url
stringlengths 15
784
| text
stringlengths 6
437k
| KeyPhrases
sequence |
|---|---|---|
http://carlreff.weebly.com/compare-contrast-essay.html | Reflection Essay College Essay Complaint Letter Friendly Letter Descriptive Essay Critical Analysis Essay Process Analysis Essay Compare Contrast Essay Definition Essay Your Choice Essay Gymnastics vs . Cheerleading There are many sports dominated by women and each requires a variety of skills . The first two women โ s sports that come to mind are gymnastics and cheerleading . Someone who does not know much about either sport is probably thinking what is the difference between the two ? Cheerleaders and gymnasts are greatly offended by this remark . There are crucial differences between the two that will make even the most headstrong skeptic believe that these sports are contradictory to one another . Gymnastics is an independent based sport while cheerleading requires a group effort . Cheerleaders must work together to lift a teammate into her stunt . They must also be synchronized when dancing , jumping and chanting . A gymnast competes by herself on all four events : vault , uneven bars , balance beam and floor . They are both similar however because both sports are given a team score at the end of their competitions . While both cheerleaders and gymnasts are scored as a team , gymnasts also receive an individual score on each event on which they compete . In a cheerleading competition there is only one final score given . If a gymnast messes up on her tumbling pass or falls off of the balance beam there is no one else to blame but herself . A cheerleader on the other hand could easily point a finger at their base if their stunt falls . Cheerleading is a team sport that showcases talent , athletic skill and the ability to work well with others ( Lukavics ) . Cheerleading is about being peppy , loud and in sync . Gymnastics is all about being graceful but also powerful . Gymnasts have to be particularly good at dancing and need to be strong tumblers . Cheerleaders must have the same skills but must all move at the same exact time as their team mates . Both sports require dance and flexibility in order to do things such as floor routines and straddle jumps . Every gymnast and cheerleader is scored on a routine that is choreographed , whether it is by themselves or someone that they have hired . Each individual gymnast is required to have her own routine that is different from everyone else โ s on every event . Gymnastics allows children to express themselves in a unique and individual way ( โ The Sport of Gymnastics โ ) . All cheerleaders perform one routine together as a team , leaving little room for individual creativity . The clothing requirements for cheerleaders are not like the leotards gymnasts must wear . Cheerleaders have to wear tight skirts with shorts underneath them along with a tight sports bra - like top . Their outfits are typically flashy and most of them wear big matching bows in their hair . Although this is true , gymnasts and cheerleaders both coordinate their outfits with everyone on their team . Gymnasts can easily become cheerleaders but cheerleaders find it more difficult to get in to gymnastics . Gymnastics is a slow learning sport with many pivotal skills needed to acquire before moving on to new ones . Cheerleading basically takes the tumbling out of floor exercise and adds flashy dance moves and catchy cheers . Although it seems there is a rivalry between the two sports , they are really too divergent to even be considered to mock one another . Works Cited Lukavics , Amy . " How to Wear a Cheerleading Uniform . " EHow . Demand Media , 25 Jan . 2011 . Web . 18 Dec . 2012 . " The Sport of Gymnastics . " Elite Gymnastics Academy . N.p. , n.d. Web . 5 Dec . 2012 . | [
"Gymnastics",
"Cheerleading",
"Compare Contrast"
] |
http://carmansriverkayak.com/ | OFFICIAL DEALER HOME RENTAL INFORMATION Rental Prices View Brochure GUIDED TOURS Guided Fishing Tours Guided River Tours Guided Kayak Photogrophy Tours ADVENTURE CAMP Health & Medical Release Form Media Release Form JACKSON KAYAKS MORE INFO About Carmans River Journey Down Carmans River Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . KAYAKS , CANOES , PADDLEBOARDS RENTALS & SALES We offer kayak rentals and sales to the people of Long Island . Our goal is to provide both a superior customer experience and tremendous value for our customers . FIND OUT MORE Rental Information Tour Info Fishing Guide Tours Adventure Day Camp Let our fishing guide Scott take you down the Carmans River . He is an avid fisherman with over 30 years experience . Half of those years have been mastering the brackish waters of the Carmans River . Summer 2019 Looking for something different for your kids this summer ? A great time for kids as they learn how to properly use kayaks , paddle boards and more . From 1.5 hours to a full day , we offer flexible rates for rentals . All rentals include PDF and Paddle as well as a quick instruction on how to use the equipment . MORE INFO YOGA SUP If you love yoga and want to take it to the next level , then you have to try yoga on a Stand Up Paddle - board . Imagine moving your yoga class to the calm , serene Carman ' s River . Get a better workout and refine your yoga techniques all while enjoying the great outdoors . Classes forming Spring 2018 . Send Me More Info On Yoga SUP Classes Fields marked with an are required | [
"Carmans River",
"YOGA SUP"
] |
http://carmelsealey.com/journal/notes/the-difference-between-cooperate-and-co-operate/ | The difference between cooperate and cooperate 16 May 2014 To use a hyphen or not to use a hyphen that is the question cooperate verbto work together towards a mutual end to assist someone The girls would get nowhere if they didnt cooperate with each other Timmy youll get a smack if you dont cooperate But which is the correct spelling cooperate or cooperate Relax it depends on which form of English you have adopted as your own Though it may appear that the hyphenated cooperate is the spelling of choice in British English while American English prefers cooperate you will readily find both these spellings used widely in England and America regardless of which form of English is used Both are correct and accepted worldwide While the spelling cooperate helps establish the pronunciation of the word there is no word in the English language which is pronounced cooperate so the spelling cooperate should not be an issue for any reader It all boils down to personal choice Cooperate might seem antiquated to you I personally use cooperate Just remember pick your spelling and stick with it Above all else be consistent Next Could care less Previous The difference between aide and aid Archive All 109 articles Equilibrium Debut epic fantasy novel Wheres my Whisper Childrens book for iPad Short Stories Selection of ebooks Feed Affiliates The Vanguard Picture This 51bits Anomaly Software | [
"cooperate"
] |
http://carnegietsinghua.org/publications/?fa=53613 | China โ s Traditional Cultural Values and National Identity Zhang Lihua November 21 , 2013 Article Source : Getty Traditional Chinese values directly influence China โ s foreign policy and create a novel approach to resolving conflicts and conducting international affairs . China โ s Traditional Cultural Values The cultural values of a country influence its national psychology and identity . Citizens โ values and public opinions are conveyed to state leaders through the media and other information channels , both directly and indirectly influencing decisions on foreign policy . The traditional cultural values that influence the psyche of the Chinese people are harmony , benevolence , righteousness , courtesy , wisdom , honesty , loyalty , and filial piety . Zhang Lihua Zhang Lihua is a resident scholar at the Carnegie โ Tsinghua Center for Global Policy . She is also a professor at the Department of International Relations at Tsinghua University . Of these , the core value is harmony . Harmony means โ proper and balanced coordination between things โ and encompasses rationale , propriety , and compatibility . Rationale refers to acting according to objective laws and truths . Propriety indicates suitability and appropriateness . The value of harmony advocates โ harmony but not uniformity . โ Properly coordinating different things by bringing them together in the appropriate manner allows them to develop from an uncoordinated state to one of coordination ; from asymmetry to symmetry ; and from imbalance to balance . Modern Chinese society tries to maintain harmony Benevolence , the core value of Confucianism , extends from the importance of familial ties and blood connections and is held in high esteem by the Chinese . โ A peaceful family will prosper ( jiahe wanshi xing , ๅฎถๅไธไบๅ
ด ) โ is a famous and widely embraced saying . This benevolence , although based in familial ties , extends to friendships and social relationships , producing a full set of values that include justice , courtesy , wisdom , honesty , loyalty , self - discipline , and commitment . Righteousness refers to justice and correctness . As Confucius said , โ the gentleman understands what is moral ; the small man understands what is profitable ( junzi yu yu yi , xiaoren yu yu li , ๅๅญๅปไบไน ๏ผ ๅฐไบบๅปไบๅฉ ) . โ There are not only individual benefits but also collective and social benefits . All people should seek what benefits both the individual and the society . As two Chinese sayings put it , โ Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country ( tianxia xingwang , pifu youze , ๅคฉไธๅ
ดไบก ๏ผ ๅนๅคซๆ่ดฃ ) โ Courtesy stresses modesty and prudence . It is about respecting laws and preventing misconduct . Traditional Chinese culture respects the importance of rites and has special rites for various occasions , such as the emperor โ s sacrifice to heaven , the common people โ s sacrifice to ancestors , weddings , funerals , and courteous exchanges . As the saying goes , โ It is impolite not to return what one receives ( lai er buwang fei li ye , ๆฅ่ไธๅพ้็คผไน ) . โ Confucius particularly stressed courtesy in daily life . Wisdom requires that one distinguish right from wrong , place capable people in suitable positions , know oneself , and be resourceful . Confucius said , โ Benevolence means to love and wisdom means to understand others renzhe airen , zhizhe zhiren , ไป่
็ฑไบบ ๏ผ ๆบ่
็ฅไบบ ) . โ One must have a loving heart to love others , and one must have wisdom to understand others . People should have not only a loving heart but also wisdom to distinguish good from evil and right from wrong . They should have the wisdom and resourcefulness to control evil and A number of prominent figures who loved and understood others have carved their names into Chinese history , such as Wei Qing ( ๅซ้ ) , the Han dynasty general during the reign of Emperor Wudi ; Wei Zheng ( ้ญๅพ ) , the Tang dynasty prime minister during the reign of Emperor Taizong ; Hai Rui ( ๆตท็ ) , an honest and upright Ming dynasty official ; Qi Jiguang ( ๆ็ปงๅ
) , a famous Ming dynasty general who fought Japanese pirates ; and two upright Northern Song dynasty officials , Kou Zhun ( ๅฏๅ ) and Bao Honesty refers to trustworthiness , integrity , and credibility . โ People should obtain their fortunes reasonably and properly through their labor , โ said Confucius , โ and not through fraudulence and cheating . โ He emphasized honesty in daily behavior . Honesty is a moral virtue greatly valued by the Chinese . Many Confucian businessmen insisted on the principle of honesty in running enterprises in the past and established time - honored brands . Loyalty stresses service to the motherland . It is an emotion and a value that evolves from blood ties and means that in cases of foreign invasion citizens should exert all efforts to protect their country as they would protect their own homes . Loyalty also means faithfulness to family and friends . Filial piety is another important value in Confucianism . According to Confucius , โ Respecting and supporting the family โ s senior members and handling their funeral affairs ( zunlao , jinglao , yanglao , songlao , ๅฐ่ ใ ๆฌ่ ใ ๅ
ป่ ใ ้่ ) โ are duties of younger generations , and โ caring for the old and nurturing the young ( lao you duo yang , shao you suo yi , ่ๆๆๅ
ป ๏ผ ๅฐๆๆไพ ) โ are fundamental family virtues . Harmony in China โ s Foreign Relations The Chinese traditional cultural values of harmony , benevolence , righteousness , courtesy , wisdom , honesty , loyalty , and filial piety are embodied in China โ s diplomacy through the concept of harmony , the most important Chinese traditional value . Harmony But Not Uniformity According to the concept of harmony , the universe unites diversity . Difference does not necessarily equal contradiction . Differences sometimes evolve into contradictions , but sometimes they constitute a necessary condition for harmony . There are many examples in which differences complement each other in nature and society . Uniting diversity is the basis for the generation of new things . Confucius said , โ The gentleman aims at harmony , and not at uniformity ( junzi he er bu tong , ๅๅญๅ่ไธๅ ) . โ Thus , a gentleman may hold different views , but he does not In the 1950s , the People โ s Republic of China put forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence โ mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty ; mutual nonaggression ; noninterference in each other โ s internal affairs ; equality and mutual benefit ; and peaceful coexistence . These principles show how China โ s diplomatic strategy embodies the value of harmony . Over the past five decades , the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence have been widely accepted by most countries and have become important criteria for standardizing international relationships . On December 24 , 2002 , former Chinese president Jiang Zemin visited the United States and delivered a speech on China โ s diplomatic concept of harmony but not uniformity . Jiang said , โ More than 2,000 years ago , the Chinese thinker Confucius brought forward the idea that โ the gentleman aims at harmony , and not at uniformity . โ It meant that harmony promotes coexistence and co - prosperity whereas differences complement and support each other . โ The law of harmony but not uniformity is important for social development and as a standard for people At the end of 2003 , then Chinese premier Wen Jiabao spoke at Harvard University and said , โ โ Harmony without uniformity โ is a great idea put forth by ancient Chinese thinkers . It means harmony without sameness and difference without conflict . Harmony entails coexistence and co - prosperity , while difference conduces to mutual complementation and mutual support . โ In May 2005 , then Chinese president Hu Jintao advanced the concept of a โ harmonious world โ at a high - level UN meeting . Noninterference in other countries โ internal affairs is an important foreign policy directive for the Chinese government . When one country has problems in its internal affairs , China believes that interfering , such as stirring up trouble by supporting one side in attacking another , is immoral . In recent centuries , China suffered invasions , humiliation , and much interference in its internal affairs , most notably by Western powers that forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties . The Chinese are thus opposed to the interference of other countries in a nation โ s internal From these current examples , it is clear that the concept of harmony has an impact on China โ s modern - day diplomacy . It is also paramount in guiding the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and China โ s policy on intervention โ both cornerstones of China โ s foreign relations today . Mutual Respect Between Countries According to Lao Tse โ s Tao Te Ching ( Dao De Jing , ้ๅพท็ป ) , โ A great state is like a low - lying , downward - flowing stream ; it becomes the center to which tend all the small states under heaven . . . . Stillness may be considered a sort of abasement . Thus it is that a great state , by putting itself on a lower level than small states , wins them over and that small states , by showing their deference to a great state , win it over . For 1 This means a bigger state should win the trust of a smaller state by acting modestly and vice versa . So the great state should not have an excessive desire to control the small one , and the small one should not grovel to the greater one . To achieve their respective goals , the great state should be particularly modest . Lao Tse also said , โ The rivers and seas are paid tribute by all the streams because of their skill in being lower than the streams โ it is thus that they are the kings of them all . 2 So it is that the sage ruler , wishing to be above men , puts himself by his words below them . . . . Therefore all in the world delight to exalt him and do not weary of him . Because he does not strive , no one finds it possible to strive against him . โ 3 This implies that if only people could turn away from fighting and internecine strife and instead make a concerted effort to move toward cooperating on coexistence and mutual development , human society could have a promising future . This view applies to China โ s foreign strategy because China sees all countries , big or small , as equal . Big and powerful countries should not bully small and weak ones . Big countries should not measure other countries against their own values and political systems nor should they despise , attack , or even exterminate those countries that do not comply with their own values and world view . Regardless of size , all countries should respect each other , learn from each other , and pursue coexistence and mutual development . China โ s Foreign Ministry spokesperson delivered a speech in 2012 on the EU โ s ban prohibiting its members from importing oil from Iran and imposing sanctions on Iran โ s Central Bank . He said that China insists on solving international disputes through dialogue and consultation . China is opposed to the unilateral sanctions on Iran and particularly disapproves of the expansion of these sanctions . Pressure and sanctions can not solve the problems in Iran . On the contrary , they will make the issues more complicated and severe by intensifying antagonism and disturbing regional peace and China โ s aid , investment , and trade to African countries do not attach any political conditions , a practice that demonstrates how a big country can show respect for smaller and poorer countries . China has endured many unequal treaties and has had conditions added on to loans by foreign powers . As a result , China opposes investment and loans to developing countries that carry additional political conditions . It tries to go by the traditional tenet , โ Do not do to others what you would not like to be done to you . โ As for China โ s relationship with its neighbors , the government pursues a policy of โ fostering a harmonious , secure , and prosperous neighboring environment . โ For instance , the Chinese government has pushed forward the Six - Party Talks on North Korea โ s nuclear - weapons program and played the role of mediator in resolving U.S. โ North Korean disputes . Based on the principles of mutual benefit , cooperation , and win - win development , the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established by China , Russia , and the five Central Asian countries . It has racked up impressive achievements over the past ten years . China also exchanges and cooperates with the Association of Southeast Nations , India , Pakistan , and other neighboring countries equally . All these initiatives reflect the principle that big countries should respect small ones . Lonely at the Top The value of harmony stresses a comprehensive and logical view of every issue . The Qian Diagram ( qian gua , ไนพๅฆ ) in the Book of Changes ( yi jing , ใ ๆ็ป ใ ) says , โ the proud dragon repents ( kang long you hui , ไบข้พๆๆ ) . โ This means that things in the extreme do not last long , just as dragons suffocate , freeze , and fall when they fly too high . And according to Lao Tse โ s Dao De Jing ( Dao De Jing , ใ ้ๅพท็ป ใ ) , At a press conference on March 14 , 2010 , Wen Jiabao said , โ China โ s development will not impact any other country . China does not seek hegemony when it is developing , and China will never seek hegemony even if it is developed in the future . โ Wen โ s words embody the concept of it being lonely at the top ( gao chu bu sheng han , ้ซๅคไธ่ๅฏ ) . Lao Tse said , โ He who stands on his tiptoes does not stand firm ; he who stretches his legs does not walk easily . He who displays himself does not shine ; he who asserts his own views is not distinguished ; he who vaunts himself does not find his merit acknowledged ; he who is conceited has no superiority allowed to him . โ 4 According to this line of thought , when a country grows more powerful , it should not become arrogant and conceited , nor should it aim to be a superpower . As for China โ s relationship with the United States , China does not challenge the United States โ position of primacy or seek to directly counter the United States on issues that do not involve China โ s core interests . China โ s skill in balancing and coordinating interests and contradictions between the two countries and maintaining a neutral , โ neither friend nor enemy โ relationship with the United States indicates that China โ s political practices encompass this wisdom . Reasonable Struggle The value of harmony insists that nonantagonistic conflicts should be handled through consultation , coordination , and balanced means to achieve equilibrium . But in certain cases , such as foreign invasions , one should firmly fight back in self - defense and counter injustice with a just war . As the old Chinese saying goes , โ Those who do not offend will not be offended . Those who offend will be offended ( ren bu fan wo wo bu fan ren , ren ruo fan wo wo bi fan ren , ไบบไธ็ฏๆๆไธ็ฏไบบ ๏ผ ไบบ่ฅ็ฏๆๆๅฟ
็ฏไบบ ) . โ In the face of insults , oppression , and aggression from other countries , people should be brave and succeed in their struggles by leveraging political wisdom and other means . Sun Tzu โ s The Art of War ( Sunzi bingfa , ใ ๅญๅญๅ
ตๆณ ใ ) elaborates on using wisdom to fight against the enemy . Thus , traditional Chinese culture includes not only Confucianism , which focuses on the cultivation of virtues and the maintenance of ethics , but also the Art of War for military strategy and tactics . For instance , in the case of the South China Sea , where the Philippines โ provocations threatened China โ s territorial sovereign right to the islands , the Chinese government tried to solve the issue via diplomatic means and peaceful negotiations . However , to defend the integrity of state sovereignty , territorial waters , islands , and islets , China may engage in struggle if necessary . A World of Universal Harmony The ideal society according to traditional Chinese cultural values is โ a world for all ( shi jie da tong , ไธ็ๅคงๅ ) and a world of universal harmony ( tian xia wei gong , ๅคฉไธไธบๅ
ฌ ) . โ In order to realize this ideal , the value of harmony advocates mutual respect , peace , cooperation , coexistence , and win - win development , which are embodied in China โ s diplomatic policies . Since the beginning of the new century , peaceful development , harmonious society , mutual benefit , and win - win development have become China โ s diplomatic maxims . On September 23 , 2009 , Hu Jintao advanced the notion of โ [ fostering ] a new security concept featuring mutual trust , mutual benefit , equality , and coordination โ at a UN conference . The aim of building a harmonious world advanced by Hu Jintao directly embodies China โ s traditional value of harmony , which is an unprecedented concept in international society . Building a harmonious world requires making civilizations coexist . The idea of building a harmonious world is completely distinct from the values of the โ law of the jungle , โ or power politics , and presents a new way to solve international conflicts . 1 ๅคง้ฆ่
ไธๆต ๏ผ ๅคฉไธไนไบคไน ๏ผ ๅคฉไธไน็ ๏ผ ็ๅธธไปฅ้่็ก ๏ผ ไปฅ้ไธบไธ ใ ๆ
ๅคง้ฆไปฅไธๅฐ้ฆ ๏ผ ๅๅๅฐ้ฆ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ฆไปฅไธๅคง้ฆ ๏ผ ๅๅๅคง้ฆ ใ ๆ
ๆไธไปฅๅ ๏ผ ๆไธ่ๅ ใ ๅคง้ฆไธ่ฟๆฌฒๅ
ผ็ไบบ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ฆไธ่ฟๆฌฒๅ
ฅไบไบบ ใ ๅคซไธค่
ๅๅพๅ
ถๆๆฌฒ ๏ผ ๅคง่
ๅฎไธบไธ ใ 2 ๆฑๆตทๆไปฅ่ฝไธบ็พ่ฐท็่
๏ผ ไปฅๅ
ถๅไธไน ๏ผ ๆ
่ฝไธบ็พ่ฐท็ ใ 3 ไปฅๅ
ถไธไบ ๏ผ ๆ
ๅคฉไธ่ซ่ฝไธไนไบ ใ 4 ไผ่
ไธ็ซ ๏ผ ่ทจ่
ไธ่ก ใ ่ช่ง่
ไธๆ ๏ผ ่ชๆฏ่
ไธๅฝฐ ๏ผ ่ชไผ่
ๆ ๅ ๏ผ ่ช็่
ไธ้ฟ ใ This article was published as part of the Window into China series | [
"China โs Traditional Cultural Values",
"National Identity",
"FOREIGN RELATIONS"
] |
http://carnivorabattle.proboards.com/thread/4 | Reply The 10 Biggest Eagle in the World . . Actions ยซ Prev 1 2 3 4 Next ยป bob Administrator Posts : 174 Sep 28 , 2009 at 12 : 08am Quote Sep 28 , 2009 at 12 : 08am Stellars Sea Eagle . . .length 85 - 105cm . . .wing 220 - 245cm , 221 - 244cm . . .weight 6.8 - 9kg World ' s Biggest Eagle , one of two eagles that rivals the harpy eagle in weight . . .but , like other fish eagles , the talons and feet r weaker and smaller than booted eagles , such as the golden eagle Australian Wedge - Tailed Eagle once believed to posses the longest wingspan of all eagles , current data suggest about the same wingspan as other large eagles , length mainly due to long diamond - shaped tail , surprisngly lightweight for its size , very lanky . . .one of the longest wingspans , avg 2.3m in the past , records of up to 2.79 , 2.84cm , even 3.35m Berkut Golden Eagle avg 6.5kg , record 12kg + 76 - 102cm ( NA subspecies ) wing 2.1m , record 2.8m , 203 - 224cm ( NA SUBSPECIES ) one of the heaviest eagles , record up to 12kg wild specimen ( unlike harpy ' s record captive ) . . .also longest recorded wingspan at up to 2.8m Bald Eagle 79 - 94cm wing 178 - 229cm avg 5.2kg , up to 6.3kg very large eagle , wingspan somehow not as impressive , while weaker talons compared to golden eagles Harpy Eagle 89 - 102cm wing approx 2m 7.2 - 7.7kg , up to 9kg World ' s most powerful eagle Philippine Eagle 90 - 100cm approx 2m wing weight NO RELIABLE DATA , probably max 8kg Often clamied as the largest eagle but the bulk of its " size " ( like the wedge - tailed eagle ) actually derived from its long legs , giving a false impression of great size . . .the talons and claws r not the most powerful , but the beak is 2nd only to the stellars sea eagle among the eagles . . . Crowned Eagle with Ververt Monkey prey Hugh Chittenden African Crowned Eagle 81 - 90cm wing NO DATA Africa ' s most powerful eagle , however it is very lightweight . . .avg only 4kg + for females . . .probably the 3rd most powerful eagle White - tailed sea eagle bulky stout eagle . . 70 - 92cm , 66 - 89cm wing up to 2.4m , 2 - 2.45m , 183 - 239cm weight avg 5.5kg . 5.1kg , up to 7.5kg , range 3.1 - 7kg , 3.6 - 6.5kg African Martial Eagle 76 - 83cm wing 2.1m avg 5.1kg , up to 6.2kg Africa ' s largest eagle , however not as large as other eagles above . . .very powerful and attacks big prey for its size . . .the talons and legs r slim and long , a specialization for hunting birds , which r its main prey . .rather short tail , like the eurasian sea eagle . . .used to be classified in a genus of its own ( polemaetus ) but changed to Hieeratus ( hawk - eagles ) , and recently some scientist placed it with the Aquila ( booted eagles ) . . . Verreaux ' s Eagle a very striking jet - black eagle , not as big as most big eagles 72 - 90cm wing 2.1m weight avg 5kg , up to 5.8kg Last Edit : Sep 28 , 2009 at 4 : 07am by bob Administrator Posts : 174 Sep 30 , 2009 at 12 : 36am Quote Sep 30 , 2009 at 12 : 36am African Fish Eagle a large eagle , but not large enough to be in the top 10 . . . Several eagles also about the same size with this eagle , notably the asian white - bellied sea eagle , steppe eagle etc . . .i dont consider the spanish nor imperial eagle as diiferent frum the golden eagle . . .the steppe has shorter wings , on avg Last Edit : Sep 30 , 2009 at 12 : 39am by Mulawin2010 Guest Jan 27 , 2012 at 3 : 40am Jan 27 , 2012 at 3 : 40am The Great Philippine Eagle Just Look at those huge talons Harpy eagle Often dubbed as the most powerful eagle ( Theoretically ) because of it ' s thick legs and longest Hind talons But I Doub and I think this has to be proved objectively . Harpy is a sloth eater 80 % of it ' s diet ( Sloth - eating eagle ) Basically it feeds on tree dwelling animals like birds , small monkeys and sloth the Largest prey it takes was a 17 lb Two - toed sloth and a 15 lb howler monkeys . Philippine Eagle 98 - 112 cm long 102 cm on average , weighs up to 18 lb . It feeds on monkeys , civets , flying lemurs , large birds , giant cloud rat , reptiles such as large snakes and monitor lizards , small dogs and pigs . with the Largest wing - surface area among all the eagle specie capable of more powerful lift than any other eagle . Philippine eagle ' s Largest prey on record : a 30 lb Cervus deer found on it ' s nest in 1985 , carrying a mature female macaque in one leg Source : Threatened Birds Of Asia Mulawin2010 Guest Jan 27 , 2012 at 3 : 53am Jan 27 , 2012 at 3 : 53am The Great Philippine Eagle { / size ] One of the Largest and Most Powerful Birds in the World . Broadest Wings Huge Beak and Largest Skull ATB Feb 9 , 2012 at 11 : 57pm Feb 9 , 2012 at 11 : 57pm BTW The Philippine Eagle is considered the Most Powerful Eagle in the World ! Guest Jul 27 , 2012 at 7 : 42pm Jul 27 , 2012 at 7 : 42pm Here are lists of the top five eagles going on weight , length and , lastly , wingspan . Unless otherwise noted via reference , the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the guide Raptors of the World ( Ferguson - Lees , et al . ) , in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the authors were listed . Data Comparison Source : Ferguson - Lees , J . ; Christie , D . ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 8026 - 1 . They could be measured variously in total length , body mass or wingspan . Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species . For example , many forest - dwelling eagles , including the very large Harpy and Philippine Eagles , have relatively short wingspans , a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick , short bursts through dense forested habitats . On the other hand , eagles in the genus Aquila are found almost strictly in open country , are superlative soarers , and have relatively long wings for their size . ATB hailer New Member Posts : 1 Aug 25 , 2012 at 8 : 25am Aug 25 , 2012 at 8 : 25am Base on the data you have presented it seems that the philippine eagle and the steller ' s eagle has the highest claim for the largest . the philippine eagle ' s wingspan can reach up to the maximum 2.5 m ( 8.2ft ) with the largest wing surface area however when u based it in average the steller ' s eagle exceeds it in size . i have done a lot of research about what is realy the largest . when u have to compare harpy and philippine eagle obviously the philippine eagle is larger in size . at David Sep 11 , 2012 at 7 : 10pm Sep 11 , 2012 at 7 : 10pm Contrary to what we used to know Harpy eagle is always listed heavier than the Philippine eagle . The data above shows that on average the Philippine eagle is heavier than Harpy eagle and the Longest and tallest extant eagle while Steller ' s sea eagle is the heaviest . Both the Steller ' s sea eagle and Philippine eagle earned two points each on the chart . Thakns for the Info ! Killers Sep 30 , 2012 at 12 : 23am Sep 30 , 2012 at 12 : 23am You ' re right the philippine eagle and the steller ' s eagle has the highest claim for the largest both of them earned two points . Being strongest is not realy my concern it is still a matter of a big debate . There are three major criteria I based my conclusion to what is realy the largest eagle in the world , Weight , Wingspan , Height . These are the three Eagle that vie for the title . Steller ' s Eagle , Philippine Eagle , Harpy Eagle . Weight : 1 . Steller ' s Sea Eagle - Undoubtly the heaviest eagle in the world . 2 . Philippine Eagle - Based on the Data shown above , but the maximum reported weight is surpassed by Harpy Eagle , 9Kg vs 8Kg . 3 . Harpy Eagle Height : 1 . Philippine Eagle - Surely the Tallest eagle in the World . 112 cm 2 . Harpy eagle - 107 cm 3 . Steller ' s Sea eagle - 105 cm Wingspan : 1 . Steller ' s Sea Eagle - 2.5 m , Second largest wingspan of any eagle 2 . Philippine Eagle - 2.5 m maximum reported , Broadest in the world , means largest wing surface area . 3 . Harpy Eagle - 2.2 m Maximum reported In my own personal opinion the Philippine Eagle in the largest eagle in the World . For me weight does n ' t really matter to what is the largest you can be smaller but heavier larger but lighter , but this was the rule in zoology heavier means larger . For me its the size that really matters not the weight . since the Philippine eagle is the largest eagle in terms of Physical Dimensions , it ' s maximum weight can surpassed all other living eagle specie , the point is they are not pets for competition they Now , when in terms of beauty undoubtedly the Philippine eagle is the Most Beautiful Eagle in the World . Even David Attenborough can say that . The Greatest of All Eagles , Its Signature Headdress is a Flamboyant crown that outclasses any other eagle in the world , its dusky blue grey eyes and beak is the only one of its kind in the planet . The color combination of the feathers is so unique and perfect . Its majestic looks gives a lion like appearance making it very distinctive from all other birds in the world . bobwhite Sep 19 , 2013 at 9 : 53pm Sep 19 , 2013 at 9 : 53pm @ Guest said : Here are lists of the top five eagles going on weight , length and , lastly , wingspan . Unless otherwise noted via reference , the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the guide Raptors of the World ( Ferguson - Lees , et al . ) , in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the authors were listed . Data Comparison Source : Ferguson - Lees , J . ; Christie , D . ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 8026 - 1 . They could be measured variously in total length , body mass or wingspan . Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species . For example , many forest - dwelling eagles , including the very large Harpy and Philippine Eagles , have relatively short wingspans , a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick , short bursts through dense forested habitats . On the other hand , eagles in the genus Aquila are found almost strictly in open country , are superlative soarers , and have relatively long wings for their size . Bluebeak 2013 Oct 31 , 2013 at 3 : 47am Oct 31 , 2013 at 3 : 47am 90 - 100cm approx 2m wing weight NO RELIABLE DATA , probably max 8kg Often claimed as the largest eagle but the bulk of its " size " ( like the wedge - tailed eagle ) actually derived from its long legs , giving a false impression of great size . . .the talons and claws r not the most powerful , but the beak is 2nd only to the stellars sea eagle among the eagles " . . . Surely Philippine eagle is the TALLEST , LONGEST eagle in the world and Largest wing surface area among all the living eagles and with the largest beak which actually rivals the Steller ' s sea eagles ' on the largest beak . Babu Jan 2 , 2014 at 10 : 29am Jan 2 , 2014 at 10 : 29am The ' White - Bellied Sea Eagle ' should be the third largest - wingspan upto 7ft and length upto 90 cm . Weight is about 4.5 kg , considering its a fishing eagle - I have seen it and its huge . Here is the wikipedia link - en . wikipedia . org / wiki / White_bellied_Sea_Eagle CRISOSTOMO IBARRA Jan 27 , 2014 at 7 : 44pm Jan 27 , 2014 at 7 : 44pm Asia - pacific Philippine Eagle under threat Only 400 pairs of the world ' s largest eagle are left in the wild due to poaching and decimated forest habitats . Last updated : 23 Jan 2014 11 : 30 Listen to this page using ReadSpeaker www . aljazeera . com / video / asia - pacific / Share article Send Feedback Environmentalists are worried that the Philippine Eagle will soon be extinct . The rarest and biggest eagle in the world needs rainforests and large trees to live in , but almost 90 percent of the country โ s forests have disappeared . Poaching also remains rampant as people in the southern Philippines believe eating eagles will guarantee a longer , healthier life . Around 400 pairs of Philippine eagles are left in the wild . Link : www . aljazeera . com / video / asia - pacific / 2014 / 01 / philippine - eagle - under - threat - 201412392323128607 . html Jared Mar 16 , 2014 at 10 : 28pm Mar 16 , 2014 at 10 : 28pm What about the Haast ' s Eagle of New Zealand David Mar 20 , 2014 at 10 : 59pm Mar 20 , 2014 at 10 : 59pm Haast ' s eagle ( Harpagornis moorei ) was the largest eagle that had ever lived along with Woodward ' s eagle ( Amplibuteo woodwardi ) they are about of the same size about 140 cm in lenght . Haast ' s eagle . . .and both are already extinct . | [
"Biggest Eagle",
"Stellars Sea Eagle",
"Australian Wedge"
] |
http://carolinabeach.insiderinfo.us/ | Carolina Beach , NC and Kure Beach , NC Hotels , Motels , Rentals , Restaurants and more . . . Photos Videos Carolina Beach and Kure Beach , NC , also known as Pleasure Island , offer pristine uncrowded beaches , sparking surf , quality family activities , affordable accommodations , watersports , fishing , shopping , delicious fresh seafood , and Southern charm . Carolina Beach and Kure Beach are very popular with visitors , residents , and newcomers seeking a quaint yet thriving beach town . Just a 30 minute drive from historic downtown Wilmington , this laid - back friendly island offers relaxation , miles of sandy beaches , and events and festivals to keep you entertained all year read more | [
"Carolina Beach",
"Kure Beach"
] |
http://carpetprices.org/carpet-prices-per-square-foot/ | Berber , Wool And Other Styles Of Carpet Prices Per Square Foot Carpet prices for square foot for Berber , wool , and other styles vary by cost depending on quality , installation , square footage , and more . Determining the carpet prices per square foot that you can expect to pay for your new flooring is important , so that you can find the right carpeting at the right price . Different types of carpeting often have different price points , so determining the budget that you โ ll have to set aside can be difficult . But by performing the proper preparatory actions , you can ensure that you figure out a budget that โ s affordable to you , so that you can find the carpet you want , at a price that you can afford How Much Carpet Is Needed ? The first step will always be to determine the exact amount of square feet that any room encompasses . This is important for determining the carpet prices per square foot you can expect to pay . Federal law dictates that carpeting cost needs to be determined by the amount per square foot , so knowing the layout of your home is important if you want to receive accurate price estimates . That means you should measure the length and width of each room , and then multiply the numbers by one another . This way you get a rough estimate Types Of Carpet Another thing to consider , is the type of carpeting that you โ re looking for . When it comes to carpet prices per square foot , a large determining factor is the type that you choose . The most common is cut - pile , which is what you โ ll find in most houses . This is usually the cheapest , and also the most commonly found , so you can expect to save money . Otherwise there are longer more stylish cuts , like frieze , although they can be more expensive , due to their style Carpet Materials Another big factor is in the composition of the carpeting itself . In many cases , a large determining factor in the carpet prices per square foot , is the thickness , or durability that the carpeting carries . There will be different types targeted to different home styles . When there will be a lot of foot traffic , you โ ll need carpeting that can stand up to the task . Although the more durable , and more punishment that the carpeting is intended to absorb , the higher the cost will be in the end . This The Bottom Line For Pricing In most cases the carpet prices per square foot will range between $ 1 to $ 4 , depending upon the type of carpet that you choose . There are also a variety of places to find carpeting , from hardware stores , to furniture outlets and even online web stores . Hardware and furniture you should be able to find in your area , but for online you โ ll always want a reputable retailer like CarpetOne . com . That way you get the material you need , and the carpet prices per square foot you can afford . There are many stores and websites that offer tons of options for your carpeting . Here is just one example of that in video form . | [
"Carpet Prices",
"Carpet Materials"
] |
http://carpevitahomecare.com/8-tips-for-improving-quality-of-life-with-a-disability/ | Home Disabilities 8 Tips for Improving Quality of Life With a Disability 8 Tips for Improving Quality of Life With a Disability Posted on admin in Disabilities on March 10 2014 No Comments Disabilities are more common than most people think Most disabilities are the result of an accident injury aging or illness and although most people think having a disability leads to a lower quality of life the good news is that there are some easy things you can do to improve your quality of life These 8 tips for improving quality of life with a disability will help Improve the Atmosphere in Your Home A home should be a place where a person can feel their best Consider the atmosphere in your home and notice the way it makes you feel What changes can you make to transform the feeling into one that is peaceful cheerful tranquil uplifting or whatever feeling you are going for Remove clutter and find ways to allow in more natural light Have your walls painted a new color Eliminate bad smells and freshen up the room with a natural essential oil diffuser Add real plants to bring more life into the home and set the mood you are going Get Outside Every Day No matter how great the atmosphere is inside being inside a home too much can lead to depression and laziness Getting fresh air everyday is important for your spirit your wellbeing and your overall health Add variety by getting out into your yard or garden going to a park or taking trips to a nearby outdoor attraction If getting outside on your own isnt something you can do with your disability enlist the help of a friend family member or a home care company who can help you find the right caregivercompanion Foster Your Hobbies This is one of the most important tips for improving quality of life with a disability If your disability keeps you from doing certain physical activities the bright side is that it can free up time to work on other hobbies For example you might not able to go hiking anymore but you might now have time to work on your music art or crafts Maybe you miss playing a certain sport like baseball but that could free you up to engage in the sport in other ways like collecting baseball cards or starting a fan page on Facebook about Make a Difference It is the people who find the power within them to do good for others that continue leading meaningful lives Use your skills and talents to help others Perhaps you want to help people who have a similar disability as you Maybe there is a cause that you always wished you had time to get involved in get involved now It could be as simple as using what you are good at to make even the slightest difference for another person like writing inspiring articles knitting blankets for those in need or even just inspiring someone else to follow their Keep Working Work keeps people busy and feeling important making it one of the best tips for improving quality of life with a disability If your disability has caused you to leave your job it doesnt have to be the end of work for you There are plenty of jobs that can be done from home as long as you have a computer or telephone There are organizations that help disabled people find and get to jobs Working keeps you involved with other people it gives you something to do and feel good about and it can also help you engage in Maintain Relationships Being around people who love you such as friends family members or companions is an important part of what gives us purpose in our lives Interacting with people keeps our minds sharp and wards off depression Make sure you are spending time with others on a daily basis If you dont have any friends or family members whom you can visit with frequently you can hire a home care companion who can take you for walks play games with you take you shopping help you with housework and more Exercise Everyday Exercise isnt just for people without disabilities it is a necessity for every individual Without it your body can not function the way it needs to which leads to decreasing health and depression No matter what your disability is there is some form of exercise you can do Walking water aerobics gardening and light housework are all forms of exercise that can help keep your body in shape Get Proper Nutrition If we were going to give you only one tip for improving quality of life with a disability this would be it You would be amazed at the amount of disabilities that improve when certain foods are avoided and when nutrientdense foods are increased in a persons diet We are what we eat and too many of the foods we eat these days do not react well in our bodies Reverting back to more natural foods and homecooked meals and staying away from processed foods artificial sweeteners and additives can have a huge impact on how we feel Many people Sources httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksNBK44662 httpwwwwikihowcomEnhanceDailyLifeforaPersonwithaDisability Photo Credits freedigitalphotosnet stockimages Like this Be the first to like this If you enjoyed this article please consider sharing it | [
"Disability",
"Quality of Life",
"Maintain Relationships"
] |
http://carreonandassociates.com/repossession/ | Your Repossession Rights When your car is seized by the creditor , what are your rights Dealing with the creditor after the " repossession " ( reselling the car ) Your credit reports affected by the repo Repossession laws by state & more FAQ about a repo It ' s a bad day when your car gets repossessed . Ending your work day by discovering the repo man has come and gone is a terrible situation . We dont always have enough money to pay our credit cards , but not making our car payment carries a whole separate set of circumstances . One being , your transportation can vanish . There ' s a lot of confusion surrounding the legalities of a car repossession and people generally have no idea what their rights are pertaining to the car or how to protect themselves . The Repossession Process When you buy a car , truck , or other vehicle on credit , you should be aware that until you have made the last payment your creditor retains important rights in the vehicle . These rights are established by the contract you signed and by the laws of your state . Your failure to make timely payments on the vehicle carries serious consequences . Your creditor has the right to " repossess " - - take back your car without going to court or , in many states , without warning you in advance . It ' s completely legal to take back a car that ' s behind on payments . You have to remember , that car secured the loan . Its collateral protect the creditor . No judgment is needed to repo your car . However , your creditor ' s right to repossess your car is subject to some limitations . In particular , state law places limits on how your creditor may repossess the vehicle and resell it to reduce or eliminate your debt . If any rules are violated , your creditor may lose other certain rights against you or even be required to pay you damages . Taking Back Your Car Normally , your creditor has legal rights to seize your vehicle as soon as you " default " on your loan . What constitutes default will be stated in your contract , but failure to make a payment on time would certainly be an example . However , if your creditor has agreed to accept your late payments or to change your payment date , the terms of your original contract may no longer apply . Such a change in your credit contract may be made orally , in writing , or , sometimes , simply by your creditor ' s repeated acceptance of late payments without complaint . Once you are in default , the laws of most states permit the creditor to repossess your car without prior notice . If your creditor has repeatedly allowed you to pay late and communicated such with you in writing then it ' s a good idea to keep those letters . An example of this could be where your credit union or bank has told you it will not take actions as long as you are trying your best and making payments to catch up but then suddenly they come in the night and steal your car . That could be an area where they would have to give the car back . When seizing the vehicle , your creditor may not commit a " breach of the peace " ( disturbing the peace ) by using physical force or threats of force . Taking your car over your protest or removing it from a closed garage without your permission also may constitute a breach of the peace , depending on the law in your state . Some customers know this law and will lay on the car , lock themselves inside or make a scene to get the repo agent to back off . Should there be a breach of the peace in seizing your car , your creditor may be required to pay a penalty or , if any harm is done to you or your property , to compensate you . Also , because of a breach of peace , your creditor may lose the right to collect a " deficiency judgment . " A deficiency judgment is the difference between what you owe on your loan and what your creditor receives when reselling your vehicle . A judgment is n ' t automatic . The creditor will have to sue you for the deficiency balance . A private repo attorney or your local legal aid society can give you guidance about how your state courts have dealt with these matters before . Selling Your Car Out From Under You Once your car has been repossessed your creditor may decide to keep the car as payback for your debt or resell it . In any case , generally your creditor must notify you about what will happen to the car . Under most state laws , your creditor must tell you if it wants to keep the car because you have the right to demand that the car be sold instead . You may want to exercise this right if the car is worth more than what you owe on it . Most creditors prefer to sell the car rather than keep it . If your creditor chooses to resell the car at public auction , state law usually requires you to be notified of the date so that if you wish , you can attend and participate in the bidding . You ' d probably be hard pressed to find another loan because of your credit ding so you ' d better show up with cash if you intend on bidding If the vehicle is to be sold privately you are usually entitled to a notice of the date after which it will be sold . In any of these circumstances you may be entitled to " redeem " or buyback the vehicle by paying the full amount owed on it plus the expenses connected with its repossession , such as storage and preparation for sale . Some states have consumer protection laws that also allow you to " reinstate " your loan . This means that you can reclaim your car by paying the amount you are behind on your loan together with your creditor ' s repossession expenses . Check with your state consumer protection office to learn what the laws are in your state . Any resale of a repossessed car must be conducted in a " commercially reasonable manner . " This does not mean that your creditor must get the highest possible price for the car . A resale price that is below fair market value may indicate that the sale was not reasonable . Failure to resell your car in a commercially reasonable manner may give you either a claim against your creditor for damages or a defense against a deficiency judgment . Whatever method is used to dispose of a repossessed car , a creditor may not keep or sell any personal property found inside . If you find that your creditor can not account for valuable articles left in your car you may wish to speak with an attorney about your right to compensation . Paying Back What You Owe The deficiency balance is the amount left over after the car has been sold . Once the car is sold off then the loan becomes unsecured . Since the car is gone , there is no longer collateral attached to the loan and therefore it has become unsecured . Hopefully your creditor will get the full amount of the loan at the sale , but if they dont they ' ll be coming after you for it . Since you will be liable for the remaining balance it would be in your best interest to make sure the creditor gets the best price . Even if you know someone that wants to buy the car then pass this information onto your creditor . It ' s it your best interest to get the BEST price because it will be you paying the deficiency . You can be sued for the deficiency balance and we all know how rotten it feels to pay for something you no longer have . If you can get involved in the sale process , do your best to do so . Many credit unions and smaller banks will try to get the best price but it ' s nice to know you can help in any way by spreading word of the car ' s sale date . Whatever it takes ( legally , of course ) to get yourself involved in that process can only help you in If you ' ve decided to payback the deficiency balance to avoid being sued or because you want to repair your credit , then you stand a pretty good chance of negotiating a settlement and call it even . Because there is no longer any security attached to the loan the creditor may be willing to accept 40 - 60 % of the remaining balance to settle the debt as paid in full . You should put the settlement offer in writing as well as getting their acceptance in writing ( accord and satisfaction ) to protect yourself . Among the terms , ask the creditor to re - rate your account from a ' charge off ' or ' collection ' to a " settled for less " rating . It simply looks better than a paid charge off . Your creditor may not agree to remove the repossession status but at least taking it out of collections and notating it as settled is a step in the right direction . After some Voluntary Repossession May Save You $ $ $ It ' s hard to dispute a repossession so you should contact your creditor when you first realize you will be late with a payment or are expecting delays in the coming months . Communication is key with most debts but especially when it comes to your car . You ' d be surprised how many will work with you on catching up late payments because the creditor really doesnt want to deal with a repossession . It ' s a lot of work . If your creditor refuses to accept delayed payments or work with you and decides to repossess the car then a voluntary repossession may be something you will want to consider . You ' ll save the creditor the expense of tracking down the car and paying the repo man which ultimately , you ' ll have to pay . Can I get my car back ? You can " redeem " the property by offering the creditor the entire unpaid balance on the debt plus expenses reasonably caused by the repossession . You must do this before the creditor has disposed of or sold the property . Usually you can not redeem just by paying the amount in arrears unless the creditor approves it . Many credit unions will allow this but generally speaking , once a creditor has the car in their grips , they will not give it back unless you pay it off . Why would they want to chance it again ? Can I go to jail for hiding the car ? Concealing the car can be a crime . Concealment of a vehicle with intent to hinder a creditor is a felony in some states . You need to read your state statute and see specifically what the rule is . It is probably listed under business or commercial fraud . It ' s not a good idea to hide the car and it ' s really stressful . You ' ll spend a lot of time worrying about it and looking over your shoulder and usually the creditor always finds the car eventually . By then , you ' ll Does a bankruptcy stop a repossession ? A bankruptcy has an automatic stay to protect debtors so any collection efforts would violate the stay . Many times this is how people protect their assets rather than just ceasing payments . A bankruptcy gives you protection rights that not paying does not . A bankruptcy filing can protect your car in most cases so be sure to consult a good bankruptcy attorney about your car repossession . At the very least a bankruptcy will let you hold onto the car legally until your bankruptcy hearing where the trustee will decide if you need to give it back or are allowed to keep it because of necessity to work . If so , the creditor can agree to reaffirm the debt with you and allow you to continue making payments under the bankruptcy . What about a " Repo " on my credit history ? A repossession on your credit is very negative and remains for 7 years so it ' s in your best interest to conduct an investigation of the details . A sloppy record by the creditor may just result in a deletion for you . You should check your credit reports before you decide to dispute it to see exactly how the repo is being reported . Consumers DO remove repos from their credit reports . It ' s really just a matter of record keeping combined with using the fair credit laws to dispute it . If you find that there are flaws in the way the creditor is reporting your car loan you should definitely dispute it . Be aware though , that if you still owe money to the creditor and they have n ' t been able to find you to collect it , bringing attention to yourself through credit report disputes will put you on their radar . On the other hand if you have sued a creditor for an improper repossession and won , then definitely fight for your right on how its being reported in your credit reports including the right to fix or delete it . If you hire an attorney to fight an improper repossession then he will normally work to protect your credit rating as well . What if I feel the repossession was conducted in an illegal manner ? If you think your creditor violated your rights by taking back the car then you should contact a qualified repossession attorney . There can be mistakes with the repossession or straight up violations and you may be able to get your car back or go after the creditor for damages . A good example of this could be as we discussed above - - the creditor accepting your partial payments and then blind - siding you with a repo . This could be considered as " implied acceptance " and therefore , their actions unlawful . Another practice that is illegal would be the improper sale procedures discussed above . You have a right to be involved in the repossession process and that includes the creditor working to get the best possible price for your benefit . If the car had a fair market value of $ 15,000.00 and your creditor sold it for $ 5,000.00 then clearly you ' ve been treated unfairly . State Laws & Repo Codes ( statutes ) To determine the repo laws for your state or the creditor ' s state , you can view the statutes per state . Using this information you can determine what was permissible under the law in repossessing your car and whether it was conducted in an illegal or legal manner . You can also look up state by state repo codes . These repo codes can help you determine what activity is legal in your state like recovery guidelines , deficiency requirements , documents required to transfer ownership of the car , and state motor vehicle provisions . | [
"The Repossession Process"
] |
http://carrollcountyms.org/vaiden/ | Vaiden * * Click Photos for Larger View * * Vaiden Courthouse Vaiden Courthouse At least the third courthouse built in Vaiden , each one was built on a different spot . The present courthouse was completed in 1989 , the bell out front was from the old courthouse which stood where the Children โ s Park now stands . Noah House โ 1875 Noah House The house was built in 1875 , the year after the first courthouse of the 2nd district and Shongalo Presbyterian Church were built down at the bottom of the hill on which this house sits . [ Do n โ t you know those were exciting times for the little town of Vaiden ! ] The house stayed in the McConnico family until it was bought by Vernon and Margaret Anderson in 1946 . Then the house was purchased by Bobby Noah in 1996 . Heritage House โ 1910 Heritage House This beautiful 1910 Victorian home is now a Bed and Breakfast . Retired educator , Rubye Miller , bought the house in 1995 . and has restored it to its original glory . Vaiden Cemetery Vaiden Cemetery The Vaiden Cemetery is one of the oldest in Mississippi . It has graves of Confederate soldiers and many unusual tombstones , including the monument of the โ weeping lady . โ Vaiden High School โ 1874 Vaiden High School In 1874 Dr . and Mrs . C . M . Vaiden built the Vaiden Male and Female Institute . The first teachers were Mr . and Mrs . Charles Henry Barksdale , ancestors of Jim Barksdale , former President and Chief Executive Officer at Netscape Communications Corporation in Mountain View , California . ( It is interesting to see that education is still important in the Barksdale family ) The current building was built in 1941 on the site of the Institute . | [
"Vaiden Courthouse",
"Noah House",
"Heritage House"
] |
http://carrotmuseum.co.uk/nutrition2.html | The Carrot ' s Nutritional Properties Carrots Nutrition and Good Health - Part 2 - bodily functions Main sections : Cancer Heart Disease Stroke Diabetes See in the dark ? Help your stomach Eye Health Breast - Cancer Period Pain PLEASE NOTE : The Carrot Museum does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication . The information contained in this web site has not been verified for correctness . Some of the information contained herein is hearsay and may not be correct . Use the information from this page only at your own risk ! If in doubt consult a doctor . Note : If you have diabetes it is recommended you read this before eating carrots . Speak to your doctor or health - care provider about vitamin A rich carotenoids if you have diabetes or are at risk for developing the condition . Read more here Speak to your doctor or health - care provider about vitamin A rich carotenoids if you have diabetes or are at risk for developing the condition . Read more ( A cautionary note - The Carrot Museum cautions you to not believe all studies . Please trust your own judgment . As a researcher I am happy to share and cite studies that appear promising , that carrots provide health giving properties . However the body and individual metabolisms and gene make up are all different so it is difficult to be positive that any of it will work for any particular individual . In fact it is often difficult to ensure , or decipher , whether any of the research is not financially or otherwise biased . You Quick Summary - Carrot has remarkable nutritional and health benefits . There are good reasons to include carrots in human diet , since they are enriched with carotenoids , phenolic compounds , polyacetylenes , and vitamins and by this reason they may help reduce the risk of some diseases . Experimental evidence has reported that these carrot compounds exert antioxidative , anticarcinogenic , and immunoenhancer effects . Anti - diabetic , cholesterol and cardiovascular disease lowering , anti - hypertensive , hepatoprotective , renoprotective , and wound healing benefits of carrot have also been reported . The mechanism by which these carrot http : / / dx . doi . org / 10.4236 / fns . 2014 . 522227 Simple summary sheets - " Why Everyone Should Eat more Carrots " The Health Benefits of Carrots and The Benefits of Carrot Juice Carrots are more nutritious when cut by a knife ! - read here . Home recipes for face / body products - read more There is some evidence that beta - carotene in combination with selenium , vitamin C , and vitamin E might lo wer high - density lipoprotein 2 ( HDL2 ) cholesterol levels . Glutathione ( GSH ) , another natural antioxidant , may also be important in blood pressure and glucose homeostasis , consistent with the involvement of free radicals in both essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus . Glutathione improves liver detoxification by binding to toxins and neutralising their harmful effects The carrot contains calcium , potassium , vitamin B and C . Calcium helps prevent the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contracting of the muscular wall of the vessels . Potassium promotes regular heartbeat . Vitamin B improves metabolism . Vitamin C protects cells against free radicals and strengthens blood vessel walls . Vitamin A in carrot is important in vision ; a deficiency in vitamin A will inhibit the reformation of rhodopsin and lead to night blindness . It also improves coughing and high blood pressure . Enough sun exposure everyday helps vitamin A take effect . Carrots possess strong antiseptic qualities , can be used as a laxative , vermicide ( worm expelling agent ) , poultice and for the treatment of liver conditions . Carrots contain cholesterol - lowering pectin . U.S. Department of Agriculture research suggests two carrots a day may lower cholesterol 10 up to 20 percent . Ordinary carrot oil is particularly suitable for dry and chapped skin and helps make the skin noticeably softer , smoother , firmer , and has been used in Europe for decades in baby oil , lip care , night creams , vitamin creams , and body lotions . Mix 4 drops of oil into 2 teaspoons of a carrier oil such as almond or apricot kernel . Read more , also a home made recipe face mask . Never rub neat oil directly onto your skin - any pure essential oil can burn . CANCER Your mother may have told you that carrots will make your eyes sharper , but that ' s not the only power of carrots . Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene , which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung , mouth , throat , stomach , intestine , bladder , prostate and breast . Some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer , but this has not proven that eating carrots , unless in very large quantities - 2 to 3 kilos a day , can cause cancer . In fact , a substance called falcarinol that is found in carrots has been found to reduce the risk of cancer , according to researchers at Danish Institute of Agricultural This substance is a polyacethylen , soluble in water and therefore some falcarinol is lost during boiling , but not all of it . In further experiments ( read here ) , it was found that if they are boiled whole or steamed , the loss is approx . 30 % ( so there is still 70 % in the carrot ) , while if they are cut into small pieces before boiling , the loss is much greater , more like 60 % lost ( 40 % retained in the carrots ) . When they are boiled ( using any method ) the carrots are easier to digest , so it is likely that you take up more of the falcarinol in them ( lose less of it in the stools ) . Due to this it is not possible to say if boiled is better or worse than raw , since a better bioavailability can easily make up for the 30 % loss . According to Swedish researchers , eating plenty of carrots can lower your risk for lung cancer . A recent study found that although non - smokers have a lower risk of developing lung cancer than smokers do , non - smokers who eat a lot of fruits and vegetables can decrease that risk even more . Read full article on Falcarinol here . Non - smokers with a high vegetable intake lower their risk by about 30 percent . Those who eat a lot of non - citrus fruits lower their risk by about 40 percent . But the real wonder vegetable appears to be carrots . Vitamin A helps normal cell reproduction . When cells do not reproduce ( differentiate ) Studies have found that eating a lot of carrots is a strong indicator of lower cancer risk . That ' s probably because carrots are a valuable source of a wide variety of substances in food called carotenoids with exotic names like cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin . Carotenoids provide a wealth of health benefits , including protection from the damages of free radicals that have been linked to cancer . As antioxidants , they can help fight cancers of the bladder , larynx , esophagus , stomach , colon / rectum and prostate . Beta carotene is an antioxidant vitamin . Read more about antioxidants here . The cancer preventive activity of vitamin E has been suggested by many epidemiologic studies . However , several recent large - scale human trials with ฮฑ - tocopherol , the most commonly recognized and used form of vitamin E , failed to show a cancer preventive effect . The recently finished follow - up of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial ( SELECT ) even showed higher prostate cancer incidence in subjects who took ฮฑ - tocopherol supplementation . The scientific community is divided and the general public are faced with a question : โ Does vitamin E The most encouraging news about carrots anti - cancer properties comes from studies into Falcarinol - Read full article on Falcarinol here . Doctors at UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas say the best thing you can do to lower your risk for lung cancer is to not smoke . Then if you eat your fruits and vegetables , you can lower your risk even more . Because the ingredients of Carrots lower your blood sugars they can be used to good advantage in the prevention of cancer , diabetes , dyspepsia and gout , even heart disease . The root is prepared in various ways for use on tumours , cancerous ulcers , cancerous wounds , tumors of the testicles , mammary carcinoma and skin ulcers . The juice of the root is applied to carcinomous ulcers of the neck and uterus , cancer of the bowels and stomach cancer . Scraped roots are used to stimulate indolent ulcers . Cancer - fearers may be reinforced by the knowledge that carrots are relatively high in fibre , retinoid like substances , and the seeds also contain the rather ubiquitous ร - sitosterol . This , alone and in combination with similar plant sterols , reduces blood levels of cholesterol . This appears to be because beta - sitosterol blocks absorption of cholesterol . It has also been effective in reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia . While information at this time is incomplete as to the relation of the vitamin E complex to human nutrition and body processes , it is believed that further experiments will bring some dramatic developments . In the meantime , it is safe to assume that , as with all of the other vitamins , vitamin E complex plays an important part in building vital health . It is a wise precaution , therefore , to include plenty of carrots in the daily diet . Because of its rich vitamin and mineral content , and other valuable nutrients , the daily diet should be fortified with the protective and healthful benefits of carrot juice . It can be taken alone , or combined with other fruit ( apple ) and vegetables juices or even blended with an avocado . The following bodily functions are aided by Carrots Heart Disease The body can only change so much beta - carotene into Vitamin A and any excess boosts the immune system and is a powerful antioxidant in its own right . Antioxidants prevent free radical damage to cells , tissues and most importantly to the fat in our bloodstream that can lead to blocked arteries and heart disease . Studies show that people who eat carotene - rich foods have lower risk of cancer , heart disease and arthritis . In a Swedish study involving women 50 years and over , those who ate about one - half a carrot ' s worth of beta carotene daily had two - thirds lower risk for breast cancer compared to women who skimped on their carotene intake . Other studies show that a lycopene - rich diet protects against prostate cancer in men . And research also shows lutein and zeaxanthin , acting as antioxidants , protect the eyes from macular Experiments have shown that eating lightly - cooked carrots is much more beneficial than eating raw carrots , which confirms the ancient wisdom in traditional Chinese medicine . Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners have always recommended that their patients eat lightly - cooked carrots in order to get the best nutritional absorption . Recent research by Dr . Xiangdong Wang at Tufts University shows that beta carotene can change in the human body into a substance called retinoic acid , which is widely used to treat cancers . Reduce Stroke Carrot sticks or a chocolate bar ? When it comes to preventing a stroke , you may want to go with the carrot sticks even though they wo n ' t satisfy your chocolate craving . According to a new study published in the October 6 issue of Journal of the American Medical Association , squeezing 9 to 10 servings of fruit into your daily diet can reduce the risk of stroke by 31 percent . That finding is based on research conducted by scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston , Mass . They looked at 75,596 women ages 34 to 59 over 14 years and 38,683 men ages 40 to 75 over an eight - year period . All study participants were free of heart disease , cancer and diabetes when Each fruit or vegetable serving in addition to consuming 9 to 10 servings daily was associated with an additional 6 percent reduction in risk . The lowest risk for stroke was among those who ate high quantities of cruciferous vegetables , such as cabbage , bok choy , broccoli , brussel sprouts , cauliflower and collard greens . Green , leafy vegetables , citrus fruits and juices were also linked to a lower stroke risk . Improve your eye health ( ever see a rabbit wearing glasses ? ) Can eating carrots really improve your eyesight ? Sorry No ! They will help to keep your eyes healthy and not deteriorate as quickly . When your mother said " Eat your carrots , they ' ll help your eyes , " she had a point . Eating carrots does provide benefits to your eyes , experts say . Both vitamin A and beta - carotene are known to lower the risk of eye disease , hence the carrot ' s association with eyesight . The University of Wisconsin has developed a variety of carrot that contains 3 to 5 times more vitamin A than the average carrot . Named the Beta III , it was bred especially for growing in countries suffering from severe vitamin A deficiency and epidemic blindness . Carrot do however help you see in the dark - Well - Yes And No ! - Night blindness โ also known as nyctalopia โ does not actually imply you โ re blind , but rather it means that seeing at night is becoming increasingly difficult . Nyctolopia is not limited to the night time only and can also be experienced during the day in a dim - lit room . Normally , our eyes are supposed to adjust to the changes in light exposure fairly quickly . This allows for a smooth transition without any complications . Those affected by night blindness either need too much time to adjust or ca n โ t do properly . This increases the risk of injury and other complications , as one โ s vision becomes impaired in the absence of adequate lighting . In a clear vision , light reflecting off an object enters the eye , and is bent by the cornea and then by the lens to focus an image onto the retina . Receptor cells in the retina โ rods and cones โ convert the light impulses into nerve signals , which are sent to the brain โ s visual cortex . This is where the image is processed , and this is what is known as the sense of vision . Our night vision is diminished because of insufficient light to reflect off the object โ for example , at night or in a dark room โ and it โ s normal . The intensity of reflected light stimulated the receptor cells that adjust to new conditions . The problem of night blindness arises when there โ s abnormality in stimulation of these photoreceptors . One of the culprits is a vitamin A deficiency , which affects the levels of rhodopsin , a pigment in receptor cells participating in the adjustment processes . When you eat carrots , the beta - carotene is transformed into retinol or vitamin A . Carrots are high in Vitamin A , and a deficiency in this nutrient can cause some difficulty seeing in dim light . Vitamin A is essential for the formation of the chemical retinal , whose presence in the retina is necessary for vision . Our eyes have two kinds of light sensitive cells : the rods and the cones . The rods are the cells we rely on to see in dim light . They are sensitive to Vitamin A deficiency , because The retina is the light - sensing part of the eye that holds the rods and cones , which contain enzymes that absorb light and allow us to see . When light strikes the retinal molecule , it changes its shape . This activates a cascade of chemical reactions that informs the brain that light has entered the eye . When the levels of light sensitive molecules are low , due to Vitamin A deficiency , there will not be enough retinal to detect the light at night . During the day there is enough light to produce vision , The rods provide black and white vision and respond in dim light while the cones provide colour vision and respond to bright light . Vitamin A helps the retina tell black from white and provides for colour vision . It also helps us see in dim light or at night . When you go into a darkened theatre after being out in the bright light , your eyes are able to adapt because of the vitamin A that you have stored in your body . So really the answer is they do help you see in the dark , but can only improve your night vision if you are deficient in Vitamin A . Here is an experiment which proved it . ( Opens in new window ) . Watch this video from chemist Chad Jones , Ph . D . , American Chemical Society , which helps to explain matters - here How did the myth come about ? It seems that in World War II , Britain ' s air ministry spread the word that a diet of carrots ( already known to be a good source of Vitamin A , essential for healthy eyesight ) helped pilots see Nazi bombers attacking at night . That was a propaganda story originating from Britain ' s Ministry of Food , intended to cover the real reason for the Royal Air Force ' s successes : Airborne Interception Radar , also known as AI . The secret new system pinpointed enemy bombers before they reached the English Channel . Apparently Read more here . Eye Health - It ' s possible that even very serious eye conditions might have a connection to carrots and other things you eat , though it remains difficult to truly determine if this kind of association is valid . If proven , it could then be a factor , for example , in the case of macular degeneration , an age - related eye disease and the leading cause of blindness in older people . ( the Macula is a part of the retina at the back of the eye ) The pigment in the macula of the eye is composed mostly of two carotenoids similar to vitamin A , lutein and zeaxanthin which are obtained from the diet . Lutein and zeaxanthin play a crucial role in the eye : these two carotenoids accumulate in the retina , where they form the macular pigment , and they are found in the lens . The macula of the eye contains ( lutein and zeaxanthin ) which are obtained from sweetcorn , carrots and other yellow - orange fruit and vegetables as well as dark green leafy vegetables . Poor dietary intake of carotenoids is thought to be the main cause of this condition and those who eat the most carotenoids have at least a 60 per cent lower risk of developing age - related macular degeneration ( AMD ) of the eye than those with low intake . For more information , contact the Macular Disease Society . Click here to find out more - The Macular Disease Society Web Site . All about Vision - Independent consumer resource of trustworthy information on eye health and vision correction options ( US - based ) The Macular Degeneration Foundation also has some very helpful information and free fact sheet downloads - here Carrots can also help in fighting conjunctivitis / blepharitis , Retinopathy and Cataracts . Read more about the essential qualities of Vitamin A . Vitamin A derived from carrots helps to form the inner lining of the eye . Dietary carotenoids from sources like carrots and spinach along with a consistent long - term use of Vitamin C were shown to reduce the risk of developing cataracts severe enough to warrant surgery . Researchers at the University of Helsinki found that supplementation of 20 mg . of betacarotene daily improved the visual acuity of 1,200 males and significantly reduced cataract formation . Stomach Ailments Carrots , especially carrot juice , are a sure - fire ticket to better stomach and gastrointestinal health . The ancient Greeks even knew this - they used carrot juice to cure stomach disorders of all kinds . In fact , the word " carrot " is related to the word karoten , the ancient Greek word for carrots . Carrots improve a variety of digestive problems , such as : Upset stomach . Peptic ulcers . Gastritis . Crohn ' s disease . ( chronic inflammatory disease affecting the whole of the alimentary tract ) Diarrhea . Celiac disease ( defective digestion found in children ) . Aching Joints Carrots have been used for centuries in Chinese medicine as an effective remedy for aching joints . Just grate a carrot in a bowl , and squeeze some lemon juice on it . Enjoy it raw or steamed . Carrot nurtures the ligaments , bringing relief from pain . Digestive Disorders Chewing of carrots increases saliva and quickens digestion by supplying the necessary enzymes , minerals and vitamins . Regular use of carrot prevents the formation of gastric ulcer and other digestive disorders . Carrot juice is an effective food remedy in ailments like intestinal colic , colitis , appendicitis , peptic ulcer and dyspepsia . Constipation Carrot juice , combined with spinach j nice and a little lemon juice , is very effective in the treatment of constipation . Spinach juice cleanses the bowels . This effect can not be expected soon after taking the juice . But within two months , the bowel starts emptying regularly . About 50 mi . of spinach juice should be added to 250 mi . of carrot juice to make this combination . Diarrhoea The carrot soup has been found an effective natural remedy for diarrhoea . It supplies fluid to combat dehydration , replenishes sodium , potassium , phosphorus , calcium , sulphur and magnesium . It is a good source of pectin and coats the intestines to allay inflammation . It checks the growth of harmful bacteria and prevents vomiting . It is especially useful for children . 1 / 2 Kg . of carrot may be cooked in 150 mi . of water until it is soft . The pulp should be strained . Three - quarter tablespoon of salt may Thread Worms The carrots are valuable in the elimination of thread worms from children as it is offensive to all parasites . A small cupful of grated carrot taken every morning , with no other food added to the meal , can clear these worms quickly . Raw carrots are good for fertility . Sterility is sometimes overcome by its use . The cause of sterility has been traced to the continuous use of food in which enzymes are destroyed by cooking or pasteurizing . Diabetes Speak to your doctor or health - care provider about vitamin A rich carotenoids if you have diabetes or are at risk for developing the condition . Read more : http : / / www . livestrong . com / article / 473451 - is - vitamin - a - good - for - diabetics / # ixzz1QBnUr3qr The diet for people with diabetes is a balanced healthy diet , the same kind that is recommended for the rest of the population โ low in fat , sugar and salt , with plenty of fruit and vegetables and meals including some starchy foods , such as bread , potatoes , cereals , pasta and rice . There has been conflicting evidence as the whether people with diabetes should eat carrots and confusing advice about how much sugar there is in carrots and what their true glycemic number is , and therefore some advisors err on the side of caution and do not recommend you eat them . The current thinking is that carrots are now an " ok " food for diabetics ( medium effect on blood sugar levels ) , so the advice from the World Carrot Museum is that carrots are fine in moderation and you should , as always , consult your health practitioner or dietician should there be any concerns and before contemplating a change in diet . Avoiding carrots because of their Glycemic Index ranking would be a big mistake , particularly given all the vitamins and minerals they contain and the low Glycemic Load of each serving . As seen elsewhere in this site , carrots are highly nutritious and can provide significant health benefits for several organs of the body . When you eat a food , your blood sugar level rises . The food that raises blood sugar the highest is pure table sugar . So glycemic index is a ratio of how high that food raises blood sugar in comparison to how high table sugar raises blood sugar levels . Foods whose carbohydrates break down slowly release glucose into the bloodstream slowly , so blood sugar levels do not rise high and therefore these foods have low glycemic index scores . Those that break down quickly cause a high rise in blood sugar and have a high glycemic index Most beans , whole grains and non - starchy vegetables have low glycemic index ; while sugars , refined grains made from flour , fruits and root vegetables have a high glycemic index . If you look at tables of glycemic index , you will see things that should bother an intelligent person . A carrot has almost the same glycemic index as sugar does . That is ridiculous . You know that a carrot is far safer for diabetics than table sugar . So scientists developed a new measure to rank foods called glycemic load . It tells you how much sugar is in the food , rather than just how high it raises blood sugar levels . To calculate glycemic load , you multiply the grams of carbohydrate in a serving of Carrots and potatoes both have a high glycemic index , but using the new glycemic load ( GL ) , carrots dropped from high GI of 131 to a GL of 10 . Potatoes fall from a GI of 121 to a GL of 45 . Air - popped popcorn , with a glycemic index of 79 , has a GL of 4 . The advice of the Carrot Museum is like everything in life , take them in moderation . No more pain during periods โ Eat carrots For any woman , โ that time of the month โ seems really uncomfortable . Menstrual cramps , heavy or irregular bleeding , back pain everything makes life go up - side - down . However , there are a number of things that you can do to ease the discomfort and preserve your sanity . Here are 10 foods that you can eat during your periods to make life better . Drinking carrot juice during menstruation is one of the easiest ways to deal with problems during menstruation . Eating raw carrots or drinking carrot juice can help โ regularise blood flow , provide relief from pain and make you feel less fatigued during those days . Here is why eating carrots can do wonders during your periods : It is rich in iron : During menstruation you lose a lot of blood along with the internal lining of the uterus that sheds during every cycle . Loading up on iron can help you deal with the blood loss and supplement the body with iron resources . This is one of the many reasons why carrot is thought to be good for regularising irregular periods as well . It is rich in beta carotene : Eating foods rich in beta carotene during menstruation is good because beta carotene converts into Vitamin A which helps to minimize the blood flow and control heavy bleeding . It helps to deal with pain : Since carrots can help to regularise both heavy bleeding and also irregular periods , it helps the cramps to become less severe during those days . Here are 10 ways to deal with menstrual pain naturally . How to have it : โข Chew raw carrot sticks when your pain becomes unbearable . โข Make carrot juice with fresh carrots , wash , peel , dice and put them in the juicer . Have the drink twice a day to get relief from menstrual problems . โข Add carrot to your salads or curries even if your cycle is normal during those days to boost reproductive health and beat PMS fatigue The bottom line : Disease protection comes from getting the entire family of carotenes by eating a variety of fruit and vegetables . Researchers also theorise that the carotenes may team up with each other , and other compounds in foods , making beta carotene supplements of questionable benefit . In summary , alpha carotene and beta carotene , like all nutrients found in vegetables and fruit , have health benefits . Indeed , the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans , released by the U.S. government , states that " The antioxidant nutrients found in plant foods ( vitamin C , carotene , vitamin E , and the mineral selenium ) are presently of great interest to scientists and the public because of their potentially beneficial role in reducing the risk of cancer and certain other chronic diseases . " Taiwanese researchers have found that certain stir - fried vegetables such as carrots , can absorb high quantities of fat . Dr . Peter Hoagland with the USDA Center in Philadelphia found that simply eating two medium sized carrots daily could reduce cholesterol levels by 10 - 20 % . Carrots also contain a small amount of lecithin which is helpful in lowering cholesterol levels . Not only does the carrot physically resemble ginseng , but scientific and clinical studies have demonstrated that carrots provide many of the same protective and therapeutic benefits of ginseng , but at a fraction Ten reasons why you should eat more vegetables . Click here . Traditional Medicinal Uses for Carrot and its seeds around the world ( pdf ) . Read more about antioxidants here . NOTE : The information on this website is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a replacement for medical advice from your personal physician . History Wild Carrot Today Nutrition Cultivation Recipes Trivia Links Home Contact SITE SEARCH | [
"Carrot Museum",
"health benefits",
"Heart Disease"
] |
http://carrotsareorange.com/preschool-geography-activities/ | Home Montessori 8 Awesome Preschool Activities โ Geography 8 Awesome Preschool Activities โ Geography By Marnie Craycroft Filed Under : Montessori Tagged With : Geography Shelf Work Variations & Extensions This post may contain affiliate links . Please read my disclosure for more info . SHARE THIS POST : SUPPORT THE BLOG HERE . } This post includes 8 Preschool Activities for Geography that we love in our home . Preschoolers are ripe for learning geography , both physical and cultural aspects to the learning . There are simple , hands on ways to introduce the great big world to young children . This post includes some of my favorite geography preschool activities . Enjoy ! Montessori Preschool Activities โ Geography Teaching Geography to Preschoolers { Introduction } Geography within Montessori Early Childhood ( 3 - 6 - year - old children ) comprises physical geography & political geography , or I like to think about the latter as โ culture โ . The sequence is physical first and then political . This post provides an introduction to teaching geography . Land Forms You might remember a post I wrote a while back on Introducing Land Forms to Preschoolers with an easy & inexpensive activity . I further explained Geography within Montessori and how to introduce this big topic to your children . When you are ready to move onto the next lesson , I highly recommend this post . Continents Map I โ ve written about working with and introducing a Montessori World Map . Two extensions to do with the Montessori World Map are Creating Your Own Map by Tracing & Push Pinning . This post includes tutorials on those extensions . What is Air ? We did a few very simple โ experiments โ and โ observations โ to introduce and demonstrate the concept of air . Teaching preschoolers that the earth is made of land , water , and air as a starting point is key . Explaining that air exists is almost an abstract idea since we ca n โ t actually see air . We know that it exists and takes up space . So how do we show that to preschoolers ? This post will help you . My Latest Videos < / h3 ? Preschool Geography Activities Clouds Activity for Kids To continue my son โ s introduction to the Earth , we talked about Clouds . We have talked about Land , Water & Air , even performed a few experiments demonstrating that Air exists even though we ca n โ t see it . We have started the conversation on Land Forms with an easy & effective Land Form Introduction . Land , Air , Water โ We live on the earth . It is made up of three things : land , water , and air . โ This post includes a lesson that is a great introduction for preschoolers . Land Forms Craft I have learned amazing things about introducing preschoolers to geography . Here are two easy activities I ' d like to share with you courtesy of our amazing instructor , Tammy , from MEIPN . These are hands on , visual tools to get your child to start thinking critically about LAND FORMS . Both activities are paper tearing activities , which are great for a child ' s fine motor development and provides a worthwhile sensory experience . Extensions for Montessori Geography Work When I first learned Montessori Geography , I often got stuck . Okay , pull the puzzle pieces out , put them back in , place them on the control map , put them back in the template โฆ then what ? Then I discovered the amazingness of extensions with the maps . The greatest part about extensions is that the map work can grow with the child . So , work for a three - year - old may be sufficient at the puzzle piece placements , whereas a five year may need more . This post includes a few examples for you . I hope you enjoyed this post ! Marnie Download Raising Montessori Subscribe to our email list & download the 75 + ways to Montessori parenting . First Name Email Address We use this field to detect spam bots . If you fill this in , you will be marked as a spammer . Subscribe We wo n ' t send you spam . Unsubscribe at any time . Powered by ConvertKit SHARE THIS POST : Filed Under : Tagged With : Shelf Work Variations & Extensions ยซ 9 Easy & Fun Preschool Units Simple Rock Mosaic Using Clay ยป | [
"Geography Activities",
"Crafts"
] |
http://carrsconsulting.com/thepig/disorders/reproductive/prolapse/rectalandvaginalprolapse06.htm | Rectal and Vaginal Prolapse Causes Rectal prolapse Sows and growing pigs Quite common , in sows particular just before and after farrowing May be associated with oestrus in sows Constipation , low fibre and water shortages Excessive slope to the floor . Sow with too short a lying area where their behind over a step Excessive abdominal straining associated with feeding or piling of pigs . Note condition of the floor and stocking rates . Mycotoxins Low fibre in the diet Diseases resulting in diarrhoea , colitis and coughing - increasing abdominal pressure Too short tail docking resulting in poor anal sphincter action Vaginal prolapse More common in older sows than younger , mainly over parity 5 Fat sows with large litters Floors with excessive slope High feed intake and fermentable feed increasing abdominal pressure Stretching and relaxation of pelvic ligaments Uterine Prolapse Occurs infrequently after farrowing . The sow presents with the whole uterus prolapses . Majority of sows will die of shock . It is possible to replace the uterus but is generally fatal . Once the uterus is replaced high concentrations of potassium in the compromised tissues may lead to heart failure in the sow . If the sow survives replacement or amputation , culling should occur . Bladder prolapse Rare , but presents during farrowing as a large sack visible at the vulval lips and interferes with the farrowing process . Emergency euthanasia and caesarean section should be performed to save other piglets . It is occasionally possible to drain the bladder and replace through the urethra . Treatment of rectal or vaginal prolapse Growing pig rectal prolapse Leave in pen to be bitten off by pen mates . This might lead to a rectal stricture but the suturing treatment is just as likely to lead to a stricture . This might be considered poor welfare , but in Dr Carr ' s judgment this has offered the best solution and does not appear to cause undue pain and suffering to the affected pig . If pig over 60 kg it is likely to reach bacon weight . If you are used to replacing and suturing a prolapse , continue to method below . There appears to be an association between wheat feed and rectal prolapse in the growing pig . Sow Replace and retain with a purse string suture Equipment required Large curved needle 2 inches or 5 cm and scissors Suture tape or nylon stitching for growing pigs Warm water and antiseptic Obstetrical lubricant Method 1 If the pig is in a pen remove it and place it on its own 2 Sedate or restrain the pig . In growing pigs it is possible to place a bucket over its head or hold over a wall . In sows place in a crate 3 Clean the area around the prolapse and remove all faeces 4 Carefully return the prolapse into the rectum or vagina . This may take a little time . Be patient and gentle pushing . With vaginal prolapses the wall can become very oedematous ( jelly like ) and it is easy to push your fingers through the outer wall . Do n ' t worry if this happens once or twice . 5 Once the prolapse has been returned start stitching using a purse string suture . The prolapse is likely to be pushed out again but do not worry continue stitching replacing the prolapse when it gets in the way 6 Infiltration with local anaesthesia around the anal or vaginal ring may be used 7 Start the purse string suture under the tail and move round taking reasonable bites with the needle . It will take 6 to 8 in and out moves to go all the way round . 8 At the end ' over sow ' so the area to be tied will be strong 9 Push the prolapse back in again and hold it in 10 Pull the two ends of the suture closed . Place three fingers ( depends on the size of the animal ) into the rectum or vagina and pull the sutures tight around your fingers . There has to be sufficient room for the animal to defecate and urinate . 11 Inject the animal with a suitable antibiotic for example penicillin / streptomycin 12 Put some liquid paraffin ( 0.75 litres per adult sow ) into the mouth or feed to help soften the faeces | [
"RECTAL",
"VAGINAL",
"PROLAPSE"
] |
