lead to pre-programmed responses to stimuli. Think of it as little components built one on top of the other. A visual cortex system for recognizing curved shapes get connected to a system for recognizing color patterns, and then you get a new subsystem to tell you \"Holy crap, that's a snake! Run for it!\" Mammals with a pre-programmed \"snake finder\" in their brains are more likely to survive and reproduce than mammals who have to learn the hard way. I'm not so familiar with evolutionary biology, but if new behaviors are \"constructed\" by linking together pre-existing \"tools\" in the brain, certain connections will strengthen over many generations if they provide a survival advantage. Behaviors that animals initially have to learn will become more automatic (and require less learning) over time as individuals with naturally stronger connections between the \"tools\" reproduce more successfully than those with weaker natural connections. Eventually the behavior will require no learning at all. As for DNA storing experiences, that is complicated. Genes can be turned on an off in response to external factors (like diet, toxins, stress, temperature), and sometimes those modifications can be passed on to offspring. If any of those genes affect brain development, they could alter instinctual behaviors in the offspring."
] |
[
17
] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/29/241370496/eeek-snake-your-brain-has-a-special-corner-just-for-them"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
jrwwqz
|
If parrots can speak like humans, what makes their vocals different from other birds? Or can other birds have the potential to speak like humans too?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gbvu2gy"
] |
[
"I don't know the structure of bird vocals, but I do know that birds like crows and ravens can also mimic human speech"
] |
[
6
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
eixkcf
|
What is a W.I.M.P.?
|
To be clear I mean the term in physics Weakly Interacting Massive Particle.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fcu3lli"
] |
[
"The name is somewhat self-explanatory, it's a particle that has a huge mass (compared to other fundamental particles in physics) but doesn't interact with other particles / matter. We mainly detect things with electromagnetism (light), and of course we can observe the effects of gravity at the large scale, but we don't have the technology required to detect (via gravity) the minute amounts of mass that particles may have. As a result, particles that don't interact with electromagnetism are very had to observe directly. The [WIMP]( URL_0 )s are a hypothetical particle that would explain dark matter. [Dark matter]( URL_1 ) is the extra gravity that keeps the galaxy in its shape (otherwise the stars in the galaxy should rotate like [planets rotate around the Sun]( URL_2 )). We can see the stars in the galaxy and estimate their total mass, and there has to be A LOT more material in the galaxy to create the extra gravity required to explain why the galaxy keeps its shape as the stars orbit the center of the galaxy. All this extra material, we can't see it with the telescopes, it doesn't \"interact\" with electromagnetism (light, radio telescopes), and it doesn't seem to clump together to form stars and planets. There's a lot of extra gravity, but there are no objects (stars, etc.) that we can detect that seem to be creating it. So the theory is that the gravity is generated by these (hypothetical) particles that have a lot of mass, but otherwise don't interact with anything (don't clump together, aren't visible with our various electromagnetism telescopes). WIMPs."
] |
[
12
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8aBZZnv6y8"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7280ws
|
Why are drinks more “refreshing” or taste better (i.e. water) when cold?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dngv6k9",
"dngrbl4",
"dnglbx3",
"dngxhe2",
"dngi7ts",
"dngikz5"
] |
[
"This is part of the thirst response. When your brain senses you're getting dehydrated, it signals you by cutting down on saliva production among other things. When you consume water, you immediately feel refreshed but the water won't be absorbed for another 20 or 30 minutes. The brain detects that you've drunk something mainly by the rapid cooling your throat experiences. Cold drinks intensify this effect, so your brain gives you an instant, exaggerated sense of relief."
] |
[
156
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j8ieja
|
why are most medical bandages white or pink in color?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g8b7gvd"
] |
[
"Pink and blue are for food safety They are easy to spot if they drop off. White is because it is easier to not colour them and it serves to purpose of being easy to see when you need to change them."
] |
[
4
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ba2e1o
|
Why did the USA create all the different states?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ek8jr5v",
"ek8kbho"
] |
[
"They did not \"create\" them, they were independent states which agreed to form a union. There comes the name \"United States of America\" from. Just like the European Union, Yugoslavia or the UDSSR. I'm not American, so if I'm wrong, please correct me."
] |
[
15
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
l93fp4
|
How data travels from a server to user's computer.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"glfyyer"
] |
[
"Fiber Optic and copper cabling. And tons of network routers and switches. Your computer will request data from the server. That request travels through the wiring in your house (or cellular) and then gets to the next piece of equipment. It keeps doing this across the country to where the server is. The server responds, and it takes the same route."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivs0a6
|
Why is that a half an hour video that I record on my phone has the same size as a movie file of the same quality which is three times as longer?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g5t7gqx"
] |
[
"Your phone was recording, compressing, and encoding the video in realtime with a focus on quality rather than space which initially gives you a really large file Video compression is hard and takes a lot of computation time. If you have to save the file in nearly realtime then you can't spend much time compressing the file, but if you're reencoding a movie file for later distribution then you can take as long as you want to get that size wayyyy down without losing too much in quality. The best compression comes from being able to look at the differences between frames so being able to go back afterwards lets the software choose to use blocks that are shared by a huge number of frames (pale blue because half of the entire video is sky) rather than just by the couple it can work with at the moment because there's another one on the way. You could take the video from your phone, open it up in a video editor, reencode it into a much smaller file, wait hours-days, and then have a much much smaller file than you started with which will look very similar."
