url
stringlengths 15
784
| text
stringlengths 6
437k
| KeyPhrases
sequence |
|---|---|---|
http://cech.uc.edu/programs/secondary_education/licensure-in-secondary-education.html | APPLY Secondary Education Undergraduate Programs Masters Degree Program Plus Licensure Our Faculty Contact Us School of Education CECH Home School of Education Academic Programs Secondary Education Masters Degree Program Plus Licensure Program Details The Secondary Education Masters Degree plus Licensure is an initial licensing strand of the campus - based Curriculum and Instruction masters degree ( C&I M . Ed . ) . Candidates who successfully complete the C&I masters plus licensure program are eligible to apply for an initial Ohio Adolescent and Young Adult ( AYA ) teacher license . Teachers who are currently licensed in grades 7 - 12 are advised not to apply for this C&I masters strand . C&I M . Ed - Secondary Education The C&I secondary masters plus licensure is a cohort - based program , as such candidates must meet the Admission requirements of the CI masters program , detailed below , and the specific requirements of licensure programs in the state of Ohio . These requirements include meeting the specific disciplinary content requirements of the license sought and satisfactory findings on Federal and State background checks , TB tests and a statement of good moral conduct . The program is a full time 54 semester credit program which typically takes three to four semesters to complete . It includes clinical field experiences , on campus courses , and online courses . All ELA candidates begin their program in the fall semester , other content areas ( mathematics , the sciences and social studies ) can begin in the fall or spring semester . In addition the science and mathematics licensing areas currently offer a summer start . All face to face courses are held on the UC main campus . All field clinical experiences are arranged by the program field coordinator in a partner school . All candidates complete a 70 hour practicum experience and a full year - half day field clinical experience in their final fall and spring semesters prior to completing the licensure course work . It is a program priority to provide candidates with field experiences at both the junior and senior high school level . In addition , we believe the preponderance of candidates teaching experience should be in courses that meet Ohio graduation requirements for the students in the classes . Elective courses are Potential candidates must have met 75 % of the content area requirements for the areas they intend to teach prior to entry into the program . Undergraduate content course work required for a specific AYA teaching license is not credited to the masters degree . Application and Admissions Information Application deadlines and admissions requirements are the same as the C&I M . Ed . program requirements detailed below with the exception of the specific licensing content area requirements . Candidates must have a minimum of a 2.8 GPA on a 4.0 scale in their required licensing area content course work with no individual grade lower than a C . Grades below a C must be repeated . Admission Requirements The following are requirements for admission into the Master ' s Degree program : The applicant must possess a bachelor ’ s degree from an accredited college or university . The applicant must have a minimum cumulative grade point average of 2.8 3.0 at the undergraduate level leading to the Bachelor Degree . All calculations are based on a 4.0 scale . The applicant must have a minimum of a 2.8 GPA in all content course work required for their teaching licensure area . Candidates with a cumulative GPA below 3.0 may demonstrate their academic proficiency and preparedness for graduate level course work by completing the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) : The Verbal , Quantitative and Analytical Writing sections of the Graduate Record Exam , should be taken within five years of the date of application . The Secondary Education program uses GRE scores as one indicator of academic preparation for graduate studies . While the program does not utilize hard and fast cutoff scores for the GRE , as a guideline , the following minimum GRE scores are considered positive evidence of a candidate ’ s verbal and quantitative reasoning and analytical writing abilities : Verbal , 150 ; Quantitative , 145 ; Writing , 4.5 . Individual programs may focus more on certain aspects of the GRE than do other programs ; applicants are encouraged to communicate with the program to which they are applying Candidates who graduated from a non - accredited college or university or who do not meet the minimum grade point averages requirement for admission may be admitted by a committee of faculty members from the program to which the candidate applied based on an evaluation of evidence submitted by the candidate . As a minimum , the evidence must address mastery of the knowledge prerequisite to the courses required by the program , acceptable writing skills , the ability to engage in critical thinking , and a personal commitment to completing the masters program . The evidence must convincingly demonstrate Admission decisions may not be made on the basis of race , age , sex , color , religion , sexual orientation or handicap . Candidates who are not accepted for admission into a Master ’ s Degree program may not reapply to the same program for at least one academic semester . During that period , such applicants may be encouraged by the program to enroll in appropriate course work to develop the knowledge , skills , and values deemed necessary for admission into the program , or to demonstrate that the applicant already possesses such qualifications . Whether such course work may apply to the Master ' s degree program is left to the discretion of the program . Completion of this course The CI Master ’ s Degree plus secondary licensure is a 54 semester credit program . Advanced standing for a limited amount of course work taken prior to admittance to the program is possible . Course work completed 5 or more years prior to admission will not be applied to the requirements . To maintain active status in the program , students must register for at least one course every academic year . Degree requirements must be completed within 5 years of date of admission . Requirements of graduate study , as found in the University of Cincinnati Graduate Handbook ( PDF ) must be followed . Application Deadlines Graduate Application Review Schedule : Deadlines and Notification Fall Application Deadline 7 / 15 Fall Admission Notification 8 / 1 Spring Application Deadline 12 / 1 Spring Admission Notification 12 / 15 Summer Application Deadline 4 / 1 Summer Admission Notification 4 / 15 Application Procedure An Application for Graduate Study must be completed and returned in accordance with the directions and must be accompanied by the appropriate application fee . The first step in the process of application for graduate study is to complete the online application at the University of Cincinnati Graduate School website In addition , please have an official copy of your transcript ( s ) sent to : Beverly Reese School of Education College of Education , Criminal Justice , & Human Services University of Cincinnati P . O . Box 210022 Cincinnati , OH 45221 - 0002 Transcripts should include all undergraduate and graduate course work completed , including degrees granted and dates of degrees . Applicants whose previous degrees were earned at the University of Cincinnati may substitute “ on - campus ” transcripts . Please note that your application is not complete until all components listed below are received . Review of applications will only take place when all materials are received . On line Application Components The application is not complete , and can not be reviewed , until the school has received all of the components of the application . A cover letter clearly stating to which degree , licensure content area , and program the application is being made . A statement of the applicant ’ s academic and professional goals , approximately two pages long . This writing sample will be used as one of the criteria for evaluating the application . The applicant should explain specifically what areas s / he would like to study so that an appropriate advisor may be assigned to the applicant if admitted into the program . A résumé relevant to academic and professional data . It should include the applicant ’ s name ; address ; phone ; email ; colleges attended with degrees , dates conferred , and grade point average ; employment history ; professional experience ; present employer ; and names of references . Three letters of recommendation from people familiar with the applicant ’ s academic and professional abilities , sent directly to the program . If possible , at least one letter should be from a faculty member in higher education . Those writing letters should explain who they are , their relationship to the applicant , and what they know of the applicant ’ s academic and professional abilities . Recommenders will be contacted through on the online application program . Applicants must provide an active email address for each recommender . Official transcripts showing all undergraduate and graduate course work completed , including degrees granted and dates of degrees . Applicants whose previous degrees were earned at the University of Cincinnati may substitute “ on - campus ” transcripts . Graduate Record Examination ( GRE ) Scores . If Bachelors Degree GPA is below a 3.0 or previous graduate GPA is below a 3.2 : Provide an original copy of scores taken within five years of the date the application is reviewed by the program . To insure we receive the scores , both the college and the division / program to which scores are to be sent should be indicated on the order form . You must allow at least six weeks for GRE scores to reach our office . Applications will not be reviewed without GRE scores . Information on the procedures for taking the Graduate Financial Aid On a limited basis , two types of financial awards are available to students through the Division of Teacher Education . The Graduate Assistantship ( GA ) is a stipend and tuition award and is available to full - time students . The University Graduate Scholarship ( UGS ) offers tuition only and is available for both full and part - time students during the academic year or summer . Applications are available by calling or visiting the School of Education . Please note that acceptance and retention of financial aid awards is contingent on satisfactory academic performance and progress toward the degree . For information on financial aid opportunities , visit the University of Cincinnati Financial Aid website . Core Curriculum This curriculum information is intended as a general information guide for students considering enrollment in this program . These online tools are designed to assist you , but are not a substitute for planning with an academic or faculty advisor . If you are currently confirmed or enrolled , you can check your degree requirements online . If you are considering transferring to this major from another school , use u . select to see how credits you have earned will transfer to UC . See course descriptions by college Curriculum Guide Versions : CI Masters of Education Specific content area course work and information The links below will direct you to the content course work necessary for each licensing area offered in the secondary education program . These course guides draw from UC undergraduate program courses , candidates coming from other institutions will need to demonstrate that the meet the appropriate breadth and depth based on their institution ’ s course work . The undergraduate content course work described below meets the requirements for program accreditation and national recognition by CAEP . Secondary Education English Language Arts ( PDF ) Secondary Education Integrated Mathematics ( PDF ) Secondary Education Social Studies ( PDF ) Content for Secondary Education Science ( PDF ) Single subject Chemistry ( PDF ) Single subject Physics ( PDF ) Integrated Sciences ( PDF ) In most instances it is useful to have your transcript reviewed by a content area faculty member in the secondary education program prior to applying . The content faculty are : ELA – Ms . Dianna Greivenkamp Mathematics – Dr . Shelly Harkness Natural Sciences – Dr . Helen Meyer or Dr . Kathy Koenig Social Studies – Dr . Prentice Chandler Contact Phone : 513 - 556 - 3600 | [
"Masters Degree Program",
"Licensure",
"teacher license"
] |
http://cedarvillagehousing.com/Cedar_Village_of_Lake_Villa.html | Affordable Living for Seniors Cedar Village of Lake Villa Welcome home to Cedar Village of Lake Villa offering senior living for ages 62 and older The building has 6 floors with a large 6 story atrium All units are one bedroom units The premises are wellmaintained and the grounds are beautiful Many fun and educational activities are offered to keep an active and healthy lifestyle Close to beautiful Cedar Lake and Metra train line with service to Chicago Government subsidized affordable housing Cedar Village of Lake Villa is professionally managed with a full time onsite staff including Management Maintenance and a Service Coordinator A Service Coordinator provides residents with education in a wide range of areas including Social Security Supplemental Security Income Food Stamps Medicare and Medicaid fraud and consumer protection apartment safety and assistive equipment and devices just to name a few Service coordinators also help residents by maintaining a list of resources for residents who want and need to obtain various services These services include home health agencies services provided by MealsonWheels Medicare Medicaid etc Building Amenities Building for senior citizens age 62 and older All one bedroom units Individually controlled air conditioning and heating units in each apartment Large sixstory atrium Tremendous amount of social activities including morning coffee hour weekly bingo movie nights and more Close to Cedar Lake Metra train with service to Chicago nearby Management office on site Beautiful professionally landscaped grounds Cedar Village of Lake Villa 310 N Milwaukee Avenue Lake Villa IL 60046 For Inquiries Contact the Building Office 8473563900 or email infocedarvillagehousingcom | [
"Cedar Village"
] |
http://ceemrr.com/Geometry2/Classifications3D/Classifications3D_print.html | Classifications of 3 - dimensional Objects Basic Solids In geometry the basic three dimensional objects can be classified according to whether they have flat surfaces or curved surfaces . The standard objects with curved surfaces are cylinders , cones and spheres : Prisms A prism is a polyhedron in which two faces are parallel and congruent polygons , called its bases and whose other faces are parallelograms , called its lateral faces . The edges of the lateral faces are called lateral edges of the prism and are parallel and congruent . A prism also has an altitude , which is the perpendicular distance between the planes of the bases : Prisms are often classified by the shape of their bases . Thus a triangular prism is a prism whose bases are triangles , and a hexagonal prism is a prism whose bases are hexagons . A right prism is a prism in which its lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases . In this case the lateral faces are rectangles : Lateral Area The lateral area of a prism is the total area of its lateral faces . For a right prism , this area is equal to the perimeter of a base times its altitude , since the lateral faces can be " unwrapped " to form a rectangle : Lateral area of a right prism : Pyramids A pyramid is a polyhedron for which one face , called the base , is a polygon and all other faces , called lateral faces , are triangles . As with prisms , pyramids are often classified by the shapes of their bases . Thus a triangular pyramid is one in which the base is a triangle and a square pyramid is one in which the base is a square . If the base is the " bottom " of the pyramid , the " top point " is called its apex . If the base is a regular polygon and all the faces are congruent isosceles triangles , then the pyramid is called a regular pyramid The segment from the apex perpendicular to the base of a pyramid is called its altitude . Sometimes the length of this segment is also called the altitude . In a regular pyramid , a segment from the apex perpendicular to a side of the base ( or the length of that segment ) is called the slant height The lateral surface area of a pyramid is the total area of its lateral faces . For a regular pyramid , this area is equal to ½ of the slant height times the perimeter of the base . Cylinders A cylinder is like a prism except that its bases are circles instead of polygons . A right cylinder is a cylinder in which the segment joining the centers of the circular bases is perpendicular to the bases . The lateral area of a right cylinder is equal to the circumference of a base times the altitude , since a cylinder can be " unwrapped " to give a rectangle : Cones A cone is like a pyramid except that its base is a circle instead of a polygon . A right cone is a cone in which the line from the apex to the center of the base is perpendicular to the base . As with pyramids , cones have an ( perpendicular from the apex to the base ) and right cones have a slant height which is a segment from the apex to the circumference of the base . Platonic Solids A Platonic solid is a regular , convex polyhedron . Specifically , the faces of a Platonic solid are congruent regular polygons , with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex . They have the unique property that the faces , edges and angles of each solid are all congruent . There are only 5 regular Platonic solids , named according to the number of faces , the tetrahedron ( 4 faces ) , the hexahedron ( common cube with 6 faces ) , the octahedron ( 8 faces ) , the dodecahedron ( 12 faces ) , and the icosahedron ( 20 faces ) : They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato . He wrote about them around 360 B.C. and associated each of the four classical elements ( earth , air , water , and fire ) with four of these . Earth was associated with the cube , air with the octahedron , water with the icosahedron , and fire with the tetrahedron . Detailed information about and animated pictures of the Platonic solids can be found at the Wikipedia website . http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Platonic_solid . | [
"3-dimensional Objects",
"polyhedron",
"lateral faces"
] |
http://ceimperial.ucanr.edu/Custom_Program275/Salton_Sea_and_Salinity/ | Share Print Salton Sea and Salinity Salton Sea Salinity and Saline Water Ali Montazar In this area , salinity is usually associated with the Salton Sea . So what is salinity ? The word salinity refers to the presence of salts in waters and soils . It refers to more than just sodium or chloride , the two elements of table salt . Magnesium , calcium , carbonate , bicarbonate , nitrate , and sulfate can all contribute to salinity . The suitability of water for drinking , irrigation , or wildlife depends on the type and concentration of dissolved salts in water . The salinity of water is usually expressed in term of | [
"Salton Sea Salinity",
"Saline Water",
"Electrical conductivity"
] |
http://celebheights.com/s/Bruno-Mars-47453.html | How tall is Bruno Mars Bruno Mars Height 5ft 4 ( 162.6 cm ) American singer , best known for songs such as " Grenade " , " Uptown Funk " and " 24K Magic " . He commented on his height in the NY Daily News , saying " In my mind , I ' m 6 - 3 . But I ' m 5 - 5 . Do me a favor : Say I ' m 5 - 6 " and on twitter mentioned he was bored with the question of how tall he is : " I ' m tired of answering this question . For the last time , I ' m 6 ' 2 " . # nextquestion " Tall people give me the creeps . . # EverybodyIsTallerThanMe : ( . . . I am not a Leprechaun ! ! ! I SWEAR ! ! ! ! . . . . . Or am I ? LOL Photos by PR Photos I ’ m a short guy , and that ’ s aways something I have to think about . I ’ ve always done the hat thing . Now I ’ m doing ones with bigger brims to make myself look taller . Pop Singers Add a Comment 350 comments Average Guess ( 151 Votes ) 5ft 3.8in ( 162.1cm ) 1 2 melisentia said on 27 / Mar / 19 He looks like a 157 cm . Definitely not 160cm . His legs are just too short to be the latter . 157cm not a good height for a guy - no wonder he is self - concious about it . He looks like he wears lifts in his shoes , also . James Keffer ( 185 cm ) said on 6 / Feb / 19 He seems a solid 5 ' 4 . Oliver said on 18 / Jan / 19 Rob , what ' s the highest mark you ' d argue for him ? 5ft 4.5 ? Editor Rob Over the years I ' ve thought 5ft 4.5 or 4 . . . Nik said on 1 / Jan / 19 @ Legit 6 ' 2 - I like what you have said very much ! @ Miss Jackson ? - 😂 ( BM ) 🔜 " Is this face bothered ? " ! Miss Jackson ? said on 31 / Dec / 18 Wow I thought he was taller 😂 Michael is like a giant compared to Bruno 😂 😂 😂 lol . Nik said on 14 / Dec / 18 Michael 5 ' 10 " , 178 cm - Is his face bothered ? 😂 😂 😂 ! 👍 Michael 5 ' 10 " , 178 cm said on 12 / Dec / 18 He ' s 5 ' 4 " , he just looks diminutive next to almost everybody . He looked much shorter than Taylor Swift in super high heels . He ' s tiny . Gregory Okumu said on 20 / Nov / 18 bruno is only a 0.82in above me Anonynon said on 22 / Oct / 18 He is 5 ' 4 " from looking at a few pics that is correct . Btw , I am not sure if " kinda " short is proper , as a 5 ' 4 " man is 1 in 50 in USA . It is very short . I am slightly below 5 ' 6 " and feel quite short outside . David B said on 20 / Oct / 18 He is 5 ' 4 " Legit 6 ' 2 said on 4 / Oct / 18 5.5 for him Great Singer I love short people , they are true warriors Poop cumm said on 24 / Sep / 18 Definitely on the shorter side for a man , but not super short or anything just kinda short . Not like it matter but yea I give him 5 ' 4 " .Also what would you say his weight is looks like he gained weight while on vacation recently look it up . Obsessedwithheight said on 23 / Sep / 18 I think he might actually be his 5 ' 5 claim or even closer to 5 ' 6 . Here his is next to 5 ' 7.5 Ciara on his instagram and while the hair and stances are n ' t perfect you can still see that she is at most a couple inches taller than him . Click Here Editor Rob He certainly pulls off near 5ft 5 range there . James Keffer said on 22 / Sep / 18 He ca n ' t be 5 ' 6 . A flat 5 ' 5 would be his absolute max and even that seems to be a bit of a stretch . 5 ' 4.25 seems closer to the truth imo . Hayden said on 7 / Sep / 18 I think hes 5 ' 4 Leno said on 18 / Aug / 18 I think anything lower than 5 ' 4 is too low for him , the 5 ' 5 suits him good . Jame said on 11 / Jul / 18 He ' s 5ft6 Mimi said on 6 / Jun / 18 I ' d guess 5ft4 . 5 MAD SAM said on 4 / Jun / 18 159 cm , maybe even lesser he ’ s really short MJKoP said on 26 / May / 18 Chen said on 2 / May / 18 He ' s 5ft6 You ' re doing him a favor ? Chen said on 2 / May / 18 He ' s 5ft6 Mimi said on 21 / Apr / 18 He maybe short but he ' s more successful than most men taller than him Lenny said on 5 / Apr / 18 He ’ s a cool guy . Just seen a music video of his after so long and I think 161 cm is possible for him . Or maybe a weak 162cm in the mornings . said on 26 / Feb / 18 @ Adey P Good point ! 