http://cars.costhelper.com/5th-wheelers.html | CostHelper > Cars > Fifth - Wheel RV Fifth - Wheel RV Cost How Much Does a Fifth - Wheel RV Cost ? Entry Level : $ 15,000 - $ 50,000 Luxury : $ 50,000 - $ 150,000 Post Tweet A fifth - wheel RV is a non - motorized recreational vehicle similar to a large travel trailer but with a raised front extension that connects into a hitch in the bed of a pickup truck . This makes fifth wheels more stable and easier to control in windy conditions than conventional travel trailers . Often designed for long - term or full - time RV living , fifth wheels tend to be the most expensive , spacious and heaviest of the towable RVs , with taller ceilings , full - sized kitchen areas and multiple slide - outs to expand the living space when parked . They typically are 21 ' - 40 ' long and sleep Typical costs : Size and amenities ( like slides - outs , a full master bedroom with bath or full - sized kitchen appliances ) are the biggest factors in the price of fifth wheel RVs . Expect to pay $ 15,000 - $ 50,000 for a new fifth - wheel RV up to about 30 ' long , with many of the comforts of home . For example , the 30 ' 2011 Coleman RV CTF259RE CT259 1 sells for $ 29,000 - $ 40,000 with an air - mattress sofa - bed in a slide - out area ; a bedroom with a queen - size bed ; bathroom with sink , shower and skylight ; separate toilet stall ; three - burner range and oven ; microwave ; double - door refrigerator ; and more . A fifth - wheel RV up to 40 ' long with features similar to those in a luxury home can cost $ 50,000 - $ 150,000 . These may have multiple slide - outs , a full master bedroom and bath , full - sized appliances , an electric fireplace and more . For example , the 35 ' 2011 Carriage Cameo 35SB3 sells for $ 56,500 - $ 74,000 with three slide - outs , bedroom with queen bed and bath with shower , home theater seating or two leather recliners , sofabed , furnace , ceiling fan and more . And the 36 ' - 37 ' foot 2011 Carriage Royals International Fifth Wheel lists at $ 135,000 - $ 142,000 with a full master suite , a full kitchen , up to four slide - outs , solid - surface countertops , wood cabinetry and more . Fifth - Wheel RVs start depreciating 2 as soon as they ' re driven off the dealer ' s lot , so a well - maintained fifth wheel that ' s a few years old can be 20 % - 30 % less than its original purchase price . Related articles : RV Insurance RV Cover RV What should be included : Fifth - wheel RVs are typically spacious and luxurious compared to other RVs , but are also heavier and require a pickup truck to tow them . ChanginGears . com provides a overview of fifth - wheel trailers 3 A fifth - wheel hitch uses a king pin connection , similar to those on semi - trucks . Wheelscene . com explains fifth wheel hitches 4 Hitching up a fifth - wheel RV typically requires an assistant . RV Education 101 provides a how - to video 5 for hitching up a fifth wheel . RVBasics . com lists safety tips 6 for towing a fifth - wheel RV . Additional costs : A pickup to tow the fifth wheel can cost $ 20,000 - $ 50,000 or more . Towing a loaded fifth wheel will reduce the pickup ' s fuel efficiency by at least a couple miles per gallon , and could cut it by as much as half ( or more ) . Some fifth wheel owners report getting 8 - 10 mpg while towing . If the fifth wheel is wider than the tow vehicle , extended side view mirrors are legally required , starting at $ 4 - $ 50 for a pair that clamp onto the existing side mirrors , or $ 150 - $ 450 for permanently installed towing mirrors . Maintenance and repair costs vary depending on usage . For a luxury fifth wheel towed by a medium - duty truck approximately 25,000 miles a year , RVersOnline . org estimates basic repairs for both the truck and fifth wheel of $ 1,250 a year , with new tires every two years adding another $ 2,400 Campground or RV park fees can cost $ 10 - $ 40 a night . Using a dump station to empty the fifth wheel ' s sewage system is typically included in the overnight fee ; dumping without spending the night costs $ 5 - $ 25 RV insurance premiums vary significantly ; get quotes before buying a specific trailer . Renting an RV storage space can cost $ 20 - $ 100 a month outdoors and $ 45 - $ 450 a month indoors . A fifth wheel cover can cost $ 50 - $ 1,200 or more . Shopping for a fifth - wheel rv : The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provides tips for selecting a tow vehicle 7 Prices on new fifth wheels vary considerably , and dealer prices are typically negotiable . Digital Federal Credit Union offers tips for getting the best price 8 on new and used RVs . RV Magazine explains how to negotiate and finance 9 an RV purchase . For used fifth wheels , NadaGuides . com provides a tool to estimate prices 10 and Changingears . com describes determining a fair market price 11 with the Nada Guides as a starting point . As a reference , consignment seller PPL Motors posts its actual fifth wheel selling prices 12 ChanginGears . com provides a checklist 13 for road testing a fifth wheel . Roaming Times reviews 14 fifth wheels . Find local dealers through the National Recreational Vehicle Dealers Association 15 or GoRVing . com 16 Post Tweet CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . | | Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . | | Posted November 23 2013 โฃ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments Comment On Your Experience With a Fifth - Wheel RV External Resources : coleman - rv . com / index . php ? p = floorplans&model = CTF259RE www . rversonline . org / ArtNewUsedRV . html changingears . com / rv - sec - learn - type - fw . shtml www . wheelscene . com / car - parts / auto - accessories / fifth - wheel - hitch . aspx www . youtube . com / watch ? v = jLxkhV03iCo rvbasics . com / techtips / travel - trailer - towing - safety - tips . html www . nhtsa . gov / cars / problems / equipment / towing / selecting . htm / www . dcu . org / streetwise / boat - rv / rv - price . html www . rvmagonline . com / features / 0808rv - rv - buying - tips / negotiating . html www . nadaguides . com / RVs changingears . com / rv - art - determining - rv - fmv . shtml www . pplmotorhomes . com / sold / fifth - wheel - trailers . htm changingears . com / rv - checklist - road - test - trailer . shtml ? sec - checklist www . roamingtimes . com / fifthwheel / index . aspx www . rvda . org / AM / Template . cfm ? Section = Dealer_Info&template = / DealerSearch / Custom / dealer_s . . . www . gorving . com / where - to - find / dealers More Cars Topics Check Out All Costs for Cars How Much Do Tires Cost ? How Much Does an RV Cost ? How Much Does a Car Battery Cost ? Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? About CostHelper CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services . Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy | [
"fifth-wheel RV",
"most expensive",
"spacious"
] |
http://cars.costhelper.com/ignition-coil-repair-cost.html | CostHelper > Cars > Ignition Coil Replacement Ignition Coil Replacement Cost How Much Does Ignition Coil Replacement Cost ? Ignition Coil Only : $ 70 - $ 375 + Parts & Labor : $ 100 - $ 550 Post Tweet Comments ( 18 ) An ignition coil is a compact electrical transformer that boosts the 12 - volt current from the battery into the high voltage ( 15,000 - 20,000 volts or more ) needed to start a car . Typically there is one ignition coil for each spark plug , either sitting on top of each spark plug ( eliminating the need for spark plug wires ) or physically connected together as a coil pack that is installed and replaced as a single unit . Symptoms of a bad coil pack include misfires , poor fuel consumption or loss of power - - Typical costs : An ignition coil typically costs $ 70 - $ 375 or more depending on the make and model of vehicle , if it is a single coil or a coil pack , and whether the part is made by the vehicle manufacturer ( called OEM parts , and typically more expensive ) or an aftermarket product from a company other than the vehicle manufacturer . For example , AutoZone 1 offers an aftermarket ignition coil for a 2008 Ford Focus for $ 103 ; FordParts . com 2 offers ignition coils for the same vehicle for $ 72 - $ 159 . Replacing an ignition coil can be a relatively straightforward do - it - yourself project . AutoMD provides how - to instructions 3 , and estimates it as a moderately complex project that takes about an hour . Professional installation typically takes 0.5 - 1.5 hours , depending on the vehicle , at $ 50 - $ 120 an hour ( depending on whether the work is done at an independent or chain repair shop , or at a dealership , which is typically more expensive ) . This brings total costs to $ 100 - $ 550 or more . For example , RepairPal . com 4 estimates replacing a single ignition coil on a 2008 Ford Focus costs about $ 37 - $ 49 for labor and $ 123 - $ 144 for parts , making a total cost of about $ 160 - $ 193 ; for a 2008 Dodge Ram 1500 truck the estimate is about $ 102 - $ 135 for labor and $ 74 - $ 120 parts , or $ 176 - $ 255 total ; for a 2008 Toyota Camry it ' s $ 74 - $ 98 labor and $ 102 - $ 210 parts , with a total of $ 176 - $ 308 Related articles : Car Battery Ignition Switch Replacement Ignition Lock Cylinder Replacement Starter Motor Replacement Alternator Tune - up What should be included : Coil packs can provide an extremely large spark to each cylinder when needed , but if one coil in the pack fails , the entire pack needs to be replaced . With " coil on plug " ignition where one coil is sitting on top of each spark plug , only a failed coil needs to be replaced , and when diagnosing an ignition coil failure , it ' s possible to swap the coils around , to determine which one is bad . Auto parts distributor 1A Auto explains the types of ignition coils 5 Replacing an ignition coil is a fairly straightforward task ; the new coil should be carefully inspected to ensure it is exactly the same as the old part ( that the dimensions are identical , and any holes or other features are the same size and in the same position ) . About . com describes the steps for replacing an externally mounted ignition coil 6 and an interally mounted ignition coil 7 ( inside the distributor cap ) . Additional costs : The coil wires , spark plugs and spark plug wires should be inspected when the ignition coil is replaced ; if cracks or corrosion is found , replacing these parts can add $ 50 - $ 350 or more to the total cost . AA1Car . com Automotive Diagnostic and Repair explains how to test an ignition coil 8 Shopping for ignition coil replacement : A coil pack or individual coil can be replaced by a car dealership , an independent repair shop , or car - repair chains like Pep Boys 9 or Sears 10 . Both the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence 11 and the International Automotive Technicians Network 12 provide a searchable directory of repair shops . Consumer Reports lists tips for finding a good mechanic 13 Post Tweet Comments ( 18 ) CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . | | Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . | | Posted November 23 2013 โฃ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments Tune up and all 6 ignition coils replaced Amount : $ 1,152.00 Posted by : L.H in Houston , TX . Posted : March 9th , 2019 10 : 03AM Car Make : Bmw Car Model : 528 i Car Year : 2008 Auto Shop : Auto Check Check engine light came on and car was shaking during idle with poor acceleration . Was this post helpful to you ? yes no Report prohibited or spam Spark plug Amount : $ 15.00 Posted by : Kerrie A Rush in Buffalo , NY . Posted : July 28th , 2018 05 : 07PM Car Make : Jeep Car Model : Limted Car Year : 2001 Auto Shop : My wonderful neighbor Was this post helpful to you ? yes no Report prohibited or spam Ignition coil Amount : $ 46.00 James Smith01 in Covington , TN . July 4th , 2017 04 : 07PM Buick Lesabre 1996 Self Bought at O ' Riley auto parts . Watched YouTube video . Removed 2 screws it sits on top of engine . Replaced coil and bad spark plug . Replace coil pack Amount : $ 130.00 a user in Ellwood , PA . November 2nd , 2016 12 : 11PM 2010 Beatrices Done same day , great people great service Cylinder 1 - replaced and hood seal replaced , All spark plugs replaced . Amount : $ 538.00 Happy Mama in Limerick , PA . October 3rd , 2016 09 : 10AM 2005 Kelly ' s Auto Kelly ' s said hood seal is letting water in and it makes it ' s way to coil ; puddle ruins coil . The check engine light came on and stayed on . Seemed to have a slight shake in idling and gas gave it no power . Order new hood seal from GM , all parts and labor total $ 538 . Ignition coil Amount : $ 380.00 Nekoe L Fisher in Hubbard , OH . June 22nd , 2016 12 : 06PM 2010 Westside tire Coil Amount : $ 209.00 Tasha Rhodes in Orlando , FL . June 4th , 2016 07 : 06AM 2003 Accurso Very nice and knowledgeable mechanic ! Number 2 coil misfire Amount : $ 341.00 James McWain in lake Charles , LA . May 13th , 2016 10 : 05AM 2008 CTS Billy Navarre 1 coil and plug ridiculous price number 2 misfire outrageous price for one coil and one plug Cylinder # 4 Misfire Amount : $ 285.00 Greasefunky in Tucson , AZ . March 29th , 2016 07 : 03PM Toyota Avalon 2006 Precision Toyota Code was P0354 , cylinder # 4 Misfire . Tech swapped the coil to another cylinder and the code moved with the coil swap . Parts were $ 105 and labor was $ 165 including the $ 99 diagnostic . Ignition coil failure Amount : $ 1,153.00 BruceBen in Mc Lean , VA . March 26th , 2016 01 : 03PM 2011 BMW of Fairfax ( Dealer ) Misfire in cylinders # 1 & 5 diagnosed - manufacturer recommends replace all ( 6 ) ignition coils and spark plugs if any one of 6 coils fail . spark plugs and ignition coils 6 cylinder Amount : $ 1,200.00 Bones in Allentown , PA . March 9th , 2016 07 : 03AM Cadillac 4dr CTS 2008 Scott Cadillac 68,000 miles bought new ! engine light blinking then stay on - car bucking - step on gas seemed to clear up for awhile - took to garage several times work for couple days then start again replace 1 coil and plug week later same replayce a 2nd one start again Now replacing all will see how this goes ignition coil 03 chevy trailblazer Amount : $ 30.00 babygirl481989 in Knoxville , TN . December 10th , 2015 02 : 12PM 03 discountautobody . com 22 dollars and some change plus shipping came to 29 and some change . Purchased 2015 coils and sparkplugs Amount : $ 620.00 wolfgang in delray , FL . November 30th , 2015 04 : 11PM toyota corolla 2003 atlantic auto car has 270,000 miles and refuses to quit as timely repairs and maintenance are performed - great service and good guys RV 2012 F450 7500 miles low miles Amount : $ 562.00 Yellow Submarine RV in Island Lake , IL . September 12th , 2015 09 : 09AM Ford F450 2012 Camping World Our warranty covered $ 130 of the $ 562 . Our out of pocket was $ 432 . I do n ' t understand why or how this happened on such a low mileage vehicle . Autozone detected P0300 Service Engine Light code . We were able to drive 300 miles to get home . Cylinder one misfire Amount : $ 55.00 albondigas in Ludington , MI . May 12th , 2015 01 : 05PM Ford Crown Vic 2004 , 212,000 Miles DIY Code reading free at O ' reilly . New coil $ 55 . Thirty minutes labor ( One screw ) . Ignition Coil replacement Amount : $ 0.00 nunyagdb in Piedmontq , SC . May 10th , 2015 05 : 05PM Chevrolet Trailblazer 2004 This is the stupidest idea any car maker ever came up with . These things are ungodly expensive . What would have been the problem with improving the spark plug and plug wires ? But then no one with an IQ over 99 did not need the dealer to do a tune - up or labor . What a racket ! Ignition Coil Replacement Amount : $ 55.00 Optouter in Sarasota , FL . November 11th , 2014 05 : 11AM Crown Vic 2000 DIY One coil slowly went bad . What made the diagnosis a little bit of a challenge was that it failed intermittently before dying . The car bucked occasionally . Then the check engine light came on and an AutoZone showed the # 4 cylinder misfire . Now it got easy . Replaced the spark plug and no improvement . Replaced the coil atop the plug and problem solved . However , the other igniters might be harder to replace because the fuel galley is right above some of them . Cylinder 7 Misfire - Replace coil pack & spark plugs Amount : $ 950.00 klh in League City , TX . October 1st , 2014 10 : 10AM Mustang GT 2006 Christian Brothers Automotive Same day service . Comment On Your Experience With Ignition Coil Replacement External Resources : www . autozone . com / autozone / parts / 2008 - Ford - Focus / Ignition - Coil / _ / N - jseg9Z9n80r ? filterByK . . . www . fordparts . com / Commerce / CatalogResults . aspx ? y = 2008&m = Ford&mo = Focus&initSearch = 1&keyw . . . www . automd . com / 64 / how - to - replace - an - ignition - coil / repairpal . com / estimator www . 1aauto . com / content / articles / ignition - coil - packs . html autorepair . about . com / cs / troubleshooting / l / aa062902d . htm www . automd . com / 64 / how - to - replace - an - ignition - coil / www . aa1car . com / library / ignition_coils . htm storelocator . pepboys . com / pepboys / www . sears . com / automotive / v - 1020005 www . ase . com / Landing - Pages / Car - Owners / Find - a - Repair - Shop / Shop - Locator . aspx autorepair . iatn . net / www . consumerreports . org / cro / 2012 / 12 / how - to - find - a - great - car - mechanic / index . htm More Cars Topics Check Out All Costs for Cars How Much Does Replacing a Transmission Cost ? How Much Do Tires Cost ? How Much Does an RV Cost ? Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? About CostHelper CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services . Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy | [
"Ignition Coil Replacement",
"electrical transformer",
"spark plug"
] |
http://carsfuelconsumption.com/honda-cr-v-fuel-consumption-miles-per-gallon-or-litres-km/ | Honda CR - V fuel consumption , miles per gallon or litres / km May 16 , 2013 admin Honda fuel consumption Honda CR - V fuel consumption , miles per gallon or litres / km . Find out how much fuel consumed litres / km or miles per gallon a Honda CR - V . From year : 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.0 i liters / 100 km or miles per gallon . Honda CR - V 2.0i it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 1998 ccm ( 121 , 31 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 150.00 PS ( 109 , 45 kW or 147 , 26 HP ) at 6500 Rev . per min . Car fuel : gasoline , unleaded 95 . Car fuel with highway drive . Car fuel with mixed drive : 9.2 litres / 100 km ( 25 , 44 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with city drive . Car fuel tank capacity : 58.0 litres ( 15 , 24 gallons ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.0 RVSi liters / 100 km or miles per gallon . Honda CR - V RVi Automatic it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 1996 ccm ( 121 , 19 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 150.00 PS ( 109 , 45 kW or 147 , 26 HP ) at 6500 Rev . per min . Car fuel : gasoline . Car fuel with highway drive . Car fuel with mixed drive : 12.4 litres / 100 km ( 18 , 91 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with city drive . Car fuel tank capacity : 58.0 litres ( 15 , 24 gallons ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.0 i - VTEC 4 ร 4 Honda CR - V 200i i - VTEC 4 ร 4 it is a Family cars . Car engine capacity : 1996 ccm ( 121 , 19 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 155.00 PS ( 113 , 43 kW or 152 , 24 HP ) at 6500 Rev . per min . Car fuel : gasoline . Car fuel with mixed drive : 13.0 litres / 100 km ( 18 , 00 miles per gallon ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.2 i CTDi Honda CR - V 2.2i CTDi it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 2204 ccm ( 133 , 82 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 140.00 PS ( 102 , 49 kW or 137 , 31 HP ) at 4000 Rev . per min . Car fuel : diesel . Car fuel with mixed drive : 6.7 litres / 100 km ( 34 , 93 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel tank capacity : 60.0 litres ( 15 , 77 gallons ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.4 l Honda CR - V 2.4 it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 2353 ccm ( 142 , 86 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 166.00 PS ( 121 , 39 kW or 163 , 18 HP ) at 5800 Rev . per min . Car fuel with mixed drive : 9.1 litres / 100 km ( 25 , 72 miles per gallon ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.4 Automatic Honda CR - V Automatic it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 2354 ccm ( 142 , 92 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 168.00 PS ( 123 , 38 kW or 165 , 17 HP ) at 5800 Rev . per min . Car fuel with highway drive : 7.8 litres / 100 km ( 29 , 85 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with mixed drive : 9.4 litres / 100 km ( 24 , 88 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with city drive : 10.2 litres / 100 km ( 22 , 88 miles per gallon ) . How much fuel consumed Honda CR - V 2.4 Automatic 4 ร 4 Honda CR - V 2.4 4 ร 4 Automatic it is a SUV . Car engine capacity : 2354 ccm ( 142 , 92 cubic inches ) . Car max power : 168.00 PS ( 123 , 38 kW or 165 , 17 HP ) at 5800 Rev . per min . Car fuel with highway drive : 9.1 litres / 100 km ( 25 , 86 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with mixed drive : 10.7 litres / 100 km ( 21 , 89 miles per gallon ) . Car fuel with city drive : 11.8 litres / 100 km ( 19 , 90 miles per gallon ) . See how to reset warning service light indicators for Honda The above information shows the orignial Honda CR - V fuel consumption , miles per gallon or litres / km that are taken from vehicle owners manual ( book car ) . Consumption can be affected depending on the way the car is driven . Click hear to read more about how to save fuel on your Honda CR - V and how can you improve fuel economy . If do you want to save gas and money . These tips will help you to drive more efficiently and maintaining your car . Follow our advices to improve the fuel economy of your car or truck . Whatever you drive , SUV , economic car , limousine , truck , can be small car , midsize car class , big car class , the tips it work for each one . Fuel consumption can be lower than You can also calculate how much is a full tank in money for Honda CR - V . Leave a comment and tell us how much fuel consumes your Honda CR - V . 5 comments consumption CR - V fuel gallon Honda Honda CR - V engine capacity Honda CR - V fuel consumption with city drive Honda CR - V fuel consumption with highway drive Honda CR - V fuel consumption with mixed drive Honda CR - V fuel tank capacity Honda CR - V max power km litres miles per | [
"Honda",
"CR-V",
"consumption ,"
] |
http://carsrecoveryla.com/read-a-vin/ | How do I read a VIN ( and what does it mean ) ? A Vehicle Identification Number ( commonly called a VIN ) is a seventeen digit string of numbers that the manufacturer assigns to a specific vehicle . All vehicles manufactured after 1981 have this long number on the vehicle itself โ usually stamped on a plate on the dashboard โ near the windshield โ or on the driver โ s side doorjamb . It can also be found on the engine โ s firewall . The VIN is the first and best way to identify a vehicle that you โ re looking for , but it can also tell you a multitude of other things about the vehicle . It โ s sort of like a fingerprint or social security number for a car : not only does it tell you about the car itself , but it can tell you the purchase history , inspection history , registration history โ the list goes on . But how do you read a VIN ? Here โ s a basic breakdown : First Digit : Nation of origin , or final point of assembly . Second Digit : Manufacturer . In some instances , it โ s the first letter of the name โ for example , A is Audi , B is BMW . However , A can also stand for Jaguar or Mitsubishi โ the next digit will help . Third Digit : When looked at in combination with the first two , it will tell you the type of vehicle or manufacturing division . For example , KNA would be a Kia , WBA is a BMW . There โ s no easy way to memorize all of these , but Wikipedia has a handy list of all the codes . Fourth through Eight digit : the meanings change with the manufacturer , and describe information such as the model , body type , restraint system or airbags , transmission type , engine code , etc . Ninth digit : โ Check Digit . โ This is used to detect invalid VINs , based on a mathematical formula that was developed by the Department of Transportation . Tenth digit : Year . The year of manufacture of the vehicle , it applies to all makes and models . Because there are only 21 letters in the alphabet ( I , O , Q , U , and Z are not used ) and 9 numbers , they are recycled every 30 years . However , a glance at the vehicle itself should tell you if it is a 2013 body style or a 1983 style . 1980 โ A 1997 โ V 2014 โ E 1981 โ B 1998 โ W 2015 โ F 1982 โ C 1999 โ X 2016 โ G 1983 โ D 2000 โ Y 2017 โ H 1984 โ E 2001 โ 1 2018 โ J 1985 โ F 2002 โ 2 2019 โ K 1986 โ G 2003 โ 3 2020 โ L 1987 โ H 2004 โ 4 2021 โ M 1988 โ J 2005 โ 5 2022 โ N 1989 โ K 2006 โ 6 2023 โ P 1990 โ L 2007 โ 7 2024 โ R 1991 โ M 2008 โ 8 2025 โ S 1992 โ N 2009 โ 9 2026 โ T 1993 โ P 2010 โ A 2027 โ V 1994 โ R 2011 โ B 2028 โ W 1995 โ S 2012 โ C 2029 โ X 1996 โ T 2013 โ D 2030 โ Y Eleventh digit : Assembly plant . Each automaker has its own unique set of codes . Twelfth through Seventeenth digit : Sequence production number . These numbers identify the specific vehicle itself โ kind of like a serial number . October 24 , 2013 3 Comments Repossessions Resources Comments Delmer November 6 , 2013 Great post , thanks for the read . reply Anibal Covalt November 19 , 2013 Good article , thanks . reply vinsnoop April 10 , 2015 Find your vehicle VIN number which is stamped into the control panel right under the windscreen . | [
"Vehicle Identification Number",
"seventeen digit string",
"engine โs firewall"
] |
http://carstorehouston.com/ | Inventory Make A Payment Directions Contact Us Get Easy In House Financing On Used Cars For Sale In Houston Texas Your journey will be complete when you buy your next preowned car in Houston from Car Store Here at Car Store you get late model low mileage cars while other dealers carry HIGH mileage cars for similar prices or more We know you have a choice so thank you for visiting Car Store located at 2101 N Shepherd Dr Houston TX 77008 We are a buy here pay here inhouse financing dealership with late model vehicles selling quality affordable used cars trucks and SUVs for over 28 years Car Stores focus is to create a trustful connection with each and every customer and to provide a reliable vehicle with reasonable payments whether you have bad credit no credit or a first time buyer so come on in today and drive out today Acura Audi BMW Buick Chevrolet Dodge Ford GMC Honda Hummer Hyundai Infiniti Jeep Kia Lexus Mazda Mercedes Nissan Pontiac Saturn Toyota When youre ready come on by and see Super Michael We are located at 2101 N Shepherd Dr in Houston Texas We provide in house financing that will make it easy for you to drive off today with the car your interested in most Any Questions Feel free to call us any time 713 8693325 We are happy to help Translate Translate Get Financed Today Apply Here Now Network With Us | [
"Used Cars",
"Houston Texas",
"For Sale"
] |
http://cartercountyok.us/ | Logo Home Government Board of Commissioners County Boards Departments Ancillary Offices Assessor Treasurer County Clerk Court Clerk Sheriff ' s Office District Attorney District Court Health Department Contact Us How Do I ? . . . Apply For Marriage License Contact Download / View Agendas Land Records Search Oklahoma Court Records Oklahoma Supreme Court Records Pay Report an Issue Stay Informed | [
"Carter County",
"Government"
] |
http://cartermatt.com/tag/ink-master/ | Ink Master Interviews Ink Master interview : Tiffer Wright talks third - place finish , desire to return Ink Master Ink Master Interview December 30 , 2018 In this particular Ink Master interview Tiffer Wright talks finishing in third place , but also his desire to come back down the road . Interviews Ink Master interview : Winner Tony Medellin on his victory and more Ink Master Interview December 30 , 2018 Check out what Ink Master winner Tony Medellin had to say about his season , working with Cleen Rock One , and more . Reviews Ink Master season 11 finale review : Did Teej Poole , Tony Medellin , or Tiffer Wright win ? Ink Master season 11 Ink Master season 11 review December 19 , 2018 Who won Ink Master season 11 ? It โ s time to find out who is taking home the grand prize and if Cleen Rock One or Christian Buckingham is going to come out on top ! TV News Ink Master season 12 renewal , premiere date hopes ; will it return ? December 18 , 2018 Going into tonight โ s finale , does it make sense to start discussing the Ink Master season 12 renewal odds ? We certainly like to think so . Features Ink Master season 11 finale rankings : Will Tiffer , Teej , or Tony win ? December 17 , 2018 As we get close to the Ink Master season 11 finale on Tuesday night , why not go ahead and unleash some final contestant rankings ? Features CarterMatt Awards 2018 : Shin Lim , Brynn Cartelli , Dalton Harris , Bobby Bones among Reality Star nominees America ' s Got Talent American Idol Big Brother CarterMatt Awards CarterMatt Awards 2018 Dancing with the Stars Floribama Shore The Voice The X Factor December 17 , 2018 Check out the field for Best Reality Star at the 2018 CarterMatt Awards , and then be sure to vote for your own favorite ! Ink Master interview : Tim Stafford on elimination , Team Christian , and his fantastic shirts December 14 , 2018 In this new Ink Master interview Tim Stafford talks about being eliminated , working on Team Christian Buckingham , and more . Spoilers Ink Master season 11 finale preview : The styles and sabotages ! December 12 , 2018 Are you ready for the Ink Master season 11 finale on the Paramount Network next week ? Well , on tonight โ s episode the stage was set Reviews Ink Master season 11 episode 15 review : Shot through the ( sacred ) heart Ink Master season 11 review December 12 , 2018 In this Ink Master season 11 episode 15 review , we discuss a tattoo marathon leading to a rather - sad elimination . Spoilers Ink Master season 11 episode 15 video : How sabotage comes into play December 9 , 2018 Moving into Ink Master season 11 episode 15 , take a look at a challenge that could lead to a little sabotage . 1 2 3 4 5 > | [
"INK MASTER",
"Tiffer Wright"
] |
http://carteroglethorpe.com/ | Bryan Chapel Bryan Chapel Oglethorpe Chapel Oglethorpe Chapel Meet Our Caring and Professional Staff Meet Our Caring and Professional Staff Burial Information Burial Information Cremation Information Cremation Information Family Login Family Login Expressions Of Sympathy Expressions Of Sympathy Empty Empty Welcome Page About Us General Price List Preplanning Resources Griefwords Planning a Funeral Contact Us Obituaries Facilities Anne Smith Albert Brown John Weatherbee SFC US Army ret Dorothy Moss Henry Norby Louise Stewart Randy Clark Robert Bell Ginger Parker Sandra Prescott View all Carter Funeral Home 308 WEST OGLETHORPE BLVD HINESVILLE 31313 912 3683780 Land of the Free Home of the Brave Welcome It happens to everyone bereavement comes and often those left behind are in distress confused and with no idea of where to turn Carter Funeral Home can help Four generations of our family have been serving the families in our community for over 70 years At Carter Funeral Home we are committed to complete care and personalized service to bereaved families before during and after the funeral service We take pride in offering a wide variety of services designed to meet the individual needs of each and every family we serve We are proud to be the only fourth generation familyowned funeral home serving our community today Please follow the links at the top of the page to learn our history meet our dedicated staff review the services and products we offer and find our contact information Additionally we provide links to resources to help you whether you are dealing with a loss seeking a better understanding of the funeral process have words of condolence for grieving families or making decisions for yours or your loved ones final goodbyes We are here to help Please feel free to contact us directly if we may assist you in any way Sanford L Carter President Carter Funeral Home Carter Funeral Home Bryan Chapel 10512 Ford Ave Richmond Hill GA 31324 9127562222 Carter Funeral Home Oglethorpe Chapel 308 West Oglethorpe Blvd Hinesville Georgia 31313 912 3683780 | [
"Carter Funeral Home"
] |
http://cartoonnetwork.wikia.com/wiki/Adventure_Time | in : Cartoon Network Series Shows Cartoon Network Original Cartoons and 19 more Adventure Time English View source Share This is under construction . You can help the Wiki by improving it ! Adventure Time Contribute to the Adventure Time Wiki Format Animation Genre Adventure Comedy Fantasy Surrealism Innuendo Creator Pendleton Ward Company Frederator Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studios ( short ) Cartoon Network Studios ( series ) Rough Draft Studios Saerom Runtime 11 minutes Production Number of seasons 10 Number of episodes 283 Longevity Series premiere April 5 , 2010 Series finale September 3 , 2018 Status Ended ( also known as Adventure Time with Finn & Jake ) is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward . It is based on the animated short " Adventure Time " that aired as part of Frederator Studios Random ! Cartoons on Nickelodeon . The series focuses on the surreal adventures undertaken by two best friends and adopted brothers : Finn ( a 16 year old boy as of the end of Season 6 ) and Jake ( a dog with magical powers ) that dwell in the Land of Ooo . In September 2008 , the short was officially greenlit for a series by Cartoon Network Half - episode " sneak peeks " aired on March 11 and 18 , 2010 , and the series officially premiered on April 5 , 2010 . The series ended on September 3 , 2018 with the hour - long special " Come Along With Me " , which was named after the end credits song . It ran for a total of 8 years , 10 seasons and 283 episodes . Contents show Plot 16 - year - old Finn , who was found in the woods as a baby by Jake ' s parent ' s , Joshua and Margret , and his best friend and adopted brother Jake , a dog with magical powers , are adventurers living in the Land of Ooo , a setting full of surreal characters , with fantasy and post - apocalyptic elements . The duo ' s typical adventures involve saving princesses , fighting evil monsters , exploring dungeons , and helping people in need . They also meet characters with strange characteristics . Characters The main characters in . In foreground : Jake and Finn . In background from left to right : Princess Bubblegum , Lady Rainicorn , and Ice King . Finn ( voiced by Zack Shada in short , Jemery Shada in series ) - A 16 - year - old human boy who enjoys defeating evil forces and is skilled at multiple forms of combat . He used to have a crush on Princess Bubblegum , until the episode Incendium , when Princess Bubblegum dumps him , making him depressed . He also used to date Flame Princess , until she dumped him in the episode Frost and Fire . He wears a self - proclaimed ' awesome hat ' that covers his blond hair , and is prone to Pen dleton Ward . Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) - A shape - shifting wise old dog . He is Finn ' s best friend . Acting at times as a moral compass to his energetic pal , Jake has a laid - back attitude to most situations , but loves adventure , and will fight when he needs to . He is the boyfriend of Lady Rainicorn , whom he met in the pilot . Also , he understands Rainicorn , who speaks Korean . His powers help Finn considerably in combat , but are also sometimes used just for jovial forms Recurring characters Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch in the TV series , Isabella Acres when turned younger , and by Paige Moss in the original pilot short ) โ Princess Bubblegum is a bubblegum humanoid , comparable to the inhabitants of Candy Kingdom , which she rules , who are all composed of types of desserts and candies , all of whom she created in a lab after being dropped from the mutant " Mother Gum " , along with her reclusive gum - brother Neddy , who supplies the " lifeblood " of the kingdom from within a chamber below . Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson , Ava Acres when younger , and Cloris Leachman when older ) โ Marceline is a half - demon vampire , and the eponymous Vampire Queen , after having killed the previous Vampire King , according to Ward . Although she is over a thousand , she appears in the form of a young adult . In addition , the circumstances surrounding her transformation into a vampire are unknown . She is usually shown playing her axe bass , which was formerly her family ' s heirloom battle axe . Marceline and her father , Lumpy Space Princess ( voiced by Pendleton Ward ) โ Lumpy Space Princess ( often abbreviated as LSP ) is the princess of Lumpy Space , an alternate dimension . As a " Lumper " , made out of " irradiated stardust " , she can convert other beings into Lumpers by biting them . LSP is spoiled and sarcastic , and is often shown living outdoors with salvaged furniture and appears to be homeless , because she has run away from her parents , who are the king and queen of Lumpy Space . LSP ' s relationship to Finn and Jake BMO ( voiced by Niki Yang ) โ Sometimes written phonetically as Beemo , BMO is a sentient video game console - shaped robot that lives with Finn and Jake . BMO is genderless . Its appearance has been compared to a " Game Boy and Macintosh mashup " . BMO also has the features of other household objects , such as a portable electrical outlet , music player , camera , alarm clock , flashlight , strobe light and video player . While BMO is an object used for recreation on Finn and Jake ' s parts , it is still considered a close friend and treated as an equal by the Lady Rainicorn ( voiced by Niki Yang in the TV series , and by Dee Bradley Baker in the original pilot short ) โ Lady Rainicorn is a member of the half - rainbow , half - unicorn creatures called Rainicorns , as well as Jake ' s girlfriend and Princess Bubblegum ' s companion . She can turn objects and people different colors , and she can fly because her body intercepts light and can " dance " on it , which also explains her movement and why she has a rainbow pattern . Her origins can be traced back according Flame Princess ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) โ Flame Princess is the 15 - year old princess of the Fire Kingdom and is one of Finn ' s friends . She was in a relationship with Finn . Like all other inhabitants of the Fire Kingdom , she is covered with fire , the very flames emitted from her body being extensions of herself that intensify with rage . While she was initially referred to as being destructive by her own father โ who even called her his " evil daughter " โ she has a more naive nature that prompts Minor characters Cinnamon Bun ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) , Cinnamon Bun is a cinnamon roll that lives in the Candy Kingdom and usually tries to impress people by doing tricks or volunteering for tasks , but usually ends up failing . Princess Bubblegum refers to him as being " half baked " . He became the new Royal Tart Toter after the old Royal Tart Toter became senile . Peppermint Butler ( voiced by Steve Little ) โ Peppermint Butler is a peppermint candy that lives in the Candy Kingdom and is Princess Bubblegum ' s butler . It is revealed that he is good friends with Death and can summon a portal to the land of the dead . He also has a very dark and strange side , at one time requesting Finn and Jake ' s flesh . In " The Suitor " , Peppermint Butler holds Cinnamon Bun against his will and forces a demon to possess his body . It is also implied that he has Gunter ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) โ Gunter is the name of the penguin that most commonly accompanies the Ice King . Although the character has appeared in many episodes , it is heavily implied that there are many Gunters , and it is simply the name that the Ice King gives to all of his penguins . The episode " Simon and Marcy " also suggests that the name " Gunter " is somehow connected to the ice crown , as Simon Petrikov refers to a younger Marceline as " Gunter " twice while under the crown ' s N.E.P.T.R . ( voiced by Andy Milonakis ) โ N.E.P.T.R. ( which is an acronym standing for " Never ending pie throwing robot " ) is sentient robot made by Finn and powered by one of the Ice King ' s lighting bolts . As such , he has a father - son connection with both Finn and the Ice King . N . E . P . T . R . is often neglected by others ; in " Hot to the Touch " he returns after being forgotten about in a game of hide - and - seek , in Tree Trunks ( voiced by Polly Lou Livingston ) โ Tree Trunks is a miniature yellow elephant friend of Finn and Jake . Tree Trunks lives in a little home in the forest surrounded by her apple orchard . Tree Trunks uses the apples in the orchard to make apple pies . < / sup > In her debut episode , when she attempted to eat a crystal apple , she was accidentally transported to a dimension filled with Crystal People where she was transformed into the despotic and evil Quartzion . Finn and Jake were able to restore her to normal The Earl of Lemongrab ( voiced by Justin Roiland ) โ More commonly called Lemongrab , Lemongrab was the first being Princess Bubblegum ever created , and he lives in a realm also called Lemongrab . He is socially dysfunctional , and has trouble interacting with Candy Kingdom citizens due to his intolerance towards anything happy or comical . In " Too Young , " he takes over as ruler of the Candy Kingdom when Bubblegum is deemed too young after being de - aged in the events of " Mortal Recoil " ; he ends up jailing most of the candy subjects before Snail ( voiced by Pendleton Ward ) โ The snail is an easter egg that appears in every episode , and usually waves happily at the camera . Inspired by the in - jokes in episodes of The Simpsons , Ward has acknowledged that he wanted to " make a game out of every episode of Adventure Time , where you could freeze - frame and find things in the background " , such as the snail . The snail also serves an important plot point in the series ; in the second season episode " Mortal Folly " , it is possessed by The Lich . After The Lich ' s physical body is destroyed in the following episode , it repossesses the snail until the events of the fourth season finale " The Lich " . Recurring antagonists Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny in the TV series , and by John Kassir in the original pilot short ) โ The Ice King is a recurring antagonist of the series , and is 1,043 years old . The Ice King frequently steals princesses throughout Ooo to forcefully marry them , Princess Bubblegum being his usual target . His ice - based magic abilities come from a magical crown he wears , which directly causes his insanity . Though defined as completely crazy by many , the Ice King is actually lonely and misunderstood , having a generally benevolent relationship Simon Petrikov who bought his crown from a dock worker in northern Scandinavia , predating the Mushroom War . Wearing the crown , Petrikov began to lose both his mind and then his fiancรฉe Betty ; this explains his subconscious need for princesses . He soon began deteriorating in both mind and body over the years into his current state . Sometime before the Mushroom War he also discovered the Enchiridion . 996 years before the events of the series and directly after the Mushroom War , he met , befriended , and took care of young Marceline . Eventually , he Ricardio ( voiced by George Takei ) โ Ice King ' s heart which became a sentient being as the result of Ice King ' s attempt at a love spell . Like his source , Ricardio initially had desires for Princess Bubblegum ' s heart ; however , unlike the Ice King , Ricardio literally wanted to cut out Bubblegum ' s heart " and make out with it " . His first appearance is in " Ricardio the Heart Guy " , after Ice King fails at creating a love spell and instead animates Ricardio from his own body Magic Man ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) โ Magic Man is a Martian who uses his talent with magic to nihilistically harm others . He is first introduced in the episode " Freak City " , where he transforms Finn into a huge foot . He returns in the fourth season entry " Sons of Mars " , where his backstory is revealed . It is heavily hinted that the reason he uses his powers maliciously is because his former Martian companion , Margles , was killed . He makes a brief reappearance in the fifth season episode " All the Hunson Abadeer ( voiced by Martin Olson ) โ Hunson is the father of Marceline and the " completely evil " lord of the Nightosphere . Hunson Abadeer possesses a pendant that infuses him with power over the Nightosphereสปs chaotic evil that gives him the ability to suck the souls out of his victims . He appears first in the episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " where Finn summons him by acting out the ritual Marceline explained to him . Hunson tries to suck all the souls out of everyone before hearing the song Marceline wrote based on him eating The Lich ( voiced by Ron Perlman ) โ The Lich is an ancient , diabolical , undead sorcerer who came into being near the end of Mushroom War via a " mutagenic bomb " . He tried to destroy the world but was defeated and imprisoned within amber by Billy within the Candy Kingdom ' s tree many years ago . After being freed from his prison by using a magic incantation to take control of a snail , the Lich sets out to regain his power and destroy Ooo , but his body is destroyed by Finn , who uses Episodes Main article : Adventure Time / Episodes Season 1 of the series ran from April 5 , 2010 to September 27 , 2010 . After the premiere episode drew strong TV ratings , earning the number one spot in many kids demographics , Cartoon Network renewed the show for a second season of 13 half - hours ( 26 episodes ) . For the first five and a half seasons , the show aired on Monday nights . However , starting with the sixth season episode " Breezy " , the show began to shift both its timeslot and its day of airing . Season 1 Season one premiered on April 5 , 2010 with " Slumber Party Panic " and " Trouble in Lumpy Space " and ended on September 27 , 2010 with " Gut Grinder " Season 2 Season two premiered on October 11 , 2010 with " It Came from the Nightosphere " and ended on May 9 , 2011 with " Heat Signature " . Season 3 Season three premiered on July 11 , 2011 with " Conquest of Cuteness " and ended on February 13 , 2012 with " Incendium " Season 4 Season four premiered on April 2 , 2012 with " Hot to the Touch " and ended on October 22 , 2012 with " The Lich " . Season 5 Season five premiered on November 12 , 2012 with " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " and ended on March 17 , 2014 with " Billy ' s Bucket List " . Season 6 Season six premiered on April 21 , 2014 with " Wake Up " " Escape from the Citadel " and ended on June 5 , 2015 with " Hot Diggity Doom " " The Comet " Season 7 Season seven premiered on November 2 , 2015 with " Bonnie & Neddy " and ended on March 19 , 2016 with " The Thin Yellow Line " . Season 8 Season eight premiered on March 26 , 2016 with " Broke His Crown " and ended on February 2 , 2017 with " Helpers " " The Light Cloud " Season 9 Season nine premiered on April 21 , 2017 with " Orb " and ended on July 21 , 2017 with " Three Buckets " . Season 10 Season ten premiered on September 17 , 2017 with " The Wild Hunt " , " Always BMO Closing " , " Son of Rap Bear " " Bonnibel Bubblegum " . The season and series has ended on September 3 , 2018 with " Come Along With Me " Production Following the animated short , Frederator Studios pitched an series to Nickelodeon , but the network passed on it twice . The studio then approached Cartoon Network , with creator Pendleton Ward delivering them an early storyboard for " The Enchiridion " , showing that the premise could be expanded into a series while maintaining elements from the original short : funny catchphrases and dances , an awkward kiss moment with the princess , and an " Abe Lincoln moment . " Cartoon Network greenlit the first season in September 2008 , and " The Enchiridion " would become the first produced episode . Series creator Pendleton Ward has stated that the artistic style is influenced by his time at CalArts and later working as a storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . He tries to include " beautiful " moments like those in Hayao Miyazaki ' s My Neighbor Totoro and some subversive humor , inspired by series like The Simpsons Pee - wee ' s Playhouse Executive producer Fred Seibert compares the show ' s animation style to that of Felix the Cat and the Max Fleischer cartoons but says its world is also equally inspired by video games . Ward intends the show ' s world to have a certain physical logic instead of " cartoony slapstick " - - even though magic exists in the story , the show ' s writers try to create an internal consistency in how the characters interact with the world . Ward describes the character Finn as " fiery little kid " with strong morals , while Jake is based on Bill Murray ' s character in the movie Meatballs , as a laidback twenty - something who usually jokes around , but occasionally gives good advice . Critical reception The show has received generally positive reviews . Television critic Robert Lloyd , in an article for the Los Angeles Times covering the new series , said it , " strikes [ him ] as a kind of companion piece to the network ' s currently airing Chowder The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Each takes place in a fantastical land peopled with strange , somewhat disturbing characters and has at its center a young male person or person - like thing making his way in that world with the help of unusual , not always reliable , mentors . " He went on to say that the show is , " not unlike CN ' s earlier Foster ' s Home for Imaginary Friends , about a boy and his imaginary friend , though [ it is ] darker and stranger and even less connected to the world as we know it . " Lloyd also compared it to , " the sort of cartoons they made when cartoons themselves were young and delighted in bringing all things to rubbery life . " Awards and nominations Adventure Time has been nominated three times for an Emmy in the category , Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program . The first was for " My Two Favorite People . " The second was for " It Came from the Nightosphere . " The third nomination was " Too Young " for the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards . Animated short The animated short " Adventure Time " aired as part of Frederator Studios ' Random ! Cartoons , and led to the creation of the animated series . Plot The cartoon begins with Pen ( who was renamed Finn in the series ) sleeping under a tree and Jake meditating . After they do a little dance ( which Jake downloaded from the internet while meditating ) , Lady Rainicorn ( a unicorn / rainbow hybrid ) flies by in tears . They discover that Lady Rainicorn is so sad because Princess Bubblegum is being imprisoned by the Ice King . Using snowballs , they battle their way past the Iceclops , Snow Golem , and other monsters that inhabit the Ice Kingdom . A scene from the short . Eventually , Pen and Jake reach the Ice King ' s mountain lair . Pen and the Ice King fight while Jake remains outside flirting with the Rainicorn , ignoring the battle . Just when Pen seems to be gaining the upper hand , the Ice King uses his " frozen lightning bolts " to freeze Pen in a block of ice . For unexplained reasons , this transports Pen ' s mind " back in time , and to Mars " where he has a short motivational conversation with Abraham Lincoln . After being told to believe in himself The story closes with Bubblegum giving Pen a kiss , which embarrasses him greatly . He attempts to leave , but Jake claims that they have nowhere else to go and that there are no adventures that need them . Fortunately , some nearby ninjas are stealing an old man ' s diamonds , and they both run off in pursuit . Trivia Adventure Time was the last show to still be airing new episodes since the Noods Era . The series has a total of 283 produced episodes which makes it the second most number of episodes on all Cartoon Network series , the first being the Ben 10 franchise ( 350 ) . Adventure Time is longest running show from the 2010s . The series originally had 9 seasons , but Cartoon Network split it into 10 . Because of this , Adventure Time is now the first Cartoon Network show to have reached 10 seasons . References โ Cartoon Brew , August 29 , 2008 โ " Adventure Time " Background Development Art " Enchiridion โ Props in Color โ 4.0 4.1 " The Enchiridion " Storyboards " . Frederator Studios . 2010 - 04 - 22 http : / / frederatorblogs . com / adventure_time / 2010 / 04 / 22 / the - enchiridion - storyboards / . Retrieved on 2010 - 07 - 14 โ 5.0 5.1 5.2 DeMott , Rick ( 2010 - 04 - 25 ) . " " Time for Some Adventure with Pendleton Ward " " . Animation World Network http : / / www . awn . com / articles / 2d / time - some - adventure - pendleton - ward . Retrieved on 2010 - 07 - 14 6.0 6.1 Zahed , Ramin ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . " " And Now for Something Entirely Brilliant ! " " . Animation Magazine http : / / www . animationmagazine . net / article / 11078 Fodnotefejl : Ugyldigt < ref > - tag : Der er ikke specificeret nogen fodnotetekst til navnet LA . 2520Times . 2520Review External links Pendleton Ward ' s Official Website Frederator Studios , the series production company Production blog at the Big Cartoon DataBase at the Internet Movie Database Animation Blog Adventure Time Wiki โ A wiki devoted to Broadcast History Cartoon Network ( 2010 - 2018 , reruns 2018 ) Boomerang ( 2018 - present ; reruns ) Adult Swim ( 2019 - present ; reruns ) Categories Cartoon Network Series Shows Cartoon Network Original Cartoons 2010s shows Cartoon Network Studio Productions Stubs 2010 television series debuts 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boomerang Ended series Cancelled Series Adult Swim Adult Swim Series Languages : ะัะปะณะฐััะบะธ Dansk Deutsch Espaรฑol ๆฅๆฌ่ช Polski Portuguรชs do Brasil Tรผrkรงe | [
"Adventure Time",
"animated television series",
"Pendleton Ward ."
] |
http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-origin-of-foghorn-leghorn-2/ | Scrooge McDuck And Money ( 1967 ) April 6th in LA : โ The HB Show โ Animation History February 22 , 2013 posted by Keith Scott The Origin of Foghorn Leghorn I would like to clear up the origins of one of the most beloved stars in Looney Tunes history , Foghorn Leghorn . In late 1944 , story man Warren Foster came up with a rooster story for Bob McKimson , recently promoted to a directing position and getting ready to begin his fourth cartoon . This story , eventually titled Walky Talky Hawky , ostensibly starred Henery Hawk , a tough - kid character originally created by Ted Pierce for Chuck Jones โ s 1942 release The Squawkin โ Hawk . But it was obvious from the storyboard that Foster โ s funny rooster would โ steal โ this cartoon . McKimson decided to base the loudmouth โ s voice on a hard - of - hearing West Coast - only radio character from the 1930s , known simply as The Sheriff . Rather than using Mel Blanc ( McKimson recalled he did n โ t think Mel could do [ that voice ] ) , another actor was auditioned ( frustratingly , I do n โ t know who this person was ) . But when that performer did n โ t work out , Blanc came aboard and , McKimson recalled , โ did a real good job . It is at this early point in the Foghorn saga that even Bob McKimson himself falls victim to the vagaries of recall , because by the time he began being interviewed in the mid - 1970s ( along with Clampett , Jones and many other Warner veterans ) , his memory was clouded by both the passage of time and the enormous fame that another old - time radio character , one Senator Claghorn , had enjoyed from 1945 - 49 on the highly respected comedy program The Fred Allen Show . McKimson recalled telling Foster that he was listening to the radio and had heard Claghorn . He also believed that โ Claghorn โ had taken his vocal delivery from the old , deaf sheriff on the early variety show , Blue Monday Jamboree . The Jamboree , like much of early West Coast radio , came out of San Francisco , before the show moved to Los Angeles in 1933 , when network lines became operational in Los Angeles . At that point most of its cast began Hollywood acting careers , including character man Jack Clifford who originated The Sheriff . Clifford continued appearing as the Sheriff all through the 1930s on local LA programs like Comedy Stars of Hollywood , Komedy Kapers and The Gilmore Circus . He also played bit parts in many films . The Sheriff โ who would yell obnoxiously , talk over people , and repeat what he โ d just said , prefacing each reiteration with โ I say โฆ โ โ was indeed the inspiration for Foghorn . But it must be emphasized , only for the first cartoon , Walky Talky Hawky . ( Actually a major running gag for The Sheriff โ bad puns based on mis - hearing what somebody was saying to him โ was never a part of Foghorn Leghorn โ s character . ) But as McKimson mis - remembered it in his later But the plain fact is that the dialogue - track for Walky Talky Hawky was recorded on January 13 , 1945 , a full ten months before the debut of Senator Claghorn on Fred Allen โ s New York - based show . A careful listen to this cartoon โ s track reveals that Blanc sounds totally unlike the Foggy voice of the 1950s . Here he sounds much more like Yosemite Sam โ loud and very gruff , and incorporating the Sheriff โ s habit of starting a sentence and then re - starting with โ I say โฆ Although a major influence on the cartoon , Jack Clifford โ s Sheriff was virtually a forgotton local LA radio character by the time the cartoon was released in late August of 1946 . But Senator Claghorn , ironically just ten months old , was already a national sensation . Kenny Delmar ( 1910 - 84 ) was a highly successful New York - based radio actor and announcer . He began , like so many others of his era , performing in vaudeville ( with his mother and aunt as The Delmar Sisters ) , before he broke into radio in 1936 . An accomplished dialectician , he worked scores of East Coast shows like The Shadow where he met Orson Welles . Welles hired him in 1938 for his famous โ War of the Worlds โ broadcast , where Delmar , although playing โ Secretary of the Interior In his late teens Delmar had hitchhiked cross - country and was given a two - day ride in Texas by a real - life character that every actor dreams about meeting . A bombastic rancher , this man would suddenly turn to his passenger and shout , โ Son , I own five hundred head of cattle โ five hundred , that is . I say , I own five hundred head of cattle . โ He also insisted on finishing his wheezy gags with a hearty โ That โ s a joke , son ! Ah say , Since 1942 , a popular feature of Fred Allen โ s radio show was Allen โ s Alley wherein the star would wander down a make - believe street and meet a melting pot of Americana ( Jewish housewife , a windy Irish - American , a New England farmer and a loudmouth politician ) . Jack Smart had been playing a pompous politico named Senator Bloat , but Smart had departed the show , and Allen had a hole to fill in his Alley . So when Fred Allen returned to the air for the 1945 - 46 Fall season beginning October 5 , 1945 , his large national audience heard the Senator Claghorn voice for the first time . The Senator โ s chauvinistic Southern jokes ( โ I refuse to drink unless it โ s in a Dixie cup ! โ ) and catchphrases ( โ That โ s a joke , son โ and โ That is โ ) , bolstered by the strong comedy scripts written by Allen and his co - writers , became national bywords by the end of his first month , and all across Ameriac entranced listeners began imitating the Senator โ s voice . While Claghorn was proving an instant success , the second Foghorn Leghorn picture , Crowing Pains , was underway by late 1945 , and on November 24 , its dialogue was recorded . This was a full eight weeks after Claghorn had made his bow , and already some borrowing of his mannerisms begins . As mentioned above , it was Claghorn , not The Sheriff , who used the catch - phrase โ That โ s a joke , son , โ and appended โ that is โ to various sentences , such as , โ He was too So it was in fact this second entry that McKimson was thinking of when he recalled telling Warren Foster about the Claghorn voice ( as he noted , Foster became very excited about the verbal gag possibilities ) . In Crowing Pains Foggy says , โ That โ s a joke , boy โ ya missed it , went right past you ! โ And , most importantly showing the marriage of both The Sheriff and Senator Claghorn , โ What โ s the ga - I say , what โ s the gag , son ? Gag that is A third rooster cartoon , Rootin โ Tootin โ Rooster began production in the summer of 1946 . Its eventual title was The Foghorn Leghorn ( the bellicose rooster , until then an anonymous barnyard denizen , finally took his name from this cartoon โ s title ) . It was in this cartoon that the Senator Claghorn influence became truly blatant . Foggy says , โ Scram . Scram , that is , โ โ Lookee here , son , โ and employs the actual Senatorial standby , โ That โ s a joke , son โฆ a flagwaver Meanwhile , following his first season with Fred Allen , Kenny Delmar was wooed to Hollywood to make a feature film starring the highly popular Senator . The movie was called โ what else ? โ It โ s a Joke , Son ! ( it was filmed in mid - 1946 , while the Allen show was on summer hiatus , and released in early 1947 . Interestingly the third Foghorn cartoon โ s dialogue was recorded in late July and early August , while Delmar was shooting his movie nearby ) . Delmar remained with Fred Allen until And as for Foghorn Leghorn , his character โ refined a little more film by film โ went on into the 1950s and early 60s in a highly successful series of cartoons . Interestingly , a new supporting hen , Miss Prissy , was also lifted virtually intact from another New York - originated radio character on The Milton Berle Show , that of a dizzy rich woman whose answer to everything was an imperious , vacuous โ Yeeeesss โ โ she was played by Pert Kelton , an early TV foil of Jackie Gleason . I trust this clears up some misconceptions . The legend of Foggy โ s origins has been , at best , semi - accurate and clouded in vagueness , but the facts show a different story , and there is simply too much animation studio history that is only semi - accurate or , even worse , totally wrong . Copyright ยฉ 2013 by Keith Scott Foghorn Leghorn Keith Scott | [
"The Origin of Foghorn Leghorn",
"Warren Foster",
"Bob McKimson"
] |
http://casablancacubangrill.com/appetizers/3761798 | HOME FOOD TRUCK BLOG 2083312370 AUTHENTIC APPETIZERS Six savoury flourbased rolls lightly breaded and fried to golden brown Available in three flavors Ham Cod fish and Chorizo Croquetas Three potato balls filled with seasoned ground beef and fried to perfection Crispy thinsliced green plantains chips fried until golden brown Served with our homemade garlic sauce Visit our restaurant for a casual lunch and dinner experience youll want to return to again and again We are a familyowned and operated business for 6 years Our bilingual staff is ready to help you Dinein today Crispy and tender fried pork chunks with roasted onions and garlic sauce Masitas de Puerco fritas Green plantain shells stuffed with your option of ground beef or shredded beef Green plantain shells stuffed with your option of cod fish or Creole shrimp Papas rellenas Tostones rellenos de carne Tostones rellenos de mariscos Slices of our Cuban style bread toasted and served with butter Tostadas de pan con mantequilla Casablanca appetizers combo plate offers three croquettes masitas de puerco and three stuffed plantains shells filled with shrimp Delicious Cuban combo | [
"APPETIZERS"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1585404.html | FindLaw Caselaw California CA Ct . App . PEOPLE v . NELSON PEOPLE v . NELSON Reset A A Font size : Print The PEOPLE , Plaintiff and Respondent , v . Carl NELSON , Defendant and Appellant . No . A131301 . Decided : November 14 , 2011 Darren J . Kessler , Law Offices of Darren Kessler , for Defendant and Appellant . Kamala D . Harris , Attorney General of the State of California , Dane R . Gillette , Chief Assistant Attorney General , Gerald A . Engler , Senior Assistant Attorney General , Eric D . Share , Supervising Deputy Attorney General , Michael E . Banister , Deputy Attorney General for Plaintiff and Respondent . Defendant Carl Nelson appeals from a traffic court judgment of guilt for violating Vehicle Code section 23123 , 1 which states that persons shall not drive on public roadways using a wireless telephone unless the phone is configured for hands - free listening and talking , and used in that manner while driving . ( ยง 23123 , subds . ( a ) , ( e ) . ) Defendant was observed using his phone in his car as he paused at a red traffic light while driving in Richmond , California . He argues he was not โ driving โ because his car was stopped during his phone use , relying on our Supreme Court ' s determination However , defendant ' s circumstances are materially different from those considered by the Mercer court , which defined โ drive โ as it applied to a person found asleep in a vehicle legally parked against the curb of a residential street , albeit with its engine running and lights on ; in other words , the vehicle was not at the time being driven on public roadways . Here , defendant used his wireless telephone with his hands while driving on a public roadway at a time at which he paused momentarily at a red light . This situation BACKGROUND On the morning of December 28 , 2009 , defendant was cited by a police officer for an infraction of section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) . Violators are subject to a fine . ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( b ) . ) Defendant contested his citation , leading to a trial before a Contra Costa County Superior Court traffic commissioner . According to the traffic commissioner ' s statement of the evidence , which defendant does not challenge for the purposes of his appeal , the police officer testified that he pulled up on his motorcycle directly by defendant ' s driver - side door while defendant ' s car was stopped at a red traffic light in Richmond , and saw defendant sitting in the driver ' s seat with a flip - type cell phone in the process of dialing the phone and placing it to his ear . Defendant looked at the officer , removed the phone from Defendant argued to the traffic commissioner that he was not โ driving โ his vehicle when he used his wireless telephone . He based his argument on our Supreme Court ' s definition of โ driving โ in Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d 753 , a case which considered whether or not a man found by police asleep and slumped over the wheel of a car legally parked against a curb of a residential street , its engine running and its lights on , who refused chemical tests was lawfully arrested without a warrant for violating section Defendant was found guilty of violating section 23123 and ordered to pay a fine and other penalties , totaling $ 103 . The appellate division of the superior court affirmed his conviction . It subsequently granted his request for transfer certification to this court because it thought it necessary to determine โ whether the term โ driving โ as used in section 23123 requires contemporaneous volitional movement of the motor vehicle as an element of the offense . โ We granted review of the matter by order filed on March 30 , 2011 . DISCUSSION Defendant argues in this appeal , as he argued before the traffic commissioner , that section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) does not prohibit hand - held wireless telephone use while a vehicle is stopped on the public roadways , relying on the Mercer court ' s definition of โ driving . โ The People argue that section 23123 prohibits such use because the statute applies to persons โ operating โ their vehicles on the public roadways , and that , in the alternative , substantial evidence of such motion was presented at trial in any event . We I . The Meaning of โ Drive โ and โ While Driving โ in Section 23123 A . The Governing Law Section 23123 first became effective on January 1 , 2007 . ( Stats . 2006 , ch . 290 , ยง 4 , p . 1957 . ) Subdivision ( a ) of section 23123 states : โ A person shall not drive a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone unless that telephone is specifically designed and configured to allow hands - free listening and talking , and is used in that manner while driving . โ ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( a ) . ) A violation of section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) is an infraction punishable by a base fine of $ 20 for the first offense and $ 50 for each subsequent offense . ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( b ) . ) Certain persons are exempt from the mandate in section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) . 2 For example , the mandate does not apply โ to a person using a wireless telephone for emergency purposes , including , but not limited to , an emergency call to a law enforcement agency , health care provider , fire department , or other emergency services agency or entity โ ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( c ) ) , โ to an emergency services professional using a wireless telephone while operating an authorized emergency vehicle โค in the course and scope of his or her duties โ ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( d ) ) 3 The Vehicle Code does not include definitions for the terms โ drive โ or โ while driving , โ 4 nor are we aware of any cases discussing the application of such terms to the present circumstances , i.e. , a person who engages in an activity that is prohibited โ while driving โ as he pauses at a traffic light . Mercer , as we will discuss , does not . Defendant cites People v . Howard ( 2002 ) 100 Cal . App . 4th 94 , which , citing Mercer ' s definition of โ driving , โ determined that a vehicle stalled and stopped in the center median of a street was not โ proceeding โ In our independent research , we have found two cases that , in discussing the difference between โ operate โ and โ drive , โ quoted an American Law Reports annotation in which it was indicated that a person would be โ operating , โ rather than โ driving , โ a vehicle during โ ' stops and parking on the highway . ' โ ( Music v . Department of Motor Vehicles ( 1990 ) 221 Cal . App . 3d 841 , 849 , fn . 7 , cited favorably in Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . Defendant ' s argument that he was not โ driving โ is based on our Supreme Court ' s opinion in Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d 753 , in which the court determined the meaning of the term โ drive โ as it is used in section 23152 , which prohibits driving under the influence . Section 23152 provides in relevant part , โ โ It is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of any alcoholic beverage or drug โค to drive a vehicle . โ โ ( ยง 23152 , subd . ( The Mercer court first looked at the language of section 23152 . It determined that , โ [ i ] n everyday usage of the phrase , โ to drive a vehicle , โ is understood as requiring evidence of volitional movement of a vehicle โ based on numerous dictionary definitions for โ drive โ that required movement . ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at p . 763 & fn . 5 . ) Second , the Mercer court looked at the use of similar terms in related statutes . It concluded the Legislature intended โ drive , โ as used in section 23152 , subdivision ( a ) to be construed narrowly . ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at p . 763 . ) The court pointed out that the Legislature employed the use of the disjunctive โ or โ in statutes such as sections 305 , 13353.2 , and 12501 to distinguish between a person who drives โ or โ does such things as โ operates โ a Third , the Mercer court reviewed decades of case law from other states , which held that the word โ โ drive , โ when used in a drunk driving statute , requires evidence of a defendant ' s volitional movement of a vehicle . โ ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d . at p . 764 . ) It also surveyed state statutes around the country that referred to โ drive โ and were similar to section 23152 . ( Mercer , at pp . 764 โ 768 . ) The court found that most states โ โ The distinction between these terms is material , for it is generally held that the word โ drive , โ as used in statutes of this kind , usually denotes movement of the vehicle in some direction , whereas the word โ operate โ has a broader meaning so as to include not only the motion of the vehicle , but also acts which engage the machinery of the vehicle that , alone or in sequence , will set in motion the motive power of the vehicle . โ โ ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . The Mercer court concluded from its analysis of these factors that a violation of section 23152 required โ proof of volitional movement of a vehicle . โ ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at p . 768 . ) The court rejected the idea that it should ignore these factors โ to effectuate what is asserted to be a better result in terms of social policy โ because it โ evinces a fundamental misunderstanding about the nature of statutory construction and the role of courts in our system of government . โ ( Id . at pp A number of appellate courts have followed Mercer ' s guidance in interpreting the term โ drive , โ including this court . In Isaac v . Department of Motor Vehicles ( 2007 ) 155 Cal . App . 4th 851 , we acknowledged โ drive โ was not substantially the same as โ operate โ in the course of determining whether an out - of - state conviction for โ operating โ a vehicle while under the influence involved โ driving . โ We stated : โ Mercer explains that California is among the minority of states that prohibit The Mercer court held that the defendant ' s warrantless arrest was invalid for reasons that do not apply to the present case , although its conclusion was based on its definition of โ driving โ as requiring movement . The court held that , since the defendant was subjected to a warrantless arrest for the misdemeanor violation of driving under the influence , Penal Code section 836 , subdivision ( 1 ) required that the arresting officer witness the defendant ' s vehicle move , which he did not . ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d 5 Defendant ' s use of a wireless telephone in the present case does not raise any arrest issues . B . Defendant ' s Arguments Defendant argues the Mercer court ' s conclusion that the term โ drive โ requires evidence of volitional movement means the trial court necessarily was in error because defendant was in a vehicle that was stopped at a red traffic light when he used his wireless telephone . He argues further that , if the trial court was correct , section 23123 โ would prohibit the use of a cellular telephone to make a call even in situations where the failure to make the call would clearly be contrary to the interests of public safety and defy common sense . Defendant further argues that rules of statutory construction support the conclusion that the trial court erred . He correctly points out that โ similar statutes should be construed in light of one another . โ ( Ziesmer v . Superior Court ( 2003 ) 107 Cal . App . 4th 360 , 366 ( Ziesmer ) . ) Furthermore , โ [ w ] hen legislation has been judicially construed and a subsequent statute on the same or an analogous subject is framed in the identical language , it will ordinarily be presumed that the [ framers ] intended that Defendant acknowledges that the Mercer court stated that its ruling did not disturb the established rule that , when challenging a conviction ( as defendant does here ) for driving under the influence , circumstantial evidence of unwitnessed volitional movement may be considered . ( Mercer , supra , 52 Cal . 3d at pp . 769 โ 770 . ) For example , in People v . Wilson ( 1985 ) 176 Cal . App . 3d Supp . 1 ( Wilson ) , the appellate court affirmed the conviction for driving under the influence of a man found Defendant argues that such an inference can not be made in his case , however , โ because cellular phone usage is a fleeting action ; it does not have residual effects that , like intoxication , last for hours . One can [ use ] a cell phone while stopped at a red light ( because it is safe to do so ) without having used it while moving the vehicle to the red light and without using it when one resumes one ' s voyage after the traffic light turns green . Thus , the fact that one Finally , defendant argues that , in the event we find section 23123 ambiguous , we must follow the well - settled rule that โ where a penal statute is ambiguous and susceptible to two reasonable interpretations , we must adopt the construction that is most favorable to defendant . โ ( Ziesmer , supra , 107 Cal . App . 4th at pp . 366 โ 367 . ) C . The People ' s Arguments The People argue that the repeated use of the term โ operate โ in the legislative history for section 23123 indicate that the Legislature intended to regulate the โ operation โ of motor vehicles , not just the โ driving โ of them . Specifically , the People point to the Legislature ' s findings and declarations for section 23123 , which twice refer to the โ operation โ of motor vehicles ( Stats . 2006 , ch . 290 , ยง 2 , subds . ( d ) & ( e ) , p . 1957 ) , as 6 The People conclude , โ all sides in the debate understood the focus of the bill to be reducing the public safety threat posed by a driver using a hand - held cell phone while โ operating โ a motor vehicle . โ Furthermore , โ the Legislature did not intend , either expressly or impliedly , to require that the vehicle be moving at the time the motorist was using his or her cell phone . โ The People argue that the circumstances involved in the present case โ show that [ defendant ] posed the type of threat The People further argue that defendant ' s reliance on Mercer is unavailing because the court ' s ruling was in the context of the particular prohibition against driving under the influence contained in section 23152 , and its holding narrowly addressed only whether the state may suspend or revoke a driver ' s license for failure to submit to chemical testing in the absence of evidence of observed volitional movement of the vehicle . Therefore , the People contend , โ Mercer ' s analysis of the term โ driving โ was limited to the context of propriety of D . Analysis We find merit and fault with the arguments made by both defendant and the People regarding the circumstances before us . Defendant properly argues , based on Mercer , that the term โ drive โ requires proof of volitional movement . However , he presumes this decides the issue . It does not . Mercer involved a man found asleep at the wheel of a legally parked car . Given those particular circumstances , our Supreme Court did not need to , and did not , answer the question posed to us by the appellate division of the superior court The People properly argue that the use of the term โ operating โ in section 23123 ' s legislative history is significant ; and , in fact , the term is similarly used in section 23123 itself , which is not the case in section 23152 . However , the People ask us to disregard altogether the Legislature ' s use of the terms โ drive โ and โ while driving โ in section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) , arguing that the Legislature actually intended โ operate โ and โ while operating . โ We are not persuaded However , it is unnecessary for us to further address the People ' s broader argument because it asks us to decide too much . Neither party focuses sufficiently on the precise circumstances before us . We are not reviewing whether all drivers โ operating โ their motor vehicles on the public roadways are prohibited from using hand - held wireless telephones , nor are we reviewing the various hypothetical circumstances referred to by defendant , such as whether a hand - held wireless phone may be used by a driver stopped behind a major accident that takes hours to Based on these facts , the only question that we must answer is this : Did defendant , while driving along Richmond ' s public roadways , violate section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) when he used his hands to listen to a wireless telephone as he fleetingly 7 paused as required at a red traffic light ? Again , while the Mercer court concluded the term โ drive โ requires โ proof of volitional movement of a vehicle โ ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at p . 768 ) it did not answer to this question because the police came upon the defendant as he slept in a parked car . ( Id . at pp . 756 โ 757 . ) Also , the parties do not cite any โ driving under the influence โ cases that address these circumstances , and we 8 We conclude defendant violated section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) , based on its language , the use of the terms โ drive โ and โ while driving โ in similar Vehicle Code statutes and in case law , section 23123 ' s legislative history , and the significant and numerous public safety hazards that likely would result from defendant ' s interpretation . We now explain how we reach this conclusion . โ In construing statutes , we aim โ to ascertain the intent of the enacting legislative body so that we may adopt the construction that best effectuates the purpose of the law . โ [ Citations . ] We look first to the words of the statute , โ because the statutory language is generally the most reliable indicator of legislative intent . โ [ Citations . ] [ ยถ ] When the statutory text is ambiguous , or it otherwise fails to resolve the question of its intended meaning , courts look to the statute ' s legislative history 1 . The Words of Section 23123 โ In the first step of the interpretive process we look to the words of the statute themselves . [ Citations . ] The Legislature ' s chosen language is the most reliable indicator of its intent because โ โ it is the language of the statute itself that has successfully braved the legislative gauntlet . โ โ [ Citations . ] We give the words of the statute โ a plain and commonsense meaning โ unless the statute specifically defines the words to give them a special meaning . [ Citations . ] If the statutory language is clear โ Nevertheless , the โ plain meaning โ rule does not prevent a court from determining whether the literal meaning of the statute comports with its purpose . [ Citations . ] Thus , although the words used by the Legislature are the most useful guide to its intent , we do not view the language of the statute in isolation . [ Citation . ] Rather , we construe the words of the statute in context , keeping in mind the statutory purpose . [ Citation . ] We will not follow the plain meaning of the statute โ The language of section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) does not answer the question before us either because of the ambiguity posed by the terms โ drive โ and โ while driving โ with regard to a driver ' s fleeting pauses as he or she drives on public roadways . An ambiguity exists when words in a statute โ โ are capable of being construed in two different ways by reasonably well informed people . โ โ ( People v . Bostick ( 1996 ) 46 Cal . App . 4th 287 , 295 ( conc . opn Such usage can be readily found in our case law , as indicated by our independent research . For example , in discussing the law of unreasonable searches and seizures , our Supreme Court has recognized the legitimacy of traffic stops because , โ โ โ in light of the pervasive regulation of vehicles capable of traveling on the public highways , individuals generally have a reduced expectation of privacy while driving a vehicle on public thoroughfares . โ โ โ ( People v . Letner and Tobin ( 2010 ) 50 Cal . 4th 99 , 146 , italics Defendant correctly points out that โ similar statutes should be construed in light of one another โ ( Ziesmer , supra , 107 Cal . App .4th at p . 366 ) and that it is โ ordinarily presumed โ that statutory language , once judicially construed , will be given a like interpretation in a latter statute on the same or analogous subject ( Yeroushalmi v . Miramar Sheraton , supra , 88 Cal . App . 4th at pp . 748 โ 749 ) . However , the Mercer court did not address fleeting stops made while driving Specifically , section 22110 , regarding methods of signaling , provides , โ In the event the signal lamps become inoperable while driving , hand and arm signals shall be used in the manner required by this chapter . โ ( ยง 22110 , subd . ( b ) , italics added . ) It would be patently absurd to suggest that a person whose signals stop working as he or she pauses at a red light and waits to turn left , has no obligation to use hand and arm signals to indicate the intention to turn because the Similarly , in section 13353 , our state ' s implied consent law , states : โ If a person on more than one occasion in separate incidents refuses the officer ' s request to submit to , or fails to complete , a chemical test or tests pursuant to Section 23612 while driving a motor vehicle , upon the receipt of the officer ' s sworn statement that the officer had reasonable cause to believe the person had been driving a motor vehicle in violation of Section 23140 , 23152 , or 23153 , the department shall disqualify the Obviously , this provision refers to drivers who refuse an officer ' s request to submit to , or fail to complete , the requisite chemical test during a traffic stop , when the vehicle is motionless . Otherwise , it would apply to virtually no one , an absurd result . The Legislature uses the term โ while driving โ in other Vehicle Code sections where the intended scope of the term is less apparent . ( See , e.g. , ยง ยง 12817 , 14601.4 , subd . ( a ) , 23112.7 , subd . ( c ) ( 1 ) . ) We do not make a comprehensive survey of these uses in the Vehicle Code or suggest one meaning for all of these uses . We merely point out that , based on language in statutes addressing similar concerns , the Legislature ' s use of the Section 23123 contains a further ambiguity regarding the Legislature ' s intended scope for โ drive โ and โ while driving โ that distinguishes it from section 23512 and the analysis in Mercer . In Mercer , the Supreme Court construed โ drive โ narrowly in part because section 23512 referred to โ drive , โ not operate ( which does not require volitional movement of the vehicle ) ; โ operate โ had been removed years before from the original โ drunk driving โ statute , and the Legislature distinguished between the two terms in other statutes by its In short , the Mercer court determined that โ drive โ requires proof of volitional movement , but did not address the present circumstances , and narrowly construed โ drive โ for reasons that do not apply here . Using Mercer ' s analytical framework as our guide , we conclude that section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) does not contain clear and unambiguous language that exempts defendant from its ambit , although it refers to โ drive โ and โ while driving . โ Identical language in other Vehicle Code provisions with similar concerns , case law discussion 2 . Section 23123 Legislative History โ When the plain meaning of the statute ' s text does not resolve the interpretive question , we must proceed to the second step of the inquiry โค We may โค look to โค the statute ' s legislative history [ ] to assist us in our interpretation . โ ( MacIsaac , supra , 134 Cal . App . 4th at p . 1083 . ) Legislative history can be very instructive . For example , in People v . Meyer ( 1985 ) 169 Cal . App . 3d 496 , the court reviewed the conviction of Similarly , here , section 23123 ' s legislative history is instructive . The Senate Bill Analysis indicates that the Legislature weighed the safety benefits and hazards of allowing drivers to use wireless telephones in motor vehicles . It distinguished sharply between hands - free and hand - held uses , seeking to allow the former while restricting the latter . As the People point out , in section two of the legislation enacting section 23123 , the Legislature made certain findings and declarations . These first state that โ [ t ] here are significant safety benefits associated with the availability of wireless communication technologies , โ and that the availability of wireless telephones โ in motor vehicles allows motorists to report accidents , fires , naturally occurring life - threatening situations , including , but not limited to , rock slides and fallen trees , other dangerous road conditions , road rage , dangerous driving , criminal behavior , Other parts of the Senate Bill Analysis also suggest the Legislature intended to prohibit hand - held wireless telephone use beyond the narrow parameters argued by defendant . Its introductory digest states : โ This bill prohibits , beginning July 1 , 2008 , a driver from using a wireless phone while operating a vehicle , unless the phone is specifically designed and configured to allow hands - free operation and is used in that manner โค โ ( Sen . Bill Analysis , p . 2 , italics added . ) The Analysis refers elsewhere to โ an infraction The Senate Bill Analysis includes other indications that the Legislature was concerned with restricting drivers ' use of hand - held wireless telephones on public roadways , and not only for those times when drivers are moving motor vehicles . It summarizes a 2003 California Highway Patrol report required by the Legislature that recommended giving โ serious consideration to requiring use of hands - free cell phones in motor vehicles โ without limitation . ( Sen . Bill Analysis , p . 5 . ) As the People point out , the Analysis also summarizes the opposition ' s argument We conclude from the legislative history that the Legislature distinguished between hands - free and hand - held use of wireless telephones by persons driving and operating motor vehicles on our public roadways . It saw benefits in the former , but enacted section 23123 because of โ the safety implications of the widespread practice of using hand - held wireless telephones while operating motor vehicles . โ ( Stats . 2006 , ch . 290 , ยง 2 , subd . ( d ) , p . 1957 . ) The findings and declarations , the interchangeable use of 3 . Possible Consequences To the extent any ambiguity remains , we โ cautiously take the third and final step in the interpretive process . [ Citation . ] In this phase of the process , we apply โ reason , practicality , and common sense to the language at hand . โ [ Citation . ] Where an uncertainty exists , we must consider the consequences that will flow from a particular interpretation . [ Citation . ] Thus , โ [ i ] n determining what the Legislature intended we are bound to consider not only the words used , but also Defendant ' s narrow interpretation of โ drive โ and โ while driving โ in section 23123 , subdivision ( a ) would likely result in significant and numerous public safety hazards on public roadways throughout the state . Unlike the Mercer court ' s recognition of legitimate policy reasons to retain the narrow statutory scheme for driving under the influence , such as allowing intoxicated drivers to park their cars until they became sober ( Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at p . 769 ) , neither the Legislature nor we have found any legitimate policy We would also open the door to innumerable phone calls to and from drivers that commence during such fleeting pauses and are difficult to end quickly when traffic resumes โ because , for example , of an employer or client to please on the other end of the call , an important voice mail message to listen to or finish , or an unexpected wait on hold encountered . Notably , the record here suggests defendant ended his use of his wireless phone to listen to messages when he saw the police officer by the side of his car , Defendant contends it is safe to use a hand - held device in circumstances such as his because the vehicle is stopped . We disagree . Drivers paused in the midst of traffic moving all around them ( behind them , in adjacent lanes , in the roadway in front of them ) would likely create hazards to themselves and public safety by their distracted use of their hands on their phones and devices , and would likely cause further traffic delays , whether it be because of a poor response to traffic issues that arise ( including if they Defendant argues that we must construe section 23123 narrowly because โ where a penal statute is ambiguous and susceptible to two reasonable interpretations , we must adopt the construction that is most favorable to defendant . โ ( Ziesmer , supra , 107 Cal . App . 4th at pp . 366 โ 367 . ) The precise rule , as stated by our Supreme Court , is that , โ when a statute defining a crime or punishment is susceptible of two reasonable interpretations , the appellate court should ordinarily adopt that interpretation more favorable to the defendant . Defendant also argues that construing section 23123 to apply to him would lead to absurd results , prohibiting others with good reasons to use their wireless telephones in safe circumstances , such as drivers stopped in traffic for hours waiting for an accident to clear . His arguments are unpersuasive for two reasons . First , we have determined section 23123 ' s application only regarding defendant ' s circumstances , and not regarding the hypothetical examples he discusses . Second , defendant ignores that section 23123 contains certain exemptions , including for use of hand - held wireless telephones As for defendant ' s argument that the trial court ' s reasoning is โ absurd โ when a person sitting in the driver ' s seat at a traffic light may lawfully do a variety of activities at least as distracting as checking voice mail messages , it is not our place to tell the Legislature what driving activities to regulate . ( See Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at pp . 768 โ 769 [ referring to the nature of statutory construction and the role of courts ] . ) Drivers engage in a variety In conclusion , the language of section 23123 and similar statutes , section 23123 ' s legislative history , and the significant and numerous public safety hazards that likely would result from defendant ' s interpretation indicate that the Legislature intended that section 23123 apply to defendant ' s circumstances . Our conclusion is consistent with Mercer because there was proof of volitional movement of defendant ' s motor vehicle , since defendant moved it immediately before and after his fleeting pause at the red traffic light . Therefore , we conclude defendant violated section 23123 , subdivision ( a II . The People ' s Alternative Argument Alternatively , the People argue that even if the term โ driving โ as used in section 23123 requires volitional movement contemporaneous with the prohibited activity , there was substantial , if circumstantial , evidence from which it should be inferred that defendant โ was using his phone only moments before stopping at the red light . โ This evidence includes that defendant was already operating his phone when the officer observed him using his wireless phone , his car was in gear and its motor was running , defendant ' s foot was on the brake to prevent the DISPOSITION The trial court ' s judgment is affirmed . I concur in the court ' s opinion . I write separately , however , to say that the scholarly analysis of legislative history and the lengthy discussion of cases are , for me , not necessary to resolution of this appeal , which I would decide this way . Vehicle Code section 23123 states that a person shall not drive on public roadways using a wireless telephone unless the phone is configured for hands - free listening and talking and โ is used in that manner while driving . โ ( ยง 23123 , subd . ( a ) . ) Found guilty under that section , defendant Carl Nelson argues he was not โ driving โ because he was using the phone while his car was stopped at a red light , an argument premised primarily on Mercer v . Department of Motor Vehicles ( 1991 ) 53 The Supreme Court in Mercer described the question before it this way : โ We now turn to the essential question posed in this case , namely , whether an officer may make a โ lawful arrest โ for โ drunk driving โ in violation of section 23152 ( a ) , if the arrestee ' s vehicle is lawfully parked and the officer has not observed the vehicle move . โ ( Mercer , supra , at p . 761 . ) Defendant was not parked , lawfully or otherwise . Mercer has no application . Any mom or dad driving kids to school can expect to stop while parents in cars in front of them are unloading their kids . A shopper driving to a store near Lake Merritt in Oakland may have to stop while a gaggle of geese crosses the street . A couple going for a Sunday drive in West Marin County may have to stop for a cattle crossing . And , of course , all of us are expected to stop for red lights , stop signs , crossing trains , and funeral processions . In short , all drivers FOOTNOTES 1 . All future references are to the Vehicle Code unless otherwise stated . 2 . The version of section 23123 that was operative at the time of defendant ' s trial expired on July 1 , 2011 , and was replaced by a version that retains all of the provisions discussed herein . ( ยง 23123 , subds . ( a ) - ( d ) , ( g ) ; former ยง 23123 , subds . ( a ) - ( d ) , ( h ) , Stats . 2007 , ch . 214 , ยง 2 , pp . 2066 โ 2067 . ) Accordingly , we refer to the present 3 . Section 23123 is part of a statutory scheme that regulates the use of mobile technologies in motor vehicles . This scheme includes section 23124 , which states that notwithstanding section 23123 , a person under the age of 18 years of age โ shall not drive a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone , even if equipped with a hands - free device , or while using a mobile service device . โ ( ยง 23124 , subds . ( a ) , ( b ) . ) Section 23125 provides that โ [ a ] person may 4 . โ Driver โ is defined in relevant part as โ a person who drives or is in actual physical control of a vehicle โ ( ยง 305 ) , as noted in Mercer , supra , 53 Cal . 3d at page 762 . 5 . After Mercer , the Legislature enacted Vehicle Code section 40300.5 , subdivision ( e ) , which allows for the warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor driving while under the influence violation not committed in the arresting officer ' s presence , in circumstances in which the person otherwise might destroy or conceal evidence . ( Troppman v . Valverde ( 2007 ) 40 Cal . 4th 1121 , 1136 , fn . 11 . ) 6 . We construe the People ' s reference to the Senate Bill Analysis as a request for judicial notice of it . Having notified the parties pursuant to Evidence Code section 459 of our intention to take judicial notice of the Analysis pursuant to Evidence Code section 452 , we do so . ( See In re Danny H . ( 2002 ) 104 Cal . App . 4th 92 , 100 , fn . 16 . ) 7 . As we have mentioned , defendant characterizes the time a driver uses a wireless telephone as โ fleeting , โ including during the time he or she may be paused at a red traffic light . Since these times could well be of the same or similar duration , we describe defendant ' s pause at the red traffic light as โ fleeting โ as well . 8 . This is not surprising because a person who becomes โ under the influence โ remains in that state for some period of time . Thus , in Wilson , the court found โ ample evidence โ of driving under the influence , although the defendant was found asleep in a parked car . ( Wilson , supra , 176 Cal . App . 3d Supp . at pp . 3 โ 4 , 7 โ 8 [ noting the evidence that defendant had been drinking earlier in the evening and , later , performed poorly in field sobriety tests LAMBDEN , J . I concur : KLINE , P.J . | [