] |
[
11
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
5xd1p2
|
Can someone explain the ramifications of the EU parliament's decision to ban visa free travel for US citizens?
|
Hi, There seems to be a lot of confusion and misinformation about this story. Can someone explain the following? 1. Is this a binding resolution or a non-binding resolution? I.e. is the European Commission now required to follow through on this? 2. The parliament has given a deadline of May to implement this. Again, is this binding or not? 3. Is it likely that the European Commission will follow through on this immediately or will they delay it? 4. Given that passports are controlled by EU member states and not the EU in Brussels, can any of the member states veto this resolution? Thanks
|
Culture
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"deh3x6k"
] |
[
"According to the EU Parliament press release: > The resolution, approved by MEPs Thursday by a show of hands, urges the Commission to adopt the necessary legal measures \"within two months\" but is non-binding. The US grants visa waivers to most, but not all EU countries. The EUP wants all EU countries treated the same. They want the US to extend visa waivers to Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania and Cyprus. The US seems unlikely to do this given their current anti-immigrant President."
] |
[
4
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
64csqy
|
The Supreme Court taking on issue of gerrymandering with regards to 1st Amendment
|
Saw some of this in the news lately and was hoping for a good overview. Thanks.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dg1cgkz"
] |
[
"So the skinny you've probably heard is that federal judges slapped the hand of Wisconsin's congressional districting boundaries and said it was a violation of the 1st and 14th amendments with a vote of 2-1. Specifically, in regards to the 1st amendment they stated the congressional lines were drawn in such a way as to give benefit to a particular political party and in doing so they claim it violates people's rights of freedom of association because it impedes the effectiveness of their political affiliation. So some background here. States are allowed to draw up their Congressional lines, meaning they get to decide where the boundaries are for their Congressional districts. These boundaries constantly change because people move within the state and the population of the states change and with that change the number of districts they have to carve out causing a complete rework of the boundaries. Previously the Supreme Court has ruled that states have to *gerrymander* their districts to provide African American/black voters a Congressional district when possible. The idea behind this was that they wanted to increase black representation in Congress. So you're not allowed to draw your Congressional lines in such a way as to reduce the impact of black voters, in fact, you often have to draw them in ways to increase their representation. Now this gets weird, because some states can easily carve up their black populations neatly (or not neatly) into one or two Congressional districts and basically give away that seat to Democrats while reducing their voting block for the surrounding districts and help ensure they remain Republican or give Republicans a better chance at winning them. So if they do that, the courts can rule against them for race based gerrymandering, which is a very contentious issue because the Supreme Court has already mandated that they have to gerrymander in ways that discriminate against non-black/minority voters. So those rulings and legal battles get very interesting where they have a very tight line they have to balance on and intent can play a role. Historically, most of the challenges to gerrymandering has been in regards to these race based lines. Either too much preferential treatment towards minorities, or not enough. The Wisconsin case that is going to the Supreme Court is a little more unique because the judges ruled that it isn't a racial thing, it's a party affiliation thing and that they intended to disenfranchise voters of a particular political party. They are saying this violates the 1st and 14th amendment by drawing lines based on presumed party affiliation. If this is confirmed by the Supreme Court we can assume that the minority party in many states will file suit against their state for politically biased districts since essentially every state's majority party who gets to draw the lines does this. And Republicans happen to have the majority in the most states so it could have greater impacts on their ability to hold seats in the House of Reps. It could also have some impacts on the highly influential Congressional Black Caucus who have been reaping the rewards of gerrymandering for some time now. The interesting thing about gerrymandering is that Democrats win the majority of the most gerrymandered districts. But, Republicans are more likely to have drawn those lines. As an example, check out one of the most gerrymandered districts: [NC 12th District]( URL_5 ). This district was drawn in such a convoluted way which gave advantage to a black female Democrat like [Alma Adams]( URL_1 ) to win this seat and she sits as the chair of the NC Legislative Chair of their Black Caucus. Black Americans make up ~20% of NC, but they make up nearly 50% of this district. Is this district highly gerrymandered? YES. Was it illegal or where they just following the guidelines by the Supreme Court to give advantage to black representation? Up to a court to decide. But if this district is redrawn you'd potentially lose Alma Adams, the Black Caucus chair and people would say Republicans were racist for changing it. As you can see this can be hotly debated and quite fascinating in my opinion. Another great example of gerrymandering is the Louisiana 2nd district. This district was purposely gerrymandered to great a \"majority-minority\" district to protect against race based gerrymandering in the 1980s. Ironic, yes, but that's the law and what was done. This seat is occupied by Cedric Richmond. He is the chair of the Congressional Black Caucus for the federal government. If the Supreme Court decides against Wisconsin and Democrats start attacking Republican gerrymandering to their benefit, will Republicans attack districts like Cedric Richmond's which was purposely gerrymandered for race/political biases to get a black politician elected? And if they do, what would be the race relations from such a move? Again, high stakes and tremendously interesting. Some more race based gerrymandered districts: Brenda Lawrence - [Michigan's 14th]( URL_4 ). CBC Secretary. John Conyers - [Michigan's 13th] ( URL_3 ). CBC Member, Dean of House of Reps Elijah Cummings - [Maryland's 7th] ( URL_0 ). CBC. Ranking Member of Congressional Oversight and Reform Committee Sheila Jackson Lee - [Texas 18th] ( URL_2 ). CBC. Thinks Neil Armstrong planted a flag on Mars, complains Hurricane names are too white, thinks the constitution is 400 years old, thinks Congress writes Executive Orders for President Obama, etc."
] |
[
12
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_7th_congressional_district",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Adams",
"http://www.texasgopvote.com/images-upload/TX18.JPG",
"http://wdet.org/media/daguerre/2016/07/14/aa6b7df6843a25b6bf0d.png",
"http://wdet.org/media/daguerre/2016/05/25/53c6d8296e7eeb63f3ad.png",
"https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/files/2014/05/districts-02.png&w=1484"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ba29b4
|
What does it mean to scan a network and how do you use that to find a hidden camera on a wifi network?
|
I was reading this article on CNN regarding a hidden camera at an Airbnb. It says that the father found a camera by scanning the wifi network. URL_0
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ek8jgsy"
] |
[
"TCP/IP uses addressed such as 192.168.1.X, where the X can be any number from 0-255. When you log into a wifi, you can open a command prompt and type ipconfig to see the ip address the computer typing the command currently is using. the 192.168.1 can be anything, but most common it is 192.168.1 or 192.168.0. then if you type ping 192.168.1.0, then ping 192.168.1.1 and ping 192.168.1.2. ..., you can build a list of addresses on the wifi. A whois command on the ip addres can give more information. A camera would likely be connected to the same wifi as you. While I'd guess there is an app to do all the ping'ing and whois'ing a scan of the local IP's could reveal a camera on the wifi. Many IP cameras use the same software, so trying to connect to any of the IP addresses could open a camera image. If you want to sweep the room, you want a wifi-detector from ebay for $30. The detector simply looks for radio signals, where a hidden wifi cam would show up, similar to a metal detector finding a horseshoe, with a big string signal and give a small circle to inspect."