👍 Adey P said on 25 / Feb / 18 Can see why he gets bored of answering questions about his height . Whilst a point of interest , it ’ s hardly relevant to anything . I MrTBlack said on 7 / Feb / 18 @ Rob If it meant being Bruno Mars I would ! But only Bruno Mars ! said on 1 / Feb / 18 @ Christian - 6 ' 5 3 / 8 Absolutely no problem Christian , how were you to know ? Most people on the site will not know with the exception of Rob , Sandy , and a few others ! It did n ' t bother me in the slightest and amused me a tad ! Cheers ! Christian - 6 ' 5 3 / 8 said on 31 / Jan / 18 @ Nik My apologies then ! Your writing style is similar to Sandy Cowell ' s so I assumed you were a woman . Dago red said on 31 / Jan / 18 I thought he was 5 ’ 6 or 5 ’ 7 I guess I was way off . @ Christian - 6 ' 5 3 / 8 I am not a girl , I am a man ! It does n ' t bother me to be called a girl though ! Christian - 6 ' 5 3 / 8 said on 30 / Jan / 18 @ Nik For a guy 5 ' 4 " is definitely small . Maybe you see it from a different perspective because you ' re a girl . Chris C said on 30 / Jan / 18 I think this needs to go down to at least 5 ' 3 " . He ' s very close to looking like a little person . Baba said on 29 / Jan / 18 I ’ ve noticed on more than one occasion girls get really defensive of Bruno ’ s height . “ He ’ s super talented so his height is a non issue . ” Chill . Never said the guy was n ’ t the man , he ’ s just short . They were mad it was even brought up lol . said on 29 / Jan / 18 I like Bruno ' s teeth ! He is very handsome by the way ! He is not that small at 5 ' 4 " . I wonder how many men would swap being 6ft and working their current job to being 5ft 4 and living a lifestyle like Bruno does . . . Beej Very small , and short legs even for his height . Beau @ Johan " What do you think the height of his backup dancers and musicians are ? He does n ' t seem to wear lifts yet they do n ' t tower over him . Is there a requirement that all backup dancers and musicians for Bruno Mars be under 5 ' 8 or something like that ? " The people in his band , the Hooligans , are mostly pro / session musicians he recruited when he first got his record deal . It ' s hard to find good photos but I think this illustrates there are at least a couple members pushing 6 ' or so : Click Here One of his dancers , Philip Lawrence , has been his main writing partner since the very early days , like 2005 or so . He ' s maybe a couple inches taller than Bruno . The other guys I ' m unsure about . As far as his videos , yeah , I ' m sure casting has some part in bringing the average down , lol . But I think his live crew is picked purely on talent , camera angles and dancing makes things hard to figure out what is what . star69 said on 28 / Jan / 18 Lover said on 11 / Apr / 17 To me , he ' s always 6 foot something 💘 Is that you , Bruno ? You look 5 ' 4 " at most . John J said on 26 / Jan / 18 I buy 5 ' 4 " . The photo of he and Taylor Swift from the MTV Awards is just a high angle . If you watch a video clip of it , the difference in height is not as grand as it appears to be in the high angle photo . Yeah , that photo was always a bit of a troll from people making him out as shorter than he really was . John said on 3 / Jan / 18 Despite me being a rock / metal guy , I love me some Bruno Mars . He is talented and I like his style and sound , got some rock n roll / funk element to him . That being said , there ' s no way he ' s over 5 ' 4 " . mike655 said on 3 / Jan / 18 never realised how small he was untill hes was comparing heights with rihanna and taylor swift . this guy is small nearly the same size as rey mysterio and kalisto . hes smaller than ben stiller and beiber . so hes around 5ft3 because hes smaller than other small guys under 5ft7 Johan said on 11 / Dec / 17 What do you think the height of his backup dancers and musicians are ? He does n ' t seem to wear lifts yet they do n ' t tower over him . Is there a requirement that all backup dancers and musicians for Bruno Mars be under 5 ' 8 or something like that ? Editor Rob : there might be casting calls with preferred heights like 5ft to 5ft 6 , I ' m sure that occurs with certain singers . Peace said on 9 / Dec / 17 5 ' 3 is way to short more 5 ' 4.75 Anonymous said on 7 / Dec / 17 Min . 160 cm , max . 162 cm . John said on 4 / Dec / 17 5 ' 3 " Peter175 said on 30 / Nov / 17 He never looks 5 ' 3 . He ' s 5 ' 4 at worst robertven8 said on 27 / Nov / 17 Very very short really but . . . HUGE TALENT ! ! 160 - 162 RANGE Joe said on 27 / Nov / 17 I think all his fan girls commenting here are pushing the average guess up . IMO he ' s no more than 5 ' 3.5 " . Tallish89 I think he ' s more 164 - 165cm Most people seem to base their opinion on that Taylor Swift photo . A strong 5 ' 4.75 best guess The Shredder I am not sure on just 5 ' 3 or less , but 5 ' 4 flat is the very most he could be and just under is the safest bet . RM said on 25 / Nov / 17 I think he is around 160cm ( 5 ’ 3 ” ) . I ’ m 163cm or 5 ’ 4 ” female and looking at him on TV , I strongly feel he is shorter than me . Phillipine people are ver short and petit . MJKoP said on 24 / Nov / 17 The Shredder said on 23 / Nov / 17 " I always wondered how Glenn was broke , claiming government benefits whilst getting tons of stuff signed , much of which would go for decent money . " Poker Machine or Strip joint after midnight ? Unhealthy and expensive foods . . . .can ' t you tell ? ? In addition to fines for disturbing the peace ( IRL ) , public indecent exposure , ongoing child support from kids he had when he was a teenager , etc , etc , etc . . . . The Shredder said on 23 / Nov / 17 " I always wondered how Glenn was broke , claiming government benefits whilst getting tons of stuff signed , much of which would go for decent money . " Poker Machine or Strip joint after midnight ? said on 2 / Nov / 17 @ Rob : No comment . said on 31 / Oct / 17 5 ' 4 " flat sounds about right . G called him a " stupid midget " when he refused to pose for a photograph . I guess a Portman ' d 5 ' 6.5er is a real force to be reckoned with . : D Editor Rob : if he posed for a photo and signed 5 album covers , I ' m sure he ' d be a great fella , looks 5ft 6 too ! I always wondered how Glenn was broke , claiming government benefits whilst getting tons of stuff signed , much of which would go for decent money . Jann said on 8 / Oct / 17 5 ' 5 " Anonymous said on 2 / Oct / 17 I think not taller than 5 ft 3.75in KH said on 20 / Sep / 17 5 ' 4 seems a bit of a stretch . He is not about as tall as most women . Closer to 5 ' 3 imo . Talented guy but really really short . Lovatic said on 19 / Aug / 17 Woah . 5 ' 3 ? ! That ' s the same as my mom ! And that ' s how tall I ' ll be when I ' m a grown up ! Beau said on 8 / Jul / 17 " My very good friend is exactly 5ft 3.5in and he looks noticeable taller than Mars . " I ' m 5 ' 5 " and give off a tallish appearance - my head is only 55cm , slightly long inseam at 28.5 " w / a 27 " waist , small bone structure ectomorph . People who are 6 ' + tend to guess I ' m around 5 ' 7 " . Conversely , I had a half brother who was nearly an inch taller but built Mars - 27.5 " inseam , large head , heavier bone structure . People who did n ' t see us together often would sometimes guess I was the That ' s the problem being in this height range - if any of your features lack symmetry it can amplify the lack of height . But w / Bruno we have enough reference to other people and such that I feel he ' s a solid 5 ' 4 " guy . He appears to wear regular footwear without lifts , I just do n ' t see how he would hold his own in the world . But he does have a rather large head and somewhat short legs for his size . ronald said on 29 / Jun / 17 he looks short Mar3k said on 14 / Jun / 17 My very good friend is exactly 5ft 3.5in and he looks noticeable taller than Mars . Sometimes Bruno is listed as 5ft 5in but it is ridiculous . His body shape and general appearance shows he is about somewhere between 5ft 2in to 5ft 3in ( max with shoes I guess ) . I wo n ' t be surprise if he is shorter than 5ft 2in . Generally he have great talent and awesome voice but very petite guy . Warren said on 11 / Jun / 17 Well Idc he is short legs Chris said on 7 / Jun / 17 Must be all torso - next to James Corden in Carpool they look similar sitting down . Peter175 said on 23 / May / 17 He ' s a solid 5 ' 4 . I think he clears it imo but not by much 5 ' 7 " 15 year old boi said on 21 / May / 17 Is 5 foot 2 157.5cm hey said on 9 / May / 17 He looks like 161 cm Bee123 said on 7 / May / 17 I do n ' t why I always saw him around like kevin hart height at 5 ' 2 but seeing him on Ellen he looks 5 ' 5 Aliyah said on 6 / May / 17 It really do n ' t mater how short he is because he is my Awesome singer and he love girls and he is so sweet i even got his picture on my unlock screen on my iphone so thats how much he means alot to me I Love You Bruno Mars . Ashley said on 24 / Apr / 17 When I first saw him years ago , I was surprised that he ' s short . But he ' s awesome either way . I say that he ' s 5 ' 4 . Ll said on 22 / Apr / 17 Not accurate , he ' s 5 2 - 3 max Nikki said on 20 / Apr / 17 Height is only a number . To me , he is a giant among men with more talent in his " pinkie finger " than any other current artist Warren said on 14 / Apr / 17 Me too , bro : ) Lover said on 11 / Apr / 17 To me , he ' s always 6 foot something 💘 smack said on 28 / Mar / 17 if the dude looks that tiny in his videos , he has to be prince type short Lastik said on 25 / Mar / 17 He appears very short imho Realist said on 21 / Mar / 17 He deserves 5 ' 4 wow Rob is taking a cm from him like every year in a few years he will be 5 ' 2 on here . Michael Jackson said on 21 / Mar / 17 Well it just shows that you do not have to be tall as a man to be popular . said on 20 / Mar / 17 @ Peter175 Yes he is an example that male atrractiveness is not just linked to height . He is good looking and you only have to read some of the comments on this page to realise how attractive / popular he is , this is refreshing to see . Parker said on 19 / Mar / 17 With Kevin Hart said on 18 / Mar / 17 @ Nik he ' s incredibly good looking facially and has a good singing voice and can dance . I was say lots women ( and men lol ) would still find him attractive even without the fame said on 17 / Mar / 17 Who ' s questions freaker , who r u ? Actually , can not match your name with your looking such an unlikely dat u r handsome btw said on 15 / Mar / 17 Rob is this the lowest you ' d go for him ? Honestly I ' m surprise of the downgrade , he looks at least 5 ' 4 and can look a bit above at times . I still stand that no way is he below this listing . A 5 ' 3 range guy on stage next to other men would look absolutely comical and he does n ' t really . Models with big heels ? yes , but not most men in the 5 ' 6 " - 5 ' 10 range . He is 163 minimum that would be the death on it said on 14 / Mar / 17 @ Warren What do you mean ? said on 13 / Mar / 17 Sorry , both are already I have and It is my treasure Michael Jackson said on 12 / Mar / 17 haha , ugly men said that who ' s care that lol said on 11 / Mar / 17 Well it just shows that you do not have to be tall as a man to be popular . said on 10 / Mar / 17 Even he looks much younger than his age , he looks super young : ) Kristin said on 3 / Mar / 17 He ' s perfect ! 😍 omar said on 2 / Mar / 17 he ' s 5 ' 3 but his personality and his talent and his attutide 7 ' 2 i respect that guy so much and i dont give a damn how tall he is . Jake said on 19 / Feb / 17 No more than 5 ' 4 " barefoot , might be 5 ' 5 " in boots . AJ said on 13 / Feb / 17 Really do n ' t see how he can be 5 ' 4.5 " unless he just has really bizarre proportions . I ' m guessing a good inch shorter . said on 13 / Feb / 17 @ Grace Paholak LOL I ' m the same in your opinion btw he ' s a super handsome Idc his proportions Grace Paholak said on 12 / Feb / 17 What a great performer , your 6 foot in my book Mckenna said on 12 / Feb / 17 4ft . 9 Alex said on 3 / Feb / 17 5 ' Easily shorter than the smallest guess option . Looked more than a foot shorter than Taylor Swift . Yh she may have been wearing heels , but unless they made her taller than 6 ' 4 I highly doubt he is that tall . Also saw him accept an award and looked about a foot shorter than the majority of the crowd , and no way would they have all been 6 ' 4 + Arthur said on 1 / Feb / 17 5 ' 4 and not being famous is a tragedy though . He is practically a midget . He has a big head and the shortest legs in the world . Amber said on 31 / Jan / 17 Lol , do those of you calling his height " sad " even realize that he has more talent in those 164 cm than you ever will ? Do you even realize that the concept of what is desirable / attractive is extremely subjective ? I know girls ( and guys ) who find Bruno super hot . The most important thing is that he seems to be comfortable with what he ' s got and God knows he ' s working IT . I ' m cognizant of the fact that everyone has the right to write here whatever poppanug said on 12 / Jan / 17 He looks around Kevin hearts height tbh Mitryriul said on 8 / Jan / 17 I do not think he has 1.65 for a reason : I play volleyball and I ' m 1.65 and most of my friends are tall and from what I noticed at the time of Taylor Swift by his side , even with his high heels I think she Comes close to 1.85 . As I said I have 1.65 and I get to the shoulders of my teammates , and from what I see in the photos that he was shown he does not even come close ! I think he was always what I apparently thought he was blink said on 5 / Jan / 17 LOL ! ! ! i just imagine him next to 5ft3 prince both incredible atists but really tiny . I would say for him 5ft4 Ice said on 2 / Jan / 17 Average height estimation : 5 ' 3 . How sad . Dionisio Rojas said on 21 / Dec / 16 I remember that on MTV there was a show where they played a video and they showed some information of it and in the Billionaire videoclip said that there is a difference of 30cm of height between 1.63 Bruno Mars and 1.93 Travie McCoy . Shredder said on 14 / Dec / 16 I agree , he looks 5 ' 4 Bard said on 8 / Dec / 16 He ' s not over 5 ' 4 . said on 6 / Dec / 16 He ' s 5ft4 minimum . You guys have no idea how a sub5ft4 guy would look on stage next to other men TJ said on 24 / Nov / 16 Bruno is great . This height seems too much though . Leonardo 1.73m said on 21 / Nov / 16 " In my mind , I ' m 6 - 2 . But I ' m 5 - 4 . Do me a favor : Say I ' m 5 - 5 " . said on 15 / Nov / 16 He ' s at least 5ft4 , 5ft3 and below arguments are ridiculous Leonardo 1.73m said on 7 / Nov / 16 Hi Rob . The average guess is under 5 ' 4 and he looks that . Pique Peak said on 30 / Oct / 16 I ca n ' t see really 164cm for this boy , 5 ' 3.5 - 5 ' 4 max tt said on 29 / Oct / 16 Looks like 5 feet 3 to me . Civman said on 17 / Oct / 16 Easily 5 ' 4 and he added an inch mashamocha said on 16 / Oct / 16 He is n ' t 5 ' 4 . He is 5 ' 2 . Regularly wears lifts or a concealed heal . You can see him standing on rather generous apple boxes during photoshoots w / models . Dinny said on 9 / Oct / 16 Max 5 ' 4 Addison said on 3 / Oct / 16 1.60 - 1.62 range mande2013 said on 23 / Aug / 16 Looks 5 ' 4 - 5 ' 5 range next to Marc Anthony . Alex said on 10 / Aug / 16 Sometimes even struggles to look 5 ' . I ' d say at tallest 5 ' 3 . Definitely not the 5 ' 4.5 listed here or 5 ' 5 - 5 ' 6 that I ' ve seen listed online ! Looks a good foot shorter than Taylor Swift here who ( unless she ' s wearing 8 inch heels ) Is n ' t going to be more than 6 ' 3 . She ' s most likely wearing 2 - 4 Inch heels which are n ' t going to make her much over 6 ' . MD said on 1 / Aug / 16 Here he is with Jack Antonoff , previously of fun . who is no more than 5 ' 8 " : Even this current listing is out of the question as far as I ' m concerned . nilkn said on 28 / Jul / 16 This picture alone makes me think it ' s plausible to argue that he ' s under 5 ' 3 " . Taylor Swift is 5 ' 10 " and she might be wearing , say , 3 - 4 " heels . That would place her height in this image at 6 ' 1 " or 6 ' 2 " . She ' s clearly about a full foot taller than him , and he ' s wearing flat shoes , so that puts his height at 5 ' 1 " or 5 ' 2 " . james said on 13 / Jul / 16 He does n ' t look 5 ' 5 " , nor 5 ' 4.5 " . He looks 5 ' 3 " tbh . Maybe it ' s just his proportions that make him appear really short . Short legs , short arms . Jacob said on 28 / Jun / 16 Hi . Are the listed heights on this site based on with or without footwear ? we try to think of heights as being without footwear . Linx said on 30 / May / 16 christina o way on earth bruno mars is above 1 , 70 lol , taylor swift is 1 , 77 and . . . said on 29 / May / 16 I ' d say 5 ' 4 " minimum 5 ' 5 " maximum . John Cena said on 17 / May / 16 He is 5 ' 5 Joe said on 1 / May / 16 5 ' 3 " tops . Phil said on 23 / Apr / 16 well , not the worlds most masculine man . he is 5 foot 4 or 5 foot 5 . i am not sure . shl said on 2 / Apr / 16 christina no hes not lol christina olivia said on 29 / Feb / 16 bruno mars real height is 5 ft 8 or 172 i meet him in LA last year we was the same footwear i ' m 5ft 7 and he was taller a little bit than me MD said on 19 / Feb / 16 @ Rob , Yes , under 5 ' 4 " is too much , but so is the half - inch you have currently tacked on . Taking into account the angles , here he is with 5 ' 8 " ( ish ) - half - an - inch taller at the most - Jack Antonoff : Though Jack is closer to the camera , he ' s also not even standing at full height . It ' s probably time to shave off this half - inch for Bruno . A better angle , but Jack still losing height : BTW , the Grammys should have also shown Lionel Richie is listed too tall . 5ft 4 flat is definitely an arguable figure for him . Jason said on 17 / Feb / 16 @ Rob , do you think he ' s probably 5 ' 4 tops or even less ? Without his shoes heel , his hair and hat , I guess a very solid 5 ' 3 maybe around 5 ' 3¾ for him . he may be only 5ft 4 but under it I would n ' t have guessed . Boofer said on 15 / Feb / 16 He ' s tall enough , apparently . Micho said on 1 / Jan / 16 Let ' s do him a favour . . .Let ' s say he is 5 " 6 : D oliver said on 2 / Oct / 15 Maybe he ' s 5 ' 4 or shorter . oliver said on 29 / Sep / 15 I bet he ' s 5 ' 4 . Rojina said on 2 / Aug / 15 I guessed he d be 5 " 8 Amy said on 14 / Jul / 15 161.5 Cm ' s or 5 ft 3 . I ' m 168 cm ' s and met him in person , even gave him a hug . I was towering him in over 2 inches . I was wearing normal Vans with so no heels . Bryan ( Queenslander ) said on 16 / Jun / 15 @ an anonymous peach His filipino genes played a large factor in ensuring he did n ' t hit 5 ' 11.5 ; ) an anonymous peach said on 13 / Jun / 15 Bruno Mars would be a legit 10 / 10 if he were 7 inches taller Boris said on 24 / Apr / 15 I ca n ' t see him being over 5 ' 4 tops . He looks short even for a 5 ' 4.5 " / 5 ' 5 " guy . said on 16 / Apr / 15 " Out of all the potential partners women could swoon for nothing makes Bruno stand out . " I ' m not a big Bruno fan . . . I like Uptown Funk and just started paying attention to him because of that . But seriously , check out any performance of his , interview , etc . The guy has incredible presence . I pulled up the performance of him on The Voice and showed my gf ( who never paid attention to him ) and she was transfixed and blurted out " he ' s somewhere between Prince and Lenny Kravitz " . said on 16 / Apr / 15 I really do n ' t want to get into this , but since I see one person practically hyperventilating . . . When you are at a rather unusual height at either end of the spectrum you ' re going to get teasing and jokes . Not every tease or joke is mean - spirited bullying . Nor is simply remarking on someone ' s height even necessarily teasing . This idea that no one is ever supposed to remark on anyone ' s height is a completely unrealistic expectations . So , yeah , when people are being mean - spirited and bullying , it should be called out . But , the other extreme is pretending that height is n doc said on 14 / Apr / 15 Jesus christ you know society is sh ! t when you have people making fun of someone ' s height to hide their own cowardness and insecurities . Looked at the Facebook link with Taylor Swift and him performing toegther . The comments are just pathetic and sad . People are brainwashed my media and societal bias . Sammy Derrick said on 9 / Apr / 15 In the parody by Bart Baker of hit single " Up - town Funk " he says Bruno Mars is 5 ' 5 but is portrayed by a 6 ' 1 guy ! ! ! Caraboo said on 3 / Mar / 15 pretty sure he ' s 5foot4 James said on 10 / Feb / 15 MD : Springsteen is not 5 ' 9.5 " . I ' ve run into him a few times . Five eight , max . And that ' s charitable . Without the motorcycle / engineer male high heels . Bruno , like Springsteen , is a gigantic talent . But I ' d give him five foot three . Charitably . asd said on 10 / Feb / 15 5foot5 Mitch 185.8cm said on 9 / Feb / 15 solid 5 ' 4 guy K said on 8 / Feb / 15 5 ' 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! tooshort said on 30 / Jan / 15 Rob , between Radcliffe , Hutcherson , and Mars who do you expect would edge who out at a midday event ? [ Editor Rob : Possibly Josh > Radcliffe > Mars ] the shredder said on 19 / Jan / 15 This guy is 5 ' 4 or less . said on 19 / Jan / 15 With 5 ' 9.5 " Bruce Springsteen : Dingle Dange said on 17 / Jan / 15 5 ' 04.00 " Chip said on 5 / Oct / 14 He stands tall though None said on 4 / Oct / 14 He ' s the same height as a 5 ' 4.5 Katt Williams . Chris said on 22 / Sep / 14 He ' s short , but he ' s so ridiculously charming and attractive ( and talented of course ) . With guys like him , i wish i was like 8 inches smaller . lol Angelblack said on 17 / Aug / 14 Is he still a child or something little me said on 22 / Jul / 14 I love bruno . In regards to his height though I think he is NOT 5 ft 4.5 NO WAY . He looks way smaller than that 5ft 2 at the most he looks as small as prince . But he is still HOT TinaLouise said on 20 / Jul / 14 5 ' 4.5 " of pure sex appeal ! Tina said on 4 / Jul / 14 Bruno Mars and Kevin Hart are the same height and that is 5 ' 2 tj said on 22 / Jun / 14 No he is n ' t a kid Georgios . He ' s a short man . Lack of height does n ' t give you the mental age of a child : - ) Georgios 6 ' 3 ' ' ( 191cm ) said on 19 / Jun / 14 5 ' 3 Max . Is a kid Joe said on 12 / Jun / 14 5 ' 3 for the little man . Me said on 5 / May / 14 Dude is no taller than 5 ' 3 " Ron said on 19 / Apr / 14 5 ' 3.5 or 5 ' 4 maybe said on 20 / Mar / 14 That photo , BTW , is not shopped , at all . All of the pictures from that event look like that save for the ones taken lower in the theater because it has very steep seating . It ' s just the angle . There are other shots from that event showing him standing next to her . . .and he ' s tiny next to her in her heels . Brad said on 20 / Mar / 14 " Say I am 5 - 6 " . Hahahaha , sorry Brun ' 5 - four bro . TJ The image with Taylor Swift is bizarre and some kind of optical illusion . Yes , he is a short guy , but that pic shows him below her shoulders even though he is in the foreground . Makes no sense at all . This pic of the pair together seems more realistic : [ Editor Rob : I think that other shot the camera is simply higher up so it is going to make the nearer object ( which is below the camera ) look smaller . ] said on 19 / Mar / 14 I do n ' t think he ' d be much under 5 ' 4 " , but he ' s definitely not a full 5 ' 4.5 " . I ' d argue 5 ' 4 " flat . BTW , the angles in that shot are far , far too much to judge much of anything from it even though I agree with you , lelman . I do believe there are pictures of them at the same event standing right by each other that would be far better reference shots . Try Getty Images . Mr . R said on 19 / Mar / 14 @ lelman That pic is photoshopped . He is short but not an elf . lelman said on 18 / Mar / 14 Here ' s Bruno looking a full foot or more shorter than Taylor Swift in heels . Taylor in 4 - 5 inch heels would get her to like , 6 ' 1.5 tops . I think Bruno is under 5 ' 4 " . leonari said on 16 / Mar / 14 I agree . Flat 5 ' 4 " seems more accurate . Have you considered shaving that half inch off Rob ? [ Editor Rob : I think 5ft 4 - 4.5 range . . .4 .5 could be what you ' d say is the top of the range . ] Chris 182 cm said on 8 / Feb / 14 Maybe he ' s short , but guess what : He ' s a superior bromandude with the PIPES ! Jealous haters to the left ! said on 3 / Feb / 14 He was on the Graham Norton Show with Ricky Gervais and when the two were stood and shaking hands he looked around 5 inches shorter than Gervais . Rob , you have Ricky at 5 ' 7.5 , so having Mars at 5 ' 4.5 seems to be really pushing it . Ashley said on 3 / Feb / 14 He ' s got to be 5 ' 4 " on the money . said on 31 / Jan / 14 The half - inch tacked onto this listing seems ridiculous , at least . Short said on 29 / Jan / 14 He is shorter that 5 4.5 . I ' m 5 ' 5 and I come up to my 6 foot dad ' s ear . I dated a 6 ' 4 guy and my head still was n ' t below his shoulder . She said she is 6 ' 2 in heels ans he is well below Taylor ' s shoulders . Not even his hat passes them and he is standing closer to the camera . Emily said on 3 / Jan / 14 In case you have n ' t noticed , i ' m just making fun of certain posts / comments on this site . You just ca n ' t help but troll ( join in the stupidity ) after reading some of the reekingly - stupid stuff on here . Sam said on 1 / Jan / 14 Emily , what about for those say 6ft guys that lack it ? Should they be downgraded to 5 ' 6 while Bruno is 5 ' 11 / 6ft all the while they still tower over him ? LOL how ridiculous is that . said on 30 / Dec / 13 Emily , this is a site for a heights . Honestly , you are getting annoying . If you want a fantasy site , then you go create one yourself . Emily said on 29 / Dec / 13 His talent and charisma makes him at least 6 inches taller . So this listing should be changed to around 5ft 11 or 6 ft . Wazel said on 28 / Dec / 13 People may be short but their personality TOWERS over their stature . . .To the point that height does n ' t seem like a factor . johoro said on 6 / Dec / 13 I personally have known the world ' s shortest star , Angus Young , for years and have seen both he and Bruno on stage . Bruno may be short , but he ' s perfect Sarah said on 28 / Nov / 13 He ' s about 5 ' 4 " Silent d said on 6 / Nov / 13 162cm . He is tiny but really talented . Caz said on 10 / Oct / 13 He carnt be that tall on his vidio she ' s much bigger than that Viper said on 19 / Sep / 13 Hes the shortest looking 5 ' 4.5 dude Ive ever seen . Looks closer to 5 ' 2 . LOL at him saying hes 5 ' 5 or 5 ' 6 . 