"Thomson Reuters",
"Darren Kessler",
"Carl NELSON"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/ga-court-of-appeals/1227427.html | FindLaw Caselaw Georgia GA Ct . App . GEORGIA LOTTERY CORPORATION v . FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF GRADY COUNTY GEORGIA LOTTERY CORPORATION v . FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF GRADY COUNTY Reset A A Font size : Print Court of Appeals of Georgia . GEORGIA LOTTERY CORPORATION , v . FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF GRADY COUNTY . No . A02A0016 . Decided : February 15 , 2002 Thurbert E . Baker , Attorney General , Daniel M . Formby , Deputy Attorney General , John B . Ballard , Jr . , Senior Assistant Attorney General , Shereen M . Walls , Assistant Attorney General , Owen , Gleaton , Egan , Jones & Sweeney , David C . Will , Atlanta , for appellant . Jonathan K . Chason , for appellee . In this case regarding the alleged conversion of lottery proceeds , Georgia Lottery Corporation ( Lottery ) appeals the trial court ' s grant of summary judgment to First National Bank of Grady County ( Bank ) , contending that OCGA ยง 50 - 27 - 21 mandates a finding that the Bank disposed of lottery proceeds without authority , thereby converting them . 1 For the reasons set forth below , we reverse . Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law . OCGA ยง 9 - 11 - 56 ( c ) . A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of summary judgment , and we view the evidence , and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it , in the light most favorable to the nonmovant . Matjoulis v . Integon Gen . Ins . Corp . 2 Viewed in this light , the record shows that two separate corporations , Pack & Sack Food Centers , Inc . and Pac - a - Sac Food Centers , Inc . , ( collectively Retailers ) owned and operated a chain of convenience stores in Georgia . Both corporations contracted with the Lottery to be retailers of lottery tickets in 1993 . After entering this contract , each of the Retailers opened a special lottery account at the Bank to hold proceeds from the sale of lottery tickets . Joane M . Bishop , the Director of Operations for both of the Retailers , averred that each store commingled the proceeds from the sale of lottery tickets with the proceeds from the sale of general merchandise . These consolidated funds were then deposited in banks in the city where each individual store was located , and , afterward , the funds were transmitted to the headquarters of the Retailers , both of which were located in Cairo . Once there , the funds were forwarded to the Retailers ' general accounts at the Bank . Then , when Bishop Sometime in late July or early August 1997 , the Retailers informed the Lottery that they no longer wished to sell lottery tickets . Auditors for the Lottery determined that Pack & Sack owed a final balance of $ 91,390.72 and Pac - a - Sac owed $ 14,590.49 . On August 11 , 1999 , checks were drawn on the general accounts of the Retailers in these respective amounts and deposited in the appropriate lottery accounts . Shortly thereafter , through the Bank ' s internal auditor , the Retailers requested a stop payment on these checks because they David Fiorita , Manager of Financial Services for the Lottery in 1997 , testified that , on August 12 , 1997 , the Lottery initiated a final electronic funds transfer on the lottery accounts of the Retailers . The next morning , Fiorita called the Bank to ensure that the funds had been transferred . Wells informed Fiorita that both drafts had cleared and that there was enough money in the general accounts to cover the drafts . A few hours later , Wells informed Fiorita that the drafts were being returned because the Retailers questioned the amount owed to The Bank ' s records showed that the Retailers ' checks actually were deposited into the lottery accounts on August 11 , 1997 . The following day , the Lottery ' s sweep of funds in the accounts is shown , and , on August 13 , 1997 , a reimbursement of the Lottery ' s sweep is indicated . Finally , on August 14 , 1997 , the records show the lottery funds being reversed out of that account . Wells testified that this was necessary because , despite her mistaken statement to Fiorita , there were insufficient funds Charles Stafford , the President of the Bank , testified that he personally instructed his staff not to honor the checks to the Lottery . He stated that Bishop had told him that the Retailers expected a $ 200,000 refund from the Lottery . Based on this information , Stafford determined that the payments requested by the Lottery had to be erroneous . He stated : โ I knew that was wrong and I was n ' t going to pay that . โ Contrary to the findings of the trial court , these facts mandate a finding that the Bank converted the Lottery ' s funds in violation of OCGA ยง 50 - 27 - 21 . โ Conversion is the unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over personal property belonging to another . โ GLW Intl . Corp . v . Yao . 3 OCGA ยง 50 - 27 - 21 ( a ) provides : All proceeds from the sale of the lottery tickets or shares shall constitute a trust fund until paid to the corporation either directly or through the corporation ' s authorized collection representative . A lottery retailer and officers of a lottery retailer ' s business shall have a fiduciary duty to preserve and account for lottery proceeds and lottery retailers shall be personally liable for all proceeds . Proceeds shall include unsold instant tickets received by a lottery retailer and cash proceeds of the sale of any lottery products , net of allowable sales commissions and credit for lottery prizes Based on the clear , unambiguous language of this statutory provision , it is clear that , at the moment that a lottery ticket is sold , the proceeds therefrom are held in trust by the retailer for the Lottery . In addition , OCGA ยง 50 - 27 - 21 ( b ) provides further : The corporation shall require retailers to place all lottery proceeds due the corporation in accounts in institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation not later than the close of the next banking day after the date of their collection by the retailer until the date they are paid over to the corporation . At the time of such deposit , lottery proceeds shall be deemed to be the property of the corporation . The corporation may require a retailer to establish a single separate electronic funds transfer account where available for the purpose of receiving moneys from ticket or The Bank ' s records , themselves , indicate that the funds owed to the Lottery were deposited into the Retailers ' segregated lottery accounts . The statute unequivocally states that โ [ a ] t the time of such deposit , lottery proceeds shall be deemed to be the property of the [ Lottery ] . โ OCGA ยง 50 - 27 - 21 ( b ) . Therefore , once the funds had been deposited into the lottery account , neither the Retailers nor the Bank had any authority to reverse the Lottery ' s sweep of funds The bottom line in this case is that , contrary to statutory mandates , the Bank prevented the Lottery from receiving its own property and allowed that property to be used for unauthorized purposes . This is the very essence of conversion , and the trial court erred by granting the Bank ' s motion for summary judgment . To the contrary , the trial court should have granted the Lottery ' s motion for summary judgment on its conversion claim . Judgment reversed . FOOTNOTES 1 . The Lottery also made a motion for summary judgment , which the trial court denied . 2 . Matjoulis v . Integon Gen . Ins . Corp . , 226 Ga . App . 459 ( 1 ) , 486 S . E . 2d 684 ( 1997 ) . 3 . GLW Intl . Corp . v . Yao , 243 Ga . App . 38 , 42 ( 3 ) ( b ) , 532 S . E . 2d 151 ( 2000 ) . BLACKBURN , Chief Judge . JOHNSON , P.J. , and MILLER , J . , concur . FindLaw Career Center Select a Job Title View More | [
"GEORGIA LOTTERY CORPORATION",
"FIRST NATIONAL BANK",
"GRADY COUNTY"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-superior-court/1058798.html | FindLaw Caselaw New Jersey Superior Court of New Jersey DANKA FUNDING COMPANY LLC v . SKY CITY CASINO DANKA FUNDING COMPANY LLC v . SKY CITY CASINO Reset A A Font size : Print Superior Court of New Jersey , Law Division , DANKA FUNDING COMPANY , LLC , Plaintiffs , v . SKY CITY CASINO , Defendants . Decided : September 21 , 1999 Nicola G . Suglia , Audubon , Fleischer , Fleischer & Gerstein , Gibbsboro , appearing on behalf of plaintiffs Danka Funding Company , LLC . Michael E . Quiat , Uscher , Quiat , Uscher & Russo , Hackensack , appearing on behalf of defendant Sky City Casino . This matter is before the Court on a motion by Sky City Casino to dismiss the Complaint of Danka Funding Company , LLC โ Danka Funding โ ) pursuant to R . 4 : 6 - 2 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or , in the alternative , for summary judgment pursuant to R . 4 : 46 - 2 . Because the court has considered the Affidavits , Certifications and documents filed by the litigants in arriving at its conclusions , the matter will be dealt with as a motion for summary judgment . For the reasons set The facts are not in dispute . Sky City Casino is a gaming casino operated on lands of the Pueblo of Acoma and is located at Reservation Exit 102 , Interstate 40 , Pueblo of Acoma , New Mexico . The Pueblo of Acoma is a federally recognized Indian tribe . 1 The tribe is the sole owner and operator of the Sky City Casino . On December 31 , 1997 , Dennis Wanya , Sky City Casino ' s comptroller entered into two equipment leases for eight copying machines with Danka Funding ' s assignor , Danka Business Systems . The leases anticipated monthly payments of $ 3461.45 and $ 858.55 , respectively , and were assigned to Danka Funding . None of the negotiations preceding the agreements took place in New Jersey and the leases themselves reflect that Danka Business Systems maintained an office in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Sky City Casino made payments on these leases for approximately eight months . On September 18 , 1998 , however , attorneys for the casino advised Danka Funding that no further payments would be made and the company was asked to pick up the equipment . Two other letters from the casino ' s counsel dated November 2 , 1998 and November 5 , 1998 advised that if the equipment was not picked up by November 15 , 1998 โ the casino will arrange to have the equipment delivered โ to Danka Business System ' s Albuquerque address . Danka Funding declared Sky City Casino to be in default for failing to make its regular monthly payments and the future monthly payments were accelerated as permitted under the leases . Interest charges were also assessed . By the close of March 1999 , Danka Funding claimed that Sky City Casino owed it $ 149,782.51 . This lawsuit was commenced on March 31 , 1999 . Counsel for Danka Funding sought substituted service noting that โ [ w ] e have no information which would lead us to believe that โค [ Sky City Casino ] has any location or can be served by process in New Jersey . All of our credit records list the โค [ Sky City Casino ] with out - of - state addresses . There is no address listed in the State of New Jersey in the credit bureau records provided to me by our client . โ Substituted service On June 8 , 1999 , Sky City Casino moved to dismiss or , in the alternative , for summary judgment . The defendant claims that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because the Pueblo of Acoma has sovereign immunity under federal law . The defendant also claims that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over Sky City Casino or the Pueblo of Acoma since neither has the requisite minimum contacts with New Jersey . 2 Indian tribes are โ domestic dependent nations . โ United States v . Wheeler , 435 U.S. 313 , 323 , 98 S . Ct . 1079 , 55 L . Ed . 2d 303 ( 1978 ) ; Cherokee Nation v . Georgia , 30 U.S. ( 5 Pet . ) 1 , 17 , 8 L . Ed . 25 ( 1831 ) . These nations are under a protectorate relationship with the United States and their territories remain apart from the states in which they are located . See Santa Clara Pueblo v . Martinez , 436 Recently , the United States Supreme Court made it clear that an Indian tribe enjoys sovereign immunity from a civil suit based on breach of contract , whether the contract is entered into on or off tribal land . Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v . Manufacturing Technologies , Inc . , 523 U.S. 751 , 118 S . Ct . 1700 , 140 L . Ed . 2d 981 ( 1998 ) . Immunity from suit also exists whether the contract involves governmental or commercial activities engaged in by an Indian tribe . Kiowa Tribe , 523 U.S. at 754 In Kiowa Tribe , 523 U.S. at 756 , 118 S . Ct . 1700 , the Supreme Court recognized that tribal immunity as a judicial doctrine had โ developed almost by accident . โ The Court also noted that โ when tribes take part in the Nation ' s commerce โค immunity can harm those who are unaware that they are dealing with a tribe , who do not know of tribal immunity , or who have no choice in the matter , as in the case of tort victims . โ Kiowa Tribe , 523 U.S. at 758 Danka Funding appears to accept these general legal principles but argues that the Pueblo of Acoma has waived its immunity . The claimed waiver is based on the entry into the equipment leases by the Comptroller of the Sky City Casino in December of 1997 . There appears to be no dispute that Sky City Casino entered into these leases with Danka Business Systems , a company with its principal place of business located in Florida . The lease form used in both these transactions contains a so - called โ forum selection clause . โ Danka Funding essentially admits that there were no negotiations over the forum selection clause . Paragraph 13 of the form lease provides : CHOICE OF LAW : THIS LEASE AND EACH SCHEDULE SHALL BE GOVERNED BY THE INTERNAL LAWS FOR THE STATE IN WHICH OUR ( OR OUR ASSIGNEES ) LEASE PROCESSING CENTER IS LOCATED . YOU CONSENT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY LOCAL , STATE OR FEDERAL COURT LOCATED WITHIN SUCH STATE AND WAIVE ANY OBJECTION RELATING TO IMPROPER VENUE . Paragraph 14 of the forum lease notifies the Sky City Casino that Danka Business Systems may assign these leases to third parties and advises Sky City Casino โ that the assignee will have the same rights under the leases โค โ In short , the form leases plainly indicate that the lessee is consenting to personal jurisdiction by some court should a dispute arise under the equipment leases . Forum selection clauses are โ prima facie valid โ and such contractual provisions โ should be enforced unless enforcement is shown by the resisting party to be โ unreasonable โ under the circumstances . โ M / S Bremen v . Zapata Off - Shore Co . , 407 U.S. 1 , 10 , 92 S . Ct . 1907 , 32 L . Ed . 2d 513 ( 1972 ) . Moreover , such provisions have been enforced by the United States Supreme Court against consumers under circumstances where there was no meaningful choice as to whether the clause New Jersey courts , like their federal counterparts , have observed that forum selection clauses are prima facie valid and enforceable . See Caspi v . Microsoft Network L.L.C. , 323 N . J . Super . 118 , 732 A . 2d 528 ( App . Div . 1999 ) ; McNeill v . Zoref , 297 N . J . Super . 213 , 687 A . 2d 1052 ( App . Div . 1997 ) . 3 Enforcement will be denied only when ( 1 ) the clause is a result of fraud or โ overweening โ bargaining power ; ( 2 ) enforcement would violate the strong public policy of New Jersey ; or ( 3 ) enforcement would seriously inconvenience trial . Caspi v . Microsoft Network L.L.C. , 323 N . J . Super . at 122 , 732 A . 2d 528 ; Wilfred MacDonald , Inc . v . Cushman Inc . , 256 N . J . Super . 58 , 63 - 64 , 606 A . 2d 407 ( In a recent case , the Appellate Division enforced a forum selection clause containing an agreement between an Internet Service Provider ( โ ISP โ ) and a New Jersey customer which required that the customer agree to litigate all claims arising from the ISP agreement in the State of Washington . Caspi , 323 N . J . Super . at 124 , 732 A . 2d 528 . The Appellate Division enforced the clause despite a claim that it deprived consumers of their protection under New Jersey ' s consumer fraud statute . 4 But the fact that forum selection clauses are generally valid does not answer the question posed in this case . As a matter of federal law , an Indian tribe is subject to suit only when Congress has authorized it or when the tribe has waived its immunity . Thus the question presented is whether these forum selection clauses , even if generally enforceable , act to waive immunity here . The Tribal Secretary of the Pueblo Acoma has asserted that the Comptroller of the Sky City Casino , Dennis Wanya , did not have authority under tribal law to The laws of the Pueblo of Acoma unmistakably indicate that the tribe intended to utilize its immunity to the maximum extent permitted : 1 - 6 - 1 Existence of Immunity Except as expressly required by the laws of the United States , written laws of ACOMA Pueblo , or by a duly enacted resolution of the ACOMA Pueblo Tribal Council , ACOMA Pueblo Tribe shall be immune from suit for any action , and its officers , agents and employees shall be immune from suit for any action arising from performance of their official duties . 1 - 6 - 2 Interpretation of Waiver . Any waiver of sovereign immunity by federal or tribal law must be expressly stated , and strictly interpreted . PUEBLO OF ACOMA LAWS 1995 , tit . 1 ยง ยง 6 - 1 , 6 - 2 , Res . TC - Aug - 28 - 96 - 3 ( Supp . 1999 ) . The Pueblo of Acoma laws also explicitly state what procedures must be followed in order to waive its sovereign immunity : 1 - 4 - 4 Administrative Duties The ACOMA Pueblo Tribal Council has the power to waive the sovereign immunity of the Pueblo of ACOMA or by resolution , to authorize the Governor or his designate to waive the sovereign immunity of the Pueblo of ACOMA as limited in the resolution . 5 PUEBLO OF ACOMA LAWS 1995 , tit . 1 ยง 4 - 4 , Res . TC - Aug - 28 - 96 - 3 ( Supp . 1999 ) . Danka Business Services knew it was dealing with an Indian tribe and is charged with knowledge that the tribe possessed sovereign immunity . The tribe , through its laws , describes how one may obtain a legally enforceable waiver of that immunity . Neither Danka Business Services nor Danka Funding took advantage of those provisions . When the United States or New Jersey have been sued in New Jersey , our courts have observed that both sovereigns may determine what may be sued upon and the manner under which the suit may proceed . National State Bank v . Gonzalez , 266 N . J . Super . 614 , 623 - 624 , 630 A . 2d 376 ( App . Div . 1993 ) ( United States Sovereign Immunity ) ; Cargulia v . Cargulia , 309 N . J . Super . 649 , 660 - 661 , 707 A . 2d 1100 For example , in Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska v . Nebraska , 121 F . 3d 427 ( 8th Cir . 1997 ) , an Indian tribe sued Nebraska and its Governor under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , 25 U.S.C. ยง 2701 et seq . ( โ IGRA โ ) and alleged that they had failed to conduct good faith negotiations with the tribe for the purposes of reaching a tribal - state compact for conducting gaming on the tribe ' s reservation . The state answered that the suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment and filed The Indian tribe appealed claiming that Nebraska waived its immunity by enacting Neb . Rev . Stat . ยง 9 - 1,106 ( Supp . 1996 ) which required the Governor or his / her designee to conduct good faith negotiations with a tribe upon its request pursuant to the IGRA . The Indian tribe also argued that Nebraska waived its immunity by filing a counterclaim seeking declaratory and injunctive relief . The Eighth Circuit found for Nebraska concluding that no waiver of immunity was made . Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska , 121 F . 3d at 431 . In reaching its decision , the circuit court specifically found that โ the Nebraska assistant attorney general ' s conduct in answering the complaint and filing a counterclaim โค [ did ] not constitute a waiver of Nebraska ' s Eleventh Amendment immunity . While it is true that a state may waive Eleventh Amendment immunity through its conduct , a state official may waive the state ' s immunity only where Certainly the principles governing the extent to which a sovereign may consent to suit also should be applicable to this tribe . By failing to avail themselves of the procedures for obtaining a waiver of immunity under tribal law , Danka Business Systems and Danka Funding failed to satisfy the conditions necessary for an unequivocal waiver identified in Santa Clara Pueblo v . Martinez , 436 U.S. at 58 , 98 S . Ct . 1670 . Danka Funding claims that there is no need to obtain a waiver under tribal law because the language in the forum selection clause is plain enough . As the Court indicated earlier , however , the forum selection clause here is not as clear as Danka Funding would have us believe . No state forum is identified in the clause and , in fact , the forum might well shift during the course of contract performance depending on where the original lessor , or in the event of assignment its assignee , maintain their principal place ( s ) of The court has not found any authority nor has any been cited by counsel to support a waiver of immunity based on a tribal member signing a contract containing a forum selection clause . The court , however , is aware that several courts have found a waiver of tribal immunity where an arbitration clause was contained in a disputed contract . 6 In Native Village of Eyak v . GC Contractors , 658 P . 2d 756 , 760 ( Alaska 1983 ) , the Alaska Supreme Court found that an Indian tribe had waived its immunity by agreeing to arbitrate โ disputes and other matters in question between the Contractor and the [ Indian tribe ] . โ Id . at 758 . The Seventh and Eighth Circuits , too , have found waivers of immunity where arbitration clauses were contained in contracts . Sokaogon Gaming Enterprise Corp . v . Tushie - Montgomery Associates , Inc . , 86 F 7 The Ninth Circuit , however , declined to find a waiver of sovereign immunity where an agreement containing an arbitration clause was entered into between an Indian tribe and a company constructing , financing and operating a bingo enterprise on the tribe ' s lands . Pan American Co . v . Sycuan Band of Mission Indians , 884 F . 2d 416 ( 1989 ) . The Ninth Circuit found that the mere inclusion of an arbitration clause did not constitute the type of unequivocal waiver demanded by the United States Supreme Court . Id . at 420 . Other courts , too , have declined to find a waiver of immunity where contractual provisions suggested that the parties intended that legal recourse would be available in the event disputes were to arise . In American Indian Agricultural Consortium , Inc . v . Standing Rock Sioux Tribe , 780 F . 2d 1374 , 1379 ( 8th Cir . 1985 ) , the court declined to find a waiver of immunity even when the tribe permitted the plaintiff by contract to reserve its rights and remedies as provided by law and the contact also contained clauses providing for In sum , Danka Funding and Danka Business Systems could have insured that they received a proper waiver of immunity by resort to tribal law . Instead , they now rely on a form lease with a forum selection clause to achieve that end . The court finds that under the circumstances of this case , the mere signature of the Comptroller of Sky City Casino , one of the tribes ' subordinate organizations , on the equipment leases containing these clauses is insufficient to establish the unequivocal waiver necessary to extinguish the tribe ' s sovereign immunity . Accordingly FOOTNOTES 1 . The Pueblo of Acoma is self governing with executive , legislative and judicial branches . PUEBLO OF ACOMA LAWS 1995 tit . 1 , ยง ยง 3 - 1 , 4 - 1 , 5 - 1 ( Supp . 1999 ) . The executive branch is led by a Governor and the Acoma Pueblo Tribal Council serves as the tribe ' s legislature . PUEBLO OF ACOMA LAWS 1995 tit . 1 , ยง ยง 3 - 1 and 4 - 2 ( Supp . 1999 ) . 2 . The Court finds that the Pueblo of Acoma has sovereign immunity which it has not waived and thus is entitled to summary judgment . Consequently , the Court will not address defendant ' s minimum contact arguments . Sky City Casino also complains that the summons and complaint were not served in accordance with R . 4 : 4 - 5 ( a ) ( 2 ) . The Court is satisfied that it provided sufficient information so that this Court could authorize substituted service . Such an Order was entered on April 5 , 1999 and Sky City 3 . Danka Funding argues that their forum selection clauses permit it to loan money at favorable interest rates to prospective customers and this is in the public interest . While this may be the case , this policy argument in favor of enforcing forum selection clauses does little to establish the argument that the Indian tribe has waived its sovereign immunity . 4 . New Jersey courts have not addressed a forum selection clause such as this , which at the time of contracting makes it impossible to tell which forum is being agreed to . Since the clause permits the forum to change depending on whether the contracting party moves its business or assigns the contract to another , the clause might be found to be โ overweening โ at least in situations involving consumers . Further , in this instance , the forum selection clause appears to permit parties to be haled into a New Jersey court despite having no contacts 5 . Like many tribes , the Pueblo of Acoma has a Business Board which is empowered to oversee all Pueblo - owned enterprises including the Sky City Casino . PUEBLO OF ACOMA LAWS 1995 , tit . 1 , ยง ยง 10 - 1 and 10 - 3 ( Supp . 1999 ) ; Bylaws of Pueblo of Acoma Business Board Art . 1 ยง 1.01 . The Bylaws of the Pueblo of Acoma Business Board make it plain that unless specifically authorized by the Tribal Council โค the Business Board may not : ( 1 ) Enter into agreements 6 . In the court ' s view , there is a significant difference between the operation of a forum selection clause which acts to confer personal jurisdiction and an arbitration clause which deals with the subject matter of the dispute . An agreement to arbitrate places the subject matter of the dispute before an arbitrator rather than a court . Kalman Floor Co . , Inc . v . Jos . L . Muscarelle , Inc . , 196 N . J . Super . 16 , 26 , 481 A . 2d 553 ( App . Div . 1984 7 . In Rosebud Sioux , 50 F . 3d at 562 , the Eighth Circuit found that the arbitration clause was โ spare โ but โ explicit . โ Disputes arising under a contract between the tribe and a contractor building housing on the reservation โ shall be decided by arbitration . โ Id . at 562 . The circuit court found such an unequivocal statement in the agreement , was sufficient to establish a waiver . The Seventh Circuit also found an explicit waiver of immunity in Sokaogon Gaming Enterprise Corp . v . Tushie - Montgomery Associates , WALSH , J.S.C . | [
"DANKA FUNDING COMPANY LLC",
"v . SKY CITY CASINO",
"Defendants"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/tx-court-of-appeals/1375548.html | FindLaw Caselaw Texas TX Ct . App . THE KROGER CO v . BROWN THE KROGER CO v . BROWN Reset A A Font size : Print Court of Appeals of Texas , Houston ( 14th Dist . ) . THE KROGER CO . , Appellant , v . Dan BROWN , Appellee . No . 14 - 06 - 00510 - CV . Decided : July 24 , 2008 Panel consists of Justices FOWLER , FROST , and SEYMORE . Brock C . Akers , Evelyn Ailts Derrington , Houston , TX , for Appellant . Stephen Spence Hornbuckle , Thomas S . Hornbuckle , Houston , TX , for Appellee . OPINION In this negligence suit based upon a misfilled pharmacy prescription , The Kroger Co . appeals the portion of a judgment awarding appellee , Dan Brown , damages for past disfigurement . In its sole issue , Kroger contends the trial court erred by denying its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict ( โ JNOV โ ) and / or partial motion to disregard because the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury ' s finding that Brown sustained disfigurement . Because we agree with Kroger ' s contention , we modify the trial court ' s judgment to I . Background Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury ' s verdict , in April 2000 , Brown was diagnosed with a viral infection of his left inner - ear . His doctor prescribed several medications , including Prednisone , a steroid . Brown filled the prescriptions at a Kroger pharmacy . The pharmacist dispensed a lower dosage of Prednisone than prescribed . According to Brown , his ingestion of the lower dosage caused the infection to linger until the mistake was detected . Brown claimed the lingering infection caused damage to his left inner - ear , Brown sued Kroger for negligence and malice , seeking to recover actual and exemplary damages . The jury found that Kroger and Brown were both negligent and attributed 50 % responsibility respectively . The jury also found that Kroger did not act with malice . The jury awarded $ 6,000 for past physical pain and mental anguish , $ 18,000 for future physical pain and mental anguish , and $ 26,000 for past disfigurement . Kroger filed a motion for JNOV and / or partial motion to disregard , arguing there was no evidence to support the jury ' s 1 II . Discussion In its sole issue , Kroger contends the trial court erred by denying Kroger ' s motion for JNOV and awarding disfigurement damages because the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury ' s finding that Brown sustained disfigurement . A . Standard of Review We review denial of a motion for JNOV under a legal - sufficiency standard . Manon v . Solis , 142 S . W . 3d 380 , 387 ( Tex . App . - Houston [ 14th Dist . ] 2004 , pet . denied ) . When examining a legal - sufficiency challenge , we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it . City of Keller v . Wilson , 168 S . W . 3d 802 , 822 ( Tex . 2005 ) Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 34.6 ( c ) , this appeal is based on a partial reporter ' s record . See Tex . R . App . P . 34.6 ( c ) . Kroger requested a partial reporter ' s record consisting of the testimony of Dan and Diane Brown and any exhibits offered and admitted through their testimony . In the request , Kroger stated that its sole issue on appeal would be a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence supporting the disfigurement finding . See Tex . R . App . P . B . Brown ' s Testimony The pertinent portion of Brown ' s testimony is undisputed for purposes of this appeal . 2 Specifically , Brown explained the adverse effects of the inner - ear damage . He described various โ internal โ problems including ringing , pain , hypersensitivity to loud sounds , distortion of sounds , and inability to hear soft sounds . However , he identified only one adverse effect that he characterized as disfigurement : to engage in conversation , โ I keep my head kind of turned down to the right so I can keep my good ear towards you . โ He further testified , โ that ' s the only scar , I think - visible C . Definition of โ Disfigurement โ Initially , we note both parties cite cases addressing disfigurement under Texas law . However , in this case , no definition of disfigurement , much less the definition recognized under Texas law , was submitted in the jury charge . The jury was merely asked to determine an amount that would compensate Brown for various elements of damages , if any , including โ [ d ] isfigurement sustained in the past . โ 3 In addition , the jury was instructed , โ When words are used in this charge in a sense which varies from the meaning commonly understood , you are given a proper legal definition , which you are bound to accept in place of any other meaning . โ Therefore , we measure sufficiency of the evidence against the commonly - understood meaning of disfigurement . See Osterberg v . Peca , 12 S . W . 3d 31 , 55 ( Tex . 2000 ) ( holding , when no objection is made to jury issue , sufficiency of evidence is measured against charge given by court rather than some other unidentified law ) ; EMC Mortgage Corp . v . Jones , 252 S . W . 3d 857 , 868 - 69 ( Tex . App . - Dallas 2008 , no pet . h . However , the legal and common meanings of โ disfigurement โ are quite similar . Under Texas law , โ disfigurement โ has been defined as โ that which impairs or injures the beauty , symmetry , or appearance of a person โค that which renders unsightly , misshapen or imperfect , or deforms in some manner . โ Goldman v . Torres , 161 Tex . 437 , 341 S . W . 2d 154 , 160 ( 1960 ) ; SunBridge Healthcare Corp . v . Penny , 160 S . W . 3d 230 , 252 ( With respect to layman ' s language , popular dictionaries contain similar definitions of โ disfigure , โ including : โ to impair ( as in beauty ) by deep and persistent injuries โ ; Merriam - Webster ' s Collegiate Dictionary 332 ( 10th Ed . 2002 ) ; โ to blemish or spoil the appearance or shape of ; deform . โ The American Heritage Dictionary 404 ( 2nd Col . Ed . 1991 ) . Consequently , authority considering whether a condition constitutes disfigurement under Texas law might be persuasive in this case . D . Kroger ' s Argument Kroger presents two interrelated arguments to support its contention that Brown ' s condition does not constitute disfigurement . First , Kroger contends that , under Texas law , disfigurement requires some sort of physical blemish to the claimant ' s body . Kroger cites Keeler v . Richards Manufacturing Co . , in which the plaintiff sued the manufacturer and distributor of a compression hip screw that broke after implantation in her hip . 817 F . 2d 1197 , 1199 ( 5th Cir . 1987 ) . On appeal , the court held that the evidence was insufficient 4 Kroger also cites Texas cases upholding disfigurement findings when the injury at issue caused , or was expected to cause , a physical blemish to the claimant ' s body . See , e.g. , Durham Transp . Co . , Inc . v . Beettner , 201 S . W . 3d 859 , 869 ( Tex . App . - Waco 2006 , pet . denied ) ( anticipated scarring from future back surgery ) ; SunBridge Healthcare , 160 S . W . 3d at 252 ( significant swelling , distortion , and discoloration of face and Second , Kroger asserts that Brown produced evidence of , at most , physical impairment of his ability to communicate - not disfigurement . โ Physical impairment โ encompasses loss of the injured party ' s former lifestyle , the effect of which must be substantial and extend beyond any pain , suffering , mental anguish , lost wages , or diminished earning capacity . Patlyek v . Brittain , 149 S . W . 3d 781 , 785 - 86 ( Tex . App . - Austin 2004 , pet . denied ) ; see Golden Eagle Archery , Kroger relies on Patlyek , in which the plaintiff injured his neck in an automobile accident . 149 S . W . 3d at 783 . The court held that the plaintiff ' s inability to rotate his head to the left was evidence of physical impairment because this condition obviously impacted day - to - day activities . Id . at 787 - 88 . Kroger also cites other cases in which courts upheld findings of physical impairment when the injury affected the plaintiff ' s ability to speak or communicate . See , e.g. , Beettner , 201 E . Brown ' s Response In response , Brown correctly asserts that the definition of disfigurement under Texas law does not specifically state that a physical blemish is required . See Goldman , 341 S . W . 2d at 160 ; SunBridge Healthcare , 160 S . W . 3d at 252 . Further , as Brown argues , the Keeler court did not affirmatively state that a physical blemish is required to establish disfigurement . See 817 F . 2d at 1201 - 02 . 5 Additionally , as Brown notes , in the Texas cases cited by Kroger upholding a disfigurement finding , the claimant indeed sustained some sort of physical blemish ; but , these courts did not affirmatively hold that a physical blemish is required to support a disfigurement finding . See Beettner , 201 S . W . 3d at 869 ; SunBridge Healthcare , 160 S . W . 3d at 252 ; Schindler Elevator , 78 S . W . 3d at 413 ; Sanchez , 886 S . W . 2d at 826 ; Goldston Corp . , 714 Moreover , Brown contends the cases cited by Kroger - finding that an inability to communicate constituted physical impairment - do not foreclose the possibility a plaintiff may sustain both physical impairment and disfigurement . As Brown asserts , the Patlyek court considered only whether the plaintiff experienced physical impairment and did not address disfigurement . See 149 S . W . 3d 781 . Brown correctly notes that the same injury can cause physical impairment and disfigurement , although the Texas Supreme Court has cautioned that a claimant should not be compensated more than once for the same elements Brown primarily relies on Terry v . Garcia , in which a jury awarded the claimant various elements of damages for injuries sustained in an automobile accident . 800 S . W . 2d 854 , 855 ( Tex . App . - San Antonio 1990 , writ denied ) . On appeal , the court held the evidence was sufficient to support the award of damages for past and future disfigurement . Id . at 858 . The plaintiff had a stiff neck , he was required to turn his body to look left or right , and this In sum , Brown contends that no physical blemish is required under Texas law to establish disfigurement ; rather , Brown ' s turning his head down to engage in conversation is an injury to his appearance sufficient to establish disfigurement . F . Disfigurement Analysis Although the definition of disfigurement under Texas law and Texas authority discussing disfigurement have not affirmatively stated that a physical blemish is required , we conclude Brown ' s condition at issue does not rise to the level of disfigurement . Further , although the same injury may cause physical impairment and disfigurement , we conclude that Brown ' s condition at issue constitutes only physical impairment - not disfigurement . In particular , we disagree that Terry is instructive . The Terry court ' s discussion of disfigurement damages was scant . See 800 S . W . 2d at 858 . The court did not state that the plaintiff ' s need to turn his body to look left or right alone constituted disfigurement . See id . Rather , the court referenced the stiff neck itself as a โ change in appearance , โ although the court did not detail this change in appearance . See id . Therefore , the court suggested the plaintiff ' s neck Instead , we conclude that Keeler is more persuasive in this case . Specifically , Keeler supports a conclusion that not every physical movement affecting one ' s appearance , even if necessitated by an injury , constitutes disfigurement . See Keeler , 817 F . 2d at 1201 - 02 . The use of crutches and a cane , as in Keeler , requires a person to make a physical adjustment and obviously draws attention to the person ' s appearance . However , these items were used to compensate for impairment of the plaintiff ' s mobility and Similarly , Brown ' s turning his head down to engage in conversation does not establish disfigurement . Brown ' s underlying injury is hearing loss caused by the inner - ear infection . Brown does not have any external damage to his body caused by the inner - ear infection . Rather , Brown is required to make a physical movement to compensate for internal damage . We hold that this physical movement necessary to compensate for Brown ' s hearing impairment is not a change in his appearance sufficient to constitute disfigurement . Moreover , as we have discussed , because no legal definition of disfigurement was submitted to the jury , we must address whether Brown could be considered disfigured under the common meaning of the term . We conclude no reasonable juror could consider Brown disfigured based on any meaning of the term . Clearly , there are numerous activities of daily life which require even a healthy or whole person to turn his head or make other physical adjustments . Specifically , it is common for every person to occasionally turn an ear toward another person to hear the person III . Conclusion In sum , we hold the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury ' s finding that Brown sustained disfigurement . Accordingly , the trial court erred by denying Kroger ' s motion for JNOV and rendering a judgment that included an award for disfigurement damages . We sustain Kroger ' s sole issue . The jury assessed disfigurement damages of $ 26,000 . However , the jury also found that Kroger and Brown were each 50 % negligent . Thus , Kroger was liable for only 50 % of the damages assessed by the jury . See Tex . Civ . Prac . & Rem . Code ยง 33.012 ( a ) ( Vernon Supp . 2007 ) . Therefore , $ 13,000 of the $ 32,440 actual damages awarded in the judgment represented recovery for disfigurement . Accordingly , we modify the judgment to reduce the award of actual damages from $ 32,440 6 FOOTNOTES 1 . Brown also sued defendants named Bridgette Scott Johnson and Rashawn Dennis . Dennis was named as an appellant on Kroger ' s notice of appeal and briefs . Brown ' s wife , Diane , was also named as a plaintiff in this suit and an appellee on the parties ' briefs . However , only Mr . Brown ' s claims and Kroger ' s alleged liability were submitted in the jury charge . Further , judgment was rendered solely in favor of Mr . Brown and against Kroger . Therefore , we will treat Mr . Brown 2 . The one exhibit included in the partial reporter ' s record is a compilation of life - expectancy tables and is immaterial to our disfigurement analysis . 3 . We note , however , that the damages question was identical in pertinent respects to the Texas Pattern Jury Charge concerning personal - injury damages , which does not include a definition of โ disfigurement . โ See Texas Pattern Jury Charges PJC 8.2 ( 2006 ) . 4 . The court first used the term โ disability โ but then referred to โ physical impairment , โ thus apparently using these terms interchangeably . See Keeler , 817 F . 2d at 1201 - 02 . 5 . The Keeler defendant argued the plaintiff was not disfigured because she suffered no serious scarring or other physical deformity . Id . at 1201 . The court held there was insufficient evidence of disfigurement because the plaintiff failed to substantiate her claim that she sustained extensive scarring . Id . However , the court did not affirmatively hold that a physical blemish is always required to establish disfigurement under Texas law . See id . at 1201 - 02 . 6 . The total award of actual damages in the judgment exceeded 50 % of the total damages assessed by the jury . The trial court may have included pre - judgment interest because it separately awarded post - judgment interest and costs . However , the judgment does not reflect why the actual damages awarded are greater than 50 % of the total damages assessed by the jury . Specifically , the judgment does not mention pre - judgment interest , much less what portion of the actual damages , if any , was pre - judgment interest on the CHARLES W . SEYMORE , Justice . | [
"THE KROGER CO",
"BROWN",
"Appellee"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/tx-court-of-appeals/1383694.html | FindLaw Caselaw Texas TX Ct . App . REID v . STATE REID v . STATE Reset A A Font size : Print Court of Appeals of Texas , Amarillo . Tanya Thaxton REID , Appellant , v . The STATE of Texas , Appellee . No . 07 - 96 - 0245 - CR . Decided : February 24 , 1998 Before BOYD , C.J. , and DODSON and QUINN , JJ . E . Dean Roper , Amarillo , for appellant . Roland Saul , Criminal District Attorney , Hereford , for appellee . In eight points of error , appellant Tanya Thaxton Reid contends her conviction of murder and the consequent jury - assessed punishment of 40 years confinement in the Institutional Division of the Department of Criminal Justice must be reversed . In the first four of those points , she argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting testimony regarding Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy because 1 ) it is not relevant and not scientific knowledge , 2 ) it is not relevant and would not assist the trier of fact , 3 ) the probative value of the evidence is Because the questions presented by this appeal are primarily legal , and the factual record is lengthy , other than a background statement , we will refer to the factual evidence as it becomes necessary to a proper discussion of appellant ' s challenges . Parenthetically , there is a paucity of cases which have considered and discussed Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy . Indeed , as the result of research by the parties , and independent research by this court , we have found only two cases in which even peripheral reference was made to the syndrome . In Olivier As background , suffice it to say that on February 7 , 1984 , Deaf Smith County Emergency ( EMS ) personnel were summoned to the home of Tanya and Raymond Reid because their infant daughter , Morgan Reid , had suffered an apnea 2 episode . When the EMS personnel arrived , appellant was attempting to resuscitate Morgan . After an initial visit to the hospital in Hereford , Morgan was taken to Northwest Texas Hospital in Amarillo . Efforts to revive her were unsuccessful and , after it was learned the child was brain dead , she was removed from the ventilator and she died some fourteen hours later . After an autopsy , her cause of death was determined , and is shown on her death certificate , as brain death secondary to cardiorespiratory arrest of undetermined etiology . The Reids also had another child , Robert Matthew Reid , who had apnea episodes beginning in 1985 and continuing until March of 1988 . In March 1988 in Des Moines , Iowa , by court order , Matthew was adjudicated a child in need of assistance , removed from the Reid home , and placed in foster care . After that time , Matthew suffered no further apnea episodes . In our discussion , as did the parties , we will refer to Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy by its initials , i.e. , MSBP . Appellant ' s challenges present four basic questions to be decided by us . The first is whether MSBP has attained a sufficient degree of scientific reliability to be admissible in a proper case . A subset of that question , assuming the diagnosis is sufficiently reliable to be received into evidence , is whether it is relevant in this particular case . The second question , assuming affirmative answers to the first question and Texas Rule of Criminal Evidence 702 provides : If scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue , a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge , skill , experience , training , or education , may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise . Prior to the adoption of Rule 702 , 3 the standard for admissibility of expert testimony as to scientific evidence was whether the subject matter โ had gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs . โ See Frye v . United States , 293 F . 1013 ( D . C . Cir . 1923 ) ; Zani v . State , 758 S . W . 2d 233 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1988 ) . However , Rule 702 has now superseded that standard . Jordan v . State , 928 S . W . 2d 550 , 553 ( Tex The seminal case in interpreting the threshold requirements for admissibility of expert testimony under Rule 702 isKelly v . State , supra . In Kelly , the court held that to be admissible under the rule , proffered scientific expert testimony must be โ sufficiently reliable and relevant to help the jury in reaching accurate results . โ Kelly v . State , 824 S . W . 2d at 572 . In order to meet that reliability standard , the evidence must meet three criteria : a ) the underlying scientific theory must be valid ; b ) the 4 Id . at 573 . In its analysis , the Kelly court applied Rule 104 ( a ) and ( c ) , in conjunction with Rule 702 , and determined that prior to its receipt into evidence , the proponent must satisfy the trial court in a preliminary hearing outside the presence of the jury , that the expert testimony meets all three criteria . Id . at 573 . In doing so , the Kelly court also listed several non - exclusive factors that might affect a determination as to whether those criteria had been met . Those Needless to say , the careful trial judge held the requisite pretrial hearing before making his determination that the MSBP testimony was admissible . At the preliminary hearing , the State ' s expert witness was Dr . Thomas Bennett , the Iowa State Medical Examiner . Because of the importance of his testimony in determining whether the trial court properly decided to admit MSBP testimony , it is necessary to recount relevant portions of that testimony . Appellant does not challenge Dr . Bennett ' s expertise in the field of pathology and child abuse , therefore it is Dr . Bennett noted that he had personally performed around 4,000 autopsies over the years , and reviewed โ thousands โ by virtue of his responsibilities as the state medical examiner , and even others on a consultive basis . Additionally , Dr . Bennett had testified as an expert on MSBP in four or five cases and , basically , had been an expert in almost every case that has been presented in Iowa . Dr . Bennett defined MSBP as โ a series of unexplained incongruous signs and symptoms the child presents with but after you do further When queried about the diagnosis ' s acceptance in medical circles , Dr . Bennett averred , โ [ t ] his theory has been studied , it has been written up in dozens and dozens of articles , and it has in my opinion achieved widespread acceptance , and it is now being taught in the schools , because if you do n ' t teach of it - if you do n ' t teach it the doctor wo n ' t think of it ; if you do n ' t think of it you wo n In his testimony , Dr . Bennett also reviewed State ' s pretrial exhibit 10 consisting of six photocopies of complete articles and a med - line database search covering the period from 1922 to May 1996 which showed 122 articles in their abstract form . The search also contained the citations by which those articles could be located if it was desired to read them in their entirety . The doctor also identified State ' s pretrial exhibit 11 , which was another bibliography containing articles relating to MSBP going back to 1977 . The State also offered its 5 of experts who would be available to testify concerning MSBP . It was Dr . Bennett ' s conclusion that a diagnosis of MSBP was โ universally accepted . โ After an examination of Morgan and Matthew ' s medical records , it was his conclusion that the children were victims of MSBP . With regard to Morgan , the child whose death appellant was accused of causing , the doctor ' s conclusion was that the underlying cause of death was MSBP . The medical records of Morgan and Matthew were also properly verified and introduced at the pretrial The evidence introduced at the pretrial hearing was sufficient to sustain the trial court ' s โ gatekeeper โ decision that it was sufficient to meet all three criteria explicated in the Kelly case . Even so , we also note the exception to the general rule that in determining whether the trial court erred in resolving a pretrial evidentiary motion , we may consider only evidence adduced at the hearing on that motion . That exception applies in cases in which a point of error complains of the admission of evidence at trial , and the issue has been At trial , expert witnesses Drs . Carol Rosen , Randall Alexander , Austin Colman , and Thomas Kelly testified for the State . Parenthetically , appellant does not challenge the expertise of any of these witnesses . As each expert witness was tendered by the State at trial , appellant ' s trial counsel objected to the receipt of any MSBP testimony for reasons similar to those she advanced at the pretrial hearing and is also advanced in this appeal . Accordingly , a voir dire examination of each witness was conducted outside the presence of the jury and Rule 702 also requires that the trial court , before admitting expert testimony , must be satisfied that another three conditions are met : 1 ) that the expert witness qualifies as an expert by reason of his knowledge , skill , experience , training or education ; 2 ) the subject matter is an appropriate one for expert testimony ; and 3 ) that admitting the expert testimony will actually assist the jury . Alvarado v . State , 912 S . W . 2d 199 , 216 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1995 ) . The Here , as the expert testimony was received at trial , the jury was instructed that if there was any testimony from the witnesses that appellant had committed โ offenses , wrongs , or acts other than the offense alleged here in the indictment , โ it could not consider them unless they believed beyond a reasonable doubt appellant committed them and then might only consider them in determining โ intent , motive , plan , pattern , absence of illness , mistake or accident , if any โ in connection with the offense alleged against her in the indictment * * * only for the limited purpose or purposes of assisting you in considering the motive of the defendant , if any ; the intent of the defendant , if any ; the plan of the defendant , if any ; the pattern , if any , of apneic episodes , if any , involving Morgan Reid or Robert ( Matthew ) Reid , if any , or both of them , if any ; The absence of illness , mistake or accident , if any ; the state of mind of the defendant on the occasion in question , if any ; the medical diagnosis of Morgan Reid , if any ; the relationship between the defendant and Morgan Reid , if any ; The cause of death of Morgan Reid , if any , in connection with the offense , if any , alleged against the defendant in the indictment in this case and no other purpose or purposes . A similar instruction was given the jury in the court ' s charge with the addendum that they โ could not consider evidence of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy , if any , as a substitute for proof that the defendant committed the crime charged nor as proof that the defendant has a criminal personality , if any , or bad character , if any . โ Having made the decision that the trial court did not err in determining the scientific reliability of the MSBP testimony , it becomes necessary to determine appellant ' s next challenge . She argues that even if it is found the expert MSBP testimony meets the Kelly test , the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony because โ it is not relevant and would not assist the jury ; and , even if relevant , its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice , confusion of issues , or misleading the jury . In considering this challenge , again we must bear in mind the rule that a trial court is vested with the discretion to admit or exclude evidence and an appellate court should not reverse a trial court unless that court has abused its discretion in admitting the evidence . Duckett v . State , 797 S . W . 2d 906 , 913 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1990 ) . It is also the rule that if evidence is relevant to a matter or issue in the case , our evidentiary rules now require the party opposing In Rule 401 , relevant evidence is defined as โ evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence . โ In considering the question of relevancy , it is worthy of note that although a prosecutor ordinarily need not prove motive as an element of a crime , the absence of an apparent motive may make proof of the essential elements of a crime less persuasive . That is certainly the case here . In In Rousseau v . State , 855 S . W . 2d 666 , 686 ( Tex . Crim . App . ) , cert . denied , 510 U.S. 919 , 114 S . Ct . 313 , 126 L . Ed . 2d 260 ( 1993 ) , noting that Federal Rule of Evidence 702 is identical to our Rule 702 , the court quoted with approval the characterization of that federal rule contained in its commentary . The quote is as follows : Whether the situation is a proper one of the use of expert testimony is to be determined on the basis of assisting the trier . โ There is no more certain test for determining when experts may be used than the common sense inquiry whether the untrained layman would be qualified to determine intelligently and to the best possible degree the particular issue without enlightment from those having a specialized understanding of the subject involved in the dispute . [ citation omitted ] . When opinions are excluded , it is because they are unhelpful and therefore superfluous and a Rousseau , 855 S . W . 2d at 686 . In Duckett v . State , 797 S . W . 2d at 906 , in referring to the basic question of whether the expert testimony would assist the jury in arriving at a verdict , the court observed , โ [ w ] here such testimony is highly specialized or technical in nature , so as to be outside the knowledge of the average layman , a threshold determination of admissibility under Rule 702 is both proper and consistent with prior case law of this State . โ Relevance is by nature a looser notion than reliability . Whether evidence โ will assist the trier of fact โ and is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case is a simpler , more straight - forward matter to establish than whether the evidence is sufficiently grounded in science to be reliable . Jordan , 928 S . W . 2d at 555 . In her brief , appellant admits the expert testimony was sufficiently tied to the facts of this case . The existence , nature , validity , and applicability of these facts to the MSBP phenomenon are matters sufficiently beyond common experience that expert testimony would assist the trier of fact . Thus , it was relevant and of a nature sufficient to justify the trial court ' s evident determination that it met the three requirements explicated in Alvarado . However , appellant continues , even assuming arguendo , that if the expert testimony is deemed relevant , reliable , and otherwise admissible , the trial court โ crossed the line โ of admissibility by allowing the experts to testify that in his or her opinion , appellant repeatedly suffocated the children . That testimony was improper , reasons appellant , because in so testifying , the experts impermissively decided for the jury the ultimate issue of appellant ' s guilt . Morgan was born on May 17 , 1983 , and died on February 8 , 1984 . The State introduced evidence of approximately 13 apnea episodes suffered by Morgan prior to her death . The State ' s evidence was that the apnea episodes were similar in that they usually occurred on weekdays between 1 : 00 p.m. and 4 : 00 p.m. , Morgan was usually awake before the episodes began , appellant was the only one present who observed the onset of an apnea episode and she was the one who had to revive Morgan by the use With regard to Matthew , the State ' s evidence showed he was born on May 2 , 1985 , and had his first of approximately 15 apnea episodes some 26 days later . Appellant was the only one who witnessed the onset of the severe apnea episodes ; they only occurred when Matthew was awake ; appellant performed mouth or cardiopulmonary resuscitation upon him ; Matthew underwent numerous tests without a satisfactory physiological explanation for the tests . The State also produced evidence that he never had another apnea episode after he was removed from appellant . In responding to this challenge , the State initially contends the question was not preserved for our review . This follows , it says , because appellant ' s objections and requests for running objections were merely directed at the admission of testimony about MSBP , per se , and did not specifically address the issue of identification of appellant as the perpetrator . Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 52 requires that in order to preserve a complaint for appellate review , an objection must state the specific grounds for the ruling which he desires the court to make โ In advancing her proposition , appellant acknowledges the provision of Rule 704 that expert testimony , which is otherwise admissible , is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate fact to be decided by the trier of fact . However , she argues , while an expert witness may possess scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge concerning MSBP as a form of child abuse , โ that same person does not possess โ scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge โ beyond the realm of the jury in making a determination of Appellant ' s guilt or In support of her position , appellant cites , and primarily relies upon Duckett v . State , supra , and Yount v . State , 872 S . W . 2d 706 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1993 ) . In Duckett , as relevant here , the court decided that expert testimony concerning the Child Sexual Abuse Syndrome was admissible . Duckett , 797 S . W . 2d at 917 . En route to holding the testimony was admissible , the court opined that if a qualified expert offers to give testimony on whether the In Yount , consistent with Duckett , the court held it was reversible error to allow a witness to give a direct opinion as to the truthfulness of a child witness or of a class to which that child belongs . Yount , 872 S . W . 2d at 712 . Its reasoning , again , was that once an expert has imparted his or her scientific , technical , or specialized knowledge concerning his or her area of expertise , the jurors are just as capable as the expert in determining the credibility of a witness . Id In this case , however , the testimony about appellant ' s conduct with her minor children was part and parcel of the diagnosis of MSBP , a diagnosis which could not be made without application to the facts of the case . The testimony was about a mental condition , the understanding of which is beyond the comprehension and understanding of the average person . Under the peculiar and special circumstances of the psychiatric condition known as MSBP and its diagnosis , the experts ' use of the facts , i.e. , the apnea episodes and appellant ' s In homicide cases , it has long been established in this state that the cause of death may be shown by either or both expert and circumstantial evidence , and such evidence is admissible for that purpose . White v . State , 165 Tex . Crim . 339 , 306 S . W . 2d 903 , 906 ( 1957 ) ( reversed on other grounds ) , cert . denied , 355 U.S. 936 , 78 S . Ct . 420 , 2 L . Ed . 2d 419 ( 1958 ) ; Hines v . State , Our preceding discussion foreshadows our disposition of appellant ' s rather conclusory argument that the probative value of the expert testimony was substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect . As we have discussed above , by its very nature , the MSBP diagnosis depends upon expert testimony such as was received here and is necessary to aid the jury in deciding the ultimate issue of guilt or innocence in cases such as this . Under this record , appellant has not met her burden of demonstrating that the negative attributes of the MSBP testimony substantially outweighed its probative value . It now becomes necessary to consider appellant ' s argument that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony about MSBP because it was impermissible character conformity evidence under Rule 404 ( b ) . That rule provides : ( b ) Other Crimes , Wrongs , or Acts . Evidence of other crimes , wrongs , or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith . It may , however , be admissible for other purposes , such as proof of motive , opportunity , intent , preparation , plan , knowledge , identity , or absence of mistake or accident , provided , upon timely request by the accused , reasonable notice is given in advance of trial of intent to introduce in the In stating her argument , appellant primarily relies upon the rationale expressed in Brewington v . State , 802 S . W . 2d 691 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1991 ) . In Brewington , the appellant was charged with sexually molesting his own eleven - year - old daughter . At trial , the prosecution had been allowed to introduce testimony that the appellant was a fixated pedophile , without reference or relation to the facts of the case , other than an inference that might be drawn . Thus , in the appellate court ' However , in this case , the MSBP testimony was not received for character conformity purposes . Rather , as we have discussed , the testimony was necessary to show the basis for the diagnosis of a recognized medical condition , i.e. , MSBP , and was directly related to the facts of the case . The relationship between appellant and her children ' s apnea episodes were part and parcel of , and were necessary to show , the medical reasons for the diagnosis . The diagnosis and appellant ' s connection to it were directly related to the In the seminal case of Montgomery v . State , 810 S . W . 2d 372 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1991 ) ( on reh ' g ) , the Court of Criminal Appeals had occasion to discuss the implications of the Rule 404 ( b ) proscription against character conformity evidence . In doing so , the court pointed out that โ other crimes , wrongs , or acts โ may be admissible if they have relevance apart from their tendency to show character conformity . Id . at 387 . That is , the In Plante v . State , 692 S . W . 2d 487 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1985 ) , the appellant was charged with felony theft by deception . The trial court , in pursuance of its theory that the appellant ' s repeated failure to fulfill promises to pay others was probative on the issue of his intent not to pay in the charged offense , allowed the State to produce the testimony of 35 witnesses about extraneous offenses . In its rumination , the court stated that the test of admissibility of extraneous offenses En route to arriving at its decision , the Plante court quoted with approval a discussion by Professor John Wigmore of a theory of admitting extraneous offenses known as โ the doctrine of chances , โ a term coined by Wigmore . Plante , 692 S . W . 2d at 491 - 92 . Because we think it has relevance to this case , we set out below that portion of the opinion with the quote . It is as follows : * * * The relevancy of the extraneous offense derives purely from : the point of view of the doctrine of chances - the instinctive recognition of that logical process which eliminates the element of innocent intent by multiplying instances of the same result until it is perceived that this element can not explain them all . Without formulating any accurate test , and without attempting by numerous instances to secure absolute certainty of inference , the mind applies this rough and instinctive process of reasoning , namely , that an unusual and abnormal element might perhaps be present in one instance , but that the oftener similar instances occur with similar results * * * It will be seen that the peculiar feature of this process of proof is that the act itself is assumed to be done , - - - either because ( as usually ) it is conceded , or because the jury are [ sic ] instructed not to consider the evidence from this point ( sic ) view until they [ sic ] find the act to have been done and are proceeding to determine the intent . This explains what is a marked feature in the rulings of the courts , namely , a disinclination to insist on any Yet , in order to satisfy this demand , it is at least necessary that prior acts should be similar . Since it is the improbability of a like result being repeated by mere chance that carries probative weight , the essence of this probative effect is the likeness of the instance โค In short , there must be a similarity in the various instances in order to give them probative value . 2 Wigmore , Evidence , ยง 302 ( Chadbourn rev . ed . 1979 ) [ emphasis in original ] ( other citations omitted ) . In response , quoting a definition of character as โ a generalized description of a person ' s disposition , or of the disposition in respect to a general trait , such as honesty , temperance , or peacefulness , โ 6 the State argues that the MSBP testimony was not received as evidence of appellant ' s character or a trait of her character . See Plante , 692 S . W . 2d at 491 . See also Cantrell v . State , 731 S . W . 2d 84 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1987 ) ; Prieto v . State , 879 S . W . 2d 295 ( Tex . App . - Houston [ 14th Dist . ] 1994 , pet . ref ' d ) ; Dabney v . State , 816 S Under the facts of this case , and for the purposes for which it was admitted , the evidence about the episodic apnea events involving appellant and her children were admissible . Accordingly , the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting such evidence . We must now consider appellant ' s contention that the trial court erred in admitting testimony that Matthew was removed from appellant ' s custody . We note that during his direct examination , State ' s witness Dr . Thomas Kelly twice made reference to Matthew ' s removal , and during re - direct examination again referred to the child ' s removal , all without objection . Additionally , during direct examination by counsel , defense witness Raymond Reid was asked about Matthew ' s removal from his home in Iowa and about his well being when Additionally , under the authorities we have cited , this evidence was admissible . The State ' s case was purely circumstantial . The fact that until Matthew was removed from appellant ' s custody he suffered the same symptoms as Morgan but they did not reoccur after he left her custody was admissible as evidence of a system or scheme and as bearing upon appellant ' s intent . It was also admissible to aid the jury in determining whether Morgan died as a result of some defect or disease of an unknown origin . In sum , the In final summary , all of appellant ' s points are overruled and the judgment of the trial court affirmed . FOOTNOTES 2 . Apnea , in a pathological sense , is defined as โ a suspension of respiration , partial or entire ; suffocation . โ Reader ' s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary ( including Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary ) 1975 Edition . 3 . Later references to rule numbers are to those Rules of Criminal Evidence unless otherwise specifically denominated . 4 . The reasoning used by the Kelly court in arriving at its reliability test was approved and adopted by the Texas Supreme Court in E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co . v . Robinson , 923 S . W . 2d 549 , 556 ( Tex . 1995 ) . 5 . He commented there were 20 such experts in the State of Iowa alone . 6 . See McCormick , Evidence ยง 195 ( 4th Ed . 1992 ) ; S . Goode , O.G. Wellborn , and M.M. Sharlot , Guide to the Rules of Evidence : Civil and Criminal , ยง 404.2 ( Texas Practice 2d Edition ) . BOYD , Chief Justice . | [
"Tanya Thaxton REID",
"The STATE of Texas",
"Court of Appeals"
] |
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/tx-supreme-court/1243716.html | FindLaw Caselaw Texas TX Supreme Ct . DILLARD v . TEXAS ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE DILLARD v . TEXAS ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE Reset A A Font size : Print Supreme Court of Texas . Mary R . DILLARD , Individually , and as Community Survivor of the Estate of Kenneth Lewis Dillard , Deceased , and Mary R . Dillard a / n / f For Kimberly Dillard , a Minor , Petitioners , v . TEXAS ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE and Stephen Paul Bumstead , Respondents . No . 03 - 0655 . Decided : February 11 , 2005 R . Matt Dawson , Dawson & Sodd , P.C. , Corsicana , Roland G . Brown , Law Offices of Roland G . Brown , Jacksonville , Glenn Sodd , Richard Neal Green , Dawson & Sodd , P.C. , Corsicana , Anatole Robert Barnstone , Law Office of Anatole Barnstone , Austin , for petitioners . Michael V . Winchester , Winchester & Associates , P.C. , Plano , Stephen Paul Bumstead . D . Bradley Dickinson , Dickinson & Associates , P.C. , Dallas , for respondents . In this personal injury and wrongful death case , we must decide whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to submit one of two different instructions on the defendants ' inferential rebuttal defenses . An inferential rebuttal defense operates to rebut an essential element of the plaintiff ' s case by proof of other facts . For example , the defendants in this case contended at trial that the fatal auto accident in issue was not caused by their negligence , but rather by the presence of cattle on the roadway or by the conduct of the cattle I Texas Electric Cooperative ( TEC ) of Jasper , Texas , manufactures and sells utility poles . On the evening of May 27 , 1996 , TEC dispatched Stephen Bumstead to deliver a load of poles to Muenster , Texas , 304 miles away . About 120 miles out , traveling west on U.S. Highway 175 at about ten o ' clock at night , Bumstead crested a hill and saw several dark cows on the road . Unable to stop his loaded tractor - trailer rig quickly enough without jeopardizing control , Bumstead collided with one or more of A few minutes later , Mae Joyce Brown drove past Bumstead ' s rig on to the bridge heading east on Highway 175 . At the same time , the Dillards were approaching the bridge from the east in the unobstructed westbound lane . Crossing the bridge , Brown saw the approaching headlights of the Dillards ' vehicle but did not see the dead cow in her lane of traffic . When she hit the cow , her car was thrown into the westbound lane and into the Dillards ' vehicle , killing Kenneth Dillard and injuring his wife and The Dillards sued TEC and Bumstead for negligence , seeking damages for their personal injuries and for Kenneth ' s death . Brown intervened in the suit . The Dillards and Brown subsequently joined a number of surrounding landowners as defendants , but these claims were dismissed or abandoned before trial because the cattle involved in the accident could not be traced to any of these defendants . Also before trial , Brown settled her claims against TEC and Bumstead , leaving only the Dillards ' claims for the jury . At trial , the Dillards contended that TEC and Bumstead were negligent in operating an overloaded and top - heavy truck that could not be safely stopped when it encountered obstacles in the road , and in failing to warn approaching motorists , like Brown , of the hazard that the first accident created . TEC responded that its driver had insufficient time to take evasive action and thus could not have avoided hitting the cows despite the exercise of ordinary care . TEC also claimed that its driver was not responsible for the second accident that killed Kenneth Dillard At the charge conference , TEC requested that its defensive theories be presented to the jury in two inferential rebuttal instructions , one on unavoidable accident and the other on sole proximate cause . On sole proximate cause , TEC asked that the definition of proximate cause include the following sentence : There may be more than one proximate cause of an event , but if an act or omission of any person not a party to the suit was the โ sole proximate cause โ of an occurrence , then no act or omission of any other persons could have been a proximate cause . See Comm . on Pattern Jury Charges , State Bar of Tex . , Texas Pattern Jury Charges - General Negligence & Intentional Personal Torts PJC 3.2 ( 2003 ) ( Sole Proximate Cause ) . The trial court refused to include this instruction , but agreed to instruct the jury on unavoidable accident , which it did in the following definition of proximate cause : PROXIMATE CAUSE means that cause which , in a natural and continuous sequence , produces an event , and without which cause such event would not have occurred . In order to be a proximate cause , the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using ordinary care would have foreseen that the event , or some similar event , might reasonably result therefrom . There may be more than one proximate cause of an event . An occurrence may be an โ unavoidable accident , โ that is , an event not proximately caused by the negligence of any party to it . See id . PJC 2.4 ( Proximate Cause ) & PJC 3.4 ( Unavoidable Accident ) . The charge also included an instruction on spoliation based upon TEC ' s failure to produce Bumstead ' s trip logbook and any evidence of time and speed that it might contain . Guided by the court ' s charge , the jury returned a verdict upon which the trial court rendered judgment in the Dillards ' favor . In the court of appeals , TEC complained of four errors : ( 1 ) the trial court ' s refusal to submit a sole cause instruction , ( 2 ) the trial court ' s submission of a spoliation instruction , ( 3 ) the trial court ' s refusal to admit certain opinion testimony concerning causation , and ( 4 ) the factual insufficiency of the evidence to support the jury ' s finding of negligence and causation . Examining only the first issue , the court of appeals concluded that the trial court erred in refusing TEC II When defendants blame an occurrence on someone or something other than themselves , the Texas Pattern Jury Charges provide multiple alternatives . There is a sole - proximate - cause instruction if the occurrence is caused by a โ person not a party to the suit . โ 1 There is an unavoidable - accident instruction if the occurrence is not caused by โ the negligence of any party to it . โ 2 There is a new - and - independent - cause instruction if the occurrence is caused by someone else later . 3 There is a sudden - emergency instruction if the occurrence is caused by something other than the defendant ' s negligence and arises suddenly . 4 And finally , there is an act - of - God instruction if the occurrence is caused by โ the violence of nature . โ 5 The purpose of these instructions is to advise the jurors , in the appropriate case , that they do not have to place blame on a party to the suit if the evidence shows that conditions beyond the party ' s control caused the accident in question or that the conduct of some person not a party to the litigation caused it . Reinhart v . Young , 906 S . W . 2d 471 , 472 ( Tex . 1995 ) . TEC urges that it was entitled to two separate inferential rebuttal instructions here because there is evidence that the accidents may have been caused by a condition beyond its control - the cattle on the roadway - or by someone not a party to the litigation - either the unknown cattle owner or Brown . The Dillards contend , however , that there is no evidence that an unknown cattle owner did or failed to do anything to cause these accidents . They further maintain that TEC abandoned its claim that Brown caused the second accident by arguing at trial The trial court ' s charge included the following instruction : โ An occurrence may be an โ unavoidable accident , โ that is , an event not proximately caused by the negligence of any party to it . โ That instruction is a verbatim recitation from the Texas Pattern Jury Charges . Comm . on Pattern Jury Charges , State Bar of Tex . , Texas Pattern Jury Charges - General Negligence & Intentional Personal Torts PJC 3.4 ( 2003 ) ; see also Dallas Ry . & Terminal Co . v . Bailey , 151 Tex . 359 Under the unavoidable - accident instruction that the trial court submitted , TEC was free to argue to the jury that no one ' s conduct - including Brown ' s - caused the accident , a far easier burden than showing that others were negligent . And that ' s what TEC chose to do . Although TEC pled in the alternative that Brown ' s negligence was the sole proximate cause of the second accident , TEC did not contend during trial that Brown was to blame for the accident . This perhaps explains why the court of Although , as we have said , the traditional instructions do not always further the jury ' s understanding of the defense or conform to current broad - form practices , we believe that they do serve a legitimate purpose . But see Reinhart , 906 S . W . 2d at 477 ( Enoch , J . , concurring ) ( opining that the unavoidable - accident instruction should be discarded ) ; ( Hightower , J . , dissenting ) ( same ) . The standard broad - form question is structured such that the jury is not As we have noted , the Texas Pattern Jury Charges presently parse inferential rebuttal defenses into five separate instructions . Comm . On Pattern Jury Charges , State Bar of Tex . , Texas Pattern Jury Charges - General Negligence & Intentional Personal Torts PJC 3.1 - 3.5 ( 2003 ) . Many of these instructions overlap to create redundancies that encourage parties to request several so that the point can be repeatedly emphasized . See Schuhmacher Co . v . Holcomb , 142 Tex . 332 , 177 S . W . 2d 951 , 953 ( 1944 ) More important , these instructions often draw distinctions among outside causes that are irrelevant to what jurors must decide . Under broad - form submission rules , jurors need not agree on every detail of what occurred so long as they agree on the legally relevant result . Thus , jurors may agree that a defendant failed to follow approved safety practices without deciding each reason that the defendant may have failed to do so . Burk Royalty Co . v . Walls , 616 S . W . 2d 911 , 924 ( Tex . 1981 ) . Similarly With respect to inferential rebuttal issues , jurors need not agree on what person or thing caused an occurrence , so long as they agree it was not the defendant . If some jurors here blamed the cattle ( unavoidable accident or sudden emergency ) and the rest blamed the unknown cow owner ( sole proximate cause ) , their differences would be irrelevant - they would properly return a unanimous defense verdict . Just as jurors may find against a defendant without agreeing on which precise acts were negligent , they should be able to find the opposite without III Because the trial court ' s charge adequately informed the jury about TEC ' s inferential rebuttal defenses , the court of appeals erred in holding that the case should be retried under a more elaborate and granulated charge . Accordingly , we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to that court for consideration of the other issues that TEC raised . FOOTNOTES 1 . Comm . on Pattern Jury Charges , State Bar of Tex . , Texas Pattern Jury Charges - General Negligence & Intentional Personal Torts PJC 3.2 ( 2003 ) ( โ There may be more than one proximate cause of an event , but if an act or omission of any person not a party to the suit was the โ sole proximate cause โ of an occurrence , then no act or omission of any other person could have been a proximate cause . โ ) . 2 . Id . PJC 3.4 ( โ An occurrence may be an โ unavoidable accident , โ that is , an event not proximately caused by the negligence of any party to it . โ ) . 3 . Id . PJC 3.1 ( โ โ New and independent cause โ means the act or omission of a separate and independent agency , not reasonably foreseeable , that destroys the causal connection , if any , between the act or omission inquired about and the occurrence in question and thereby becomes the immediate cause of the occurrence . โ ) . 4 . Id . PJC 3.3 ( โ If a person is confronted by an โ emergency โ arising suddenly and unexpectedly , which was not proximately caused by any negligence on his part and which , to a reasonable person , requires immediate action without time for deliberation , his conduct in such an emergency is not negligence or failure to use ordinary care if , after such emergency arises , he acts as a person of ordinary prudence would have acted under the same or similar circumstances . โ ) . 5 . Id . PJC 3.5 ( โ An occurrence is caused by an act of God if it is caused directly and exclusively by the violence of nature , without human intervention or cause , and could not have been prevented by reasonable foresight or care . โ ) . Justice O ' NEILL delivered the opinion of the Court . | [
"Mary R . DILLARD",
"TEXAS ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE",
"Stephen Paul"
] |