] |
[
8
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
67ubvf
|
Why are most big businesses made into companies? Theoretically, If I have a lot of money, can't I just be the owner, president, CEO etc. without worrying people trying to kick me out of my company?
|
I've been following some stories of how some family-owned businesses have been taken away from the family that started them because the board members, stakeholders, shareholders, and whatnot didn't like them for some reason. Is there any reason why I can't have a multinational company without having those 'pesky' people have a say if I get to keep the company? If I make enough money, can't I just hire people to do stuff and not have those controlling boardroom people having a say in everything? I don't know if this is a valid example but I was also reading about how Vivendi is currently in the process of a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, a company owned by brothers. I understand that Ubisoft sold shares of their company but if I have a company, do I have to put my company out there? Can't I just have it to myself? Understanding business is confusing... edit: Thanks for the explanations all. It seems like I'm too selfish to own a business lol. I DON' WANNA SHARE!!!
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dgtbl5c",
"dgtbm9h",
"dgtbrwd",
"dgtaz67",
"dgtb22p"
] |
[
"Yes you can keep your company to yourself. There is no requirement to 'go public' - meaning offer investors shares. The downside as others have pointed out, is this restricts your ability to grow the business based on capital. There's a way around this that's used by several companies, notably Newscorp among others. You issue non voting shares. These are shares that entitle the owner to a share of the company profits, but not a say in how the company is run. This lets you keep control, but you do need to share the profits."
] |
[
56
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ghe4xp
|
What makes quicksand and how does it trap people
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fq8kgfo"
] |
[
"Mix corn starch with water and you have a [non-Newtonian fluid]( URL_0 ), more commonly called oobleck. Go ahead and try it at home, it's quite fun to play with. When you push against a non-Newtonian fluid, it forces the water out of the mixture in the area you're pushing to the surrounding mixture. This makes it feel comparatively solid. If there was the right mixture of sand and water, you could walk along it's surface and it'll feel stable, yet if you stopped walking, you'd start to sink since the water you originally displaced will flow back and make the sand/water mixture more fluid, [Like this guy walking across oobleck does when he stops moving]( URL_1 ) You can test this out with some oobleck at home. Roll it into a ball very fast, then crack that ball open. If you do so fast enough, you'll notice that the middle is a bit wetter than normal before that moisture spreads out once more. That's because you've pushed out the water on the surface area and pushed it into the middle. All that said, actual quicksand rarely naturally occurs deep enough to potentially drown someone, and even then, most people could get out. You float just as well in quicksand as in water. Just take a deep breath to increase you buoyancy and you can probably pull yourself towards somewhere more solid."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid#%22Oobleck%22",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHlAcASsf6U"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
g0z15b
|
Why are there gusts of wind? Why don’t they just disperse and even out? Where do big pressure changes COME from???
|
Maybe you can ELI7 because I’ve taken three college level physics courses but I just don’t get this: where do temperature and pressure changes come from that are so powerful we get 50mph+ gusts? Why don’t those differences just disperse outward and equalize from wherever they’re generated? How can I be standing on one side of my yard and a gust of wind be displacing the trees 30ft away???
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fnclsua"
] |
[
"They do equalize outward from where they are generated. They get generated in areas with stark temperature differences, typically lakes or mountains, or as a result of weather (like rain). Water’s high heat capacity means it doesn’t change temperature as quickly as land, so air passing over it gets heated (or cooled) depending on solar intensity and time of day (a lake will stay warm at night but the ground wont). So these systems are created over large bodies of water typically, radiate outward, but given the size of them “outward” tends to be well across the nearest landmass, while the other radial side goes out to sea and dissipates over a distance. And if not much is there to bump into it then the wavefront doesn’t really get stopped by much."
] |
[
13
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
5wdnci
|
What is IBM Watson?