5 ' 5 and 5 ' 6 guys would own him bad standing next to him . Silent d said on 17 / Sep / 13 Next to taylor swift at the vmas , she had heels on and he looked more than 20cm shorter . I saw a photo with him and mark wahlberg . There was about ten cm between them . I think 163cm is about right . He is really talented but a little short . J said on 16 / Sep / 13 No way is this listing correct . He ' s really short 5 ' 5.5 said on 12 / Sep / 13 I ' m 5 ' 5.5 and I regularly look 5 ' 3 - 5 ' 5 due to slouching and general bad posture , I ' d say Mars is a solid 5 ' 5 from his proportions . Ian said on 11 / Sep / 13 Bruno Mars is by far the most talented artist of recent years . He is very short , though . I ' d say a little bit less than 5ft 4 . Brenda said on 11 / Sep / 13 His height has nothing to do with how talented he is ! Let ' s go over the list , singer , song writer , choreographer , guyitarist , pianist , drummer , etc . Oh , and did I forget to mention . . . . He ' s freakin gorgeous ! ! I ' m 5 ' 10 " and I would have no problem with his height . From what I ' ve seen in certain photoshave , BRUNO is packin ! janie He ' s very small , i ' d guess his height to be around 5 ' 3 - 5 ' 4 max . Brad said on 9 / Sep / 13 5 - 4 is all he is . Skar said on 7 / Sep / 13 This guy is well under the 160cm range . . .no way 5.4 maybe 5.2 leela said on 29 / Aug / 13 Taylor swift is actually 5 ' 11 " . So if she ' s wearing fairly standard 4 " heels . . .she would tower over most people . .especially a slightly below average height guy Lo sgozzatore said on 28 / Aug / 13 Rob , why he looks that short in that pic ? Taylor Swift is not over 5 ' 9 , i doubt she ' s max 6 ' 2 in that photo ( considering a very big heel ) and he looks like a child ! Ok , the pic favours her but there ' s still a huge difference [ Editor Rob : he ' s at a camera disadvantage . . .those cameras are higher up , if she moved forward to stand beside him there ' d be less difference . ] Ally said on 26 / Aug / 13 I think he may need a downgrade : Bruno ' s Wife said on 8 / Jul / 13 Bruno Mars is perfectly fin being 5 ' 5 i love him so much and will still love him at any height . Im going to his concert in 3 days and i do n ' t care that he ' s 5 ' 5 because im 5 ' 2 so he ' s still taller than me . sasa said on 5 / Jul / 13 I think it ' s cute he is 5 - 5 . i would n ' t mind going out with some who is 5 - 5 cos i myself is 5 - 5 leonari said on 12 / May / 13 Rob was so right to downgrade him . He is what is generally seen as a tiny man and he looks it . But he never wears shoes to give him a little lift . I think he is contempt with his height . Cool and talented guy . No doubt . Kevin said on 11 / Apr / 13 Whoa , Rob . What made you downgrade him .5in ? [ Editor Rob : it fits closer I think the more we see of him . ] suparna said on 26 / Mar / 13 peoples are just very foolish & senseless . . . Bruno ' s height is much enough . . . . & wat is more betr dat is he stands on some position in the wrld bt dis silly persons even I myself are in nowhere of dis wrld . . . And ur perfect as u are . . . Me said on 6 / Mar / 13 He looks really short . TonyD said on 28 / Feb / 13 He ' s 5 ft 2 . I ' m 5 ft 7 , I met him and we were both wearing Converse flats , I towered over him a good 4 inches at least . Definitely 5 ft 2 , needs a downgrade ! Ben said on 12 / Feb / 13 Ha ! I feel tall now , I ' m just over 5 ' 7 " and it ' s nice when a guy is 5 ' 5 " to make me feel tall every once in a while ! uncle pual said on 11 / Feb / 13 He plays a little guitar to look bigger Golden Hamsterr said on 10 / Feb / 13 amazing he look tall lol said on 17 / Dec / 12 He looks really short . A tad below 5 ' 5 " in my humble opinion . Like 164 Cm . 173 said on 16 / Dec / 12 He looks 5 ' 4 " Silent D said on 13 / Dec / 12 I would say 164cm . Awesome singer ! SAK said on 11 / Dec / 12 I use to think he was 5f5 . But after appearances on UK X factor and Graham Norton show , he looks shorter then I thought . He is 5f4 , looks pint - sized . Melissa said on 11 / Dec / 12 He ' s a little under 5 ' 4 " . fullmetalnipple said on 5 / Dec / 12 Guy looks shorter than 5 ' 5 imo . Abtin said on 30 / Nov / 12 I ' m Iranian and my height is 168 cm So , that ' s hopeful for me ! ! ! ! ! Because I think the avrage of my school is 180 cm ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! What about yours ? ! truth said on 29 / Nov / 12 Im not trying to hate him , but he looks to me 5ft4 at most , probably 5ft3 . 5 midday . Still a pretty good artist , kinda cheesy , but ok ( listenable ) . Parker said on 25 / Nov / 12 Great entertainer but no way 5 ' 5 - looked at least 4 - 5 inches shorter than Dermot O ' Leary on UK X factor tonight . Peach said on 21 / Oct / 12 My 15 - year - old son is 5 ' 5 " and wants to be an actor so I ' m trying to find performers who are his size ( and he admires ) to boost his confidence . Bruno Mars is a powerhouse entertainer ! ! Angie said on 13 / Feb / 12 @ Random Person hahahaha that is so true : ) Ikhilrick said on 13 / Feb / 12 The entertainment news said " The pint - sized pop star looked dapper on the Grammy stage in a glowing , gold blazer that practically matched his skin tone " . What the hell are they talking about . I ' m 5 ' 5 " and I ' m not pint sized . I ' m normal height . Everybody else is just taller than I am . said on 30 / Jan / 12 There are few other pages that attract such fervent fangirls and fanboys . If you do n ' t care about his height , do n ' t bother posting on a site named " CelebHeights . com " okay ? Thanks . John said on 30 / Jan / 12 @ Kri and Jonas . You are extremely tall for your age Lindsay said on 29 / Jan / 12 Bruno Mars is actually much taller standing on his wallet currently ! Got to give it to this HUGELY SUCCESSFUL singer ! And a very confident person . This makes him HUGELY ATTRACTIVE ! Raileigh said on 24 / Jan / 12 I ' mm 15 and i ' m 5 ft 5 : p i can imagine seeing him and my cousin Kale together and they look sooooo much alike and he ' s the same height . Jaylene said on 24 / Jan / 12 He is such an awesome , talented artist ! He is and WILL BE THE BIGGEST THING . . .height , doesnt matter , if i ever had a chance lol id love to cuddle with him " Im aware itll never happen , but we can dream right ? " lol on a serious not , he is trully amazing , i have been following his career and he has NEVER DISSAPOINTED . . . .and i have i feeling he never will . You are blessed Peter < 3 Steph x said on 16 / Jan / 12 So that ' s why he ' s always wearing hats . . . : P x Olivia&&Hannah . said on 12 / Jan / 12 Bruno Mars is still Amazing even if he ' s 5 ' 5 . Nuff said channing tatum , Is still sexier . james mark said on 4 / Jan / 12 @ Kri You may be 14 and 6 ' 1 but your not famous and you do n ' t make music at all and no one really cares . just like me i ' m 6 ' 8 but no one cares most of the girls would want to date bruno mars then me amy said on 30 / Dec / 11 well here he is next to hayley williams whom according to this site is 1 , 55 , so this would make him about 1 , 60 ? ? he ' s bending a little and she ' s got boots but no way he ' s 1 , 65 ! Kri said on 30 / Dec / 11 Wow I ' m 14 and i ' m already 6 ' 1 . The average for my school is like 6 ' 0 - 6 ' 1 Jonas said on 28 / Dec / 11 Bruno Mars ' s height is 165 cm . my height is 172 cm , and I am 12 years Amanda said on 11 / Dec / 11 I thought he was 5 ' 8 or sumthin . . . Oh well : ) he ' s still the bestsest singer i ' ve ever heard and the sexiest man i ' ve ever seen ! ! ! ! ! I luv u bruno ! ! ! ! said on 10 / Dec / 11 I always thought he was 162cm but 165cm is about right . He has big hair so it makes him look taller . Shorter than ellen by a bit . 165cm . heather said on 9 / Dec / 11 now i get why he has such a high pitched voice , beautiful voice tho stephen said on 9 / Dec / 11 ohh yeah bruno ur my hero bud . . . quality songs probably best male vocalist around at the moment plus ur short just like me . . . and remmeber lionel messi is short too and hes the best footballer in the world . . . us short dudes are the shizzle . . . . said on 8 / Dec / 11 I love this guy . A real artist . But he looks so darn short on TV that I start to doubt his 5 ' 5 " claim . More 5 ' 4 " Chris said on 6 / Dec / 11 @ bru 5.5 = 5 ' 5 1 / 2 " not 5 ' 5 " . Not sure which you mean . Godred said on 4 / Dec / 11 @ MD + 1 Alexandra said on 26 / Nov / 11 Bruno Mars has the most amazing voice ive ever heard and personally I love short guys . I think tall = clumsy . Hes perfect just the way he is RDH said on 24 / Nov / 11 Are you all saying you ' d rather be tall with no talent ? Coz that ' s what I ' m hearing . bru said on 24 / Nov / 11 if mars is 5.5 it is including his shoe heel , and hair . I think he is 5.3 at the most . said on 13 / Nov / 11 I honestly do n ' t get why people are coming complaining about us focusing on his height on a site called " CelebHeights . com " It ' s not " hating " on him , it the freakin ' subject of the site for goodness sake . Fansboys and fangirls can find somewhere else to feel persecuted . Alice said on 12 / Nov / 11 Honestly , I loke tall guys . . . but he is just so amazing as a singer / artist / person that height and nothing else matters . . . i love him just the way he is ! : ) Bieber said on 12 / Nov / 11 Bruno is short but I ' m 100 % sure he is better than all the haters posting in here . Geez , height does n ' t matter if you have a talent like his . Jade said on 25 / Oct / 11 Height does n ' t matter , what ' s important is his personality . .he ' s a good person , got an amazing talent most especially he makes a lot of people happy because of his talent . . maisy best said on 23 / Oct / 11 I cant belive that you are only 5ft oregon said on 18 / Oct / 11 Rob , I honestly thing he needs a downgrade . There in the picture posted by " dan " on 10 / Aug / 11 where bruno stands next to Eminem and Royce 5 ' 9 and in MANY other pictures he looks from 5 - 2 to 5 - 4 . 5 ft 4 in IS ABSOLUTE MAX ! Aniyah said on 5 / Oct / 11 I thought he was taller than that up until I saw him with Travie McCoy then I was like he looks short wonder how tall he is . Its all good because I am only 4 - 10 " ( Iam 21 ) rockdude said on 5 / Sep / 11 he is indeed 5 ' 4 las year i stand right beside him and was just a bit taller than him and i ' m 5 ' 5 . . .we were both wearing converse said on 1 / Sep / 11 Rob , How tall is he here with Mario Lopez ? Given what he ' s wearing , it ' s almost certain he ' s in some pretty heeled dress shoes ( Mario is almost certainly in just regular heeled dress shoes ) , and it ' s going to be hard to tell with Mar ' s hat on . Anyway , this guy always looks unusually short . 5 ' 5 " - 5 ' 6 " just look short to me , but he looks shorter than regular short , to me . [ Editor Rob : he looks anywhere in the 4 - 5 inch range smaller in the series of photos from that show . ] rasvinder18 said on 31 / Aug / 11 hey rob , i think u need to downgrade his height to 5 ' 3 " becoz he looks 5 inches shorter than 5 ' 8 " eminem 1 2 | [
"Bruno Mars",
"Height",
"American singer"
] |
http://celebheights.com/s/Kerry-Washington-897.html | How tall is Kerry Washington Kerry Washington ' s Height 5ft 4 ( 162.6 cm ) American actress best known for roles in movies like Django Unchained , Ray , Fantastic Four , The Last King of Scotland and Mr and Mrs Smith . On TV she played Olivia Pope in the ABC series Scandal . She says of her height in Allure Magazine , " I ' m 5ft 4 . It ' s better off just being honest , otherwise they find out later " Photo by Allen Berezovsky / PR Photos Scandal Kerry Heights You May Be Interested Katie Lowes 5ft 4 ( 163 cm ) Viola Davis 5ft 6 ( 168 cm ) Tony Goldwyn 6ft 1 ( 185 cm ) Jamie Foxx 5ft 9 ( 175 cm ) Add a Comment 18 comments Average Guess ( 8 Votes ) 5ft 3.22in ( 160.6cm ) Nik said on 3 / Sep / 18 It ' s better to be honest or Rob will find out later ! betty said on 15 / Oct / 17 she looks extremely small on scandal especially with those 6 inch platform heels on , she is very petite , i always thought she was 4 ' 11 - 5 ' 0 ! she must weight around 105lbs ! Lee168cm said on 8 / Jun / 17 Would she rech 5 ' 8 " in the photo above ? Editor Rob : I do n ' t believe she would , a bit under it . Sandy Cowell said on 1 / Feb / 17 " I ' m 5ft4 . It ' s better off just being honest or they find out later ! " Kerry sure has her head screwed on ! It ' s so commonplace to fiddle and of course it ' s going to look suspicious , and get rumbled , though I can think of worse ' crimes ' ! I never watched ' Scandal ' , but I saw Kerry in ' Django Unchained ' and she did look small ! My favourite role of hers was as Brittany Murphy ' s girlfriend in the film ' The Dead Girl ' . Her conversation with the missing girl ' s Mum is utterly hilarious , trust me ! lol said on 6 / Nov / 15 She gives me no reason to doubt her height . She looks pretty average height to me . Bernard said on 19 / Jun / 15 Rob , how tall would you say she is here ? Click Here [ Editor Rob : unfortunately ca n ' t view it from the UK ] Arch Stanton said on 30 / Oct / 14 Rob can you add The Last King of Scotland and as Shonda Rhimes in the ABC series Scandal , as well ? She ' s smoking hot . SK said on 29 / Sep / 14 She looks shorter than 5 ' 4 " . I would n ' t be surprised if she ' s 5 ' 2 " and " rounding up " to 5 ' 4 " , as so many celebrities do . She ' s always wearing massive heels , and a woman who is truly 5 ' 4 " would look taller than that in such high heels . Jonesy said on 11 / Apr / 14 I do n ' t think she would be considered " short " , as she is , I think an average height American woman . . . maybe give or take a inch : - ) Like saying 5 ' 9 " man is short , actually more of a average American . sk said on 4 / Jan / 14 I thought she was 5 ' 3 based on her proportions . She probably is considering celebs fudge their height a little . teej said on 9 / Jul / 13 I dont know why girls want to be tall , i think shes beautiful , 5ft4 is a great height for a girl . Im 6ft1 and i love short girls B said on 29 / Dec / 12 I ' ve met her in person could n ' t get a picture though she was waring ugg style boots she seemed 5 ' 3 ' ' in person , shorter then you would expect . Oh I ' m 5 ' 9.5 ' ' by the way . Heightgirl said on 18 / Nov / 11 Taraji P . Henson is 5f4 and looks 2 inches taller than Kerry . Both were wearing high heels . Seems like Kerry is only 5f2 . Click Here salsachip said on 29 / Jun / 11 5 - 4 or not she is GORGEOUS : ) RT said on 26 / Feb / 11 5 ' 5 " min in height . No way is she 5 ' 4 " . I met her in person with my girlfriend who is exactly 5 ' 4 " and wears the same heels as Kerry . Kerry was at least 1 inch taller than her . I ' m 5 ' 5 , short for a guy , and Kerry was at least 3 - 4 inches over me , wearing heels . Heightgal said on 17 / Dec / 08 She looks to be a legit 5f2 . . . not the Eva Longoria , Gerry Halliwell or Paula Abdule 5f2 either lol Now those ladies look 4f11 or less ! mandy said on 29 / Apr / 07 i must agree she does n ' t look 5 ' 4 i ' ll say 5 ' 2 1 / 2 or 5 ' 3 Anonymous said on 28 / Jun / 06 That ' s a funny quote because in real life she ' s about 5 ' 3 ' ! ! ! | [
"Kerry Washington",
"Django",
"Allure Magazine"
] |
http://celebrationslvnv.com/ | As the longest established Bridal Boutique in town Celebrations Bridal would love to thank Las Vegas and the wonderful customers we have met in the past 30 years We also specialize in Prom and Quinceanera gowns come to see us for your special day PLEASE NOTE We are an authorized retailer for our designers Beware of fraudulent websites Many bridal gowns take 3 to 5 months to be ordered Bridesmaids dresses can take up to 3 months depending on availability of stock We are however able to accommodate brides who dont have the time to wait as we do sell our floor samples Designers who carry gowns in stock or offer a rush can also cut the wait time in half Dont be afraid to ask our consultants to check a designers stock for the dress you love Please keep these tips in mind while planning your perfect wedding Our Collections Allure Bridals Allure Couture Allure Romance Alyce Paris Bill Levkoff Christina Wu Clarisse Kitty Chen Maggie Sottero Mori Lee Scala Sweetheart by Justin Alexander Tarik Ediz Terani Couture Vizcaya | [
"Celebrations Bridal",
"Las Vegas",
"Bridesmaids"
] |
http://celebrity-divorce.com/biography/reed-howard | Gallery Reed Howard Reed Howard is an actor a producer a writer and a director of American origins He was born in the year 1987 and he helped to direct Frog and Toad film He is tall with 5 feet and 10 inches He was born in the Banksville of New York city He attended Pepperdine School before going to Heritage Academy high school He is amateur golf player and he was a member of the golf team of USCB in 20072008 Related Biography Biannca Raines Some parts of the Reed Howards biography are not available online but that of his father can be easily found His father is called Ron Howard and he is a filmmaker and an actor He is known as the best directors of his generation He has directed may features films that turned to be successful He has directed A Beautiful Mind This movie got an Academy Award in the Best picture category He also won the Academy Award as the Best Director Ron Howard was born in the city of Duncan in Oklahoma He is of American citizenship and when it comes to his ethnicity he is a mix of Irish Scottish English and German He was born as Ronald William Howard His father is Rance Howard and his mother is Jean Speegle His mother was an actress and the father was an actor writer and director The family moved to live in Hollywood in the year 1958 After this the family went to live in the city of Burbank Howard was born with a younger brother called Clint Howard and he Ron went to John Burroughs High School He then went to University of Southern California in their School of Cinematic Arts He did not finish his studies Ron Howard joined the entertainment industry in the year 1959 He started the acting debut with The Journey film He continued and gained the fame when he was a member of The Andy Griffith Show and Opie Taylor He played as George Lucas in the American Graffiti He started to direct movies in the year 1977 and it was in Grand Theft Auto which was a comedyaction and low budget film Afterwards he had been able to direct movies that become hits instantly Ron is a cochairman of a production company for television and films called Imagine Entertainment Another chairman is Brian Grazer The production company had produced many films like Inside Deep Throat Friday Night Light and 8 Mile They also produced Arrested Development Felicity and 24 Television series Ron had been inducted into the Television Hall of Fame Ron Howard got married to a writer called Cheryl Alley in the year 1975 Together they have four children Bryce Dallas Howard Paige Howard Jocelyn Carlyle and Reed Cross The two had been married for more than 40 years and they had never considered getting a divorce Last Modified 23 Jun 2018 Twitter Pinterest Google or to comment | [
"Reed Howard",
"actor",
"producer"
] |