http://casewatch.net/board/med/campbell/complaint.shtml | Disciplinary Actions against Andrew Campbell MD Stephen Barrett MD Andrew W Campbell MD medical director of the Medical Center for Immune Toxic Disorders in Spring Texas was prone to conclude that patients who consult him are suffering from allergic disorders related to toxic mold exposure In 2001 at a hearing held by the Texas Department of Insurance he testified that his center was seeing 50 such patients per week As a result he has been disciplined once and is now facing more charges The Texas Medical began investigating Campbell in 2001 and began charging him with wrongdoing in 2004 The first amended complaint shown below accused him of a performing inadequate history and physical examinations b ordering excessive and unnecessary laboratory tests c failing to maintain records that were adequate to justify what he did and d submitting insurance claims forms that were misleading andor fraudulent In 2006 the Texas Board filed a second amended complaint that provided more details about his care of the patients listed below The amended complaint stated that in each of these cases he had relied on junk science ordered inappropriate tests and improperly diagnosed toxigenic mold exposure The Administrative Law Judges report provides additional details Additional information about Campbells practices and fees were revealed in two reports by a Vaccine Court special master who denied petitions former patients who sought compensation for an alleged vaccine injury One report indicated that Campbell charged 12123 for the first visit and about 47000 more for about 16 more visits plus intravenous treatments between 1999 and 2002 The other report did not state the cost of visits in 1997 and 1998 but describes fees totaling more than 30000 between 1999 and 2002 In June 2007 the Texas Board upheld the second amended complaint and issued an order Campbell then appealed to the local district court which ordered the Board to lessen its penalties In response in November 2009 the Board entered a reprimanding Campbell and suspending his medical license for eight months after which his practice must be monitored for five years It also ordered him to a take 25 hours of continuing medical education in the legal obligations that accompany the physicianpatient relationship b take 25 hours of CME in the standard of care on the use of new techniques or medications andor the new uses of existing techniques or medications and c pay an administrative penalty of 64000 plus 839650 for transcription costs While the appeal was taking place the Board filed another complaint that accused Campbell of misdiagnosing and mistreating seven more patients In August 2011 Campbell was charged with inappropriate treatment of eight more patients whom he had treated for chronic pain In November 2011 the pending complaints were resolved by voluntary surrender of his medical license The surrender order states that he can apply for reinstatement one a year If he does however I doubt that he will succeed HEARING CONDUCTED BY THE TEXAS STATE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS SOAH DOCKET NO 503045717 LICENSE NO G7790 IN THE MATTER OF THE COMPLAINT AGAINST ANDREW WILLIAM CAMPBELL MD BEFORE THE TEXAS STATE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT TO THE HONORABLE TEXAS STATE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS AND THE HONORABLE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE TO BE ASSIGNED COMES NOW the Staff of the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners the Board and files this First Amended Complaint against Andrew William Campbell MD Respondent based on Respondents alleged violations of the Medical Practice Act the Act TEX OCC CODE ANN Title 3 Subtitle B Chapters 151165 Vernons 2004 and would show the following I Introduction The filing of this Complaint and the relief requested are necessary to protect the health and public interest of the citizens of the State of Texas as provided in Section 151003 of the Act II Legal Authority and Jurisdiction Respondent is a Texas Physician and holds Texas Medical License Number 07790 issued by the Board on June 9 1985 which was in full force and effect at all times material and relevant to this Complaint All jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied III Procedural Background 1 The Board received information that Respondent may have violated the Act and based on that information conducted an investigation The investigation compiled evidence that support allegations of a violation 2 Respondent was invited to attend an Informal Show Compliance Proceeding and Settlement Conference ISC held on September 16 2002 which was conducted in accordance with 2001054c GOVT CODE and 164004 of the Act The Board representatives reviewed and considered evidence from the investigation as well as any information presented by Respondent They determined that Respondent had not shown compliance with all requirements of the Act 3 In an attempt to resolve this matter informally the Panel offered Respondent a proposed Agreed Order setting forth certain terms and conditions Respondent failed andor refused to agree to the proposed settlement offer and no agreement to settle this matter has been reached by the parties IV Factual Allegations Board Staff has received information and on that information believes that Respondent has violated the Act Based on such information and belief Board Staff alleges Allegation 1 Patient GF 1 On October 25 1993 Respondent treated Patient G F Patient GF for exposure to paint fumes while removing epoxy paint with a grinder GF also reported previous exposure to asbestos and that he had worked at a nuclear power plant 2 Due to GFs history of exposure Respondent ordered and performed an extensive battery of tests Respondent diagnosed GF with polyneuropathy chemical exposure and Raynauds Syndrome 3 On July 21 2000 GF returned to see Respondent complaining of blackouts increased fatigue lack of energy low back pain and bilateral elbow discomfort diarrhea shortness of breath dry eyes ringing of the ears headaches occasional heart palpations and chest pain Respondent diagnosed chemical exposure fatigue shortness of breath SOB cough severe muscular weakness and abnormal reflexes 4 Respondent performed numerous tests including Sensory Nerve Conduction Study Flow Cytometry Fluorescent Antibody Titer and Lymphocyte Transformation Mitogen or Antigen induced blastogenesis Respondent ordered this excessive diagnostic testing on July 21 2000 without adequate medical justification This testing was excessive and not within the standard of care 5 Respondents billing for the excessive diagnostic tests was improper unreasonable for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 6 Respondent failed to maintain adequate medical records to justify the necessity of the above listed evaluations testing referrals treatment andor billing 7 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare represents nontherapeutic prescribing and flagrant or persistent overtreating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 2 Patient TA 1 On January 3 2001 Respondent evaluated Patient TA a minor TA had a significant medical history of sinus problems nosebleeds reactive airway disease headaches cough colds vomiting difficulty recalling simple things hard time sleeping fatigue SOB temper and asthma and mold allergy Respondent ordered extensive testing 2 In February 2001 Respondent ordered another series of extensive testing for TA This testing includes neurophysiological testing by Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Response BAER and Visual Evoked Potential VER serum protein electrophoresis an MRI of the brain and IVIG In February 2001 Respondent diagnosed immune mechanism disorder mycosis and polyneuropathynonspecific 3 On March 6 2001 the patient underwent an MRI which was interpreted as normal 4 On May 29 2001 Respondent examined the patient again The diagnoses were cough fatigue headaches memory loss sleep disturbance blurred vision and abnormal BAER Respondent ordered an EEG BAER NK cell activity TB cell function and Thelpersuppressor ratio 5 Respondent failed to perform simple diagnostic testing prior to ordering extensive and inappropriate testing The tests that were performed were improper and not indicated based on medical history or physical exam The billing for medical services from January 3 2001 to May 2001 is excessive This was not within the standard of care 6 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 7 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure 8 Respondent improperly used Current Procedure Terminology CPT codes for services rendered by using incorrect or improper codes based on level of service rendered or performed 9 Ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represents nontherapeutic prescribing treatment and flagrant or persistent over treating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 3 Patient KA 1 Respondent examined Patient KA on January 25 2001 A 21page Immune Dysfunction Questionnaire was completed on December 26 2000 2 KAs medical history included nosebleeds sinus problems severe headaches and neck pain since 1994 A neurology consult in 1994 included an MRI of the brain and CT scan which were negative KA complained of fatigue memory problems headaches hair loss depression anxietymood swings sharp pain in upper right quadrant and chest tightness 3 Respondents performed a battery of tests that were not indicated for the patients symptoms The testing and the symptoms are insufficient to support a diagnosis 4 Respondent failed to appropriately perform physical testing did excessive testing failed to use properly calibrated equipment had conflicts of interests when ordering tests did unscientifically reliable or recognized tests and unnecessary tests 5 Respondent sees KA on a number of other occasions that are recorded as followup visits Respondent billed these billed as consultations which is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 6 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 7 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure 8 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represents nontherapeutic prescribing treatment and flagrant or persistent over treating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 4 Patient JS 1 Respondent examined Patient JS on December 13 2000 JS completed a 23page Immune Dysfunction Questionnaire on December 5 2000 2 JS had a significant medical history of explosive diarrhea cramping fever night sweats 65pound weight loss in an 8month period loss of appetite and smoking 3 Respondents diagnosis was drawn largely from the patients Immune Dysfunction Questionnaire without performing appropriate testing and evaluations Respondent ordered extensive testing despite not having a history or physical examination This is not within the standard of care 4 JS had his primary care physician and a neurologist review Respondents diagnoses and treatment plan Both of these physicians disagreed with Respondents treatment plan and diagnoses 5 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 6 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure 7 Respondent improperly used CPT codes for services rendered by using incorrect or improper codes based on level of service rendered or performed 8 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 9 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represents nontherapeutic prescribing treatment and flagrant or persistent over treating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 5 Patient MS 1 Respondent evaluated Patient MS on June 26 2001 for possible mold exposure MS had a significant medical history that included an evaluation by 2 ENT specialists for cough symptoms of 2 years duration MS had prior diagnostic testing including chest xray pulmonary function tests barium swallow and allergy testing The diagnosis in October of 2000 was cough secondary to allergic rhinitis 2 On June 26 2001 Respondent saw and diagnosed MS with exposure to molds coughchronic headaches abnormal neurological exam allergies and blurred vision Respondent had MS undergo extensive testing This testing was excessive in regard to history and complaint 3 Respondents ordering of excessive diagnostic testing without adequate medical justification is improper and is below the standard of care 4 Respondents billings for the excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 5 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure 6 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 7 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represents nontherapeutic prescribing treatment and flagrant or persistent over treating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 6 Patient AT 1 On February 8 2002 Respondent examined Patient MT for symptoms related to toxic mold exposure MTs medical history was significant for fatigue memory disturbances depression anxiety personality changes mood swings headaches sleep disturbances visual changes muscle achesweakness flu like illnesses nose bleeds shortness of breath numbness and tingling to back of head which radiates to shoulder 2 Many of MTs symptoms and complaints were not addressed in the history and physical Respondent did not explore or perform any testing to address these symptoms Respondent failed to rule out any other potential diagnoses Respondent ordered extensive testing that is not related to the patients complaints or symptoms These tests were excessive there is no documentation as to why the tests were ordered or medically necessary The tests ordered had limited medical value and need 3 Respondents finding of toxic mold exposure is found despite a Mold Contamination Assessment Report that indicates air samples in the home identified that total fungal spore concentrations were within the range of values typically measured in residences and lower than the equivalent outdoor counts These records this report along with some past medical records were made available to the Respondent review on the day of the exam 4 Respondent ordered excessive diagnostic testing without adequate medical justification This practice fell below the standard of care 5 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 6 Respondent failed to maintain adequate medical records to justify the necessity of the above listed evaluations testing referrals treatment and billing 7 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 8 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represent nontherapeutic prescribing and flagrant or persistent overtreating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care 9 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a well recognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure Allegation 7 Patient MT2 1 On February 8 2002 Respondent examined Patient MT2 the daughter of Patient MT for symptoms related to toxic mold exposure MT2s medical history was significant for fatigue memory disturbances depression anxiety personality changes mood swings headaches sleep disturbances visual changes muscle achesweakness flu like illnesses nose bleeds shortness of breath numbness and tingling to back of head which radiates to shoulder 2 Many of the patients symptoms and complaint are not addressed in the history and physical Respondent does explore or perform any testing to address these symptoms Respondents fails to rule out any other potential diagnoses Respondents orders extensive that is not related to the patients complaints or symptoms Theses tests are excessive there is no documentation as to why the tests are ordered or medically necessary The tests ordered have limited medical value and need 3 Respondent finding of toxic mold exposure is found despite a Mold Contamination Assessment Report indicates air samples in the home identified that total fungal spore concentrations were within the range of values typically measured in residences and lower than the equivalent outdoor counts These records this report along with some past medical records were made available to the Respondent review or the day of the exam 4 Respondent ordered excessive diagnostic testing without adequate medical justification This practice fell below the standard of care 5 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code 6 Respondent failed to maintain adequate medical records to justify the necessity of the above listed evaluations testing referrals treatment and billing 7 The bills for the provided by Respondent indicate multiple procedures with multiple codes that represent unbundling is a violation of Section 3110025 Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 8 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 9 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represent nontherapeutic prescribing and flagrant or persistent overtreating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care 10 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure Allegation 7 Patient AT 1 On February 8 2002 Respondent examined Patient AT daughter of patient MT for symptoms related to toxic mold exposure ATs medical history was significant for fatigue memory disturbances depression anxiety personality changes mood swings headaches sleep disturbances visual changes muscle achesweakness flu like illnesses nose bleeds shortness of breath numbness and tingling to back of head which radiates to shoulder 2 Many of the patients symptoms and complaint are not addressed in the history and physical Respondent does explore or perform any testing to address these symptoms Respondents fails to rule out any other potential diagnoses Respondents orders extensive that is not related to the patients complaints or symptoms Theses tests are excessive there is no documentation as to why the tests are ordered or medically necessary The tests ordered have limited medical value and need 3 Respondent finding of toxic mold exposure is found despite a Mold Contamination Assessment Report indicates air samples in the home identified that total fungal spore concentrations were within the range of values typically measured in residences and lower than the equivalent outdoor counts These records this report along with some past medical records were made available to the Respondent review on the day of the exam 4 Respondents ordering of excessive diagnostic testing without adequate medical justification This practice fell below the standard of care 5 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 6 Respondent failed to maintain adequate medical records to justify the necessity of the above listed evaluations testing referrals treatment and billing 7 The bills submitted by Respondent were unbundled Unbundling is a wellrecognized method of filing for reimbursement and an unlawful practice in which separate charges are submitted for multiple procedures which are normally performed together and billed as a single procedure 8 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care 9 This practice of ordering excessive and marginal tests without medical support is inconsistent with public health and welfare and represent nontherapeutic prescribing and flagrant or persistent overtreating and overcharging which is unprofessional This is also below the standard of care Allegation 8 Patient CB 1 Respondent treated Patient CB for multiple complex symptoms related probable immune dysfunction from November 1995 through April 2003 CBs medical history was significant for fatigue angina allergic rhino sinusitis anxietydepression muscle weakness and other various conditions In response to this Respondent throughout his treatment of CB ordered extensive and costly medical testing 2 Many of the patients symptoms and complaint are not addressed in the history and physical Respondent orders extensive testing that is not related to the patients complaints or symptoms These tests are excessive there is no documentation as to why the tests are ordered or medically necessary The tests ordered have limited medical value and need 3 Respondent repeatedly failed to establish medical necessity for multiple complex fungal testing immune complex testing and oxidant function testing The Respondent frequently utilized complex evaluation and management CPT codes that were not fully substantiated by the patients combined history physical examination and therapeutic approaches 4 Respondents billings for the excessive evaluations excessive diagnostic tests and consultations were improper unreasonable andor for services not medically or clinically necessary and a violation of Section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary Respondents ordering of extensive diagnostic teasing without adequate medical justification This practice fell below the standard of care 5 Respondent failed to maintain adequate medical records to justify the necessity of the above listed evaluations testing referrals treatment and billing 6 On a number of occasions Respondent recorded visits as consultations when there was no referral Respondent billed these as consultations which requires a referral and is a higher level of service than a followup visit The use of a higher level of service is inconsistent with proper CPT coding practices The practice of billing a service using a higher CPT code to increase reimbursement is term upcoding and not within standard of care Respondents treatment and testing of these patients demonstrates a pattern of inadequate medical history and examination to substantiate the diagnoses listed The testing ordered and conducted is excessive and medically unrelated to the patients chief complaints The interpretation of many tests are not supported by data and history in the patients records Many of the charges are excessive Documentation guidelines regarding level of service were not met to support the billing or the coding of bills Respondent upcoded charges by charging more for the level of services indicated in the medical records Respondent misuses CPT codes Consultations were billed fraudulently in all cases This practice demonstrated a potential for patient harm economic harm to the patients or entity increased potential to harm the public through this continuing pattern of practice attempted concealment of the conduct the conduct was premeditated intentional conduct and was motivated for enrichment of Respondent with a disregard for patient wellbeing this pattern shows likelihood of similar future conduct all of which increases the potential harm and seriousness of the violation V Applicable Statutes Rules and Agency Policy Respondents conduct as described above constitutes grounds for the Board to revoke or suspend Respondents Texas medical license or to impose any other authorized means of discipline upon the Respondent The following Statutes Rules and Agency Policy are applicable to this matter A PROCEDURES FOR THE CONDUCT OF THIS HEARING 1 Section 164007a of the Act requires that the Board adopt procedures governing formal disposition of a contested case before the State Office of Administrative Hearings 2 22 TEX ADMIN CODE Chapter 187 sets forth the procedures adopted by the Board under the requirement of Section 1 64007a of the Act 3 1 TEX ADMIN CODE 15S3c provides that the procedural rules of the state agency on behalf of which the hearing is conducted govern procedural matters that relate to the hearing as required by law to wit Section l64007a of the Act as cited above 4 1 TEX ADMIN CODE CHAPTER 155 sets forth the rules of procedure adopted by SOAH for contested case proceedings B VIOLATIONS WARRANTING DISCIPLINARY ACTION 1 Respondent is subject to disciplinary action pursuant to Section 164051a1 of the Act based on Respondents commission of an act prohibited under Section 164052 of the Act 2 Respondent is subject to disciplinary action by the Board pursuant to Section 164051a6 of the Act by failing to practice medicine in an acceptable professional manner consistent with public health and welfare 3 Board Rule 19081a provides that the failure to practice medicine in an acceptable manner consistent with public health and welfare includes the failure to treat a patient according to the generally accepted standard of care 4 Respondent has committed a prohibited act or practice within the meaning of Sections 164052a5 and 164053a5 of the Act by prescribing or administering a drug or treatment that is nontherapeutic in nature or nontherapeutic in the manner the drug or treatment is administered or prescribed 5 Respondent has committed 8 prohibited act or practice within the meaning of Section 16405205 of the Act based upon unprofessional or dishonorable conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public or injure the public 6 Respondent has committed a prohibited act or practice within the meaning of Sections 1640528X5 and 164053a1 of the Act by Respondents commission of an act that violates any law of this state if the act is connected with Respondents practice of medicine In accordance with Section 164053b 8 complaint indictment or conviction of a violation of law is not necessary for enforcement of Section 16405381 7 Respondent has committed a prohibited act or practice within the meaning of Section 30840 of TEX REV CIV STAT ANN art 4495b Vernon Supp 1999 by violating section 3110025 of the Texas Health and Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 8 Respondent has committed a prohibited act or practice within the meaning of Sections l64052aX5 and 164053a7 of the Act by violating Section 3110025 of the Texas Health Safety Code which provides that a health care professional may not submit to a patient or a third party payor a bill for a treatment that professional knows was not provided or knows was improper unreasonable or medically or clinically unnecessary 9 Respondent has committed a prohibited act or practice and is subject to discipline pursuant to Sections 101203 of the Act which provides that a health care professional may not violate Section 3110025 of theHealth and Safety Code C SANCTIONS THAT MAYBE IMPOSED 1 Section 164001 of the Act authorizes the Board to impose a range of disciplinary actions against a person for violation of the Act or a Board rule Such sanctions include revocation suspension probation public reprimand limitation or restriction on practice counseling or treatment required educational or counseling programs monitored practice public service and an administrative penalty 2 Chapter 165 Subchapter A of the Act sets forth statutory requirements for the amount and basis of an administrative penalty 3 22 TEX ADMIN CODE 18739 authorizes the Board to assess in addition to penalty imposed costs of the investigation and administrative hearing in the case of a default judgment or upon adjudication that Respondent is in violation of the Act after a trial on the merits 4 22 TEX ADMIN CODE Chapter 190 provides disciplinary guidelines intended to provide guidance and a framework of analysis for administrative law judges in the making of recommendations in contested licensure and disciplinary mailers and to provide guidance as to the types of conduct that constitute violations of the Act or board rules VI NOTICE TO RESPONDENT IF YOU DO NOT FILE A WRITTEN ANSWER TO THIS NOTICE WITH THE STATE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS WITHIN 20 DAYS OF THE DATE NOTICE OF SERVICE WAS MAILED A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED AGAINST YOU WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE DENIAL OF LICENSURE OR ANY OR ALL OF THE REQUESTED SANCTIONS INCLUDING THE REVOCATION OF YOUR LICENSE IF YOU FILE A WRITIEN ANSWER BUT THEN FAIL TO ATIEND THE HEARING A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED AGAINST YOU WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE DENIAL OF LICENSURE OR ANY OR ALL OF THE REQUESTED SANCTIONS INCLUDING THE REVOCATION OF YOUR LICENSE PURSUANT TO 22 TEX ADMIN CODE 187272 A WRITTEN ANSWER SIIALL SPECIFICALLY ADMIT OR DENY EACH FACTUAL ALLEGATION MADE AGAINST THE RESPONDENT WHEREFORE PREMISES CONSIDERED Board Stuff requests that an administrative law judge employed by the State Office of Administrative Hearings conduct a contested case hearing on the merits of the Complaint in accordance with Section 164007a of the Act Upon final hearing Board Staff requests that the Honorable Administrative Law Judge issue a Proposal for Decision PFD that reflects Respondents violation of the Act as set forth in this Complaint Following issuance of the PFD Board Staff requests that the Board enter an Order to revoke or suspend Respondents medical license or that other means of discipline be imposed In the event that the Board determines to stay any revocation or suspension and grant probation in this case or to impose restrictions on Respondents license Board Staff requests that the following restrictions be considered 1 Probation should continue for an appropriate period of time 2 Respondent should be restricted from practicing medicine in Texas until Respondent requests permission in writing to resume the practice of medicine in Texas personally appears before the Board to orally petition for permission to resume such practice and provides sufficient evidence and information that ill the discretion of the Board adequately indicates that Respondent is physically mentally and otherwise competent to safely practice medicine or such other restrictions as may be found to be appropriate 3 Respondent should be required to complete additional hours of Continuing Medical Education each year during the probationary period 4 Respondent should be required to maintain patient medical and billing records in accordance with 22 TEX ADMIN CODE Chapter 165 5 Respondents patient medical and billing records should be monitored by a physician designated by the Executive Director of the Board 6 Respondent should be required to perform public service Board further requests that the Board impose an administrative penalty against Respondent in an appropriate amount for each violation and for each day the violation continues based on the seriousness of the violations the economic harm to property or the environment caused by the violation the history of previous violations the amount necessary to deter a future violation efforts to correct the violation the estimated cost of the investigation and prosecution of the case and the estimated cost of any future monitoring of the licensee Board Staff further requests that the Board assess in addition to the administrative penalty imposed the cost of the Administrative hearing Board Staff further requests that Respondent be reprimanded for his violations of the Act Respectfully submitted TEXAS STATE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS Scott M Freshour Mark Martyn Texas State Board of Medical Examiners Telephone 512 3057096 FAX 512 3057007 333 Guadalupe Tower 3 Suite 610 Austin Texas 78701 This page was revised on January 24 2012 | [
"medical director",
"Texas Board"
] |
http://cash2gofinancial.com/wheeling-currency-exchange/ | Cash2Go Financial Wheeling Currency Exchange 857 W Dundee Rd Wheeling IL 60090 Contact Information Phone 8475371990 Fax 8475372045 Email wheelingcash2gofinancialcom Map Directions Store Hours Monday Friday 900am to 700pm Saturday 900am to 500pm Sunday Closed Store Services Check Cashing Bill Payments Buy Sell Foreign Currency Vehicle Title Transfer Services Licence Plate Sticker Renewals Chicago City Parking Stickers Western Union PrePaid Visa Mastercards Write a Comment You must be logged in to post a comment | [
"Currency Exchange",
"Check Cashing",
"Bill Payments"
] |
http://cashmoneylife.com/25-ways-i-save-money/ | Money Saving Tips โ 25 Actionable Ways to Save Money Posted by Ryan Guina Last updated on March 5 , 2019 | Saving Money Advertiser Disclosure : This content is not provided or commissioned by the bank advertiser . Opinions expressed here are author โ s alone , not those of the bank advertiser , and have not been reviewed , approved or otherwise endorsed by the bank advertiser . This site may be compensated through the bank advertiser Affiliate Program . This is a list of common things my wife and I do to save money on a regular basis . Luckily , we are both frugal by nature and we actually do most of these things without needing to discuss it much . These tips can be used by almost anyone , and more importantly , they do n โ t force you to make radical changes to your lifestyle . With a few small changes , it โ s very easy to use these money saving tips : Be a Savvy Money Manager How you manage your money can have a big impact on your bottom line . Simple changes like making your savings automatic , using a free online checking account , keeping your savings in a high yield savings account , and avoiding ATM fees can save you hundreds of dollars a year . There are some options out there to actually make money when you sign up for an online checking account such as Chase Free Checking . More importantly , these changes are quick and easy to make , and do n โ t cost you anything ! 1 . Make it automatic . Before I see my paycheck , a good portion of it is diverted to my online savings account and retirement savings . This forces me to save money automatically without taking any additional action on my part . This is important because it reduces the temptation to spend it , and reduces the barrier of having to โ actively โ save . Action item : Enroll in your company 401 ( k ) plan if you have one , and make an automatic payroll contribution with each paycheck . Start small if you need to โ you probably wo n โ t even notice a big difference in your take home pay . If you do n โ t have a 401 ( k ) plan , open a Roth IRA 2 . Do n โ t pay banking fees ! I use my bank for automatic deposits , free bill pay , free checks , and free reimbursements for all ATM fees . I wo n โ t pay for any of those services . ( I bank with USAA , which offers all of these features and more ) . Here are some recommendations for other great online banks that do n โ t charge many fees : Free online checking accounts Best high interest savings accounts Current savings account interest rates Action item : Check to see how many fees your bank is charging you and how much you earn in interest . Change banks if necessary . 3 . Use rewards credit cards . If you are a responsible credit card user , then you should absolutely use a cash back credit card for all your purchases . I get cash back on every purchase and I pay the card off every month so I do n โ t pay any interest fees . I only recommend credit cards if you have no current credit card debt , and can afford to pay the balance every month ! If you do n โ t want to use credit cards , then consider using a cash rewards debit card . The best on the market is the debit card from PerkStreet Financial . If you are a savvy credit card user , consider saving more money by using specific credit cards based on the type of purchase . Here are some good examples : Gas rewards cards Travel rewards credit cards Airline miles credit cards Action item : Use rewards credit cards or debit cards wisely and reap the rewards ! 4 . Track your spending and investments . It โ s essential to know where your money is going so you can manage it efficiently . We use a free money management tool to track our savings and investments and make updates to our financial accounts when things get out of balance . This is a great way to track all your income and expenses . Action item . Sign up for a free online money management tool to help track your expenses . One of my favorite tools is Personal Capital 5 . Buy insurance . Health insurance , home owner โ s insurance , auto insurance , and other types of insurance are designed to save you money ! Sure , you may end up paying premiums for years and never file a claim , but in the event you need to file a claim , your premium will likely be small compared to what you would have had to pay . You โ ll be very happy if you ever need it ! Action item : Make sure you have the appropriate amounts of insurance to protect you and your family . 6 . Avoid debt and put your money to work for you . We have a mortgage , which we do n โ t mind because we would either have a mortgage or pay rent . But we are free of any student loans or consumer debt including credit cards , automobiles , home equity line of credit , or anything else . This means we pay very little interest and are able to make more of our money work for us instead of work for someone else . And that โ s the whole point of saving money , is n โ t it ? ๐ Action item : Make getting out of debt a priority by aggressively paying it down or transferring it to a 0 % balance transfer credit card so you can eliminate it more quickly . Save Money Around Your Home After making small changes to how you manage your money , the biggest way to save money every day is by making small changes around your home . These small changes usually do n โ t take much effort , but can save your hundreds of dollars a year in recurring energy costs for things like utilities and energy . 7 . Examine your cable TV needs . You can save a lot of money by bundling these items with the same provider rather than purchasing them separately . But you may also find that you can do without some of these items . For example , my wife and I dropped cable TV two years ago , and have n โ t looked back . We use cable TV alternatives such as over the air network television , streaming video , and DVDs . Action item : Examine your needs and do n โ t be afraid to cancel service if you do n โ t feel you are getting good value for it . You will be surprised at how easy it is to live without cable TV and other luxuries . Even simply cutting a premium channel or service from your cable subscription can save you hundreds of dollars a year . Related Cable Articles : Replace Your Rented Cable Modem With Your Own Which Flat Screen TV Is The Most Energy Efficient ? 8 . Examine your telephone and cell phone needs . You may also find that you can do without a landline . My wife and I have used our cell phones exclusively for over six years without any problems . I only recently had a landline installed for my business , be still use our cell phones exclusively for our personal calls . On the flip side , do n โ t be afraid to cancel or downgrade your cell phone plan if you do n โ t use it enough . Action item : Examine your needs and dropping your landline if you do n โ t need it . You can also downgrade or cancel your cell phone service if you are n โ t using all the features . Here are some tips to save money on your cell phone bill , and how to cancel your cell phone without paying early termination fees Related Telephone and Cell Phone Articles : Cell Phone Insurance โ Valuable Purchase or Ripoff ? Why MagicJack Is Awesome Ooma Telo Review โ Save Hundreds On Your Telephone Bill Republic Wireless Review How To Save Money On Telephone Service T - Mobile Unlimited Plan โ No Contract Transfer Cell Phone Contract For Free 9 . Use a programmable thermostat . Programmable thermostats save you an estimated 10 - 20 % on your heating and cooling bills . When we are n โ t home , or we are sleeping , our house is quite a bit warmer or cooler , depending on the season . We save a substantial amount on our utilities compared to many of our neighbors ! Action item : Buy and install a programmable thermostat if you do n โ t have one already , and use it ! 10 . Use ceiling fans , floor fans , and space heaters . My wife and I program the thermostat to go to the upper - 50s at night during the winter . Why so cold ? Because we close the door to our room and use a space heater for heat . There is no sense heating an entire house while we sleep . We also use ceiling fans and floor fans to assist with heating and cooling โ depending on the season of course ! In our computer room , we use an air vent booster to increase air flow . These are easy ways to save money on heating costs Action item : Try using space heaters , fans , extra blankets , or other means of reducing your energy costs . You will be surprised how much you can save and still remain comfortable . 11 . Install CFLs to save energy . Compact fluorescent lights use about a quarter of the electricity of normal incandescent bulbs . They also need replaced much less often โ often lasting five years or longer . LED lighting has become popular recently and the bulbs use even less energy than CFLs . However , the bulbs are still very expensive , and we have n โ t made the switch yet . Action item : Install a few CFLs in the rooms you use most frequently . You will start seeing small savings almost immediately . Be a Smart Consumer The Internet has been the great equalizer when it comes to researching major purchases and saving money . But you can also save a lot of money on everyday purchases you make at your local grocery store . Here are some ways we save money on almost everything we buy : 12 . Use coupons and rebates . We use coupons for oil changes , groceries , books , online purchases , and just about anything else we can find . You can even find coupons on the back of receipts . There are several great websites that offer users cash back on virtually every online purchase ( this is on top of the savings you can get with your credit card ! ) . Some examples include of these free online rebates companies include : Ebates ( full review ) . You can currently get $ 10 just to sign up Mr . Rebates Action Item : Join Ebates , Mr . Rebates , or similar companies and earn cash back on virtually all online purchases when you shop through their portal . 13 . Actively search out deals . It never hurts to try and find a better deal , or request a better deal from your service providers . For example , I saved $ 1,000 by making two phone calls โ one to my cable TV provider a few years ago , and another when I challenged my property taxes . I also actively search other deals that can net me free money through bank sign up bonuses and other referral offers . Action item : Call your cable TV provider or another service provider , and ask them to lower your rates . Seek similar deals where possible . 14 . Plan and research major purchases . I do a lot of research before I make a major purchase . This includes reading product reviews from places like Consumer Reports and creating a spreadsheet on Google Docs where I can compare reviews , prices , features , and other aspects of the product . Then I look for additional savings and discounts . My wife and I recently did this to save money on a vacation . A little planning on our end saved us over $ 2,000 . Action item : Be proactive when making a major purchase . Planning and research can save you hundreds , or even thousands of dollars . 15 . Buy quality products . Quality items may cost more up front , but they last longer and generally provide better results than cheaper , inferior products . Examples of items you should buy higher quality โ furniture , clothes and shoes , vehicles , and other items that will see a lot of use . I used this premise to build a professional wardrobe on a budget Action item : Do n โ t skimp on quality just to save a buck . Quality items often cost less in the long run . 16 . Buy generic where applicable . Yes , I just wrote โ buy quality , โ but you can save a lot of money on generic items for which the brand name product is essentially the same as the store brand . Food and medicines come to mind as items where generic products are good deals . Action item : Always look at alternatives when it makes sense ( and cents ! ) . 17 . Sign up for a warehouse membership . My wife and I recently bought a Costco membership . For us , it has been well worth the $ 55 annual fee , but your mileage may vary . Just be sure to visit with a clear shopping list and avoid impulse purchases . If you can do this , you will almost certainly save money ! Action item : Research the warehouse membership options in your area , and consider buying a membership . Bonus Tip : Use reusable shopping bags . My wife and I recently switched to reusable shopping bags for our grocery shopping , and we both love them ! They only cost about a buck per bag , but each bag holds more groceries than a plastic bag , they do n โ t fall over in the trunk , and they will last several years . The best part is that there are no more plastic bags cluttering our house or the landfills . I highly recommend these ! Where to purchase reusable shopping bags : Check your local grocery store or discount outlet . Estimated cost : $ 1 and up Related Smart Consumer Articles : Save Money With Cheap Printer Ink Cartridges Affordable Christmas Gifts For Friends and Family How To Exchange Diapers Without A Receipt How Much Money Should You Take When You Go Shopping How To Find Baby Clothes For Less Save Money By Making Homemade Baby Food Inexpensive Mothers Day Gift Ideas Save Money On Eye Wear This Year Save Money On Back To School Shopping How To Shop Responsibly On Black Friday Save Money on Food Food is a large expense for most families and an unavoidable one at that . But just because it is an unavoidable expense does n โ t mean you need to spend too much money on it . With a little planning , you can save a lot of money on your food expenses each month . 18 . Use grocery store rewards cards . Most grocery stores ( and many other stores ) offer free membership cards that allow shoppers to save at least 10 - 15 % on every trip . ( Personally , I dislike the savings cards because I believe the stores actually mark everything up to force their customers to get the cards , but that is another story โฆ ) We still save a lot of money on groceries , so we use it . Action item : Sign up for your grocery store card and start saving ! 19 . Cook at home . My wife is a great cook and we both enjoy cooking and eating at home more than we do going out . We only go out about once a month , but when we do , we prefer to make an evening out of it and go somewhere fairly nice . We prefer eating out once a month at a nice restaurant more than we enjoy eating out several times a week at chain restaurants such Chili โ s or TGI Friday โ s . Eating out once a month at a nice restaurant is much more affordable than eating out once or twice a week at chain restaurants . Action item : Consider reducing the frequency you eat out . 20 . Brown bag it , and eat leftovers . I grew up eating leftovers , and I still love them ( as long as they are not leftover from when I was a kid ! yuck ! ) . I estimate I save a minimum of $ 20 a week by bringing my lunch to work . It is also healthier , and on the rare occasion I go out to lunch with coworkers , I enjoy it more . Action item : Cook an extra serving or two when you make your meals and take them to work or school . Leftovers are more affordable and healthy than most restaurant options . Arts & Entertainment โ Big Saving Opportunities ! You do n โ t have to spend a small fortune to have a good time . Whether it โ s a family outing or paying for entertainment , there are a lot of ways to save money . Here are some of our favorite money saving tips for the arts and entertainment : 21 . Use the library . My wife and I borrow movies from the library almost every week . New releases are n โ t always available , but lately , we have been watching a lot of classic movies from the 40s , 50s , and 60s . My wife and I also borrow CDs , books , and puzzles for our daughter . Action item : Join your library . Most offer free memberships and a variety of items you can borrow at no cost . 22 . Visit parks . My wife and I love to go hiking and our children also love getting out and enjoying the weather . We have 2 great parks nearby that we visit often . We get great exercise and the only costs to us is the gas to drive there . Action item : Look into the free parks , nature preserves , and other free activities in your local area . 23 . Manage your paid subscriptions . We do n โ t get the newspaper or magazines since almost everything we want can be found on - line for free . There are other subscriptions we pay for , such as Amazon Prime , which I feel is one of the best deals out there for savvy consumers . Some times adding a paid monthly subscription can actually help you save money . For example , you may find that a streaming video subscription will make it easier for you to cancel cable TV . At around $ 10 per month , you could end up saving $ 40 or more per month , which adds up quickly . Want more info ? Here is a Netflix review , and a free trial offer Bonus tip : Stop receiving junk mail . You can choose to opt out of credit card offers , and you can also have your name and address removed from advertisers โ mailing lists ( junk mail ) . You save time and clutter on your end , and fewer resources are used . Action item : Review each paid subscription you have and determine if you need it , or if you can get a free or less expensive option . Take Care of Things Pride in ownership goes a long way to helping you save money . Performing seasonal maintenance around your home , doing your own home improvement projects , and doing scheduled maintenance on your vehicles and other items makes them last longer and saves you money . 24 . Take care of things . I treat items I own with respect and I take good care of them . This includes doing things such as cleaning our house , washing our cars , and polishing shoes . Things last much longer when you take good care of them . Action item : Stay on top of scheduled maintenance such as oil changes , filter changes for your car and house , etc . Clean and service items when necessary . 25 . Home improvement and car repairs . Once upon a time , I was an aircraft mechanic in the USAF , so I am fairly handy with tools . I am comfortable repairing most items around the house , and I always attempt to repair problems before calling a professional . However , I am not afraid to hire out anything dangerous or that I do n โ t have the tools or knowledge to do ( usually electrical or plumbing ) . The same goes with car maintenance and repairs . Stay on top of maintenance like tuneups and oil changes , and your car will run more efficiently , last longer , and cost less to maintain . Action item : Buy a basic tool kit and learn to do basic repairs . Your home and car will last longer and you will save hundreds or thousands of dollars by doing it yourself . Related Home Articles : 10 Home Office Money Saving Ideas Home Repairs You Should n โ t Skimp On The Cheapest Way To Move How To Save Money For The Down Payment On A House Ways To Save Money On Cooling Your Home Related Car Articles : Beware of Flood - Damaged Cars Why You May Want To Buy Your Next Car From A Car Rental Company Car Buying Tips โ Great Ways To Get A Great Deal On Your Next Car How To Get The Best Price On A New Car Ways To Maintain the Value of Your Car How To Rent A Car Without A Credit Card How To Save Money For A Car You Will Love Save Money On Car Repairs Why Your Second Car Should Be A Beater Car Best Cars That Depreciate Rapidly Check Engine Light On ? Get It Checked For Free ! How To Save Money On Tires 26 . Be a smart driver . Many people underestimate how their driving habits affect the wear and tear on their vehicle โ which can lead to shortened life spans for tires , breaks , transmissions , shocks , and other high dollar items . Taking care of your vehicle when driving results in less wear and tear and gets you better gas mileage . Some tips include accelerating smoothly and at a reasonable rate , coasting to a stop as often as possible , and using cruise control on the highway . My car is rated to get 26 mpg around town and I regularly get 29 . That โ s not quite a hypermiling , but it โ s not bad ! Action item : Do n โ t let road rage get the best of you . Plan your trips efficiently and take your time getting there . You will have a more peaceful drive and save a lot of money over time ! Be Creative ! I know some of these tips wo n โ t apply for everyone , but they work for my wife and I . I โ m sure there are many more things we can do to save money , and there are a few places where we can plug some money leaks , but overall , I think we are doing a good job . I hope these tips can help a few other people out there ! Image Credits : Grocery Bags ( author photo ) , Icons โ royalty free images ; Image with text created at GetStencil . com All other images from DepositPhotos . com Get Instant Access FREE Weekly Updates ! Enter you name and email address to join our mailing list . About Ryan Guina Ryan Guina is the founder and editor of Cash Money Life . He is a writer , small business owner , and entrepreneur . He served over 6 years on active duty in the USAF and is a current member of the IL Air National Guard . Ryan started Cash Money Life in 2007 after separating from active duty military service and has been writing about financial , small business , and military benefits topics since then . He also writes about military money topics and military and veterans benefits at The Military Wallet Ryan uses Personal Capital to track and manage his finances . Personal Capital is a free software program that allows him to track his net worth , balance his investment portfolio , track his income and expenses , and much more . You can open a free account here Note About Comments on this Site : These responses are not provided or commissioned by the bank advertiser . Responses have not been reviewed , approved or otherwise endorsed by the bank advertiser . It is not the bank advertiser ' s responsibility to ensure all posts and / or questions are answered . | [
"Money Saving Tips",
"Savvy Money Manager",
"Buy insurance"
] |
http://cashmoneylife.com/calculate-estimated-taxes-guide/ | Estimated Taxes โ Quarterly Estimated Tax Guide , Deadlines , Who Pays , and How Much Posted by Ryan Guina Last updated on January 22 , 2019 | Tax Guide Taxes Advertiser Disclosure : This content is not provided or commissioned by the bank advertiser . Opinions expressed here are author โ s alone , not those of the bank advertiser , and have not been reviewed , approved or otherwise endorsed by the bank advertiser . This site may be compensated through the bank advertiser Affiliate Program . Do you owe estimated taxes ? The US tax system is a pay as you go system , which means you are supposed to pay taxes as you earn income . This is n โ t a problem for many people because their employers withhold their taxes from their paycheck . But if you do not have enough money withheld from your paycheck or if you have additional income from self - employment , investments , real estate , or other means , you may need to pay self employment tax or make estimated tax payments . Who Needs to Pay Estimated Taxes ? The money employers automatically withhold from your paycheck is sent in to the IRS and your state if you live in a state that assesses income tax . Ideally , the exact amount of money would be withheld and you wo n โ t end up owing any money or receiving a tax return . However , it โ s not always easy to predict your year end income or which deductions you will have throughout the year , particularly if you have unsteady income . Because of this , many entrepreneurs have to deal with self - employment and You must pay estimated tax if both of the following apply : You expect to owe at least $ 1,000 in taxes after subtracting your withholding and credits . You expect your withholding and credits to be less than the smaller of ; 90 % of your current year tax liability , or 100 % of the tax shown on your previous year โ s tax return . In other words , the amount of estimated taxes you need to pay to avoid penalties is the smaller of 90 % of what you will owe this year , or at least 100 % of what you owed last year ( 110 % for high income earners ) . Who Does Not Have To Pay Estimated Tax You should not have to pay estimated taxes if you will owe less than $ 1,000 in taxes this year , or if your employer withholds enough money through your paychecks . You can adjust your W - 4 to withhold more or less money depending on your personal situation . Use the IRS Withholding Calculator to determine how many dependents you should claim , which will affect the amount of taxes withheld from your paycheck . How To Determine How Much Estimated Tax to Pay If you have steady income that is not subjected to automatic tax withholdings , or if you have a fairly good idea how much money you will earn in a given year , you can determine how much estimated taxes to pay with estimated tax worksheets or software . IRS Form 1040 - ES includes a worksheet to calculate how much you should pay for your estimated taxes . You can also find calculators in most commercial tax software programs like TurboTax and H&R Block Online H&R Block Review ) . Irregular income ? It can be difficult for individuals with irregular income to predict how much they will earn in a given year . Thankfully there is a safe harbor rule , which states that as long as you pay 100 % of your previous year โ s total tax liability in withholding and / or estimated taxes , you โ ll be exempt from underpayment penalty regardless of your final tax amount ( remember the 90 % of current year or 100 % of last year rule from above ? ) . A simple way to qualify for the safe harbor rule . To qualify for the Safe Harbor Tax Rule and avoid penalties , take your previous year โ s tax obligation , divide by four , and make four equal payments by the estimated tax deadlines . Add 10 % to last year โ s tax total if you are a high income filer . How much per installment ? The IRS wants estimated taxes to be paid in equal installments , regardless of when you earn your income . This can be tricky when you do n โ t know how much you will earn , or if you typically have lean months in the beginning of the year , and earn more money in the latter part of the year . The easy way to avoid this is to follow the safe harbor method mentioned above . But if you want to do it a different way , then I recommend this article about calculating your estimated tax payments How I Determine My Estimated Tax Obligations My accountant bases my estimated taxes based on my previous year โ s income , which is how many people calculate their estimate taxes . However , you may wish to reassess your calculation as your year progresses . You may find that your income situation is very different from the previous year and you may end up owing more or less than your estimated tax payments justify . If you owe more , then you can wait and pay them when you file your taxes , as long as you meet the safe harbor minimum as described above . But if you pay too much , you may end up receiving a large tax refund . I recommend consulting with a tax professional if you plan on changing your estimated tax payments during the year . Estimated Tax Deadlines Estimated taxes are due four times per year on the dates listed below , or the following business day if the due date falls on a weekend or holiday . ( Note the due dates are not spaced exactly 3 months apart ) : April 15th June 15th September 15th January 15th Note : You must still pay your estimated taxes by the deadline , even if you have filed an extension on your taxes How to File and Pay Your Estimated Taxes There are two ways you can file and pay your estimated taxes : by paper or electronically . Pay by mail . Use IRS Form 1040 - ES ( download pdf here ) to calculate your estimated taxes . Then fill out a voucher on the form to send along with your estimated tax payment . Pay Electronically . If you prefer to pay your taxes electronically , you can sign up for the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System ( EFTPS ) to pay your estimated taxes online . It can take up to 2 weeks to receive your PIN in the mail , so plan accordingly . I usually pay my estimated taxes by mail each quarter . My accountant gives me the estimated tax vouchers for the next year . I place them in a large manilla envelope and set calendar reminders to make the payment and send in the check . You can do the same thing electronically . Either way , the key is to be organized and not miss your scheduled estimated tax payment . Failing to make your payment can lead to penalties and / or fees Here are more tips for organizing your tax documents Consult a professional for more details The information in this article should give you a decent overview of how estimated taxes work and how they might apply to your situation . But keep in mind that each situation is unique and this may not cover all people and situations . Your specific tax situation may be different ; please consult an accountant or IRS documentation for information specific to your needs . Additional IRS Resources : Publication 505 , Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax Estimated Taxes Form 1040 - ES 5 Reasons Why Dividend Stocks May Be Better Than Bonds 5 Reasons Why Dividend Stocks May Be Better Than Bonds How to Invest in Dividend Stocks for as Little as $ 10 How to Invest in Dividend Stocks for as Little as $ 10 About Ryan Guina Ryan Guina is the founder and editor of Cash Money Life . He is a writer , small business owner , and entrepreneur . He served over 6 years on active duty in the USAF and is a current member of the IL Air National Guard . Ryan started Cash Money Life in 2007 after separating from active duty military service and has been writing about financial , small business , and military benefits topics since then . He also writes about military money topics and military and veterans benefits at The Military Wallet Ryan uses Personal Capital to track and manage his finances . Personal Capital is a free software program that allows him to track his net worth , balance his investment portfolio , track his income and expenses , and much more . You can open a free account here Note About Comments on this Site : These responses are not provided or commissioned by the bank advertiser . Responses have not been reviewed , approved or otherwise endorsed by the bank advertiser . It is not the bank advertiser ' s responsibility to ensure all posts and / or questions are answered . | [
"US tax system",
"IRS",
"employment tax"
] |
http://casinobonus.center/grand-fortune-casino-bonus-codes | Grand Fortune Casino Bonus Codes 80 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 4 Jan 2019 Casino Review Bonus Code KX6MWQ Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming 315 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 4 Jan 2019 Casino Review Bonus Code CLEOSPINS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 30 Free spins 350 match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 3 Jan 2019 Casino Review Bonus Code BUCKETLIST350 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 14 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 3 Jan 2019 Casino Review Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Jan 8 2019 60 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 28 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code JQQC6E Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 31 2018 EXPIRED 50 free spins 300 deposit match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 25 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code GETMOREGIFTS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Casino Software Real Time Gaming 250 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 25 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code 2018XMASGIFT Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 26 2018 EXPIRED 45 no deposit bonus 10 free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 23 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code H788V8 Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 31 2018 EXPIRED 100 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 21 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code NEWYEAR100 Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming 30 Free spins 300 match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 20 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code REDRIDER300 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 50 Free spins 250 Match Bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 18 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code SANTASTICWIN250 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 14 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 17 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 24 2018 EXPIRED 30 Free spins 250 match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 14 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code CASHB250 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 450 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 12 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code BIGPLANS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 200 Free spins 325 deposit match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 12 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code WED50 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 13 2018 EXPIRED 100 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 12 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code CN8WW8 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 31 2018 EXPIRED 200 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 10 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code SWINDLEBELLS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 14 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 9 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 16 2018 EXPIRED 80 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 6 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code M37YN4 Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 31 2018 EXPIRED 50 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 6 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code SANTASHELPERS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming 100 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 5 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code CHRISTMAS100 Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming 50 free spins 250 deposit match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 4 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code NAUGHTYLIST250 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Max CashOut No Max Casino Software Real Time Gaming 33 Free spins 333 Match bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 3 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code TREASURE333 Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Match Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 5X Casino Software Real Time Gaming 25 Free spins at Grand Fortune Casino 2 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code 25SPINSXMAS Bonus Category Casino Bonus Free Spins Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming 50 no deposit bonus at Grand Fortune Casino 1 Dec 2018 Casino Review Bonus Code THANKS50 Bonus Category Casino Bonus No Deposit Bonus Player Types For All Players Wagering 30X Max CashOut 100 Casino Software Real Time Gaming Valid Until Dec 31 2018 EXPIRED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 47 | [
"Bonus Codes"
] |
http://casinochipsworld.com/chips-colors.htm | Home Casino Chips Color Casino Chips Colors - Peculiarities of Color Casino chips are identified by the different chips colors which are used in the chips of different denominations . In the earlier days when the casino chips had just been introduced , the chips were simply objects like bones , wood pieces and paper on which the value of the chips used to be engraved or written . All the chips were of similar color . However , with the pass of the time arose the need of having different colors in order to easily identify the different denominations in the chips . Colors in home chips sets For home games the chips are usually available in colors like blue white and red and rarely in black and green . However , in the recent years more colors have been introduced in home sets and are easily available today especially low cost plastic chips . The new sets include colors like grey , orange , yellow , purple and pink . New designs have been introduced too like the tree - color chips where the chips go through a molding process and have a unique base color , a secondary color and detail color . Chips sets are generally tailor made so the values of each colored chip would be different for different manufacturer . Casino Chips Colors The chips which are used in casinos have standard colors and sizes which are specified by Gaming Control Board in order to bring in some consistency . However , these rules differ for every state . Illinois and New Jersey have uniform structure while in Nevada there are no regulations . The casinos in Nevada use different colors like grey , blue or white for $ 1 and so on . Every casino also has a unique identification on their chips as per the state regulations . Yellow chips are worth $ 20 in casinos in Illinois and Atlantic City while in Southern California they are worth $ 5 and in Connecticut they are $ 2 . Blue chips are used as $ 10 in Atlantic City while in California and Las Vegas they are $ 1 . Larger denomination chips Casino chips are also found in larger denominations like $ 1,000 or more , depending on the betting limits of a particular casino . These chips are generally orange and yellow in color and are larger in size . In Atlantic City and Nevada casinos chips of 5000 , 10,000 , 25,000 and even higher denominations are used though the colors used for these chips are different for every casino . Chips of more than $ 5,000 are reserved especially for high limit game rooms and are not seen on the general floor for the public . Some casinos even have plaques instead of chips for higher denomination chips and the largest value was of $ 10 million which was used in Las Vegas at the London Club . In Europe the casinos follow a similar type of color scheme . Several European casinos clubvulcan777 . org also use plaques and not chips for chips with higher denomination . Colors and values Generally the values represented by the colors of the chips are as given below but they might vary according to the jurisdiction of the casino : Peach - $ 0.25 White - $ 0.50 , $ 1 Pink - $ 2.50 Red - $ 5 Blue - $ 10 Yellow - $ 20 Green - $ 25 Black - $ 100 Purple - $ 500 Orange - $ 1000 Grey - $ 5000 โฌ 1250 Free Bonus at Casino Action Mobile ! Visit 100 Free Chances to Win ! Visit Receive a welcome offer up to $ 1500 450 casino games to play and a generous $ 750 casino bonus to begin with . Get a welcome bonus of $ 800 Free . Top Pages Start Collecting Chips Determine Chips Value Chips Conditions Buy Old Casino Chips Determine Chips Age Token Collectors Club 8 Online Slots Hints Bellagio Casino Caesar Palace Casino Las Vegas Places Of Interest Online Gambling Beating the Roulette Wheel Poker Chips History Read the story of how the special casino chips for poker game developed ; it is believed they had appeared in 1800s first . . . Many casinos online use them for playing this card game too . Read more . . . Choose Poker Chips Find out how to choose poker chips : which manufacturer is the best one , where to find them and how to get them . Get the big casino bonus for poker game and enjoy ! Read more . . . Chips FAQ Major Manufacturers Chips Glossary | [
"Casino Chips",
"Peculiarities",
"Colors"
] |
http://caso.com/ | Go Paperless Today ! Workflow , Scanning & eForms 1 2 3 4 5 Search By Department Find the best products to suit your needs by selecting a department below . Search . . . or browse all departments Search By Industry Search for or select your Industry to discover which products suit your needs . Search . . . or browse all industries World ' s Greatest Book Scanner Learn More > Triumph 5255 Paper Cutter is the Best New Tool in Book Scanning As a premier provider of professional book scanning services , CASO Document Management ( CDM ) stays on the cutting edge of technology . For rare book and historic text scanning that requires preserving your originals , nothing beats the DT - BC100 . But for many of your other archive books , you may wish to simply go digital and leave the originals [ โฆ ] Read More Document Scanning & MWBE Participation CASO Document Management understands the importance of an inclusive and vibrant economy , which is why we participate in MWBE ( Minority & Women Business Enterprise ) by partnering with Minority and Women owned small businesses . In doing so , we are uniquely positioned to fulfill state and local document scanning contracts while meeting your MWBE participation rates . New [ โฆ ] Read More | [
"CASO Document Management",
"Book Scanner",
"MWBE"
] |
http://casorojewelrysafes.com/fashion-and-jewelry-in-ancient-egypt/ | Fashion and Jewelry in Ancient Egypt Written by | Nancy The Mediterranean region was ruled by ancient Egypt from roughly 3100 B.C. to 332 B.C. , when it was conquered by Alexander the Great . Most people are familiar with the Great Pyramids , which stand as icons of Egypt โ s majesty . Explorers and scientists have learned many fascinating facts about Egypt , thanks to the artifacts that were left behind by this ancient civilization . Learn about the fashion and jewelry that people wore in ancient Egypt to see how current trends may have even originated with the Egyptians . Clothing Egypt โ s desert location means significant warmth throughout the year . As a result , ancient people wore clothes made out of light fabrics that helped keep them cool . Egyptian pharaohs often wore animal skins as part of their outfits . Egyptians made linen out of flax , which grew abundantly along the Nile River . The Egyptian women were mostly responsible for making the clothing , although men helped with parts of the process . After the men harvested the flax plants , they soaked the stems in water and beat them to separate the fibers . Footwear With the warm temperatures of this region , most Egyptians went barefoot throughout their days . If they did wear shoes , they wore sandals . The people usually saved their sandals for times when they needed to protect their feet or for special occasions . Rich people wore nicer sandals made out of leather . The common Egyptians โ sandals were made out of woven palm or papyrus leaves . Jewelry Both men and women liked wearing lots of jewelry , and they sometimes wore fancy headdresses for special occasions . Jewelry was an important way that the Egyptians tried to get the attention of their gods . They thought that the more jewelry they wore , the more attractive they would be to the gods . Men and women who had great wealth usually wore the most jewelry . Egyptians wore necklaces , bracelets , heavy neck collars , pendants , earrings , rings , and special buttons on their clothing . Wealthy Egyptians had jewelry made out of precious luxuries , so they wore jewelry made out of colored beads . Makeup Both men and women in ancient Egypt wore makeup . Some researchers think that a reason that everyone wore makeup in ancient Egypt was that they thought it helped protect them from the gods Ra and Horus . Egyptians also used cosmetics for their alleged healing powers . They lined their eyes with black eyeliner . They also used this substance to make their eyelashes and eyebrows look darker . Wearing this dark makeup around their eyes could have been a way to shield their eyes from the bright sun because it helped deflect the glare away . Egyptians often Other Fashion Facts The linen used for clothing came in both fine and rough grades . The poorer people made their clothing out of rough - grade linen . Wealthy people could afford the finer - grade fabric , so their clothing was made from this type of linen . Fashion trends were important to the Egyptian people , and they liked to make sure they kept up to date with the latest styles . Royal family members often set fashion trends that carried over into society as a whole . Sometimes , trends set in other countries had an impact on clothing Egyptian Clothing Life in Ancient Egypt Fashion Is King Egyptian Amulets Cosmetics and Fashion in the Ancient Collection Ancient Egyptian Society and Family Life Jewelry of Bible Times ( PDF ) Egyptian Era ( PDF ) The History of Fashion Timeline of Egyptian History and Culture Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt Practices Ancient Egyptian Cylinder Review of Ordinary Egyptians : Creating the Modern Nation Through Popular Culture Egyptian Artifacts and Cultural Heritage Egyptian Art and Culture Ancient Egypt Egyptian Social Structure Life in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian Art and Culture Luxury Jewelry Safes Top of The Line Safes Watch Winder Safes Best Jewelry Safe for Home Custom Jewelry Safe Residential Safes Custom Safe Features Small Jewelry Safe Home Safes for Jewelry Jewelry Fire Safe Fingerprint Safe Customize Jewelry Safe Popular Jewelry Safes TL - 15 Buy Jewelry Safe Residential Jewelry Safes Large Jewelry Safe | [
"Ancient Egypt",
"Fashion",
"Jewelry"
] |
http://caspian.dotconf.net/menu/Software/SendEmail/ | Site Contents Home Misc Software AlertManager DCM DspamPD Kroller Lmixer LogDog Misc Monitoring SSHD - NT ScanAlert SendEmail SendSMS SendSNPP An Email Program for Sending SMTP Mail from a Command Line About | Download | Installation TLS FAQ Releases Comments About SendEmail SendEmail is a lightweight , command line SMTP email client . If you have the need to send email from a command line , this free program is perfect : simple to use and feature rich . It was designed to be used in bash scripts , batch files , Perl programs and web sites , but is quite adaptable and will likely meet your requirements . SendEmail is written in Perl and is unique in that it requires NO MODULES . It has an intuitive and flexible set of command - line options , making it very easy to learn and use . SendEmail is licensed under the GNU GPL , either version 2 of the License or ( at your option ) any later version . [ Supported Platforms : Linux , BSD , OS X , Windows 98 , Windows NT , Windows 2000 , & Windows XP ] Download Official Release : sendEmail - v1 . 56 . tar . gz ( 29kb Sep 29th , 2009 ) Changelog Screen Shot Windows Download : Free sendEmail . exe for Windows . To use simply run sendEmail . exe from a console / command line . sendEmail - v156 - notls . zip ( 677kb Sep 29th , 2009 ) No TLS support sendEmail - v156 . zip ( 1.4mb Sep 29th , 2009 ) TLS supported RPM Package : sendEmail rpm Command Line Options SendEmail has the following command line options : How do I install it ? Simply download , extract , and run " sendEmail " from a command prompt , it will give a usage summary . It is written in Perl , so no compilation needed . On a unix system if your perl binary is not installed at / usr / bin / perl you may need to edit the first line of the script . If you ' re running a Microsoft OS you may need to put a .pl extension on sendEmail so Windows will know to associate it with perl . TLS Support Starting with sendEmail v1 . 54 , TLS support is included ! To enable TLS support simply install the Net : : SSLeay and IO : : Socket : : SSL perl modules . The following new command line parameters are now available : - o tls = auto This is the default , TLS will be used if possible . - o tls = yes Use this to require TLS for message delivery . - o tls = no Use this to disable TLS support . If TLS is giving strange errors , try upgrading the Net : : SSLeay and IO : : Socket : : SSL perl modules . Please do NOT report TLS bugs unless you have already done this ! If you ' re running up - to - date versions of these modules and you are getting TLS errors , your detailed bug report will be appreciated . Yes , you can finally use SendEmail to send messages to your GMail account : ) Frequently Asked Questions Q : How do I send email through GMail ( Google Mail ) servers ? A : Just use port 587 and TLS . Example : sendEmail - o tls = yes - f YourEmail @ gmail . com - t SomeoneYoureEmailing @ domain . com - s smtp . gmail . com : 587 - xu YourEmail @ gmail . com - xp YOURPASSWORD - u " Hello from sendEmail " - m " How are you ? I ' m testing sendEmail from the command line . " Q : I get the error " invalid SSL_version specified at / System / Library / Perl / Extras / 5.16 / IO / Socket / SSL . pm line 332 . โ on my Apple . What do I do ? A : Here ' s what I got from one user . It ' s a workaround until I put a real fix in : > Fixed it by using Perl v5 . 12 that ' s still on OSX Mavericks . > ( just changed sendEmail line 1 from # ! / usr / bin / perl - w to # ! / usr / bin / perl5 . 12 - w ) Can I use non - ascii characters , like รฉ , in an email message body ? It ' s been reported that adding the command - line parameter - o message - charset = utf - 8 solves this issue . I ' m using the Windows version of sendEmail and I ca n ' t seem to send a message larger than 16kb . This is a known issue . I believe it ' s an issue with the ActiveState Perl compiler , and I do n ' t know of a work - around . I ' m using the Windows version of sendEmail , and I get the error message " the ordinal 2586 could not be located in the dynamic link libraby LIBEAY32 . dll " , what do I do ? I do n ' t know why this happens , but you can fix it by downloading the " No TLS Support " version of sendEmail . You wo n ' t be able to send email through an SMTP server that requires encryption , but it wo n ' t give you that error message . Why not use sendmail ? Sendmail is a large and complex mail server . Installing this kind of mail software on servers ( unless it ' s a mail server ) is more of a security risk than it ' s worth . Not to mention it can be a real pain messing with configuration files and such . Systems need another simpler way to send email from the command prompt , and sendEmail provides this functionality . Its a simple , direct way to send email without the overhead of other conventional email software . How can I send anonymous email ? SendEmail was not intended to be used for malicious purposes , like sending spam ! However , there are often legitimate reasons to send email anonymously . I use the term " anonymous " to mean sending email from an address that is n ' t normally associated with just you . For example , sendEmail is a great script for emailing company newsletters where you want to send email from an " anonymous " account like newsletter @ yourdomain . com . To send " anonymous " email from a CLI with sendEmail , simply specify a from address that you want to use with the - f option , and unless your ISP ' s SMTP email server is picky , it will accept and deliver it . View Example Encrypted Email Thomas Jens Lauritsen has provided instructions on how to send SMIME signed email messages with sendEmail : View Details SendEmail on the Net Freshmeat Hotscripts FSF For Debian For Gentoo For FreeBSD For OS X Download Previous Releases Version 1.5x - - Large portions rewrote again , many enhancements . sendEmail - v1 . 56 . tar . gz ( 29kb Sep 29th , 2009 ) sendEmail - v156 . zip ( No TLS Support ) ( 677kb ) sendEmail - v155 . zip ( With TLS Support ) ( 1.4mb ) sendEmail - v1 . 55 . tar . gz ( 27kb Dec 13th , 2006 ) sendEmail - v155 . zip ( No TLS Support ) ( 674kb ) sendEmail - v155 . zip ( With TLS Support ) ( 1.4mb ) sendEmail - v1 . 54 . tar . gz ( 26kb Oct 28th , 2006 ) sendEmail - v154 . zip ( 702kb ) Screen Shot STABLE sendEmail - v1 . 52 . tar . gz ( 23kb Feb 19th , 2005 ) sendEmail - v152 . zip ( 635kb ) sendEmail - v1 . 51 . tar . gz ( 23kb Dec 2nd , 2004 ) sendEmail - v1 . 50 . tar . gz ( 22kb Sep 30th , 2004 ) Version 1.4x - - Rewrite , fix logging , general cleanup sendEmail - v1 . 42 . tar . gz ( 15.2kb Jun 6th , 2003 ) sendEmail - v1 . 42 . zip ( 406.8kb ) STABLE sendEmail - v1 . 41 . tar . gz ( 14.8kb Apr 22nd , 2003 ) sendEmail - v1 . 41 . zip ( 406.6kb ) sendEmail - v1 . 40 . tar . gz ( 14.5kb Dec 4th , 2002 ) sendEmail - v1 . 40 . zip ( 406.8kb ) Version 1.3x - - File attachment support sendEmail - v1 . 33 . tar . gz ( 10.0kb Apr 16th , 2001 ) sendEmail - v1 . 33 . zip ( 422.5kb ) sendEmail - v1 . 32 . tar . gz ( 9.0kb Aug 18th , 2000 ) sendEmail - v1 . 32 . zip ( 447.2kb ) sendEmail - v1 . 31 . tar . gz ( 8.8kb Aug 9th , 2000 ) sendEmail - v1 . 30 . tar . gz ( 8.9kb Aug 1st , 2000 ) Version 1.2x - - Lots of features ( usability enhancements ) sendEmail - v1 . 22 . tar . gz ( 5.3kb Jul 8th , 2000 ) sendEmail - v1 . 21 . tar . gz ( 4.7kb May 15th , 2000 ) sendEmail - v1 . 20 . tar . gz ( 4.4kb May 10th , 2000 ) Version 1.0x - - Basic email sending capabilities sendEmail - v1 . 01 . tar . gz ( 2.4kb Apr 27 , 2000 ) sendEmail - v1 . 00 . tar . gz ( 2.1kb ) sendEmail - v0 . 97 . gz ( 1.7kb ) Home Contact Me Login Twitter / zehm ยฉ 2006 caspian . dotconf . net | [
"Email Program",
"Sending SMTP",
"Command Line"
] |
http://castoroil.org/hair-growth/ | Hair Growth โ Biotin , Vitamins and Castor Oil Posted by : Larry Li 7 Comments Hair Growth Products Comparison Table Castor Oil Vitamins Biotin Cost Low Medium High Effectiveness Excellent Variable . Typically only good when hair loss is related to vitamin deficiency Can be effective for some people . Does not stimulate new hair growth How Long to Start Working Difference usually noticeable after two weeks Approximately one month Approximately one month Method of use Massage oil into the hair and scalp Take daily dietary supplements Take daily dietary supplements Other Benefits Moisturizes the hair , nourishes roots , stimulates circulation , combats fungal , bacterial and viral skin infections Wide range of health benefits if there is a lack of vitamins in the diet . If there is no deficiency , the health benefits of taking additional vitamins may be limited Can help to reduce cholesterol , regulate blood sugar and improve skin health Side Effects None Taking high quantities of vitamins can be harmful Typically none although there have been some reports of biotin causing acne . Why Castor Oil is Excellent at Stimulating Hair Growth If you want to stimulate hair growth there are a number of natural compounds you can use . Many of these are taken as dietary supplements although castor oil is applied directly to the hair and scalp . Castor oil stimulates the growth of strong and healthy hair and applying it directly to the scalp allows it to get to work instantly where it is needed most . Castor oil has a number of health benefits which can improve the rate of hair growth . The oil contains omega 6 fatty acids which stimulate the scalp and hair follicles . These natural fatty acids are excellent at promoting the growth of strong and healthy hair . Castor oil also improves blood circulation , which is vital to stimulate hair growth . The oil nourishes the hair roots and moisturizes and conditions the hair leaving it luxuriously soft and supple . Castor oil strengthens the hair so that when it grows back it will be less brittle . If you only use one treatment to speed up hair growth and treat thinning hair it should be castor oil . However , there are a number of other methods which you can adopt to help your hair grow strong , thick and fast . Buy from Amazon Buy from eBay Page 1 of 2 1 2 Share ! tweet Comments are closed . | [
"Biotin",
"Castor Oil",
"hair growth"
] |
http://cat.xula.edu/tutorials/html/br.php | The Line Break The line break , like the image and the horizontal rule , is one of the few elements of HTML which does not adhere to the container model . It just sits by itself and does its thing . Use the line break element to insert line breaks into the flow of a text . Line breaks are often used in poetry . Consider the following stanza by Langston Hughes , with no line breaks : But Suddenly a guitar playing lad whose languid lean brings back the sunny south strikes up a tune all gay and bright and glad to keep the gall from biting in his mouth Then drowsy as the rain soft sad black feet dance in this juice joint on this city street It does n ' t even look like poetry , does it ? Now let ' s see look at the same text with line breaks properly inserted : But Suddenly a guitar playing lad whose languid lean brings back the sunny south strikes up a tune all gay and bright and glad to keep the gall from biting in his mouth Then drowsy as the rain soft sad black feet dance in this juice joint on this city street Here ' s the code that makes it work : But Suddenly a guitar playing lad < BR > whose languid lean brings back the sunny south < BR > strikes up a tune all gay and bright and glad < BR > to keep the gall from biting in his mouth < BR > Then drowsy as the rain < BR > soft sad black feet < BR > dance in this juice joint < BR > on this city street As you can see , the < BR > tag forces a line break . Line breaks are inline elements . previous | Introduction to HTML | Tutorials | next | [
"Line Break",
"Langston Hughes ,",
"HTML"
] |
http://catadoptionteam.org/adopt/fees/ | Print Home ยป Adopt ยป Process & fees Fees Adoption fees How much does it cost to adopt ? Cat Adoption Team is a private , nonprofit organization that relies on individual donations , grants , and our own fundraising to operate . We receive no federal , state , or government funding . Adoption fees help offset some of the costs associated with providing for the cats and kittens in our care โ this includes housing , food / litter , medical care , enrichment , behavior modification , and more . CAT uses variable adoption pricing . The adoption fee for each cat is dependent on many factors including age , behavior , medical condition , and demand . Adoption fees range from $ 15 to $ 200 for cats ( 1 year old and above ) and $ 100 to $ 200 for kittens ( 2 - 11 months old ) . The adoption fee for each cat is included in his / her pet bio . You can view the adoption fee for a specific cat by clicking on their photo on our website Included in the adoption fee : Spay or neuter surgery Medical examination Age - appropriate vaccinations Flea treatment and deworming FIV / FeLV testing Microchip and registration fee Any additional treatment needed while in our care Post - adoption medical exam from a participating veterinary clinic Sample bag of Purina Pro Plan food Cat / Kitten Care Handbook and post - adoption support Do you offer adoption discounts ? Yes ! We offer two regular adoption discounts : $ 20 off your total adoption fee when you adopt any two cats / kittens at the same time 20 % off regular adoption fee for any cat age 1 year and older when adopter is age 62 or older CAT participates in various adoption promotions throughout the year . Adoption fees may be reduced during these events . Visit our event calendar to see upcoming events and details . Please note : Our $ 20 off or 20 % off discounts can not be combined with other offers or coupons . Why do your adoption fees vary ? Although we believe that all cats are equally wonderful and deserving , we also know that some cats will be adopted more quickly than others . We tend to assign higher adoption fees for kittens and purebred cats . Having a variable fee allows these cats who are adopted quickly to provide a financial legacy to cats with special needs and / or who may remain at the shelter longer . Because there is no time limit on how long an animal can stay in our adoption program , assigning higher fees to those cats who have a higher chance of getting adopted quickly also allows us to reduce the adoption fees for those animals who might spend more time in the shelter . Regardless of where our adoption fees are set , they cover only a fraction the costs of caring for the cats who come through our program . We rely on donations and on sales in our shelter retail area and our thrift store to help us save lives . If you can make a donation in addition to your adoption fee , please consider this lifesaving gift ! Your support means a lot to all the cat and people at CAT . Thank you ! | [
"Cat Adoption Team",
"Adoption fees"
] |
http://catalog.acu.edu/ | P H 20182019 Catalog Exceptional Innovative Real ACU is a vibrant innovative Christcentered community that engages students in authentic spiritual and intellectual growth equipping them to make a real difference in the world As you strive to find your unique calling to make a difference in this world we invite you to utilize this catalog as a resource to aid in planning your academic journey Within this catalog application there are several icons you will see at the top of the individual pages Below is an explanation of how these tools work Icons you will see inside this catalog Add to Portfolio Create a personal portfolio account with the My Portfolio link at the bottom of the menu on the right Then add programs or courses that are of interest to you by clicking the Add to Portfolio icon Social Media Share the programs or courses that pique your interest on Facebook or Twitter by clicking the social media icon at the top of the page PrintFriendly Format On pages where this icon is found you may generate a popup page that is formatted to print cleanly Help As you are browsing the catalog if you need more information on how to use the catalog application click the help icon in the upper right corner The mobile site for the catalog can be found here This catalog contains information about undergraduate and graduate programs at Abilene Christian University and is intended to be a description of the policies academic programs degree requirements and course offerings in effect for the 20182019 academic year The responsible parties within the university review programs and policies throughout the year and make necessary updates to the contents of the catalog annually The university has endeavored to make it as accurate as possible at the press deadline It should not be construed as an irrevocable contract between the student and the university Abilene Christian University reserves the right to change any The catalog is designed to make planning and scheduling a degree program as simple as possible Additional help is available from several sources such as undergraduate academic advisors in Wildcat Central the Office of Graduate Programs college deans program directors and faculty advisors Each student at Abilene Christian University however is ultimately responsible for understanding and fulfilling all degree requirements P H Catalog Search S Catalog Home Introduction Calendar University Requirements Academic Departments Academic Programs by Department Academic Programs AZ Course Descriptions Undergraduate Academic Information Graduate Academic Information Student Programs and Support Undergraduate Admission Orientation to ACU Financial Information About ACU Accreditations and Outcomes Legal Notices | [
"ACU"
] |
http://catalog.anchorfluidpower.com/category/carbon-steel-flanges | Quotes 0 All Categories Carbon Steel Flanges Carbon Steel Flanges Request Information Carbon Steel Split Flange Head Adapters Carbon Steel SAE 4Bolt Flanges Carbon Steel Square 4Bolt Flanges Carbon Steel BrazeOn Adapters Carbon Steel Split Flanges SAE J518 Captive Carbon Steel Flanges 32 Captive Flanges have natural finish CD61CD62 Bolt Pattern Adapters Outer envelope shape may vary due to size configuration Mounting kit available on oring grooved flanges Please see below for Ordering Information and click Request Quote or Request Information to configure your Bolt Pattern Adapter Dont see the item youre looking for Cant find what youre looking for Just click Request Quote and type a description of what youre looking for your desired quantity and your desired lead time | [
"Carbon Steel Split Flange Head Adapters"
] |
http://catalog.drexel.edu/undergraduate/collegeofartsandsciences/ | Catalog Home > Undergraduate > The College of Arts and Sciences The College of Arts and Sciences About the College Mission Statement By pursuing excellence in research and scholarship , we educate our students to become ethical professionals and citizens with knowledge of and appreciation for the fundamental interactions among the humanities , social sciences and the sciences in a fast - changing , challenging , and diverse world . About the College of Arts and Sciences Drexel University ' s College of Arts and Sciences ( CoAS ) stands unafraid in the face of change . We recognize that our ever - evolving , fast - paced culture required a new approach to education , one that understands the world is malleable and can be molded by minds inspired to lead society ' s evolution . But innovation requires more than an ambitious personality . It requires versatility - - we must not only be experts in our field , but also agile enough to engage in the cross - disciplinary work needed to address modern problems resourcefully . That ' s why our faculty challenge students to see past their own perspectives and establish a deeper understanding of humanity ' s needs . It ' s why our co - op program inserts students within a professional culture , introducing them to the expectations of the job while offering hands - on practical application of Here at CoAS , we are committed to implementing in - the - moment change , not for personal glory , but because it ' s what the world needs . Majors Anthropology ( BA ) Biological Sciences ( BS ) Chemistry ( BA , BS ) Chemistry - Biochemistry Concentration ( BS ) Communication ( BA , BS ) Criminology and Justice Studies ( BS ) English ( BA ) Environmental Science ( BS ) Environmental Studies and Sustainability ( BA ) Geoscience ( BS ) Global Studies ( BA ) History ( BA ) Mathematics ( BA , BS ) Philosophy ( BA ) Physics ( BS ) Political Science ( BA ) Psychology ( BS ) Sociology ( BA ) Accelerated Degrees Chemistry ( BS ) / Chemistry ( MS ) English ( BA ) / Publishing ( MA ) NEW : Global Studies ( BA ) / Public Health ( MPH ) History ( BA ) / Library and Information Science ( MSLIS ) History ( BA ) / Science , Technology & Society ( MS ) Philosophy ( BA ) / Public Policy ( MS ) Philosophy ( BA ) / Science , Technology & Society ( MS ) Political Science ( BA ) / Science , Technology & Society ( MS ) Sociology ( BA ) / Science , Technology & Society ( MS ) Certificates Ethical Theory and Practice Interfaith and Religious Studies Medical Humanities Philosophy , Arts , & Humanities Philosophy , Science and Technology Writing and Publishing Intermediate Proficiency Certificates Arabic Chinese French German Hebrew Italian Japanese Korean Spanish Minors Africana Studies Anthropology Arabic Astrophysics Bioinfomatics Biological Sciences Biophysics Bioscience and Society Chemistry Chinese Communication Computer Crime Criminal Justice Ecology English Environmental Studies French Geoscience German Global Studies History Italian Studies Japanese Judaic Studies Korean Mathematics Neuroscience Nonprofit Communication Philosophy Physics Politics Psychology Science , Technology and Society Sociology Spanish NEW : War and Society Women ' s and Gender Studies Writing | [
"CoAS",
"fundamental interactions",
"ambitious personality"
] |
http://catalog.edcc.edu/content.php?navoid=7105&catoid=14 | A h P H [ ARCHIVED CATALOG ] Transfer Degrees : Your Path to a Four - Year College or University Transfer Degrees Completing a transfer program at Edmonds Community College gives you a tremendous advantage as you work toward a bachelor โ s degree . Some four - year schools , such as the University of Washington , give priority admissions to students with a two - year transfer degree . Edmonds Community College offers you several opportunities to move into a bachelor โ s degree program . Associate of Arts Degrees Associate of Arts degrees are designed to provide students with a broad background during their first and second year of study so that they can transfer to a four - year school with standing as a junior . Our degrees follow guidelines set by the state โ s Intercollege Relations Commission . Our associate degree curriculum is designed to give students a general education that transfers to four - year universities for bachelor โ s degrees . Check out your Associate of Arts Degree options Associate of Science Degrees Associate of Science degrees are designed to prepare science and engineering majors for transfer to a four - year school with standing as a junior . All of our Associate of Science degrees adhere to guidelines developed under the guidance of the Washington State Board of Community and Technical Colleges . Most coursework is in mathematics , science , and engineering but the curriculum also includes additional general education requirements . Check out your Associate of Science Degree options Associate in Applied Science - Transfer Degrees Associate in Applied Science - Transfer degrees are built upon the technical courses required for job preparation ; however , they also include a college - level general education component , common in structure for all such degrees . The general education courses for the degrees are drawn from the same distribution requirements list as those taken by students completing the Associate of Arts or the Associate of Science degrees . Associate in Applied Science - T degrees prepare graduates for jobs requiring two years of training or for transfer to four - year schools with specific bachelor โ s Associate of Applied Science - Transfer Degree options Ask the Experts - Consult with an Adviser Whatever your goal , you are encouraged to meet with an adviser to plan your class schedules for current and upcoming quarters that meet the transfer requirements of the four - year college of your choice . Special Transfer Agreements We have special agreements with state universities to offer direct transfer degrees in diverse fields . Get the most up - to - date list of the specialized articulation agreements from the Executive Vice President for Instruction at Edmonds Community College . A University on Our Campus : Central Washington University - Lynnwood After earning a transfer degree online or on campus from Edmonds Community College , students can continue their studies for a bachelor โ s degree from Central Washington University - Lynnwood in Snoqualmie Hall , a shared facility on the Edmonds campus . Online : Washington State University Take the first two years of a four - year degree from Edmonds Community College - and the next two years from Washington State University for a seamless online degree program . Online and On Campus : University of Washington Students can take online or on campus classes in the day or evening at Edmonds Community College and then online or in the evening from the University of Washington . However , the final 45 credits of the bachelor โ s degree must be taken in a classroom on the university โ s main campus . A h P H | [
"Transfer Degrees",
"Edmonds Community College",
"bachelor โs degree program"
] |
http://catalog.illinois.edu/graduate/ | Graduate Majors A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Accountancy , MAS Accountancy , MS Accountancy , MS โ Online ( iMSA ) Accountancy , PhD Actuarial Science , MS Advertising , MS Aerospace Engineering , MS Aerospace Engineering , PhD Aerospace Engineering , MS โ Online African Studies , MA Agricultural & Applied Economics , MS Agricultural & Applied Economics , PhD Agricultural & Biological Engineering , MS Agricultural & Biological Engineering , PhD Agricultural Production , MS ( PSM ) Animal Sciences , MANSC Animal Science , MS Animal Science , PhD Anthropology , MA Anthropology , PhD Applied Mathematics , MS Architectural Studies , MS ( post professional ) Architecture , PhD Art and Design , MFA Art Education , EDM Art Education , MA Art Education , PhD Art History , MA Art History , PhD Astronomy , MS Astronomy , PhD Atmospheric Sciences , MS Atmospheric Sciences , PhD Audiology , AUD Back to Top B Biochemistry , MS Biochemistry , PhD Bioengineering , MS Bioengineering , MEng Bioengineering , PhD Bioinformatics , MS Animal Sciences Concentration Bioengineering Concentration Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Concentration Computer Science Concentration Crop Science Concentration Library & Information Science Concentration Biology , MS Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , MS Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , PhD Bioprocessing & Bioenergy , MS ( PSM ) Business Administration , Executive MBA Business Administration , Illinois MBA Business Administration , MBA ( Full - Time ) Business Administration , MBA ( Part - Time ) Business Administration , MS Business Administration , PhD Back to Top C Cell and Developmental Biology , MS Cell and Developmental Biology , PhD Chemical Engineering , MS Chemical Engineering , PhD Chemical Physics , PhD Chemistry , MS Chemistry , PhD Civil Engineering , MS Civil Engineering , MS โ Online Civil Engineering , PhD Classical Philology , PhD Classics , MA Communication , MA Communication , PhD Communications and Media , PhD Community Health , MS Community Health , PhD Comparative Biosciences , MS Comparative Biosciences , PhD Comparative Literature , MA Comparative Literature , PhD Computer Science , MCS Computer Science , MCS โ Online Computer Science , MS Computer Science , PhD Crafts , MFA Creative Writing , MFA Crop Sciences , MS Crop Sciences , MS - online Crop Sciences , PhD Curriculum and Instruction , CAS Curriculum and Instruction , EDD Curriculum and Instruction , EDM Curriculum and Instruction , MA Curriculum and Instruction , MS Curriculum and Instruction , PhD D Dance , MFA Digital Libraries Concentration E Early Childhood Education , EDM East Asian Languages and Cultures , PhD East Asian Studies , MA Ecology , Evolution , and Conservation Biology , MS Ecology , Evolution , and Conservation Biology , PhD Economics , MS Economics , PhD Education Policy , Organization & Leadership , CAS Education Policy , Organization & Leadership , EdD Education Policy , Organization & Leadership , EdM Education Policy , Organization & Leadership , MA Educational Psychology , CAS Educational Psychology , EDM Educational Psychology , EDM Educational Psychology , MA Educational Psychology , MS Educational Psychology , PhD Electrical and Computer Engineering , MEng Electrical & Computer Engineering , MS Electrical and Computer Engineering , PhD Elementary Education , EDM Energy Systems Engineering , MEng English , MA Entomology , MS Entomology , PhD Environmental Engineering in Civil Engineering , MS Environmental Engineering in Civil Engineering , MS โ Online Environmental Engineering in Civil Engineering , PhD European Union Studies , MA F Finance , MS Finance , PhD Financial Engineering , MS Food Science and Human Nutrition , MS Food Science Concentration Human Nutrition Concentration Food Science and Human Nutrition , MS โ Online Food Science and Human Nutrition , MS ( PSM ) Food Science and Human Nutrition , PhD French , MA French , PhD G Geographic Information Science , MS - Professional Science Master ' s Concentration Geography , MA Geography , MS Geography , PhD Geology , MS Geology , PhD German , MA German , PhD Graphic Design , MFA Greek , MA H Health Administration , MSHA Health Communication , MS Health Communication , MS โ Online History , MA History , PhD Human Development & Family Studies , MS Human Development & Family Studies , PhD Human Resources and Industrial Relations , MHRIR Human Resources and Industrial Relations , MHRIR - Online Human Resources and Industrial Relations , PhD I Industrial Engineering , MS Industrial Engineering , MS โ Online Industrial Engineering , PhD Informatics , PhD Information Management , MS Information Management , MS โ Online Italian , MA Italian , PhD J Journalism , MJ Journalism , MS K Kinesiology , MS Kinesiology , PhD L Landscape Architecture , MLA Landscape Architecture , PhD Latin , MA Latin American Studies , MA Law , JSD Law , LLM Criminal Law Concentration Law , MSL Library and Information Science , CAS Library and Information Science , CAS - Online Library and Information Science , MS Library and Information Science , MS - Online Library and Information Science , PhD Linguistics , MA Linguistics , PhD M Management , MS Materials Engineering , MEng Materials Science and Engineering , MS Materials Science and Engineering , PhD Mathematics , MS Mathematics , PhD Mechanical Engineering , MEng Mechanical Engineering , MS Mechanical Engineering , MS - Online Mechanical Engineering , MS - Online Mechanical Engineering , PhD Metals , MFA Microbiology , MS Microbiology , PhD Molecular and Integrative Physiology , MS Molecular and Integrative Physiology , PhD Music Education , MME Music Education , PhD Music , DMA Music , MMUS Musicology , PhD N Nanotechnology , MS Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences , MS Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences , MS โ Online Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences , PhD Neuroscience , PhD Nuclear , Plasma , and Radiological Engineering , MS Nuclear , Plasma , and Radiological Engineering , PhD Nutritional Science , MS Nutritional Science , PhD O P Painting , MFA Pathobiology , MS Pathobiology , PhD Philosophy , MA Philosophy , PhD Photography , MFA Physics , MS Physics , PhD Plant Biology , MS Plant Biology , PhD Plant Biotechnology , MS โ Professional Science Master ' s Concentration Political Science , MA Political Science , PhD Portuguese , MA Portuguese , PhD Printmaking , MFA Psychological Science , MS Psychology , MS Psychology , PhD Public Health , MPH Q R Recreation , Sport & Tourism , MS Recreation , Sport & Tourism , MS โ Online Recreation , Sport & Tourism , PhD Regional Planning , PhD Rehabilitation , MS Religion , MA Russian , East European , & Eurasian Studies , MA S Sculpture , MFA Secondary Education , EDM Slavic Languages and Literatures , MA Social Work , MSW Advanced Clinical Concentration Leadership & Social Change Concentration Social Work , PhD Sociology , MA Sociology , PhD South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , MA Spanish , MA Spanish , PhD Special Education , EDM Special Education , MS Special Education , PhD Speech and Hearing Science , MA Speech Communication , PhD Statistics , MS Statistics , PhD Strategic Brand Communication , MS โ Online Sustainable Urban Design , MSUD Sustainable Urban Management , MS Systems and Entrepreneurial Engineering , MS Systems and Entrepreneurial Engineering , PhD T Teaching of Biological Science , MS โ Online Teaching of Chemistry , MS Teaching of Earth Science , MS Teaching of English as a Second Language , MA Teaching of Latin , MA Teaching of Mathematics , MS Teaching of Physics , MS Technical Systems Management , MS Technical Systems Management , MS - Professional Science Master ' s Technology Management , MS Theatre , MA Theatre , MFA Theatre , PhD Theoretical & Applied Mechanics , PhD Theoretical and Applied Mechanics , MS Translation and Interpreting , MA Translation and Interpreting , MA โ Online U Urban Planning , MUP V Veterinary Clinical Medicine , MS Veterinary Medical Science - Comparative Biosciences , MS Veterinary Medical Science - Comparative Biosciences , PhD Veterinary Medical Science - Pathobiology , MS Veterinary Medical Science - Pathobiology , PhD W X Y Z | [
"Graduate",
"Available Programs"
] |
http://catalog.jccc.edu/degreecertificates/emergencymedicalscience/emergency-medical-tech-certificate/ | Emergency Medical Technician Certificate This certificate program is designed for individuals interested in providing medical care to patients in the prehospital setting and prepares the student to enter the workforce as a trained and certified Emergency Medical Technician Successful graduates of this Kansas Board of Emergency Medical Services BEMS course are eligible to take Kansas State and national Certifying examinations Students completing this course with a minimum grade of C will be allowed to sit for the Kansas EMT State Certification Examination and receive JCCC certificate of completion Major Code 4760 State CIP 510904 Emergency Medical Science Required Course EMS 131 Emergency Medical Technician 10 Total Hours 10 Total Program Hours 10 Print Options Credit Course Descriptions Degree Requirements Degrees and Certificates Accounting Administration of JusticeLaw Enforcement Animation Automation Engineer Technology Automotive Technology Biotechnology Business Administration Business Office Technology Computer Information Systems Construction Management Cosmetology Dental Hygiene Drafting Technology Early Childhood Education Electrical Technology Electronics Technology Emergency Medical Science EMS Fashion Merchandising and Design Fire Services Administration Game General Sciences General Studies Graphic Design Health Care Interpreting Health Information Systems Health Occupations Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technology Horticulture Hospitality Management Information Technology Interior Design Interpreter Training Legal Interpreting Legal Studies Liberal Arts Marketing and Management Medical Information and Revenue Management Metal FabricationWelding Neurodiagnostic Technology Nursing Railroad Industrial Technology Railroad Operations Recording Arts Respiratory Care Sustainable Agriculture Web Technologies Accreditation Accessibility Nondiscrimination Statement Faculty and Staff Past Catalogs | [
"BEMS",
"Kansas EMT"
] |
http://catalog.mwcc.edu/associatedegreesandcertificatelistandotheroptions/veterinarytechnology/ | Home Associate Degrees Certificates Other Options Veterinary Technology 201819 Catalog Message From the President About MWCC Admissions Cost of Attendance Financial Aid Student Resources Academics Associate Degrees Certificates Other Options Veterinary Technology Course Descriptions Policies Rules and Regulations College Directories Glossary of Terms Previous Catalogs Print Options Veterinary Technology Overview NEW Veterinary Technology VTE selective Program Student Learning Outcomes and Technical Standards Courses Mount Wachusett Community Colleges initial application for accreditation has been accepted by the American Veterinary Medical Association AVMA The AVMAs acceptance of the initial application is not a temporary status of accreditation nor a guarantee of accreditation In the event that AVMA accreditation is granted the programs graduates will be qualified to sit for the Veterinary Technician National Exam VTNE The VTNE is owned and administered by the American Association of Veterinary State Boards AAVSB at wwwaavsborg | [