|
I've seen it involved in a whole bunch of stuff, and I think it's some attempt at AI, but I don't know more than that. What's the big deal?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"de99r6p",
"de99n00"
] |
[
"It is a brand name that IBM is applying to a large number of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and pattern recognition technologies -- including the software, hardware, and services involved in doing so. Originally, it was announced as the machine that could be humans an Jeopardy, but it's really a big collection of technologies."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
5yub2i
|
If polygraphs are known to be nothing more than a carnival trick, how and why are so many government positions REQUIRING a polygraph in order to get hired?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"desyvrg",
"det03am",
"detiuut",
"dete6ar",
"detl4sy",
"detqeju",
"detn4jw",
"detf6e0",
"detlevh",
"detjqqe",
"detp4rd",
"detnq3o",
"detmsti",
"detm8di",
"detr1ru",
"detplpv",
"detn5lx",
"deto8cb",
"detstaq",
"detoak0"
] |
[
"Two major reasons: It gives them an opportunity to weed out applicants for a variety of reasons, both said and unsaid, while citing a polygraph failure as the official reason. When you've got 200 people applying for 3 openings, you want a quick way to whittle that down. Offering a subjective test that's masquerading as an objective test is a really convenient way to do that. Second reason, and possibly the more important one; not everyone knows it's bullshit. The purpose of a polygraph isn't to detect lies. That isn't possible. It's to get you to admit to things you otherwise would not have, even if it's just admitting that you left something out of your pre-polygraph questionnaire. When a polygraph is administered, the first step is to give you a very long form with a series of yes or no questions. These questions ask all sorts of things like have you ever committed a crime against a person, have you ever stolen property, have you ever committed a traffic offense, have you ever used or sold drugs, etc. If you mark yes to any of these questions, there is usually a blank where you are required to fill out an explanation. Sometime later you are given the actual polygraph test. The examiner has a copy of your questionnaire in front of him. First he will ask you a bunch of preliminary questions that they say are calibrating the equipment. A common one is that they will write the numbers 1 through 5 on a piece of paper and then circle one of them. They will tell you to answer \"no\" to all five of the following questions and then ask you \"is the number one circled, is number two circled, and so on\". Then they will ask you roughly 10 to 20 questions about your actual past, all of these questions are yes or no. They will ask each question probably 3 or 4 times so while you might get asked fifty to a hundred questions, you might only get asked about 15 unique questions. They just repeat the same ones over and over in different orders, ostensibly measuring your body responses to those questions. While they are are more than willing to use your answers to those questions as a reason to reject you, the real purpose of the test comes after that. This is called the \"post examination interview\". They will make a big show about turning off the equipment, unhooking all the sensors and gear, probably talking to you a little bit about what you had for lunch or what football team you like, all to get you to relax. They will tell you that the test is over and that you are no longer being monitored. Here comes the important part. They then finish by asking you if there's anything you might have left out or any answers you might have wanted to clarify, anything that you may have forgotten to put on your pre-interview questionnaire, etc. They will tell you that it's far better for you to admit to things now since the test results haven't been submitted yet, that you don't want to be found out to be lying later, that it will look good if you would admit to things and that it will show that you're willing to work with them and that you want to be honest if you tell them the whole story about something that you may have not been clear on before or that you may have left out before. If you require a little prodding, the examiner will say something like \"I've got some indicators of deception on questions 3 and 7 regarding your possible past drug use. Are you sure there isn't anything you're not telling me?\" It's a lie, there are no indicators of deception. There is no such thing as an indicator of deception. It's a trick to get you to say something you would not have told them otherwise. This is where they get you. The combination of feeling relaxed after the stressful examination, and the desire to appear honest and forthcoming gets a massive amount of people to admit to all sorts of things that they otherwise would not have. \"Oh yeah there was that one time in high school where I guess I sold a couple bags of weed to some of my brother's friends, but I didn't think it was a big deal and it's not like I'm a drug dealer or anything\". \"I wasn't sure if I should put it on the form that I filled out because I didn't get charged or anything, but there was that time seven years ago where I did get arrested for domestic violence, but like I said I didn't get charged and nothing came of it so it's not like I actually committed a crime. I didn't think it was a big deal\". Thank you for your honesty. Rejected. The true purpose of the polygraph is to get you to admit to things and basically disqualify yourself. Even if the things you're admitting to by themselves would not have been that big of a deal, the fact that you didn't include them in your questionnaire or you may have given one answer to a background detective previously but gave a different kind of answer to the polygraph examiner, etc. *They're trying to weed out applicants*. It's far easier to have you do it to yourself than it is to pay a background detective to research you, or possibly risk some kind of \"they didn't hire me because I'm black\" lawsuit. If they can show you said A on the form and B to the examiner, you're rejected for lying, it doesn't matter what the smoke and mirrors in the \"lie detector\" say. EDIT: a number of people are responding with comments along the lines of \"this isn't true, the polygraph really does measure things\". Yes, it does. Namely heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity(perspiration). The hand-waving comes from where they use this data to imply that you're lying about something. There is no actual evidence those data points have anything to do with lying. A question about whether you've ever had sexual contact with a minor may elicit a response because you did, because you were the *victim* of child abuse, or because the question is just shocking. The data can't tell them which it is, or if you just happen to have a stomach ache. The data they collect does not detect lies. It detects stress (and more to the point, *possible* symptoms of *possible* stress). The underlying theory is that one who is lying is experiencing more stress during the lie than they are when they tell the truth, and that has never been proven to be true."
] |
[
5799
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/88/1/131/",
"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/lhb/26/5/527/",
"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/86/4/674/",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubert_standard"
],
[],
[
"https://antipolygraph.org/hearings/senate-judiciary-1997/richardson-statement.shtml",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4Ss9rR-dXM"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
bajzrr
|
How does an infrared/laser thermometer work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ekc1lyo"
] |
[
"The laser is just for aiming purposes, it doesn’t actually participate in the temperature measurement. As for the infra red, all bodies which contain heat emit infrared radiation. The warmer something is, the more it radiates. There are infrared sensors that can measure this radiation and calculate the corresponding temperature."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
bbzomk
|
If you keep turning on and off a light/lamp it may "break" and not work anymore. How does this happen exactly?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ekmmgwa",
"ekmrezq"
] |
[
"Old lamps emit light by having electricity course through a very thin wire, heating it to extreme temperatures. This causes it to emit light. But heating/cooling it too much puts stress on it, and it can break. When it happens electricity can no longer circulate, and the lightbulb is broken."
] |
[
16
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6p7rcb
|
What causes you to see things out of the corner of your eye when nothing is actually moving or there?
|
Why do people have the sensation of seeing something moving out of the corner of their eye when there isn't actually anything there or moving?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dkneg9p",
"dkniq4z"
] |
[
"There could be any number of factors for this. A common one is that despite the sense that your vision is steady and focused, your eyes are actually constantly moving and adjusting the field of view very subtly, and the differing images are compiled and averaged in your brain. Particularly sensitive areas of vision, such as motion of the periphery (which might have evolved to detect ambush predators such as wolves or great cats attacking from the sides), will be able to pick up the subtle shifts of your eye movements given the proper context or backdrop. Another contributing factor is that your eyes' contents themselves are not uniform. Small amounts of tissue can become dislodged in the jelly of the eye, and as it floats may cross in front of light entering the eye, which you can see as motes or \"floaters\". If one of these motes crosses the sensitive peripheral vision, the motion could also be detected."