http://celebritydownandout.com/oh-marilyn/ | Feb 2012 18 Oh Marilyn … A famous celebrity death that still has people scratching their heads is that of the beautiful Marilyn Monroe . A beautiful actress and star known for courting athletes , Hollywood producers and those in the Kennedy family – died very unexpectedly at age 36 on August 5 , 1962 . Even up until recent years , researchers have been sorting through the accounts of her death , which still in many cases , remain a mystery . Marilyn Monroe ’ s Conspiracy Theory Death If we thought Elvis ’ death was bad with the theories behind his unexpected - death - turned - national - tragedy , Marilyn Monroe ’ s was even worse . Claims of suicide , then murder , then medical accident cover - ups – the stories go on and on . And the truth is , there are still speculations about the story behind this famous beauty queen ’ s death . But one thing is for sure : she had a history of overdose and use of barbiturates . And she ’ d faked this kind of thing Marilyn Monroe on Drugs Monroe ’ s early life was very public . Raised in foster care , the gorgeous sex symbol was known for seeking attention and affection from the most rich and famous . Her several failed marriages to popular names like baseball player Joe Dimagio and playwright Arthur Miller gave insight to the personal struggles Monroe faced . On the screen and Playboy cover she was an American beauty . But behind the scenes , and on set , her drug and alcohol problem was well - known and growing out - of - control . Especially after her high - Claiming inherited paranoid schizophrenia from her mother and having “ voices in her head , ” she was prescribed barbiturates thinking that would help her . But this eventually grew into a larger problem including a dependence on drug and alcohol and multiple suicide attempts . While most viewed her as a symbol of sex and charm , those who knew her realized her dependence and dangerous drug use . Depending on Drugs and Alcohol Marilyn Monroe might be one of the most iconic , impersonated women in the world , yet an inside look at her additions would make anyone want to stop and realize the danger behind drugs and alcohol use . Especially when they ’ re used as a replacement or solution for recovering from emotional effects of a rough upbringing and life disappointments . If you know someone with a hard past like Marilyn who is also using drugs and alcohol to mask the pain , get them help . You could save their life . Tweet 332 Comments to “ Oh Marilyn … ” HoldenYR 31 January 2013 at 9 : 52 pm simply stopping by to say hello Lynda Lohrman 4 February 2013 at 1 : 58 am This is the right web site for anyone who wants to understand this topic . You understand so much its almost hard to argue with you ( not that I personally would want to … HaHa ) . You definitely put a new spin on a subject which has been written about for ages . Excellent stuff , just excellent ! Eryn Wesley 4 February 2013 at 7 : 00 am Pretty ! This was an extremely wonderful article . Many thanks for providing these details . Dahlia Hohler 4 February 2013 at 3 : 08 pm Pretty ! This has been a really wonderful post . Many thanks for providing this information . Jeanne Zeolla 4 February 2013 at 10 : 58 pm I really like it when folks get together and share ideas . Great blog , stick with it ! Alia Slappey 5 February 2013 at 6 : 41 am Hello ! I could have sworn I ’ ve visited this site before but after looking at some of the posts I realized it ’ s new to me . Regardless , I ’ m definitely pleased I came across it and I ’ ll be book - marking it and checking back regularly ! Shelia Buscaglia 5 February 2013 at 3 : 18 pm I needed to thank you for this excellent read ! ! I absolutely enjoyed every little bit of it . I have got you saved as a favorite to check out new things you post … Ula Mccuiston 7 February 2013 at 6 : 59 am If you ’ re still on the fence : grab your favorite earphones , head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you , and which interface makes you smile more . Then you ’ ll know which is right for you . a3839002 7 February 2013 at 11 : 40 pm I ’ ve said that least 3839002 times . SCK was here sex chat 8 February 2013 at 8 : 10 am My partner and I stumbled over here different page and thought I should check things out . I like what I see so now i am following you . Look forward to exploring your web page repeatedly . gold plated 8 February 2013 at 9 : 27 am Hi , I check your new stuff on a regular basis . Your story - telling style is awesome , keep up the good work ! Home Page 8 February 2013 at 10 : 44 am That is very fascinating , You are a very professional blogger . I ’ ve joined your rss feed and sit up for searching for more of your great post . Also , I have shared your web site in my social networks learn more 8 February 2013 at 9 : 34 pm Thanks for your marvelous posting ! I seriously enjoyed reading it , you can be a great author . I will always bookmark your blog and definitely will come back later on . I want to encourage you to ultimately continue your great posts , have a nice weekend ! This guy 11 February 2013 at 7 : 56 pm English is not my first language . Thanks , I have recently been looking for info approximately this topic for a long time and yours is the greatest I ’ ve came upon so far . However , what concerning the bottom line ? Are you certain concerning the supply ? odzież reklamowa 12 February 2013 at 2 : 43 am Viva o romantismo da infancia = D . Pesquizem no mercado livre CARRINHO DE ROLIMA e vejam um dos brinquedos mais legais ? da velha guarda , com ou sem faróis de LED , feitos sobre medidas para nova geraçao ; D Blythe Riola 12 February 2013 at 3 : 44 am There is definately a lot to find out about this subject . I love all of the points you have made . apartamenty zakopane 12 February 2013 at 4 : 47 am I ’ m buying a new car from a Honda dealership , and I went and got my car appraised at Carmax . Now for Honda to match it , they want the offer from Carmax , and my family threw the original offer away . Will Carmax reprint their offer or do I need to go back in after the week and have them appraise it again ? . Wyłącznik krańcowy 12 February 2013 at 4 : 48 am go to carmax with your car and start to negotiate a price for the new car with a trade . they will work with you . i have one tip go towards the end of the month . HERBAL INCENSE BLEND 12 February 2013 at 7 : 19 am Magnificent beat ! I would like to apprentice even as you amend your website , how can i subscribe for a weblog web site ? The account aided me a applicable deal . I have been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered vibrant clear idea Discover More 12 February 2013 at 9 : 13 am This is a topic that ’ s near to my heart … Cheers ! Exactly where are your contact details though ? site adresi 12 February 2013 at 10 : 05 am About two months ago I purchased diffuser made by Spascenter . You add a few drops of essential oil to a pad and turn it on at the desired strength . A fan blows the oil from underneath . There is no heat involved , so it is great for a house with kids . We really like it . Terrilyn Finkenbinder 12 February 2013 at 10 : 46 am An intriguing discussion is worth comment . I do believe that you should publish more about this topic , it might not be a taboo matter but typically people do n ’ t discuss such subjects . To the next ! Many thanks ! ! google 12 February 2013 at 11 : 24 am artikelnya sangat informatif sekali . .terimaksih banyak Donella Czaja 12 February 2013 at 12 : 49 pm This is a topic which is near to my heart … Take care ! Where are your contact details though ? redkap clothing 12 February 2013 at 3 : 16 pm Sorry for my bad English . Good day very nice web site ! ! Man . . Beautiful . . Amazing . . I ’ ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds also . I ’ m satisfied to seek out numerous helpful information here in the submit , we ’ d like develop more strategies on this regard , thanks for sharing . . . . . . Arielle Wriston 12 February 2013 at 3 : 42 pm Thank you , I have recently been searching for information approximately this subject for ages and yours is the greatest I have came upon so far . But , what in regards to the bottom line ? Are you positive about the supply ? Whitney Caughman 12 February 2013 at 6 : 06 pm Hi my family member ! I wish to say that this post is amazing , nice written and come with approximately all important infos . I would like to look more posts like this . next page 12 February 2013 at 6 : 07 pm Yes , and further more if you want update alerts from this site afterward you have to subscribe for it , it will be a better for you Jackson . Have a fine day ! buy chairmats 12 February 2013 at 6 : 59 pm I tried looking at your web site with my ipod touch and the layout doesnt seem to be correct . Might want to check it out on WAP as well as it seems most cellular phone layouts are not working with your site . Graham copsey 12 February 2013 at 7 : 37 pm Throughout this grand design of things you get a B - just for effort . Exactly where you actually confused me ended up being on your facts . You know , they say , details make or break the argument . . And that could not be more accurate in this article . Having said that , allow me say to you exactly what did do the job . Your writing is definitely quite powerful and that is most likely why I am taking an effort in order to comment . I do not make it a regular habit of identitytheftpromocodes . com 12 February 2013 at 8 : 00 pm Howdy just wanted to give you a quick heads up . The text in your content seem to be running off the screen in Internet explorer . I ’ m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with web browser compatibility but I figured I ’ d post to let you know . The style and design look great though ! Hope you get the problem fixed soon . Cheers wideofilmowanie wesel 12 February 2013 at 8 : 05 pm I always visit your internet site , read fresh entries , but in addition the outdated man , which I read more often than once already . I do not know why , but checking them leaves me from a better mood following a hard day time . Thank one for genital herpes virus treatments do for all those ! Shirleen Bae 12 February 2013 at 10 : 15 pm I used to be able to find good advice from your blog articles . odwodnienia wykopów 12 February 2013 at 11 : 49 pm I know this if off topic but I ’ m looking into starting my own blog and was wondering what all is required to get set up ? I ’ m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny ? I ’ m not very web savvy so I ’ m not 100 % positive . Any suggestions or advice would be greatly appreciated . Cheers visit my website 13 February 2013 at 1 : 46 am I like this weblog very much , Its a rattling nice office to read and get info . “ One man ’ s religion is another man ’ s belly laugh . ” by Robert Anson Heinlein . Keila Lepping 13 February 2013 at 1 : 59 am Very interesting subject , thanks for posting . Sana Dragg 13 February 2013 at 2 : 09 am Thinking with regards to changing hosting on your website , and because of this I contain a question : at just what hosting is usually put yuor web blog ? Because right from what I actually noticed is actually stable ! Could you actually give everybody some leads in there ? Thanks before you go ! like i said 13 February 2013 at 3 : 14 am It looks to me that this site doesnt load up on a Motorola Droid . Are other folks getting the exact same issue ? I like this site and dont want to have to skip it when Im gone from my computer . instalacje iglofiltrowe 13 February 2013 at 3 : 30 am Hiya , I ’ m really glad I have found this info . Today bloggers publish only about gossips and web and this is actually irritating . A good blog with exciting content , this is what I need . Thanks for keeping this web site , I ’ ll be visiting it . Do you do newsletters ? Can not find it . Chan Aungst 13 February 2013 at 4 : 01 am Not that I noticed . I also did n ’ t notice any other changes to the game as far as second or third place among my friends goes . My score for the week is 3 - 4 million less than my all - time high score , and I always come in first . Very strange , but a welcome strange if it ’ s a glitch . wood fireplace mantels 13 February 2013 at 4 : 16 am really beneficial stuff , in general I picture this is worthy of a bookmark , thanks toyota hid headlights 13 February 2013 at 5 : 08 am Wanted to drop a comment and let you know your Feed is not working today . I tried including it to my Yahoo reader account but got nothing . carpet cleaning london 13 February 2013 at 8 : 18 am Im getting a browser error , is anyone else ? cybertech 13 February 2013 at 9 : 44 am Im getting a little issue . I cant get my reader to pick up your feed , Im using google reader by the way . dating sites philippines 13 February 2013 at 10 : 58 am How can I show the latest article of my blogger blog on a different site ? s home page ? iTunes Its hard to find good help … I am forever proclaiming that its difficult to find quality help , but here is … rate us 13 February 2013 at 12 : 42 pm Just discovered this blog through Yahoo , what a way to brighten up my week ! Dancing Days 13 February 2013 at 1 : 21 pm I ’ ll gear this review to 2 types of people : current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade , and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod . ( There are other players worth considering out there , like the Sony Walkman X , but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well . ) tour tai game mien phi cho dien thoai 13 February 2013 at 2 : 26 pm Im getting a javascript error , is anyone else ? find 13 February 2013 at 2 : 46 pm Sorry , I not speak good english . I have been exploring for a little for any high - quality articles or blog posts in this sort of space . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this site . Reading this info So i ’ m glad to exhibit that I have an incredibly just right uncanny feeling I found out just what I needed . I such a lot no doubt will make certain to do not disregard this website and provides it a glance regularly . Catherine Storozuk 13 February 2013 at 5 : 24 pm I ’ m amazed , I must say . Seldom do I encounter a blog that ’ s both educative and interesting , and without a doubt , you ’ ve hit the nail on the head . The issue is something which too few men and women are speaking intelligently about . Now i ’ m very happy I found this during my hunt for something concerning this . John Shofner 13 February 2013 at 5 : 33 pm Thank you ! Players like you make the game come alive . nursing assistant certification exam 13 February 2013 at 8 : 34 pm Just discovered this blog through Google , what a pleasant shock ! WickerFurnitureHQ 13 February 2013 at 8 : 55 pm Quickly come quickly go . Dischi in Vinile da Collezione Yahoo results … While browsing Yahoo I discovered this page in the results and I did n ’ t think it fit … las vegas chinese restaurants 14 February 2013 at 12 : 29 am If you dont mind , where do you host your site ? I am searching for a good web host and your blog seams to be fast and up almost all the time Numbers Bardill 14 February 2013 at 1 : 15 am Whats up very cool site ! ! Guy . . Beautiful . . Wonderful . . I will bookmark your web site and take the feeds also … I am glad to find a lot of useful information here within the publish , we need work out more techniques in this regard , thanks for sharing . namioty 14 February 2013 at 1 : 46 am Hey there ! I ’ ve been following your weblog for a long time now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from Dallas Texas ! Just wanted to tell you keep up the great job ! adwokat prawo pracy warszawa 14 February 2013 at 1 : 48 am I think this is among the most significant information for me . And i am glad reading your article . But should remark on few general things , The web site style is perfect , the articles is really great : D . Good job , cheers portable dishwasher reviews consumer reports 14 February 2013 at 3 : 08 am This website is containing a pleasant data of humorous YouTube video tutorials , I liked it a lot . wynajem kontenerow 14 February 2013 at 5 : 54 am The subsequent time I learn a blog , I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one . I imply , I do know it was my option to learn , however I really thought youd have one thing interesting to say . All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you could repair if you werent too busy looking for attention . custom cups 14 February 2013 at 6 : 19 am When are you going to post again ? You really entertain a lot of people ! adwokat prawo pracy warszawa 14 February 2013 at 7 : 25 am I ’ m really inspired with your writing abilities and also with the layout in your blog . Is that this a paid subject or did you customize it yourself ? Either way keep up the nice quality writing , it is rare to peer a nice blog like this one today . . Air Conditioning Fort Lauderdale Its hard to find good help … I am constantnly saying that its difficult to get quality help , but here is … account 14 February 2013 at 8 : 36 am I have recently started a web site , the information you offer on this site has helped me tremendously . Thanks for all of your time & work . “ The murals in restaurants are on par with the food in museums . ” by Peter De Vries . healthcare fraud 14 February 2013 at 10 : 58 am It appears to me that this site doesnt download on a Motorola Droid . Are other people having the same issue ? I like this blog and dont want to have to skip it any time Im away from my computer . Benita Harp 14 February 2013 at 11 : 46 am Your style is so unique compared to other folks I ’ ve read stuff from . Many thanks for posting when you ’ ve got the opportunity , Guess I ’ ll just book mark this page . Minerva Caruthers 14 February 2013 at 12 : 51 pm Everything is very open with a clear description of the challenges . It was truly informative . Your website is very helpful . Many thanks for sharing . kolektory sloneczne 14 February 2013 at 12 : 54 pm I ’ m really enjoying the design and layout of your site . It ’ s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more pleasant for me to come here and visit more often . Did you hire out a designer to create your theme ? Excellent work ! Elżbieta Gelert 14 February 2013 at 1 : 06 pm Excellent read , I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing some research on that . And he actually bought me lunch as I found it for him smile So let me rephrase that : Thank you for lunch ! “ But O the truth , the truth . The many eyes That look on it The diverse things they see . ” by George Meredith . Robin Sickafoose 14 February 2013 at 1 : 11 pm I want to to thank you for this great read ! ! I certainly enjoyed every bit of it . I have got you book marked to check out new stuff you post … Margaretta Fly 14 February 2013 at 1 : 16 pm you ’ re actually a just right webmaster . The site loading pace is incredible . It kind of feels that you ’ re doing any unique trick . Also , The contents are masterwork . you have done a excellent process in this topic ! Clarence Arnott 14 February 2013 at 1 : 27 pm It is really a great and also useful item of details . Now i am thankful anyone shared this specific practical facts here . I highly recommend you maintain us educated similar to this . Thanks for discussing . kolektory sloneczne 14 February 2013 at 2 : 22 pm I ’ ve been exploring for a bit for any high - quality articles or blog posts on this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this web site . Reading this information So i am happy to convey that I have an incredibly good uncanny feeling I discovered just what I needed . I most certainly will make sure to do not forget this site and give it a look on a constant basis . work at home 14 February 2013 at 3 : 23 pm Greetings ! Very helpful advice within this post ! It is the little changes which will make the greatest changes . Thanks for sharing ! Carbon Poker Review 14 February 2013 at 3 : 53 pm That you are able to capture several properly guided adventures with assorted chauffeur driven car support . Many include essential loan packages and some men and women is going to take someone for their depend toward the mortgage spot , or a trip to upstate New York . baltimore limousine rental http : / / www . resaleworld . com / 14 February 2013 at 4 : 03 pm English not my native language . I ’ ve been absent for some time , but now I remember why I used to love this site . Thanks , I will try and check back more frequently . How frequently you update your site ? Pull a Part 14 February 2013 at 4 : 34 pm Finally someone is talking about it lakiery samochodowe 14 February 2013 at 4 : 42 pm I ’ m confused . He hit the smash in and the guy did n ’ t return it , right ? So should n ’ t the guy smashing have just gotten the point since the other guy was n ’ t positioned to return it regardless of the ball ? kid ? v2 cigs discount code 14 February 2013 at 4 : 46 pm Have you considered adding a few social bookmarking buttons to these blogs . At least for facebook . Body scrub News info … I was reading the news and I saw this really interesting topic … next 14 February 2013 at 5 : 09 pm Can you email me with any pointers on how you made your site look this awesome , Id appreciate it ! meble 14 February 2013 at 5 : 12 pm Goddamn you cum gulping dogfucking retarded ? cracka if you read my other comments instead of talking out your cock filled ass you would know i just trolled the fuck out of you Get More Info 14 February 2013 at 5 : 18 pm Unquestionably believe that which you stated . Your favourite reason seemed to be on the web the simplest factor to consider of . I say to you , I definitely get annoyed even as other people think about concerns that they just do not recognise about . You controlled to hit the nail upon the highest and defined out the whole thing without having side - effects , people could take a signal . Will probably be back to get more . Thank you lakiery samochodowe 14 February 2013 at 5 : 33 pm When I make lemon meringue pie it comes out of the oven beautiful but in a few hours the meringue has separated and it is a mess . What causes this and how can it be prevented ? . recommended reading 14 February 2013 at 5 : 55 pm Pretty part of content . I just stumbled upon your blog and in accession capital to say that I get in fact loved account your blog posts . Anyway I ’ ll be subscribing to your augment or even I fulfillment you get admission to persistently quickly . 14 February 2013 at 6 : 01 pm What most people dont seem to understand about the ? atkins diet is its main purpose . It ’ s not to restrict your body from carbs forever . Its main purpose is to assist you in finding how many carbs your body can handle . Once you know how much that is , you have complete control of your body . the infographic 14 February 2013 at 7 : 15 pm I have got one idea for your web page . It appears like there are a few cascading stylesheet troubles while opening a number of web pages inside google chrome and firefox . It is running okay in internet explorer . Probably you can double check that . cyklinowanie warszawa 14 February 2013 at 7 : 56 pm I am happy to repay the favor , and you can certainly make this a long term lifestyle . Good job in laying out ? what you need to do to be successful . szambo warszawa 14 February 2013 at 8 : 08 pm Thanks for sharing superb informations . Your site is very cool . I ’ m impressed by the details that you ’ ve on this site . It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject . Bookmarked this web page , will come back for extra articles . You , my pal , ROCK ! I found just the info I already searched all over the place and simply could n ’ t come across . What a great site . Douglas Mare 14 February 2013 at 8 : 32 pm We ’ re a group of volunteers and starting a pristine proposal in our community . Your web place provided us with costly in rank to work taking place . You ’ ve completed an impressive job and our complete district will be satisfying to you . I thought about this 14 February 2013 at 8 : 36 pm Sorry , I not speak good english . I think this is one of the most significant information for me . And i ’ m glad reading your article . But wanna remark on few general things , The website style is perfect , the articles is really nice : D . Good job , cheers meble 14 February 2013 at 9 : 11 pm Brene has beautifully communicated some points worth exploration . Her point that children come ‘ hard - wired ’ for difficulty correlates well w / the idea that our world ‘ broke ’ when Adam / Eve disobeyed ( trespassed against ) God . However , He had devised a plan for us to ‘ re - connect ’ with Him . He ? sent His Son to face the same vulnerabilities as we , but who remained sinless . He paid the price we owed by dying for us . He came to give Life and take away the szambo betonowe warszawa 14 February 2013 at 9 : 40 pm Thank you , I ’ ve recently been looking for info about this subject for a while and yours is the best I have found out till now . But , what in regards to the bottom line ? Are you positive in regards to the source ? Buy real facebook fans Dreary Day … It was a dreary day here yesterday , so I just took to messing around on the internet and realized … cyklinowanie warszawa 14 February 2013 at 9 : 48 pm People saying just ? use the faucet . . Get real , a day may come when those water purification experts are awol and you ’ ll have to resort to your own resources and not the city providing it to you . Get solar , wind and technology like this you ’ ll be able to survive the zombie apocalypse or maybe just your energy providers dickin u around either way good way to be resourceful and save money . Make one with repack filters and it will be way more useful … Rubin Issa 14 February 2013 at 11 : 05 pm Some truly interesting info , well written and broadly speaking user friendly . 