"Veterinary Technology"
] |
http://catalog.registrar.uiowa.edu/courses/stat/ | Statistics Courses Statistics and Actuarial Science STAT This is a list of all statistics courses For more information see Statistics and Actuarial Science STAT1000 FirstYear Seminar 1 sh Small discussion class taught by a faculty member topics chosen by instructor may include outside activities eg films lectures performances readings visits to research facilities Requirements first or secondsemester standing STAT1010 Statistics and Society 3 sh Statistical ideas and their relevance to public policy business humanities and the social health and physical sciences focus on critical approach to statistical evidence Requirements one year of high school algebra or MATH0100 GE Quantitative or Formal Reasoning STAT1020 Elementary Statistics and Inference 3 sh Graphing techniques for presenting data descriptive statistics correlation regression prediction logic of statistical inference elementary probability models estimation and tests of significance Requirements one year of high school algebra or MATH0100 GE Quantitative or Formal Reasoning Same as PSQF1020 STAT1030 Statistics for Business 4 sh Descriptive statistics graphical presentation elementary probability estimation and testing regression correlation statistical computer packages GE Quantitative or Formal Reasoning STAT2010 Statistical Methods and Computing 3 sh Methods of data description and analysis using SAS descriptive statistics graphical presentation estimation hypothesis testing sample size power emphasis on learning statistical methods and concepts through handson experience with real data Recommendations undergraduate standing GE Quantitative or Formal Reasoning STAT2020 Probability and Statistics for the Engineering and Physical Sciences 3 sh Probability random variables important discrete and continuous distributions joint distributions transformations of random variables descriptive statistics point and interval estimation tests of hypotheses regression Prerequisites MATH1560 or MATH1860 STAT3100 Introduction to Mathematical Statistics I 3 sh Descriptive statistics probability discrete and continuous distributions sampling sampling distributions Prerequisites MATH1860 or MATH1560 Same as IGPI3100 STAT3101 Introduction to Mathematical Statistics II 3 sh Estimation testing statistical hypotheses linear models multivariate distributions nonparametric methods Prerequisites STAT3100 Same as IGPI3101 STAT3120 Probability and Statistics 4 sh Models discrete and continuous random variables and their distributions estimation of parameters testing statistical hypotheses Prerequisites MATH1560 or MATH1860 Same as IGPI3120 STAT3200 Applied Linear Regression 3 sh Regression analysis with focus on applications model formulation checking selection interpretation and presentation of analysis results simple and multiple linear regression logistic regression ANOVA handson data analysis with computer software Prerequisites STAT2020 or STAT2010 Same as IE3760 IGPI3200 STAT3210 Experimental Design and Analysis 3 sh Single and multifactor experiments analysis of variance multiple comparisons contrasts diagnostics fixed random and mixed effects models designs with blocking andor nesting twolevel factorials and fractions thereof use of statistical computing packages Prerequisites STAT3200 STAT3510 Biostatistics 3 sh Statistical concepts and methods for the biological sciences descriptive statistics elementary probability sampling distributions confidence intervals parametric and nonparametric methods oneway ANOVA correlation and regression categorical data Requirements MATH0100 or MATH1005 or ALEKS score of 30 or higher Same as IGPI3510 STAT3620 Quality Control 3 sh Basic techniques of statistical quality control application of control charts for process control variables design of inspection plans and industrial experimentation modern management aspects of quality assurance systems Offered fall semesters Prerequisites STAT2020 or STAT3100 and STAT3101 and STAT3200 Same as CEE3142 IE3600 STAT4100 Mathematical Statistics I 3 sh Probability conditional probability random variables distribution and density functions joint and conditional distributions various families of discrete and continuous distributions mgf technique for sums convergence in distribution convergence in probability central limit theorem Prerequisites MATH2850 and MATH2700 Same as IGPI4100 STAT4101 Mathematical Statistics II 3 sh Transformations order statistics point estimation sufficient statistics RaoBlackwell Theorem delta method confidence intervals likelihood ratio tests applications Prerequisites STAT4100 Same as IGPI4101 STAT4143 Introduction to Statistical Methods 3 sh Analysis interpretation of research data descriptive statistics introduction to probability sampling theory statistical inference binomial normal distribution tdistribution models linear correlation regression Same as PSQF4143 STAT4200 Statistical Methods and Computing 3 sh Methods of data description and analysis using SAS descriptive statistics graphical presentation estimation hypothesis testing sample size power emphasis on learning statistical methods and concepts through handson experience with real data Recommendations graduate standing in nonstatistics or less quantitative major Same as IGPI4200 STAT4510 Regression Time Series and Forecasting 3 sh Regression analysis forecasting time series methods use of statistical computing packages Prerequisites STAT3101 with a minimum grade of C STAT4520 Bayesian Statistics 3 sh Bayesian statistical analysis with focus on applications Bayesian and frequentist methods compared Bayesian model specification choice of priors computational methods handson Bayesian data analysis using appropriate software interpretation and presentation of analysis results Prerequisites STAT3200 and STAT3101 or STAT4101 or STAT3120 Same as IGPI4522 PSQF4520 STAT4540 Statistical Learning 3 sh Introduction to supervised and unsupervised statistical learning with a focus on regression classification and clustering methods will be applied to real data using appropriate software supervised learning topics include linear and nonlinear eg logistic regression linear discriminant analysis crossvalidation bootstrapping model selection and regularization methods eg ridge and lasso generalized additive and spline models treebased methods random forests and boosting and supportvector machines unsupervised learning topics include principal components and clustering Requirements an introductory statistics course and a regression course Recommendations prior exposure to programming andor software such as R SAS and Matlab Same as IGPI4540 STAT4560 Statistics for Risk Modeling 3 sh Theory and applications of general linear models generalized linear models and regressionbased time series models emphasis on parameter estimation variable selection and diagnostic checking for these models and their use for statistical inference and prediction demonstration of practical implementations of these models with real data in actuarial and financial contexts Prerequisites STAT4101 with a minimum grade of C or STAT5101 with a minimum grade of C Requirements knowledge of computer programming STAT4580 Data Visualization and Data Technologies 3 sh Introduction to common techniques for visualizing univariate and multivariate data data summaries and modeling results students learn to create and interpret these visualizations and assess effectiveness of different visualizations based on an understanding of human perception and statistical thinking data technologies for obtaining and preparing data for visualization and further analysis Requirements an introductory statistics course and a regression course Recommendations prior exposure to basic use of statistical programming software eg R or SAS as obtained from a regression course strongly recommended Same as IGPI4580 STAT4740 Large Data Analysis 3 sh Current areas that deal with problem of Big Data techniques from computer science mathematics statistics high performance and parallel computing matrix techniques cluster analysis visualization variety of applications including Google PageRank seismology Netflixtype problems weather forecasting fusion of data with simulation projects Prerequisites CS1210 with a minimum grade of C or ENGR2730 with a minimum grade of C and MATH3800 or CS3700 and STAT3200 or IE3760 or IGPI3200 Same as CS4740 IGPI4740 MATH4740 STAT4880 Data Science Creative Component 1 sh Independent project under a faculty advisors supervision emphasis on communication of ideas learned in students data science course work or internship STAT4890 Data Science Practicum 2 sh On or offcampus internship or groupbased consulting project that provides experience in a realworld setting and introduces ethical and confidentiality issues related to data collection storage and sharing STAT5090 ALPHA Seminar 1 sh Resources available to students program requirements tips for academic success professional statistical organizations library and career center resources statistical computing scientific document preparation history of statistics Requirements graduate standing in statistics STAT5100 Statistical Inference I 3 sh Review of probability distribution theory multiple random variables momentgenerating functions transformations conditional distributions sampling distributions order statistics convergence concepts generating random samples Prerequisites MATH2850 and STAT3101 STAT5101 Statistical Inference II 3 sh Continuation of STAT5100 principles of data reduction point estimation theory MLE Bayes UMVU hypothesis testing interval estimation decision theory asymptotic evaluations Prerequisites STAT5100 STAT5120 Mathematical Methods for Statistics 3 sh Real numbers point set theory limit points limits metric spaces continuity sequences and series Taylor series multivariate uniform convergence RiemannStieltjes integrals Requirements statistics graduate standing STAT5200 Applied Statistics I 4 sh Introduction to computing environments and statistical packages descriptive statistics basic inferential methods confidence intervals chisquare tests linear models regression and ANOVA modelsspecification and assumptions fitting diagnostics selection testing interpretation Prerequisites STAT3101 Corequisites STAT4100 or STAT5100 Requirements facility with matrix algebra Same as IGPI5199 STAT5201 Applied Statistics II 3 sh Design of experiments and analysis of designed experiments models for fixed and random effects mixed models design and analysis of complex plans samplesize methods Prerequisites STAT5200 Recommendations prior exposure to SAS software STAT5400 Computing in Statistics 3 sh R database management graphical techniques importing graphics into wordprocessing documents eg LaTeX creating reports in LaTeX SAS simulation methods Monte Carlo studies bootstrap etc Prerequisites CS1210 and STAT3200 and STAT3120 or STAT3101 or STAT4101 Corequisites STAT5100 and STAT5200 if not already completed Same as IGPI5400 STAT5610 Regression Modeling and ANOVA in the Health Sciences 3 sh Continuation of BIOS4120 correlation simple and multiple linear regression confounding interactions model selection single and multiple factor ANOVA analysis of variance models contrasts multiple comparisons nested and block designs and an introduction to mixed models designed for nonbiostatistics majors Offered spring semesters and summer sessions Prerequisites BIOS4120 Same as BIOS5120 IGPI5120 STAT5810 Research Data Management 3 sh Introduction to data management techniques and problems encountered in gathering and processing data from biomedical investigations introduction to SAS techniques taught in SAS designed for nonbiostatistics majors Offered fall and spring semesters Recommendations prior programming experience with C C Python Java or other Same as BIOS5310 IGPI5310 STAT6220 Statistical Consulting 3 sh Realistic supervised data analysis experiences including statistical packages statistical graphics writing statistical reports dealing with complex or messy data Offered spring semesters Prerequisites STAT3200 and STAT3210 or STAT5201 and STAT5200 Requirements for undergraduate majorsmajor gpa of 300 or above and grades of B or higher in STAT3200 and STAT3210 STAT6300 Probability and Stochastic Processes I 3 sh Conditional expectations Markov chains including random walks and gamblers ruin classification of states stationary distributions branching processes Poisson processes Brownian motion Prerequisites STAT4100 STAT6301 Probability and Stochastic Processes II 3 sh Markov chains with continuous state space Martingales random walks Brownian motion and other continuoustime Markov chains simulation methods Prerequisites STAT6300 STAT6510 Applied Generalized Regression 3 sh Applications of semiparametric models generalized linear models nonlinear normal errors models correlated response models use of statistical packages especially R and SAS Requirements introductory statistics and applied linear models Same as IGPI6511 STAT6513 Intermediate Statistical Methods 4 sh Foundation for more advanced applied courses logic of statistical inference chisquare and other tests of statistical hypotheses small sample error theory interval estimates introduction to analysis of variance selected nonparametric methods Requirements for PSQF6243 PSQF4143 for STAT6513 STAT4143 Same as PSQF6243 STAT6514 Correlation and Regression 4 sh Correlation techniques selected bivariate procedures multiple partial curvilinear correlation multiple linear regression sampling theory applied to regression analysis and correlation coefficients simple causal models Requirements for PSQF6244 PSQF6243 for STAT6514 STAT6513 Same as PSQF6244 STAT6516 Design of Experiments 4 sh Theory and methods in the planning and statistical analysis of experimental studies testing of hypotheses about linear contrasts among means in singlefactor and multifactor completely randomized and repeated measurement designs Requirements for PSQF6246 PSQF6243 for STAT6516 STAT6513 Same as PSQF6246 STAT6530 Environmental and Spatial Statistics 3 sh Methods for sampling environmental populations sampling design trend detection and estimation geostatistics kriging variogram estimation lattice data analysis analysis of spatial point patterns Prerequisites STAT4101 and STAT3200 Same as IGPI6530 STAT6540 Applied Multivariate Analysis 3 sh Multivariate descriptive statistics multivariate normal distribution Hotellings Tsquared MANOVA multivariate regression principal components discrimination and classification cluster analysis Prerequisites STAT3200 and STAT3210 Requirements facility with matrix algebra Same as PSQF6245 STAT6547 Nonparametric Statistical Methods 3 sh Selected nonparametric methods one and twosample location tests and estimation methods measures of association analyses of variance emphasis on relationships to classical parametric procedures Same as PSQF6247 STAT6550 Introductory Longitudinal Data Analysis 3 sh Introduction to statistical models and estimation methods for outcome variables normal and nonnormal clustered or measured repeatedly in time or space focus on applications and computer software methods for ANOVA based methods hierarchical linear models linear mixed models correlated regression models generalized estimating equations and generalized linear mixed models Offered fall semesters Prerequisites BIOS5120 or STAT3200 Same as BIOS6310 IGPI6310 STAT6560 Applied Time Series Analysis 3 sh General stationary nonstationary models autocovariance autocorrelation functions stationary nonstationary autoregressive integrated moving average models identification estimation forecasting in linear models use of statistical computer packages Offered spring semesters Prerequisites STAT5200 or STAT3200 and STAT3101 STAT6970 Topics in Statistics 3 sh STAT6990 Readings in Statistics arr STAT7100 Advanced Inference I 3 sh Concepts of convergence asymptotic methods including the delta method sufficiency asymptotic efficiency Fisher information and information bounds for estimation maximum likelihood estimation the EMalgorithm Bayes estimation decision theory Prerequisites STAT5101 and STAT5120 STAT7101 Advanced Inference II 3 sh Hypothesis testing asymptotics of the likelihood ratio test asymptotic efficiency statistical functionals robustness bootstrap and jackknife estimation with dependent data Prerequisites STAT7100 STAT7190 Seminar Mathematical Statistics arr STAT7200 Linear Models 4 sh Linear spaces and selected topics in matrix algebra multivariate normal distribution and distributions of quadratic forms full rank and nonfull rank linear models estimability least squares and best linear unbiased estimation interval estimation hypothesis testing random and mixed models best linear unbiased prediction variance component estimation Prerequisites STAT5101 and STAT5200 and STAT5201 STAT7290 Seminar Applied Statistics arr STAT7300 Foundations of Probability I 3 sh Probability theory with emphasis on constructing rigorous proofs measure spaces measurable functions random variables and induced measures distribution functions Lebesque integral product measure and independence Borel Cantelli lemma modes of convergence Prerequisites STAT5120 STAT7301 Foundations of Probability II 3 sh Laws of large numbers characteristic functions and properties central limit theorem RadonNikodym derivatives conditional expected value and martingales Prerequisites STAT7300 STAT7390 Seminar Probability arr STAT7400 Computer Intensive Statistics 3 sh Computer arithmetic random variate generation numerical optimization numerical linear algebra smoothing techniques bootstrap methods crossvalidation MCMC EM and related algorithms other topics per studentinstructor interests Prerequisites BIOS5710 or STAT5200 and STAT3101 Requirements proficiency in Fortran or C or C or Java Same as IGPI7400 STAT7510 Analysis of Categorical Data 3 sh Models for discrete data distribution theory maximum likelihood and weighted least squares estimation for categorical data tests of fit models selection Offered spring semesters Prerequisites BIOS5720 or STAT5200 and STAT5101 or STAT4101 Same as BIOS7410 STAT7520 Bayesian Analysis 3 sh Decision theory conjugate families structure of Bayesian inference hierarchical models asymptotic approximations for posterior distributions Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and convergence assessment model adequacy and model choice Prerequisites STAT5101 and STAT5400 and STAT5200 STAT7560 Time Series Analysis 3 sh Stationary time series ARIMA models spectral representation linear prediction inference for the spectrum multivariate time series state space models and processes nonlinear time series Prerequisites STAT4101 and STAT3200 or STAT6560 STAT7570 Survival Data Analysis 3 sh Types of censoring and truncation survival function estimation parametric inference using exponential Weibull and accelerated failure time models nonparametric tests sample size calculation Cox regression with stratification and timedependent covariates regression diagnostics competing risks topics may include analysis of correlated survival data andor recurrent events designed for biostatistics and statistics majors Offered fall semesters Prerequisites BIOS5720 and STAT4100 and STAT4101 or STAT5100 and STAT5101 Same as BIOS7210 IGPI7210 STAT7990 Reading Research arr | [
"Statistics Courses",
"Actuarial Science",
"Formal Reasoning"
] |
http://catalog.shsu.edu/undergraduate/course-descriptions/pols/ | Political Science POLS POLS 2305 American Government 3 Hours This course offers an overview of American government at the national level Topics include the origin and evolution of the US Constitution political behavior and attitudes political parties interest groups the media and the three branches of government Congress the Executive Branch and the Judiciary A goal of the course is to equip students with the knowledge to engage in political and civic life POLS 2306 Texas Government 3 Hours This course examines Texas government and politics including political culture the Texas Constitution Texas role in the federal system individuals political values and participation interest groups parties elections and camapaigns the legislative executive and judical branches and fiscal social and economic policies POLS 3302 Introduction to Public Policy 3 Hours Students in this course explore how governmental entities in the US make public policy Using various policy models students analyze the effect of policy environments actors processes policy characteristics and politics on the nature of policy outputs Students learn to evaluate policies using a variety of program evaluation methodologies Prerequisite 6 hours of Political Science POLS 3331 Local Political Systems 3 Hours An introduction to the structure process and politics of local governments in Texas and the nation Topics covered range from Metropolitan governments to special districts to county government Rural and small town politics are also a focus of attention along with urban and suburban political structures Home rule leadership recruitment and behavior local elections budgeting services and intergovernmental relations are addressed Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3332 State Political Systems 3 Hours A comparative analysis of politics in the fifty states including Texas Variations and similarities in state politics are examined described and related to other features of the states Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3334 Judicial Systems 3 Hours An orientation course for prelaw students and others interested in the legal aspects of government Emphasis is placed on the development of judicial systems and the policy making role of courts Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3335 Pol Ethnic Minorities Gender 3 Hours A study of political theory behavior beliefs and public policy as they relate to race ethnicity and gender in the United States Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3336 The Presidency And Executives 3 Hours A study of the office of President including the institutionalization of the presidency along with a consideration of state governors and the heads of local governing bodies in the United States Emphasis is placed on comparative development roles structures processes and functions Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3337 The Congress And Legislatures 3 Hours An examination of the powers organization procedures and operations of legislative bodies in the United States Consideration is given to such matters as selection of legislators legislative leadership influence of lobbyists political parties legislative committees executives and legislative roles and norms Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3338 Victims Rights Politics Plcy 3 Hours This course introduces students to the politics and policies of victims rights The course examines the emergence of victims rights as a political issue and as a social movement The course surveys victims rights policies and programs at the local state national and international level and analyzes their development their implementation and their impact Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3339 Nonprofit Organizations 3 Hours This course introduces students to the history roles and types of nonprofit organizations and offers students an overview of the development of nonprofit organizations Topics covered in the course include nonprofit and government relations nonprofit and business relations nonprofit and policymaking nonprofits in an international context and organizational issues Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3360 Political PartiesInterest Grp 3 Hours This course is a survey of political parties and interest groups in US politics Topics include the development and evolution of political parties and interest groups their organizations and functions and their role in politics Consideration is given to the influence of parties and interest groups on political values participation voting campaigns and elections governing and on policy Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3361 Cent Eastern European Politi 3 Hours This course offers a comparative study of the political systems of Central and Eastern European states including the European portions of the former Soviet Union with emphasis on the problems of transition from communism to democracy and market economy Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3364 Politics And The Media 3 Hours The primary focus of this course is on the role and impact of the media on US politics The relationship between the media and politics in other nations may also be considered Media is defined broadly to include the Internet radio television and the various forms of print media Some of the topics that may be explored in the course include the impact of the media on campaigns and election outcomes the media as a source of political information the agenda setting power of the media the role of the free press in a democracy and citizens relationship to the Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3365 Intro to Comparative Politics 3 Hours A survey of important issues and trends in world political systems that places American government and politics in a comparative context Included will be terminology concepts and methods of comparative politics Topics may include institutions behavior constitutional processes political parties and interest groups public policy political development transitions from authoritarianism to democracy and from statist to market economies sources of domestic violence and other major concerns of the field Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3366 Public Administration 3 Hours A survey of national public administration with emphasis on the political processes within the surrounding administrative agencies Topics include development of the administrative function policy formulation and budgeting the relations of administrators to Congress interest groups courts and the public State and local topics may be included Prerequisite POLS 2301 POLS 3368 Asian Politics 3 Hours A comparative survey of contemporary politics and government in Asia The course encompasses most of the countries of East Asia China Japan the Koreas and Southeast Asia including Indonesia Malaysia Singapore the Philippines Vietnam and Cambodia Time permitting the course may also include India and South Asia Considerable attention is given to the history and culture of each country as well as the dynamics of change in the region Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3369 Religion And Politics 3 Hours This course examines the historical and contemporary relationship between religion and politics Topics include politics and religion in the United States the proper role of religion in American public life the relation between religion and state in the Islamic world religion and conflict situations and the role of religion in conflict resolution Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3370 Western European Politics 3 Hours A comparative survey of contemporary politics and governments in Western Europe The course typically concentrates on Britain France Germany and Italy but usually includes other important and interesting countries such as Belgium the Netherlands Spain Portugal and the Scandinavian countries The European Union its policies institutions and expansion is fully treated in the course Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3373 Ideologies and Democracy 3 Hours Students in this course investigate the meaning of the term ideology and the various ideologies that have informed political life in the modern world Liberalism conservatism socialism communism feminism environmentalism and radical Islam are examined Democracy in its various modern conceptions is studied along with the question Is democracy an ideology Prerequisite 6 hours in POLS POLS 3374 Quantitative Methd For Pol Sci 3 Hours This is an introduction to research design and quantitative methods used in contemporary political science research Students will apply the tools of social science inquiry in a series of projects designed to examine such phenomena as political attitudes and behavior Emphasis is on the use of descriptive statistics tabular and graphic presentation of data measures of association and correlations and multivariate analysis in political research Prerequisite POLS major 6 hours POLS and departmental approval POLS 3375 Politics Of The Middle East 3 Hours A comparative survey of contemporary patterns of government and politics in the Middle East The course encompasses most of the countries of the Middle East including Egypt Israel Lebanon Jordan Saudi Arabia the Gulf States Iraq Iran and Turkey North Africa may also be included Considerable attention is given to the historical legacies and continuing impact of colonialism and nationalism political Islam and secularism challenges of authority and legitimacy The impact on the region and US foreign policy of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict and regime change in the region is covered at length Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3377 Survey of Political Theory 3 Hours A survey of the political ideas philosophers and relevant historical events in Western Europe over the past two thousand years Representative political writings from the time of Plato to Nietzsche are surveyed Political ideas and values are addressed in their original historical context as well as independently of any particular historical or cultural limitations Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3378 American Political Thought 3 Hours This course surveys American political ideas and movements from colonial times to the present Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3379 Research Writing In Pol Sci 3 Hours This course has two primary objectives First students will gain knowledge of basic research methods and design in the social sciences Particular attention will be given to survey research Second students will learn research and writing skills including how to locate evaluate and cite electronic and printed sources how to conduct a literature review how to write proposals reports and research papers and how to edit proposals reports and papers Prerequisite POLS major 6 hours POLS and departmental approval POLS 3380 Intro International Relations 3 Hours This course provides analysis of the relations between nationstates in the international system and the factors influencing their behavior The changing nature of the international system is analyzed as are the political and economic sources of tension war and diplomacy international law and organization and the bases of power Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3381 American Foreign Policy 3 Hours This course examines the domestic and international forces which influence the development of American foreign policy The course emphasizes the postWorld War II era and includes discussion of such major issues of US foreign policy as the settlement of World War II the politics and crises of the Cold War and Americas role in the postCold War world order Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3385 International Law Org 3 Hours This course is a comprehensive overview of the role of international organizations and law Specifically it examines the evolution of the United Nations and its precursors its structure and governance role in international peace and security emerging human rights law laws governing war and issues of development and the global environment Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3386 International Political Econ 3 Hours This course examines the interplay between states and markets and the interaction of the world economy and international politics We study the nature of political economy the major ideologies and approaches and specific topics such as the political ramifications of international trade investment debt and financial markets and the impact of globalization on the human condition and the environment Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3387 Latin American Politics 3 Hours A survey of contemporary patterns of government and politics in Latin America with emphasis on institutions processes behavior and problems of democracy authoritarianism and political development in selected nations Historical social and economic background factors are also considered along with major issues of USLatin American relations Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3391 Govrnmt Organization Mangmt 3 Hours Comparison of governmental organizations within society and analysis of the differences and their impact upon practices of administration in public agencies Consideration is also given to the management tools available to governmental agencies and their capabilities and limitations Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3392 Economic Policy 3 Hours A general study of the role of modern government in the economy and society Particular attention is given to governmental activity in regulating and promoting business activity Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3393 Social Policy 3 Hours A general study of the roles actions and problems of modern governments in dealing with social issues such as education health housing transportation and welfare services Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 3395 Environmental Policy 3 Hours A survey of the major environmental issues and policies existing in the United States and the world today An indepth investigation of such environmental policy areas as clean air and water endangered species invasive alien species public land management ecosystem management the conservation of biodiversity nuclear power waste disposal and energy production and use Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 4081 Problems in Political Science 13 Hours This course is designated to examine special topics which cut across the usual areas of concentration in government A single topic will be considered each semester this course is offered Topics may include political socialization ethnic politics crises in political systems research techniques and other subjects May be repeated when topic varies Variable Credit 13 Prerequisite 6 hours of POLS POLS 4095 Dir Std Inter Pol Sci 13 Hours This course is designed especially for advanced students in Political Science who are capable of independent study Work may involve advanced readings directed research or assignment as an intern in a political or government office Registration is upon the approval of the Chair of the Department of Political Science and the instructor directing the course This course may be taken for Academic Distinction Credit Variable Credit 13 Prerequisite 6 hours of Political Science and departmental permission POLS 4334 Const Law ICiv Rights Librts 3 Hours This course is a rigorous examination of the development of rights and liberties through the interpretation of the Bill of Rights by the United States Supreme Court The course relies on the Courts opinions and is the first course in the twopart constitutional law sequence Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 4335 Const Law IIGov PwrStFed Rl 3 Hours This course offers a rigorous examination of the development of government powers at the state and federal level through the interpretation of the Constitution by the United States Supreme Court It is the second course in the twopart constitutional law sequence Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 4372 Political Attitudes Behavior 3 Hours An examination of political socialization political recruitment voting behavior and public policy outputs The approaches examined include role group political culture systems analysis and functional analysis Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 4383 International Human Rights 3 Hours This course explores the theory and practical meaning of human rights Issues covered may include the definition of human rights the relationship between civil and political rights and economic social and cultural rights the meaning and impact of humanitarian and international human rights law the impact of cultural relativism in the definition and assessment of the promotion and protection of human rights the significance of different religious perspectives the question of the legitimacy of humanitarian interventions and the effects of globalization on human rights perceptions and practices Prerequisite 6 hours of political science POLS 4384 Conflict Studies 3 Hours This course examines the causes of international conflict and the path to international peace The topics explored include the changes in the nature of war the theories of the onset of interstate war and the various methods of achieving peace Prerequisite 6 hours of POLS POLS 4385 Political Violence Terrorism 3 Hours This course focuses on political violence that occurs within states perpetrated by the state against its own citizens as well as the violence that accompanies antigovernment movements Students examine cases and theories of political violence as well as methods of their resolution Domestic political violence in the form of state repression domestic terrorism guerilla warfare civil wars and revolution are given special emphasis Prerequisite 6 hours of POLS | [
"Political Science"
] |
http://catalog.sunybroome.edu/content.php?catoid=1&navoid=77 | Catalog Home About SUNY Broome Admissions Register for a Class Programs of Study Course Descriptions Expenses Financial Aid Academic Information Student Services Student Life SUNY Colleges of SUNY Academic Departments Affiliate Organizations Academic Calendar My Portfolio A h P H Academic Calendar Important Dates Please note : Dates may be subject to change For a complete list of class start and end dates , parts - of - term dates , and last dates to receive a " W " grade , please visit the Registrar ' s website Spring 2019 January 28 : Classes Start February 18 : Mid - semester Break ( No Classes ) April 9 : Convocation Day ( No Classes ) April 15 - 19 : Spring Break ( No Classes ) May 21 : Last Day of Classes May 23 : Grades Due May 23 : Graduation Summer 2019 Full Term June 3 : Classes Start August 9 : Last Day of Classes August 12 : Grades Due Summer Term I June 3 : Classes Start July 5 : Last Day of Classes July 8 : Grades Due Summer Term III July 8 : Classes Start August 9 : Last Day of Classes August 12 : Grades Dues Six Week Summer Term July 1 : Classes Start August 12 : Grades Due Eight Week Summer Term June 17 : Classes Start Fall 2019 August 26 : Classes Start September 2 : Labor Day ( No Classes ) October 14 - 15 : Mid - semester Break ( No Classes ) November 27 - 29 : Thanksgiving Break ( No Classes ) December 16 : Last Day of Classes December 18 : Grades Due Winter 2020 January 6 : Classes Start January 20 : Martin Luther King Day ( No Classes ) January 24 : Last Day of Classes January 27 : Grades Due Spring 2020 January 27 : Classes Start February 17 : Mid - semester Break ( No Classes ) April 13 - 17 : Spring Break ( No Classes ) April 21 : Convocation Day ( No Classes ) May 19 : Last Day of Classes May 21 : Grades Due May 21 : Graduation Summer 2020 Ten Week Full Term June 1 : Classes Start August 7 : Last Day of Classes August 10 : Grades Due Five Week Term I June 1 : Classes Start July 2 : Last Day of Classes July 6 : Grades Due Eight Week Term II June 15 : Classes Start August 7 : Last Day of Classes August 10 : Grades Due Five Week Term III July 6 : Classes Start August 10 : Grades Dues Six Week Term IV June 29 : Classes Start Fall 2020 August 31 : Classes Start September 7 : Labor Day ( No Classes ) October 12 - 13 : Mid - semester Break ( No Classes ) November 25 - 27 : Thanksgiving Break ( No Classes ) December 21 : Last Day of Classes December 23 : Grades Due Winter 2021 January 4 : Classes Start January 18 : Martin Luther King Day ( No Classes ) January 22 : Last Day of Classes January 25 : Grades Due A h P H | [
"SUNY Broome Community College",
"Academic Calendar"
] |
http://catalog.tamu.edu/undergraduate/business/marketing/marketing-bba-advertising-strategy/ | Marketing BBA Advertising Strategy Track Home Undergraduate Catalog Mays Business School Marketing Marketing BBA Advertising Strategy Track Overview Program Requirements The Department of Marketing offers students interested in advertising several opportunities for building skills specific to that career and for networking with advertising professionals In addition to taking advertising courses students can attend professional conferences participate in local regional and national advertising campaign competitions and tour top advertising agencies The Advertising Strategy track supplements their degree by tailoring directed elective courses and building specific advertising skills It also provides recruiters a means of identifying top students interested in advertising Students who complete the Advertising Strategy track are wellprepared for careers in advertising account services or brand management or they may choose to specialize in related areas such as media planning social and digital media or public relations BUAD students expecting to declare their upper level major in Marketing with the Advertising Strategy track must meet the following requirements UpperLevel Entry Requirements and Application Procedures Students who meet the University and college entrance requirements enter Mays Business School as lowerlevel business BUAD majors Students are encouraged to complete the freshman and sophomore sequences of courses as listed under Curriculum in Business Enrollment of Mays Business School students in junior and seniorlevel business courses is limited to those who have been admitted to upperlevel also referred to as upper division in one of the seven BBA majors accounting business honors finance management management information systems marketing and supply chain management The BBA accounting business honors finance management management information systems marketing and supply chain management upperlevel entry requirements and application procedures are as follows Admission to UpperLevel Major To be admitted to an upperlevel major a BUAD student must be admitted to Mays Business School and have Satisfactorily completed the following five courses Course List Code Title Semester Credit Hours ACCT 229 Introductory Accounting 3 ECON 202 Principles of Economics 3 ECON 203 Principles of Economics 3 MATH 140 Mathematics for Business and Social Sciences 3 MATH 142 Business Calculus or its equivalent 3 Submitted application for upper level admission no later than the last class day of the semester before their expected upper level entry term NOTE For summer upper level entry all requirements must be completed BEFORE the first class day of the FIRST SUMMER SESSION Business students must complete the following three remaining lowerlevel Core Business Knowledge CBK courses at Texas AM during their first upperlevel semester unless satisfactorily completed prior to upperlevel entry Course List Code Title Semester Credit Hours ACCT 230 Introductory Accounting 3 ISTM 210 Fundamentals of Information Systems 3 MGMT 211 Legal and Social Environment of Business 3 BUAD students may preregister for upperlevel business courses in the semester for which they have applied for upper level However students who fail to complete upperlevel requirements shall not be permitted to remain registered in upperlevel business classes Transfer Students Transfer students admitted to Mays Business School will be classified as lowerlevel business BUAD majors until they complete all requirements listed previously in item 1 at which time they may apply for admission to an upperlevel major field of study Transfer students may immediately apply for upperlevel when admitted to Mays Business School if and only if they meet all upperlevel requirements at that time Change of Curriculum Students Texas AM students who change curriculum into Mays Business School from another college or department at the University enter the business school as lowerlevel Business BUAD students until they complete all requirements listed previously in item 1 Change of curriculum students who when admitted to the business school qualify to apply for admission to upper level may do so Junior and SeniorLevel Business Courses Preference for available seats in junior and seniorlevel business courses will be given to students who have been admitted to a BBA degree granting major in Mays Business School All ineligible students who preregister for upperlevel business classes are subject to cancellation of their registration in these courses | [
"Advertising Strategy track",
"elective courses"
] |
http://catalog.tcc.fl.edu/content.php?catoid=2&navoid=87 | h P H [ ARCHIVED CATALOG ] Financial Information Florida Residency for Tuition Purposes Tuition and Fees Refunds Delinquent Accounts Tuition Payment Plan Florida Prepaid College Program Financial Aid Florida Residency for Tuition Purposes Section 1009.21 , F.S. , allows U.S. citizens , lawful permanent residents , and aliens lawfully in the United States who are in an eligible visa category to be classified as Florida residents for tuition purposes if the applicant or the dependent applicant โ s parent / legal guardian has established legal residence in the state for at least 12 consecutive months immediately prior to the first day of classes of the term for which Florida residency is sought . The determination of dependent or independent status is important because it is the basis for whether the student has to submit his / her own documentation of residency ( as an independent ) or his / her parent โ s or legal guardian โ s documentation of residency ( as a dependent ) . Definitions Dependent child : any person , whether or not living with his / her parent , who is eligible to be claimed by his / her parent as a dependent under the federal income tax code Initial enrollment : the first day of class at an institution of higher education Institution of higher education : any charter technical career center , career center operated by a school district , Florida College System institution , or state university Legal resident or resident : a person who has maintained his / her residence in Florida for the preceding year ( 12 months ) , has purchased a home which is occupied by him / her as his / her residence , or has established a domicile in Florida pursuant to s . 222.17 , F.S . Non - resident for tuition purposes : a person who does not qualify for the in - state tuition rate Parent : the natural or adoptive parent or legal guardian of a dependent child Resident for tuition purposes : a person who qualifies as provided in this section for the in - state tuition rate Required Documentary Evidence To qualify as a Florida resident for tuition purposes , a person or , if that person is a dependent child , his / her parent or parents must have established and maintained legal residence in Florida for at least 12 consecutive months immediately prior to his / her initial enrollment in an institution of higher education . Every applicant for admission to an institution of higher education is required to make a statement as to his / her length of residence in the state and , further , shall establish that his / her presence or , if the An applicant ( student ) must submit clear and convincing documentation that he / she ( or a parent , adoptive parent or legal guardian , if a dependent ) has been a Florida resident for at least 12 consecutive months prior to the first day of classes for which the student is enrolling . The residency determination must be documented by the submission of written or electronic verification that includes two or more of the documents listed below . As some evidence is more persuasive than others , more than two may be requested . No single piece of First Tier ( at least one of the two documents submitted must be from this list ) A Florida driver license A State of Florida identification card A Florida voter registration card A Florida vehicle registration Proof of a permanent home in Florida which is occupied as a primary residence by the individual or by the individual โ s parent if the individual is a dependent child Proof of homestead exemption in Florida Transcripts from a Florida high school for multiple years ( two or more years ) if the Florida high school diploma or GED was earned within the last 12 months Proof of permanent full - time employment in Florida for at least 30 hours per week for a 12 - month period Second Tier may be used in conjunction with documentation from First Tier ) A declaration of domicile in Florida A Florida professional or occupational license A Florida incorporation Document evidencing family ties in Florida Proof of membership in a Florida - based charitable or professional organization Any other documentation that supports the student โ s request for resident status , including , but not limited to , utility bills and proof of 12 consecutive months of payments ; a lease agreement and proof of 12 consecutive months of payments ; or an official state , federal , or court document evidencing legal ties to Florida . Statutory Exceptions and Qualifications Section 1009.21 , F.S. , permits certain applicants who do not meet residency requirements to be classified as Florida residents for tuition purposes . If an applicant ( student ) qualifies for a residency exception or qualification , then appropriate documentation must be submitted as evidence of entitlement to that exception or qualification . Such evidence is generally specific to the type of residency exception or qualification being claimed by the student . If a dependent child has been residing continuously with a legal resident adult relative other than the parent for at least five years immediately prior to the first day of classes of the term for which Florida residency is sought , the dependent child may provide documentation from the adult relative or from the parent . Both the dependent child and the adult relative or the parent must meet the consecutive 12 - month legal residence requirement ( s . 1009.21 ( 2 ) ( b ) , F.S. ) . Based on s . 1009.21 , F.S. , the College requires documentation in support of the following exceptions ; however , the student does not have to show 12 months of residence in Florida prior to qualifying . The exceptions and qualifications categories are as follows : Persons who were enrolled as Florida residents for tuition purposes at a Florida public institution of higher education , but who abandon Florida domicile and then re - enroll in Florida within 12 months of the abandonment โ provided that they continuously maintain the re - established domicile during the period of enrollment . ( This benefit only applies one time . ) [ s . 1009.21 ( 9 ) , F.S. ] Active duty members of the Armed Services of the United States residing or stationed in Florida , their spouses and dependent children and active , drilling members of the Florida National Guard . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( a ) , F.S. ] ( Required : copy of military orders or Form DD 2258 ) Active duty members of the Armed Services of the United States , and their spouses and dependent children , attending a Florida College System institution or state university within 50 miles of the military establishment where they are stationed , if such establishment is within a county contiguous to Florida . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( b ) , F.S. ] ( Required : copy of military orders ) United States citizens living on the Isthmus of Panama , who have completed 12 consecutive months of college work at the Florida State University Panama Canal Branch , and their spouses and dependent children [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( c ) , F.S. ] Full - time instructional and administrative personnel employed by state public schools and institutions of higher education and their spouses or dependent children . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( d ) , F.S. ] ( Required : copy of employment verification ) Students from Latin America and the Caribbean who receive scholarships from the federal or state government . The student must attend , on a full - time basis , a Florida institution of higher education . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( e ) , F.S. ] ( Required : copy of scholarship papers ) Full - time employees of state agencies or political subdivisions of the state when the student fees are paid by the state agency or political subdivision for the purpose of job - related law enforcement or corrections training . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( g ) ( Required : copy of employment verification ) Active duty members of the Canadian military residing or stationed in Florida under the North American Air Defense ( NORAD ) Agreement , and their spouses and dependent children , attending a Florida College System institution or state university within 50 miles of the military establishment where they are stationed . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( j ) ] Active duty members of a foreign nation โ s military who are serving as liaison officers and are residing or stationed in Florida , and their spouses and children , and attending a Florida College System institution or state university within 50 miles of the military establishment where the member is stationed . [ s . 1009.21 ( 10 ) ( k ) , F.S. ] Qualified beneficiaries under the Stanley G . Tate Florida Prepaid College Program . [ s . 1009 . 98 , F.S. ] ( Required : copy of Florida Prepaid ID card ) Linkage Institute participants receiving partial or full exemptions from s . 1009.21 , F.S. , based on criteria approved by the Florida Department of Education per s . 288.8175 , F.S. , which establishes linkage institutes between postsecondary institutions in this state and foreign countries . Residency Reclassification An individual who is classified as out - of - state and wants to request โ reclassification โ to in - state status must complete a Request for Residency Reclassification form from the Enrollment Services and Student Success office and meet with the registration specialist to discuss the burden of proof and evidentiary requirements . The completed Request for Residency Reclassification form and supporting documentation must be submitted to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office for consideration before the term for which reclassification is sought . The evidentiary requirement for reclassification goes beyond that for an initial classification , because the student has previously been determined to be an out - of - state resident . A student who is initially classified as a nonresident for tuition purposes may become eligible for reclassification as a resident for tuition purposes only if the student , or his / her parent if the student is a dependent , present clear and convincing documentation that supports permanent legal residency in Florida for 12 consecutive months . A student , or his / her parent if the student is a The burden of providing clear and convincing documentation justifying reclassification of a student as a resident for tuition purposes rests with the student or , if the student is a dependent , his / her parent . For documentation to be โ clear and convincing , โ it must be credible , trustworthy and sufficient to persuade Enrollment Services and Student Success staff that the student or , if the student is a dependent , his / her parent has established legal residency in Florida that is not solely for the purpose of pursuing an education and has relinquished residency Residency Appeals The Residency Appeal Committee at TCC consists of the dean of enrollment management ; the College registrar ; the registration specialist , who has primary responsibility for reclassification ; and the senior enrollment clerk , who has primary responsibility for initial classification . A student who is denied Florida residency for tuition purposes on request for residency reclassification may appeal the decision through a written petition to the Residency Appeal Committee in the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . The burden of providing clear and convincing documentation justifying reclassification of a student as a resident for tuition purposes rests with the student or , if the student is a dependent , his / her parent . The written petition must be submitted within five business days of the written decision of the registration specialist . The petition must clearly show an error The Residency Appeal Committee must review the appeal within 10 business days after receipt of the written appeal . The appeal review must be limited to the issues put forth in the written petition . The Residency Appeal Committee must render to the student the final residency determination in writing , advising the student of the reasons for the determination . The decision of the Residency Appeal Committee will constitute final action . Tuition and Fees Payment of tuition and fees is an integral part of the registration process . Students shall pay all tuition and fees by the published deadline for each term of registration . By statute and regulation , the registration fee is determined by the number of hours for which a student registers and by the student โ s residency classification . Tuition Total fee assessment and due date will be indicated at the conclusion of each registration transaction . ( Students should obtain a fee slip at the self - inquiry terminals in the Enrollment Services and Student Success office or on the Web . ) Students must drop classes before the drop / add deadline in order to avoid financial responsibility for dropped classes . Students who withdraw from their class ( es ) after the drop / add period will be responsible for payment of fees for such classes . Students who rely on financial aid to cover the cost of their tuition must drop their classes during the drop / add period to avoid financial responsibility . Payments will be accepted in the following forms : cash , personal check , cashier โ s check , money order , MasterCard , Visa or American Express . Checks and money orders should be made payable to Tallahassee Community College . Counter checks will not be accepted . It is the responsibility of the student to inquire as to the status of his or her classes ; the student can not safely assume that classes will be dropped . In the event that a check is returned , the student shall be assessed a $ 20 returned check fee . Personal checks will not be accepted as payment for a returned check . The student shall be responsible for all checks presented to the College on his or her behalf , regardless of the account name or bank upon which drawn . Transcripts Transcripts are provided at no cost ; however , a transcript will not be released to a student whose financial obligations to the College are outstanding . Transcripts will be released only with the permission of the student involved . Written requests may be accepted only in person or via fax , mail or TCC Passport . Special Fees If a special fee is to be assessed for a course , the words โ Additional Fee โ or โ Lab Fee โ will appear after the course description . Non - credit Course Fees Non - credit course fees are established to cover the costs of individual programs . Non - credit fees are published in the schedule of classes and are listed on www . tcc . fl . edu for each semester . Refunds must be requested in writing . The last day to withdraw with a refund is three business days prior to the start of class . The continuing education unit ( CEU ) is a standard unit of measure used to recognize adults who continue their education at an institution of higher education . CEUs are calculated on the basis of one unit for each 10 hours of instruction . The College can not guarantee the acceptance or recognition of CEUs for any purpose other than the statement of completion of multiple units of 10 clock hours of special purpose instruction . Please note that non - credit courses , like credit courses , are subject to cancellation when enrollment is not sufficient to cover expenses . Refunds Canceled Registration Any student who completed registration and finds it necessary to cancel it may do so by going to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office or by dropping the course ( s ) on TCC Passport . For a full refund of fees paid , this must be done during the first five days of the semester ; otherwise , it will be treated as a withdrawal even if the student has not attended any classes . Classes treated as a withdrawal do not merit refund of fees paid . Students who find it necessary to cancel a part of their registration and do so as outlined above will be refunded the difference between the fee paid and the fee that would normally apply to the reduced load . Refunds of this nature will be mailed after the last day of drop / add , usually within three weeks . Students who defer fees and reduce their class loads after the last day of drop / add shall personally owe the amount originally deferred . If a student cancels , drops or withdraws hours that were disbursed in a Bright After the fifth day of classes , refunds may be made via the Enrollment Appeals Committee until midterm of the current semester as a result of the following : Serious illness or incapacity due to accident of the student Death , serious illness or incapacity due to accident of a member of the immediate family upon whom the student is dependent for continuation of enrollment Other extreme emergency or catastrophic event such as Medical / psychological trauma of the student , as evidenced by a physician โ s letter Military orders to report Natural disasters affecting student / immediate family Refunds shall be made as the result of the death of a student at any time during the term of current enrollment . These refunds shall be documented and authorized by the vice president for student affairs . Refunds shall not be made for circumstances such as moving out of town ( even if required by an employer ) , changes in work schedules or changes in enrollment status due to illegal activities . Refunds of this nature are not subject to appeal beyond midterm , and appeals must be filed prior to midterm . Students who withdraw from all classes before completing 60.5 percent of the term for which they are enrolled may be required to repay all or part of any Title IV financial aid they received . If Title IV funds not earned by the student have been disbursed to the student , it is the student โ s responsibility to repay the money he or she received to the federal government . Students can end up owing both TCC for the refund and the federal government . It is strongly recommended that students who receive Title IV financial aid check with Course Load Reduction A student who reduces the course load after the first five days of classes will not be entitled to a refund . Any student who finds it necessary to withdraw from school after the first five days of classes , regardless of whether or not the student attended classes , must complete the necessary forms in the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . Delinquent Accounts Students who have a delinquent account with the College or the Foundation shall have a financial obligation notation placed against all records . Transcripts will be held and students can not register or receive a degree or certificate until the obligation is removed . Refunds shall not be made to students who have outstanding obligations to the College or the Foundation . Students who fail to pay tuition or other debt to the College will be subject to additional debt collection charges and will be reported to a collection agency and the credit bureau . Tuition Payment Plan For information on a tuition payment plan , log in to TCC Passport at / tccpassport . tcc . fl . edu Go to www . tcc . fl . edu Select โ TCC Passport โ Sign in by entering student โ s e - mail address and password Select the โ My Account โ tab Select โ Tuition Payment Plan โ Follow instructions on the screen Florida Prepaid College Program The Florida Prepaid College Plans can be used by students at TCC . Each semester the student is required to call or come into the cashier โ s office to have the student โ s Florida Prepaid hours applied to his or her tuition for the current semester . Due to Florida Prepaid Tuition Program regulations , certain fees are not covered by the plans . Students are responsible for paying any remaining balance not covered by their plan . Financial Aid The Financial Aid office makes every effort to meet a student โ s demonstrated financial need with the resources available . However , it is not always possible to do so , and it may be necessary for the student to pay some educational expenses from personal funds . All financial aid awards are estimates and are subject to change . Because most financial aid programs have limited funding , it is imperative that the student apply for financial aid as soon as possible after January 1 for the following academic year . The Financial Aid office awards funds on TCC adheres to all federal and state guidelines when administering financial aid , without regard to race , color , ethnicity , national origin , religion , genetic information , sex or age . All applicable federal and state laws supersede any information contained herein , and the information provided is subject to change without notice . Student Rights and Responsibilities As a financial aid applicant or recipient , a student has the following rights : To be advised of what financial aid programs are available and how to apply for them To be advised of the requirements in cases of withdrawal , such as refunds or repayments of financial aid To be advised of the requirements for maintaining financial aid standards of satisfactory academic progress and good academic standing To have all application information treated with the highest confidentiality As a financial aid applicant or recipient , a student has the following responsibilities : To apply for financial aid early To submit all required forms accurately and completely To provide all documentation , verification of income , corrections and / or other information required to complete the financial aid file To accept responsibility for all forms and agreements the student signs To use financial aid only for the student โ s actual educational expenses Financial Aid Programs TCC offers a comprehensive financial aid program that includes most federal and state programs , internal scholarships and grants , as well as many outside scholarship programs . Federal Pell Grants are available to students that demonstrate eligibility as determined by the federal government . Students who are enrolled full - time , three - quarter - time , half - time and less - than - half - time may qualify if the Expected Family Contribution ( EFC ) meets the standards established by the federal government . Federal Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants ( FSEOGs ) are awarded to students from funds made available by the federal government for students with exceptional need . They are usually awarded to students who receive the Federal Pell Grant . Grants vary in amount , with the smallest grant valued at $ 200 . Students must be enrolled at least half - time to receive this award . Federal College Work Study Program is based on need . Students are awarded part - time jobs on or off campus for use in defraying educational expenses . Federal Direct Loans are awards that must be repaid . TCC encourages students to be informed borrowers and to read all documents associated with any student loan . Applications for Federal Direct Loans are processed through the United States Department of Education , which is responsible for the servicing and collection of the debt . Interest rates vary and are established by the federal government . There are two programs : the Federal Subsidized Direct Loans and the Federal Unsubsidized Direct Loans . Federal Subsidized Direct Loans are awarded to students who demonstrate need . Borrowers who have earned 0 โ 30 credit hours may borrow $ 3,500 per year . Those who have earned 31 credit hours or more may borrow $ 4,500 per year . All maximum loans must be split over two semesters and a seven - month period . After a seven - month loan period , borrowers are eligible for a new loan . Federal Subsidized Direct Loans go into repayment six months after the student ceases at least half - time enrollment or graduates from TCC . Federal Unsubsidized Direct Loans are awarded to students who do n โ t demonstrate need , or who have other funds meeting need , but who have not reached their estimated cost of attendance in financial aid funds . This loan can be used to replace the Expected Family Contribution ( EFC ) . The conditions of this loan are identical to the Federal Subsidized Direct Loan , except students are required to either pay the interest while in school or have the interest capitalized into the loan for repayment after graduation . Federal Parent โ s Loan for Undergraduate Students ( PLUS ) allows parents who demonstrate appropriate credit worthiness to be eligible for a low - interest loan , up to the cost of education less any financial aid received , for their student . TCC requires the student to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid ( FAFSA ) and to have a valid ISIR ( Institutional Student Information Report ) or SAR ( Student Aid Report ) on file in the Financial Aid office in order to process a PLUS Loan . Tuition and fees are not deferred Dependent students may borrow up to an additional $ 2,000 in Federal Unsubsidized Direct Loans per academic year . Dependent students whose parents are denied the Parent โ s Loan for Undergraduate Students ( PLUS ) may be eligible to borrow up to an additional $ 4,000 per academic year in this program . Independent students and students whose parents are denied the Parent โ s Loan for Undergraduate Students ( PLUS ) may be eligible to borrow an additional $ 6,000 per academic year in this program , split over two terms . Students who are awarded a Federal Direct Loan are not required to borrow . If a student chooses to reject the Federal Direct Loan , he or she must notify the Financial Aid office so the loan can be cancelled . Students who choose to keep the loan must complete the Master Promissory Note ( MPN ) and Direct Loan entrance counseling online at www . studentloans . gov . The promissory note and entrance counseling must be completed before the student loan can be used to offset any fees , tuition or book expenses . An origination fee is deducted from the Federal Direct Loan before the loan is credited to the student โ s account . To estimate the actual loan amount , the student should reduce the gross amount awarded by 4 percent . This should give the student a figure close to the actual amount of loan TCC will receive and credit to his or her account . Federal regulations require TCC to delay payment of Federal Direct Loans to first - time borrowers by 30 days from the start of class . New students should note this delay in payment and make appropriate financial arrangements . Students who borrow their aggregate Federal Direct Loan limit while at TCC will not be eligible for additional funding at an upper division institution . All new borrowers must complete entrance counseling and attend a financial literacy seminar at TCC before TCC will credit the first Federal Direct Loan disbursement to the student โ s account , even if the student attended entrance counseling at another institution . Students can complete entrance counseling online at www . studentloans . gov . Financial literacy seminars are conducted frequently . Please visit www . tcc . fl . edu / fa for scheduled dates . Before leaving TCC , Federal Direct Loan borrowers are required to complete exit counseling . All graduates and students not returning to TCC should complete the exit counseling online at www . mappingyourfuture . org or contact the Financial Aid office to obtain the appropriate paperwork for this process . When a Federal Direct Loan is for one semester only , the federal government requires the College to make the loan in two payments , with one occurring after the mid - point of the semester . Students who receive a one - semester loan should make appropriate financial plans . The Florida Student Assistance Grant ( FSAG ) is a need - based grant awarded for educational purposes of at least one year to Florida residents who demonstrate exceptional need and who are enrolled full - time by the end of regular drop / add . Funds are limited and the Financial Aid office will notify students of their eligibility . The Part - time Florida Student Assistance Grant ( FSAG ) provides funds to students who are enrolled less - than - fulltime , but at least half - time or more . Funds are prorated based on the number of hours the student attends ( half - time or three - quarter - time ) . Students must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid and meet the state guidelines for FSAG . Other than the amount the student is eligible for and the number of hours the student must complete for continued eligibility , all other terms The Florida Student Assistance Grant - Certificate Students ( FSAG - CE ) is a need - based grant awarded for educational purposes to Florida residents who are enrolled in certificate programs . Funds are limited ; the Financial Aid office will notify eligible students . Florida Bright Futures scholarship programs include the Florida Academic Scholars , the Florida Medallion Scholars and the Florida Gold Seal Vocational Scholars . Recipients are selected and notified of eligibility by the state . Students may contact the State of Florida concerning transfer of Bright Futures scholarships at www . floridastudentfinancialaid . org or call toll - free to ( 888 ) 827 - 2004 . Other state programs : The State of Florida has numerous scholarship and grant programs , such as the Robert C . Byrd Honors Scholarship Program and the Josรฉ Martรญ Scholarship Challenge Grant Fund . For information , call the Florida Office of Student Financial Assistance at ( 888 ) 827 - 2004 or visit www . floridastudentfinancialaid . org Outside scholarships : All scholarships received , even from outside sources , must be reported to the Financial Aid office and counted in the student โ s financial aid award , as required by law . Students seeking outside scholarships should avoid sites that charge fees . There are multiple free scholarship sites available that provide the same or better information as the fee sites . Some of the sites are www . fastweb . com www . finaid . org www . nasfaa . org and www . SallieMae . org . The public library is also a source of information about scholarships offered by civic organizations , businesses and other entities . Welfare - to - Work and Welfare Transition Programs : These programs assist potential , former and current welfare recipients and their families as they begin to make the transition from cash assistance to employment by providing support and mentoring , along with assistance in areas such as scholarships , transportation and child care . The Workforce Investment Act ( WIA ) program provides a variety of resources to eligible students looking for additional financial aid , as well as to those seeking the right job or career . The WIA scholarship offers funding for tuition and books . Resource rooms located in each Big Bend Workforce Center provide tools designed to help customers seeking financial aid resources , including links to financial aid search banks and financial aid search software . For information , visit www . wfplus . org Students can apply for TCC scholarships and view important deadlines at www . tcc . fl . edu / scholarships Summer Financial Aid Students interested in financial aid for Summer term should complete the TCC Summer Financial Aid Application online . This form is available in early February before the summer the student will attend . This form does not replace the need for a FAFSA and for TCC to have a valid ISIR or SAR . Summer funds are limited . The award is determined using the same formula used for Fall and Spring terms . Financial Aid Eligibility Students who apply for financial aid must be fully admitted at TCC prior to their financial aid being processed . They must also be in an eligible program as a degree - seeking student . Transient students , non - degree - seeking students , students working on a GED diploma , and students taking courses on an audit basis are ineligible for financial aid . Students who receive financial aid from TCC may not receive financial aid from any other school . Students who want to attend more than one institution ( transient students ) should consult their home institution to see if they can participate in a consortium agreement . Students requesting financial aid must be U.S. citizens or eligible non - citizens . Non - citizens must have a match with the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) or must complete all required forms to prove eligibility . Students convicted of possession or distribution of drugs , students who are in default on a student loan , and students who owe repayment on a federal grant may not be eligible for financial aid . If the student โ s admission status changes due to an incomplete or ineligible status either before the term starts or after the term is in session , the student โ s financial aid will be revoked . Should the change occur before the start of the term , the student โ s aid will not be disbursed until the enrollment status is updated to an eligible status . First - time Freshmen First - time freshmen who have never attended another college or university must provide a final copy of their high school transcript that indicates they graduated , or other proof of graduation or proof of GED diploma to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . Transfer Students Transfer students must have a complete enrollment services file before financial aid will be awarded . This includes the submission and evaluation of transcripts from all previously attended colleges and universities . Once transcripts have been evaluated and posted on the student โ s academic record , the Financial Aid office will determine if the student meets TCC โ s Standards of Satisfactory Academic Progress for Financial Aid . Students not meeting TCC โ s established standards will not be eligible for financial aid . Award Adjustments Students who are later found to be ineligible for aid that they have received due to a clerical error , an increase in the Expected Family Contribution or any other error are responsible for repayment of the funds they were not actually eligible to receive . If a student receives a refund that he or she did not anticipate or that is in excess of what the student expected , the student should contact the Financial Aid office . Students will be notified via email if there are changes to their financial aid , other than adjustment to scholarships based Application Procedure Financial Aid Terminology FAFSA โ Free Application for Federal Student Aid EFC โ Expected Family Contribution SAR โ Student Aid Report ISIR โ Institutional Student Information Record It is the responsibility of the student to make sure TCC has a copy of his or her financial aid information . The student must submit the FAFSA as soon as possible after January 1 . The FAFSA may be completed and submitted electronically at www . fafsa . ed . gov . TCC โ s code for the FAFSA is 001533 . The student must submit a TCC Financial Aid Application online through TCC Passport . The application is only required of first - time applicants and students who have not attended TCC recently . Once the SAR ( generated from the FAFSA ) is received , the student should check his or her TCC Passport account to see if any additional information is required . The Financial Aid office will use e - mail to inform the student of the aid for which he or she is eligible . If a student chooses to retain all the awards issued , no further action is necessary . Should a student decide to turn down any of the awards offered , the student should notify the Financial Aid office via TCC e - mail indicating which award to adjust . The student should pay particular attention to financial aid obligations should classes be reduced or dropped . The student must re - apply for financial aid each year . Financial aid is determined using a federal formula that takes into account the student โ s Expected Family Contribution ( EFC ) , the estimated cost of TCC attendance and the student โ s enrollment status at TCC . Special Conditions โ Professional Judgment TCC recognizes that changes occur in family situations that are beyond students โ control . On a case - by - case basis , using the Professional Judgment authority afforded colleges by the federal government , TCC will review each student โ s situation and , where appropriate , make changes to the student or family financial information , family size or number in college . If the request is for a change in standard budget , the change will be made to the student โ s expense budget . Special condition situations include the following : Loss of employment by parent , spouse or student Death of a parent or spouse Loss of non - taxable income Separation or divorce by parents or student and spouse Parents in college Siblings in K - 12 private education Proof of additional educational expense Other documented circumstances In order for the Financial Aid office to issue a Professional Judgment decision , the student must provide supporting documentation . Supporting documentation includes , but is not limited to , a signed statement from the student ; a signed statement from the parent ; court documents ; death notice ; unemployment verification ; letters of support from counselors , ministers , lawyers or doctors ; or other legal documents . Students may request a budget increase by providing appropriate documentation . In some cases , such an increase may be made by the College without a request from the student . TCC has a Professional Judgment request form that may be used ; however , other types of written request will be accepted as well . The request will be reviewed by the director , one of the assistant directors or one of the specialists in the Financial Aid office and a response will be provided to the student . If rejected , an e - mail or letter will be sent to the student . If accepted , the new SAR will serve as notification . Evaluation and Award Once a student โ s financial aid file is complete , it will be evaluated for demonstrated need by subtracting the student โ s Expected Family Contribution ( EFC ) from the Estimated Cost of Attendance . If a student โ s determined need qualifies for financial aid , an e - mail will be sent to the student . If a student chooses to retain all the awards issued , no further action is necessary . Should a student decide to turn down any of the awards offered , the student should notify the Financial Aid office in writing . If a student has been awarded a Federal Direct Loan , the guarantee agency or lender will send a promissory note . To receive the loan , the student must sign and return the promissory note to the address indicated . Failure to return the promissory note within 90 days will result in cancellation of the loan . Expected Family Contribution ( EFC ) The EFC is calculated from the student โ s FAFSA and is the same at all institutions . The EFC includes a contribution from the student from earnings , savings and assets . If the student is a married independent student , a contribution from the student โ s spouse will be calculated using the same components . The calculation for dependent students includes a contribution from their parents โ earnings , savings and assets . Estimated Cost of Attendance Listed below is the estimated cost of attendance for a 32 - week academic year ( Fall / Spring semesters ) on a fulltime basis ( 13 hours per semester , or 26 hours per year ) . This is only an estimate ; actual costs may be more or less than the figures shown . The tuition costs shown are based on the 2011 - 12 academic year and are subject to change . Resident Non - Resident $ 2,518 $ 9,724 Books and Supplies 800 800 Room and Board 6,000 6,000 Personal Expenses 1,800 1,800 Transportation 2,000 2,000 Loan Fees ( Fresh / Soph ) 79 / 105 79 / 105 Total $ 13,197 / 13,223 $ 20,403 / 20,429 Deferment of Student Fees Against Financial Aid If a student has a financial aid award , the student โ s enrollment status has not changed since the award was made , and the Financial Aid office has not received a new SAR or ISIR canceling the student โ s eligibility , then the cost of tuition , fees and books can be deferred against the financial aid award , up to the amount of the award . This deferment is available for Fall and Spring semesters , and for students who enroll at least half - time ( six credit hours or more ) in Summer sessions A and / or C . All fees deferred against a student โ s financial aid are taken from the first financial aid funds available . Note : PLUS Loans are not used to defer costs for tuition , fees and books . Financial Aid Refunds to Students Students who are awarded financial aid funds that exceed the cost of tuition , fees and any book charges against their account may be eligible for a financial aid refund . All student charges , including books , are taken from the first funds available to a student . Because various agencies send money for scholarships , grants and loans at differing times , students may receive more than one refund check . Refunds are issued after all student accounts are fully paid , and no refunds are issued for at least 10 business days after the drop / add period . Students are encouraged to secure funding to pay for living expenses for the first two months of class . No emergency loans for living expenses will be issued on expected financial aid or on financial aid applied for late during this period . Financial Aid and Enrollment Status Students indicate their enrollment status for the first semester they will be attending TCC on the FAFSA . This status is used for estimating financial need . The actual enrollment status will be determined at the end of regular drop / add and will be used in determining the actual amounts for which students are eligible . Final enrollment status can not be determined prior to the end of regular drop / add , as students change enrollment status during this period . If your final enrollment status differs from the enrollment status you indicated on your FAFSA or the Students must be registered in any self - paced instruction ( SPI ) courses that they want to be considered in their financial aid by the end of regular drop / add or the SPI courses will not count toward their enrollment status . Hours added after drop / add do not count toward a student โ s aid , except for Federal Direct Loans . Enrollment status for Fall , Spring and Summer is determined by the number of eligible credit hours a student is registered for and is defined as follows : 12 or more credit hours full - time 9 to 11 credit hours three - quarter time 6 to 8 credit hours half - time 1 to 5 credit hours less - than - half time For the purpose of determining Federal Pell Grant award amounts , students must be enrolled in all countable hours by the end of the first ( main session ) drop / add period . All express sessions must be included in this enrollment status . In most cases , hours added after the first ( main session ) drop / add period can not be included in determining enrollment status for Federal Pell Grant . Clock - hour students in eligible programs are considered full - time if they are enrolled in at least 450 clock hours per semester . To determine enrollment status other than full - time , the number of clock hours for the term is divided by 37.5 , per federal regulations . The calculated hours are used to determine federal aid amounts . Most programs require students to enroll at least half - time to be eligible . Some programs require a student to enroll full - time ( 12 or more credit hours ) . The Federal Pell Grant Program allows a limited number of less - than - half - time students to receive a Federal Pell Grant . Although students with documented disabilities may be considered full - time with less than 12 credit hours under the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 , the student โ s financial aid budget and award will be based upon the actual number of credit hours taken , as required under federal financial aid guidelines . Developmental Classes and Financial Aid The federal government allows students to count up to 30 credit hours of attempted developmental course work toward their enrollment status ( full - time , three - quarter - time , half - time , less - than - half - time ) for financial aid purposes . After a student has completed 30 attempted credit hours of developmental course work , additional developmental hours can not be counted in determining the student โ s enrollment status . Developmental courses are never used for determining enrollment hours for Bright Futures Scholarship recipients . Class Attendance โ Title IV Requirements Title IV financial aid includes Federal Pell Grants , Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants ( FSEOG ) , Federal PLUS loans and Federal Subsidized and Unsubsidized Direct Loans . Students who receive Title IV financial aid are expected to attend class . TCC will take roll the first three weeks of class . Should a student fail to appear on an instructor โ s class attendance verification form , the student will be required to verify attendance before receiving a financial aid disbursement . Failure to attend class may result in revocation or reduction of a student โ s financial aid . Students who decide they are not going to attend class must officially withdraw from the College . Students should not assume their classes will be dropped . Students Who Attend Multiple Sessions within a Semester Students who attend multiple sessions within a semester ( e.g. , Fall Main Session and September Express ) can not receive financial aid under most programs until they are attending at least six eligible credit hours . Though a student may be enrolled in six or more eligible credit hours , financial aid can not be paid until the student is actually attending classes that total six credit hours . Students whose enrollment changes as a new term begins will have their financial aid adjusted to reflect any changes made . Should students fail to take all of the classes Course Work for Degree A student โ s enrollment status will include only courses required for the degree program in which the student is enrolled . Courses outside the degree program ( courses not required for the degree ) will not be used in determining the enrollment status . Once a student has completed all the coursework for his or her degree , even if he or she has not applied for graduation , he or she will no longer be eligible for aid . A degree audit will help determine course eligibility . Withdrawal from Classes or Cancelation of Schedule Students who withdraw or have their class schedule canceled after the regular drop / add period should consult with the Financial Aid office , as they may incur a financial liability . Students who have their class schedule canceled ( complete withdrawal with a full refund ) will have their financial aid canceled and will be required to repay all funds received . All students who withdraw are required to do so through the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . Students are not automatically withdrawn from classes . If a student wants to cancel classes before the end of the drop / add period , the student is responsible for dropping all courses through TCC Passport . Even if financial aid is not awarded at the time the student makes the cancellation decision , it may be awarded before classes are purged from the system . Students should not assume classes will be dropped automatically . Students receiving Bright Futures Scholarships , including the Florida Academic Scholars , Florida Medallion Scholars and Gold Seal Vocational Scholars , who drop / withdraw from one or more classes after the regular drop / add period are responsible for repaying the tuition and fees for the class ( es ) from which they withdraw . Florida Statute allows the appeal of this repayment should the student be able to present documented evidence of unusual and mitigating circumstances . Documentation must be from a credible third party source such as a doctor , counselor , psychologist or minister . Title IV Financial Liability ( Repayment ) Title IV financial aid includes Federal Pell Grants , Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants ( FSEOG ) , Federal PLUS loans and Federal Subsidized and Unsubsidized Direct Loans . It is strongly recommended that before withdrawing from classes , students who receive any type of Title IV financial aid funds talk with Financial Aid staff to determine if they will incur a financial liability if they withdraw from classes . Students earn a portion of the Title IV financial aid they receive for each day they are in school , until more than 60 percent of the term is completed ; at that point the federal government considers 100 percent of the aid to be earned . Students who withdraw from all classes before completing 60.5 percent of the term in which they are enrolled may be required to repay all or part of the Title IV financial aid they received . Under the Federal Title IV Repayment Policy , the amount of aid received will be multiplied by the If a student owes the College funds due to a Title IV Repayment , he or she may be ineligible to re - enroll . Students who owe a Title IV Repayment may also be ineligible for additional Title IV federal financial aid from any college . Example : A student is awarded the following aid : $ 1,500 Federal Pell Grant $ 125 Federal SEOG $ 1,313 Federal Direct Loan $ 2,938 total Title IV aid received If the student withdraws after completing 20 percent of the term , only 20 percent of the total award has been earned . Eighty percent of the total award is unearned and must be repaid ( $ 2,938 x 80 % = $ 2,350.40 unearned aid ) . For example , if the student โ s tuition and fees were $ 600 , then 80 percent of that must be returned to the Title IV programs . Eighty percent of $ 600 is $ 480 , which will be returned to the Federal Direct Loan program by TCC , leaving a balance on this loan of $ 833 , which the student will repay as part of the normal loan repayment schedule . $ 2,350.40 unearned aid - 480.00 returned to Federal Direct Loan program - 833.00 Federal Direct Loan balance to be repaid $ 1,037.40 balance of unearned aid $ 518.70 returned to Federal Pell Grant Program ( Grant programs require that only 50 % percent of the funds be returned . ) Satisfactory Academic Progress Requirements To be eligible for financial aid , all students , including students transferring to TCC from another institution , must meet TCC โ s standards of satisfactory academic progress for financial aid . Students โ academic progress is reviewed at the end of each term . A transferring student โ s satisfactory progress will initially be determined from the student โ s academic history at all previously attended institutions . Students who attended TCC in the past will be reviewed based on all previously attempted courses , regardless of how long ago they attended TCC . Failure to meet one or more of the established standards of satisfactory progress will make a student ineligible for financial aid . Students who become ineligible for financial aid due to the failure to meet the standards of satisfactory progress for financial aid will remain ineligible for financial aid until they meet the standards . Satisfactory progress includes all previous academic history , even if the student did not receive financial aid . It is the student โ s responsibility to monitor his or her progress . Although the Financial Aid office attempts to notify students who fail to meet Standards of Satisfactory Academic Progress for Financial Aid Below are the standards of satisfactory progress for financial aid . These standards apply to all students : 1 - 14 attempted hours : must maintain a 1.5 GPA or better 15 - 29 attempted hours : must maintain a 1.8 GPA or better 30 or more attempted hours : must maintain a 2.0 GPA or better Must complete at least 67 percent of classes attempted ( including developmental courses , withdrawals , incomplete courses , unsatisfactory grades [ failures ] and transfer credit hours ) Must complete the degree program before attempting more than 150 percent of the total credit hours required for the program Warning Status The first semester a student fails to meet the satisfactory progress standards for financial aid , he or she will be placed on Warning Status . While the student will continue to receive financial aid during this period , it is the student โ s responsibility to restore his or her academic standing for financial aid by the end of the term in which the Warning Status was given . Students will be notified that they are on warning status by e - mail . Failure to restore academic standing by end of the term will result in the student being ineligible for financial aid . Appealing Satisfactory Academic Progress Requirements Before submitting an appeal for financial aid , students must meet with a student success adviser to establish a student success plan . Appeals will not be considered until the financial aid office is notified that the plan has been completed . Students have 15 days from the receipt of a letter or e - mail notifying them of their failure to meet the standards of satisfactory academic progress to appeal , or 30 days after the Spring semester ends if written notification was not received . Appeal forms and procedures are available in the Financial Aid office and at www . tcc . fl . edu / fa - forms Transfer students must meet the established satisfactory progress requirements ; appeals are generally not granted . Students may appeal their failure to meet the standards of satisfactory progress for financial aid if unusual and mitigating circumstances exist . Unusual and mitigating circumstances include , but are not limited to , a death in the student โ s immediate family , medical condition , hospitalization , documented emotional distress or other situations beyond the student โ s control . All situations must be fully documented , including supporting letters from counselors , doctors , ministers and other appropriate third parties . Students whose appeal is denied may request that the Financial Aid Appeals Committee review their status . If the student has additional supporting documents , the student must provide the documents before the committee meeting . Students do not meet with the committee , and the