] |
[
14
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
98nmsr
|
How does a coal burning engine work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e4hdu5h",
"e4hd7zt"
] |
[
"One I can actually answer! Coal burning engines are better known as steam engines. Most people associate these with steam locomotives but there is a difference. Basically a steam locomotive is a steam engine on wheels. A steam engine works like a giant tea kettle. The part where the coal is, is called the fire box. The coal is burned here (much like in a charcoal BBQ) the heat that is produced by the coal is used to head up a large container of water once that water gets hot enough it creates steam. That steam is then used to move a piston back and forth by putting fresh hot steam on alternating sides, the new steam is always put on the side of the piston that is closest to the wall of the cylinder (what the piston is inside) because when hot steam is put into a small space it wants to spread out and cool down because it doesn't like being hot. Because the steam expands it forces the piston back against the other side of the cylinder (and the old steam that was on the other side is pushed out through a different hole then it came in). The piston is attached to a bar or lever which is then attached to a wheel of some kind and the action of both the piston and the bar spin the wheel. Thus creating the motion. A very simple steam engine looks like . (keep in mind the firebox and water tank are not shown) If you want an ELI5 of steam locomotives I can give that too. Source: Currently studying to become a steam locomotive operating engineer (read repairman) and 7 years of experience as a Conductor at a steam locomotive Railroad."
] |
[
16
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
6iih3x
|
How Does Cancer kill you?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dj6ijq8"
] |
[
"Cancer is not a single disease but many different kinds, but the key elements on how it ends up harming you are: A) Most cancer cells don't do the job they're supposed to be doing. B) Those cells get in the way of normal cells doing their jobs, sometimes quite literally so and other times as more complex chemical interactions. C) That uncontrolled growth of cells taxes the body in terms of resources. Metastasis, where you end up having cancer in different parts of the body, also often plays a role, but even then it's just those problems only now in multiple organs/systems."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iwf6i5
|
What's the difference between red pigment and red light?
|
As in, when you have a red light, the light is literally red -- but when you have clothing that is dyed red, it's reflecting red light. I thought originally that objects "reflected" color by their electrons absorbing all other colors and then emitting the color it was reflecting (in this case, absorbing all other wavelengths and emitting red). But then how does this set the object aside from a light source?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g5zk5ac"
] |
[
"As you pointed out, there are 2 \"types of colour\". The substractive colors (pigment) absorb some wavelenght and makes you see the not absorbed colours. The additive (light) is a sum of different colours emited. If you have a red light, it's because it only emits red wavelenght (or that the other are not bright enough to be properly analysed). If you have a red pigment, it will absorb at least blue and green light, thus appearing red. Now, is the shirt red in the dark? Well I'd say no, as it don't reflect red light. And even more technically, if you have a red shirt in a room that is lighted with blue and green light, it will be gray/black. & #x200B; And finaly, there are 2 types of pigment, the minerals and the organic ones. In Chemestry, an organic molecule is a molecule that have a carbon atome linked to an hydrogene atom. Every other molecule is mineral. Both of them absorb the photons with their electrons and will vibrate while emiting another photon (usually of another wavelenght). That's what cause them to see them in a colour or another."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
jrys71
|
Why do some portable fans have their highest rotation setting closest to the OFF setting? Wouldn’t it make sense for it to gradually get faster as you switch the knob?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gbw6fa0",
"gbwerdj",
"gbwf3xu",
"gbwfzwf",
"gbw6v8t",
"gbxav2i"
] |
[
"A fan takes a lot of energy to start spinning, but very little to keep spinning once it's already in motion. If the lowest setting came first, it would have a very difficult time spinning up, let alone getting to speed. By having the highest setting first, it lets the fan start up and then gradually come down to speed."
] |
[
71
] |
[
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/hQ3GW7lVBWY"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/hQ3GW7lVBWY"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
5qs31k
|
What is chaos theory?
|
I tried to read a website about chaos theory but it left me more confused. Can anyone break it down into simpler terms?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dd1rkco",
"dd1s0mk"
] |
[
"Chaos theory basically talks about finding order in what seems like absolute disorder, in other words, non-linear systems. Traditional science deals with more predictable systems like gravity, electricity etc while chaos theory deals with the supposedly unpredictable systems like weather, stock markets etc. It is a theory which talks about or teaches us to expect the unexpected. To this effect, chaos theory makes use of the following : - The Butterfly Effect : The butterfly Effect says that the flapping of the wings of a butterfly can cause a hurricane a 1000 miles away. What this means is that even the most minute of changes can have a major effect somewhere else. - Unpredictibility : The initial conditions of a complex systems can never be perfectly known, and hence we cannot predict with absolute certainty the ultimate fate of a complex system. Even slight errors in measuring the initial state of a system will be amplified dramatically, rendering any prediction useless (i.e. The Butterfly Effect). - Order/Disorder is not simply disorder. In other words, exploring the transition between order/disorder of a system, which can happen in the most surprising of ways sometimes. - Mixing : This talks about turbulence and it's effect on a complex system. This states that any two adjacent points in a complex system will end up in very different positions after some time has elapsed. For example, if you release a bunch of balloons in the air, despite them being filled with the same gas and released from the same place, they will end up in different parts and areas completely due to the effect of turbulence. - Feedback : Often times, systems tend to go nuts when feedback is present. For example, the stock market. When the value of a particular stock rises, people sell it, which causes further increase in prices which lead to more selling. On the other hand, if the value is low, people but it, which further lowers the prices, which causes more buying. This feedback here is people's interest in buying or selling the stock, which causes the system (the stock market in this case) to vary the prices of the stock chaotically. - Fractals : This is one of the more fun parts of the theory. A fractal is basically a never ending pattern. Imagine looking down on a beach from space. You see some borders with the sea which is a non straight line. Lets zoom a bit closer. Again, you'll see that the pattern you saw earlier repeats, though on a slightly smaller part of the whole image. Zoom in a bit more. Result will be the same. As you zoom in closer and closer, you'll see the same pattern over and over on smaller and smaller part of the same overall image. Fractals is the study of this phenomenon. I hope i have been able to give an idea about chaos theory to you."