14 February 2013 at 11 : 40 pm I found this a very well written piece until i got towards the end of the ante - penultimate paragraph – when she reaches “ slayerhood ” and what follows . . . up to that point you have written an enthralling piece that holds the readers attention – you get to that bit and your heart sinks – not more fantasy about vampires / werewolves or other similar creatures ! . . your writing is far too good to need to sink to those sort of stories – stick to something much closer to real life and you will Carbon Poker Review 14 February 2013 at 11 : 42 pm Hello really awesome internet web site ! ! Guy . . Beautiful . . Amazing . . I ’ ll bookmark your site and consider the feeds moreover . I ’ m pleased to search out beneficial details appropriate here inside of the published material , thanks for sharing … staniki 15 February 2013 at 2 : 03 am Hey ! Someone in my Facebook group shared this website with us so I came to check it out . I ’ m definitely enjoying the information . I ’ m book - marking and will be tweeting this to my followers ! Terrific blog and terrific design and style . paylaşım … Recent Blogroll Additions … [ … ] paylaşım … buy chairmats 15 February 2013 at 3 : 56 am Jesus Christ there is a great deal of spammy feedback on this web page . Have you at any time thought about attempting to remove them or putting in a wordpress plugin ? Pia Carini 15 February 2013 at 5 : 52 am I ’ m very happy to read this . This is the type of manual that needs to be given and not the random misinformation that is at the other blogs . Appreciate your sharing this best doc . Collin Morand 15 February 2013 at 5 : 52 am Very nice post and straight to the point . I do n ’ t know if this is actually the best place to ask but do you guys have any thoughts on where to hire some professional writers ? Thanks Maryrose Schank 15 February 2013 at 11 : 07 am You typically are not frustrated from the current volume of web sites ? Lack with quality , style ? Looking and your posts , I know that you are currently one of the few that this takes over , which is amazingly good at this time ! And maintain it really going ! Rodney Lucidi 15 February 2013 at 12 : 28 pm Pretty ! This was an incredibly wonderful article . Thank you for supplying this information . Andre Stickfort 15 February 2013 at 12 : 38 pm An outstanding share ! I have just forwarded this onto a co - worker who was conducting a little research on this . And he in fact ordered me lunch because I found it for him … lol . So let me reword this … . Thanks for the meal ! ! But yeah , thanks for spending time to discuss this matter here on your blog . Bad Credit Car Buying 15 February 2013 at 1 : 38 pm If we skip to about 1985 , we saw the likes of Buick experimenting with turbo charging their big V - 6 engines to introduce more power 15 February 2013 at 3 : 03 pm i think that You should hold your x key in default but if it does n ’ t work Press esc key and then go to game options then change your fire and and run option ? key to any key you want 15 February 2013 at 3 : 55 pm I never heard rock music because ? in the USA , all they play is rap music . Then I heard this song , and now I am going to move to Europe because I want to hear rock music on the radio , I do n ’ t like rap that is always played in the USA . It is not even music , they do n ’ t play instruments or even sing . I do n ’ t want to leave home , but I need rock music to listen to . high quality http : / / members . tripod . com / c_yadav / mediawiki / index . php ? title = Poirier 15 February 2013 at 4 : 21 pm Dude . This site is awesome ! How can I make it look this good ? ssl management 15 February 2013 at 6 : 31 pm Hello , i believe that i noticed you visited my web site so i got here to “ go back the want ” .I ’ m trying to in finding things to improve my website ! I assume its good enough to make use of a few of your concepts ! ! Leandro Colatruglio 15 February 2013 at 10 : 37 pm I would n ’ t be aware of by domain flipping ended up being right here , having said that i consideration the following put up ended up being very good . I would n ’ t realize your identity , nevertheless definitely you are going to a new well known digg if you ’ re not actually ! Best wishes ! Evan Lagoo 15 February 2013 at 11 : 20 pm Great post , you have pointed out some superb details , I also believe this s a very superb website . restauracje zachodniopomorskie 15 February 2013 at 11 : 44 pm Hello , i think that i saw you visited my website thus i came to “ return the favor ” .I am trying to find things to improve my site ! I suppose its ok to use a few of your ideas ! ! Don Strausberg 16 February 2013 at 12 : 14 am Heights by excellent males reached and stored have been not received by unexpected flight but , although their companions slept , they ended up toiling upward in the evening . Winona Hursey 16 February 2013 at 12 : 31 am Have you taken wind of the guy that got paid for reviews ? He got money fast , and did n ’ t need to do more than just a few minutes of execute to finish it either ! H reveals to you verification of how he did it , and is going off to demonstrate to you perfectly how it is possible to make a living right at home using just your machine ! przetargi budowlane 16 February 2013 at 12 : 33 am We ’ re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community . Your site provided us with valuable info to work on . You have done an impressive job and our whole community will be thankful to you . planowane inwestycje 16 February 2013 at 12 : 46 am I do agree with all the ideas you have presented in your post . They are really convincing and will certainly work . Still , the posts are too short for novices . Could you please extend them a little from next time ? Thanks for the post . Alden Osborn 16 February 2013 at 12 : 55 am While I truly like this post , I believe there was an punctuational error close towards the finish of your third sentence . Poker calculator 16 February 2013 at 2 : 48 am Amazing blog ! Is your theme custom ended or else did you download it from somewhere ? A theme approximating yours with a few undemanding adjustements would especially bring in my blog shine . Please assent to me know where you got your theme . Thankfulness a lot James Dings 16 February 2013 at 3 : 12 am Thank you for sharing excellent informations . Your web - site is so cool . I ’ m impressed by the details that you ’ ve on this blog . It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject . Bookmarked this website page , will come back for extra articles . You , my pal , ROCK ! I found simply the info I already searched everywhere and simply could n ’ t come across . What an ideal site . research chair mat 16 February 2013 at 4 : 02 am Wanted to drop a remark and let you know your Feed isnt functioning today . I tried adding it to my Google reader account and got nothing . inwestycje budowlane 16 February 2013 at 4 : 20 am Neat blog ! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere ? A design like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog shine . Please let me know where you got your theme . Bless you web car tail lights 16 February 2013 at 7 : 03 am Jesus Christ theres a great deal of spammy feedback on this website . Have you ever before believed about trying to eliminate them or putting in a wordpress plugin ? Nina Dolbin 16 February 2013 at 7 : 18 am Surprise , astonishing website structure ! The span of time are you presently blogging and site - building meant for ? You have made blogging glance straightforward . In overall appearance of your respective website is undoubtedly wonderful , child the information ! Thanks for Your report ! Mirta Kafel 16 February 2013 at 8 : 36 am I like what you guys are up too . Such clever work and reporting ! Keep up the superb works guys I have incorporated you guys to my blogroll . I think it ’ ll improve the value of my website watch true blood 16 February 2013 at 9 : 52 am You can certainly see your expertise within the paintings you write . The sector hopes for more passionate writers such as you who are not afraid to say how they believe . At all times go after your heart . derapbisnis . com Looking around … I like to surf around the web , regularly I will go to Digg and read and check stuff out … Canon Powershot 16 February 2013 at 10 : 26 am I As Well Believe Hence , Perfectly Indited Post ! . auto Hajnowka 16 February 2013 at 11 : 42 am Good day ! I just want to give a huge thumbs up for the nice information you may have right here on this post . I can be coming again to your weblog for extra soon . Refugio Salvucci 16 February 2013 at 12 : 53 pm Of course , what a great blog and revealing posts , I surely will bookmark your blog . All the Best ! Antonia Bacayo 16 February 2013 at 1 : 04 pm Excellent goods from you , man . I have understand your stuff previous to and you ’ re just extremely excellent . I really like what you ’ ve acquired here , really like what you are saying and the way in which you say it . You make it entertaining and you still care for to keep it smart . I can not wait to read much more from you . This is really a tremendous website . Roosevelt Gugliotta 16 February 2013 at 1 : 15 pm Excellent read , I just passed this onto a friend who was doing some research on that . And he actually bought me lunch as I found it for him smile So let me rephrase that : Thanks for lunch ! investigate e cigarette starter kit 16 February 2013 at 3 : 23 pm Hello , I just hopped over to your webpage via StumbleUpon . Not somthing I would normally browse , but I enjoyed your thoughts none the less . Thank you for creating something well worth reading through . this page is not affiliated 16 February 2013 at 3 : 25 pm Could you message me with any hints & tips about how you made this website look this awesome , Id be thankful ! breaking bad episodes 16 February 2013 at 3 : 32 pm This is a topic that ’ s near to my heart … Cheers ! Exactly where are your contact details though ? visit here 16 February 2013 at 4 : 11 pm Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates . I ’ ve been looking for a plug - in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this . Please let me know if you run into anything . I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates . entrust truepass 16 February 2013 at 4 : 44 pm It looks to me that this website doesnt load up on a Motorola Droid . Are other folks getting the same issue ? I enjoy this website and dont want to have to skip it when Im gone from my computer . Click Here 16 February 2013 at 4 : 49 pm Fantastic goods from you , man . I ’ ve understand your stuff previous to and you are just too magnificent . I actually like what you have acquired here , really like what you are stating and the way in which you say it . You make it entertaining and you still care for to keep it wise . I cant wait to read far more from you . This is actually a wonderful site . VMware ESXi Veeam News info … I was reading the news and I saw this really interesting info … DoD Enterprise Email DEE I am forever saying that its difficult to procure quality help , but here is … Liane Stigler 16 February 2013 at 6 : 23 pm It is truly a nice and useful piece of information . I am glad that you simply shared this useful information with us . Please keep us up to date like this . Thanks for sharing . bramy segmentowe 16 February 2013 at 6 : 27 pm I am extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog . Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself ? Anyway keep up the excellent quality writing , it is rare to see a nice blog like this one today . . Harmony Hickinbotham 16 February 2013 at 6 : 48 pm Have you caught wind of the chap that got paid for reviews ? He got money speedy , and did n ’ t need to do more than just a couple minutes of work to finish it either ! Gary demonstrates to you verification of how he did it , and is heading off to demonstrate to you precisely how it is plausible to make a living right at home utilizing just your machine ! hotele pyrzyce 16 February 2013 at 6 : 58 pm You have remarked very interesting points ! ps decent internet site . “ I ’ m going to a special place when I die , but I want to make sure my life is special while I ’ m here . ” by Payne Stewart . my website 16 February 2013 at 7 : 34 pm great points altogether , you just won a new reader . What may you suggest in regards to your publish that you just made some days in the past ? Any positive ? discount portable dishwasher 16 February 2013 at 8 : 12 pm This is my first time visit at here and i am actually happy to read everthing at one place . Forest Lawlor 16 February 2013 at 8 : 50 pm Sweet website , super pattern , rattling clean and utilise pleasant . find here 16 February 2013 at 9 : 00 pm I think this is one of the most vital information for me . And i am glad studying your article . But want to commentary on some normal issues , The site style is perfect , the articles is really excellent : D . Excellent process , cheers Get More Info 16 February 2013 at 9 : 33 pm Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates . I ’ ve been looking for a plug - in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this . Please let me know if you run into anything . I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates . Boyce Politz 16 February 2013 at 9 : 41 pm Appreciate it for helping out , good information . “ Nobody can be exactly like me . Sometimes even I have trouble doing it . ” by Tallulah Bankhead . Jonathon Hyon 16 February 2013 at 9 : 58 pm Congratulations are in order for post this type of valuable blogging site ! Your internet site was not exclusively useful as well as really artistic way too . There are likely to be tremendously few men and women that will compose not very basic articles or blog posts which will artistically . Compete monetary management crafting ! view soure 16 February 2013 at 10 : 08 pm Magnificent beat ! I would like to apprentice even as you amend your website , how can i subscribe for a weblog web site ? The account aided me a applicable deal . I have been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered vibrant clear idea Cherlyn Loud 16 February 2013 at 11 : 22 pm This is a topic that is close to my heart … Cheers ! Exactly where are your contact details though ? strony www Gryfino 16 February 2013 at 11 : 46 pm Hello . impressive job . I did not imagine this . This is a excellent story . Thanks ! Anabel Coard 16 February 2013 at 11 : 56 pm Hello , Neat placement . At hand is a problem together with your website in net surveyor , might test this … Specifically nonetheless is the marketplace chief and a vast part of supplementary people will ignore your magnificent prose because of this problem . Maryland Langley 16 February 2013 at 11 : 56 pm Greetings as of Carolina ! I ’ m bored to death by work hence I decisive to ensure made known your site by my iphone during dine fall foul of . I enjoy the info you impart at this time and ca n ’ t wait to take a look when I get home . I ’ m flabbergasted at how smart your blog laden on my cell phone . . I ’ m not steady by WIFI , immediately 3G . . Anyways , same clear blog ! hydroizolacja piwnicy od wewnatrz 17 February 2013 at 1 : 29 am Good – I should certainly pronounce , impressed with your website . I had no trouble navigating through all tabs and related information ended up being truly easy to do to access . I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all . Reasonably unusual . Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything , web site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate . Nice task . . Justin Jourdain 17 February 2013 at 1 : 34 am Thanks , I have recently been hunting for information about this topic for ages and yours is the best I ’ ve discovered so far . hydroizolacja piwnicy od wewnatrz 17 February 2013 at 1 : 56 am I have read some excellent stuff here . Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting . I wonder how a lot attempt you place to create any such magnificent informative website . dress 17 February 2013 at 2 : 11 am Keep this going please , great job ! | company website 17 February 2013 at 3 : 29 am A cool post right there mate . Cheers for the post ! Tenesha Dearborn 17 February 2013 at 5 : 32 am Someone essentially help to make significantly articles I ’ d state . This is the first time I frequented your web page and up to now ? I amazed with the analysis you made to create this particular publish amazing . Wonderful activity ! how to buy beats 17 February 2013 at 6 : 26 am If you dont mind , where do you host your weblog ? I am looking for a good quality host and your website appears to be quick and up almost all the time land for sale in pattaya critique 17 February 2013 at 6 : 35 am Amazing article , thank you , I will bookmark you now ! italexpress 17 February 2013 at 7 : 25 am I like the useful info you produce as part of your content articles . I will bookmark your web page and check out again right here frequently . I am particularly positive I ’ ll discover considerably of new things suitable below ! Superior luck for that up coming ! Daphne Oaks 17 February 2013 at 7 : 42 am Saved as a favorite , I really like your blog ! Internet Marketing Solution 17 February 2013 at 9 : 14 am I like the worthwhile data you present within your content articles . I will bookmark your blog page and check out again right here routinely . I ’ m quite sure I ’ ll discover quite a lot of latest stuff right here ! Good luck for your following ! view site 17 February 2013 at 10 : 36 am Im getting a little problem . I cant get my reader to pick up your rss feed , Im using msn reader by the way . Lidia Luangxay 17 February 2013 at 12 : 12 pm Or I think , and / or I needed viewed a comparable style of crafting since yours . Certainly it was actually a good journal , however tend not to take into account so what now . Tends to be that authentic ? Does one simply have outstanding ability as a copywriter as great posting ? Robbyn Popovic 17 February 2013 at 2 : 20 pm All fantastic achievements need time . Vincenzo Buffy 17 February 2013 at 4 : 01 pm Great beat ! I wish to apprentice whilst you amend your site , how could i subscribe for a weblog website ? The account helped me a acceptable deal . I had been a little bit familiar of this your broadcast provided bright transparent idea . Gambling news 17 February 2013 at 4 : 02 pm thanks used for the info . Saint Petersburg Informative and precise … Its hard to find informative and accurate information but here I noted … Olimpia Eury 17 February 2013 at 5 : 09 pm You will possess a few selling or anything so that you can more people traveled to your blog post ! We personally found the girl deal with from a associate so to at the present time Thx towards the dog ! Irina Tift 17 February 2013 at 5 : 49 pm Good info . Lucky me I recently found your site by accident ( stumbleupon ) . I ’ ve book - marked it for later ! Robert Sewell 17 February 2013 at 6 : 24 pm I ’ ve been absent for a while , but now I remember why I used to love this web site . Thanks , I ’ ll try and check back more frequently . How frequently you update your site ? Janeth Melichar 17 February 2013 at 6 : 57 pm I could n ’ t resist commenting . Very well written ! mens adult magazines 17 February 2013 at 7 : 04 pm Have you thought about adding some videos to the article ? I think it will really enhance everyones understanding . sbobet 17 February 2013 at 7 : 26 pm I do trust all the concepts you ’ ve presented on your post . They are really convincing and can certainly work . Still , the posts are too quick for novices . May just you please lengthen them a little from subsequent time ? Thank you for the post . Carroll B . Merriman 17 February 2013 at 7 : 52 pm The new Zune browser is surprisingly good , but not as good as the iPod ’ s . It works well , but is n ’ t as fast as Safari , and has a clunkier interface . If you occasionally plan on using the web browser that ’ s not an issue , but if you ’ re planning to browse the web alot from your PMP then the iPod ’ s larger screen and better browser may be important . Estefana Seachord 17 February 2013 at 8 : 34 pm Great post . I used to be checking constantly this weblog and I am impressed ! Extremely useful info specifically the closing phase I take care of such info a lot . I was looking for this particular info for a long time . Thank you and good luck . Oren Board 17 February 2013 at 11 : 04 pm Hey there , You have done a fantastic job . I ’ ll certainly digg it and personally recommend to my friends . I ’ m sure they ’ ll be benefited from this website . Wyposażenie 17 February 2013 at 11 : 20 pm Hi ! I could have sworn I ’ ve been to this site before but after browsing through some of the post I realized it ’ s new to me . Nonetheless , I ’ m definitely delighted I found it and I ’ ll be book - marking and checking back frequently ! Donovan Arbertha 18 February 2013 at 12 : 39 am great put up , very informative . I ponder why the opposite specialists of this sector do not understand this . You must continue your writing . I ’ m sure , you ’ ve a great readers ’ base already ! Pozycjonowanie Stron 18 February 2013 at 1 : 23 am Aw , this was a really nice post . In idea I would like to put in writing like this moreover – taking time and precise effort to make a very good article … but what can I say … I procrastinate alot and not at all seem to get something done . Wendolyn Carbon 18 February 2013 at 1 : 49 am It is truly a great and useful piece of info . I am glad that you simply shared this helpful information with us . Please stay us up to date like this . Thanks for sharing . restaurant franchise opportunities article 18 February 2013 at 4 : 35 am Just discovered this blog thru Google , what a way to brighten up my year ! Sbobet 18 February 2013 at 4 : 52 am I loved as much as you ’ ll receive carried out right here . The sketch is tasteful , your