decision of the committee is final . Financial Aid Regulations Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ( FERPA ) This Act prohibits the release of information from a student โ s file to third parties without written consent of the student . Students who want the Financial Aid office staff to speak with any third party , including parents or a spouse , must include a release form in their financial aid folder giving the Financial Aid office staff permission to speak to the people identified on the release form . This release can be revoked by submitting a written request to the Financial Aid office at any time . Requests sent to other offices will not suffice for adding or deleting people from the Financial Aid form . Student Addresses All information concerning a student โ s financial aid will be sent to the address provided to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . All students should keep current address information on file with the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . Verification of Information If a student โ s FAFSA is randomly selected for verification , or if any information fails federal matches with the Social Security Administration , Selective Service , Immigration and Naturalization Service or other government agency , the student may be required to submit other documents as specified by the federal government . Until a student โ s file is complete , he or she will not be awarded financial aid . Should TCC receive an ISIR or SAR after the student has been paid and if the student is selected for verification , and if the EFC changes for any reason , the student will be responsible for repaying any funds that must be returned to the federal or state government . Failure to complete a file prior to the end of the semester for which the student is requesting aid means the student may forfeit his or her eligibility . Many federal and state programs require a completed file before the end of the term . Students who have errors detected on their ISIR or SAR will not receive financial aid until the errors are corrected and a valid ISIR or SAR is returned to the Financial Aid office . If the Financial Aid office has the documents needed to correct the error , the information will be sent electronically to the federal government . If the Financial Aid office does not have the information needed to verify the accuracy and make the correction , then the student will be required to resubmit the information to the federal government . Veterans Services Veterans Benefits Tallahassee Community College is approved by the State Approving Agency for Educational Benefits under the various veterans โ training laws . The educational benefits for which one may apply are as follows : Chapter 33 ( Post - 9 / 11 GI Bill ) Chapter 30 ( Montgomery GI Bill โ Active Duty ) Chapter 1606 ( Montgomery GI Bill โ Selected Reserve ) Chapter 1607 ( REAP / Reserve Educational Assistance Program ) Chapter 31 ( VA Vocational Rehabilitation ) Chapter 35 ( Survivors and Dependents ) Chapter 32 ( VEAP / Veterans Educational Assistance Program ) Veterans , reservists and survivors who are eligible for educational benefits and plan to attend under any of these programs should take the following steps : Apply for admission as a degree - seeking student at TCC . Contact the veterans services coordinator in the TCC Financial Aid office well in advance of registration to obtain all necessary U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) application forms . Submit the Certificate of Eligibility from the VA or submit a copy of the DD - 214 , Report of Separation , or the DD - 2384 , Notice of Basic Eligibility ( NOBE ) for Selected Reserve or National Guardsmen . Report enrollment to the TCC veterans services coordinator each semester . Certification of Enrollment Period Upon enrollment , students receiving VA educational benefits are required to pay tuition and fees just as other students are . Entitlement to benefits administered by VA can not be established nor award action taken until the Enrollment Certification is properly completed by the school and received by the VA . Eligibility for educational assistance benefits can not be determined until the VA receives satisfactory evidence of active duty service . Monthly Attendance Verification Monthly Attendance Verification is required for Chapter 30 , 1606 and 1607 . Veterans must verify their monthly enrollment before the next GI bill payment will be issued . Students can verify their attendance the last day of the month by calling the toll - free number and following the instructions : 1 - 877 - 823 - 2378 . Verification can also be submitted through the VA Web site : www . gibill . va . gov . Follow the link to โ W.A.V.E โ ( Web Automated Verification of Enrollment ) . Recertification To continue receiving VA educational benefits , qualifying enrolled students must provide a copy of their schedule to the TCC veterans services coordinator . Deferments Qualified VA students may defer payment of their tuition and fees until 60 days from the first day of the term during Fall or Spring semesters . Students enrolled in the Summer terms may defer payment of their tuition and fees until 10 days before the end of the term in which they are enrolled . The VA deferment form can be obtained in the Veterans Center on the second floor of the Student Union . Payment for books can not be deferred . Note : Receipt of VA educational benefits does not relieve students of the obligation to pay their deferred tuition and fees by the due date . Failure to pay the deferred fees will result in appropriate administrative action pursuant to policies for collection of delinquent debts . Students will not be permitted to attend or re - enroll at TCC for any future course until the VA deferment is paid in full . Unless the student officially drops or withdraws from all classes in or before the published drop / add refund period ends , the student is still obligated to pay Method of Payment to VA Students Upon certification by the College and the VA , educational benefits are paid monthly to students . Payments are prorated for less than full - time training and training that is less than a full month . Payments are always issued after the month is complete . Summer term benefits may vary according to the length of the term in weeks and days . A standard semester is 15 - 18 weeks . An accelerated , or nonstandard , term is shorter , while a decelerated term ( SPI course ) is longer than a standard semester . Enrolling in Fall and Spring Terms 12 or more semester hours = full - time 9 - 11 semester hours = three - quarter - time 6 - 8 semester hours = half - time Less than 6 semester hours = tuition and fees only Summer Main Term 7 or more semester hours = full - time 5 - 6 semester hours = three - quarter - time 4 semester hours = half - time Less than 4 semester hours = tuition and fees only Summer May Express and June Express Terms 4 or more semester hours = full - time 3 semester hours = three - quarter - time 2 semester hours = half - time 1 semester hour = tuition and fees only Clock - hour Equivalents 18 clock hours per week = full - time 13 - 17 clock hours per week = three - quarter - time 9 - 12 clock hours per week = half - time 5 - 8 clock hours per week = less - than - half - time Because the first VA checks are delayed , it is advisable for the veteran to be prepared to meet all expenses for approximately two months . VA students can certify attendance online at www . gibill . va . gov ( click on Verify Attendance / W.A.V.E ) or at ( 877 ) 823 - 2378 . Note on monthly housing allowance for Post - 9 / 11 ( Chapter 33 ) : The full Basic Allowance for Housing ( BAH ) is payable for all pursuit that is more than 50 percent of full - time pursuit ; e.g. , where 12 semester hours would be full - time , the full BAH would be payable for all pursuit of more than 6 semester hours . Active duty members , individuals training at 50 percent pursuit or less , and individuals pursuing only distance learning / independent study are not eligible for a housing stipend . SPI Classes Because SPI courses are certified for 20 weeks , the training rates for these courses are different than for standard semester courses . Please see the veterans services coordinator before enrolling in SPI courses . Developmental ( College Prep ) Courses Veterans , reservists , dependents and survivors may receive benefits for developmental ( remedial ) courses if these courses are needed to assist the student in overcoming a weakness in a particular area of study . The course must be necessary for the student โ s program of education . However , under VA regulations , development courses offered online ( even partially ) can not be approved . For assistance with developmental courses , see the veterans services coordinator . Program of Education VA educational benefits will be paid only for coursework leading to an associate โ s degree or certificate at TCC . Once a student fulfills his or her elective requirements , he or she may not be paid benefits for any more elective courses , even if these courses are required for acceptance into a bachelor โ s degree program . Exceptions During a student โ s last term before graduation , a VA student may take non - required courses along with his or her final required course ( s ) . Under rare circumstances a student may use this procedure twice in the same degree program . This can be done when a student has two courses remaining to be taken to complete his or her program and the courses must be taken in sequence , rather than concurrently . In this situation , a VA student could take non - required course work in his or her final two If a VA student has completed his or her elective requirement , but still needs to take prerequisite elective course work or a corequisite general education requirement , VA will pay educational benefits for the prerequisite elective course or corequisite requirement . If a VA student has completed his or her associate โ s degree and is pursuing courses at TCC to become a degree - seeking student at the junior - year level of an upper division or four - year school , the student may be eligible to receive VA educational benefits . The VA student must contact the veterans services coordinator to obtain the documents necessary for this procedure . Audited coursework is not authorized for payment by the VA . Credit for Prior Training Credit for Prior Training is previously earned credit that is applied to the program of education currently being pursued and that shortens the program accordingly . It is the VA student โ s responsibility to take the following steps : Request academic transcripts from all prior postsecondary educational institutions ( including service schools ) he or she has attended . Transcripts must be received and evaluated by the end of the second semester of enrollment . Notify the TCC veterans services coordinator once the Enrollment Services and Student Success office completes the transcript evaluation . Do not pursue courses for which he or she may later receive transfer credit . If the VA student has previously earned a great many credits at one or more other postsecondary educational institutions , VA may delay awarding benefits pending VA โ s receipt of TCC โ s prior credit evaluation of the VA student . The veterans services coordinator can not certify courses that the VA student has previously completed if transfer credit is granted by the Enrollment Services and Student Success office . Credit for Military Experience Any veteran who has completed at least one year of active duty service with an honorable discharge is entitled to seven hours of military credit , as follows : HSC1100 Concepts of Positive Living 3 credit hours PEM1101 Theory and Practice of Adult Fitness 2 credit hours MSL1001 Basic Officership TBA 1 credit hour MSL1002 Basic Officership TBA 1 credit hour In order to receive these credits , the VA student must complete one semester of attendance at TCC and submit a copy of his or her DD214 Members 4 Copy to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office , along with written documentation requesting seven hours of military credit . Academic Progress The law requires that educational assistance benefits to a veteran or other eligible person be discontinued when the student ceases to make satisfactory progress toward completion of his or her training objective . Any VA student who fails to earn a 2.0 GPA at TCC for two consecutive academic terms will be reported to VA for unsatisfactory progress and VA educational benefits will be terminated . The VA student must see the veterans services coordinator to obtain an Unsatisfactory Academic Progress form , which he or she must have completed by an academic counselor . This document must be completed before the veterans services coordinator can once again certify the student โ s enrollment to VA for payment purposes . If the VA student โ s GPA is less than 2.0 at the end of the next term of enrollment , the VA student will once again be reported to VA for unsatisfactory progress . VA educational benefits will again be terminated and another Unsatisfactory Academic Repeating Courses Payment of educational assistance may be authorized if repetition of a course is specifically required by the institution for attainment of the student โ s approved program objective . There is no limit on the number of times an eligible person may repeat a course for which a failing grade ( or a grade that does not meet the minimum requirements for graduation ) was received , as long as the grade assigned to the repeated course at the end of the term is punitive , i.e. , it is a factor in computing the student โ s GPA . Electives for which a failing grade ( or a grade unacceptable for graduation ) has been assigned may be repeated until a passing or acceptable grade is received , as long as each grade is punitive when it is originally assigned . If the student repeats an elective course and has not already met the elective requirement for his or her degree program , VA benefits may be paid for the repeated course . If the student does not need additional electives to meet his or her degree requirements , but chooses to repeat an elective , no benefits may be authorized unless the repetition takes place during his or her final term and is taken in order to fill out the student โ s course load to full - time . Changes in Enrollment Status Failure to report any change in enrollment status may result in an overpayment and discontinuance of VA benefits . Benefit payments will be authorized to a VA student based on the information provided by the VA coordinator in the initial Enrollment Certification for a scheduled period of attendance . Changes in the VA student โ s enrollment that occur after the Enrollment Certification is submitted may increase or decrease his or her entitlement to monetary benefits . If a VA student makes certain enrollment changes , he or she may receive one or more benefit checks in amounts that exceed his or her actual entitlement . When this occurs , the VA will make a retroactive adjustment to the student โ s award and the student will be charged with a debt to the Department of Veterans Affairs . If a student drops a course , unless he or she can show the VA that there are mitigating circumstances , the student must return all the money paid to him or her for pursuit of that course from the start of the term , not merely from the date the student dropped the course . Generally , the student will be required to submit corroborative evidence to substantiate a claim of mitigating circumstances . Mitigating circumstances are unanticipated and unavoidable events or situations beyond a student โ s control that prevent the student from completing a course with a creditable grade . Mitigating circumstances will be considered to exist without explanation by the student in the first instance of withdrawal from a course or courses totaling not more than six semester hours . The student should notify the VA certifying official at TCC immediately if the student Has been recalled to active duty Drops , withdraws , adds or changes a course Has residency for tuition purposes changed from out - of - state to in - state Enrolls in an accelerated term Enrolls in a SPI course Completes a SPI course early Fails to complete a SPI course on time Changes major or degree program Dual enrolls in another school Dual enrolls in another program Audits a course Takes a course not in the student โ s major or degree program Changes address or phone number The law prohibits payment of VA benefits for a course from which the student withdraws , or for a course that the student completes but for which the grade will not be used in computing requirements for graduation . Tutorial Assistance Tutorial assistance through the VA is available to veterans , reservists and survivors of veterans who find that they need additional help in order to obtain passing grades in their course work . To qualify for tutorial assistance , a VA student must meet the following requirements : Be enrolled in a postsecondary program of education Be enrolled on a half - time or greater basis Show proof that the individual tutorial assistance is essential to correct a deficiency in a specified unit subject or subjects required as a part of , or which is prerequisite to , or which is indispensable to the satisfactory pursuit of , the approved program of education Show proof that the tutor selected is qualified Complete the designated form to be reimbursed for the charges for such tutorial sessions Acceptable evidence of the need for tutorial assistance includes failure of a first class test or assignment ; poor SAT , ACT or other standardized test scores for the particular subject matter ; retaking a unit subject that was previously failed ; and instructor โ s evaluation after the first class meeting of the unit subject . The student must be registered for and pursuing that unit subject at the time he or she is being tutored for it . A student can not receive VA assistance for tutorial sessions conducted before the class commences or after it ends . Chapter 31 students must contact their Vocational Rehabilitation case manager regarding tutorial assistance . Work - Study Program The VA Work - Study Program allows VA students to earn the federal or state minimum wage ( whichever is higher ) for up to 1,300 hours per year ( 25 hours per week ) . This program is available to veterans , reservists and survivors who train at the three - quarter or full - time rate . The types of work allowed include the following : Outreach services for VA VA paperwork Work at national or state veterans โ cemeteries Work at VA medical centers or state veterans โ homes Other VA approved activities Chapter 1606 work - study students may perform work on Department of Defense facilities ( e.g. , military bases , reserve centers and National Guard facilities ) that relates to the Chapter 1606 program . Consortium Agreement with Another Educational Institution TCC students who wish to study at another institution may be eligible to apply for a consortium agreement so they can receive financial aid through TCC while at the other school . To determine if a student is eligible for a consortium agreement , he or she must consult with the Enrollment Services and Student Success office to complete the form titled Receiving Financial Aid While Attending Another Institution . To qualify for financial aid while participating in transient study , a student must be a degree - seeking , fully admitted , regular student at TCC ; take courses that will apply toward a degree at TCC ; and be enrolled in at least six credit hours at the host school , or a combination of six hours at TCC and Students who are on consortium agreements must be prepared to pay for all expenses at the host institution until TCC is able to disburse funds under the guidelines specified above . At the end of the term on the consortium agreement , students are required to have the transcript from the host institution sent to the Enrollment Services and Student Success office at TCC . Grades earned as part of the consortium agreement will be used in determining the student โ s satisfactory academic progress for financial aid . Students who are taking classes at TCC but who are earning their degree from another institution are considered transient students for financial aid purposes . Financial aid must be awarded by the institution from which the student is earning the degree . Note : Although the above information will continue to apply throughout the academic year , at some point during the 2012 Fall semester , students who are participating in distance learning with another institution , and students who choose to attend traditional classes at another institution , will be able to complete the Financial Aid Consortium Agreement online as part of the application process to take classes at another institution through Florida Virtual Campus ( FLVC . org ) . Students who use this option will receive a message to their TCC e - mail account approving or denying financial aid for transient study . h P H | [
"Financial Information",
"Florida resident",
"Statutory Exceptions"
] |
http://catalog.tcc.fl.edu/content.php?catoid=2&navoid=88 | h P H [ ARCHIVED CATALOG ] Academic Calendars Fall 2012 Academic Calendar Spring 2013 Academic Calendar Summer 2013 Academic Calendar Health Program Application Deadlines 2012 - 2013 Final Examination Schedule Fall 2012 Academic Calendar * AUGUST MAIN Aug . 27 - Dec . 14 AUGUST EXPRESS Aug . 27 - Oct . 16 SEPTEMBER EXPRESS Sept . 10 - Dec . 14 OCTOBER Oct . 17 - Dec . 14 International admission deadline June 1 June 1 NA Financial aid application preferred deadline August 6 August 6 August 20 September 24 Admission application preferred deadline August 13 August 13 August 27 October 1 Current student registration opens for next semester April 2 April 2 Fee payment due August 7 August 7 September 4 October 9 Tuition payment plan June 4 June 4 State employee registration August 16 August 16 September 6 October 11 Classes begin August 27 September 10 October 17 Last day to add a class August 28 August 28 September 11 October 18 Last day to cancel registration / drop courses and receive 100 % refund ; last day to change from credit to audit or audit to credit August 31 August 31 September 14 October 23 Financial aid distribution September 26 September 26 October 9 November 16 Last day to withdraw from a course ( s ) ; last day instructors may assign AW November 6 October 3 November 9 November 27 Last day of classes December 7 October 12 December 7 Last day to finish incomplete ( I ) grades received in the previous term ( does not apply to SPI courses ) December 14 December 14 Final exams December 10 - 14 October 15 - 16 December 10 - 14 Term ends October 16 Final grades available on TCC Passport December 18 October 19 December 18 The dates referenced above pertain to classes that begin and end with the traditional College term . Self - paced instruction ( SPI ) credit courses , Center for Workforce Development non - credit courses and Florida Public Safety Institute courses have different deadlines . For credit courses : Contact Enrollment Services and Student Success at ( 850 ) 201 - 8555 . For non - credit courses : Contact the Center for Workforce Development at ( 850 ) 201 - 8760 . Contact the Florida Public Safety Institute at ( 850 ) 201 - 7000 . College Holidays / Special Events * Labor Day ( College closed ) September 3 , 2012 Student Spirit Day October 3 , 2012 Veterans Day ( College closed ) November 12 , 2012 Thanksgiving Break ( no classes ) ( College closed beginning 5 p.m. , Nov . 21 , 2012 ) November 21 - 25 , 2012 Mid - Year Break ( College closed beginning at 5 p.m. , Wednesday , December 19 , 2012 ) December 20 , 2012 - January 1 , 2013 * Calendar dates are subject to change . See Academic Calendar on www . tcc . fl . edu for calendar updates . Spring 2013 Academic Calendar * JANUARY MAIN Jan . 7 - May 3 JANUARY EXPRESS I Jan . 7 - Feb . 26 JANUARY EXPRESS II Jan . 22 - May 3 FEBRUARY Feb . 27 - May 3 International admission deadline October 1 NA Financial aide application preferred deadline December 3 December 3 December 17 February 4 Admission application preferred deadline December 10 December 10 January 7 February 11 Current student registration opens for next semester November 5 November 5 Fee payment due December 11 December 11 January 15 February 19 Tuition payment plan State employee registration December 13 December 13 January 17 February 21 Classes begin January 7 January 22 February 27 Last day to add a class January 8 January 8 January 23 February 28 Last day to cancel registration / drop courses and receive 100 % refund ; last day to change from credit to audit or audit to credit January 11 January 11 January 28 March 5 Financial aid distribution February 6 February 6 February 20 April 4 Last day to withdraw from a course ( s ) ; last day instructors may assign AW March 28 February 11 April 3 April 15 Last day of classes April 26 February 22 April 26 Last day to finish incomplete ( I ) grades received in the previous term ( does not apply to SPI courses ) May 3 May 3 Final exams April 29 - May 3 February 25 - 26 April 29 - May 3 Term ends February 26 Final grades available on TCC Passport May 7 March 1 May 7 The dates referenced above pertain to classes that begin and end with the traditional College term . Self - paced instruction ( SPI ) credit courses and Center for Workforce Development non - credit courses and Florida Public Safety Institute courses have different deadlines . For credit courses : Contact Enrollment Services and Student Success at ( 850 ) 201 - 8555 . For non - credit courses : Contact the Center for Workforce Development at ( 850 ) 201 - 8760 . Contact the Florida Public Safety Institute at ( 850 ) 201 - 7000 . College Holidays / Special Events * Martin Luther King , Jr . , Day ( College closed ) Note : Saturday classes will be in session January 21 , 2013 Spring Break ( College closed ) March 11 - 17 , 2013 Student - Faculty Day April 3 , 2012 * Calendar dates are subject to change . See Academic Calendar on www . tcc . fl . edu for calendar updates . Summer 2013 Academic Calendar * MAY May 8 - July 23 MAY May 8 - June 21 JUNE June 26 - August 9 March 1 Financial aid application preferred deadline April 15 June 3 Admission application preferred deadline April 22 April 22 June 10 April 1 April 1 April 30 April 30 June 18 May 8 May 8 June 26 May 9 May 9 June 27 Last day to cancel registration / drop courses and receive a refund ; last day to change from audit to credit or credit to audit May 14 May 14 July 2 Financial aid disbursement June 7 June 7 July 26 June 24 July 26 July 18 June 19 Last day to finish incomplete ( I ) grades received in the previous term . Note : This does not apply to SPI courses August 9 August 9 July 22 - 23 June 20 - 21 August 8 - 9 July 23 June 21 June 25 The dates referenced above pertain to classes that begin and end with the traditional College term . Self - Paced Instruction ( SPI ) credit courses and Center for Workforce Development non - credit courses have different deadlines . Memorial Day ( College closed ) May 27 , 2013 Independence Day ( College closed ) July 4 , 2013 * Calendar dates are subject to change . See Academic Calendar on Healthcare Program Application Deadlines Fall 2012 Entry Dental Assisting June 15 , 2012 Dental Hygiene May 7 , 2012 Emergency Medical Technology ( EMT ) June 15 , 2012 Nursing May 7 , 2012 Paramedic April 6 , 2012 Respiratory Care Spring 2013 Entry Emergency Medical Technology ( EMT ) September 7 , 2012 Nursing September 7 , 2012 Paramedic Radiologic Technology Surgical Technology * October 4 , 2012 Summer 2013 Entry Licensed Practical Nurse / Paramedic Transition to Registered Nurse February 4 , 2013 Fall 2013 Entry Dental Assisting May 6 , 2013 Dental Hygiene May 6 , 2013 Diagnostic Medical Sonography Emergency Medical Technician Respiratory Care All healthcare applications ( except Surgical Technology ) are completed online . Note : Programs such as Respiratory Care and Dental Assisting will accept applications after the deadline if there are open seats in the upcoming class . Applications submitted after the deadline will be evaluated as they are received , until the class is full . For more information , contact the Division of Healthcare Professions at ( 850 ) 558 - 4500 . * This new program is not listed in this catalog . For information , contact the Healthcare Programs Specialist at ( 850 ) 558 - 4523 . 2012 - 2013 Final Examination Schedule Students and instructors are mutually responsible for verifying the time scheduled for an examination . Instructors are expected to announce in class , during the regular class periods , the specific date , time and place for the final examination . Final examinations may be rescheduled only for extreme emergencies . All such emergencies must be approved by the appropriate Division Dean or Director . The following are not to be considered extreme emergencies : airline reservations , ride - sharing , vacation plans , weddings , lack of preparedness , calendar conflicts with other institutions , work schedules , transportation or housing problems . ENC1101 final examinations are scheduled one week prior to regularly scheduled final examinations , and an announcement of the date of the final examination will be made in each of these classes . Special arrangements will be made by the instructor in the following courses : Self - Paced instruction ( SPI ) , Emergency Medical Technology , Respiratory Therapy , Dental Assisting , Dental Hygiene , Television , Web - based and off - campus courses . Final examinations are not given in the following courses : ART1150C ART1202C ART1205C ART1300C ART1302C ART1330C ART1340C ART1430C ART1540C ART2301C ART2400C ART2500C ART2501C ART2955C CAP2703 CCJ2930 CGS1060 CGS1520 CGS1820 CGS2100 CGS2103 CGS2525 COP2840 DEA0200L DEA0800L DEA0850L DEH1002L DEH1800L DEH1802L DEH2602L DEH2701L DEH2804L DEH2900 DES1200L EME2040 EMS2659L EMS2930 ENC1905 ENC2942 GRA1103C GRA1105C GRA1131C GRA2121 GRA2140 GRA2143 GRA2203 JOU2420L JOU2440L JOU2940L JOU2942 MUN1180 MUN1340 OST1141 OST1718 OST1719 OST1755 OST1820 OST2823 OST2828 OST2835 OST2852 PGY1800C PGY2401C PGY2404C PGY2801C PLA1104 PLA2941 RET1874 RET1875 RET2876 RET2877 RET2879 RTE1503L RTE1513L RTE1804 RTE1814 RTE1824 RTE2523L RTE2834 RTE2844 RTE2854 RTE2920L RTV2214 SON1804 SON1814 SON1824 Final examinations or performance evaluations are conducted during the last regularly scheduled class sessions in the following courses : BSC1005L BSC2010L BSC2011L BSC2085L BSC2086L CGS1520 CGS2825 CHM1030L CHM1045L CHM1046L CHM2210L CHM2211L COP2822 DAA1100 DAA1101 DAA1200 DAA1201 DAA1300 DAA1304 DAA1610 DAN1500 ENC0025 GLY2010L LEI1000 MCB2004L MUN1310 MUN1710 MVS1116 MVS1126 MVS2127 PEL1121 PEL1122 PEL1320 PEL1341 PEL1342 PEL1621 PEM1101 PEM1116 PEM1431 PEM1432 PHY1053L PHY1054L PHY2048L PHY2049L REA1505 RET1026L SLS1301 TPP2120 TPP2250 Summer 2012 Final Examination Schedule * SUMMER MAIN EXAMS : July 18 - 19 Summer Main classes do not meet June 18 , 2012 CLASS MEETS ON CLASSES START ( Between these times ) EXAM DAY EXAM TIME 7 : 30 - 8 : 30 a.m . Thursday , July 19 7 : 00 - 8 : 45 a.m . MTWRF or MTWR 8 : 35 - 9 : 40 a.m . Wednesday , July 18 7 : 00 - 8 : 45 a.m . 9 : 45 - 10 : 50 a.m . Wednesday , July 18 9 : 00 - 10 : 45 a.m . 10 : 55 a.m. - 12 : 00 p.m . 11 : 00 a.m. - 12 : 45 p.m . 12 : 05 - 1 : 10 p.m . 1 : 00 - 2 : 45 p.m . 1 : 15 - 2 : 20 p.m . 3 : 00 - 4 : 45 p.m . 2 : 25 - 3 : 30 p.m . Thursday , July 19 1 : 30 - 3 : 15 p.m . 3 : 35 - 4 : 40 p.m . 3 : 30 - 5 : 15 p.m . All Classes Meeting 5 : 00 - 7 : 30 p.m . 5 : 30 - 7 : 15 p.m . M or W or MW 7 : 40 p.m. or later 7 : 30 - 9 : 15 p.m . or MTW or MWR All Classes Meeting 5 : 00 - 7 : 30 p.m . 5 : 30 - 7 : 15 p.m . T or R or T R MTR or TWR 7 : 40 p.m. - or later 7 : 30 - 9 : 15 p.m . MAY EXPRESS EXAMS : June 18 - 19 7 : 30 - 8 : 30 a.m . Monday , June 18 7 : 00 - 8 : 40 a.m . MTWRF or MTWR 8 : 40 - 9 : 30 a.m . Monday , June 18 8 : 55 - 10 : 35 a.m . 9 : 40 - 11 : 50 a.m . 10 : 50 a.m. - 12 : 30 p.m . 12 : 00 - 1 : 20 p.m . 12 : 45 - 2 : 25 p.m . 1 : 30 - 2 : 50 p.m . 2 : 40 - 4 : 20 p.m . 3 : 00 - 4 : 50 p.m . 4 : 35 - 6 : 15 p.m . TR , MTR or TWR 5 : 00 p.m. - 7 : 30 p.m . Tuesday , June 19 5 : 30 - 7 : 10 p.m . 7 : 40 p.m. or later Tuesday , June 19 7 : 30 - 9 : 10 p.m . MTWR , MTW , 6 : 30 - 8 : 10 p.m . MWR or MW 8 : 30 - 10 : 10 p.m . JUNE EXPRESS EXAMS : August 8 - 9 June Express classes do not meet on July 18 , 2012 Wednesday , August 8 7 : 00 - 8 : 40 a.m . 8 : 40 - 9 : 30 a.m . Wednesday , August 8 8 : 55 - 10 : 35 a.m . 9 : 40 - 11 : 50 a.m . 10 : 50 a.m. - 12 : 30 p.m . 12 : 00 - 1 : 20 p.m . 12 : 45 - 2 : 25 p.m . 1 : 30 - 2 : 50 p.m . 2 : 40 - 4 : 20 p.m . 3 : 00 - 4 : 50 p.m . 4 : 35 - 6 : 15 p.m . MW , MWR or MTW 6 : 30 - 8 : 10 p.m . 8 : 30 - 10 : 10 p.m . Thursday , August 9 5 : 30 - 7 : 10 p.m . 7 : 45 p.m. or later Thursday , August 9 7 : 30 - 9 : 10 p.m . Fall 2012 Final Examination Schedule * Monday , December 10 through Saturday , December 15 CLASS MEETS ON CLASS BEGIN ( Between ) EXAM DAY EXAM TIME MWF 7 : 00 - 7 : 30 a.m . Friday , December 14 7 : 30 - 9 : 30 a.m . or 7 : 35 - 8 : 35 a.m . Wednesday , December 12 7 : 30 - 9 : 30 a.m . MW 8 : 40 - 9 : 40 a.m . Monday , December 10 9 : 45 - 10 : 45 a.m Friday , December 14 10 : 00 a.m. - noon 10 : 50 - 11 : 50 a.m . Monday , December 10 10 : 00 a.m. - noon 11 : 55 a.m. - 12 : 55 p.m . 12 : 30 - 2 : 30 p.m . 1 : 00 - 2 : 00 p.m . Wednesday , December 12 12 : 30 - 2 : 30 p.m . 2 : 05 - 3 : 05 p.m . 3 : 00 - 5 : 00 p.m . 3 : 10 - 4 : 10 p.m . 3 : 00 - 5 : 00 p.m . 4 : 15 - 4 : 55 p.m . M only 5 : 00 - 6 : 25 p.m . 5 : 30 - 7 : 30 p.m . M only 6 : 30 p.m. or later 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m . W only 5 : 00 - 6 : 25 p.m . 5 : 30 - 7 : 30 p.m . W only 6 : 30 p.m. or later 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m . MW TR 7 : 00 - 7 : 55 a.m . Thursday , December 13 8 : 00 - 9 : 25 a.m . Tuesday , December 11 9 : 30 - 10 : 55 a.m . Thursday , December 13 11 : 00 a.m. - 12 : 25 p.m . Tuesday , December 11 12 : 30 - 1 : 55 p.m . 2 : 00 - 3 : 25 p.m . 3 : 35 - 4 : 55 p.m . T only T only R only R only 6 : 30 p.m. or later . TR S All times Saturday , December 15 BLOCK FINAL EXAMS for Monday โ Friday daytime classes ( starting before 5 : 00 p.m. ) of MAT0018 , MAT0028 , MAT1033 , and MAC1105 given according to the following schedule : MAT0028 12 : 30 โ 2 : 30 p.m . All students must present a picture identification to take the exam . MAC1105 12 : 30 โ 2 : 30 p.m . MAT1033 10 : 00 a.m. โ noon MAT0018 ( MW and MWF ) 10 : 00 a.m. โ noon MAT0018 ( TR classes ) All other sections of these math courses meeting after 5 : 00 p.m. , or on Saturday , adhere to the schedule listed in the final examination schedule above . EXPRESS CLASSES - FALL 2012 August Express : Eight - week express classes beginning August 27 and ending October 12 will have final exams on October 15 - 16 , 2012 . September Express : Twelve - week express classes beginning September 10 and ending December 7 will have exams during exam week , based upon the starting time of the class and in accordance with the standard Fall 2012 Final Examination Schedule above . October Express : Eight - week express classes beginning October 17 and ending December 7 will have final exams during exam week , based upon the starting time of the class and in accordance with the standard Fall 2012 Final Examination Schedule above . Spring 2013 Monday , April 29 through Saturday , May 4 CLASS BEGIN ( Between ) MWF 7 : 00 - 7 : 30 a.m . Friday , May 3 or 7 : 35 - 8 : 35 a.m . Wednesday , May 1 8 : 40 - 9 : 40 a.m . Monday , April 29 9 : 45 - 10 : 45 a.m . Friday , May 3 10 : 50 - 11 : 50 a.m . Monday , April 29 11 : 55 a.m. - 12 : 55 p.m . 1 : 00 - 2 : 00 p.m . Wednesday , May 1 2 : 05 - 3 : 05 p.m . 3 : 10 - 4 : 10 p.m . 4 : 15 - 4 : 55 p.m . 7 : 00 - 7 : 55 a.m . Thursday , May 2 8 : 00 - 9 : 25 a.m . Tuesday , April 30 9 : 30 - 10 : 55 a.m . Thursday , May 2 11 : 00 a.m. - 12 : 25 p.m . Tuesday , April 30 12 : 30 - 1 : 55 p.m . 2 : 00 - 3 : 25 p.m . 3 : 35 - 4 : 55 p.m . S All times Saturday , May 4 BLOCK FINAL EXAMS for Monday โ Friday daytime classes ( starting before 5 : 00 p.m. ) of MAT0018 , MAT0028 , MAT1033 , and MAC1105 given according to the following schedule : MAT0028 All students must present a picture identification to take the exam . MAC1105 MAT1033 ( MW and MWF ) ( TR classes ) All other sections of these math courses meeting after 5 : 00 p.m. , or on Saturday , adhere to the schedule listed in the final examination schedule above . EXPRESS CLASSES - SPRING 2013 January Express 1 : Six - week express classes beginning January 7 and ending February 22 will have final exams on February 25 - 26 , 2013 . January Express II : Thirteen - week express classes beginning January 22 and ending April 26 will have exams during exam week , based upon the starting time of the class and in accordance with the standard Spring 2013 Final Exam Schedule above . February Express : Eight - week express classes beginning February 27 and ending April 26 will have final exams during exam week , based upon the starting time of the class and in accordance with the standard Spring 2013 Final Exam Schedule above . h P H | [
"Academic Calendars",
"International admission deadline",
"Fee payment due"
] |
http://catalog.ucdenver.edu/content.php?catoid=1&navoid=31 | S Advanced Search My Favorites A P H [ ARCHIVED CATALOG ] BA versus BFA degree table The College of Arts & Media offers bachelor of arts ( BA ) and bachelor of fine arts ( BFA ) degrees in the areas of fine arts and theatre , film and television . Students wishing to pursue a major in fine arts or theatre , film and television must choose between a BA and BFA . This table explains the difference between a BA and BFA degree and is designed to assist students in selecting the best degree for their vocational goals . Please visit the departmental sections of this catalog for curricular information . Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) Bachelor of Fine Arts ( BFA ) Program Type Liberal Arts : Students have opportunities to combine their artistic interests with other areas offered in the university such as science and writing . The course work completed in the arts gives an excellent technical , conceptual , creative and aesthetic foundation that , when combined with other academic disciplines in the university , helps students develop into well - rounded artists and scholars . Professional : General education courses provide a well - rounded education , preparing students with a solid foundation . The major foundation courses provide the base from which students select an emphasis and complete rigorous and in - depth course work , providing students the opportunity to discover their own artistic voice and graduate with a greater level of artistic development . General Requirements 120 total credits , of which 45 credits must be taken at the upper - division ( 3000 / 4000 ) level . 120 total credits , of which 45 credits must be taken at the upper - division ( 3000 / 4000 ) level . General Education 34 credits of general education credits are required . 34 credits of general education credits are required ; some courses may be specified by major . Foreign Language Through second year in high school or second semester at the college level with sufficient grades . Through second year in high school or second semester at the college level with sufficient grades . Major Credits 45 - 48 major credits required as specified by emphasis . 73 major credits required as specified by emphasis . General Electives General elective credits are required . Theatre , film and television students are required to complete 9 โ other arts โ credits as part of their general elective credits . See advising sheets for specific credit requirements . None required . Minor Requirement Minors are not required for any program . Minors are not required for any program . Emphase s Visual art majors must choose an emphasis : โข Art history โข Drawing โข Painting โข Photography โข Sculptur e Theatre , film and television majors do not select a specified emphasis . Visual art majors must choose an emphasis : โข 3 - D animation 1 โข Drawing โข Painting โข Photography โข Multimedia โข Sculpture Theatre , film and television majors โข Performance โข Design โข Production , development and direction โข Writing / directing 2 โข Cinematography 2 โข Postproduction Capstone Experience A senior - level capstone experience pulls together acquired knowledge in projects and / or portfolios that exhibit their strengths and specialization , preparing them for the next phase of their academic and professional careers . Students complete the same capstone experiences as noted in the BA with additional requirements : Visual arts : exhibit in the BFA thesis exhibit Theatre , film and TV : produce digital portfolio Prepares Students To pursue graduate - level degrees ( MA and PhD ) in academic and studio fields and to work in arts and non - arts related fields . To pursue MFA and PhD degrees and to work as a professional artist , commercial artist and non - arts related fields . Timeline Degrees are designed to be completed in four years for students beginning as freshmen . Students may be able to complete the degree requirements in as few as two years depending on emphasis , transfer credits and summer school . Degrees are designed to be completed in four years for students beginning as freshmen . Regardless of summer school or transfer credits , students should expect to complete courses over a three - to four - year period , depending on major and emphasis , due to course sequencing . 1 Tuition for emphasis courses exceeds main campus tuition ; contact CAMadvising @ ucdenver . edu for specifics . May require students to begin their studies at the Community College of Aurora . See the departmental section of this catalog for information . A P H | [
"Bachelor of Arts",
"Bachelor of Fine Arts",
"difference"
] |
http://catalog.usu.edu/ | 20182019 General Catalog Catalog Home Academics Courses Programs People General Education University Studies Academic Registration Calendars University Policies and Procedures School of Graduate Studies Policy Quick Links Student and Enrollment Services Schedule of Classes external link Campus Services StepUpUtahcom University Info About Utah State University Campus Maps Disclaimer Archived Catalogs 20182019 Academic Calendar Registration Requirement My Saved Pages P H 20182019 General Catalog Welcome This catalog is the primary place to find policies and procedures as well as program and course information It is updated once a year and archived each summer If you have suggestions or comments please contact us We are excited to help you achieve your goals as an Aggie alumnus Having a fouryear plan for courses finances and student involvement is a great way to make the most of your experience at Utah State Dont forget there are advisors and student services available to help you navigate your path to excellence Go Aggies P H | [
"Catalog",
"suggestions"
] |
http://cataract-surgery-information.blogspot.com/2013/04/dizziness-monovision-toric-lens-implants.html | Wednesday , April 24 , 2013 Dizziness & Monovision Toric Lens Implants Question : I have two toric lens implants for monovision - one set for distance and the other set for close vision but I still wear glasses for intermediate vision . I am very dizzy and have balance problems . Could it be the two different lens implants ? Could they be replaced with other lenses to solve the problem ? Answer : Monovision correction with lens implants can be a very good option for many patients to help with correction of both distance and near vision . Some patients are simply unable to tolerate the difference in the correction between the eyes as we say that they have a low โ tolerance to defocus . โ This may very well be a cause of the dizziness and the balance problems but may not be the sole cause or even the primary cause . You do not state your age or general medical condition . If you have any risk factors or a history of vascular problems , astigmatism correcting toric lens implants can also cause what you describe . If the problem turns out to be the monovision correction from the toric lens implants , depending on the length of time since your surgery it may possible to perform a lens exchange and correct both eyes for distance or you may need a LASIK procedure to create a distance correction for both eyes . All of this should be discussed with your cataract surgeon who can provide you with the information after a clinical exam and of course should you have any other risk factors mentioned above you should consult your Internist or family doctor as well . Important Note : The information presented on the About Cataract Surgery Blog or provided in response to a request for information in the Ask Cataract Surgeons section on aboutcataractsurgery . com is not intended to diagnose or treat eye problems , eye conditions or eye diseases including appropriateness of treatment , risks , complications or side effects as related to Cataracts , Cataract Surgery or Lens Implants . In particular a response to an inquiry made on the Ask Cataract Surgeons section of aboutcataractsurgery . com is not meant to take the place of the professional medical care provided by your eye doctor , ophthalmologist and Cataract Surgeon . Contacting us via e - mail or any other means is not a substitute for medical care . Posted by Katherine Carlisle at 10 : 09 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : cataract surgeon dizziness lens implants monovision toric implants toric lens implants No comments : Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"Cataract Surgery & Lens Implant ( IOL )",
"Dizziness & Monovision Toric Lens Implants"
] |
http://catastrophegirlsrokuchanneldata.blogspot.com/2011/11/new-roku-users-faq.html | catastrophegirl ' s roku channel list Search This Blog Best Roku deals PlayOn Specials New users FAQ Roku accessories and resources Used Roku reset tutorial Dead Channels Hulu Plus referral ECOTOPIA C and R Rockers little1 ' s leather CHANNELS START HERE Adult DVD Empire New Roku users FAQ Check out this great list of Roku tips on the Official Roku Forums http : / / forums . roku . com / viewtopic . php ? f = 28&t = 46648 Q : is there anything i should do right after i get my roku set up for the first time ? A : nothing mandatory but it ' s probably a good idea to go into the settings menu , click on " about " and then write down your roku ' s ip address somewhere . because when you lose your remote or your roku2 bluetooth gaming remote batteries suddenly die , you ' ll probably want to use an iphone / android / pc remote control app for your roku [ look to the left under " remote apps " for links ] to control your roku at least temporarily . you ca n ' t get the ip address without a working remote . but once you enter it into one of the apps you can control your roku from your pc Q : so can i get channels on the roku just like i did with cable / satellite ? A : um , no . not really . think of the roku as a great big a la carte menu . if you want to watch something produced by ABC on your roku , there is n ' t an ABC channel to go to . instead you ' d go to hulu plus and choose the show you want to watch and the episode you want to watch . if you are used to netflix streaming , most roku channels work on a similar principle : menu full of shows to choose from , one thing at a time . " livestreaming " from the list on the right side of this page to see which channels you can just turn on and play continuously . some channels are a single theme : CHOW is all cooking clips and recipes from the CHOW . com website . there are entire channels for teaching your kid soccer / softball / hockey / etc . some channels have a little bit of everything and some are wholly dedicated to a single thing . Q : can i hook my roku up to a DVR ? not that i know of , but i do n ' t know much about stand alone DVRs . more importantly though is " why would you need to ? " having a roku and the right combination of chan nels [ the ones with shows YOU personally want to watch ] is like having the world ' s most comprehensive DVR . navigate on the roku to where the show is , press play . need to pause ? go ahead , it ' ll wait for you . sure , some of the content on some of the channels rotates around . but usually it ' s available for a few weeks at a time minimum so you should have plenty of time to get to it . Q : if i have a roku and get a second one , will all my channels show up on the second roku ? A : if you link it to the same account on roku . com , yes . this is optional . some of the reasons you might not want to link two boxes to one account : the kids use the second one and you do n ' t want them to have access to horror movies / pay per item channels / content that ' s inappropriate for their age the rokus are not the same model and one has more memory , and therefore more channel capacity than the other . for example , an original roku and a roku XD / s or a roku3 and a rokuLT if i have netflix / hulu plus / amazon on one roku and i add it to a second roku , do i need a separate subscription ? A : nope ! most subscription channels will let you activate multiple devices on one subscription . there may be limits to simultaneous viewing though . for example , hulu plus terms of service indicate you can watch hulu plus on one device at a time . amazon VOD and netflix * allow at least two simultaneous streams per account . check the terms of service on other subscription channels [ on the content provider ' s website ] to see what their rules are . * netflix now offers a streaming package for up to 4 devices at a time for $ 11.99 a month ! can i hook one roku to 2 [ or more ] tv ' s ? technically , with the right splitters and enough cable , you probably could . but you would n ' t be able to watch different channels at the same time and would probably end up tripping over miles of cabling running through doorways . your video quality may also be diminished . in general , one roku per tv . they ' re awfully portable and you could just move it from room to room . can i use roku outside the US ? roku , yes . channels that are specific to the US like netflix or hulu plus ? the official answer is no . if you want a yes answer go here update : the following answer SHOULD be a moot point now as the firmware on the roku2 gaming remotes has been updated . WTF is going on with the batteries on my roku2 bluetooth gaming remote ? it ' s like i change them every other f_ing week ! ! ! the little strap on the roku2 remote is to keep you from throwing it across the room when you discover the batteries are dead again . ok , no really , look at your roku2 remote . see how it ' s round on the bottom ? set it beside you on the couch . watch a movie . notice how you move every few minutes to keep your legs from falling asleep ? yeah , every time your butt moves , the sofa shifts a little and the remote rolls a little and then it wakes up the bluetooth how do i keep my kids / roommate / live in cabana boy from adding paid channels to my roku ? put a PIN on your account . go to your roku account and select the update button on the grey box in the center of your account page that says " Channel Store PIN . " you can set it for a PIN required to add any channels at all or just for paid channels . i put a PIN on it . and forgot my PIN . now i ca n ' t add channels on my roku see how to get to the PIN update page on your roku account in the previous answer - it will actually show you the PIN you chose . when i am watching hulu plus the sound is constantly out of sync with the video . especially after a commercial ! and sometimes it does n ' t respond to the remote at all . or it skips a few seconds forward all by itself . and sometimes hulu plus even bricks my roku and i have to factory reset it . i ' m tearing my hair out over this right ? it ' s so annoying . happens to a lot of people [ otherwise it would n ' t be a frequently asked question ] roku and hulu know about it and have supposedly been working on a fix since mid 2011 . in the meantime , let go of your hair , unplug the box , count to 30 and plug it back in . stop throwing the remote across the room . wait for your roku to reboot . remove the hulu plus channel . add the hulu plus channel . relink it to your hulu account . did that fix the problem ? if yes , you should be ok for a couple of weeks in my experience . if not , read this guide to reporting problems to roku over on the roku forum and then provide the nice engineers with the details they need to try to get this resolved once and for all . also , tell Hulu Plus Q : how many roku channels are there ? A : not sure really . it changes daily and there are plenty of private channels that stay private if people create them for personal use . all the ones i know of are counted up here http : / / www . catastrophegirl . com / rokuchannelcount . htm the content I want to watch does n โ t have a roku channel . how can I make that happen ? officially ? contact the content owner and ask them to make a channel . roku makes the box , not the content . unofficially ? ok , just because roku has the developers ' kit for free does n ' t mean you can just go grab content off the internet and stream it to your roku . maybe you have the technical knowledge to do so but without the content owner ' s permission it ' s not very polite and probably not legal . check the dead channel list for more about what happens to channels when the roku channel is n ' t approved by the content owner . why is n ' t there an NFL channel and will it be coming soon ? because NFL broadcasts are in contract with Directv for at least another year . and you probably wo n ' t see it anytime soon because Directv has already said they do n ' t wanna play nice with Roku . i bought a previously owned roku and it has someone else ' s stuff on it . how do i get rid of that junk and make it mine ? that answer requires its own post my netflix wo n ' t play ! everything else is fine . it will play on the pc / wii / ps3 but not the roku ! what ' s going on ? first things first - is netflix down for just you or for everyone ? check Downrightnow to find out . if it ' s down for a lot of people then you should probably go watch something else for a while . good thing roku has LOTS of channels , right ? if it ' s just down for you , or if you want to be helpful to the engineers who are trying to fix it go to the Roku Forum general discussion and choose the sticky thread labelled " Netflix Connection Issues [ insert month ] " and provide them with details about your connection , your area of the country and what problems you are experiencing . THEN go watch something else . or read a book . books are awesome . - Oh , and it ' s important to be aware that the stream on your roku is different from the stream on your other devices . Netflix has a stream for each device so it might be fine on your pc or wii and still have the problem how do i change the order of the channels on my roku ? i want to put the most frequently used ones all together any remote with a " " button can do this on any roku . the original roku remote ca n ' t do it but the instant replay remote and bluetooth gaming remote can and you can use them on the original roku also . for example : i own an N1000 roku original box from 2008 . i can use the instant replay remote from my roku1 XD / s on the N1000 to change the channel order [ or just when i misplace the original remote ! ] you can also use the remoku application on your pc , or the android or iphone apps to control your roku and reorganize those channels . i do n ' t have an HD tv ! can i use roku with my ancient tv ? if you do n ' t have a roku3 yet , probably . i do . now , i have n ' t successfully hooked a roku up to the black and white bakelite tv with an antenna connected to the tv by screws [ i ' ll try it eventually ! ] but here ' s the oldest tv i own with a roku N1000 [ and a bunch of other stuff hooked to it ] the directv box is gone now but this setup still works my roommate has an angry birds roku2 XS hooked to a tv with a single coax input using this rf modulator . http : / / www . amazon . com / Audiovox - Corporation - CRF907 - RCA - Modulator / dp / B0014KKV7W / ref = wl_it_dp_o_npd ? ie = UTF8&coliid = I1TCM1FNSS8MEV&colid = 1DJW5E1O1BZPD however , the roku3 is HDMI only so if your tv is older , you will ( probably ) need at the minimum , an HDMI to composite adapter . after looking at the prices on those , i really suggest getting a new HD tv or a more compatible roku model like the roku2 or rokuLT . i just added a private channel and it wo n ' t show up on " My Channels " the old roku interface ( the left to right line of channels ) would add the channel immediately after entering and exiting the channel store . the new roku interface ( the square grid one ) does n ' t work that way , unfortunately . you have 2 options : 1 ) go to the settings menu and select " system update " to force the roku to refresh itself 2 ) add this free channel by TheEndless and use it to force your roku to refresh the channels Great list of Roku Tips all in one place , by experienced Roku users : http : / / forums . roku . com / viewtopic . php ? f = 28&t = 46648 misc odds and ends : most common part of older rokus to fail : the power supply the barrel size of the power supply is 5.5mm x 2.5mm it really is better for your roku to leave it on all the time , and it uses a very miniscule amount of power and it does updates in the downtime so you do n ' t have to wait for updates every time you turn it on Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : faq tutorial Newer Post Older Post Home videobox Adult DVD Empire Gay aebn scoretv crochetdizzy maiya ' s mythological emporium the playful needle hulu plus | [
"catastrophegirl",
"roku channel",
"Hulu Plus referral"
] |
http://catchwordbranding.com/catchthis/namereview/you-just-cant-stop-fiat-pop-name-review/ | Back to Name Reviews You Just Ca n โ t Stop : Fiat Pop Name Review By Laurel Sutton June 21 , 2012 โ This name is good , but is n โ t it the name of a car already ? โ โ Everything is a car name . โ โ Conversation we have with clients once a month Of course , the reason there are so many car names is that there are so many cars ! And it seems like car manufacturers , while continuing to refresh mainstay brands like Ford Mustang and Toyota Corolla , like to introduce new names whenever possible . Sometimes they โ re fun , like ZAP ( electric cars ) and sometimes they make you scratch your head , like Volkswagen โ s Touareg ( named for Berber nomads in Africa ) . Recently Fiat , the Italian manufacturer of fast , fun cars , well - designed for running over tourists in the winding streets of Rome , has revitalized their Fiat 500 line with three new models , named for their trim levels : Pop , Lounge , and Sport . First , these are the cutest cars you โ ve ever seen โ even more adorable than Mini Coopers . They look like typical smart cars , but they have a ( small ) back seat and interior styling that is at once retro and yet modern . Apparently they drive well , too , which is no surprise given their maker . But what I like most about the cars is their names โ specifically , Pop . Lounge and Sport are OK , although โ sport โ is pretty much standard in auto packages , and โ lounge โ is different enough to be interesting . But it โ s Pop that really caught my attention . I happened to be walking past a Fiat 500 Pop and took a moment to admire it , all shiny and red and cute , and when I saw the name on the back , I thought , โ That is the perfect name for this car ! โ First , the word is short โ only three letters . It begins and ends with a plosive โ p โ , a sound that gets used in lots of onomatopoeic words for small , bouncy things ( peep , ping , pitter , patter , and of course the word โ pop โ itself ) . It connotes positive cultural touchpoints , like pop music , popcorn , popping the question , popping in for a visit , soda pop , etc . And it is really fun to say ! Like the Pringles commercial says , once you โ pop โ , you just ca n โ t stop . There are lots of things called โ pop โ in the world already โ and now there โ s a car . Does that mean the word โ pop โ ca n โ t be used to name other things ? Certainly not . In fact , the phrase โ pop - top โ was already something associated with cars โ it โ s been slang for convertible for many years . Fiat apparently decided that using it would n โ t cause confusion among consumers and make them think this was a convertible smart car ( which gives me So do n โ t worry , clients , you can still use the word โ pop โ to name your exercise equipment or mp3 player or what - have - you . I promise it โ ll be OK . And maybe the next Fiat models will be Snap and Crackle โฆ Overall Grade : A Grade : A Tags : car names car naming fiat fiat 500 pop fiat lounge fiat pop fiat sport ford ford mustang mini cooper Onomatopoeia pop - top pringles touareg toyota corolla zap | [
"Fiat Pop",
"Ford Mustang",
"ZAP"
] |
http://catfelounge.com/ | MICHIGAN ' S PREMIER CAT CAFร At the Catfรฉ Lounge , we have a different take on the cat cafรฉ concept . We ' re not just partnered with an animal rescue , we are a part of the Ferndale Cat Shelter โ a 501c3 cat rescue . Cats and kittens in our care are available for adoption , and the cafรฉ is a community space where people can meet and socialize with Ferndale ' s felines . If you ' re feeling curious , stop by the Catfรฉ for some coffee , tea , or juice and make some new feline friends . ABOUT US ABOUT THE CATFร The first permanent Michigan cat cafe , The Catfรฉ Lounge is a different take on the cat cafe concept . We do n โ t just partner with an animal rescue , we are a part of the Ferndale Cat Shelter โ a 501c3 cat rescue . VISIT US 821 Livernois Ferndale , MI 48220 When visiting the Catfรฉ , we ask that you please follow the House Rules HOURS SUN : 12 โ 5 p.m . MON : 12 โ 5 p.m . TUES : CLOSED WED : 12 โ 7 : 30 p.m . THURS : 12 โ 5 p.m . FRI : 12 โ 5 p.m . SAT : 12 โ 5 p.m . CATFร LOUNGE | 821 LIVERNOIS , FERNDALE , MI 48220 | [
"Catfรฉ Lounge",
"MICHIGAN",
"CAT CAFร"
] |
http://catholicism.about.com/od/Catholic-Dictionary/g/Triduum-Definition-Of-Triduum.htm | Humanities Religion & Spirituality Triduum Three - Day Period of Prayer Three Days of Prayer by Scott P . Richert Updated January 21 , 2018 A triduum is a three - day period of prayer , usually in preparation for an important feast or in celebration of that feast . Triduums recall the three days that Christ spent in the tomb , from Good Friday until Easter Sunday . The best - known triduum is the Paschal or Easter Triduum , which begins with the Mass of the Lord ' s Supper on the evening of Holy Thursday and continues until the start of second vespers ( evening prayer ) on Easter Sunday . Triduum is also known as ( when capped ) Paschal Triduum , Holy Triduum , Easter Triduum The Origin of the Term Triduum is a Latin word , formed from the Latin prefix tri - ( meaning " three " ) and the Latin word dies ( " day " ) . Like its cousin the novena ( from the Latin novem , " nine " ) , a triduum was originally any prayer recited over the course of multiple days ( three for triduums ; nine for novenas ) . As every novena recalls the nine days that the disciples and the Blessed Virgin Mary spent in prayer between Ascension Thursday and Pentecost Sunday , in preparation for the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost , every triduum recalls the three days of Christ ' s Passion and Resurrection . The Paschal Triduum That is why , when capitalized , Triduum most often refers to the Paschal Triduum ( also known as the Holy Triduum or Easter Triduum ) , the final three days of Lent and Holy Week . This is , as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) notes , the " summit of the Liturgical Year " in the Catholic Church . Formerly considered a part of the liturgical season of Lent , since 1956 the Paschal Triduum has been regarded as its own liturgical season . It is both the shortest and the most liturgically rich of all seasons ; as the USCCB declares , " Though chronologically three days , [ the Paschal Triduum is ] liturgically one day unfolding for us the unity of Christ ' s Paschal Mystery . " While the liturgical season of Lent ends with the start of the Paschal Triduum , the discipline of Lent ( prayer fasting abstinence , and almsgiving ) continues until noon on Holy Saturday , when preparations for the Easter Vigil โ the Mass of the Resurrection of the Lord โ begin . ( In those Protestant churches that observe Lent , such as the Anglican , Methodist , Lutheran , and Reformed churches , the Paschal Triduum is still regarded as part of the liturgical season of Lent . ) In other words , the Paschal Triduum is still part of what we commonly call the 40 days of Lent , even though it is its own liturgical season . When Does the Paschal Triduum Begin and End ? The dates of the Paschal Triduum in any given year are dependent on the date of Easter which varies from year to year ) . The Days of the Paschal Triduum Holy Thursday : Celebration of the Mass of the Lord ' s Supper Good Friday : Commemoration of Christ ' s Passion and Death Holy Saturday : Preparation for the Resurrection of the Lord Easter Sunday : The Resurrection of Christ Continue Reading | [
"Triduum",
"Good Friday",
"Easter Sunday"
] |
http://catholicism.about.com/od/holydaysandholidays/f/When-Is-Holy-Thursday.htm | Humanities Religion & Spirituality When Is Holy Thursday ? Find the Date of Holy Thursday in This , Previous , and Future years by Scott P . Richert Updated March 08 , 2017 Holy Thursday , the first day of the Easter Triduum , the commemoration of Christ ' s Passion , and the last day of Lent liturgically ( though not of the Lenten fast ) falls on a different date each year . When is Holy Thursday ? How Is the Date of Holy Thursday Determined ? Holy Thursday , the day on which Christians commemorate Christ ' s Last Supper , the institution of the Sacrament of Holy Communion , and the founding of the priesthood , always falls three days before Easter Sunday . Because the date of Holy Thursday is dependent on the date of Easter , and Easter is a moveable feast , the date of Holy Thursday changes each year . ( For more information , see When Is Easter ? and How Is the Date of Easter Calculated ? ) The earliest date on which Holy Thursday can fall is March 19 , and the latest is April 22 . When Is Holy Thursday This Year ? Here is the date of Holy Thursday this year : Holy Thursday 2017 : April 13 , 2017 When Is Holy Thursday in Future Years ? Here are the dates of Holy Thursday next year and in future years : Holy Thursday 2018 : March 29 , 2018 Holy Thursday 2019 : April 18 , 2019 Holy Thursday 2020 : April 9 , 2020 Holy Thursday 2021 : April 1 , 2021 Holy Thursday 2022 : April 14 , 2022 Holy Thursday 2023 : April 6 , 2023 Holy Thursday 2024 : March 28 , 2024 Holy Thursday 2025 : April 17 , 2025 When Was Holy Thursday in Previous Years ? Here are the dates when Holy Thursday fell in previous years , going back to 2007 : Holy Thursday 2007 : April 5 , 2007 Holy Thursday 2008 : March 20 , 2008 Holy Thursday 2009 : April 9 , 2009 Holy Thursday 2010 : April 1 , 2010 Holy Thursday 2011 : April 21 , 2011 Holy Thursday 2012 : April 5 , 2012 Holy Thursday 2013 : March 28 , 2013 Holy Thursday 2014 : April 17 , 2014 Holy Thursday 2015 : April 2 , 2015 Holy Thursday 2016 : March 24 , 2016 FAQs on Holy Thursday Is Holy Thursday a Holy Day of Obligation ? What Is the Meaning of Maundy Thursday ? When Is . . . When Is Epiphany ? When Is the Baptism of the Lord ? When Is Ordinary Time ? When Is Mardi Gras ? When Does Lent Start ? When Does Lent End ? When Is Lent ? When Is Ash Wednesday ? When Is Saint Patrick ' s Day ? When Is the Annunciation ? When Is Laetare Sunday ? When Is Holy Week ? When Is Palm Sunday ? When Is Good Friday ? When Is Holy Saturday ? When Is Easter ? When Is Divine Mercy Sunday ? When Is Ascension ? When Is Pentecost Sunday ? When Is Trinity Sunday ? When Is the Feast of Saint Anthony ? When Is Corpus Christi ? When Is the Feast of the Sacred Heart ? When Is the Virgin Mary ' s Birthday ? When Is the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross ? When Is Halloween ? When Is All Saints Day ? When Is the Feast of Christ the King ? When Is Thanksgiving Day ? When Does Advent Start ? When Is Saint Nicholas Day ? When Is the Feast of the Immaculate Conception ? Continue Reading | [
"Holy Thursday"
] |
http://catholicism.about.com/od/thesaints/f/What_Is_A_Saint.htm | Humanities Religion & Spirituality What Is a Saint ? And How Do You Become One ? by Scott P . Richert Updated August 26 , 2018 Saints , broadly speaking , are all people who follow Jesus Christ and live their lives according to His teaching . Catholics , however , also use the term more narrowly to refer to especially holy men and women who , by persevering in the Christian Faith and living extraordinary lives of virtue , have already entered Heaven . Sainthood in the New Testament The word saint comes from the Latin sanctus and literally means " holy . " Throughout the New Testament , saint is used to refer to all who believe in Jesus Christ and who followed His teachings . Saint Paul often addresses his epistles to " the saints " of a particular city ( see , for instance , Ephesians 1 : 1 and ) , and the Acts of the Apostles , written by Paul ' s disciple Saint Luke , talks about Saint Peter going to visit the saints in Lydda ( Acts 9 : 32 ) . The assumption was that those men and women who followed Christ had been so transformed that they were now different from other men and women and , thus , should be considered holy . In other words , sainthood always referred not simply to those who had faith in Christ but more specifically to those who lived lives of virtuous action inspired by that faith . Practitioners of Heroic Virtue Very early on , however , the meaning of the word began to change . As Christianity began to spread , it became clear that some Christians lived lives of extraordinary , or heroic , virtue , beyond that of the average Christian believer . While other Christians struggled to live out the gospel of Christ , these particular Christians were eminent examples of the moral virtues ( or cardinal virtues ) , and they easily practiced the theological virtues of faith hope , and charity and exhibited the gifts of the Holy Spirit in their lives . The word , previously applied to all Christian believers , became more narrowly applied to such people , who were venerated after their deaths as saints , usually by the members of their local church or the Christians in the region where they had lived , because they were familiar with their good deeds . Eventually , the Catholic Church created a process , called canonization , through which such venerable people could be recognized as saints by all Christians everywhere . Canonization Process The first person to be canonized outside of Rome by a Pope was in 993 CE , when Saint Udalric , the Bishop of Augsburg ( 893 โ 973 ) was named a saint by Pope John XV . Udalric was a very virtuous man who had inspired the men of Augsburg when they were under siege . Since then , the procedure varied considerably over the centuries since then , the process is today quite specific . In 1643 , Pope Urban VIII issued the Apostolic letter Caelestis Hierusalem cives that exclusively reserved the right to canonize and beatify to the Apostolic See ; other changes included evidentiary requirements and the creation of the office of the Promoter of the Faith , also known as the Devil ' s Advocate , who is assigned to critically question the virtues of anyone suggested for sainthood . The current system of beatification has been in place since 1983 , under an Apostolic constitution of Divinus Perfectionis Magister of Pope John Paul II . Candidates for sainthood must first be named Servant of God ( Servus Dei in Latin ) , and that person is named at least five years after his or her death by the bishop of the place where the person died . The diocese completes an exhaustive search of the candidate ' s writings , sermons , and speeches is undertaken , writes a detailed biography , and collects eyewitness testimony . If the prospective saint passes , permission is then granted for the body of the Servant of God to be exhumed and examined , to ensure that no superstitious or heretical worship of the individual has taken place . Venerable and Blessed The next status the candidate goes through is Venerable ( Venerabilis ) , in which the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints recommends to the pope that he proclaim the Servant of God " Heroic in Virtue , " meaning that he has exercised to a heroic degree the virtues of faith , hope , and charity . Venerables then make the step to Beatification or " Blessed , " when they are deemed " worthy of belief , " that is to say , that the church is certain that the individual is in heaven and saved . Finally , a Beatified individual may be canonized as a saint , if at least two miracles have been performed through the intercession of the individual after his or her death . Only then can the Rite of Canonization be performed by the Pope , when the Pople declares that the individual is with God and a worthy example of following Christ . Among the most recent people canonized include Popes John XXIII and John Paul II in 2014 , and Mother Teresa of Calcutta in 2016 . Canonized and Acclaimed Saints Most of the saints whom we refer to by that title ( for instance , St . Elizabeth Ann Seton or Pope Saint John Paul II ) have gone through this process of canonization . Others , such as Saint Paul and Saint Peter and the other apostles , and many of the saints from the first millennium of Christianity , received the title through acclamation โ the universal recognition of their holiness . Catholics believe that both types of saints ( canonized and acclaimed ) are already in Heaven , which is why one of the requirements for the canonization process is proof of miracles performed by the deceased Christian after his death . ( Such miracles , the Church teaches , are the result of the saint ' s intercession with God in heaven . ) Canonized saints can be venerated anywhere and prayed to publicly , and their lives are held up to Christians still struggling here on earth as examples to be imitated . Continue Reading | [
"Saint",
"Jesus Christ",
"Christian Faith"
] |
http://catholicleader.com.au/news/why-we-need-to-protect-the-reef_39808 | News National Why we need to protect the reef Why we need to protect the reef August 15 2004 By Staff writers MULTIcoloured fish iridescent corals and large predators in huge glass tanks surrounding Archbishop John Bathersby are a hint of the beauty and wonder that has moved Queenslands Catholic bishops to make a stand for the sake of creation Archbishop Bathersby was in that setting at Reef HQ in Townsville on August 6 to launch the bishops pastoral letter on the Great Barrier Reef The letter highlights the beauty of the reef and why we have a responsibility to care for it the threats to the reefs future the efforts being made to protect it and what more needs to be done The bishops have been sure to base their comments on a sound foundation pointing out that their letter draws on extensive research by the Australian Institute of Marine Science Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and James Cook University With its title Let the Many Coastlands be Glad taken from Psalm 97 Let the earth rejoice let many coastlands be glad before the Lord of all the earth the letter was written with the support of Catholic Earthcare Australias advisory council The document describes the reef as a sublime gift and blessing from God a vast network of complex systems that together are almost the size of Italy Relating their letter to Pope John Paul IIs call to ecological conversion for all Christians the bishops set this responsibility within the belief that the risen Christ is at the heart of creation and the web of life bringing all to its completion in God As the Catholic bishops of Queensland we have written this letter to emphasise our shared ecological responsibility for one of our greatest natural treasures the Great Barrier Reef the letter says Care for the environment and a keener ecological awareness have become key moral issues for the Christian conscience The Holy Spirit is clearly guiding us into a deeper sense of companionship and care in regard to all the varied forms of life on planet Earth Not only is the reef a precious ecosystem in itself but also an integral part of the one web of planetary life that connects us all the human species and all species of the land and sea rainforest and reef mountains plains and inland desert The bishops say that to adore the Creator of the universe with praise and thanksgiving to realise that all things have been made in Christ and find their connectedness in him Col 11518 is to become more sensitive to the wonder of creation They note that the Pope sees this growing concern for the health of the environment as one of the รฏsigns of hope that the Holy Spirit provides for our times Part of that hope are the many people who have been working towards the preservation of the Great Barrier Reef farmers pastoralists fishermen scientists environmental activists and ordinary citizens even young children In a poll taken in 2003 some 94 per cent of Australians declared that they wanted greater protection for the reef and 90 per cent of coastal Queenslanders indicated the same concern the bishops letter said They commended the Australian Government for increasing the protected area of the reef from 46 to 33 per cent and they said they hoped the Government would continue to financially support reef research and where necessary consider increasing the area of protection Acknowledging those who have had to make sacrifices for the sake of reef protection the bishops said many cane farmers pastoralists and agriculturalists had contributed significantly to changes in farming practices that limit soil erosion and runoff The majority of recreational and professional fishermen have collaborated closely with government agencies in developing new compliance regulations the bishops said We recognise that some people in the fishing industry have lost their traditional source of income because of the new conservation zones and that all Australians and their national and state governments need to generously respond to the sacrifices that have been made The implementation of new responsibilities is inevitably painful and some bear a disproportionate burden As pastors we are deeply concerned for the wellbeing of those people and wish to support them and their families in every way possible Continuing consultation with industry groups the renewable energy sector conservation groups government agencies and the communities most affected is imperative if genuine progress in the reef preservation project is to be maintained The bishops letter highlights the main threats to the reef The immediate threats are those of sediment runoff from the land sewage outflow deteriorating water quality and overfishing the letter says Next are the problems connected with climate change particularly coral bleaching and rising sea levels The threat to water quality stems from soil erosion resulting in nutrients and toxic chemicals pesticides herbicides and heavy metals flowing onto the reef through the many Queensland river systems These rivers now carry 10 times more silt than they did 100 years ago Silt smothers corals and prevents young corals from settling and recolonising the vacant reef space killing or weakening the coral so that it becomes susceptible to disease Without coral life the finely balanced reef ecosystem collapses Regrettably there are a number of examples around the world where this has already happened On this score the bishops congratulated the Queensland Government on its recent decision to radically reduce land clearing in the state On global warming the letter notes that scientists advise that the temperature of reef waters has increased 06 degrees centigrade in the past 100 years and is projected to rise by between 2 and 6 degrees over the next century Corals live in a very narrow envelope of thermal tolerance where temperatures only 1 degree centigrade above normal summer conditions cause them to stress bleach the letter says When exposed to these conditions over prolonged periods corals die Bleaching occurred across most of the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and in 2002 killing on some reefs up to 90 per cent of the coral Scientists warn that with climate change such events will become more frequent and more severe This has prompted the bishops to renew a call made by the Australian Catholic bishops and other Church leaders of the nation in 2002 for the Federal Government to ratify the United Nations Kyoto Protocol on climate change The Queensland bishops say this is a matter of urgency They also call on individuals to do their bit to prevent global warming by adjusting lifestyles to reduce greenhouse emissions We are living beyond our environmental capacity and we have to face the hard issues of radically changing our habits reducing our consumption of everything that is not renewable and reusing and recycling what we have In relation to the Popes call for ecological conversion the bishops said his particular message for people in this part of the world was that we have the special responsibility to assume on behalf of all humanity stewardship of the Pacific Ocean containing over half of the earths total supply of water The continued health of this and other oceans is crucial for the welfare of peoples not only in Oceania but in every part of the world the Pope has said The bishops said that although there had been successes over the protection of the Great Barrier Reef in the past 10 years Queenslanders can not afford to be complacent We must safeguard the Great Barrier Reef not only for ourselves but also for the generations to follow they said In another sense the reef belongs to the world and the world relies on us to exercise prudent and prophetic stewardship in ensuring its vitality fecundity beauty and biodiversity Responding to this sacred task with a sense of humility requires for many of us a candid examination of lifestyle choices a realisation that creation is sacred and endangered and a radical change of heart an ecological conversion tweet Previous CONNIE AND CARLA Next Archbishop keeps a promise Comments are closed | [
"the reef",
"large"
] |
http://catholicphilly.com/2018/10/news/national-news/lay-catholics-urged-to-channel-anger-at-church-abuse-crisis-to-reform/ | Lay Catholics urged to channel anger at church abuse crisis to reform Panelists are seen during an Oct 24 talk at Georgetown University in Washington on the abuse scandal in the church Pictured are Jesuit Father Jerry McGlone associate director for the Protection of Minors for the Conference of Major Superiors of Men Kerry Robinson founding executive director and global ambassador of the Leadership Roundtable John Carr director of the Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life at Georgetown Erica Lizza president of Catholic Women at Georgetown and Illinois Supreme Court Justice Anne Burke a former interim chair of the US bishops National Review Board CNS photocourtesy Georgetown University By Carol Zimmermann Catholic News Service Posted October 31 2018 WASHINGTON CNS Although the current sexual abuse crisis in the church is similar to what the church faced in 2002 when reports of past abuse and coverup came out of Boston how Catholics are responding this time is different As one panelist explained it during a recent discussion at Georgetown University the big difference between 2002 and 2018 is the cumulative effect of collective outrage Beyond echoes of anger and frustration from years ago many Catholics are demanding real change transparency with church leaders and more lay involvement particularly from women These views came across during the Oct 24 panel discussion at Georgetown University called A Path Forward on the Clerical Sexual Abuse Crisis sponsored by the universitys Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life The panelists and audience members a mix of older Catholics and Georgetown students spoke about their sense of betrayal and distrust of church leadership but they also stressed that they dont intend to walk away from their faith or the church they love The recent onslaught of allegations of past sexual abuse in the church and claims they were sometimes covered up hit Catholics that had already dealt with painful sexual abuse charges against its leaders more than a decade ago and for many young adult Catholics this has been the first time to fully take in these types of allegations These revelations also come in the midst of a societal MeToo movement calling out both sexual abuse and abuse of power The event at Georgetown Universitys Dahlgren Chapel was just a slice of the church at large but its panelists reflected varying degrees of frustration and optimism The panelists were a university student a priest who is a psychologist and has worked both with survivors and perpetrators of clerical sexual abuse a justice on the Supreme Court of Illinois who was interim chair 20022004 of the US Conference of Catholic Bishops National Review Board which monitors implementation of the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People and a director in an organization that promotes best practices and accountability in Justice Anne Burke who serves on the Illinois Supreme Court and was National Review Board interim chair starting in 2002 the year this group was formed said she has not seen much change in church leadership since her role at the cusp of the initial crisis And now with the increased number of dioceses receiving subpoenas to turn over their records she said I suspect there will be more and advised other dioceses to be proactive and hand over files instead of waiting to be required to do so Burke said she was not optimistic about future changes but she felt emboldened in her own faith in recent weeks and was further convinced that lay people need to take an active role in parish and diocesan boards Erica Lizza a 21yearold senior at Georgetown and president of the Catholic Women of Georgetown said she was in kindergarten during the 2002 church abuse crisis so she didnt know much about it and for her peers the current crisis has been the last straw for many of them to stay in the church For those like her who are staying she said Young people want change and they want it now She believes this can begin only after church leaders have their own examination of conscience and make small steps to show their concern For example she thinks her own university should take away the honorary degrees it gave to Archbishop Theodore E McCarrick as some other Catholic colleges have done Jesuit Father Jerry McGlone associate director for the protection of minors for the Conference of Major Superiors of Men spoke to the group as a survivor of clergy sexual abuse and said I stand with other survivors for you to know about our resilience He also acknowledged that the pain of this moment in the church is powerful to him and to all Catholics and said healing and recovery would only come about as part of a cultural change Kerry Robinson the founding executive director and global ambassador of the Leadership Roundtable a Washington group that promotes best practices and accountability on management in the US Catholic Church said her group has been working with Catholic leaders to put forth a blueprint for a way forward The issue she said is the abuse of children and vulnerable adults and the distrust of church leadership and both have to be addressed together But she said gatherings like this one where students in the questionandanswer session asked what they could do to help the church gave her hope Your generation demands that we be accountable you want it now she said to students Also the culture around us has changed The MeToo movement is a positive motivating force Lizza the college panelist said the anger so many have expressed about this church crisis is not a bad thing noting that Jesus got mad about moneychangers in the temple I dont think its wrong to follow his example and demand change she said to applause adding People are here demanding it John Carr the events moderator and director of the Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life joked that it took until the end of the discussion to to get to Jesus but he also reminded the group that even though there was a lot of discussion about where the church has gone wrong they should keep in mind that as a community of faith we are more than our failures He said that just as one of the panelists said she wasnt leaving her faith he wasnt leaving either Carr pointed out the good work the church does in ministry education service and defense of human dignity from the unborn to undocumented reminding everyone of whats been done and needs to continue We have a Gospel to preach he said the least of these to serve and a new generation to educate | [
"Lay Catholics",
"channel anger",
"church abuse"
] |
http://catlintucker.com/2014/08/common-core-explicit-vs-implicit-information/ | โ Build an Online Community to Complement Your in Class Community Suggested Edits : Editing Google Documents Just Got Easier ! โ Academic Vocabulary : Explicit vs . Implicit Information Posted on August 26 , 2014 by Catlin Tucker Words like โ explicit , โ โ implicit , โ and โ inference โ sound like a foreign language to most students , yet the Common Core expects students to โ read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it . โ Students must be able to identify both explicit and implicit information , so they can make inferences about what they read . The trick is designing fun activities to keep students engaged as they practice and apply these new skills ! Yesterday , I briefly described each term and had students record the definitions . Explicit โ clearly stated so there is no room for confusion or questions . Implicit โ implied or suggested , but not clearly stated . Inference โ a conclusion made based on both information / evidence and reasoning . To practice , I showed my students three movie trailers . I selected trailers for movies that target a teenage audience . Before we began , I explained that movie trailers attempt to balance explicit and implicit information . They reveal enough explicit information to give you a sense of the movie โ s premise , yet they rely on implicit information to capture their viewer โ s imaginations . If the movie trailer has been successful , the audience will be intrigued enough about the movie to pay to see it . Here is how I organized the lesson : Step 1 : We watched the upcoming Hunger Games : Mockingjay movie trailer . I encouraged students to note all of the explicit information presented in the trailer . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Step 2 : After the trailer , I gave my students a couple of minutes to quietly fill in any additional explicit information they learned . Then I asked them to brainstorm the implicit information revealed in the trailer . Step 3 : After jotting down a list of explicit and implicit information , they discussed their information in small groups of 3 or 4 . Then they made inferences about the movie based on the explicit and implicit information they gathered from the trailer . The group dynamic was great for sparking additional ideas ! Step 4 : After the groups made their inferences , we reconvened as a class . I asked groups to share the explicit and implicit information they generated , then invited them to share their inferences . Because their subject matter was a movie trailer , instead of a piece of literature , they were less intimidated ( less fearful of being wrong ) and more eager to share their ideas . We repeated this process with two more movie trailers ( The Fault in Our Stars and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ) . Extend & Apply to Literature After finishing our evaluations of the movie trailers , I asked students to apply these new terms to Harper Lee โ s novel , To Kill a Mockingbird , which we are currently reading . I asked students to crowdsource information from the first three chapters of the novel . I asked them to identify what they learned about the historical , social , economic , and political context of the novel . Each group collaborated for five minutes to generate a list of information . After they finished crowdsourcing their information , I asked each group to work together to go back through their lists and decide whether each piece of information was explicitly stated or implicitly suggested . After discussing each piece of information , they labeled it either โ explicit โ or โ implicit . โ This gave them a chance to take the practice they did with the movie trailers and apply it to the text we are currently reading . Finally , they also took that information and articulated specific inferences they were able to make about the novel based on their information . * Note : This extension activity would also work with an informational text . This entry was posted in Learning . Bookmark the permalink โ Build an Online Community to Complement Your in Class Community Suggested Edits : Editing Google Documents Just Got Easier ! โ | [
"Explicit",
"Implicit",
"Vocabulary"
] |
http://cats.about.com/od/reproduction/a/postnatal.htm | Kittens Cats Post - Natal Care of a Cat and Her Newborn Kittens Here are the problems to look for in new kittens By Franny Syufy Updated 09 / 22 / 18 Your cat has given birth to a litter of kittens . Now is the time for you to step in and help her care for them . But be very careful : your mother cat is fragile at this stage , and you could do more harm than good if you interfere as she gets used to her kittens . New Kitten Care The first two to three weeks are the most crucial for a mother cat and her newborn kittens . The kittens should be developing rapidly , and the mother will usually show symptoms of any postpartum problems by this time . Keep the mother cat and her babies in a quiet part of the house ; a separate room is ideal , and make sure the room is warm enough . Chilling is one of the most critical dangers to newborn kittens . Let the mother cat set the pace for your attention . If she is a longtime companion and resident , she may welcome your visits . A rescued stray or fostered cat may prefer that you stay away for the most part . As long as the kittens are nursing frequently and appear to be thriving , they will be OK . Use a large enough box to comfortably hold the mother cat and her kittens . Stack clean towels to line it . The towels will become soiled quickly as the kittens defecate and it will be easy to remove the top towel to reveal a clean layer . Keep the mother cat ' s litter box , food , and water bowls close by , and continue to feed her a high quality canned kitten food , supplemented with KMR ( Kitten Milk Replacement ) . Health Threats to Kittens Health problems in young kittens fall into three categories : infectious diseases , such as respiratory infections , diseases caused by parasites , and certain congenital diseases . Of the latter , one of the most well - known by people involved in rescue and fostering is Fading Kitten Syndrome . ] This condition , which may have multiple causes , occurs when a kitten fails to thrive . If you notice one of the kittens in the new litter sleeping a lot more than its siblings , and is generally lethargic , these may be signs of FKS , which requires immediate attention from a veterinarian who specializes in kittens . Elimination For the first three weeks , the mother cat will lick each kitten around the abdomen and anal area after nursing to encourage elimination of waste . In her absence , this task would be yours and would be accomplished with a warm , damp washcloth . Development of Newborn Kittens Their eyes will start opening within three days . The umbilical cord will also fall off within this time . Their nervous systems are not fully developed and you will see them twitching during sleep . This is entirely normal and indicates the development of their nervous system and muscles . The kittens will start crawling around and by two weeks they will be attempting to stand . Their teeth will be starting to come in during this time . You will be able to feel tiny nubs . By three weeks the kittens will start walking around and actively playing . They can be introduced to wet food at this time , supplemented with KMR , although they still will be actively nursing . They may also be introduced to the litter box at this age , with the caveat to avoid clumping clay litter . We recommend World ' s Best Cat Litter or any other premium non - clay litter . The Vet Well - Check After the first week , take the mother cat and kittens to your veterinarian for a well - check . If she was not vaccinated , this will be a good time to do so . Also , she should probably be given medication for roundworms , to protect both the mother cat and her kittens . Of course , if she or the kittens show any symptoms of problems before a week elapses , take them to the vet immediately . Potential Problems for a New Mother Cat There are a few conditions to look out for in the new mother cat . Mastitis is an infection of the mammary glands , which occurs when the mother cat ' s milk production is heavy and milk is retained . The teats become swollen and hot , with " bruising " apparent , and the mother cat may refuse to allow the kittens to nurse . Mastitis is a veterinary emergency , and the kittens may need to be hand - fed until the mother cat has recovered . Hypocalcemia , also known as " milk fever , " is rare in cats , and is caused by lack of calcium during pregnancy and nursing . Symptoms include seizures , staggering , muscle tremors , restlessness , and excessive panting . Hypocalcemia is also a veterinary emergency . The kittens will need to be fed by hand until the mother is recovered . Endometritis is a serious infection of the uterus and is also a veterinary emergency . Although the mother cat will have normal vaginal drainage after birthing her kittens , a foul - smelling discharge is a red flag . Other symptoms include lethargy , fever , and loss of milk production . The mother cat may have to be hospitalized for treatment , and emergency spaying may be indicated at this time . Again , it will fall to you to feed and care for the kittens in this case , with either the Kitten Glop or KMR . In all likelihood , none of these problems will occur , and your mother cat and her newborn kittens will thrive . | [
"Post-Natal Care",
"Health Threats to Kittens",
"The Vet Well-Check"
] |