] |
[
6
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
fm9bvf
|
how do zippers work?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"fl319ej"
] |
[
"[This]( URL_0 ) gif is handy. Basically there are a bunch of little interlocking teeth just slightly offset. The actual handle/tab guides them together so that they interlock in a way that is resistant to being pulled apart by normal physical stresses (e.g. moving, bending in clothes)."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[
"https://images.app.goo.gl/7nTwQAHmVoMF8u9TA"
]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
627eke
|
Why do we laugh? Specifically why do we have a physical reaction, such as chest heaving, when we laugh rather than just "feeling" happy?
|
Possibly explain what purpose does all the motion serve or why this emotion seems to make us lose some body control?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dfkcqz9"
] |
[
"Most humor is the juxtaposition between what we _expect_ to happen and what actually happens. Take the (lame) joke: > Three men walk into a bar; none of them ducked The humor there is that you expect it to be a drinking establishment, not a physical barrier Now, the idea is that this humor reaction evolved in us to quickly relax ourselves in tense situations. If you are out hunting and you hear a noise in the bush, you need to go into fight/flight mode right away so that you can defend yourself from predators. If you see that the noise was just a tiny rabid, the humor of the situation allows you to go back from \"alert\" to \"calm\" very quickly. Laughter is the signaling method to others in the group that the tense situation is actually just a \"rabbit\" - it lets everyone around you know that it is safe to go off high alert."
] |
[
4
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
li4dku
|
Why and how do dummies/pacifiers work to calm down babies?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gn12oq4",
"gn130bs"
] |
[
"They think the mom is actually feeding them and or they can relive tooth pain by biting on something (not expect just rando)"
] |
[
10
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lqpmhl
|
How do car insurance claims work when you're one of the many claimants in the middle of a hundred car pileup?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gohphwx",
"goi0ixi"
] |
[
"If there is a known party to blame for the whole incident then the claim can be made against that party but in blameless claims, you will have to claim your damage on your own insurance"
] |
[
6
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
agdn4q
|
How come hanging upside down for a long time doesn’t effect bats like it would humans?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ee6jh9x"
] |
[
"Pressure of a liquid is proportional to the depth of a liquid. So for animals, the blood pressure difference between head and foot (or between head when right side up and upside down) is related to the vertical distance involved. Bats are much, much smaller than humans. Flip a human upside down and the blood vessels in the head are at higher pressure, flip a bat upside down and there's little difference."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
k9qf9a
|
What happens with the rust?
|
When a piece of metal like iron is left in water it rusts until it almost disappears, what happens with all the metal that rusts away? Is it like when pouring salt or sugar in a glass of heated water and then waiting until it cools down crystals is made is something like that happening? Or something else?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gf5rcy0"
] |
[
"Rust is iron oxide and it basically turns into flakes which are brittle and break into smaller piece by the action of rain and wind and will eventually become part of the soil and dust in the surrounding area."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
evfgyp
|
I haven't had any marijuana since 2013, and have never had any types of drugs that would show up on a drug test. How is it that I've done two drug tests that have come back as contaminated?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ffvd46b",
"ffve0g1"
] |
[
"I don't think ELI5 is the right place for this, but just out of concern, you should talk to a doctor (one who isn't necessarily administering a drug test, like your PCP) about this with the intention of figuring out if this false positive is a symptom of something else more nefarious."
] |
[
12
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
jy5r6a
|
why it feels like you’ve swallowed something down “the wrong tube” when there is only one throat canal?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gd0twh3",
"gd0t93a",
"gd0tc1a"
] |
[
"Eventually your throat splits into two tubes. One goes to your stomach, the other goes to your lungs. When liquids or foods enter the tube for your lungs you cough and choke. Hence “the wrong tube”."
] |
[
8
] |
[
[],
[
"https://health.clevelandclinic.org/whats-going-on-when-something-goes-down-the-wrong-pipe/"
],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
8j2bhl
|
How do image captcha questions know whether you selected all the right photos?
|
It says "select all the vehicles" and I clicked one out of a few images. the program knows I didn't choose it all as it insists "please select all matching images". But sometimes I didn't click every single image and it lets it slide. Are the captcha quizzes predetermined if it knows the right answers?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dyweo6s"
] |
[
"In the original CAPTCHA questions, the program asking you what the text said knew because it created the image. They'd start with known text and distort it. Later iterations, like early Re-CAPTCHA, worked because they knew one of the two images and just used the 2nd image to collect information. Modern ones (like \"click on road signs\") are a bit of a secret. It's safe to assume that they're using images they **mostly** sure about, based on image-recognition AIs, and they're doing all sorts of statistics on the back end hoping humans will double-check the bits they're less certain of. Again, it's possible to combine this with some known-good and known-bad images. You need to remember that they can show any of these images to *thousands* of people. If it turns out you were lying on one, they can give you harder questions in the future. A captcha doesn't need to be 100% - it just needs to slow down spammers/etc enough to make the job less profitable."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
6c2mc5
|
In mediviel times after a large scale battle what happens to all the corpses?
|
title says it all but it dosent necessary to be in medieval times im using that time period just as a example
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dhrfyq4",
"dhrehnm",
"dhreb3n",
"dhrwceb"
] |
[
"The winning army would loot the dead for valuable things like armour or jewelry. It is common to find skeletons with lots of small knife wounds, leading to the assumption that people went around looting, then killing anyone who was still alive. After that, relatives and local people would loot or take loved ones home for personal burial if they wished to. After that, random looters would come around and sometimes take body parts such as teeth. Then either the winning army or local people would either dig a mass grave or burn the bodies."