authored material stylish . nonetheless , you command get bought an nervousness over that you wish be delivering the following . unwell unquestionably come further formerly again as exactly the same nearly a lot often inside case you shield this increase . Wesley Cowden 18 February 2013 at 5 : 54 am auko ng timeline meizitang softgel slimming capsule australia 18 February 2013 at 8 : 36 am My brother recommended I may like this web site . He was totally right . This post truly made my day . You can n ’ t consider simply how a lot time I had spent for this information ! Thank you ! Manicure Website 18 February 2013 at 8 : 55 am Lavelle Frasure 18 February 2013 at 9 : 31 am One could survive distress but not disgrace . Roderick Sheridon 18 February 2013 at 10 : 00 am You can certainly see your enthusiasm in the work you write . The world hopes for even more passionate writers like you who are not afraid to say how they believe . Always follow your heart . visit our site 18 February 2013 at 11 : 51 am Please message me with a few tips about how you made this website look like this , Id be thankful . social media companies 18 February 2013 at 1 : 00 pm Wanted to drop a comment and let you know your Rss feed is not working today . I tried adding it to my Google reader account but got nothing . Kasandra Angland 18 February 2013 at 1 : 03 pm I take pleasure in , cause I discovered just what I was having a look for . You ’ ve ended my four day long hunt ! God Bless you man . Have a nice day . Bye marketing Digg … While checking out DIGG yesterday I noticed this … tile installation West Chicago 18 February 2013 at 1 : 50 pm I ’ ve been absent for some time , but now I remember why I used to love this blog . Thanks , I will try and check back more often . How frequently you update your website ? Poker blog 18 February 2013 at 3 : 09 pm We are a group of volunteers and preparatory a pristine proposal in our community . Your situate provided us with beneficial in order to work taking place . You ’ ve complete a dreadful job and our full neighborhood will be thankful to you . Renato Bouvia 18 February 2013 at 3 : 22 pm Attractive section of content . I just stumbled upon your web site and in accession capital to assert that I acquire actually enjoyed account your blog posts . Any way I ’ ll be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently rapidly . moderowany katalog stron internetowych 18 February 2013 at 3 : 49 pm Get home furnishings middle , and soul purpose . Cory Heilig 18 February 2013 at 4 : 00 pm Saturated fat yes , but it is a medium chain fatty acid , thus your body does not store it , but uses it as energy … It also contains lauric acid which your body converts to monolaurin known for its antimicrobial , antiviral and antifungal properties … found in human breast milk … so why would this be bad ? for you ? Research is great ! St Charles il tile installers 18 February 2013 at 4 : 08 pm Keep up the great piece of work , I read few articles on this web site and I conceive that your site is really interesting and holds lots of wonderful information . TM 18 February 2013 at 4 : 19 pm Weird , this page shows up with a dark hue to it , what color is the primary color on your site ? Ethel Dampeer 18 February 2013 at 5 : 47 pm Having read this I thought it was really enlightening . I appreciate you spending some time and energy to put this informative article together . I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and leaving comments . But so what , it was still worthwhile ! Naperville tile installers 18 February 2013 at 6 : 25 pm I ’ ve read several excellent stuff here . Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting . I surprise how so much attempt you set to make one of these excellent informative website . close window 18 February 2013 at 6 : 45 pm Wow ! This blog site is cool ! How do you make it look this good . investment properties 18 February 2013 at 7 : 16 pm I beloved as much as you ’ ll receive carried out right here . The comic strip is attractive , your authored material stylish . however , you command get bought an nervousness over that you want be delivering the following . ill unquestionably come more beforehand again since precisely the same just about very regularly within case you protect this hike . Fletcher Weathington 18 February 2013 at 7 : 46 pm So you ’ re a serial killer with mad hacking skills and you can fight ? better than a MMA fighter ? How do you find the time to practice all that , while still maintaining a rigorous intake of penis ? Marketing Consultant 18 February 2013 at 9 : 02 pm Thanks for another magnificent article . Where else may anybody get that type of info in such a perfect method of writing ? I have a presentation subsequent week , and I ’ m at the search for such information . website 18 February 2013 at 9 : 23 pm Whats up ! I simply wish to give a huge thumbs up for the nice info you ’ ve gotten here on this post . I can be coming back to your weblog for extra soon . Kelsi Ledon 18 February 2013 at 10 : 20 pm Got my first letter yesterday ! Loved it . I feel like I ’ m a element of something fantastic that ’ s just starting to take place . Feeling a strange feeling of community around it all . Maybe you might be on to something here ! Who would have ever thought that people today would basically print out words on paper just to have it sent from the mail to another person ’ s mailbox . Next thing you know , peoe will likely be growing their own food and walking or riding bikes everywhere . It ’ Beulah Comrey 18 February 2013 at 10 : 32 pm You are my inspiration , I possess few web logs and often run out from to brand . Tomasz 18 February 2013 at 10 : 44 pm excellent points altogether , you just won a new reader . What would you suggest about your put up that you just made a few days in the past ? Any sure ? Hinsdale il tile flooring 18 February 2013 at 10 : 59 pm Some truly select articles on this internet site , saved to bookmarks . sem 18 February 2013 at 11 : 50 pm Amazing article , thank you , I will bookmark you soon . Rolando Zader 19 February 2013 at 12 : 29 am whoah this blog is excellent i really like reading your posts . Keep up the great work ! You understand , lots of people are hunting round for this info , you could aid them greatly . Geneva tile contractors 19 February 2013 at 1 : 17 am Real excellent information can be found on weblog . Windy Gerchak 19 February 2013 at 1 : 36 am Meant for webpages such as world wide web is made ! I believe that it together with 100 % information , simply because I quite a few comparable webpages , but none had been competitive with your site ! meizitang botanical slimming australia 19 February 2013 at 2 : 40 am I have been reading out many of your articles and i can claim pretty good stuff . I will make sure to bookmark your blog . Terina Glaspy 19 February 2013 at 3 : 17 am I ’ d rather have Lin Dans WC - final T - shirt ! ! ! inside tempe silver 19 February 2013 at 3 : 32 am This is a wonderful site , could you be interested in doing an interview regarding just how you produced it ? If so e - mail me ! note brokering 19 February 2013 at 3 : 43 am I was studying some of your blog posts on this internet site and I believe this web site is really instructive ! Continue putting up . Tyson F . Gautreaux 19 February 2013 at 3 : 44 am This is getting a bit more subjective , but I much prefer the Zune Marketplace . The interface is colorful , has more flair , and some cool features like ‘ Mixview ’ that let you quickly see related albums , songs , or other users related to what you ’ re listening to . Clicking on one of those will center on that item , and another set of “ neighbors ” will come into view , allowing you to navigate around exploring by similar artists , songs , or users . Speaking of users , the Zune “ Morris Hembry 19 February 2013 at 3 : 58 am So i ’ m amazed . Amazed . Was ready for this article for quit some time , sprzegladajac better blog sites . In advance of this elapsed for you personally ! Therefore was actually a bull ’ s eyesight chance ! benchmade presidio 19 February 2013 at 4 : 04 am Hi , I just hopped over to your web site through StumbleUpon . Not somthing I might typically read , but I enjoyed your views none the less . Thank you for making some thing worthy of reading . tile installation Downers Grove 19 February 2013 at 5 : 29 am Rattling nice design and fantastic articles , practically nothing else we need : D . black ops 2 hacks 19 February 2013 at 6 : 41 am That is really fascinating , You are an overly professional blogger . I have joined your rss feed and look forward to in quest of more of your wonderful post . Also , I ’ ve shared your web site in my social networks ! Randa Survis 19 February 2013 at 8 : 04 am Youre so cool ! I dont suppose Ive read anything like this before . So nice to search out any person with some original thoughts on this subject . realy thank you for starting this up . this website is something that is wanted on the internet , someone with a bit of originality . helpful job for bringing something new to the web ! Senior living 19 February 2013 at 8 : 29 am Hey There . I found your blog using msn . This is a very well written article . I will be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your useful info . Thanks for the post . I ’ ll definitely comeback . office cleaners 19 February 2013 at 8 : 35 am I loved up to you will receive performed right here . The sketch is attractive , your authored material stylish . nevertheless , you command get got an impatience over that you wish be delivering the following . ill for sure come more until now once more since exactly the similar nearly very regularly within case you shield this hike . 19 February 2013 at 8 : 50 am F Jason Aldean . F ludacris . F broken bow records . I once said ? many years ago that Luda was the future of hip hop . I retract my statement completely . Luda sucks on all levels . He may have a midget hanging from his necklace , but that midget is a re - tard w / a cowboy hat . Taren Tyeryar 19 February 2013 at 9 : 03 am I do not even understand how I stopped up right here , however I assumed this post was great . I do n ’ t understand who you ’ re however definitely you ’ re going to a famous blogger in the event you are not already Cheers ! kominki kraków 19 February 2013 at 9 : 55 am im not being ? funny but selling drugs is nuffin KIDS who sell drugs : S , most of them dont have dads … but i dont know many people who was nearly born in prison grew up with the black panthers as family alot of them dying / murdered etc . . Ayesha Bouchillon 19 February 2013 at 10 : 21 am Aw , this was a very good post . Taking a few minutes and actual effort to generate a very good article … but what can I say … I put things off a whole lot and do n ’ t manage to get anything done . mieszkanie Sokolka 19 February 2013 at 10 : 43 am Whats up ! I simply want to give a huge thumbs up for the good information you will have here on this post . I can be coming back to your blog for more soon . Kieth Gillie 19 February 2013 at 11 : 06 am Great write - up , I am regular visitor of one ’ s web site , maintain up the excellent operate , and It is going to be a regular visitor for a long time . meizitang botanical slimming 19 February 2013 at 11 : 18 am Your way of describing all in this article is truly fastidious , all can without difficulty know it , Thanks a lot . 19 February 2013 at 11 : 31 am Seen knowing the signs of illuminati I see it everywhere , sitcoms , movies , music videos , logos , etc scary to think we are not in control of ? ourselves renowacja felg 19 February 2013 at 12 : 31 pm did n ’ t this guy feature in ICarly ? as one of Sam ’ s cousins ? btw , I play flute , and I ’ m really good at it . And I tried doing … that . And It ’ s really harder than it seems xD tile flooring Addison 19 February 2013 at 1 : 32 pm Simply a smiling visitant here to share the love ( : , btw outstanding design and style . “ Competition is a painful thing , but it produces great results . ” by Jerry Flint . lgQhGHH0Br The Ships ’ s Voyages … I believe know - how just can make it worse . Now there ’ s a channel to hardly ever treatment , now there is not going to be a probability for them to discover … . Google Google … check below , are some totally unrelated internet websites to ours , even so , they ’ re most trustworthy sources that we use … Egyptian Arabian Horse Egyptian Arabian Horse … [ … ] The info mentioned in the report are several of the very best available [ … ] … lEdkdhCD4o Thorn of Girl … Great facts might be uncovered on this world wide web weblog … . panel led panel led … [ … ] Every as soon as in a though we opt for blogs that we study . Listed below are the most current internet sites that we opt for [ … ] … Email Marketing Email Marketing … [ … ] one of our visitors not too long ago advised the following website [ … ] … HostGator Coupon Code HostGator Coupon Code … [ … ] just beneath , are quite a few entirely not connected web sites to ours , nevertheless , they are surely really worth going over [ … ] … red blued Thorn of Girl … Very good data can be located on this world wide web blogging site … . izDgQd7drt Whispering Misty … So sorry you ’ ll skip the workshop ! … get rid of shin splints get rid of shin splints … [ … ] The information and facts mentioned within the report are some of the ideal available [ … ] … izDgQd7drt izDgQd7drt Souls in the Waves … Excellent Early morning , I just stopped in to go to your internet site and imagined I would say I appreciated myself … . oxyelite . pro oxyelite . pro … [ … ] check beneath , are some totally unrelated websites to ours , nevertheless , they may be most trustworthy sources that we use [ … ] … se se … [ … ] Every as soon as in a although we pick blogs that we read . Listed beneath are the most up - to - date web pages that we choose [ … ] … casino bonus uten innskudd casino bonus uten innskudd … [ … ] just beneath , are a lot of entirely not related internet sites to ours , nevertheless , they are certainly worth going over [ … ] … siehe siehe … [ … ] Here are some of the web pages we recommend for our visitors [ … ] … klicken klicken … [ … ] Wonderful story , reckoned we could combine a few unrelated data , nonetheless truly really worth taking a appear , whoa did 1 master about Mid East has got a lot more problerms as well [ … ] … Electricity Rates Companies Electricity Rates Companies … [ … ] usually posts some very interesting stuff like this . If you re new to this site [ … ] … xxx xxx … [ … ] The information and facts talked about in the post are several of the top readily available [ … ] … Make Money With Meghan Make Money With Meghan … [ … ] Here is a superb Weblog You may Locate Fascinating that we Encourage You [ … ] … The Trinity Code The Trinity Code … [ … ] usually posts some pretty interesting stuff like this . If you re new to this site [ … ] … Vist Website for Chess Telecom Reviews Healing ’ s Dragon … to discover matters to boost my site ! I suppose its alright to make use of several of your respective principles ! ! … kredittkort yes click … This is my Excerpt … go here great … I ¡ ¦ ve read a few good stuff here . Certainly worth bookmarking for revisiting . I surprise how much attempt you set to make such a wonderful informative web site … . Buy Groei 360 Hair Growth … I really like your blog . I hope you visit and like my website too . It is about my experience with the best hair growth product … Home Wart Removal Home Wart Removal … Thank you so much for your outstanding website . I was searching for a good information about wart removers . I did n ’ t see any information about my subject but I found something else exciting . Thank you for your effort ! … Stop Snoring Mouthpiece Stop Snoring Mouthpiece … [ … ] Here is a great Weblog You might Uncover Interesting that we Encourage You [ … ] … Daisy Suites Upcoming Projects in Singapore … How do I add a bookmark to this site so that I can see new posting ? This excerpt is really well - written ! … fat loss program fat loss program … [ … ] Every the moment in a when we pick out blogs that we study . Listed beneath are the most recent web - sites that we select [ … ] … watch video watch video … [ … ] Here are a number of the web sites we advise for our visitors [ … ] … best penis pump best penis pump … [ … ] Here are a few of the web pages we suggest for our visitors [ … ] … hope 4 home complaints hope 4 home complaints … [ … ] Here are a few of the sites we recommend for our visitors [ … ] … That site That site … [ … ] Wonderful story , reckoned we could combine a number of unrelated information , nonetheless definitely worth taking a look , whoa did one study about Mid East has got much more problerms as well [ … ] … e - cig e - cig … [ … ] check below , are some completely unrelated web sites to ours , even so , they may be most trustworthy sources that we use [ … ] … red blued The Ships ’ s Voyages … I believe technologies just makes it worse . Now there is a channel to under no circumstances care , now there will not be considered a opportunity for them to find … . more OK … That is the right blog for anybody who needs to seek out out about this topic . You understand so much its almost arduous to argue with you ( not that I really would need … HaHa ) . You positively put a brand new spin on a topic thats been written about for … alcohol distillery Great … I must say i love this post . Really looking forward to looking at even more . Highly obliged … . dortgurtgiretl Visitor recommendations … [ … ] one of our visitors recently recommended the following website [ … ] … … Best Value Garmin 210 Best Value Garmin 210 … [ … ] Here is a superb Blog You might Obtain Intriguing that we Encourage You [ … ] … hikoplertuiom Sources … [ … ] check below , are some totally unrelated websites to ours , however , they are most trustworthy sources that we use [ … ] … … high pr dofollow social bookmarking sites 2012 high pr dofollow social bookmarking sites 2012 … btqjvqoea zvrrf ajgtxrm qrmy dypydcjtsmprfpd … lose weight fast … [ Trackback ] … [ … ] Informations on that Topic : celebritydownandout . com / oh - marilyn / [ … ] … SEO Orange County CA SEO Orange County CA … [ … ] one of our guests just lately advised the following website [ … ] … visitare questo sito visitare questo sito … [ … ] Here are a number of the web pages we recommend for our visitors [ … ] … upfront consultants upfront consultants … [ … ] Here is a good Weblog You may Find Exciting that we Encourage You [ … ] … click here click here … [ … ] usually posts some really intriguing stuff like this . If you ? re new to this site [ … ] … The best breakfast in Leesburg and Food Delivery Gems form the internet … [ … ] very few websites that happen to be detailed below , from our point of view are undoubtedly well worth checking out [ … ] … … garcinia cambogia garcinia cambogia … [ … ] very few websites that occur to be in depth below , from our point of view are undoubtedly properly really worth checking out [ … ] … runescape power leveling safe power leveling and gold … we can provide that power leveling faster and safe , welcome to place order on our website … my website safe power leveling and gold … we can provide that power leveling faster and safe , welcome to place order on our website … www . levelingpower7 . com / neverwinter / astral - diamonds ? Nigerian writer Nigerian writer … [ … ] check below , are some completely unrelated internet websites to ours , even so , they are most trustworthy sources that we use [ … ] … mon site web power leveling sûr et or … nous pouvons fournir que le nivellement rapide et sûre puissance , bienvenue pour passer commande sur notre site … läs mer läs mer … [ … ] very few websites that come about to be in depth beneath , from our point of view are undoubtedly properly worth checking out [ … ] … RaiderZ GP I am not sure what I would ’ ve done if I had not encountered such a thing like this … . click here Appreciate it … christian louboutin Dreary Day … It was a dreary day here yesterday , so I just took to piddeling around on the internet and found … You are carrying out a useful job … poe power leveling Our sincere apologies for not expressing gratitude to you sooner … dr dre headphones Yahoo results … While browsing Yahoo I found this page in the results and I did n ’ t think it fit … dre beats I am constantnly saying that its hard to procure quality help , but here is … view more click here … [ … ] one of our guests not too long ago proposed the following website [ … ] … nettikasino … [ Trackback ] … [ … ] Read More Infos here : celebritydownandout . com / oh - marilyn / [ … ] … Cara Goldenberg Cara Goldenberg … [ … ] Every when inside a although we decide on blogs that we read . Listed below are the most up - to - date web sites that we select [ … ] … LivePerson psychics Cool sites … [ … ] we came across a cool site that you might enjoy . Take a look if you want [ … ] … … eq2 power leveling Another Title … I saw this really great post today … . view more You are always doing a good job … EGA Futura y Salesbase CRM [ … ] Read More here : celebritydownandout . com / oh - marilyn / [ … ] … visit website visit website … [ … ] usually posts some very intriguing stuff like this . If you ? re new to this site [ … ] … slot machine slot machine … [ … ] Wonderful story , reckoned we could combine a number of unrelated information , nonetheless truly worth taking a appear , whoa did a single understand about Mid East has got extra problerms too [ … ] … fifa 14 coins ps3 You ’ re conducting a first class job … tablet 3g android tablet 3g android … [ … ] please pay a visit to the internet sites we follow , such as this one particular , as it represents our picks through the web [ … ] … how to get rid of acne fast how to get rid of acne fast … [ … ] one of our guests not too long ago recommended the following website [ … ] … weight loss journey weight loss journey … [ … ] Every as soon as in a whilst we decide on blogs that we read . Listed beneath are the most current internet sites that we select [ … ] … watch video watch video … [ … ] please go to the sites we adhere to , including this a single , because it represents our picks in the web [ … ] … path of exile power leveling Consumer Advocate Services Consumer Advocate Services … [ … ] just beneath , are many totally not connected websites to ours , nonetheless , they are certainly worth going over [ … ] … www . levelingpower7 . com / defiance / scrip My very own sincere apologies for not expressing gratitude to you sooner … get targeted traffic get targeted traffic … [ … ] just beneath , are several totally not associated internet sites to ours , however , they are certainly worth going over [ … ] … carbonite offer code carbonite offer code … [ … ] Here is a superb Weblog You may Uncover Interesting that we Encourage You [ … ] … agency of trade and investment viet nam agency of trade and investment viet nam … [ … ] usually posts some extremely fascinating stuff like this . If you are new to this site [ … ] … procedure invest in myanmar procedure invest in myanmar … [ … ] Every after in a even though we decide on blogs that we study . Listed below would be the most current websites that we pick out [ … ] … promo code sittercity promo code sittercity … [ … ] please visit the sites we stick to , like this a single , because it represents our picks in the web [ … ] … make money on clickbank make money on clickbank … [ … ] Wonderful story , reckoned we could combine a few unrelated data , nevertheless definitely worth taking a look , whoa did a single study about Mid East has got much more problerms at the same time [ … ] … promo code sittercity promo code sittercity … [ … ] The information and facts mentioned within the write - up are a few of the very best available [ … ] … RaiderZ GP BqHQK7r1sb The Birch of the Shadow … I feel there may perhaps be a couple duplicates , but an exceedingly useful record ! I ’ ve tweeted this . A lot of thanks for sharing ! … islands islands … [ … ] Every once inside a when we choose blogs that we study . Listed below are the latest web pages that we choose [ … ] … making money making money … [ … ] Every once inside a although we select blogs that we read . Listed beneath would be the most current websites that we pick [ … ] … | [