http://cats.lovetoknow.com/cat-health-health-problems/safe-laxatives-cats | 6 Safe Laxatives for Cats By Kelly Roper LoveToKnow Editor and Cat Fancier Source Constipation can become a serious and painful condition for any animal , so it ' s important to be aware of the best cat laxatives you can use to help your pet . The following laxatives are approved for felines , but you should consult your vet right away if your cat appears to be in distress . Stimulant Laxatives for Cats Stimulant laxatives are typically used to lubricate the digestive tract so it ' s easier for the cat to pass a stool . This type of laxative is typically used when hairballs lead to constipation Sentry HC Petromalt Sentry HC Petromalt uses a combination of mineral oil , petrolatum , glycerin , and other ingredients to break up hairballs and lubricate the digestive tract . This product also contains corn syrup , so it may not be appropriate for cats that are allergic to corn or have diabetes Lax ' aire Lax ' aire contains petrolatum to lubricate the intestinal tract and cod liver oil to act as a laxative . Additional ingredients include soybean oil and peptonized iron . Cats tend to like the taste of the cod liver oil , so it ' s easy to administer . Laxatone Laxatone Laxative for Cats Source Laxatone is an over - the - counter product that ' s especially useful for treating constipation caused by ingesting fur . The tuna , catnip , and malt - flavored varieties of this laxative contain a combination of white petroleum USP , light mineral oil , and soybean oil , among other ingredients , to relieve constipation . Cat owners who prefer to avoid giving their cats petroleum products may prefer Laxatone Natural . This formula contains soybean , vegetable , cod liver , and flaxseed oils , as well as beeswax to lubricate and ease constipation . Bulk - Forming Laxatives for Cats Bulk - forming laxatives absorb water and help soften dry , hard feces so they pass easier . The extra bulk also helps the cat pass stools more often , which keeps him regular and lowers the chance of becoming constipated . Lactulose Lactulose is a prescription liquid laxative that softens stools . It ' s often used to treat cats that suffer from megacolon , and it lessens complications from certain types of liver disease . Metamucil for Cats According to WebMD , it ' s safe to use Metamucil for cats and is especially useful for cats that suffer from frequent constipation . The site recommends adding one teaspoon per day to wet cat food , and that you can keep your cat on this regimen indefinitely without causing a problem . However , you should make sure your cat also has plenty of fresh water available when taking this laxative . Metamucil is readily available at any pharmacy department . Vetasyl Vetasyl is an over - the - counter constipation remedy that contains a combination of psyllium seed husks and barley malt extract powder . It ' s a very natural product that does n ' t contain any additional chemicals or preservatives . Like Metamucil , Vetasyl is sprinkled over wet cat food , and your cat should have a constant supply of fresh water in order for the laxative to work properly . Check the Ingredients and Consult Your Vet As with anything else you ' d feed your cat , read the ingredients label to make sure the laxative you choose does n ' t contain anything you know your cat is allergic to . Constipation can be uncomfortable at its mildest and life threatening at its worst , so call your vet to discuss using a laxative , and get his or her expert opinion whether this is the right treatment for your pet . 7 View comments Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Ann MacDonald โข 4 years ago I had a vet recommend canned pumpkin for a constipated cat - - it is very high fiber and a lot of cats do n ' t mind the flavor . jennycap โข 2 years ago My cat would n ' t eat it - maybe I put too much in the plate of wet food ? ? ? Merla โข 2 years ago My vet rec Peglyte for my senior cat for constipation . Now she quit eating when I put just a sprinkle in her food . Does it cause nausea and loss of appetite in cats ? DebbieVasen Does she eat her food without the medicine . It might be the taste of the medicine too . Guest โข 3 years ago DebbieVasen โข 3 years ago Yes , you can try it . Let us know if that works ! Debra Obinna My vet just recommended this when I took my female in for an anal gland expression and the gland became abscessed . I was told the Metamucil will help push out the build up in the glands to avoid them from becoming impacted . I use ground flax seed in my protein smoothies . Would anyone know if this would be equally as safe or dangerously to be avoided ? Thank you in advance for any help you can offer me . Clare Deming Hello Debra , Metamucil and canned pumpkin are both commonly used in cats with bowel problems or constipation . These can bulk up the stool to help the anal glands empty normally , as you mentioned . I ' ve never heard of using ground flax seed for this purpose and I do n ' t know that it would be helpful . It does contain some fiber , but also has fatty acids in it . I do n ' t think this would be harmful to a cat , but I have no information on anyone trying to use it . I hope this was helpful ! | [
"Cat Health and Health Problems",
"Laxatives for Cats",
"Constipation"
] |
http://catsatcards.com/Games/ContractRummy.html | How To Play Contract Rummy Contract Rummy also commonly known as Liverpool Rummy and Pinochle Rummy is a rummy style game with a specific , set number of deals per game . During each of these deals , players attempt to obtain a specific combination of melds . Contract Rummy can be played with from 3 to 8 players . The number of decks used in the game is dependent on the number of participating players : With three or four players , the game should be played with two standard 52 card decks . In addition one joker is added for a total of 105 cards . For five to eight players , three regular 52 card decks should be used , plus the addition of two jokers . The rank of the cards in Contract Rummy is as follows ( A , K , Q , J , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , A ) . The aces ( A ) can be considered either high or low ( being the lowest card before the Deuce or the highest card after the King ) . For purposes of scoring each card has a specific point value . Aces and wild cards ( Jokers ) score 15 points each . Kings , Queens and Jacks are 10 points each and all other numbered cards ( 2 through 10 ) are worth their numerical value . To determine which player is to be the first dealer , each player should draw a card from the face down deck . The player whom draws the lowest card is the first dealer . For purposes of this draw the ace is considered low . For the next hand , and each one thereafter until the end of the game , the deal rotates clockwise from player to player around the table . Once the dealer is selected he shuffles the deck and the player to the dealers immediate left should cut the cards . The dealer then starts by dealing one face - down card to each player , starting at the player to his left and continuing in a clockwise direction until each player ( including himself ) has the requisite number of cards for this deal ( see below ) . Once the initial hands are dealt , the dealer places the remainder of the deck in the center of the table face down as the stock pile . He In Contract Rummy players will attempt to meld cards to the center of the table in either groups or sequences in an effort to be the first to play all of their cards : - A group is 3 or more cards of the exact same rank , regardless of suit . i.e. 4 threes or 3 Jacks . - A sequence in Contract Rummy is 4 or more cards of the same suit that are in contiguous sequence . For instance , a player might meld the 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 of diamonds ( โฆ ) . Jokers are considered wild cards and can be used to replace any other single card in a sequence or a group . A game of Contract Rummy consists of exactly seven deals . What makes this game unique , is that during each of these deals , the players first meld must constrain to a very specific requirement . The specific first meld requirements as well as the number of cards dealt in that hand to each player are shown in the following table : Deal Number Number of Cards in Hand Meld Requirements 1 10 Two Groups 2 10 One Group and One Sequence 3 Two Sequences 4 Three Groups 5 12 Two Groups and One Sequence 6 12 One Group and Two Sequences 7 Three Sequences When fulfilling an initial meld requirement of two or more sequences , these sequences must be separate sequences . It can not be one long sequence simply divided into two or three shorter ones . In other words , there must be a gap of at least one missing card between each sequence . An Ace may be melded as either high or low in a sequence , but the sequence can not roll over or go " round the corner " ( i.e. a sequence containing a 2 would have the 2 as either the lowest or highest card in that particular sequence ) . Thus , a long sequence could possibly contain two aces , one at each end although it may not contain any other duplicate cards ( other than possibly jokers , as appropriate ) . An example of a possible meld in the Seventh hand in the game of Contract Rummy The player to the immediate left of the dealer is the first to play . His turn , and each subsequent turn by each player consists of several things . First , the player decides if he wants to take the top , face - up card of the discard pile . If he opts to take this card he immediately adds it to his hand . If , however , he chooses not to take this card , he must indicate this and each other player , in the order of their regular turns , has the option to take this card . If any player , in this way , does take this card out of their regular turn , they must also immediately take the top card A player may not lay down any melds or lay off cards on other players melds until he plays the entire initial meld contract requirement for the deal on the table in front of himself . When laying down this initial meld , he must meld the required meld down exactly , no more or no less cards can be played when playing this original meld . Once a player has laid down this required initial meld , he may not meld any other entire melds , but may add to any melds already on the table ( either his When a player has no more cards after discarding at the end of the turn ( or playing all his cards on the seventh hand ) the hand immediately ends and scores are totaled for each player . Jokers : When a joker is played on the table , the individual playing the card must state what this card is to represent . If a player , on their proper turn , has the natural card for which the joker represents in their hand , they may replace the joker from the table with the natural card from their hand , taking the Joker into their hand . In order to make this exchange , however , the player must have already on this hand , played to the table the initial meld for the hand . This Joker Scoring and Winning the Game Once one player plays his last card the hand immediately ends and the hand is scored . The cards remaining in each of the other players ' hands is then added to that players score as per the scoring values given above . After the completion of the seventh hand , all the players scores are totaled and the player with the lowest score is declared the winner of the game . If the stock pile is exhausted before any player has won the deal , the discard pile ( all but it ' s top card ) should be shuffled together by the original dealer and placed face down to start a new stock pile . Variations of Contract Rummy Twos Wild : In this version of the game , not only are the added jokers wild , but the deuces ( 2 ' s ) are wild cards as well . For scoring purposes , each 2 is scored as a joker at 15 points each . Any additional wild cards used however , can not be exchanged for its ' natural replacement card as can actual Jokers . Progressive Rummy : Progressive Rummy is played very similarly to Contract Rummy . The main differences are in the number of cards dealt in each of the seven deals . The first deal starts with 6 cards dealt , the second deal 7 cards are dealt , and so on until the 7th deal where 12 cards are dealt . The initial meld requirements are the same as in standard contact rummy . The player generally completes the hand by playing all his cards to the table to meet the contract , as he will usually not have any additional cards in King Rummy : This is a version of Contract Rummy that is specifically for four players . King Rummy is played with two standard 52 card decks , along with four jokers . This game follows the same rules as Contract Rummy , described above , however , each hand consists of only four deals with the following initial meld requirements : Deal Number Initial Meld Requirement 1 One Group and One Sequence 2 Three Groups 3 Two Sequences 4 Two Groups and One Sequence Each hand consists of 10 cards dealt to each player . As in standard Contract Rummy a sequence must consist of four or more cards . When playing their initial , required melds , a player can also add additional cards to these melds . However , on the fourth and last hand , the initial meld must contain exactly ten cards , which is the players entire hand . When any player melds a joker to the table , all other players immediately have the opportunity to replace this joker with the actual natural card it represents . The player will add the joker into their hand and place the natural replacement card in its place . If multiple players are able and want to do this , the player closest to being next in turn is given the first opportunity to do this . After this exchange occurs , the original player continues their turn as normal . The scoring in King Rummy is similar to the standard game : Jokers count 25 points each Aces are 15 points each Court cards ( Kings , Queens and Jacks ) are 10 points each All other cards count their face value Shanghai Rummy : Shanghai rummy is another variation that is very similar to the basic game of Contract Rummy . The game is played identically , except for the following differences : Ten deals make up a complete game . On each deal , each player is dealt 11 cards . The initial meld contracts are a bit different than in Contract Rummy . The contracts for Shanghai rummy are as follows : Meld Requirements Two Groups consisting of three cards each One Group of 3 cards and One Sequence of 4 cards Two groups consisting of 4 cards each One group of 3 cards and 1 Sequence of 5 cards 5 Three groups of 3 cards each 6 One Group of 3 cards and one Sequence of 7 cards 7 Three Sequences of 4 cards each 8 One group of 3 cards and one sequence of 10 cards 9 Three Groups of 3 cards and one Sequence of 5 cards Three Sequences of 5 cards In addition to Jokers , twos are also considered wild cards . The number of wild cards allowed in a required meld is dependent on the type and length of the meld . This can be summarized in the following chart : Meld Type Number Allowed Group of 3 Group of 4 Sequence of 4 Sequence of 5 Sequence of 7 Sequence of 10 Aces are always considered high cards . They can only be played after a King in a sequence meld . All wild cards are worth 20 points when totaling scores . A long singular run can be split into two shorter runs without the need of a gap . This might be done in order to fulfill a contract initial meld requirement of two or more sequences . Each sequence would still need to contain at least four cards however . Buy rule Players can " Buy " the top card of the discard pile on another players turn in the game of Shanghai Rummy A player is limited to taking the discard pile when it is another players turn a certain number of times per deal dependent on which of the 10 deals is currently being played ( see below ) . To do this , when it is another players turn to draw another player would state " Buy It " . He must state this before the current player actually draws the card . If two or more players want to " buy " this card , the player who first states " Buy It " gets the privilege . In the first 9 deals of the game each player is allowed 3 " buys " . In the last deal of the game , a player is allowed 4 such " buys " . This is called " buying " the card . As in the standard game of Contract Rummy , the player must still also take an additional card from the stock pile when " buying " the card without discarding at the time . In the later deals of the game , it can be seen that the number of cards required to meld for fulfillment Garbage Rummy : The cats encountered this game some years ago but never afterwards found published rules for the game . After a thorough search , a few listings were found , so it seems although Garbage Rummy is a rare game , it is still played . It is a great variation of Rummy , featuring the differing contacts through a variable number of hands . As in other , similar forms of Contract Rummy , Garbage rummy has a number of separate contracts in which a player must complete before winning . However , as opposed to standard Contract Rummy , each player may be striving for a different such contract depending on how may previous meld contracts they have previously fulfilled . This game uses two standard 52 card decks shuffled together plus four Jokers . The traditional ranking of the card denominations is used in this game as follows ( from high to low ) ; Ace , King , Queen , Jack After determination of first dealer and seating positions , the dealer will then begin the deal . In a feature borrowed from other games such as six pack Bezique , the dealer attempts to pull off the exact number of cards from the stock as required for the deal . This would equate to 10 cards for each player plus 1 extra dealt to the first player . If the dealer is able to do this , he instantly is able to reduce his current score by 50 points . The dealer would then deal the cards in a clockwise rotation . All participants would receive 10 face down cards except the player to the immediate left of the dealer who receives a total of 11 . He then places the stock in the center of the table and play begins . The first player to the immediate left of the dealer takes the first turn . Since he was dealt one extra card , his turn consists of melding ( if able ) and then discarding any card from his hand . After this first player takes his turn , each subsequent turn during the hand consists of a player drawing a card ( either the exposed top card of the discard pile or the top card of the draw pile ) , melding if able and then discarding one card to the discard pile . The final goal of each player is to complete all 11 of the following meld requirements over the course of a series of hands . The first player to have achieved each goal , in order , in a separate hand is declared the game winner . The following chart shows the entire list of goals a player must complete : Order Meld Requirement 2 sets of 3 cards each 2 runs of 3 cards each 1 set of 3 cards , 1 run of 4 cards 2 sets of 4 cards each 1 set of 3 cards , 1 run of 5 cards 3 sets of 3 cards each 1 run of 7 cards 8 1 set of 3 cards , 1 run of 6 cards 9 2 runs of 4 cards each 2 sets of 5 cards each 11 1 run of 11 cards The four Jokers are considered wild cards and can be used as a replacement for any other card of the players choosing . If a player later during the hand obtains the actual card the Joker represents in their exposed meld , they may substitute the card during their turn and use the Joker to extend or create a new meld . The game ends at such time as one player manages to complete all 11 meld requirements . This player subtracts 100 points from his score for the feat . All the scores are then calculated and the player with the lowest score is declared the winner . When a player completes his goal for the hand , he may then meld the cards making up that goal to the table . After making this meld , he may then create additional melds and lay cards off on melds of other players or his own . When any player melds or Card Point Value 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 10 , Jack , Queen , King Ace 15 Joker 20 If a player was unable to complete his last meld requirement in the last hand , he must again attempt this during the current hand . Once accomplishing a specific meld requirement in a hand ( even if he is not the winner of that hand ) he can then move to the next requirement in the next hand of play . A player must actually make the required meld to the table , as cards in the hand but not melded are not regarded as valid melds . A players turn consists of drawing a card , making any South African Kaluki : A variation of Contract Rummy which is very popular in South Africa is the game South African Kaluki . Although sharing some resemblance to the game Caloochi ( described in the " Rummy " section ) and a similar name , this game more closely resembles Contract Rummy and is thus described here . This game is designed for three to five players . It uses two standard 52 card decks along with four Jokers . The ranking of cards in the deck is as in other Rummy type games ( from high to low ) : Ace , King , Queen , Jack , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , Ace . Aces can be considered high or low in this game , and can thus appear , as appropriate as the top or bottom card of a run . Jokers Card Point Value 2 to 10 Value marked on card King , Queen , Jack Ace 11 Joker 25 Seating positions and the first dealer are determined in a special method in this game . For each player a specific card is taken from the regular deck . These cards are one each of the following ; Ace , King , Queen , Jack and 10 . This small packet is then shuffled face down and one card dealt to each player . Whoever receives the Ace is the first dealer and has first choice of seating positions at the table . The player who receives the King sits to the dealers immediate left , the player receiving the Once all players have been seated , the dealer then shuffles the deck and the player at his right cuts the deck . The player who cuts should look at the bottom card of the cut pack . If this card is a Joker , that player has the option to keep it and will add it to his hand when the cards are dealt . After the cut the dealer then deals out 13 card hands , one at a time in a clockwise rotation around the table . If the cutter cut and kept the Joker , that On his turn , a player draws either the top face - up card of the discard pile or the top face - down card of the stock pile . He may meld if he can and wants to , and then finishes his hand by discarding one card face up on the top of the discard pile . There are two types of legal melds used in South African Kaluki : Run A run in this game consists of three or more consecutively ranked cards in the same suit . Group A group in South African Kaluki is three or more cards all of the same rank but in different suits . Because of this suit stipulation , the maximum size of any run would thus be four cards . As in most other games of the Contract Rummy family , this game is played out in a set number of hands , in this case seven . The specific melding requirements for each hand and the order are as per the following chart : Hand Melding Requirement All cards must be melded at the same time . Any combination of legal melds is allowed . The player may meld 11 cards or meld 10 and discard their last . No other players may lay off any cards when a player goes out . This is called Blitz . A player must meld one group of three of a kind A player must meld one run of three cards The player must meld one run of three cards and one group of three cards A run of four cards in the same suit The player must meld one group of four of a kind One run of five cards Except for the first hand , a player ' s first meld of each hand must consist of exactly the melding requirement for that hand , no less and no more . On subsequent melds he may meld any number of legal melds , as able . After making his initial meld , on later turns , a player may also add cards to his own or other players melds on the table . As mentioned previously , the Jokers are wild cards and can be used to represent any other card in the deck . If a player , There are a few stipulations on the play of Jokers during the game . First and foremost , when a player is playing a Joker he must state exactly what missing card the Joker is set to represent . On rounds 2 to 7 only one Joker can ever be used in a players initial meld . Also , on all rounds except 1 and 6 , a Joker can only be used to represent a replacement for a card in which there is only one unplayed card that could be used to reclaim it . Thus , one or If the deck runs out during play of the hand , all but the top card of the discard pile is shuffled together and turned over to make a new stock pile . Another unique feature of this game is the concept of buying a card . This occurs when a player would prefer to add the current discard to his hand , but it is not currently his turn . In this circumstance , a player may have the option to buy the card . He may only do this if the actual player whose turn it is does not want the card . The opportunity to buy a card then proceeds in a clockwise rotation around the table from the player whose current turn it is . If any player except The player whose actual turn it is , takes the discard pile as his draw . The player with the right to buy the card then takes the discard and also must draw one card from the stock . The game then continues as normal with the player whose turn it originally was , who may then meld and discard to finish his turn . Note that the player who bought the card will now have taken an extra card . This is expected , and will require that player to be able to also meld an extra card during the round . A player may buy a maximum of four cards in any given hand . After all seven rounds have been completed , the player with the lowest grand total is declared the winner of the game . Russian Rummy : Russian Rummy is a form of Contract Rummy which seems to have modified over time . It seems to have originated in Russia and spread to other locations . It features many exciting features of various other forms of Contract Rummy . Russian Rummy is designed to be played by 2 to 8 players . The number of decks used is directly dependent on the number of participants in the game . The following chart shows the decks required for differing numbers of players : Number of Players Decks Required 3 , 4 5 , 6 7 , 8 Each deck used consists of one standard 52 card deck plus two Jokers . The ranking of the cards in the deck used for this game is as follows ( from high to low ) ; Ace , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , Jack , Queen , King . Each Joker is a wild card and can be used to replace any other card when used in a meld . Determination of first dealer and seating positions can be done using any method , with drawing for high card being quite common . Once determined the dealer then thoroughly shuffles the deck and deals 13 face - down cards to each player , one by one in a clockwise direction starting with the player to his immediate left . After dealing the requisite cards to each player he then places the remainder of the deck in a face - down pile in the center of the table as the stock pile . Lastly , he takes the top card of The objective of each hand is to be the first player to manage to meld all his cards on the table in legal melds . As in most forms of Contract Rummy , however , this objects is complicated by the fact that a player may not make any melds to the table until he is able to make the meld requirement for the hand . Russian Rummy consists of 5 such hands , each with its own required melds . The following table shows the meld requirements for each of these five hands : Round Melding Requirement 2 Sets 1 Sequence 2 Sets and 1 Sequence 3 Sets 1 Set and 2 Sequences The valid meld types in Russian Rummy are as follows : Set : A set in Russian Rummy is 3 or more cards of the same denomination . Suit is irrelevant in a Set . Sequence : A sequence ( also called a Straight ) is 4 or more cards in sequential order , all of the same suit . The player to the dealer ' s immediate left has the first turn and the turns rotate around the table in a clock - wise rotation . To begin his turn , each player draws a card . He may either draw the top card of the stock into his hand or take the top face - up card of the discard pile . After drawing the player then selects any card as a discard from his hand . He places this card face - up on the top of the discard pile . The turn then rotates to the Once a player melds or discards his last card at the end of a turn , the hand instantly ends . The remaining players must then add to their current cumulative score based on the cards remaining in their hand . Cards the player has previously melded on the table do not add to this score , only all cards remaining in the hand . The following shows the scoring value for each card in the deck : Scoring Value Jokers 25 15 King , Queen , Jack 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 After all five hands have been completed , the player with the lowest grand total is declared the winner of the game . Copyright ยฉ 2015 - 2019 CatsAtCards . com . All rights reserved . Main Site Map Glossary Copyright Page | [
"Contract Rummy",
"Liverpool Rummy",
"Shanghai rummy"
] |
http://catsmusical.wikia.com/wiki/Jemima | in : Queens Characters Jemima Edit Comments ( 17 ) Share Jemima Character Also Known As Sillabub Mjau Sylvani Markings Tabby and White Gender Female Age Kitten Three Words Dreamy , Yearning , Curious Performers OLC Film Sarah Brightman Veerle Casteleyn is a supporting character in Cats . Jemima first appeared in the Original London production . Her role is sometimes re - named Sillabub to avoid supposed racist connotations in North America . She is the youngest member of the tribe , and is seen to represent the innocence , emotion and playfulness of Cats Contents show Personality Dreamy , Yearning , Curious Three Words Jemima is sweet , affectionate , innocent , intuitive , mystical , and possibly telepathic . She is possibly the youngest kitten in the tribe and shows compassion for others around her . Jemima is very friendly and welcoming , as well as playful . She is known for her high , clear soprano . Jemima is also shown to demonstrate a deep sense of empathy and understanding , as she is selected by Old Deuteronomy to relay the message of Happiness halfway through the show . She is attracted to the Rum Tum Tugger and is part of his fan club . Role Very good dancer . Young looking and not taller than 5 ' 4 . Very good head voice , with clear and youthful tones . Confident to F . Casting Calls Jemima participates in dances with the other cats but is often seen with cats such as Victoria - especially when swooning over the Rum Tum Tugger . She is also shown interacting with Jennyanydots , and hides behind Skimbleshanks during Grizabella ' s first entrance . During " Moments of Happiness " , Old Deuteronomy channels his mystical understanding through Coricopat and Tantomile , to Jemima who sings a reprise of " Memory " . She is one of the kittens who , in her innocence and with empathy , reaches out to Grizabella - her attempt at contact being stopped by one of the older cats , although she later sings a duet with Grizabella in Memory . Mistoffelees is also seen smiling at her and handing her the rainbow - filled cup . In some productions , she is included in a magic trick . Japan Production The Japanese production of Cats includes both Jemima and Sillabub , with the role that is typically either Jeimima or Sillabub split between the two characters . Jemima is featured as one of the Gumbie Trio ( with Jellylorum and Cassandra ) and sings the " Moonlight " refrain ; Sillabub is the youngest kitten and sings " Memory " with Grizabella . The Japanese Jemima is clearly a Calico with black and orange patches on a white base , as a stylistic development from the original John Napier design . Chorus / Swing Jemima Some productions , notably Australian based , include both Sillabub and Jemima . In these instances , it is Sillabub who is the soloist who sings in Memory , and Jemima is a less prominent ensemble dancer . Whilst her appearance has changed over time , more recent productions have given her a consistent chorus appearance seeming to be a cross between the original Jemima " almost Jemima " kitten designs . Appearance Jemima has a reddish maroon / brown coat with a white chest and a spiked collar . Her markings do not strongly relate to any real cat markings , beyond having a white bib and dark body , but she could be viewed as a dark tabby or Tortie . Her wig is often styled into spunky red - black - and - white spikes . In recent productions , since the Palladium revamp , her wig is of a dull brown color and more wild . She is one for the few cats who wear gloves instead of arm Since about 2000 , the London / video costume designs have become more common in worldwide productions , however the characters have not been re - named to align with the designs . This has led to the reddish brown Jemima design being named Sillabub in more recent productions . Behind the Scenes Andrew Lloyd Webber has said that originally they wanted one actress who was both the beautiful solo dancer that is Victoria , and the sweet - voiced soprano that is Jemima . However when they could n ' t cast a strong enough dancer with a strong enough voice , the concept of the female kitten was split into the two roles . Jemima is often symbolized to portray the playfulness and curiosity of the show . Victoria and Jemima are often put together and perform at showcases to represent the two sides of the show ; Victoria standing for grace , beauty , and elegance , and Jemima standing for innocence , emotion and playfulness . She is featured in many advertisements for both the video and the show . Jemima sang at the 2014 CATS Press Launch at the London Palladium , singing her solo as the first act before the other Jellicles come in . Andrew Lloyd Webber ' s Sarah Brightman , portrayed Jemima originally , and would go on to perform soprano roles such as Christine in Phantom of the Opera . Gallery Jemima , London Jemima , Japan 1996 London Palladium 2014 Jemima ' s Solos Veerle Casteleyn 1998 - 0 All of Jemima ' s solos in the 1998 movie . Jemima - Veerle Casteleyn . Fandom For fandom headcanons and theories , CLICK HERE Categories Queens Characters | [
"Jemima",
"Original London production",
"Sillabub"
] |
http://cattletoday.com/archive/2002/December/CT245.shtml | FEED AND SUPPLEMENT OPTIONS FOR CATTLE ARE UNLIMITED by : Stephen B . Blezinger Ph . D , PAS Part 1 Anyone who produces cattle is aware that the options available for feeding and supplementing cattle can seem virtually unlimited . Many producers , however , commonly take for granted that everything we feed to cattle has to revolve around some combination of corn or milo , soybean meal or cottonseed meal . Over the next few issues we ' ll take an extended view of a number of the other commodities or feed ingredients that can be used alone or in combination as a source of nutrients for cattle . Let ' s take a comparative look at a number of the ingredients common to cattle feeding . Table 1 . illustrates some average protein and energy values of several feedstuffs . Soybean Hulls One very common feed ingredient commonly used in feeding and supplementation is soybean hulls . Soyhulls are by - products of soybean processing and are an excellent source of digestible fiber and energy . Let ' s consider some information concerning soyhulls . Two areas of considerable potential for using the high - fiber by - product feeds , such as soybean hulls , corn gluten feed , and wheat midds , are to replace hay during the winter for cows or enhance performance of backgrounded calves being fed forage - based diets . Considerable research has been reported demonstrating the high nutritive value of these feedstuffs to ruminants . As mentioned , soybean hulls are a by - product of soybean processing for oil and meal production . Typically soybean hulls do not require special processing to feed . However , soybean hulls have urease ( an enzyme ) activity which can be a problem in rations containing urea . Heat treatment destroys the urease activity . Soybean hulls which have been heat treated are referred to as soybean mill run , soybean flakes or soybran flakes . AS A SOURCE OF FIBER : A number of researchers have conducted winter feeding experiments to determine the feasibility of using soybean hulls instead of hay as a winter feed . In one study , cows were grazed on stockpiled tall fescue and fed hay ( tall fescue ) ad - libitum when pasture became limiting . Feeding 4 pounds of soybean hulls from December through March saved approximately 625 pounds of hay per cow and less body weight loss ( 13 pounds ) than feeding hay only ( 86 pounds ) . Estimating hay costs at $ 80 per ton and soybean hull costs ( AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY : Other work has been done using soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in steers maintained on forage - based diets . In one study steers were maintained on tall fescue . One set of steers were fed 4 pounds of soybean hulls and another set was fed 4 pounds of corn while on grass . A third set of steers received no supplement . The steers gained similarly on soybean hulls and corn ( 2 pounds per day gain ) , with both being greater than the gain of steers that were not supplemented ( 1.5 pounds per day FEEDING : Soyhulls are fed in whole , ground , or pelleted forms . One disadvantage of whole or ground soyhulls is that they are light weight and have a tendency to blow in commodity barns or when loading feed in windy conditions . Corn Gluten Feed Corn gluten feed is a byproduct of the wet milling process . Wet milling separates the corn kernel into starch , oil , protein , and bran . Corn gluten feed is not to be confused with corn gluten meal . Corn gluten meal has two times the protein content of corn gluten feed . Also the protein in corn gluten feed is degraded relatively rapidly in the rumen versus the protein of corn gluten meal is degraded relatively slowly ( more by - pass potential ) . Corn gluten feed , after processing , starts in a wet form . Wet corn gluten feed has some nutritional advantages over dry corn gluten feed but the dry product is easier to handle . Wet corn gluten feed has a bunk life of a few days in summer and one to two weeks in winter . Because of bunk life and transportation costs , wet corn gluten feed is only an option to producers that are in relative close proximity of the milling plant . Crude protein values have range from 17 percent to 26 percent and fat content has ranges from 1 to 7 percent . Therefore , regular feed testing is recommended or buy corn gluten feed that has a guaranteed analysis . This is true of most by - product feeds . The concentration of crude protein is about as twice as high in corn gluten feed as it is in corn grain . Corn gluten feed is low in calcium but has significant amounts of phosphorus . The calcium to phosphorus ratio is about 1 : 10 . The desired ratio of feeding cattle is a minimum of 1.5 - 2 to 1 calcium to phosphorus . Therefore , corn gluten feed fed at high levels without calcium supplementation could result in urinary calculi problems . It is necessary to feed calcium levels above NRC minimum requirements if more than 1 CORN GLUTEN FEED AS A PROTEIN SOURCE : Gluten feed can be used in products formulated to meet the protein requirements of beef cattle . When the diets are similar in energy , corn gluten feed is approximately equal to soybean meal as a protein source . Therefore , if soybean meal ( 44 percent crude protein ) is worth $ 200 / ton , then dried corn gluten feed would be worth about $ 84 / ton as a protein source . However , quality of amino acid content is lower for corn gluten feed than soybean meal . CORN GLUTEN FEED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE : Corn grain has a higher energy content than corn gluten feed . However , corn gluten feed may be equal to corn as an energy supplement in forage - based diets . Corn grain can depress forage ( fiber ) digestibility , where as , corn gluten feed does not appear to depress fiber digestibility IN SIMILAR FEEDING CIRCUMSTANCES In low silage diets ( 10 percent silage ) , wet corn gluten feed has an energy value of 95 percent of corn and dry corn gluten feed has an energy value of about 86 percent of corn . In medium silage diets ( 40 percent corn silage ) , dry corn gluten feed is worth 92 percent of corn and wet corn gluten feed has an energy value of 95 percent of corn . In high silage diets ( 70 percent corn silage ) , wet corn gluten feed and dry corn gluten feed have energy values about 102 CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH : Corn gluten feed does not appear to affect carcass characteristics or chemical composition of the carcass of finishing cattle . No differences in incidence of liver abscesses have been observed . An unconfirmed case of polioencephalomalacia ( PEM ) was reported when a large amount of freshly made wet corn gluten feed was fed . Some nutritionists recommend that cattle be supplemented with thiamin when large amounts of wet corn gluten feed are being fed for PEM prevention . When corn gluten feed is fed at greater than 35 - 40 percent of the diet , thiamine supplementation at the Conclusions Soyhulls and Corn Gluten Feed are only two of many by - products which are available for feeding of cattle . In the next issue we will continue this series by examining more products of this nature . Dr . Steve Blezinger is a nutritional and management consultant with an office in Sulphur Springs , TX . He can be contacted at Route 4 Box 89 Sulphur Springs , TX 75482 , by phone at ( 903 ) 885 - 7992 or by e - mail at sblez @ peoplescom . net . | [
"CATTLE TODAY",
"UNLIMITED",
"SUPPLEMENT"
] |
http://cattletoday.com/archive/2003/June/CT276.shtml | RETAINING OWNERSHIP THROUGH FEEDLOT IS A VIABLE OPTION by : Stephen B . Blezinger Ph . D , PAS Part 1 Cattle feeding has been around a long time . Since the early 60 ' s , cattlemen have discovered that intensive feeding to grow and finish steers and heifers was an economical means of producing beef . Even though this practice has been around for many years and millions of head are fed for slaughter each year , a great deal of mystique still seems to surround this portion of the cattle industry . Many cow / calf producer ' s eyes begin to glaze over when we start discussing feed efficiency , cost of gain , hospital pens , Cattle feeding is , in fact , an intensive management system and when we consider the large commercial feedyards and the economies of scale of a yard feeding 50,000 head per year can be intimidating . Consider this : if a feedyard with a 50,000 head capacity operates year - round at an average occupancy of 80 percent and turns the cattle over at least twice per year , they will feed 80,000 head in a 365 day period . If over that period these cattle average 3.0 lbs of gain per head per day , that means that the Feedlots and cattle feeding programs are used by various producers in a number of different ways . These can include : โข Cow / calf producers that want another option for marketing their calf crop . They retain ownership through weaning , growing and the finishing phases . โข Cattle feeders who do not own cow herds but buy cattle after weaning and either ship these purchased cattle first to grass for growing ( or possibly to a backgrounding / preconditioning facility ) and then on to the feedyard . โข Cattle feeders who purchase cattle to go directly into the feedlot as part of their overall cattle production program . โข Investors who may no little or nothing about the actual production of cattle but who work with a feedyard to purchase and feed cattle . These folks may never even see the cattle they own . This used to be very popular when the tax incentives were greater . โข Packers who want to insure the ownership of at least part of their supply . โข Marketing alliances designed to produce a specific quality of beef and that negotiate particular pricing grids with packers for enhanced profitability . โข Any combination of the above or some not listed . As you can see the utilization and application of the cattle feeding segment of the industry are widespread . Feeding cattle does not have to be complicated but does require that you understand mechanics . Let ' s take a few minutes and discuss the basics of cattle feeding . Why Should I Consider Feeding Cattle ? As we mentioned above , many producers utilize the cattle feeding industry as another marketing option . They can also use this as a tool to improve overall profitability of their overall operation . The thing that must be considered is that retaining ownership and feeding out your calf crop is not for everyone nor is it something you should always do . Some questions a producer should ask include : 1 ) I know that by retaining ownership my cash flow on this particular group of calves will be delayed 6 months or more . Can my operation tolerate this delay ? Will my banker work with me to extend my note repayment , what financing options exist at the feedyard ? 2 ) I know there is some risk involved . How much risk can I afford ? What can I do to reduce this risk ? 3 ) What can I get for my cattle if I sell them at weaning and what will my profit be as compared to the profit I could potentially generate by feeding these cattle . 4 ) Unless I have a feedlot that I can work with just down the road I know I will have to ship my cattle to a yard by truck . For this to be the most cost effective I need a truckload of cattle ( 48,000 to 50,000 lbs or about 82 head of 600 lb . cattle ) . Do I have that many ? If not can I afford to buy a few extra head to finish out the load . 5 ) What are the current markets for weaned ( feeder cattle ) , finished or fat cattle at the approximate time they will come out , and corn and other ingredients ? The number one issue that drives a decision to feed cattle is typically finances and risk . If your cow / calf operation is operating to a large degree on borrowed money you will have note payments to make and this may be highly dependent on when your calf crop is marketed . You have some options here . Go talk to your banker and see if he will be willing to work with you on feeding your calf crop . He may extend your note to allow for a longer time to repayment or provide other options . If Another option that exists is that many feedyards offer financing options that you might utilize . These can include : โข Financing the cattle for you . The yard ( or more accurately , their bank ) may loan you a certain amount against the value of the cattle for which you would give them the first lien . Typically they my loan you 70 to 80 % of the current value of the cattle with your retaining the other 20 to 30 % of the equity . Some yards may loan you the value of the cattle minus a flat equity figure like $ 100.00 per head . In many cases the yards may be fairly liberal in the โข Partnering with you on the cattle . Many yards will purchase a percentage of your cattle ( i.e. 50 percent ) . Once again , you retain a portion of the ownership ( a higher portion in this case ) . This method does not incur additional expense on the cattle . It also provides you with some immediate cash flow based on the current value of the cattle and can be a relatively low risk method to get your feet wet in this process . You also to have to consider how the feed and other expenses will be paid . Most yards will finance 100 percent of these expenses as they are incurred . You can pay these expenses as you go , the yard will generate a monthly statement detailing all the expenses incurred for the previous 30 days . These expenses will include feed cost , hay ( normally this is only during the starting period or if cattle are in the sick pen ) , processing expenses such as tags , vaccines , implants , chute charges , etc . This How Do I Go About Choosing a Yard ? There are literally hundreds if not thousands of feedyards , most of them located through the plains states including Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , Kansas , Nebraska , Colorado and Iowa . These can range from a very small yard of only a few hundred head to mega facilities of 100,000 or more . Things you should consider in choosing a feedyard : 1 ) First you need to determine what type of yard are you the most comfortable with โ large , intermediate , small . 2 ) Next , visit with the manager . Talk to him about his feedyard and his thoughts on cattle feeding in general . 3 ) Ask him what his employee to occupancy ratio is . How many people are actually working out in the yard in cattle feeding and care . 4 ) Determine what type of ration they are feeding and what typical costs of gain may run . 5 ) Ask him about โ close outs , โ or total feeding costs for the last year or so . 6 ) Ask about morbidity and mortality ( sickness and deathloss ) rates in the yard both just after receiving and over all averages . 7 ) Ask about yard philosophy on risk management and if you are not well versed in this concept , will they help you understand and use this tool . 8 ) Ask what packers they sell to , what the typical shrink taken on fat cattle is , how far away the packers are and what the shipping cost will be . 9 ) Ask how cattle are marketed . Is it done live , on the grid , forward contracted , etc . 10 ) Ask if they have a preference on the type and weight of cattle they like to feed . What types of cattle have they had the best success with ? 11 ) Talk to several yards and compare your responses . If you call a yard and the manager is too busy to spend time with you then call someone else . You are looking at a sizeable investment and you want someone who is concerned about you and about your investment . 12 ) If you can , go out and visit some feedyards . If you ' ve never been to one you will be impressed . Look at their house keeping , condition of equipment , pens , buildings , etc . This indicates how detail oriented they are . Details are everything in a feedyard . Look at the sick pens and hospital facilities . What kind of job are they doing in caring for sick cattle ? 13 ) Ask who their consulting veterinarian and nutritionist are and why they use these particular individuals . 14 ) Finally , ask for references and be sure to follow up with these folks . 15 ) Call the state cattle feeding association ( i.e. Texas Cattle Feeders Association , etc . ) to determine if the yard has had any problems in the past . These are just some of the questions you should ask . You will probably have plenty others but your best bet is to talk with a number of yards to get a good feel for their operation and management . In part two of this series we ' ll talk about some of the mechanics of cattle feeding and some things a producer can do to effectively use this tool . Dr . Steve Blezinger is and nutritional and management consultant with an office in Sulphur Springs Texas . He can be reached at Route 4 Box 89 Sulphur Springs , TX 75482 , by phone at ( 903 ) 885 - 7992 or by e - mail at sblez @ peoplescom . net . [ Home ] Send mail to webmaster @ cattletoday . com with questions or comments about this web site . Copyright ยฉ 1998 - 2002 CATTLE TODAY , INC . | [
"FEEDLOT",
"Feeding Cattle"
] |
http://cattletoday.info/warts.htm | CATTLE DISEASES WARTS Warts in cattle are caused by the contagious virus papillomavirus . Four types of the virus are known to produce warts on cattle . Calves are most susceptible with few cases of warts seen in cattle over 2 years of age . Warts appear 1 to 6 months after infection with the virus . Not all animals carrying the virus will have warts . It can be transmitted from the unapparent carrier to the susceptible calf . Warts are usually more of an appearance problem than a physical problem . Warts usually shrink and drop off after a few months . This spontaneous recovery is probably the basis for the alleged effectiveness of many home treatments including rubbing with various kinds of oil , toothpaste of various brands , etc . If there is a severe outbreat in the herd an autogenous vaccine can be prepared from chemically treated warts taken from animals in a herd . This autogenous vaccine is more apt to have the strain or type of papillomavirus causing the wart problem in the herd than the commercial vaccines . Warts can also be removed surgically with a scissors or a side cutter . To ask a question about a cattle disease , CLICK HERE and get an answer ! Cattle Today Online is the cattleman ' s guide to the cattle business . Take your time and look around . You ' ll find the net ' s best cattle news , free livestock classified ads , free ranch listing , the latest USDA livestock market report , free ranch email , Baxter Black , thousands of links and a free newsletter just for ranchers . These are a few of the topics being discussed on the Q&A Boards . Just click on the topic to read it . Why not join the discussion ? Cattle Today , Inc . makes no representations about the suitability or accuracy of any of the information contained in this site . All information is provided " as is " without warranty of any kind . Any use of the content on this site is at the risk of the user . In no event shall Cattle Today , Inc . be liable for any damages whatsoever resulting from loss arising out of or in connection with the use of any information available from this site . This information is not intended to be used as an alternative to Information contained in this article from one or more of the following : Alabama Cooperative Extension System South Carolina Extension Service Nebraska Extension Service Oklahoma State Cooperative Extension Service University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension University of Minnesota Extension Service | [
"CATTLE DISEASES",
"contagious virus",
"spontaneous recovery"
] |
http://cauew.blogspot.com/2008/05/frame-relay-inverse-arp.html | Cisco Network Engineer Thursday , May 15 , 2008 Frame - Relay Inverse - Arp Frame - Relay ( a Layer 2 protocol ) uses Inverse - Arp to map a know Layer 2 Address ( DLCI ) to a unknow Layer 3 Address ( for example , IP ) . If we would ever compare Ethernet ARP Request , with Frame - Relay Inverse ARP , we would have the following : As you can see , both of them perform pretty much the same thing , but Ethernet ARP Request knows the Layer 3 Address , and requests the Layer 2 Address ( MAC ) , on the other hand Frame Relay Inverse ARP knows the Layer 2 Address ( DLCI ) and request the Layer 3 Address ( Next - Hop IP Address ) . Once the interface is enabled , the router will send Inverse - Arp requests out all DLCIs learned via LMI for all protocols configured on the interface . You can rely on Inverse - Arp to map the DLCI to the IP Address of your Routers , or if you want ( or the situation asks for ) , you can create static maps . Check this example network : Router R1 will rely on Inverse - Arp to create it s Frame - Relay Maps . R2 and R3 will use Static Mapping , with Inverse - Arp disabled . The configuration will look like that : R1 : interface Serial1 / 0 ip address 172 . 16 . 1 . 1 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 encapsulation frame - relay R2 : interface Serial1 / 0 ip address 172 . 16 . 1 . 2 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 encapsulation frame - relay frame - relay map ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 3 201 frame - relay map ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 1 201 broadcast no frame - relay inverse arp R3 : ip address 172 . 16 . 1 . 3 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 encapsulation frame - relay frame - relay map ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 1 301 broadcast frame - relay map ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 2 301 no frame - relay inverse arp Frame - Relay Inverse ARP is not required on point - to - point interface , and , if needed it can be disabled with the following command under the interface you need to do it : However , Inverse ARP Reply can NOT be disabled , that means , even if you disable your Inverse ARP in an interface , if this interface receives any Inverse ARP Request it ll respond to the request ! Tip : If you see mapping to 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 show frame - relay map ) . Try โ clear frame - relay inarp โ . If it still does n โ t work , save config & reload . We can check which type of mapping was configured with the command " show frame - relay map " : dynamic means the mapping was done using Inverse - Arp ; static means the mapping was done manually ( by command - line - interface ) . Just to prove that , check the status of our example Routers R1 , R2 and R3 like that : R1 # sh frame - relay map Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 3 dlci103 ( 0x67 , 0x1870 ) , dynamic broadcast , , status defined , active Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 2 dlci102 ( 0x66 , 0x1860 ) , broadcast , , status defined , active R2 # sh frame - relay map Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 3 dlci 201 ( 0xC9 , 0x3090 ) , static CISCO , status defined , active Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 1 dlci 201 ( 0xC9 , 0x3090 ) , broadcast , CISCO , status defined , active R3 # sh frame - relay map Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 1 dlci 301 ( 0x12D , 0x48D0 ) , broadcast , CISCO , status defined , active Serial1 / 0 ( up ) : ip 172 . 16 . 1 . 2 dlci 301 ( 0x12D , 0x48D0 ) , CISCO , status defined , active More info can be found at IEWB Vol . 1 and also on Cisco s Website under the following link : http : / / www . cisco . com / en / US / tech / tk713 / tk237 / technologies_tech_note09186a008014f8a7 . shtml Not that difficult , right ? ! : ) Posted by Caue at 5 : 46 PM Labels : Layer 2 Protocols 3 comments : ryl0 said . . . thank you for that excellent clarification ! December 13 , 2008 at 11 : 21 PM Anonymous said . . . nice September 25 , 2009 at 7 : 19 AM Jatin said . . . Brilliant ! ! That helps . November 2 , 2009 at 3 : 59 AM Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home | [
"Frame-Relay Inverse-Arp",
"Ethernet ARP Request ,"
] |
http://causessymptomsandtreatments.com/broken_blood_vessel/broken_blood_vessel.html | The Symptoms and Causes of Broken Blood Vessel A broken blood vessel can be a particular nuisance , especially if the rupture occurs in a place of high visibility , such as the face or the eye . What most people are unaware of is that the term blood vessel actually includes many different types of tubing in which blood is transferred through . The main three which we will discuss are arteries , veins , and capillaries . The type of broken blood vessel most often suffered is a broken capillary , but we are going to discuss the causes and symptoms of rupture of all three Going from the largest to smallest in blood - carrying capacity , the sequence of blood vessels generally goes arteries , veins , and then capillaries . Arteries are large tubes that are responsible for carrying oxygen - rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body . They are a bit more muscular in composition than veins . As the arteries travel through the main parts of the body , such as the neck and head , torso , arms , and legs , they branch off into fine tubes to better access the rest of the An artery , vein , or capillary rupture can be caused by a number of circumstances . Most often a rupture is caused by an excessive amount of force applied either externally or internally to the blood vessel that causes the blood to pool until the tubing can no longer contain it . Arteries and veins are pretty tough , but they do have a capacity limit . Think of the blood vessels as balloons . If the balloons keep getting filled with water and are not allowed to release any pressure , they will eventually burst . Excessive strain The symptoms of a ruptured artery are likely to start off abruptly . It is important to understand that a ruptured artery is considered a medical emergency and should be treated as soon as possible . The first noticeable symptom is pain in the area of the artery that has ruptured . For instance , if the rupture occurred in the โ abdominal aorta โ , the pain is mostly going to be felt in the abdominals , but can also be felt in the back and sides . After pain , the symptoms most likely to be noticed are The symptoms of a ruptured vein and ruptured capillaries are somewhat similar , but specific symptoms vary depending on where the rupture occurs . A rupture in the brain could cause headaches , dizziness or double vision , weakness , trouble speaking , and even a tingling sensation . If a broken blood vessel is suspected in the brain , medical treatment should be sought immediately . The most common types of vein and capillary ruptures result in a painful swelling near the source of the rupture . It may appear purplish in color ( known as a bruise ) If an artery or a large vein has popped , or even if one suspects that it might have , it is important to seek medical attention at once . When a blood vessel of any sort bursts , it means that blood is flowing out into the body . In minor cases , such as a bruise resulting from a few damaged capillaries , the body will repair itself within a few weeks and medical attention is usually not necessary . If there is ever any doubt as to the severity of a broken blood vessel , a medical Home | Broken Humerus | Broken Scapula Broken Sternum Broken Tailbone Symptoms Constant Belching Constant Burping Constant Diarrhea | Site Map Terms Of Use Privacy Policy | [
"Broken Blood Vessel",
"artery",
"veins"
] |
http://cavemanforum.com/diet-and-nutrition/tomatoes-and-hot-peppers-contain-nicotine!/ | CAVEMAN forum - The most popular Paleo diet , low - carb , & keto exercise discussion site . Since 2005 Categories Diet and nutrition Tomatoes and hot peppers contain nicotine ! ? ยซ previous next ยป Print Pages : [ 1 Go Down Author Topic : Tomatoes and hot peppers contain nicotine ! ? ( Read 21515 times ) JWSthe3rd Sergeant Posts : 226 Karma : 2 Tomatoes and hot peppers contain nicotine ! ? on : January 06 , 2009 , 04 : 58 : 49 PM ยป I found this really neat article on a site that promotes a brand called Nomato . I found it very intriguing and wanted to share it with you all . I will certainly be eliminating tomatoes and peppers from my diet next , especially since I am an ex - smoker ! Nightshade foods and human health An information sheet from NOMATO - the world ' s only tomato - free range of sauces and ready meals . Fully organic , too . In the diet of Europe and Asia only one nightshade food was eaten until recent times : the aubergine or eggplant . Other nightshades such as henbane , thorn apple ( datura stramonium ) , belladonna and mandrake were well known but their use was restricted to specific medical applications ( sedative , anesthetic or poison ) or in witchcraft . Then , in the 1600s and 1700s food and drug crops based on nightshades were imported from the Americas and for the past 400 years have penetrated and become ubiquitous in the Western diet . These include tobacco , tomatoes , potatoes and chili peppers . It is not surprising that these novel foods , being nightshades , were regarded with suspicion at first and were slow to take hold in the European diet . They all contain solanine in some form , named as solanine ( potatoes ) , tomatine ( tomatoes ) , alpha - solanine ( aubergine It is now apparent that there are groups of people who can not tolerate nightshades in their diets , wish to avoid them anyway or find that eliminating them helps alleviate a variety of mental , emotional and physical problems . The following groups of people avoid nightshades . 1 . PEOPLE WITH ARTHRITIS - Some researchers believe that arthritis is misdiagnosed in people who are in fact just suffering joint aches and swelling arising from consumption of nightshades . One in three arthritics react badly to nightshades . These individuals frequently have a sensitivity to the solanine chemicals present in these foods . It can take up to six months of exclusion of nightshades from the diet to achieve a beneficial effect . Lupus and Still โ s disease are also associated with tomato consumption . 2 . MACROBIOTICS - since the 1960s , the macrobiotic diet has recommended avoidance of all nightshades . This proven diet for health and longevity is followed by celebrities such as Sadie Frost , Gwyneth Paltrow , Chris Martin of Coldplay and Madonna . 3 . CHILDREN WITH ECZEMA โ for some children the elimination of nightshades from the diet helps clear eczema , particularly around the mouth . 4 . GASTRO ESOPHOGAL REFLUX DISEASE โ consumption of nightshade vegetables , particularly tomatoes , can causes a reaction where the stomach contents are pushed back up the esophagus towards the throat with symptoms of heartburn , chest pain , choking while lying down and asthma symptoms when sleeping . 5 . THOSE QUITTING SMOKING โ some programmes to help people give up cigarettes also recommend giving up nightshade foods in order to completely eliminate low level nicotine intake and consequent re - addiction . 6 . BLOOD GROUP DIET โ Dr . Peter d โ Adamo โ s Blood Type Diet recommends people of blood types A and B to avoid all nightshade foods . This represents about half the population of most European countries . 7 . CYSTITIS , LUPUS , PSORIASIS โ giving up nightshades can help relieve symptoms of cystitis , lupus and psoriasis . What are the Nightshade foods ? How do they differ from each other ? What are their origins ? TOBACCO - The most powerful source of the nicotine alkaloid found in all nightshades became a popular drug in the early part of the 1900s , when mass produced cigarettes made them available to the expanding urban societies . Although the nicotine content of tobacco is much higher than that found in nightshade vegetables which are eaten , the practise of smoking reduces the amount of nicotine absorbed . The nicotine in a single cigarette , if taken direct into the bloodstream , would be fatal . Eating a single cigarette could cause severe illness . There are several instances of TOMATOES - Tomatoes were first brought to Europe from Mexico by Cortez and were first cultivated for food in Naples . The English regarded them as poisonous until the 1700s . They were introduced in America as an ornamental garden plant in 1808 , but were not eaten as they were believed to cause stomach cancer and appendicitis . The botanical name for tomatoes โ Lycopersicon โ means โ wolf peach โ and refers to the association between werewolves , witchcraft and nightshades . Then , in 1820 , Colonel Robert Johnson defied the advice of his physicians ( โ You POTATOES - Potatoes were elevated in status when the celebrated Parmentier produced a galaxy of delicious potato recipes in 1785 to help relieve famine in Paris . Potatoes were cheap food for the masses - a peasant or worker could be fed from a quarter as much land if they ate potatoes instead of grain . Nonetheless , the French Revolution took place 4 years later . The Paris Commune declared potatoes โ Revolutionary food โ while English landlords made them compulsory on their Irish estates . - Traditionally potatoes were kept in paper sacks and sold unwashed . This practice protected them from direct sunlight . The modern practice of washing potatoes and packing them in plastic bags allows light to affect the potato and stimulate its production of solanine , the nightshade alkaloid that , in nature , sickens animals that might dig up potatoes for food . In 1976 the Department of Health , concerned about high levels of anencephaly and spina bifida , urged pregnant mothers to wear rubber gloves when preparing potatoes and to discard in their entirety any potatoes that showed PEPPERS AND CAPSICUMS - Peppers and capsicums were rare in the Western diet until the 1980s , when they became widely available as fresh vegetables and , in their hotter forms , in Asian cuisine and as hot sauce . Chillis replaced peppercorns in Indian cuisine from the 1650s onwards , after Portuguese traders brought plants and seeds from Brazil . Hot peppers are rich in capsaicin , which creates a burning sensation that affects pain receptor cells and causes them to release endorphins , the body โ s natural opiate - like painkillers , that create a temporary feeling of euphoria . AUBERGINES - Aubergines or eggplants most resemble in appearance the belladonna nightshade plant that may be their wild ancestor . So what is solanine , the active alkaloid in nightshades ? What are its effects ? Solanine acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor . WHAT ARE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS ? โข The chemical that transmits nerve impulses from one nerve ending to the next is acetylcholine - once it has transmitted a nerve impulse it has done its job and is no longer needed so it is broken down by an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase and recycled . โข Solanine ( or tomatine from tomatoes ) slows the production of this acetylcholinesterase , so acetylcholine is n ' t broken down as fast as it ' s being produced . โข Acetylcholine builds up causing a ' traffic jam ' of stimulation at the receptor nerve endings . โข The nerve endings become overstimulated โข This overstimulation can lead to muscle weakness , muscle twitching , hypertension , increased intestinal contractions and increased secretions of tear , sweat , saliva , gastric and intestinal glands . โข All nightshade foods contain solanine , a strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitor . This is what makes excessive consumption of nightshade foods unsuitable for many people . Certain pesticides , particularly organophosphate and carbamates , work as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors , achieving the same effect as solanine . For a diet that seeks to maintain a strong and healthy nervous and neuromuscular system there is considerable evidence that the safest approach is to avoid nightshade vegetables and to eat food that is grown without the use of carbamate or organophosphate pesticides , i.e. organic food . Before the discovery of chemical pesticides , nicotine was a widely used insecticide . It kills insects in the same way , but chemical sprays are cheaper and longer - lasting . Until they were replaced by hormones and antibiotics , organophosphate pesticides were also used by livestock farmers as growth - WHY DO PEOPLE LOVE NIGHTSHADES ? What is it that makes tobacco so addictive ? Why is it that sometimes only chips will do , or we are gagging for a pizza ? Solanine , by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine , stimulates increased activity of the acetylcholine receptors in the brain and this leads to increased flow of adrenaline . This increases the heart rate , blood pressure and leads to increased blood glucose levels . This mild increase in energy level is achieved , along with a reduced nervous sensitivity ; producing a combination of calmness and stimulation . This provides short term relief WHY DO N ' T WE EAT TOBACCO ? The leaves of all nightshades contain high levels of nicotine . One could , at a pinch , smoke potato or tomato leaves . A potent insecticide can be made with tomato leaves . The levels of nicotine in the leaves of nightshade plants are much higher than in nightshade fruits or tubers . 8 - 10 cigarettes , if eaten , would be enough to kill a person . First time smokers experience dreadful nausea but gradually develop a resistance to the effects of nicotine and this is how addiction develops โ more and more is needed to satisfy WHY ARE NIGHTSHADES LEGAL ? If the nightshade foods were to be introduced to the Western diet today , under current Novel Foods regulations they would have to be tested for safety . It is unlikely that they would be permitted to enter the food supply , solely because of their solanine and nicotine content . However , like cigarettes , they slipped into our diet despite some voices in opposition and have assumed a major role in our nutrition and health , a role that , in a free society , should be accepted . However , moderation in all things is a worthy Nomato products enable all consumers , not just those with particular problems with tomatoes , an opportunity to enjoy foods like ketchup , pasta sauce , tomato soup , vegetarian chilli and baked beans without exposing themselves to solanine alkaloids or trace levels of nicotine found in tomatoes and other nightshades . Bon appetit ! Logged paleoeat Sergeant Posts : 107 Karma : 1 Re : Tomatoes and hot peppers contain nicotine ! ? Reply # 1 on : January 09 , 2009 , 08 : 34 : 50 AM ยป so eggplant is old world food although it is in the night shade family ? ? does it mean it is " a Paleo food " ? Logged JWSthe3rd Posts : 226 Karma : 2 Re : Tomatoes and hot peppers contain nicotine ! ? Reply # 2 on : January 09 , 2009 , 05 : 52 : 10 PM ยป I found this information about the history of the eggplant on Wikipedia . Eggplant is native to India . It has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory [ citation needed ] but appears to have become known to the Western world no earlier than ca . 1500 CE . The first known written record of the eggplant is found in Qรญ mรญn yร o shรน , an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544 CE . The numerous Arabic and North African names for it , along with the lack of ancient Greek and Roman names , indicate that it was introduced throughout the Mediterranean area by the Arabs in the The name eggplant developed in the United States , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada because the fruits of some 18th century European cultivars were yellow or green and resembled chicken or hen ' s eggs . The name aubergine in British English developed from the French aubergine ( as derived from Catalan albergรญnia , from Arabic al - badinjan , from Persian badin - gan , from Sanskrit vatin - ganah ) . In Indian and South African English , the fruit is known as a " brinjal . " Aubergine and brinjal , with their distinctive br Because of the eggplant ' s relationship with the Solanaceae ( nightshade ) family , it was at one time believed to be extremely dangerous . While it can be eaten by most people without ill effect , for some , consuming eggplant as well as other edible nightshade plants ( tomato , potato , and capsicum / peppers ) can be harmful . Some eggplants are bitter , and can irritate the stomach lining , causing gastritis . Some sources , particularly in the natural health community , state that nightshades , including eggplant , can cause or significantly paleoeat Posts : 107 Karma : 1 Reply # 3 on : January 10 , 2009 , 07 : 36 : 39 AM ยป Hmmm . . . . so ity appears that eggplants have been eaten by humans longet than tomatos and peppers . but being from the nightshade family they may not be tollerated by some . I bet many of the fruits / veggies we eat were not always around during our evolution . seriously how can we expect that . so where does this leave the eggplant ? ? Tarlach General Posts : 1012 Karma : 80 Fighting fit ! Reply # 4 on : January 10 , 2009 , 05 : 42 : 12 PM ยป For me it is out . Everyone seems to have a different idea of what paleo eating means and it is up to you to decide what you will eat based upon your research and beliefs . I have spent the last three years eating paleo and researching food . I do not consider myself an expert , but I do like to think that all of my decisions are based upon very good data and I am happy with them . According to the theory of evolution it takes roughly 40,000 years for a species to adapt to a new food source . I think that anything that we have been eating for only 10,000 years is not good for us as a general rule . Over the next 30,000 years we may adapt to be able to handle these foods , but genetic modification , selective breeding , hormones and the other weird things they do to these foods probably means that they are back at the start again I understand that none of our food is like it was 40,000 + years ago , but it is possible to eat an indicative diet of what may have been around . To me this means , a lot of meat and some fruit and veg and none of the food types that have only been eaten for a short time . I think the following graph sums it up nicely : Reply # 5 on : January 10 , 2009 , 08 : 06 : 56 PM ยป Tarlach , according to your research which friuts and veg . are off the list ? ? ? Tarlach General Posts : 1012 Karma : 80 Fighting fit ! Reply # 6 on : January 10 , 2009 , 08 : 27 : 53 PM ยป Quote from : paleoeat on January 10 , 2009 , 08 : 06 : 56 PM Tarlach , according to your research which friuts and veg . are off the list ? ? ? The ones in my sig - Tubers , legumes , nightshades , etc . . . We also do n ' t eat some of the curcubits , but I do n ' t know enough about them all yet . . . Last Edit : January 10 , 2009 , 08 : 36 : 13 PM by Tarlach Reply # 7 on : January 11 , 2009 , 11 : 36 : 35 AM ยป What ' s wrong with the cucurbits ? PaleoMum Posts : 104 Karma : 13 Avoiding the 7 Deadly Sins ! ! ! Reply # 8 on : January 11 , 2009 , 04 : 42 : 13 PM ยป Quote from : JWSthe3rd on January 11 , 2009 , 11 : 36 : 35 AM What ' s wrong with the curcubits ? We think some of them are too ' new age ' . . . still looking into it ( do n ' t know enough about the food group to make a definitive decision yet ) . Usually I am very sensitive to foods so if I have a reaction we research it for a while and if research satisfies us , we ' ll keep it or toss it . . . I generally do n ' t like Cucurbits as they make me feel lethargic so they ' ve gone onto our research list . Last Edit : January 11 , 2009 , 05 : 49 : 44 PM by PaleoMum Print Pages : [ 1 Go Up ยซ previous next ยป CAVEMAN forum - The most popular Paleo diet , low - carb , & keto exercise discussion site . Since 2005 Categories Diet and nutrition Jump to : | [
"Tomatoes",
"hot peppers",
"nicotine"
] |
http://cawildlife.org/ | GET YOUR TICKETS TODAY ! Get Involved We are always looking for volunteers to join our corps of over 200 who do everything from dishes & laundry to rescuing marine mammals and teaching birds to fly . Our volunteers make our work possible . Take Action Donate Your donation makes a difference . CWC does not receive any regular funding from federal , state or local governments and we rely on the public to keep our doors open to the animals who need help . Help Now Join the Conservation Circle Join a select group of supporters dedicated to California Wildlife Center โ s mission and receive exclusive benefits include sneak peeks into CWC โ s inner workings . Join us today ! Become a Member Our Mission California Wildlife Center takes responsibility for the protection of native wildlife through rehabilitation , education , and conservation . It is dedicated to the rescue and rehabilitation of native California species , who otherwise would be left to suffer from the effects of human encroachment , habitat destruction and environmental damage . Wildlife FAQ How can I keep migrating ducks from taking up residence in my pool ? Usually , brightly colored objects floating freely in the water will discourage them from landing on it . Things like beach balls or kids โ toys can be used effectively . Covering the pool until they have moved on also works well . Keep landscaping clear of low - lying shrubs , grasses and weeds as this creates a suitable environment for duck nests . For more information about Ducks , visit http : / / www . dfwwildlife . org / duck . html There is a raccoon in my yard / attic . What can I do ? Raccoons can not legally be relocated to another area , but there are a few things you can do to encourage them to move on . RACCOON REPELLANTS Cayenne pepper Repel ยฎ Granules โ available at Amazon . com ( does n โ t always work but worth a try ) Hot Pepper Repellant Recipe You need : 1 . One chopped yellow onion 2 . One chopped Jalapeno pepper 3 . One tablespoon of Cayenne Pepper Boil ingredients for 20 minutes in two quarts of water . Then let it cool and strain the mixture through cheesecloth . Apply this with a spray bottle . You must apply daily ! Mechanical Repellants Scarecrow ยฎ by Contech โ a motion - activated high pressure jet sprayer . It gets great reviews and comes highly recommended from many wildlife exclusionists . Available on Amazon . com Raccoons are smart , so these exclusion tactics usually work quite well if performed correctly RACCOONS ON THE PREMISES Be sure to eliminate all outside food sources , such as pet food , birdseed , etc . in the evening . If your pets must be fed outside , then remove all food at night . Use metal or heavy plastic trash containers . Keep the lids securely fastened to prevent odors from escaping . Keep BBQ grills clean or stored in a secure place . If you see a raccoon , haze them . Create a noise maker such as a soda can taped closed with some pennies inside . Throw the can towards the raccoons . Spray them with a hose . Install an electric fence on the tops of all the fences and on the bottoms if they can climb under . Fido - shock or Havahart brands are recommended . They can be found on Amazon . com . Use the Scarecrow mentioned above in high traffic areas such as gardens . RACCOONS IN THE ATTIC If there are babies , give the mother 1 or 2 nights to relocate the family . It is best to leave them alone until mom moves the babies out . If you can , sprinkle Cayenne pepper or Repel ยฎ granules , a commercial dog and cat repellant , around the entry hole , both inside and out , if this is possible . During the day , place a radio in the attic tuned to an all talk station . Use floodlights to keep the area where they are living well lit . Once the raccoon has moved out , secure their entry point . Use hardware cloth or welded wire . RACCOONS ON THE ROOF Spray them with a hose . Trim the trees closest to the house or wrap a 4ft wide sheet metal flashing around the tree a couple of feet off the ground to prevent climbing . Apply metal flashing to other areas of entry . RACCOONS IN THE GARDEN Use a Scarecrow sprayer in the garden . Apply cayenne pepper spray recipe liberally daily around vulnerable plants . Light the area with floodlights or motion detector lights . RACCOONS IN THE FISH POND Build a frame around the pond . Attach 1 ft of chicken wire that will protrude over the edge of the pond . Raccoons will not stand on the flimsy wire and wo n โ t be able to get to the edge of the pond to reach down . Have plenty of hiding places for fish to go into well away from the edge of the pond . I found a baby bird that fell from its nest . What should I do ? Orphaned Baby Songbirds If you find a baby bird during the spring or summer months that is fully feathered , able to perch and grasp with its feet , and able to hop around , then it has likely fledged and will be fed by its parents on the ground . Fledgling birds are learning to fly from the ground up , and will flutter around and hide under bushes , while the parents watch and gather food . Leave the fledgling on the ground near where you found it originally . It does not belong in a nest ( nor will it If the bird runs around and is chick - like ( covered with short fuzzy down ) it may be a baby quail or killdeer . These birds nest on the ground , and the parents fly off when people come near . Leave the immediate area and watch to see if a parent will come back . It is a federal offense to keep native wildlife as pets . Baby songbirds will need immediate care from a licensed rehabilitator . The bird needs help and should be brought to California Wildlife Center if : The parents are known to be dead The bird is newly hatched and the nest and nest mates are out of reach It has an injury A pet or a child has brought it in from places unknown If someone has picked up a healthy baby bird or a nest - full of babies and has kept it for a day or two , they can still try returning it to the nest site . Please call CWC for instructions . Parent birds have home territories and , even if the nest and babies are gone , the parents remain there searching for their babies and will sometimes resume feeding them after an absence of one or two days . What to do if the bird needs to be brought to CWC Get a box and line it with crumpled paper on the bottom . Make air holes . Pickup the baby songbird by the body and place it in the box . Seal the box . Place the box in a quiet , dark location ( for example , a bathroom ) until you reach hospital staff . Place a heating pad set to medium under the box . Do not offer any food or water . There are coyotes in my neighborhood . What should I do ? Coyotes are a part of even the most urban environments . Here are things to do that may minimize conflict : Keep small pets indoors Remove outdoor pet food Pick up fallen fruit Remove bird feeders Secure garbage Trim overgrown landscaping Do n โ t water your lawn at night Supervise small children at play Never feed coyotes ! Most conflicts occur when coyotes associate people with food . This alters their behavior and makes them more dangerous . If you see a coyote in your yard : Be aggressive , yell or spray a hose at the animal Make yourself appear large and back away slowly Never turn your back or run away For answers to specific Coyote Coexistence situations , please read our Coyote Coexistence Guidelines What should I do if I find an injured hummingbird ? Injured / Sick Adult Hummingbirds Get a small box and line it with crumpled tissue on the bottom . Make air holes . Pick up the hummingbird by the body and place it in the box . Place it in a quiet , dark location ( for example , a bathroom ) until you reach hospital staff . Offer the hummingbird a sugar water mixture of one part sugar to four parts water . Use a straw as a pipet . Dip the end of the straw into the sugar water solutions , then offer the straw to the hummingbird . The hummingbird will place its beak into the bottom of the straw and drink . Let the hummingbird drink as much as it wants every hour until it is transferred to a licensed rehabilitator . Do not get any of the sugar water onto the hummingbird โ s feathers , and remove all food / water before transporting the bird . Orphaned Baby Hummingbirds It is a federal offense to keep native wildlife as pets . Get a small box and line it with crumpled tissue on the bottom . Make air holes . Pick up the baby hummingbirds and place them in the box . Place the box in a quiet , dark location ( for example , a bathroom ) until you reach hospital staff . Place a heating pad set to medium under the box . Offer the baby hummingbirds a sugar water mixture of one part sugar to four parts water . Use a straw as a pipet . Dip the end of the straw into the sugar water solution , then offer the straw to the hummingbird . The hummingbird will place its beak into the bottom of the straw and drink . Let the hummingbird drink as much as it wants every 30 minutes until it is transferred to a licensed rehabilitator . Do not get any of the sugar water onto the hummingbird โ s feathers , and remove all food / water before transporting the bird . What should I do if I find a stranded seal ? Do not touch , pick up , harass , feed , or pour water on the animal . Marine mammals can easily cause harm , and are easily stressed by humans . Do not return the animal to the water . Seals and sea lions temporarily โ haul - out โ on land to rest . Harbor seal mothers often leave their pups ashore while they โ re feeding at sea . A beached whale , dolphin , or porpoise should be reported immediately . Observe the animal from a distance of at least 50 feet . Keep people and dogs away . Take note of any physical characteristics such as size , presence of external earflaps , and fur color . This information will help the response team determine the species and what rescue equipment is needed . Take note of the animal โ s condition . Is it weak and underweight ? Are there any open wounds ? Does the animal have any obvious identification tags or markings ? Determine the exact location of the animal and provide accurate directions . It โ s not possible to rescue an animal if it can not be located . Call the Marine Mammal Response Team and provide them with as much information as possible . 310 - 458 - WILD ( 9453 ) Co - existing with Wildlife With a population of over 10 million and an area of over 4700 square miles , Los Angeles is a densely packed metropolis . As people flock to the area for its beautiful beaches , phenomenal weather and scenic landscapes , they come in greater and greater contact with animals . Whether it โ s accidentally knocking down a bird โ s nest , or a piece of trash ingested by a sea lion , the human encroachment in Southern California is having a deleterious effect on its wildlife . While some animal adaptation occurs , at CWC our goal is to keep native fauna wild by rehabilitating animals as quickly as possible and releasing them back into their native territory . We accept animals 365 days a year . Whether directly from the public , through our relationships with local animal care centers or from local vets , animals in need know that they can come to CWC for care . We receive over 10,000 calls a year from the public that range from raccoons in the attic , a fox struck by a car or an orphaned duckling . Our staff and volunteers provide vital information that is key in saving the animals lives . Learn more . . . | [
"California Wildlife Center",
"native wildlife",
"rehabilitation"
] |
http://cbai.ie/clubguide/default.asp | Club Guides This is a guide to affiliated bridge clubs in Ireland For details of bridge clubs in a particular part of the country please select the appropriate link below For ease of Reference the clubs have been listed by county Carlow Cavan Clare Cork East Cork North Cork West Cork City And Suburbs Donegal Co Dublin South Co Dublin North Dublin City North Dublin City South Dublin West Galway City Co Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny City Co Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Co Limerick Limerick City Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow If the information given for your club is not correct please email us and we will update it | [
"Club Guides",
"Ireland"
] |
http://cce.icc.edu/acp/ | Adult Community Programs Frequently Asked Questions CancellationRefund Policy MapsDirections Contact Us Supply Lists Adult Community Programs are noncredit workshops and programs on a variety of topics designed to give community members opportunities to learn something new Topics include history art computers language gardening crafts cooking film fitness home and special interests There are also day trips and special events Unless otherwise stated programs are designed for adults 18 and over The Winter Go Guide is Here Check our website for new class listings or click here to download the ICC Go Guide with the complete ACP schedule News Events Try Something New Crappie University Photoshop Elements I for Beginners Wealth Creation Today Tai Chi Yang Style Introduction to Google Suite Yoga for Beginners Upcoming Trips Peoria International Airport Photographers Field Trip The Eagles of Le Claire Iowa Workshop Cancellations If a workshop has insufficient enrollment the workshop will be cancelled The number of paid registrations is used to make this decision The decision to cancel will be made during the week prior to the first class meeting Day trip cancellation decisions will be made based on destination registration deadlines Meet Our Instructors Jean Griffith Painting and drawing are my artistic passions and I have enjoyed teaching art at Illinois Central College Peoria Campus for 9 years As an artist I am not afraid to take a risk and I enjoy the challenge of experimenting with many different types of media including acrylics watercolors and mixed media My painting style is varied depending on what inspires me at the moment I paint in both a realist and abstract style I am fascinated by found objects and often use these recycled items to add elements of texture and dimension to my artwork Kathy Sherman I cant recall the exact moment I first saw a watercolor painting but I do remember that it was love at first sight Although I did not pursue art during my years in school there were always doodles sketches and fullpage drawings among my social studies notebook pages The art classes began after marrying and moving to central Illinois I was hooked instantly and I began the learning journeya journey I soon discovered that is endless challenging and delightful Today I teach adults at ICC and continue to study alongside professional watercolor artists who provide inspiration as well as technical | [
"Community Programs",
"special events",
"Workshop Cancellations"
] |
http://ccelearn.csus.edu/ae_contract_mgmt/mod1/mod1_02.html | Contracting at Caltrans In terms of contracting services are duties or labor as opposed to goods or commodities basically getting things done Like most organizations Caltrans uses three sources to get things done its own employees other federal state and local agencies contract workers The types of service contracts include Commercial services Contracts for services that do not meet the definition of consulting or AE services as described below For example hauling repair janitorial work painting and AE Other Direct Costs ODC eg CADD Traffic Control Lab Testing etc Consulting services Contracts for management consultation expert witness legal training or other services that are advisory or informational Consulting services involve products of the mind Consulting services may also be used for RFP services that need more definition Architectural Engineering AE Contracts for architectural and engineering environmental and related technical services as defined by Government Code 4525 including but not limited to Cultural Resource Archaeological services Building architecture Construction engineering Electrical engineering Environmental services Hazardous Waste Site Investigation services Geotechnical engineering Hydrology and hydraulic studies Materials testing Mechanical engineering Project design Project management Rightofway engineering Structural design surveys Preliminary design and construction surveys Traffic investigations and studies Structures design services AE contracts are used to provide services that require professional judgment necessary to complete AE tasks or deliverables Incidental services should be incidental to the AE task being performed by the consultant and should not be a significant cost of the contract Incidental services are not to be provided by a consultant using an AE contract in a standalone fashion For example a consultant who is contracted to complete a set of plans may provide CADD services in order to complete those plans However the consultant can not provide CADD services to the District to work on plans developed by In addition AE contracts are not to be used to supply equipment for use by Caltrans employees For any questions on these or any other uses of AE contracts and contract policies contact your District AE coordinator For more information regarding AE contracts and the Capital Program see these resources on the DPAC intranet and external websites Acquisition Resource Center httpadmindotcagovpcacq_res_cntrshtml Contract Managers Handbook httpadmindotcagovpcdochandbookpdf Government Code 4525 httpwwwleginfocagovcalawhtml Government Code 4525 et seq Government Code 452910 et seq California Constitution Article XXII California Proposition 35 21 CCR 1520 et seq httpsbulkresourceorgcodesgovccrcaccr21pdf | [
"Caltrans"
] |
http://ccgoldbeach.org/ | TURNING GOLD BEACH INTO GODS BEACH CCGB Activities Back to the top Get Involved Back to the the top SERVING CCGB We are looking for those who want to plug in and serve We ask those who choose to serve to first attend CCGB for a period of approximately 6 months so you get to know us and we get to know you before serving All who serve at CCGB must complete an application A background check is required for all working with vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly DOWNLOAD AN APPLICATION BELOW START SERVING DOWNLOAD A MINISTRY APPLICATION TODAY new_ministry_ap p Childrens Ministry Audio Messages Back to the top Romans 8311 Watch Notes Download Date Title Dec 9 2018 Romans 8311 Dec 5 2018 Ezra 1111 2170 Dec 2 2018 Romans 112 Nov 28 2018 2 Kings 25130 Nov 25 2018 Romans 71425 Nov 21 2018 2 Kings 233037 24120 Nov 18 2018 James 4110 Nov 14 2018 Genesis 2725 315 Nov 11 2018 Romans 7713 Nov 7 2018 2 Kings 23130 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Online Giving Back to the top We want to thank you for supporting Calvary Chapel Gold Beach The Internal Revenue Service IRS has defined Calvary Chapel Gold Beach CCGB as a taxexempt organization under section 501c3 of the internal revenue code On Streets of Gold is an outreach of CCBG and contributions to On Streets of Gold are considered charitable contributions and are deductible to the maximum extent permitted under the law The federal tax ID number for CCGB is 201753045 Leadership Senior Pastor Mike Quesada Assistant Pastor Jeff Turner Hospitality Ministry Shelley Pottmeyer Worship Leader Dylan Vila Facilities Coordinator Joe Shita Childrens Ministry Usher Greeter Ministry Womens Ministry Sandra Turner Titus Corp Ginette VanGordon Missions Oversight Randy Robbins Board of Directors Mike Quesada Jeff Turner Randy Robbins Come Visit Us | [
"GOLD BEACH",
"CCGB Activities"
] |
http://ccgovernment.carr.org/ccg/sheriff/ | Our Mission , Vision and Motto MISSION : The Carroll County Sheriff ' s Office will provide the highest level of service founded in trust and commitment to our Community . VISION : Our vision is to be the safest county in Maryland Motto : Commitment to Community Sheriff James T . DeWees Westminster โ Sheriff Jim DeWees was sworn in as the 58th Sheriff of Carroll County during an inauguration ceremony at Carroll Community College โ s Scott Auditorium on Tuesday , December 2 , 2014 . Sheriff DeWees is a retired Captain with the Maryland State Police and is serving his second term as Carroll County Sheriff , having run uncontested in the 2018 elections . Sheriff DeWees took control of the sheriff โ s office from retiring Sheriff Kenneth Tregoning , who was first elected to office in 1998 . Sheriff DeWees was raised in Carroll County and is a 1988 graduate of South Carroll High School in Winfield , Maryland . He holds a Bachelors of Arts degree in Criminal Justice from Mount Saint Mary โ s University in Emmitsburg , Maryland and a Masters of Arts degree in Human Resource Development from Seton Hall University in Trenton , New Jersey . Sheriff DeWees is also a graduate of the Northwestern University School of Police Staff and Command . Sheriff DeWees is married with three children who attend Carroll County Public Schools . His wife of 16 years , Heather , is a teacher for Carroll County Public Schools and the girls โ varsity basketball coach at Manchester Valley High School . Sheriff DeWees is the second youngest of the six children of Joan and the late Thomas DeWees of Thurmont , Maryland . Sheriff DeWees retired as a Captain from the Maryland State Police . His career with the Maryland State Police started after high school when he became a cadet at the age of 18 . Sheriff DeWees rose through the ranks of the Maryland State Police and held numerous operational and command assignments within the organization . Sheriff DeWees spent the majority of his career as a patrol and investigative trooper , supervisor and barrack commander in Carroll County , assigned to the Westminster Barrack . Sheriff DeWees was commander of both the Westminster and Golden Ring Barracks , Operations Commander In 1998 , Sheriff DeWees was awarded the Governor โ s Citation of Valor after he shot the gun out of a suicidal man โ s hand , ending a two - hour standoff in Keymar , Maryland . He is also a recipient of the Superintendent โ s Citation of Valor for his role in ending two separate armed standoffs in 2000 and 2002 . Sheriff DeWees has received numerous awards for excellence in investigations and leadership . Sheriff DeWees brings a diverse background of law enforcement experience and leadership to the Carroll County Sheriff โ s Office . Continuing a career of public service , Sheriff DeWees now leads 260 dedicated employees who staff a full service law enforcement agency providing road patrol and criminal investigative services , a detention center , and courthouse security . Sheriff DeWees considers it one of the highest honors of his career to serve the citizens of Carroll County as their Sheriff . | [