] |
[
25
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
8h7dxl
|
What is entropy and how does it apply to our daily lives?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dyhlwij",
"dyhl20y",
"dyhm8i5"
] |
[
"If you take a hot object and put it in a cold room, a lot of heat energy will be concentrated in that hot object. Over time, though, energy will flow from the hot object to the air in the room, until eventually all the heat is distributed evenly: the object cools down, everything else warms up slightly. Energy will tend to flow from areas where it is concentrated to other areas until the concentration is even. We say that this is an increase of entropy. Low levels of entropy are associated with order, while high levels of entropy are associated with chaos. In the universe as a whole, on average, entropy increases with time (it's sometimes called \"time's arrow\"). Unless something else happens to the universe, the end result will be maximum entropy: all the energy in the universe will be spread out evenly. That means you won't be able to fix your position, because every point in the universe will be identical to every other point in the universe. There will be no stars, no planets, no life. Concepts like \"distance\" will become useless: you can't measure distance if every single point is exactly the same. Work is done by energy flowing from one place to another, but at maximum entropy there is nowhere for energy to flow from or to. It would be like having a completely flat piece of ground, putting a tennis ball on it and expecting it to roll downhill: there's no \"downhill\" for it to roll, so it simply won't move. So we can also say that entropy is a measure of how much energy is no longer available to do any work. As for its application in our daily lives, take an expensive vase and hold it in your hands. All the molecules in that vase are arranged in a specific shape, but if they had a choice the molecules would like to spread themselves evenly. If you drop the vase and it smashes, all its molecules will spread out slightly more evenly. Not *much* more evenly, but slightly more: its entropy will have increased. If you wait for all the pieces of your vase to gather themselves together and reform, you'll be waiting a very long time: it's highly unlikely to happen unless you apply some of your own energy to pick up the pieces and glue them back together. Left to itself, a house will deteriorate. Windows will break, walls will crumble. All the time, its entropy is increasing. Why does it happen in this way? Why can't all the molecules of a house jump back to their original places so that the house can repair itself? In theory they could, but the chances of that happening are so low you can ignore them. There are countless billions and billions (and then some) of ways the molecules of a house can arrange themselves, but only one of those ways is a perfectly maintained house (although yes, I am ELI5'ing to a ludicrous degree here). So whenever something happens to allow some of the molecules of the house to rearrange themselves, you can be very nearly certain that they will rearrange themselves to be less house-like, not more. In a sense, then, entropy is the reason you have to keep fixing your house and getting your car serviced."
] |
[
12
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
dgnckl
|
What is the difference in unleaded gas and diesel gas? Also why is it so bad to put diesel gas in a non-diesel engine?
|
Engineering
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f3dk3a5",
"f3dmlsh"
] |
[
"Diesel is a non-vaporizing oil. A Diesel engine sprays atomized diesel into the sparking chamber. Gasoline is a vaporizing oil. It goes to a gaseous state when injected into the sparking chamber. Putting a liquid into an environment that’s expecting a gas has a whole bunch of obvious consequences."
] |
[
13
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
8haqox
|
how wet wipes stay cool even when they aren't in a cool environment.
|
I am camping in South Texas and it is most definitely not cool outside even at night really, so why do my wet wipes still feel cool out of the package?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"dyibxpz",
"dyil1gw"
] |
[
"Evaporation of a liquid require energy, so when the liquid in the wipe is exposed to the air it start to evaporate and remove energy from the surface. The removal of heat will result that the wipes or the surface you wipe get a bit cooler. How much cooler it gets depends on the needed energy for the liquid and the speed of evaporation. Hand sanitize that contain alcohol feel cool for the same reson as the alcohol evaporate. Cooling by evaporation is the reson humans sweat. The evaporation of the sweat cool you down but water evaporate at a lower rate then alcohol so you don't feel as cold as alcohol. The reson that it does not evaporate in the package is that it is air tight a the small amount of air in it get saturated and no more evaporate."
] |
[
7
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
eurkix
|
What is planck length and what is it used for?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ffraro6"
] |
[
"The system of Planck units is a system of measurement just like metric or imperial units. However, it's \"optimized\" for theoretical physics in the sense that we first pick certain important physical constants (the speed of light, the gravitational constant, etc.) and define them to be 1, and then see what units of length, time, mass, etc. we get as a consequence. Using Planck units simplifies certain calculations, like in relativity where the factors of c and c^2 that pop up everywhere simply become 1. The Planck units, including the Planck length, don't really have any direct physical significance, contrary to what people on the internet might tell you."
] |
[
10
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lup7p5
|
I know that our eyes send the message to our brains upside-down, our brians just flip the image, but like how do we know that?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"gp8vasx"
] |
[
"It's a necessary consequence of how lenses work. We know that our eyes flip the image because we know what shapes our eyes are and what materials our eyes are made out of, and we know how light passes through those materials in those shapes. And light flips upside down when it passes through your corneas."
] |
[
3
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
bqh9ft
|
Why we can't actively hallucinate
|
My understanding is that it's an error in the brain when using substances etc, but it shows we can imagine things that aren't real. How come we can't make ourselves see stuff like this on purpose?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"eo4dowr",
"eo4d177",
"eo56kl4"
] |
[
"So NaD, but my limited understanding is that psychotropic drugs and psychedelics rely on already in place neurochemical pathways, and excite the shit out of them by imitating naturally occurring neurotransmitters to produce serotonin, dopamine, and a few others. So basically, the stuff that makes you high and hallucinate is already in the brain, just not in the same amount as when you are high. Plus, your brain is trained to filter and layer the world into usable information when the levels are normal. When they get higher, your brain no longer interprets the information the same way. This is also one of the reasons why psychedelics are starting to prove useful for things like neurogenesis and addiction treatment. It forces the brain to kind of slightly rewire itself, for lack of a better term."