"Marilyn Monroe ’s",
"Drugs"
] |
http://celebrityheightandweight.com/mike-tyson-height-weight/ | Home > ATHLETES > Mike Tyson Height and Weight Mike Tyson Height and Weight Mike Tyson ' s Height 5 ' 11 " Random Celebrity Profile Mike Tyson ' s Weight 230 lbs Mike Tyson stands 5 feet and 11 inches tall and weighs 230 pounds . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Mike Tyson had a rough child , and was introduced to boxing while attending school at a juvenile detention center in New York . His trainer , Cus D ’ Amato subsequently became his legal guardian after his mother passed away when he was 16 . He competed in the Junior Olympics in 1981 and 1982 winning gold at both of his appearances , and setting a record for quickest knockout at 8 seconds . He went pro in More Information All Articles on Mike Tyson Discussion | [
"Mike Tyson",
"Height",
"Weight"
] |
http://celebrityheightandweight.com/ryan-reynolds-height-weight/ | Home > CELEBRITIES > Ryan Reynolds Height and Weight Ryan Reynolds Height and Weight Ryan Reynolds ' s Height 6 ' 3 " Random Celebrity Profile Ryan Reynolds ' s Weight 188 lbs How tall is Ryan Reynolds ? What is Ryan Reynold ’ s height and weight ? Ryan Reynolds stands 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 188 pounds . Born in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , Ryan Reynolds began his career on Canadian television in the early 90s , appearing in the teen drama “ Hillside ” . He then went on to appear in a number of television movies and guest starred on various television shows , including “ Ordinary Magic ” , “ When Friendship Kills ” , “ The Odyssey ” , “ The Outer Discussion | [
"Ryan Reynolds",
"Height",
"Weight"
] |
http://celebrityheightandweight.com/sierra-mccormick-height-weight/ | Home > CELEBRITIES > Sierra McCormick Height and Weight Sierra McCormick Height and Weight Sierra McCormick ' s Height 4 ' 5 " Random Celebrity Profile Sierra McCormick ' s Weight 87 lbs More Information All Articles on Sierra McCormick Discussion | [
"Sierra McCormick",
"Discussion"
] |
http://celebrityinsider.org/counting-on-star-jana-duggar-and-laura-demasie-spotted-at-dinner-amid-dating-rumors-203783/ | Home TV Shows Counting On Star Jana Duggar And Laura DeMasie Spotted At Dinner Amid Dating Rumors Suzy Kerr Oct 17 2018 1612 PST 0 1 Subscribe to our Google News Source TLC Counting On star Jana Duggar and her best friend Laura DeMasie enjoyed a girls night out recently just one month after DeMasie made it clear that they are not dating Janas sister Jessa joined the besties for the funfilled outing and she shared some pics on Instagram The ladies enjoyed a meal at Noodles in Fay Arkansas and Jana and DeMasie were all smiles in the pics that Jessa posted on her Instagram Story These two Jessa 25 captioned one pic with hearteyed emojis Jessa also shared a photo of her tasty dish You want the recipe So do I she wrote JanaDuggar ACTUALLY Dating JeremyVuolo s Brother httpstcoqUf2fGc1nj IJustPutYouOnBlast JustPutUonBlast October 12 2018 Over the past few months there has been a ton of speculation that a possible romance was brewing between Jana and DeMasie They have appeared together on Counting On DeMasie has joined the Duggar family on various trips and the two pop up together on social media And since Jana is 28 and single fans are desperately trying to figure out what is going on in her love life Janas brotherinlaw Derick Dillard denied the rumor that Jana was dating DeMasie during a question and answer session on Twitter last month However when he attempted to set the record straight by responding uh no to the question of Jana and DeMasie possibly being a secret couple his answer didnt satisfy a lot of fans Derick you should have put just no the uh implies you dont know lol so this is not confirmation for the masses wrote one fan At that point DeMasie stepped in to put an end to the rumor once and for all How about this then No DeMasie wrote However some fans still believe that something more is going on between Jana and her best friend because they think it is possible that the traditional family values that the Duggar family are famous for are preventing the oldest daughter from coming out View this post on Instagram 2 adults 2 kids double stroller 14 giant pumpkins 5 mums full minivan A post shared by Jessa Seewald jessaseewald on Sep 28 2018 at 619pm PDT Jana has talked in the past about her relationship status and explained that she is still single because she is waiting for Mr Right According to In Touch Weekly Jana said that it isnt always easy to wait for Prince Charming especially when her married siblings get together and she cant go because she isnt part of the group But even Janas own words dont completely quash the rumor that she is dating DeMasie Some fans point to the fact that the 33yearold once lived in the Duggar house and helped homeschool Janas younger siblings We will just have to wait and see how Jana Duggars love life plays out Advertisement New episodes of Counting On will return to TLC next year Subscribe to our Google News Advertisement | [
"Jana Duggar",
"Laura DeMasie",
"Dating Rumors"
] |
http://celebrityinsider.org/nene-leakes-calls-bravo-crazy-for-booting-out-kenya-moore-fans-dont-think-the-rhoa-star-is-sincere-205165/ | Home Entertainment Nene Leakes Calls Bravo Crazy For Booting Out Kenya Moore Fans Dont Think The RHOA Star Is Sincere Ricki Mathers Oct 21 2018 1548 PST 1 0 Subscribe to our Google News Source Real Mr Housewife Nene Leakes and Kenya Moore have had a rollercoaster friendship since the models debut on the highestrated Bravo show years ago After the Broadway star commented positive sentiments about Mrs Dalys baby shower fans called her out for being fake In a series of posts on multiple profiles like The Shade Room Kenyas profile and more Nene left multiple comments OMG you guys look so amazing Congrats Kenya I wish I could have been there TV royalty Bravo is crazy to miss all this greatness and beauty She should be a housewife Bravo is crazy They r soooooo beautiful So so so happy for her and Marc This is the first time Leakes expressed that she wanted Kenya to continue to be a housewife View this post on Instagram Everyone looked so amazing last night at thekenyamoore RoyalBabyShower for BabyDaly I was so happy to see ALMOST everyone there to support KenyaMoore Also I was happy to see NeneLeakes had a change of heart and has been expressing some newfound love and admiration for Kenya and she now thinks Bravo is missing out yessss Do you think shes sending a gift now too yall Yes Queens Lookatgod clip via bossipofficial RHOA A post shared by The Real Housewives of Atlanta realhousewivesofatlanta on Oct 21 2018 at 824am PDT In a recent interview with Bossip she said Kenya is not on the show I dont feel any kind of way about it She then joked with the hosts that she probably would be invited to the baby shower that took place but if she wasnt it just means she wouldnt have to spend money on a gift Fans caught the shady moment and brought it up when they saw her fake comments 5 seconds ago Nene did a IG Live telling Kenya fans to stay the f off her page talking about Kenya not being on the show 2 seconds ago Nenes interview with Bossip showed she didnt give a d if Kenya was on the show or not Nene isnt fooling anybody but fools She doesnt like Kenya never has and was glad her peach was given to boring Eva But it takes a real lowlife who would Troll a former coworker on the day of their Baby Shower Nene is trash Nene is just being sarcastic as hell S dont anyone know her by now Wasnt nene talking so much s about Kenya in recent interviews Advertisement What do you think of Nenes actions Is she being sincere Subscribe to our Google News Advertisement | [
"Nene Leakes",
"Kenya Moore",
"Booting"
] |
http://celebrityplasticsurgeryxp.com/chelsea-clintons-before-and-after-plastic-surgery-photos/ | Chelsea Clinton Plastic Surgery Before and After Photos By Rhonda | Feb 14 , 2015 0 Comment HTML is also allowed . Chelsea Clinton Many of you out there might already be aware who Chelsea Clinton is but in case you have n ’ t heard of her below are a few details about her . As the name may suggest to you Chelsea Clinton is the daughter of the former president Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . She was born on 27 th February in the year 1980 . For years she helped promote the work her parents did in politics while doing her studies in business and now is ready to become a correspondent on the nightly news since she has gotten a job as a correspondent for NBC . It was around her marriage time that rumors of her undergoing plastic surgery procedures seemed to surface . Like all brides , she wanted to look perfect on her big day . She was about to get married to investment banker Marc Mezvinsky in the year 2011 and they got engaged to each other in the year 2009 . Usually , brides begin to diet and workout before their big . Some do it well while some give up . In the case of Chelsea Clinton , she too decided to diet and exercise but then soon also decided to undergo plastic surgery procedure in order to attain the perfect body for her wedding day . So the Chelsea Clinton Plastic Surgery Chelsea Clinton and Marc got married on 31 st July in the year 2011 and well before that day , Chelsea Clinton appeared to have lost around 20 - 25 pounds . She also appeared to have a thinner nose and also a well - defined jaw line thus fuelling speculations that she has indeed undergone plastic surgery procedures . If you look at the before and after images of her you will know that the changes are quite noticeable . The cosmetic surgery procedures that Chelsea Clinton is speculated to have undergone includes a rhinoplasty and also chin augmentation . Rhinoplasty which is a procedure done on the nose in order to alter its shape is speculated by many because a bump which was earlier present on her nose seemed to have been smoothened out . Rhinoplasty Rhinoplasty is also known as a nose job . Cheek augmentation has been speculated by many people because it appeared to be slightly more defined than before . Dr . Jennifer Walden an expert plastic surgeon suggested that she also underwent dental work and received Juvederm in order to hide her gummy smile . Looking at her before and after images , one thing is quite clear that the plastic surgery procedures Chelsea Clinton has undergone have been done quite well and many expert plastic surgeons have said that her looks have actually improved . One thing you need to remember is that so far there has been no definite proof about Chelsea Clinton ’ s plastic surgery and thus believing all the rumors would be wrong . So until and unless Chelsea Clinton or someone related to her comes out and speaks about her plastic surgery procedures , rumors will continue to surface Before and After Fillers Nose Job Rhinoplasty Post navigation ← Demi Moore ’ s Before and After Plastic Surgery Photos Marlo Thomas ’ Before and After Plastic Surgery Photos → | [
"Chelsea Clinton",
"Plastic Surgery",
"Celebrity"
] |
http://celebritytoob.com/pictures/actors-passed-away-soon/ | Actors Who Passed Away Too Soon Camille Moore + 5 years ago It is safe to say much of the world is still reeling from the shocking news about Glee star , Cory Monteith ’ s recent and all - too - tragic death . A young star seemingly cut down in his prime by just a couple of bad decisions . Makes you wonder what he would have been capable of , had he just stuck around a little longer . Sadly , it is a familiar story in young Hollywood . Suddenly , you are faced with a busy career and a great deal of money and pressure . This can often lead directly into poor decision making , which it did in this case . This got us thinking ( and talking ) about some other amazing stars who were just on the rise or set to skyrocket when they passed away unexpectedly . After much inter - office debate , this is our list of fifteen other actors , just like Cory Monteith , who passed away far too soon before really showing the world what they could have been capable of . Heath Ledger : To start this list with anyone but Heath Ledger would be a mistake . The saddest part being Cory Monteith ’ s death was actually very similar to how Heath died . An addict , suffering is silence , and dying alone as a result . Just like with Cory , and even more so with Heath , we wonder what he would have been capable of if he just stayed with us . James Gandolfini : This is another really recent example , and one that is still weighing on fan ’ s hearts . Gandolfini passed away at 51 years old of a heart attack while he was in Italy promoting a film . A brilliant man who forever changed the face of cable television , Gandolfini is not so much a man now , as a myth . A larger than life myth . River Phoenix : Of all the names on the list , this might be the one I personally wonder about the most . Another amazing talent cut down by drugs . I almost wish it would ’ ve been the loss of someone like River Phoenix that would have scared people like Cory Monteith away from the wrong path . Alas , it just does n ’ t work like that . Johnny Lewis : Known most for his role on the FX biker drama , Sons of Anarchy , the death of Johnny Lewis was as disturbing a moment in real life as anything ever on that show . He supposedly killed his land lady , climbed up to his roof , then jumped off in front of witnesses . The strangest part being no drugs were found in his system at the time of his death , even though he had a history with them . Phil Hartman : Unlike most of the examples on this list , Phil Hartman was actually murdered by his young wife , who then went on to take her own life moments after . Hartman was an undeniable talent who undoubtedly had years left of laughter to give . The saddest part ? Their children were home and asleep in the next room when it happened . Photo via Getty Brandon Lee : The craziest thing about Brandon Lee ’ s death was two fold . One , it happened with a live bullet in a prop gun while they were shooting a scene from The Crow . Two , there was a rumored curse surrounding the male Lee ’ s . The curse spoke of a demon who would stop at nothing until the male Lee bloodline was stopped . Lee Thompson Young : The young star of Jett Jackson and Rizzoli and Isles fame took his life earlier this year that we still know little to nothing about . Sad , tragic , and very recent , this one still harbors more questions than answers . James Dean : Though his legend supersedes him , most people seem to somehow forget that James Dean only made four movies before he died in a tragic car accident . People still ponder just how amazing Dean could have been , had he just taken his foot off the gas pedal that one , fateful , day . John Candy : Man , I am still upset about this . John Candy was one of those overweight and super funny comedians whose movies just seem to put people in a great mood no matter the day they were having . For that reason alone , his loss is still felt by many . Ca n ’ t say we did n ’ t see it coming , though . Jonathan Brandis : Though Jonathan Brandis took his own life willingly , and Cory Monteith took his with drugs , how different were they ? From looks to career trajectory , not that different at all . Chris Farley : Though he had only made a handful of films before his passing , it was his time on SNL that really made the impression on pop culture . Funny and over - the - top , we are left to wonder how many laughs this gentle giant had in store for us had he not passed away so young and in such an avoidable way . Tupac Shakur : Remember him as the rapper if you like , but the man made some great films before his untimely death by drive - by . From Juice to Poetic Justice , Tupac had his eyes set on a goal higher than just music personality . Sadly , his own words and actions may have played a part in his still unsolved death . Brad Renfro : Another young actor who had an incredible amount of talent cut down because of drugs . Unlike Cory Monteith , though , Brad Renfro ’ s struggles were very well known by the time of his death . When will young Hollywood learn ? When will the madness end ? How much death does it take ? Michael Clark Duncan : A man who was known for being sweeter than a teddy bear , even though he was larger than life , Michael Ckark Duncan ’ s death in 2012 was a genuine shock to everyone . Sadly , even in his shape he was not safe from the ails of a heart attack . Patrick Swayze : The impact of the Swayze ’ s loss will be felt forever . He was Patrick Swayze . Red Dawn . Ghost . Dirty Dancing . I still get choked up about this one , so I had to end the list with him so I could go weep . Go listen to She ’ s Like The Wind , right now . Honestly , do it . The guy could make music , too . | [
"Passed Away",
"Celebrity Pictures"
] |
http://celtickane.com/projects/blood-alcohol-content-bac-calculator/ | Blood Alcohol Content ( BAC ) Calculator Purchase a Breathalyzer This online BAC calculator is good for estimating your BAC level , but your actual BAC will vary depending on a host of different factors , such as your hydration status , recent meals , fluid intake , kidney function , and much more . If you ’ re interested in buying a breathalyzer to get a more accurate estimation , I would highly suggest the model listed to the right . BAC Chart Values 0.00 – 0.03 % Normal behavior , no impairment 0.03 – 0.06 % Mild euphoria and impairment ; decreased inhibitions 0.06 – 0.10 % Buzzed , euphoric , increased impairment 0.10 – 0.20 % Drunk , emotional swings , slurred speech , nausea , loss of reaction time and motor control 0.20 – 0.30 % Confused , nauseated , poor mentation , blackout 0.30 – 0.40 % Possibly unconscious , unarrousable , loss of bladder function , risk of death Above 0.40 % Unconscious , coma , impaired breathing , risk of death Important Notes If you ’ re typing in a custom percent alcohol , remember that the proof of an alcohol is double the percent ( e.g. 80 proof alcohol is 40 % ) If you ’ re entering a mixed drink , only count the number of shots you put in ( not the drink ’ s total volume ) Everyone is different — BAC calculators are merely an estimate . A breathalyzer or blood test is the only way to have an accurate measurement . This calculator assumes the legal limit for driving is 0.08 % and 21 years old . Please note that the legal limit for driving may vary depending on state / country and your age . All calculations are based on the US Department of Transportation | [
"Blood Alcohol Content",
"Calculator",
"Chart Values"
] |
http://cemuwii.com/ | January 29 , 2019 by Randy Edwards Try Trusted Betting Service Online to Win More Online gambling Many individuals that utilize the betting websites find this is the finest way to bet on games , but many reasons why few individuals are first nervous about choosing online betting . The most common anxieties are that online betting is not fully safe and that this is not simple to do . The concerns , however , are unfounded really . In reality , the well known two biggest benefits of online betting are that online betting is very easy and perfectly safe . The best betting sites are usually run by popular companies which have already gained more trusted among betting lovers . They are a trustworthy operator that can truly be reliable , so no cause to concern about whether your amounts are safe . It is a fact that some sites online that are truly shady , but when you avoid it you will be simply fine . To ensure that you are avoiding the doubtful websites simply ensure that you simply use the best and reliable by using this Highlights Of Casinoslots South Africa There are lots of online betting sites available now , but few of them do not bring you reliable services . To avoid the inappropriate betting platform , you can follow some useful tips . It is important to check the reliability , service quality and safety , before choosing any internet betting service . These are the most important considerations that help you to pick the highly appropriate and exceptional platform , known as Casinoslots South Africa . This trusted internet betting platform or company provides an enticing price . This is one of the major highlights of this Surprising Benefits The authorized portal is a reliable platform where you can gather all significant details regarding this betting company and its specialized betting services . This most outstanding betting firm offers different types of bets , but the football betting gain more recognition among people because of its precise betting features . There are millions of betting lovers have truly set their minds on this betting platform . This betting company provides people an excellent chance to win a lot . Along with this , Casinoslots South Africa also provide open membership facilities , so you can utilize it as soon November 27 , 2018 by Randy Edwards Basic Rules for Poker Games : How to Play Bon Appetite Poker Casino games This is a game that we ’ re going to introduce to everyone . This is one that I ’ ve never seen anywhere else . We only play this one in the home game that we have at our house and it ’ s called Bon Appetite and it ’ s a variation of Seven Card Stud . It ’ s a high low split with the opportunity at the end of the hand or towards the end of the hand to shock a card and get a new card to try to make your hand even better or So let ’ s see how this game is dealt out and played out in its entirety . We ’ ve went ahead and dealt out the game . Players had three cards down , four cards face up just like regular Seven Stud . Now you ’ ve got to remember this is a high low split so each player is either going for a high hand or a low hand . Now all the betting is over and this is where the shock actually comes into play . The player here to the left of the dealer will say yes I would like to shock a card and they play a determined amount by the house and they actually get a free card . In that case he traded a ten for a ten . If the player chooses to shock a card from the cards face up then the card comes face up . If they choose to shock a card from the three cards down then the card comes to them down . Once everybody has shocked a card , you now have to declare and to declare what you do is you take three chips from your stack , one , two , three , and you put them in your hand and put them under the table and when you come back up on the table you ’ re either going to have zero chips