"Carroll County Sheriff 's Office",
"MISSION",
"Sheriff Jim DeWees"
] |
http://ccm.net/download/download-23496-namebench | Your rating NameBench 2 votes , 5.0 / 5 | Leave a comment Developer : Thomas R . Stromberg Version : 1.3.1Thomas R . Stromberg Download Freeware ( 1.12 MB ) Linux , Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , English Other languages NameBench is a program designed to help the user choose the highest DNS servers . After some analysis , it displays the fastest DNS on which the user can connect . Key features Analyzing : this program was developed to perform a series of tests to identify and display the most powerful DNS servers . Its investigation uses data from data which are already saved some information such as the browser history and results of the " tcpdump " command . Benchmarking : after scans , is able to display the comparison result between the available DNS . The benchmarks are exposed as graphs and the most efficient server will be placed above others . Optimization : allows the user to choose the best provided configuration following the performed analysis . New configuration can be set to accelerate the connection to the Web . This requires inserting data into the fields dedicated to it . Pros is a free download . It is available with a command - line and graphical user interface . The install of the program does not modify the system in any way . Cons Knowledge in computer science is required to master the program . Related Namebench Descargar namebench - Best answers Namebench download - Best answers Alternative spelling : namebench - 1.3.1 - source . tgz Latest update on January 15 , 2015 at 08 : 55 AM . Add comment Comments View comment | [
"NameBench",
"DNS servers"
] |
http://ccm.net/download/download-6081-crystal-reports-viewer | Your rating Crystal Reports viewer 3 votes , 3.7 / 5 | Leave a comment Developer : Reportviewer . biz Version : 2 . 8 . 2 . 12 ( latest version ) Download Shareware ( 95.76 MB ) Windows 2000 , Windows XP , English Other languages Crystal Reports viewer is mainly meant for business concerns . Indeed , its purposes are to make you read reports easily and comfortably . Using advanced technologies , this software will make you find out a new way to deal with your office files . Key features Viewing data : designed by Reportviewer . biz , Crystal Reports viewer makes your presentation and reports viewing less boring than usual . You can choose either you want to work in interactive mode and get notified of any changes made by other users or work offline . Supported formats : Crystal Reports viewer supports working with quite all standard text files such as PDF , XML , CSV , RTF , DOC . , XLS , HTML and TXT formats as well as its native format , RPT . It also takes in charge different databases for making its use widespread . Practical : Crystal Reports viewer is supplied with 2 Graphic users interface . The first one is meant for viewing reports and the second for you to better organize them , upload other data , and work out with . SQL commands and formula editor are also featured with the software , making your analysis easier . System requirements Operating system : Windows 98 , Windows Me , Windows 2000 , Windows XP . Required drive space : 95 Mb Pros It enhances sharing files between workmates . Company smooth running . Cons This is only a trial version . You have to pay for its license . Crystal report viewer Crystal reports viewer - Best answers Sap crystal reports viewer - Best answers Microsoft crystal report viewer download Download - Office software Sap crystal report viewer free download Download - Office software Sap crystal reports 2013 product key free Forum - Software Sap crystal reports 2016 product key โ Forum - Software Crystal reports for .net framework 2.0 download Download - Library ( DLL ) Alternative spelling : Crystalreportviewer . zip Latest update on April 25 , 2013 at 01 : 42 AM . Add comment Comments View all 3 comments | [
"Crystal Reports viewer"
] |
http://ccm.net/faq/10203-a-television-buying-guide-lcd-led-or-plasma | A Television Buying Guide : LCD , LED , or Plasma ? US ES FR BR HI Ask a question When it comes to selecting a new television , the number of options available can make the decision almost overwhelming . To make the decision a little easier , it ' s a good idea to ask yourself what kind of television set you ' re looking to get . LCD and LED televisions are among the most common models on the market , and while they offer very similar viewing experiences , there are subtle differences that you should take into account before making your purchase . This article will provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision on whether you should buy an LCD or LED television . It will also give you some tips on how to increase the longevity of your television so that you can get the most out of your investment . Types of Screens What is an LCD Screen ? What is an LED Screen ? What is a Plasma Screen ? Television Life Expectancy Good TV Brands Caring for Your Television Types of Screens Here is a quick rundown of the three most common screens found in today ' s market : LCD , LED , and Plasma . What is an LCD Screen ? LCD , or liquid crystal display , televisions utilize a flat - panel display that uses the light - modulating properties of liquid crystals to either block light , or allow it to pass . These crystals ( commonly referred to as pixels ) each reproduce a tiny piece of an image and together , render a sharp image whose colors and transparency can be changed by either reducing or increasing electrical current . There are three issues that are commonly experienced with LCD models . The first is the response time of the screen . LCD devices utilize a small " processor " that coordinates pixel synchronization , and over time , the processor may become slower . A slowed processor may result in sudden streaks , or color changes and can only be fixed through recalibrating your television . LCD models are also more prone to breakage . Despite the screens often being advertised as " tough " in comparison to plasma televisions , LCD screens are not indestructible . If and when pixels become trapped between layers of the screen , they form black spots on your screen , which are impossible to remove . Finally , LCD TVs are known to be excessively bright , though over time , exposition levels may change . In contrast , LED screens experience none of , or very few of , these issues . What is an LED Screen ? LED , or light - emitting diode screens utilize the same technology as their LCD counterparts , but instead of being illuminated by florescent bulbs , they are lit by a series of light emitting diodes . These bulbs are much smaller , and much more efficient than florescent bulbs , which means that for the same image quality , LED screens are often much more narrow than LCD screens . The LED category can be broken up into two sub - categories : Direct LED and Edge - lit LED . Direct LED screens are lit by light - emitting diodes , found directly behind the screen . This allows for brightness and darkness to be displayed more effectively on screen . Edge - lit LEDs are lit by small diodes around the edge of a screen , and are often lighter in weight then Direct LED models . What is a Plasma Screen ? In a plasma screen , the pixel structure consists of encapsulated gas ( phosphorus ) , trapped between two glass plates . By applying an electrical current the gas will undergo some chemical reaction , resulting in the creation of the " plasma " . Plasma screens emit an ultraviolet light which changes color upon hitting the phosphorus layer of the capsule . Plasma screens are arguably superior to LCD and LED screens in regards to image quality , but there are three major drawbacks that you should be aware of before making your purchase . First of all , plasma screens are prone to significant loss of color as they age . Over time , the chemical reactions needed to create plasma gradually slow down , resulting in a change in the radiation emitted by gases ( especially xenon ) . This will result in a loss of color . In a similar fashion , plasma screens are also prone to loss of brightness . Perhaps the biggest drawback to plasma models is their fragility . Plasma screens are much more fragile than LCD and LED models , and if damaged , may result in the escape of the screen ' s encapsulated gas . Television Life Expectancy According to manufacturers , a television has a lifespan of approximately 40,000 to 90,000 hours ( continuous use ) . This translates to roughly between four and ten years of active use . This estimation is contingent on a number of factors , and will vary according to television model , brand , actual use , as well as its location and environment . Good TV Brands Ready to make your purchase ? When it comes to selecting the brand of your television , there are many to choose from , though brands such as LG , Samsung , and Sony are probably among the most reputable in the market due to their use of high quality , reliable components . Please note that products of this type rarely last more than a few years after the warranty . Caring for Your Television When it comes to taking care of your television , the location and environment in which it ' s placed is very important and may effect the television ' s lifespan . Try to avoid placing your screen near a window , as exposure to direct sunlight may warm up the screen and damage the components . Likewise , do your best to avoid placing your screen next to a stove , fireplace or any heated area where it can be damaged by dust , ash , and heat . You should also avoid placing your television too close to the ground , as dust particles may damage your screen . CCM is a leading international tech website . Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts , under the direction of Jeff Pillou , founder of CCM . net . CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages . Learn more about the CCM team Published by jak58 Latest update on August 30 , 2016 at 06 : 19 AM by Olivia Long This document , titled " A Television Buying Guide : LCD , LED , or Plasma ? , " is available under the Creative Commons license . Any copy , reuse , or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM https : / / ccm . net / ) . Previous TAPE MOD for Core2Duo Next Monitor Shows No Signal After CPU Starts | [
"LCD Screen"
] |
http://ccm.net/faq/228-how-to-connect-your-pc-to-your-tv-set | How to connect your PC to your TV set Ask a question Videos with formats like DivX , FLV or DVD can now be enjoyed not just on the PC , with which they are compatible , but also on the television screen . For this , the computer needs to be connected to the the TV set . This is possible if the hardware of the the PC and the TV have certain required connectors . The computer needs to have a video card with a TV - OUT connector and the two devices should be connected with a cable . This connector must be a plug IN from the computer . The TV also needs to have a TV - IN or a VIDEO - IN connector and additionally a LINE - OUT connector from the soundcard is also required . The connectivity between the PC and the TV set can be configured in Windows settings Requirements for your PC Requirements for your TV set Configurations Notes It is possible to connect your PC to your television set to enjoy DivX , FLV or DVD video formats that are compatible on your computer but on no other available players . There are simple ways to do so but both your PC and your TV set must meet some requirements . Requirements for your PC Your computer must have a Video card with a TV - OUT connector . The connection will normally be integrated in your Video card and located at the back of your computer . You can also do this with your laptop as most of them have this type of connector . A TV - OUT connector cable will be plugged in both devices to link them to each other . The cable can indicate which line goes in and which one goes out , so bear in mind that you plug IN your TV set OUT from your computer . The following illustration should make it easy to understand how the connection should be made . You will also have to get a LINE - IN for your Soundcard from your TV to your computer . Requirements for your TV set You will have to get the same kind of connector for your TV set called the TV - IN or VIDEO - IN connector . However , you will also have to get a LINE - OUT connector for the Soundcard . If you do not have a correct connector for your TV , you can either use your VCR or an additional round connector that looks like an antenna connector device . With your VCR , you can set your TV to the VCR channel . Below is the example of a round connector that you can use for your TV set . Configurations You have to change the Windows settings for the connection to be successful . Right - click on the desktop Click Properties In the menu , select TV output If you are having difficulty , try reducing the resolution to 800x600 . Notes The menu appears only if everything is connected correctly . The S - video cable was originally in black and white . The S - video has a horizontal keyway Currently on new computers , manufacturers are finally connecting the color . The same goes for TVs . The S - video color cables are more than pin cable black and white . Otherwise , there is always the possibility of using a composite cable to replace the S - video . CCM is a leading international tech website . Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts , under the direction of Jeff Pillou , founder of CCM . net . CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages . Learn more about the CCM team Published by hyts78 Latest update on June 30 , 2012 at 06 : 57 PM by Jean - Franรงois Pillou This document , titled " How to connect your PC to your TV set , " is available under the Creative Commons license . Any copy , reuse , or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM https : / / ccm . net / ) . Previous Formatting Your Hard Drive Next How to read and create a BIN and CUE file ? | [
"TV set",
"VIDEO-IN connector",
"Windows settings"
] |
http://ccm.net/faq/3741-how-to-install-ipod-and-iphone-driver-without-itunes | How to install iPod and iPhone Driver without iTunes ? Ask a question A PC requires an iPod and iPhone in order to communicate with the devices . The drivers are available as part of iTunes and are installed on the PC with the iTunes software . It is possible to install iPod and iPhone drivers without iTunes if the user does not want to install iTunes . There are iTunes alternatives which can manage the iPod or iPhone . Download alternative utilities and hardware device drivers for the iPod and iPhone from the Apple site to install iPod and iPhone drivers without iTunes In order to identify an iPod , iPod Touch or iPhone and read its contents , your PC needs the corresponding drivers . Normally your PC is provided with the adequate drivers , when iTunes is installed . If , for any reason , you do n ' t want to install iTunes on your system , you can get the drivers as described below : Download the file " iTunesSetup . exe " from the Apple webpage Open the file with WinRAR In the folder you will find these files : " AppleMobileDeviceSupport . msi " and " QuickTimes . msi " Extract both files and install them on your computer After the successful installation of both files ( above all - AppleMobileDeviceSupport . msi ) you can connect your iPod / iPhone and it should be recognized correctly . You can now run and manage your iPod and iPhone without iTunes by using iTunes alternatives or iPod managers . CCM is a leading international tech website . Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts , under the direction of Jeff Pillou , founder of CCM . net . CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages . Learn more about the CCM team Published by Saman . tha Latest update on February 12 , 2012 at 08 : 07 PM by Paul Berentzen This document , titled " How to install iPod and iPhone Driver without iTunes ? , " is available under the Creative Commons license . Any copy , reuse , or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM https : / / ccm . net / ) . Previous iPod Change Language Next HowTo - Use iPod Touch and iPhone as storage drive | [
"install iPod",
"without iTunes",
"PC"
] |
http://ccm.net/faq/41711-how-to-create-a-snapchat-account | How to Create a Snapchat Account US ES DE FR IT BR NL PL HI ID RU Ask a question Snapchat is a free mobile application that allows you take photos or videos and instantly share them with contacts using the same application . Media shared via application is only be visible for a maximum duration of limited period before being permanently deleted from Snapchat . Creating a Snapchat account is easy and straightforward , and this article will show you how . Download and Install the Application Create Your Account Register a Username How To Add Your Friends on Snapchat Related : Snapchat sign up Download and Install the Application The mobile application is available for iOS and Android Create Your Account Open the newly installed application and click SIGN UP Then , enter your name , and click Sign Up & Accept Now , enter your birthday , and click Continue Register a Username Pick your desired username , then click Continue . You ca n ' t choose one that already exists in the system : Set your password , then click Finally , enter your phone number so that you can receive an SMS to validate your account , then click How To Add Your Friends on Snapchat Once the authentication procedure is completed , you can add your contacts . The application search for all the contacts in your phonebook who are on Snapchat and provide you with a list of people with whom you can connect ! To add a contact , click the person icon in the top - left corner of the middle screen of the interface : Next , click Add Friends From this screen , you can choose to add your friends by syncing your phone ' s contacts or by searching for them directly in the app with their usernames . CCM is a leading international tech website . Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts , under the direction of Jeff Pillou , founder of CCM . net . CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages . Learn more about the CCM team Published by jak58 Latest update on June 6 , 2018 at 04 : 56 PM by Olivia Long This document , titled " How to Create a Snapchat Account , " is available under the Creative Commons license . Any copy , reuse , or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM https : / / ccm . net / ) . | [
"Snapchat Account"
] |
http://ccm.net/faq/5986-excel-run-macro-when-data-entered-in-a-cell | Excel - Run macro when data entered in a cell Ask a question If a user wishes to run a Macro in Microsoft Excel when the D10 cell is found to be populated , worksheet change event must be used in the Excel Worksheet , not in the module . http : / / www . 4shared . com / file / 89145449 / 43c8c38 / Change_Value_of D10 . htlml is downloaded and the original code that was used to run the Macro is set . The Visual basic icon of the Developer tab is selected for Microsoft Excel - 2007 . After viewing the worksheet where one wishes the code to be run , Declarations and General are dropped down and the worksheet is selected . The word ' Selection ' is removed from the ' Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange ' in the code window . For changing the value in D10 cell , ' $ D $ 10 ' is the target address that is set . This in turn would make the worksheet change event " Call " the Macro Issue I have a Macro that runs when the user clicks on a button . Instead , I want the Macro to run when Cell D10 is populated . The data for D10 comes from a Data Validation drop down , if that matters . This should be easy but I ca n ' t figure it out . Solution You can keep your Macro in module one . You must use the worksheet change event in the worksheet itself , not a module . Let me explain : I will provide a file to go along with the explanation . In the worksheet , range A5 : A25 is filled with numbers . If you enter a numeric value in cell D10 , range G5 : G10 will copy what is in A5 : A25 . If you delete the value in D10 , then the contents of range G5 : G10 will be deleted . http : / / www . 4shared . com / file / 89145449 / 43c8c38 / Change_Value_of _D10 . html Whatever your original code was to run your Macro , put that back into its original form . Since you are using Excel 2007 , this is what you need to do : 1 ) Click on the Developer tab . 2 ) Click on the Visual Basic icon . 3 ) On the left pane window , double - click the sheet where you need your code to run . 4 ) Now , at the top of the code window you will see ( General ) with a drop down , and ( Declarations ) with a drop down . 5 ) Click the drop down by ( General ) and select Worksheet . 6 ) Now in the code window you will see Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange ( ByVal Target As Range ) 7 ) Remove the word " Selection " . You want to remove " Selection " because that means when you click on a cell in the worksheet something will happen . You do not want that , you want to enter a value in D10 . It should now read Private Sub Worksheet_Change ( ByVal Target As Range ) 8 ) This is where you want the code . . . Private Sub Worksheet_Change ( ByVal Target As Range ) If Target . Address = " $ D $ 10 " Then Call MyMacro End If End Sub 9 ) Meaning , when you change the value in D10 , the worksheet change event will " Call " your Macro . Note Thanks to WutUp WutUp for this tip on the forum . CCM is a leading international tech website . Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts , under the direction of Jeff Pillou , founder of CCM . net . CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages . Learn more about the CCM team Published by aakai1056 Latest update on October 15 , 2014 at 12 : 14 PM by Jean - Franรงois Pillou This document , titled " Excel - Run macro when data entered in a cell , " is available under the Creative Commons license . Any copy , reuse , or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM https : / / ccm . net / ) . Previous Add a Specific Number of Days to a Date in Excel Next Excel Macro - Dynamic Column Selection | [
"Microsoft Excel",
"Macro",
"Software"
] |
http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/28/5/26.full | Management of Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Bridget Shoulders - Odom , MS , ACNP - BC , CCRN + Author Affiliations Bridget Shoulders - Odom is a cardiology nurse practitioner at Tampa VA Hospital , Tampa , Florida Corresponding author : Bridget Shoulders - Odom , ms acnp bc ccrn , 31047 Whitlock Dr , Wesley Chapel , FL 33543 ( e - mail : Bso1029 @ aol . com ) . This article has been designated for CE credit . A closed - book , multiple - choice examination follows this article , which tests your knowledge of the following objectives : Identify coronary vasculature Describe different types of percutaneous coronary interventions Discuss management of patients and complications after percutaneous coronary intervention Guidelines for management of patients after elective PCIs , including types of procedures , complications , and patients โ education and outcomes . Percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCIs ) have changed dramatically since the 1990s . The devices used have expanded from balloon dilation catheters to cutters , shavers , lasers , and specialized stents . Newer hemostasis devices have supplemented or replaced traditional methods . Routine treatment with heparin and warfarin postoperatively has been replaced with newer antithrombin and antiplatelet therapies . In this article , I provide updated guidelines for management of patients after elective PCIs . I review the coronary vasculature ; discuss different types of PCI procedures , including management of patients and complications ; and present key topics of patients โ education and outcomes . Next Section Distribution of the Coronary Arteries Figure 1 โ shows the left and right coronary artery systems . 1 The left main coronary artery bifurcates into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery . 2 3 In some persons , the left main coronary artery may not end as a bifurcation , but as a trifurcation . The third branch ( not illustrated ) is the ramus intermedius . Branches of the left anterior descending artery include the diagonals and the septal perforators . Diagonal arteries traverse the anterolateral surface of the left ventricle . The septal perforator branches supply most of the intraventricular septum , the right bundle branch , and the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch . The left circumflex artery travels toward the inferior surface of the heart , supplying the View larger version : In this page In a new window Figure 1 Right ( A ) and left ( B ) coronary anatomy . In most persons , the right coronary artery supplies the sinus node and the atrioventricular nodal branch . The first branch of the right coronary artery , the conus , may be a source of collateral circulation between the right and left coronary systems . The right coronary artery gives rise to acute marginal branches and terminates as the posterior descending artery in at least 80 % of the population , supplying septal perforator arteries to the posterior intraventricular septum . These arteries form an anastomosis with the septal perforator arteries from the left anterior descending artery , establishing another 2 3 Nurses caring for patients with coronary disease must be skilled in correlating coronary anatomy with electrocardiographic ( ECG ) changes and the part of the myocardium affected ( eg , recognizing that ST elevation in contiguous leads indicates injury in a specific region of the myocardium due to an occlusion in the corresponding artery ) . Table 1 โ gives the interrelationships between the ECG leads , the myocardium , and the coronary anatomy . View this table : In this window In a new window Table 1 Summary of electrocardiographic leads , corresponding coronary arteries , and myocardium supplied Previous Section Next Section Percutaneous Coronary Interventions PCIs include a broad category of procedures : angioplasty , placement of stents , atherectomy , laser treatment , cutting balloon angioplasty , and brachytherapy 5 ( Table 2 ) . View this table : In this window Table 2 Other percutaneous coronary interventions and adjunct procedures Angioplasty enlarges the lumen of a vessel by displacing the plaque and overstretching the vessel with balloon inflation . Residual stenosis of less than 20 % is considered an optimal result . 6 Angioplasty is preferred in patients with single - or double - vessel disease in whom large lesions ( 70 % or greater occlusion ) are approachable via a catheter . Coronary artery bypass surgery remains the preferred approach for lesions in the left main artery , particularly if unprotected ( ie , no patent bypass graft to the left anterior descending artery or the left circumflex artery ) , because of the large amount of myocardium at risk . Previous Section Coronary Stents PCI with stents has surpassed coronary artery bypass surgery as the most common coronary revascularization procedure . Coronary stents have contributed to marked reductions in restenosis and the need for emergency open heart surgery . These wire mesh tubes are constructed from metallic alloys ( eg , stainless steel ) and act as scaffolding to support the vessel wall ( Figure 2 ) ; the intent is to prevent abrupt closure of the vessel and subsequent restenosis . Although stents are usually inserted as an adjunct to angioplasty , direct stenting ( without dilating the vessel first ) is safe . 7 The benefits of direct stenting include decreased length of procedure , use of a smaller amount of contrast material , and decreased risk for vessel injury . View larger version : In this page Figure 2 Occlusive lesion in coronary artery ( A ) and placement of paclitaxel - eluting stent to relieve obstruction ( B ) . Bare metal stents were the first devices used to maintain lumen patency . This technology helped solve one problem but created another : in - stent restenosis . In order to overcome this problem , drug - eluting stents were developed to inhibit the response to injury that was primarily responsible for restenosis in patients with bare metal stents . 8 A drug - eluting stent delivers therapeutic levels of anti - inflammatory drugs locally to prevent cell proliferation . 9 Sirolimus , an immunosuppressant initially used to prevent allograft rejection , and paclitaxel , a chemotherapeutic agent , are the 2 commercially available drugs currently used most often in drug - eluting stents . Pathogenesis of Restenosis Restenosis involves a series of events that result in significant renarrowing of the lumen of the treated vessel . After PCI , the body attempts to repair the damage caused by the procedure - related mechanical injury . Every treated vessel undergoes some degree of loss of the lumen diameter , but this loss is usually negated by the net gain of the lumen diameter . 10 Different arteries and interventions appear to be associated with different degrees of proliferation and contraction of the vessel wall . Stented vessels renarrow exclusively via neointimal hyperplasia , a complex inflammatory process . Nonstented lesions restenose because of remodeling of the treated vessel , in addition to neointimal hyperplasia . Restenosis typically occurs within 3 to 12 months after intervention and is suspected if angina recurs . Untreated angina can lead to unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction . Restenosis may be detected during a stress test or confirmed by repeat angiography . Two beneficial treatments of restenosis are brachytherapy and drug - eluting stents . Stent Thrombosis Stent thrombosis usually occurs suddenly and is suspected when a patient has an acute ischemic event and ECG changes in the distribution of the treated vessel . 11 This serious complication almost always results in acute myocardial infarction . Most incidents occur acutely ( within 24 hours of stent placement ) or sub - acutely ( within the first 30 days ) . Information about the pathogenesis of stent thrombosis is limited ; however , current evidence suggests that delayed healing and reendothelialization , particularly in patients with drug - eluting stents , results in potentially enhanced thrombogenicity . A combination of procedure - related ( eg , placement of multiple stents ) , lesion - related ( eg , complex lesions ) , and patient - related ( eg , diabetes ) factors may all contribute to the development of stent thrombosis . 8 Stent thrombosis can be treated with emergency angioplasty or thrombectomy . Concerns have recently emerged about the risk of thrombosis in patients with drug - eluting stents . Very late thrombosis ( eg , 3 years ) after implantation of such stents has been reported . In an investigation of late stent thrombosis in patients who received drug - eluting stents , Ong et al 12 found that thrombosis could occur not only in patients who prematurely stopped clopidogrel and aspirin therapies but also in patients who completed clopidogrel therapy and continued aspirin therapy . In a prospective observational study of the incidence and outcomes of thrombosis after implantation of drug - eluting stents , Iakovou et al 13 found a higher rate of stent thrombosis ( 1.3 % ) than the rate reported in major clinical trials ( 0.4 % โ 0.6 % ) . Of concern , the incidence of thrombosis with paclitaxel - eluting stents was almost twice that of thrombosis with sirolimus - eluting stents . Premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy was the most important predictor of stent thrombosis . Thrombosis occurred in 29 % of patients who prematurely discontinued dual platelet therapy . The appropriate duration of long - term dual antiplatelet therapy for prevention of thrombosis has not been determined . A panel convened by the Food and Drug Administration concluded that late stent thrombosis in patients with drug - eluting stents was excessive and concurred with the recommendation for 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients who are not at high risk for bleeding . 14 Larger scale studies are needed to assess the true risk of thrombosis associated with use of drug - eluting stents and the appropriate duration for dual antiplatelet therapy . Magnetic resonance imaging is considered unsafe in patients with recent stenting because of the fear that dislodgement of the stent could trigger stent thrombosis , although many of the current metals used in stents are not ferromagnetic and do not interfere with the imaging . The traditional recommendation has been to postpone magnetic resonance imaging for 8 weeks after stent placement , to allow reendothelialization . Gerber et al 15 studied the risk of stent thrombosis associated with magnetic resonance imaging and suggested that the imaging can be safely performed in less than 8 weeks after stenting . Stents of the Future Future stents will be designed with the goals of increased safety and decreased complications . 16 17 New developments include biodegradable stents that remain in place only as long as necessary to prevent recoil and remodeling and then completely dissolve . Biocompatible polymer coatings that mimic the surface of normal cells are being developed . On the horizon are drugs designed to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis . 9 Methods to Facilitate Hemostasis Using manual compression to achieve hemostasis requires using 2 or 3 fingers to apply continuous downward pressure above the puncture site . 18 Sufficient pressure is applied to stop bleeding without obscuring the distal pulses . Pressure is held for approximately 20 minutes , or until hemostasis occurs . Mechanical compression devices ( eg , FemoStop ) have the advantages of hands - free operation , less contact with blood , and controlled pressure . When bleeding is marked , the pressure is increased to initiate hemostasis and then decreased every few minutes to the lowest pressure that stops bleeding . 18 The puncture site can be easily visualized via the transparent dome and closely observed while the pressure is slowly released . Maintaining pressure for a prolonged period ( eg , 2 hours ) is not recommended because of the risk for tissue damage or nerve compression . Use of this device is contraindicated in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease or femoral artery or venous grafts . 19 Compression may be inadequate in patients who are markedly obese . In an evaluation of vascular complications associated with manual and mechanical compression , Chlan et al 20 found no difference in complication rates between the compression methods . The most frequent vascular complications were ecchymosis ( 37 % ) , hematoma ( 20 % ) , and oozing ( 15 % ) . Vascular closure devices are alternative methods for achieving and maintaining hemostasis . The devices range from topical patches , collagen plugs , and procoagulants to suture - and staple - mediated devices 21 ( Table 3 ) . Figure 3 illustrates an example of a vascular closure device . Compared with other compression methods , vascular closure devices are associated with decreased compression time , improved patient comfort , and earlier ambulation but not with significant decreases in bleeding or vascular complications . 22 Table 3 Vascular closure devices Figure 3 Angio - Seal closure device creates a mechanical seal by โ sandwiching โ the arteriotomy site between an absorbable anchor on the intravascular side and a collagen plug on the extravascular side . The anchor and collagen are drawn together with a suture to form a secure seal . A minor annoying problem with many closure devices is persistent oozing around the closure site , particularly in patients receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy . Infection at the femoral access site is rare , but increased occurrence of infection has been noted with closure devices introduced in the tissue tract . 23 Prophylactic antibiotic therapy may be prescribed for patients at higher risk ( eg , those with diabetes ) before the PCI procedure if a vascular closure will be used for hemostasis . All vascular closure devices are subject to failure , and manual and / or mechanical pressure may be required if bleeding occurs despite their use . In a retrospective analysis of the 3 generations of the Angio - Seal device , Applegate et al 24 found no significant differences between the 3 devices and manual compression . Successful closure rates were similar for diagnostic and PCI procedures ; the overall success rate was greater than 98 % . The vascular complication rates were similar to those associated with manual compression . In a meta - analysis of the safety of vascular closure devices , Nikolsky et al 25 found no significant difference in vascular complications between Angio - Seal and Perclose devices compared with mechanical compression . The VasoSeal device appeared to have a higher incidence of vascular complication compared with mechanical compression . With the rapidly changing technology and newer generation devices , along with the gain in operator experience , complication rates associated with the newer devices are lower than those associated with the early generation devices . Adjunct Pharmacotherapy Pharmacological agents help provide short - and long - term stent patency and decrease the incidence of abrupt closure and stent thrombosis . Heparin treatment is generally maintained during the PCI procedure to prevent thrombus formation and then discontinued before sheath removal . Routine use of heparin after an uncomplicated PCI is no longer recommended . Avoiding use of heparin after a PCI procedure has decreased the incidence of bleeding and vascular complications . 6 In some instances ( eg , ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction ) , at the physician โ s discretion , heparin may be restarted , typically 4 hours after the sheath has been removed and hemostasis achieved . Stents are inherently thrombogenic because of their metallic alloy composition . A standard regimen of antiplatelet therapy is prescribed to decrease the risk of thrombosis . Typical antiplatelet agents include inhibitors of the glycoprotein IIb / IIIa complex ( GPIIb - IIIa ) , thienopyridines , and aspirin . These agents exert their antiplatelet effects at various sites along the antiplatelet pathways ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 4 Mechanisms of action of antiplatelet agents . GPIIb - IIIa inhibitors bind to the GPIIb - IIIa receptor sites , blocking the final common pathway of platelet aggregation and thus decreasing the incidence of acute thrombosis . 27 GPIIb - IIIa inhibitors currently available include eptifibatide , abciximab , and tirofiban . These agents are administered by intravenous infusion for 12 to 24 hours after a bolus dose is given . Platelet counts are closely monitored because of the risk for thrombocytopenia . Abciximab has the longest half - life and may cause more profound thrombocytopenia than the other GPIIb - IIIa inhibitors . Abciximab does not require dose adjustment in patients with renal disease . Bivalirudin ( Angiomax ) is a direct thrombin inhibitor that can be administered as an alternative to heparin and GPIIb - IIIa inhibitors during PCIs . Compared with heparin and GPIIb - IIIa inhibitors , bivalirudin is less dependent on renal clearance ; in addition , it does not activate platelets and has a short half - life of 25 minutes . 28 These benefits make bivalirudin suitable for patients with heparin - induced thrombocytopenia and chronic renal failure . The thienopyridines clopidogrel and ticlopidine are oral antiplatelet drugs that inhibit the receptors for adenosine diphosphate . These drugs are prescribed after PCI for a specified period , depending on the type of stent used . 28 Clopidogrel has essentially replaced ticlopidine because of the former โ s less potent hematologic adverse effects . Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A , resulting in irreversible inhibition of platelet function . Aspirin is prescribed in combination with clopidogrel , as dual antiplatelet therapy , to decrease the risk of stent thrombosis . Nursing Management After PCI Patients were traditionally monitored in the intensive care unit after PCI procedures . Many hospitals now have telemetry units staffed with specialty skilled nurses to care for PCI patients . Nursing care includes assessment , recognition , and effective management of complications ; patient comfort and safety ; and providing education to patients and their families . Chest pain may occur in up to 50 % of patients after PCI . Potential causes include benign stent sensation , acute stent thrombosis , abrupt vessel closure , transient coronary spasms , side branch occlusion , and distal embolization of debris . 23 All episodes of chest pain should be reported to a physician . Continuous ECG monitoring is used to assess for acute ischemic events . The EASI telemetry system provides the ability to monitor 12 leads continuously . The modified ECGs , derived from 4 chest electrodes and a reference electrode , obtained with this system allow multilead monitoring . 29 If the EASI system is not available , telemetry monitoring of ST segments should include leads that reflect the revascularized artery , for prompt recognition of possible abrupt closure . ST - segment monitoring may not be appropriate in patients with left bundle branch block , ventricular paced rhythms , or excessive artifact because of the inability to reliably interpret changes in the ST segment . 30 Standard 12 - lead ECGs are obtained after PCI procedures and whenever a patient has new cardiac signs or symptoms . Assays for cardiac markers may be ordered as part of an institution โ s protocol , although any patient experiencing persistent chest pain or after complicated PCI should have serial tests for cardiac markers . Measurements of troponins have a higher sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction than do measurements of creatine kinase MB . Although troponin elevations are common after PCI procedures and minor elevations do not appear to have prognostic value , marked elevations ( > 5 times normal ) are associated with worsened outcomes . Early sheath removal decreases the incidence of vascular and bleeding complications . 27 Specific protocols and competency - based education programs should be in place for nurses responsible for removing sheaths . The American Association of Critical - Care Nurses has published guidelines for sheath removal . A hemostasis device is typically used at the time of the removal . Bed rest guidelines vary with institutional policy , the technique used for hemostasis , the size of the sheath , and use of antiplatelet therapy after the PCI procedure . Tagney and Lackie 31 conducted a study to determine if bed rest times could be shortened without increasing complication rates in patients after diagnostic catheterization and PCI . They found that bed rest times could be reduced from 6 hours to 3 hours without an increase in complication rates . Standard assessment of the PCI access sites includes monitoring the arterial and venous puncture sites for bleeding , hematoma , ecchymosis , localized tenderness , a pulsating mass , and new bruits . Assessment of peripheral circulation includes evaluation of bilateral pulses for comparison , warmth and color of the affected extremity , and capillary refill . Immobilization of the affected extremity is indicated during the period of bed rest . An extremity immobilizer may be necessary in patients who have restless leg syndrome or are unable to comply with keeping the extremity straight . Patients with brachial puncture sites are on bed or chair rest with the arm straight for a minimum of 2 hours . Using the affected arm for blood pressure checks should be avoided during the recovery period . The brachial site is monitored for bleeding , swelling , distal pulses , sensation , and motor function . 22 Weak pulses or lack of pulses could be a sign of arterial spasm . Numbness and weakness may indicate medial nerve compromise or impaired circulation . The puncture sites should be checked to determine if the dressing is too tight or if a hematoma is compressing a nerve . Benefits of the radial artery approach include decreased bleeding at the access site and earlier ambulation . The arterial sheath is usually removed immediately after the PCI procedure . A specially made tourniquet ( eg , HemoBand ) may be applied at the puncture site , and then pressure is gradually released until hemostasis is achieved . If such a tourniquet is not available , manual compression is adequate . After hemostasis is achieved , a pressure bandage may be applied . A wrist splint may be used to decrease episodes of wrist flexion . Patients may ambulate once sedation The radial and ulnar pulses are both monitored as part of the assessment . Loss of a radial pulse may be due to thrombosis , dissection , inappropriate suturing , or spasms . Local swelling is treated with ice and analgesics . Rebleeding is treated with elevation of the hand of the affected extremity and local pressure . Persistent bleeding may be due to a lacerated artery . An inflatable blood pressure cuff can be used to control bleeding ; however , surgical intervention may be indicated . Other potential complications include arteriovenous fistula , hematoma , and ischemia due to occlusion of the radial artery . Nurses caring for PCI patients must be alert to recognize vascular related complications ( Table 4 ) , including hematomas , retroperitoneal bleeding , pseudoaneurysms , arteriovenous fistulas , nerve compression , and atheroembolism . Other potential complications ( Table 5 ) include dissection , tamponade , perforation , stroke , vasovagal reaction , infection , contrast - mediated nephropathy , and allergic reaction . 5 32 The clinical pathway in Table 6 summarizes the components of routine care after PCI procedures . Table 4 Vascular complications associated with percutaneous coronary interventions Table 5 Other potential complications of percutaneous coronary interventions Table 6 Percutaneous coronary intervention clinical pathway Patient and Family Education Patients are usually discharged the day after an uncomplicated PCI procedure . With shorter lengths of stay , education must begin immediately after admission . Teaching methods should be tailored for each patient , involve the patient โ s family , and make use of resources available . Key topics include site assessment , potential complications , activity limitations , follow - up care , when to seek medical assistance , medication therapy , and modification of risk factors . Patients should be reassured that the small hard lump palpable in the groin region will gradually disappear . Ecchymosis , the result of a hematoma , may take several weeks to resolve . Patients should be told that the discoloration will most likely expand and change color from dark blue to greenish yellow before disappearing . If femoral nerve compression occurred , leg weakness may persist for weeks to several months . Patients should be advised to avoid strenuous activity the week after the PCI procedure , but they may resume walking and driving in 48 hours . Patients should seek medical assistance if they have expansion of and / or pulsation in the groin swelling , new or significantly worsening discoloration , leg weakness , numbness , or pallor , redness , warmth at the access site , or puslike drainage from the site . Patients taking metformin are generally advised to stop the therapy before any PCI procedure and for at least 48 hours afterward because of the potential risk for lactic acidosis , particularly in patients with renal dysfunction . An assay for serum creatinine level may be required before the metformin therapy is resumed . At the time of discharge , patients should receive reinforcement about the use of dual antiplatelet therapy ( clopidogrel and aspirin ) , with emphasis on the potential risk of stent thrombosis if the therapy is not continued . Nurses are in a unique position to educate patients on the importance of modifying cardiovascular risk factors . Smoking cessation , medical therapy , diet , and regular exercise are key areas to be addressed with patients and their families . Nursing Outcomes In a critique of the literature on nursing outcomes and PCI procedures , Leeper 33 provided the following summary . A nurse - sensitive outcome was defined as a result influenced by nursing care . A review of patients in cardiac care units vs telemetry units indicated that most patients were in stable enough condition to be on telemetry units after a PCI procedure . Reduced length of stay and cost , with no significant difference in complication rates , was noted . Delayed removal of sheaths placed patients at greater risk for complications . Complication rates associated with sheaths removed by nurses did not differ from the rates for sheaths removed by physicians . Studies suggested that the time required to achieve hemostasis was shorter with mechanical compression than with manual compression . The incidence of hematoma formation was higher with the use of FemoStop than with manual compression . No evidence indicated that sandbags were effective in supplying sufficient pressure to control bleeding . Continuous ST - segment monitoring was useful in detecting acute coronary artery closure . The lead showing the greatest ST - segment deviation during the PCI procedure was beneficial in detecting acute ischemic events . Keys to avoiding bleeding complications included meticulous attention to the access site and recognition of predisposing factors ( eg , insufficient duration of pressure to obtain hemostasis ) . Leeper 33 concluded that there was a lack of standardized care . This lack was partly attributed to the limited nursing research on PCI . Most PCI practice guidelines to date are based on expert opinion . 34 Research has shown that many nursing interventions are not research based , confirming the need for clinical research on PCI . Nurses are in a key position to recognize areas of practice that need further research and to evaluate outcomes in nursing practice . Summary PCI procedures have undergone major changes since first introduced in the 1970s . In order to ensure that nurses provide quality care to patients who have PCI procedures , knowledge and skill must keep pace with technology and evidence - based practices . PRIME POINTS Read about updated guidelines for management of patients after percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCI ) . Nurses caring for PCI patients must be alert to recognize vascular related complications . The clinical pathway provided in this article summarizes the components of routine care after PCI procedures . Footnotes To purchase electronic or print reprints , contact The InnoVision Group , 101 Columbia , Aliso Viejo , CA 92656 . Phone , ( 800 ) 809 - 2273 or ( 949 ) 362 - 2050 ( ext 532 ) ; fax , ( 949 ) 362 - 2049 ; e - mail , reprints @ aacn . org dotmore To learn more about percutaneous coronary interventions , read โ Discriminating Between Right Coronary Artery and Circumflex Artery Occlusion by Using a Non - invasive 18 - Lead Electrocardiogram โ by Shu - Fen Wung in the American Journal of Critical Care 2007 16 63 โ 71 . Abstract FREE Full Text Available at www . ajcconline . org eLetters Now that you โ ve read the article , create or contribute to an online discussion about this topic using eLetters . Just visit http : / / ccn . aacnjournals . org and click โ Respond to This Article โ in either the full - text or PDF view of the article . Financial Disclosures None reported . Copyright ยฉ 2008 by the American Association of Critical - Care Nurses References โต Kern MJ , King SB , Douglas JS , Franch RH . Cardiac catheterization . In : Fuster V , Alexander RW , O โ Rourke RA , eds . Hurst : The Heart . 11th ed . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Co ; 2004 Google Scholar โต Baim DS Grossman โ s Cardiac Catheterization , Angiography , and Interventions . 7th ed . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006 : 187 โ 221 , 433 โ 466 . Google Scholar Apple S , Lindsay J Jr . Principles and Practice of Interventional Cardiology . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott ; 2000 Pijls NH . Optimum guidance of complex PCI by coronary pressure measurement . Heart 2004 90 ( 9 ) : 1085 โ 1093 . FREE Full Text Shaffer R . Care of patients undergoing fibrinolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention . In : Moser DK , Riegel B . Cardiac Nursing : A Companion to Braunwald โ s Heart Disease . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier Saunders ; 2007 : 823 โ 851 . American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association / Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions . ACC / AHA / SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Intervention . Washington , DC / Dallas , TX : American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association ; 2005 : 1 โ 121 . Dawkins KD , Chevalier B , Suttorp MJ , et al . Effectiveness of direct stenting without balloon predilatation ( from the Multilink Tetra Randomized European Direct Stent Study [ TRENDS ] ) . Am J Cardiol 2006 97 ( 3 ) : 316 โ 321 . CrossRef Medline Luscher TF , Steffel J , Eberli FR , et al . Drug - eluting stent and coronary thrombosis : biological mechanisms and clinical implications . Circulation 115 ( 8 ) : 1051 โ 1056 . Abstract Fennessy MM , Borden WB . Clinical benefits of drug - eluting stents : results from RAVEL and beyond . J Cardiovasc Nurs 21 442 โ 450 . Medline Sarkar K , Sharma SK , Sachdeva R , Romeo F , Garza L , Mehta JL . Coronary artery restenosis : vascular biology and emerging therapeutic strategies . Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 4 ( 4 ) : 543 โ 556 . CrossRef Holmes DR Jr , Kereiakes DJ , Laskey WK , et al . Thrombosis and drug - eluting stents : an objective appraisal . J Am Coll Cardiol 50 ( 2 ) : 109 โ 118 . Ong AT , McFadden EP , Regar E , de Jaegere PT , van Domburg RT , Serruys PW . Late angiographic stent thrombosis ( LAST ) events with drug - eluting stents . J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 45 ( 12 ) : 2088 โ 2092 . Iakovou I , Schmidt T , Bonizzoni E , et al . Incidence , predictors , and outcomes of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug - eluting stents . JAMA 293 ( 17 ) : 2126 โ 2130 . Grines CL , Bonow RO , Casey DE , et al ; American Heart Association ; American College of Cardiology ; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions ; American College of Surgeons ; American Dental Association ; American College of Physicians . Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents : a science advisory from the American Heart Association , American College of Cardiology , Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions , American College of Surgeons , and American Dental Association , with representation from the American College of Physicians . 49 ( 6 ) : 734 โ 739 . Gerber TC , Fasseas P , Lennon RJ , et al . Clinical safety of magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary stent placement . 2003 42 ( 7 ) : 1295 โ 1298 . Smith EJ , Jain AK , Rothman MT . New developments in coronary stent technology . J Interv Cardiol 19 ( 6 ) : 493 โ 499 . Anis RR , Karsch KR . The future of drug - eluting stents . Heart 92 585 โ 588 . Shaffer RB . Arterial and venous sheath removal . In : Wiegand DJ , Carlson KK , eds . AACN Procedure Manual for Critical Care . 5th ed . St Louis , MO : Elsevier Saunders ; : 602 โ 609 . FemoStop plus femoral compression system [ package insert ] . Wilmingham , MA : Radi Medical Systems ; Chlan LL , Sabo J , Savik K . Effects of three groin compression methods on patient discomfort , distress , and vascular complications following a percutaneous coronary intervention procedure . Nurs Res 54 ( 6 ) : 391 โ 398 . Kim MC . Vascular closure devices . Cardiol Clin . 24 ( 2 ) : 277 โ 286 , vii . Safian RD , Freed MS . The Manual of Interventional Cardiology . 3rd ed . Royal Oak , MI : Physicians โ Press ; 2001 Wong EML , Wu EB , Chan CM , et al . A review of the management of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention . Int J Clin Pract 60 582 โ 589 . Applegate RJ , Sacrinty M , Kutcher MA , et al . Vascular complications with newer generations of Angioseal vascular closure devices . J Interv Cardiol ( 1 ) : 67 โ 74 . Nikolsky E , Mehran R , Halkin A , et al . Vascular complications associated with arteriotomy closure devices in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures : a meta - analysis . 44 1200 โ 1209 . Schafer AI . Antiplatelet therapy . Am J Med 1996 101 199 โ 209 . Deelstra MH . Interventional cardiology techniques . In : Woods SL , Froelicher ES , Motzer SA , Bridges E , eds . Cardiac Nursing . 5th ed . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; : 585 โ 600 . Barman N , Bhatt DL . Antithrombotic therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention . Cardiol Clin . 175 โ 199 , v โ vi . Jahrsdoerfer M , Giuliano K , Stephens D . Clinical usefulness of the EASI 12 - lead continuous electrocardiographic monitoring system . Crit Care Nurse 25 ( 5 ) : โ 30 , 32 โ 37 . Adams MG , Pelter MM . Continuous ST - segment monitoring . In : Wiegand DJ , Carlson KK , eds . AACN Procedure Manual for Critical Care . 5th ed . St Louis , MO : Elsevier Saunders ; : 430 โ 437 . Tagney J , Lackie D . Bed - rest post - femoral arterial sheath removal โ what is safe practice ? A clinical audit . Nurs Crit Care 10 ( 4 ) : 167 โ 173 . Stacul F , Adams , A , Becker CR , et al . Strategies to reduce the risk of contrast - induced nephropathy . Am J Cardiol 98 ( 6A ) : 59K โ 77K . Leeper B . Nursing outcomes : percutaneous interventions . J Cardiovasc Nurs ( 5 ) : 346 โ 353 . Dumont CJ , Keeling AW , Bourguignon C , Sarembock IJ , Turner M . Predictors of vascular complications post diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous interventions . Dimens Crit Care Nurs ( 3 ) : 137 โ 142 . Articles citing this article Managing Risk of Complications at Femoral Vascular Access Sites in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Crit Care Nurse October 1 , 2012 32 29 Full Text ( PDF ) Oral Antiplatelet Therapy for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes : Defining the Role of Prasugrel February 1 , 2011 31 51 63 Full Text ( PDF ) Belhassen Ventricular Tachycardia : A Case Study October 1 , 2010 30 71 76 ยซ Previous | Next Article ยป Table of Contents This Article Crit Care Nurse October 2008 vol . 28 no . 5 26 - 40 Classifications Series : CE Article Cover Article Services Email this article to a friend Alert me when eletters are published Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Download to citation manager CE Test + Responses Citing Articles PubMed Navigate This Article Top Distribution of the Coronary Arteries Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Coronary Stents Methods to Facilitate Hemostasis Adjunct Pharmacotherapy Nursing Management After PCI Patient and Family Education Nursing Outcomes Summary PRIME POINTS Footnotes References | [
"Percutaneous Coronary Interventions"
] |
http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/35/1/e1.abstract | Methods Used by Critical Care Nurses to Verify Feeding Tube Placement in Clinical Practice Annette M Bourgault RN PhD CNL Janie Heath PhD APRNBC Vallire Hooper RN PhD CPAN Mary Lou Sole RN PhD CCNS and Elizabeth G Nesmith PhD APRNBC Author Affiliations Annette M Bourgault is an assistant professor and interim assistant dean for assessment and development at Georgia Regents University College of Nursing in Augusta Janie Heath is dean of the College of Nursing at University of Kentucky in Lexington Vallire Hooper is the manager of nursing research at Mission Hospital in Asheville North Carolina Mary Lou Sole is the Orlando Health Distinguished Professor at University of Central Florida College of Nursing in Orlando Elizabeth G NeSmith is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Physiological and Technological Nursing at Georgia Regents University College of Nursing in Augusta Corresponding author Annette M Bourgault Georgia Regents University College of Nursing EC4350 987 St Sebastian Way Augusta GA 30912 email abourgaultgruedu Abstract BACKGROUND The American Association of CriticalCare Nurses practice alert on verification of feeding tube placement makes evidencebased practice recommendations to guide nursing management of adult patients with blindly inserted feeding tubes Many bedside verification methods do not allow detection of improper positioning of a feeding tube within the gastrointestinal tract thereby increasing aspiration risk OBJECTIVES To determine how the expected practices from the American Association of CriticalCare Nurses practice alert were implemented by critical care nurses This study was part of a larger national online survey that was completed by 370 critical care nurses Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data RESULTS Seventyeight percent of nurses used a variety of methods to verify initial placement of feeding tubes although 14 were unaware that tube position should be confirmed every 4 hours Despite the inaccuracy of auscultation methods only 12 of nurses avoided this practice all of the time CONCLUSIONS Implementation of expected clinical practices from this guideline varied Nurses are encouraged to implement expected practices from this evidencebased peer reviewed practice alert to minimize risk for patient harm 2015 American Association of CriticalCare Nurses Responses to this article Jan T Wells need for easily disseminated information for busy nurses Crit Care Nurse published online November 14 2016 Full Text Stefano Bambi and Alberto Lucchini RN MSN Nasogastric tube insertion in adult patients and the auscultatory method thats not the end of the matter Crit Care Nurse published online March 4 2015 Full Text Annette Bourgault and J Heath V Hooper ML Sole B NeSmith Re Nasogastric tube insertion in adult patients and the auscultatory method thats not the end of the matter Crit Care Nurse published online March 4 2015 Full Text Articles citing this article Using Gemba Boards to Facilitate EvidenceBased Practice in Critical Care Crit Care Nurse June 1 2018 38 e1 e7 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF CortrakAssisted Feeding Tube Insertion A Comprehensive Review of Adverse Events in the MAUDE Database Am J Crit Care March 1 2017 26 149 156 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Next Article Table of Contents This Article doi 104037ccn2015984 Crit Care Nurse February 2015 vol 35 no 1 e1e7 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Classifications OnlineNOW Services Email this article to a friend Alert me when eletters are published Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Download to citation manager Responses Citing Articles PubMed Current Edition December 2018 38 6 About the Journal Instructions for Authors Submit a Manuscript Mobile Options Issue PDF CE Articles Ask the Experts OnlineNOW RSS Feeds Advertise Contact Us Other AACN Publications | [
"Critical Care Nurses"
] |
http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_science/foundation/index.html | This section includes relevant background text , definitions and examples , policy statements , video , and expert commentary . It should be read by those looking for a thorough understanding of collaborative science . Introduction Case Study Q & A Annotated Case ยป Foundation Text ยซ Resources Conclusion Foundation Text Table of Contents The trend toward more collaborative research , and examples of it . What is collaborative research ? Collaboration usually involves two or more researchers within an institution or in different institutions , working either in the same field or in different scientific fields or sectors of the economy What is spurring the increasingly collaborative and multidisciplinary nature of research ? Funding sources Researchers need complementary skills Ease with new telecommunications technologies , e - mail Technology - transfer between academia and industry fostered by the Bayh - Dole Act Evidence that collaborations will improve progress What are some of the potential problems with collaborative research ? Difference in style of investigators Difference in style of research across disciplines Differences between academic and industrial research with respect to sharing of data and results Ethical considerations may affect research across institutions and nations ; there may be differences in issues such as disclosure of conflict of interest and standards for clinical research What are the ways to enhance collaboration ? Communication first , second , and throughout Discussing in advance who will do what in a project ; understanding that this might change as the research evolves Discussing authorship in advance Discussing data in advance Discussing intellectual - property issues in advance Managing accountability What is the institutional role in the collaborative process ? Technology - transfer offices Grants - and - contracts offices Clinical - trials offices I . The trend toward more collaborative research , and examples of it High - energy physics . The human - genome project . The social impact of computing . Telemedicine . As the nature of the questions that researchers ask becomes more complex , investigators have come together , bringing their unique expertise to find the answers . Researchers working in these fields โ and , more and more , those working in all academic disciplines โ are collaborating in large groups , and in many cases will work with researchers who are educated and skilled in different subjects . Physicists throughout the world pool resources to understand the subatomic particles that Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Benefits of Collaborative Research Kathy Neckerman [ Bio Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . The Problems of the World Alan Berkman [ Bio II . What is collaborative research ? A . Collaboration has been intrinsic to the research process for the past 50 years , but collaboration per se usually refers to researchers who work within the same discipline , either within an institution or in different institutions . When a biochemist solves the crystal structure of a protein for a molecular biologist working on the regulation of the protein , that is a collaboration within the biological sciences . Multidisciplinary research is a form of collaborative research that involves researchers working across disciplines , either within an institution or in different institutions . A physician working with an B . What is spurring the increasingly collaborative nature of research ? Funding sources : The federal government , including the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation , now supports projects that ask for researchers in different disciplines to work together . The NIH โ s road map , a project that is determining the agency โ s future extramural and intramural research mission , has defined certain areas for study , such as nanomedicine and structural biology , which will involve research within and across disciplines , and , in some cases , with industry . The new programs support research as well as the education of next - generation scientists Researchers need complementary skills A chemist developing a nanotube to deliver a drug that will regulate the expression of a gene to prevent the growth of cancer cells or to kill existing cells has many technical problems to solve . The main problem is creating the nanostructure that has the intelligence to respond to the changes in the cellular mileu . That researcher does not necessarily have the expertise to understand what impact the technology he or she is developing will have on the recipient . If the government says in a grant application that special attention will be given to a grant that Ease with new telecommunications technologies , e - mail E - mail and Web - based technologies have changed the way many people in research - oriented countries interact , and scientists are among the beneficiaries of the new communications technology . While the wider use of fax machines , in the 1980s , allowed documents and data to be sent across phone lines , shared computerized databases at that time were more difficult to manage . Today , Web - based technologies allow researchers to input and manipulate data in shared databases with ease . Web - based telecommunications systems also allow people from across the world to Techology transfer between academia and industry , fostered by the Bayh - Dole Act The Bayh - Dole Act of 1980 allowed universities to have control of the intellectual property , such as patents , that is generated from federally funded research ; with a patent in hand , universities could exclusively license the patent to businesses . For the past 25 years or so , many universities , including Columbia , have benefited from the licensing revenue . Recent inventions , in the form of new drugs and computer technologies , have also helped the public . The law has encouraged new relationships between academic researchers and companies . Recently , Congress went Evidence that such collaborations improve progress Research collaborations , according to Francis Macrina 1 , allow researchers to ask questions they would n โ t be able to ask if they worked alone . In the biomedical sciences , for example , researchers can test the same hypothesis using genetic and biochemical methods , with data from both validating the findings . According to Macrina , the identification of the colon - cancer gene came , first , from findings with medical geneticists working with patients who had the disease . Repair mechanisms in yeast led to an understanding of how the gene was working in higher organisms . With the gene in hand III . What are some of the potential problems with collaborative research ? A . Difference in style of investigators As in any relationship , people have different styles of relating . Some people are more formal , while others are more laid - back and relaxed . Likewise , in science some researchers have collaborations in which they develop a project over a beer and a handshake at a conference and the tenure of the tie remains informal throughout . Others require more documentation and rigorous enumerations of responsibilities . However , even if a researcher works easily with another researcher , shared grants , data , and materials require more formal written agreements involving grants - and - B . Difference in style of research across and within disciplines One collaborator believes that peer - reviewed papers should be short and should use a limited amount of data . Another collaborator believes that more data should be collected and the โ story โ of the research should be developed before anything gets published . This kind of disagreement can occur with collaborators in the same field or in different fields . Disciplines also suggest , in different ways , who should be an author on a paper . In certain fields , people who have not contributed substantially to the intellectual process of the research are not included , Different research disciplines also have varied approaches in work habits . Biomedical laboratories can run 24 hours a day because of the nature of performing experiments , but other disciplines may have more routine , 8 - to 10 - hour days . Also , different types of work may follow different timetables . Statisticians working on analyzing data may move faster than the social - science researchers surveying hundreds of people in a population for data . Imaging a region of the brain involved in a drug addict โ s high may generate quicker results than elucidating the socioeconomic Researchers also speak different languages . Technical jargon exists within subspecialties within a discipline and across disciplines . It can be challenging for researchers to create a language understood across many disciplines . Several Kinds of Concerns Kathy Neckerman [ The crucial point is to presume nothing and to put everything on the table for discussion as early in the relationship as possible . C . Differences between academic and industrial research with respect to sharing of data and results The free exchange of information at scientific meetings and in publications is the ethic and lifeblood of academia . However , in commercial enterprises research data could have financial repercussions , so data is carefully vetted before it is published , if it is ever published . When academics and business researchers work together on projects , each party has to come to an agreement about how data and materials will be shared . Institutions such as Columbia University do not allow hindrance of publication in research collaborations with industry . Other universities are willing to forgo the freedom in The issue of industry sponsoring drug trials at academic research centers and not allowing the recipients to publish papers about the results of the trials has become front - page news . The New York Times reported in late 2004 that medical - school researchers funded by the pharmaceutical industry had sought access to unpublished data in an antidepressant trial to determine whether the drugs increased the risk of suicidal behavior in children . Drug companies denied the questioning researchers access to the data and would not allow them to communicate with other researchers who had participated in the same study at another institution . Drug companies perform clinical trials at multiple locations and keep the data centralized , with each institution not aware of results from elsewhere . An editorial in the Times said that it may now be time for all institutions to negotiate contracts with drug companies that would โ ensure researchers โ access to data and prompt publication of results . โ 2 D . Ethical considerations may affect research across institutions and nations Universities throughout the nation and the world may have different standards for the nature of disclosure of potential financial conflicts of interest . While one academic medical center would not allow a researcher who developed a drug to be involved in the clinical trials of that drug , another might permit it as long as safeguards were in place that would prevent the researcher from knowing the progress of ongoing trials . International collaborations raise concerns about differing standards of treatment for research subjects in developed versus developing nations . Reader K . Lie , in his presentation of โ Overcoming Inequalities Alan Berkman [ IV . What are the ways to enhance collaboration ? Macrina 3 points out six key components of a successful collaboration . They are : A . Communication first , second , and throughout As Howard Gadlin wrote in โ Preempting Discord : Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists , โ nothing should be taken for granted when researchers decide to collaborate . read more No one in a collaboration should assume anything . Establishing , maintaining , and even terminating communication is important for the project to continue . If two researchers exchange data , personnel , or materials without a formal collaboration in place , perhaps they need to address whether one should be established . Once a collaboration is formally created , then discussion about data , ideas , and personnel issues should occur . Researchers need to communicate effectively , whether the other person is across the hall or on the other side of the globe . Collaborative Relationships Communication is particularly important in collaborations between academia and industry . Special requirements may be imposed on the publication of material or on the invention and patents . Whether a graduate student participates in such an academic - industrial project must be resolved early on if the research may not be published in a timely fashion . Also , patent lawyers , technology - transfer administrators , and marketing personnel from industry need to establish a common ground for communication . B . Discussing in advance who will do what in a project , while understanding that the research may evolve Parties in a collaboration should define goals in such a way that they could not have been established without the collaboration . Setting goals leads to expectations and outcomes . Who will take charge of the collaboration also has to be defined . As multiple laboratories or groups of researchers may be involved , coordinating the effort among the participants requires management ( and communication ) . When a research project changes direction , how that will impact participants needs to be addressed . Authors may be added or eliminated . Finally , researchers have to determine when a collaboration C . Discussing authorship in advance Different disciplines have varying standards for determining authorship . The criteria for authorship among collaborators has to be established beforehand so all know what to expect . But with authorship comes responsibility , so collaborators need to determine how they will deal with the differing expertise levels of each author . Who will actually write the manuscript and be responsible for the input from collaborators has to be established . If the research changes direction , someone expecting authorship might be disappointed , so the evolution of a project has to be considered . Finally , who will be included D . Discussing data and material management in advance Macrina offers good examples of what can happen among researchers who share resources and data . Laboratory A , for example , has purified a protein and prepared antibodies to the protein . Laboratory B will screen an expression library to find the clone . Laboratory B will get the monoclonal antibody and the clone will be shared . But will Laboratory B also get the cell line that makes the monoclonal antibody ? How such a question is resolved affects the ability of the laboratories to replicate work and to perform independent work at the end of a collaboration Also , the transfer of materials among collaborators is subject to so - called โ material transfer agreements , โ or MTAs , developed by administration offices . They include : Limits on the use of the material , usually for non - commercial research purposes Prohibitions on the redistribution of the material Conditions of use , including prohibitions of use in animals or humans Conditions for publication , usually with provisions that the manuscript must be seen by the donor before submission for publication A hold - harmless cause , meaning that the donor has no liability resulting from the use of the material The issue of the return of unused material E . Discussing intellectual property issues in advance All investigators want to be able to protect results that might have potential commercial application . Disclosing results early could prevent collaborators from being able to obtain patent protection . All parties should know of institutional and granting - agency policy regarding intellectual property and patent procedures . F . Managing accountability Each institution has to abide by certain regulations , policies , and laws . Researchers working with animals , humans , or hazardous substances have to conform to the appropriate regulations , policies , and laws . Basic research scientists might have access to patient data from the clinical arm of a study and must be aware that they need to maintain the confidentiality of patients . Also , clinicians should inform bench researchers of the potential hazards of certain human tissues . Researchers also need to inform one another of any potential conflict of interest that they might have V . What is the institutional role in the collaborative process ? A . Technology - transfer offices Science and Technology Ventures , or STV , http : / / www . stv . columbia . edu / , is the technology - transfer office for Columbia University , and is an example of analogous offices in universities throughout the country . The responsibilities of STV include identifying and patenting new inventions and copyright materials , including software . The office helps inventors develop the necessary documentation for patents and other kinds of protection . Although the university owns the intellectual property , the technology - transfer office works with the principal investigator to develop the best possible deal to benefit the university and the inventor , both of which receive licensing revenues . Personnel in the office also interact with industry representatives to set up collaborative research agreements , to inform them of new inventions , and to negotiate license agreements . The office also advises venture - capital groups of new inventions and facilitates the start - up of new companies , some of which may establish themselves in the Audubon Business and Technology Center , a Columbia incubator . The office will help researchers to develop a business plan that will be attractive to potential investors . STV also has some discretionary funding to support faculty who might develop new patentable STV provides guidance about how researchers can protect their inventions . If results of research are made public without first being protected - - with a confidentiality agreement , materials - transfer agreement , or patent application - - the monetary value of the invention is substantially reduced . B . Grants - and - contracts offices Columbia University has two offices for dealing with grants - and - contracts administration โ the Office of Projects and Grants http : / / www . columbia . edu / cu / opg / , on the Morningside campus , and the Office of Grants and Contracts http : / / www . cumc . columbia . edu / research / ogc - pers . htm , on the Medical Center campus . Grants - and - contracts offices in other universities perform similar functions . The Columbia offices are authorized by the Trustees of the University to submit sponsored project proposals to all agencies ( whether governmental or private ) and to negotiate and accept awards based on these proposals . The Columbia grants office negotiates grants with industry , except for the intellectual - property clauses , which the technology - transfer office manages . If a Columbia researcher enters a collaboration with a researcher in another department while a grant is ongoing , they do not have to formalize the relationship through the grants office . If , however , a Columbia researcher with an ongoing grant enters into a collaboration with a researcher at another institution and money is involved in the transaction , a subcontract is written , which the grants office manages . If collaborators within an institution apply for a grant together , they are both included in the personnel section of the grant . If collaborators from different institutions Obstacles in International Research C . Clinical - trials offices The mission of Columbia University Medical Center ' s Office of Clinical Trials , http : / / www . clinicaltrials - nyph . org / , which opened in 1992 , is to further promote the excellence , scope , and efficiency of clinical research activities at the Columbia University Medical Center , the New York Presbyterian Hospital , and the New York Presbyterian Healthcare Network , which includes Cornell University . The office has served as a model for clinical - trials departments at other academic medical centers throughout the country . The office provides many support services to clinical investigators , freeing them to focus on their research . The major responsibilities of the office include : Maintenance of an efficient administrative unit capable of quickly negotiating and executing Clinical Trials Agreements Management of ongoing clinical research contracts , including account control , collection and distribution of clinical funds , and computerized management reporting tools to monitor these activities Provision of expert project control and financial services , such as the formulation and review of clinical - trial budgets Stimulation of new clinical research activities Improvement and support of the Medical Center โ s institutional infrastructure for clinical research Bridging institutional lines , the Office of Clinical Trials represents the network institutions and is the administrative unit that pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies should deal with when exploring the clinical - trial possibilities and when negotiating a Clinical Trial Agreement . Continue to the next section : โ Resources Reference Notes : 1 Macrina , F . Scientific Integrity : An Introductory Text with Cases . Second Edition . American Society for Microbiology Press . 2000 . back 2 " Free the Academic Drug Tests , " New York Times , editorial , Nov . 30 , 2004 . back 3 Macrina , F . Scientific Integrity : An Introductory Text with Cases . Second Edition . American Society for Microbiology Press . 2000 . | [
"collaborative research"
] |
http://ccobgyn.com/obstetrical-care/am-i-pregnant/how-soon-after-a-missed-period-can-i-take-a-home-pregnancy-test-and-get-accurate-results/ | How soon after a missed period can I take a home pregnancy test and get accurate results ? Many home pregnancy tests ( HPTs ) claim to be 99 % accurate on the day you miss your period . But research suggests that most HPTs do not consistently spot pregnancy that early . And when they do , the results are often so faint they are misunderstood . If you can wait one week after your missed period , most home pregnancy tests will give you an accurate answer . Ask your doctor for a more sensitive test if you need to know earlier . When a home pregnancy test will give an accurate result depends on many things . These include : How long it takes for the fertilized egg to implant in the uterus after ovulation . Pregnancy tests look for the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) that is only produced once the fertilized egg has implanted in the uterine wall . In most cases , this happens about 6 days after conception . But studies show that in up to 10 percent of women , the embryo does n โ t implant until much later , after the first day of the missed period . So , home pregnancy tests will be accurate as soon as one day after a missed period for some women but not for others . How you use them โ Be sure to follow the directions and check the expiration date . When you use them โ The amount of hCG in a pregnant woman โ s urine increases with time . So , the earlier after a missed period you take a HPT , the harder it is to spot the hCG . If you wait one week after a missed period to test , you are more apt to have an accurate result . Also , testing your urine first thing in the morning may boost the accuracy . Who uses them โ The amount of hCG in the urine at different points in early pregnancy is different for every woman . So , some women will have accurate results on the day of the missed period while others will need to wait longer . The brand of test โ Some home pregnancy tests are more sensitive than others . So , some tests are better than others at spotting hCG early on . Previous Page I got a negative result on a home pregnancy test . Might I still be pregnant ? | [
"home pregnancy tests",
"missed period",
"fertilized egg"
] |
http://ccss1.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=8509&CategoryID=3067 | Home WatchKnowLearn Home About Change Log Edit Queue Add Video Get Bookmarklet ! Help Common Core State Standards for First Grade Search Get Your Own Classroom ยป Join This Classroom ยป Browse Our Directory Ages 3 - 18 3 18 Add Categories from WatchKnowLearn ELA ( 1248 ) 1 . OA . D . 7 ( 0 ) Mathematics ( 511 ) For the Teacher ( 113 ) Unsorted Videos ( 0 ) Who is Qualified to Diagnose Dyslexia ? Some content viewed on Common Core State Standards for First Grade is hosted by other websites . Rating : 8,744 views From eHow Who is Qualified to Diagnose Dyslexia ? . Part of the series : Dyslexia . The most qualified people to diagnose dyslexia are those who are involved in the child ' s learning progression , such as reading teachers , school psychologists and special educators . ( 1 : 56 ) Ages : 18 - 18 License : Undetermined Owner : unspecified Found by tinag1974 History show Attachments ( 0 ) show Comments If you want to comment , please sign in Share | [
"Diagnose Dyslexia"
] |
http://ccstormvolleyball.com/tryouts/ | Volleyball Club Try - Outs Storm Performance Volleyball Club Try - Outs LOOKING FOR A CLUB TEAM ? We have teams from 10 โ s to 18 โ s . Some age groups have two teams . Some are looking for 1 or 2 players still . Some have several positions available . Our performance teams are designed for those girls who have some club experience already while our select teams are set up for those new to the club volleyball scene . The following teams are available : 18 โ s - Performance โ 17 โ s - Performance โ 16 โ s - Performance โ 15 โ s - Performance โ 14 โ s - Performance โ 14 โ s - Select โ 13 โ s - Performance โ 13 โ s - Select โ 12 โ s - Performance โ 12 โ s - Select โ 11 โ s - Performance โ 11 โ s - Select โ 10 โ s - Select โ We Have Try - Out Dates Set For Our 2019 - 20 Corpus Christi Volleyball Club Season We will have our coaches on site to evaluate all athletes . A variation of drills will be executed to give every athlete the best opportunity . Our Storm coaches are highly experienced and many of them are collegiate level athletes , college coaches , Elite High School and Elite Club level coaches . We offer some of the best training in South Texas . Our volleyball club try - outs are open to the public and we do our best to be objective . No guarantees or promises are made . We will build as many teams from 10 โ s to 18 โ s as we can accommodate . Join one of the fastest upcoming volleyball clubs in South Texas and become a part of our Storm Family . CLUB PLAYERS TRYOUTS Try - Out Dates Monday , April 29th , 2019 April 29th is an open tryout for all girls who have played club volleyball regardless of which club you have played for . You must have at least one year of club volleyball experience . Try - outs Times 6 : 30pm - 7 : 30pm 10 โ s to 13 โ s teams 7 : 30pm - 8 : 30pm 14 โ s to 18 โ s team Cost is $ 20 to Try - Out OUR NEXT OPEN VOLLEYBALL CLUB TRYOUTS IN CORPUS CHRISTI Sunday , June 9th Try - Out Dates Sunday , June 9th , 2019 June 9th is open to any and all girls regardless of club or school experience or affiliation . Try - outs Times 2pm - 3pm 10 โ s to 12 โ s teams 3pm - 4pm 13 โ s & 14 โ s teams 4pm - 5pm 15 โ s to 18 โ s team Cost is $ 20 Pay At The Door REGISTRATION OPENS SOON Here โ s what you need to bring : Copy of your birth certificate Copy of your current health insurance A photo $ 500 deposit if making a team LOCATION : TULOSO - MIDWAY HIGH SCHOOL Tuloso - Midway High School Gym is located at 2653 Mckinzie Rd , Corpus Christi , TX 78410 PLEASE NOTE WE ARE NOT AFFILIATED WITH TULOSO - MIDWAY ISD OR THEIR ATHLETIC PROGRAMS Time : PLEASE arrive 15 minutes early to check in and fill out any paperwork You Can Check Out Each Teams Season Prices By Clicking > > > > HERE < < < < PLEASE NOTE โฆ ALL PAYMENTS ARE FINAL . THERE ARE NO REFUNDS . | [
"Volleyball Club",
"Texas"
] |
http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1099 | Last modified on Jun 18 , 2015 Collier Fire Collier Fire Incident Information : Last Updated : June 18 , 2015 9 : 15 pm FINAL Date / Time Started : June 18 , 2015 2 : 09 pm Administrative Unit : CAL FIRE Amador - El Dorado Unit County : San Joaquin County Location : Jack Tone Rd & Collier Rd , east of Herald Estimated - Containment : 122 acres - 100 % contained California Statewide Fire Map View California Fire Map in a larger map Collier Fire More Info Collier Fire Information Telephone Numbers Special Notices | [
"COLLIER FIRE",
"Incident Information"
] |
http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll11/id/1430 | Home Military Publications - Army Regulations - USAHEC AR 350 - 30 Code of Conduct / SERE Training AR 350 - 30 Code of Conduct / SERE Training View Description Page Flip View Download 1431 . pdf [ 1.72 MB ] Link will provide options to open or save document . File Format : Adobe Reader Description Army Milpub Number AR 350 - 30 Title AR 350 - 30 Code of Conduct / SERE Training Date 1984 - 12 - 10 Relation Supersedes AR 350 - 30 Mar 1984 ; AR 350 - 225 Feb 1984 Milpub Series AR Series 350 Creator Department of the Army Milpub Type Army Regulations Rights Public Domain Repository U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center Date created 2014 - 09 - 02 Date modified 2014 - 09 - 02 | [
"SERE Training",
"AR 350-30 Code",
"Conduct"
] |
http://ce.nurse.com/state-nurse-ce-requirements/florida | Florida Board of Nursing State CE Requirements Unlimited CE Only $ 49.95 per year Nurse . com offers continuing nursing education courses on Domestic Violence , HIV / AIDS , Preventing Medical Errors , and Florida Nurse Practice Laws and Rules . These courses meet Florida continuing education requirements for license renewal . We are a proud partner of CE Broker and report completed courses automatically . CE Requirements for RNs RNs are required to complete 24 hours of appropriate continuing education ( CE ) during each renewal period , including 2 hours relating to prevention of medical errors . In addition to these 24 hours of general CE , each RN must complete 2 hours of domestic violence CE every third renewal for a total of 26 hours . New Requirements : Beginning with the biennium ending in 2015 , each licensee shall complete a 2 - hour course on the laws and rules that govern the practice of nursing in Florida . This will be part of the total 24 hours that are required each biennium . Beginning with the biennium on or after January 2 , 2019 licensees must complete a 2 - hour course on human trafficking , and each biennium thereafter . FAC 64B9 - 5.002 . There is a new 2 - hour CE course requirement for " Recognizing Impairment in the Workplace " that becomes effective August 1 , 2017 , then every other biennium thereafter . Registered Nursing Group 1 will be the first group required to have the new CE for the renewal period ending April 30 , 2018 . Florida Board of Nursing Rule Change Effective 8 / 1 / 2014 , courses can not be offered in tenth hour increments over one hour ( example : 1.6 contact hours ) . Course contact hours will be rounded down to the nearest half hour ( example 1.6 contact hours becomes 1.5 contact hours ) . For initial licensure , both RNs and LPNs must complete : 2 hours of medical errors 2 hours in Florida laws and rules 2 hours of recognizing impairment in the workplace 1 hour of HIV / AIDS CE Requirements for LPNs LPNs are required to complete 24 hours of appropriate continuing education ( CE ) during each renewal period , including 2 hours relating to prevention of medical errors . In addition to these 24 hours of general CE , each LPN must complete 2 hours of domestic violence CE every third renewal for a total of 26 hours . New Requirements : Beginning with the biennium ending in 2015 , each licensee shall complete a 2 - hour course on the laws and rules that govern the practice of nursing in Florida . This will be part of the total 24 hours that are required each biennium . There is a new 2 - hour CE course requirement for the Recognizing Impairment in the Workplace that becomes effective August 1 , 2017 , then every other biennium thereafter . Licensed Practical Nurses will be required to have the new CE for the renewal period ending July 31 , 2019 . FL Courses Continuing education courses listed in this FL State Required Courses category will help you to meet the requirements for RN and other healthcare professionals โ licensure and relicensure in Florida . There are some pretty big advantages in choosing nurse . com for your continuing education : Our system allows for you to keep track of all your transcripts in one place All courses are tracked digitally and can be accessed at anytime Every nursing course is developed by nurses for nurses and goes through a rigorous review process You can access more than 600 independent self - study continuing nursing education courses We are the recipient of the 2007 - 09 , 2009 - 11 , 2012 - 15 ANCC Accreditation Premier Program Award for innovation and excellence in the provision of continuing nursing education . We automatically report courses taken to the Florida Department of Health continuing education tracking database . ( CE Broker For more information visit the Florida Board of Nursing Recommended Courses Sort Advertisements | [
"Florida Board of Nursing State",
"CE Requirements",
"FL Courses"
] |
http://cebupacificaircorporate.com/ | December 19 2018 Cebu Pacific ends 2018 with 71 aircraft in its fleet MORE December 15 2018 Cebu Pacific commences new ClarkBohol route MORE December 7 2018 Cebu Pacific expands PHMacau SAR footprint with direct flights from Cebu MORE November 27 2018 Cebu Pacific first to operate from new Panglao International Airport MORE 1 2 3 4 5 Media QUICK LINKS Press Releases Corporate Profile PDF Our Fleet Awards Twitter SEE ALL Tweets by CebuPacificAir Gallery SEE ALL Video March 05 2014 Juan for Fun 2014 Call to Join Video February 27 2014 Juan for Fun 2014 JOIN NOW Video February 26 2014 Juan For Fun 2013 FInalist Team Crimson Video February 26 2014 Juan For Fun 2013 FInalist Team Lemixian Video February 26 2014 Juan For Fun 2013 Finalist Team Seven Video February 25 2014 Juan for Fun 2013 Finalist Team Awesome | [
"Gallery"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.