] |
[
6
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
dw06vb
|
If viruses aren't living carbon-based organisms, what are they?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f7fv5jz",
"f7fvjhq",
"f7fuzoj"
] |
[
"They're kind of in this weird gray zone where they're almost living, but they don't satisfy all the criteria that scientists came up with to define what is alive and what is not. They're balls of protein surrounding a (relatively) short strand of DNAs that just float around waiting to run into a cell that they can hijack."
] |
[
9
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
d0n6vf
|
How do electronics with no moving parts degrade over time?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"ezatboq",
"ezatryz",
"ezau0or",
"ezasw2d",
"ezauh6d"
] |
[
"I'm told that a lot of it comes down to thermal cycling and mechanical vibrations. Electronics are made of a bunch of different components fit together on a microscopic scale. Changes in temperature cause these components to expand and contract at different rates and slowly wiggle themselves apart. Not only this, but normal vibration also contributes to the wiggling problem."
] |
[
16
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
5w9a9i
|
When you're learning a new language, you translate every word back to you mother tongue in your head. But when you've mastered the language, you don't need the translation anymore. How does this work?
|
I often watch television without subtitles with my mom, and she sometimes asks me to translate the difficult words or sentences. But since a few years I have had difficulty trying to come up with the right translations, and especially after I studied in an English speaking country. I know exactly what the words means, can describe it, and can think of synonyms, but have trouble with finding the right translation in my mother tongue. I lately realized that I don't need to translate English in my head, and was wondering if this causes the trouble with translating. So how does this work? Is your brain just translating it so fast you don't notice it? And if so, where does the trouble with translation of words and sentences in my mother tongue come from?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"de8cos6",
"de8aqh5",
"de8d63c"
] |
[
"Words are a kind of symbolic algebra. When you really learn a word it is a natural meaning. The word represents a native thought. So when you think the word \"cat\" it evokes a series of ideas. Furry. Small. Sharp. whatever... Whether you like cats or hate them the word itself evokes and invokes the the ideas and images as a primitive. So then you start to learn a second language. You learn \"gato\" is \"cat, but in spanish\". It's an indirect. It's a step away. You have to turn gato into cat. And you have to turn cat into gato. Each in terms of the direction... new to native or native to new. Eventually, with familiarity, you stop thinking \"gato is cat in spanish\" and so gato directly invokes the same things as cat. Furry. Sharp. Small. The two words are proper synonyms. Neither has primacy so both are equally available. At that point the \"is versus are\" translator is in charge. You know when to use the word \"is\" and you know when to use the word \"are\" based on context. Both have the same meaning, but one is slightly more correct than the other depending on what other words are around it. Further, in some languages there are unique verbs or tenses or whatever. In one languages it takes one word while in another it takes two. But the same thing eventually happens. So just like you can learn to use a fork as a spoon or whatever, the interchange of tools, once you can use both tools, is just a context and technique issue. So basically the difference is naturally-accessible versus takes deliberate thought. Once something is naturally accessible to your brain then it's naturally accessible to use. Language is just a tool at some levels. It's an inherent means of information at another. But the brain is incredibly plastic. So the change is a result of that plasticity."
] |
[
35
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
i6dz8x
|
In sprint events in the Olympics etc. some start at the back and some at the front, isn't that unfair?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"g0v59cz",
"g0v5gnz",
"g0v5eso"
] |
[
"The different starting points actually make it more fair. Someone running on the inner ring will have a shorter distance than someone on the outer ring, so the inner ring starts a bit further back."
] |
[
57
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
96x3k3
|
How come, in the last few decade, people begin to be more and more depressed ?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"e43tetn",
"e43ttmf",
"e43x9r3",
"e43w0sx",
"e43v9vk",
"e43ux4r",
"e43vlko",
"e43ug1v",
"e43y1t6",
"e43w4gc",
"e43ui62",
"e43xmod",
"e43yln6",
"e43ycsb",
"e440ewc",
"e440uvu",
"e43zab8",
"e43zole",
"e440xub",
"e43zkmy",
"e440st9"
] |
[
"Social media, better understanding of mental health, change in exercise or sun exposure and unbalanced diet most likely contribute to it"
] |
[
1103
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
d8r47b
|
Why is no credit worse than bad credit?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f1c47pt",
"f1c3twu",
"f1c7boo"
] |
[
"That particular aphorism isn't perfectly true - depending on the situation, having bad credit can very much be worse than having no credit history. That said, the general idea is that if you have bad credit, the banks/lenders/etc. can look at your history and understand _how_ bad your credit is. Depending on what types of negative reports you have, when you had them, how you've worked to repair them, etc. they may be willing to take a chance on you (though at a higher interest rate). They know what to expect from you and can calculate a deal that makes them willing to take the risk. If you have _no_ credit, then you are a mystery. Maybe you are a great option, or maybe you are the worst they will ever see - _there is simply no way to know_. If they can't assess your credit worthiness, then they can't figure out what kind of deal makes it worth their while to lend to you (loans care a lot about risk assessment) so they just stay clear of you all together. Think of it like stopping by the side of the road and having two options to eat - McDonalds or Bob's Burger Shack. McDonalds is _bad_, but you know how bad it is; Bob's is an unknown quantity and it could be fantastic or it could be terrible. Rather than take a _chance_ on having a truly terrible burger at Bob's, you decide to eat at McDonalds - it is bad, but it is _predictably_ bad, so it is \"less risky\" when compared to a true unknown."
] |
[
36
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
dq0lr8
|
We know that eyesight can deteriorate for various reasons. Is it possible for it to naturally improve as opposed to deteriorate over time?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
[
"f5zw8m7"
] |
[
"I can't speak to most forms of eye deterioration, but medicine-induced vision loss can be reversible. This is only a small fraction of people with vision impairments, but it definitely is at least one case in which vision naturally improves."
] |
[
5
] |
[
[]
] |
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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