in your hand for going low , one chip in your hand for going high , So in this case , it looks like this person might be going low . They would come up with no chips in their hand . Now the players that come up with going low or the players that come up with going high , they ’ re going against each other to see who has either the better low hand or the better high hand . Once those are determined , the pot is split between the high and the low hand and the winners are given the money and that ’ s how Bon Appetite is played . November 22 , 2018 KIDS CANDY Dispenser Roulette GAME ! FUN FUN FUN ! Default – Welcome back , and today we ’ re playing the gumball machine game . This is gonna be so fun . – Yeah ! – You ready ? – Yeah . – [ Kyle Voiceover ] Welcome back to Kyle ’ s Toys and Games . Let ’ s have some fun ! – This is how it works . So we have our giant gumball machine here . You spin this , and them whatever color of gumball that comes out , like orange . I got orange which is hit three targets with a Nerf Blaster . – I ca n ’ t wait to see what games we are going to play . – Okay , after we got it , and we ’ ve picked it up , we can see what ’ s on this card . – Yep . – Go , Luke , what did you get ? What are you gonna get ? You got pink . That ’ s make a slime bubble . – Oh , awesome , okay . – Here ’ s the slime . – I ’ m gonna open up our slime . Whoa , I love this slime . Remember when we did the slime dispenser video , Kyle ? – Yeah , that was so cool . – This is the green slime . It ’ s very squishy . Ready ? – That one also had the Orbeez in it . You can still kind of see the Orbeez in it . – Oh , yeah , ready ? Three , two , one ! ( screams ) – [ Kyle ] First try ! Look at that . – Ah , it deflated . Here , I ’ ll do one more . – Okay , do one more , and then it ’ s gonna be my … Well , there ’ s goes a stack of cups . – Okay , ready , Kyle ? – Go ! ( screams ) Ready , ready , here ’ s something cool . – Oh , it tipped over . Now , you put your other slime in a container . Slime bubble container . – Oh , yeah , that ’ s really cool . – That was awesome , Kyle . It ’ s your turn now , ready ? – Hey , guys , I ca n ’ t wait to see what game I get . Purple . – [ Luke ] Which one is this ? Let ’ s see here . – Purple is race on the hoverboard . – Yeah , let ’ s do it . ( upbeat music ) You ready ? – Okay , guys , we ’ re here at the starting line . We gotta race to , over to the cones . Let ’ s do this , guys . Let ’ s see who wins . Three , two , one , go ! I think you ’ re gonna win , Luke . Oh , I ’ m winning , I ’ m winning , I ’ m winning ! Go ! Oh , no ! Yes , yes , yes , yes ! – Ah , man , you won , Kyle . Let ’ s go back to our table , and draw more gumballs . – Okay . Okay , Luke , it ’ s your turn . – Okay , that was so much fun , Kyle . What am I going to get ? – [ Kyle ] Green ! – [ Luke ] Green is ? – Eat a Warhead ! – Oh , no ! – You get Extra Sour Lemon . Yay ! – These are the sourest ones . Oh , my mouth is already watering . – Oh , that ’ s looks so sour . – Yeah , look at that , you guys . Three , two , one . – Just wait . If you keep it in there for a while , if you run around a lot , then it ’ ll get sweet faster . – It ’ s so sour . – If you run in circles really , really fast , then it will get , it wo n ’ t be sour . – Oh , it ’ s so sour . ( Kyle cheers ) – Okay , guys , I ’ m up next . This is gonna be so fun . – It ’ s still really sour . I got pink , so that means I gotta do a slime bubble too . – Okay , here ’ s your slime , Kyle . – Okay . – This is weird slime . – My Warhead ’ s getting way sweeter , which is awesome . – Fun bubble , here , I ’ ll help you . Go . – Aw , it did n ’ t work . We ’ ll try one more time , and see if we can get it . ( screams ) – [ Luke ] Aw , it deflated . – That was still a slime bubble . – Yeah . – Yeah , Luke , it ’ s your turn . – Here I go . – Let ’ s see what you get . Blue ! What blue , what ’ s blue ? I wonder what blue is ? Jump in the hot tub with your clothes on . – No ! At least it ’ s warm . – At least it ’ s warm , yeah . Okay , Luke . – It ’ s warm . – Okay , go in , ready ? Three , two , one . – Oh , I ’ m in the hot tub with my clothes on . This is crazy . – [ Kyle ] Does it feel weird ? – Yeah , it ’ s warm . I have my socks on , too . – [ Kyle ] You ’ re gonna have squishy feet today . – Yep . Okay , I guess I have to come out . – Okay , I ’ ll get your towel ready . – Oh , my socks are so squishy . – There you go . – This is weird . – Let ’ s go finish this . – Okay . Alright , Kyle , here you go . What are you gonna get ? – Blue one again . – I got a blue one ? I got a blue one , come on . – [ Luke ] We ’ ll go in together . Come on , Kyle , let ’ s go . – We ’ re getting in the hot tub . Oh , this feels so weird . – So squishy , huh ? – And I ’ m wearing normal shorts . – Oh , this is weird . – Yeah , my socks are really , really , really weird . – Yeah , they ’ re so squishy , huh ? They ’ re like SpongeBob ’ s feet . – Squeak , squeak , squeak , squeak . – Alright , we ’ re going to get out . Oh , look at that . Alright , let ’ s go finish . – Now we ’ re all wet . Luke , it ’ s your turn . Let ’ s see what you get . – Okay , here I go . – Please , do n ’ t be yellow . You got , what ’ s that one ? – [ Luke ] Red . – Red is … – Spin around 10 times . – And hit a ball off of a tee . Oh , no ! – Ready , I gotta spin around 10 times and try to hit the ball . Ready ? – [ Kyle ] Go ! One , two , three , four , five , six , seven , eight , nine , 10 . – That is weird . – I really wanna try it . – You wanna try it ? – Yeah . – Okay . – Okay , guys , I ’ m gonna go extra dizzy . I ’ m gonna go 10 more times . – 20 ? – 20 times . – Okay , ready ? Go ! One , two , three , four , five , six , seven , eight , nine , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , go ! ( laughs ) He ’ s really dizzy . Let ’ s move on to the next gumball . What are you gonna get ? – Orange ! I got orange . – Kyle , orange is you need to hit down a tower with a Nerf blaster . – Okay , let ’ s do this . – Three , two , one , go ! ( screams ) – There ’ s one more tower . There ’ s one more tower . – You made another stack . ( screams ) Get outta here , cup . ( screams ) – I blasted that , so cool , and I made two towers . – My turn ! Here it comes , three , two , one . Orange ! I get to do the Nerf Blaster ! – I ’ m gonna make a tower for Luke . Okay , ready , three , two , one , go ! ( screams ) – Okay , guys , let ’ s see what I get . Yellow ! Guys , I got yellow , so I have to pop three yellow balloons on my head . – Okay , go ! – That ’ s one ! I gotta go in the hot tub and warm up ! – Here I go . Oh , I got yellow ! That means I have to pop three water balloons on my head . Here I go . Three , two , one ! What ? ( laughs ) Last one , here I go . That is awesome . I ’ m so wet . This is a bonus round , blow a bubble game . Ready ? Three , two , one , go ! ( upbeat music ) – I ’ m ready to blow my bubble . Are you ? – Not yet . – Nope , not yet , I tried it , it ’ s way too hard . It ’ s too chunky . ( laughs ) I made one ! – Alright , my turn , ready ? Comment down below right now who won the gumball game . Kyle , who do you think won ? You ’ cause you did it three times I think . – Yep , I think I won too . I do n ’ t know , you guys write down in the comments . – Thanks for watching Kyle ’ s Things and Games , click any of these other videos to watch more . I ’ ll see you guys next time . – [ Both ] Bye ! ( upbeat music ) November 22 , 2018 Wheel of Kwami Game with Miraculous Ladybug Tikki Plagg Trix Pollen Default Hi everyone and welcome to Evie ’ s toy house today we ’ re playing Wheel of Kwamis Kwamis are magical creatures featured in miraculous ladybug who can grant powers to their miraculous holders . Today we have six kwamis Tikki , Plagg , Trixx , wayzz , Nooru and pollen . Do you know the names of all of their Miraculous holders comment below if you do before ? We start if you enjoy watching videos like this , make sure to give this video a big thumbs up and also subscribe to play this game we ’ re Let ’ S get started and we landed on pollen and look pollens , miraculous holder showed up here . We have a custom doll of chloe and we also have queen bee e . So this is chloe transformed into queen bee with the help of pollen . Oh wow , we got a bee themed surprise . This is from DC superhero girls and it is for bumble bee . So let ’ s take her out of the box and here ’ s bumblebee take a look at her and then she look gorgeous just take a look at her hair . Oh , my gosh and back here is her wing and of course she has a really cool superhero outfit . I think we ’ re ready for our next bin and we got Tikki and of course the maracas holder for Tikki is Marionette . So here is her as a custom . Does n ’ T she look super super cute and here ’ s her transformed version , ladybug look at her . She was a lot of fun to make oh and look there ’ s another surprise . What is this ? This is a little pet shop and it ’ s called sweet drop shop featuring a ladybug here . Oh , how cute , let ’ s open this one up , so here ’ s a set path , take a look at this little ladybug here , This is so cute , so does the ladybug is pink with green eyes and a little antenna huh . The set also comes with a little pup . This is revelled Dalmatian pup , but it ’ s black and white , but it also has some pink spots and there ’ s a whole bunch of other accessories , so got a little bone here . You got some lollipops . Look at this . The lollipops in green and pink , a little canister and some of these they ’ ll holders for those they ’ ll roll the rooms . This set also comes with two roller roots . This one is a little ladybug and this one is a little bean and it comes with this little trumping thing you spell cane , so you can drop them in there just like that , or you can actually stick them and to LD still holders . Let ’ S pop the baby bug into the little baby book holder and look at this , we gave it a little body . We can take our lb friend here and put her in the purse . Oh , my gosh is n ’ t that cute right , that ’ s been again and we ’ ve stopped that no room and , of course the holder of the miraculous Nooru is Gabriel agreste . So this is so . This is Adrien ’ s father . This is him looking normal , and this is him transformed . So this is him as the evil hawkmoth and here ’ s our surprise . I wonder what it is . Let ’ S take a look it ’ s as magnetic sculptures . I see butterflies , oh so this comes for the magnetic base and it comes with a bunch of butterflies . Oh , my gosh , this is kind of cool , these are butterflies and because some magnetic you can make those sculptures from it . I mean this is kind of cool . I wonder how tall we can make it . Oh look . You can actually build a pretty tall structure , oh wow , so this is a lot of fun . This uses magnets , but at the same time , these butterflies are super colorful and pretty . And what I like about it is that that she really large that ’ s been again ah and we got wayyz and look it ’ s Nino and here is Nino as a custom . So in one of the episodes , Nino actually was a temporary maracas holder for ways . Look at him even has a little set of headphones here and here ’ s a surprise . Look it ’ s a turtle , not just any turtle , it ’ s Michelangelo from the Ninja Turtles . Let ’ S open this one up and see all the acessories and here is Michelangelo , look at him . He is super cool , he comes with a skateboard and he is fully articulated . So I can have him : do all sorts of things , including some ninja kicks or have him use his weapons have some lunch ucks here and a few other weapons ? Look at these . Oh my gosh . These are too funny . One has a little boxing glove on the end and the other one seems pretty dangerous and of course , some ninja stars too . So this is really cool turn a little getting them . Oh , my gosh . We have two more to go , so we have Plagg and tricks . Let ’ S go for a spin yay , we got tricks and , of course , the miraculous holder for tricks is alia , look at her . This is her custom . Looking super cool with her glasses on , and we also have her here as Rena Rouge . Look at her . Does n ’ T she look so cool for that foxtail ? I love her hair too , and here ’ s her surprise . So we got an enchant amaz doll . Oh , look ! It ’ S a fox , so this is Felicity Fox and flick . Oh wow , and here she is , does n ’ t she look gorgeous ? What ’ S really cool about these dolls are their little face ? Mak ! Just look at that . Oh my gosh . This is actually too cool , so she has blonde . Haired is actually kind of brown hair by little bit red and she has this really cute orange a Dressel and with flower prints all over it was she ’ s , so cute yeah and she comes with her dog tick box . This is the cutest dog ever I think , she ’ s almost as cute as trip all right . Well , one more to go , that ’ s fine flag and we got like just early and , of course , part black . We got Adrian and cat noir , so here is Adrian ’ s custom and we also have cat noir just take a look at a big ol eyes and here ’ s your last surprise . Oh , look . It ’ S a large box of lost kitty . Oh my gosh ! This is one of the large ones . I love these . You can find 20 surprises in here . Alright , let ’ s get started and open this up . Alright , you have a checklist , a little four pack container , a large pack pink pack , a brown pack and a white pack down here . All right , let ’ s start with this one , it ’ s gon na have to bail a wrapper on it . Then inside is a little confetti patch , let ’ s dig in there see we find the whole bag is back here . Look , it ’ s a golden ! Ah , oh my gosh . What is this ? We got old God . Oh my gosh . This is a sparkle series , so he ’ s got part of the series to actually super look . It ’ S faces inside a little clear Bowl . All oh my gosh . This one is too cute . So let ’ s open up the brown one . Okay , let ’ s take a look yummy cat , Oh such a cool cat . This is Eugene . Yes , those sunglasses on . Oh , my gosh pick it up pose here . Oh my gosh . This is Foley . It ’ S eating the goldfish ! Oh , my god . What a bad kitty ! Oh dream on ! Oh professor Perkins look : this is one smart cat in court and oh a little blue cat , that ’ s sleeping so this one ’ s name is called napkin . Is n ’ T that such a cute name not kin ? And of course you got me still cinco packs down here . I think these are Leslie accessories . Oh my god ! Oh oh , look ! A mouse cell phone ! Oh ! This is cute on the bottom and I think we got a purple tinkle . Oh goodness , that ’ s too funny you go purple ! Pickles ! Oh , look a double scooper ! Ah , I could have used this . Let ’ S look at the other accessories that we got . I think all we did was pull a cat earlier . Cuz we ’ re so excited , so here is about blue mouse and a little seashell under the pink one . We ’ Ve got . Oh a teddy bear under this brown one that we have LG ptarth . They take one that ’ ll come 51 . We got a hamburger and other looks like popcorn , popcorn or berries all right everyone . So I had a lot of fun today . I hope you guys did too . My favorite surprises are this enchanting moles , though , and also this cute through , though oh my gosh , this will golden cat with its face in the bowl . I thought I was just adorable , so let me know down below in the comment section which surprise was your favorite . If you liked this video make sure to subscribe and I ’ ll see you guys next time , bye , 10 Things Casinos Do n ’ t Want You To Know Casino games How do casinos trick you into feeling like you ’ re winning , even when you ’ re not ? How do they get your money out of you even if you do n ’ t gamble ? From psychological tricks to behind - the - scenes technology , here are 10 things casinos would prefer you never think about . 10 – No clocks or sunlight . It ’ s a pretty simple equation – the more time you spend in a casino , the more money you spend . take your time as much as your money . Like binging a great show on Netflix , you can lose a whole day and not even notice . That ’ s what the casinos want . There ’ s a psychology behind keeping you isolated from the outside world . Seeing a clock will remind you that you ’ ve spent 5 hours at the casino . Looking out the window and seeing that it ’ s dark will spur you to leave . And if you leave , you are no longer spending money there . 9 – Stealing Dealers . The bad news is , dealers have been caught stealing . The good news is , they ’ re stealing from the casino , not from the players . The most common method of theft is simply stealing chips . One woman stuffed 3 thousand dollars worth of chips in her bra – six chips at 500 dollars each . And she did it on an elevator , under video surveillance . Another dealer at a UK casino had a false pocket where we would slide chips that went all the way down into his socks . Then he would go out on a smoke break and give the chips to an accomplice who would exchange them for cash . 8 – Scent Science . Almost nothing that you see in a casino is by accident . The height of the ceilings , the position of the lights , the smell on the floor . Everything . But the scent science of casinos is n ’ t as simple as you think . Scent is strongly tied to memory and emotion , so it is n ’ t as simple as just drawing people in with the scent of popcorn or freshly - baked cookies . Scents are blended and pumped into the ventilation systems to reflect the location of the casino . Then they are focus - tested to see which scents tend to drive more spending and gambling . Even your sense of smell is being psychologically manipulated . 7 – Labyrinth Design . Much like grocery stores , casinos are laid out in a very deliberate sort of way to get you to wander through them and spend money in places you would n ’ t normally . Unlike grocery stores , casinos are not laid out to let you know where everything is . They ’ re labyrinth - like mazes of flashing lights and confusion . You ’ re not likely to get LOST in a casino , necessarily . If you really want to get out , it ’ s easy enough to do . But in the meantime , if you ’ re just wandering around on the floor , you ’ re much more likely to run into a shiny wall of something new than the exit . 6 – Tables are a better bet . Slot machines have the biggest payouts of any game on the casino floor . Put a dollar in , win a million , right ? And on top of that , they ’ re also the most visually attractive . Why do you think that is ? In addition to having the worst odds of any game on the floor , they are also the game in which you have the least control . You simply start the machine , and the outcome is predetermined . At table games like blackjack , you can at least make decisions that affect 5 – Always Watching . In a large - scale casino like the Bellagio , there are probably about 2 thousand cameras on in the casino at all times , with roughly 50 monitors displaying the footage on demand . Obviously , a few security personnel ca n ’ t watch all 2 thousand cameras at once . But the footage is kept and archived , so if there is any evidence of cheating or theft , they can reference the footage . 4 – Near wins . Near - wins are a deceptively strong weapon . To a gambler ’ s brain , an “ almost win ” provides almost the same rush as an actual win … even though it ’ s a loss . In other words , if a slot machine comes up with two 7 ’ s instead of three , what it basically tells your brain is , “ Hey , we almost won , just need to play a little more to win big ! ” . In reality , those near - wins are programmed into most slot machines to 3 – Ca n ’ t Cheat the House . Casinos are on the forefront of security . They watch everything from every angle . The simple act of counting cards ? They ’ ve seen that a billion times . There are people coming in and trying to defraud casinos with disguises and false identities , so they ’ ve invested in facial recognition technology . They ’ re constantly covering all the angles . If you think you ’ re going to walk in and outsmart the house , think again . They ’ ve probably already busted someone else trying to do the same thing . 2 – Draining the non - gambler . Casinos are n ’ t just places where you play gambling games . They ’ re huge entertainment hubs , with hotels , restaurants , bars , and even live entertainment . If you ’ re spending time at a casino , they ’ re going to find ways to separate you from your money . • Hidden fees and marked - up services are two of the most popular ways to do it – and while that ’ s true of all hotels to an extent , hotel casinos are among the worst offenders . 1 – The Psychology of Chips . If you ’ ve learned anything from this , it ’ s that casinos will use any dirty , subtle , psychological tricks they can to lift your money off of you . The use of chips is one of the most insidious . We all know what money feels like , right ? It ’ s metal coins , or paper bills , or plastic cards . But casino chips ? Chips do n ’ t feel like money . Their purpose is to DISGUISE the value of money . That ’ s why a one - dollar chip That does n ’ t seem like much at all – even though it ’ s the same amount . Furthermore , to leave the casino , you have to cash out . And that means you have to take your chips into the casino and cash them out … walking by countless other temptations on the way . Dell XPS 15 Review ( 9560 ) – GTX 1050 + Kaby Lake = Hey , how ’ s it going ? This is Dave 2D , and this is the new XPS 15 , the 9560 . So the previous generation , the 9550 , was my daily driver for over a year . I used that thing a lot . So when this new one came in , I was pretty excited to give a good run . Now looking from the outside , not much has changed from the previous generation . It ’ s still one of the best built Windows laptops . So a lot of devices that use aluminum are pretty to look at , but they ’ re delicate . This laptop is less focused on aesthetics I mean It ’ s still nice to look at , but it ’ s also a tank . The exterior surface holds up well — The hinge holds the tension perfectly after a year , and the soft - touch Carbon [ fiber ] finish — when I first looked at this stuff I thought for sure it will wear down , or at least get scuffed over time . But it does n ’ t at all . The build quality on this thing is awesome . Another thing I really like is the 4K screen . It ’ s probably the best part about this laptop 15.6 inch IPS touch panel , amazing color gamut , amazing color accuracy , great viewing angles super thin bezels , and it ’ s got good software to switch between the color spaces I consider this to be the best screen on the market for what I do . And if you ’ re a professional gamer And you need crazy - fast refresh rates Then maybe not . But if you ’ re a content creator , or The stock RAM is faster than last year It ’ s still DDR4 , but now it ’ s running at 2,400 megahertz . The stock drive speeds are great , better than last year as well The battery has been upgraded , it ’ s now a 97 Watt - Hour battery , which is actually near that 99 Watt - Hour legal limit . And if you take this big battery and you combine it with that Kaby Lake chip that ’ s inside here , you get really good battery life . You ’ re comfortably hitting You can bring it to work , leave your charger at home And then just charge it when you come back home And if you want to , you can actually remove this big battery , get some parts on Amazon , and replace it with a 2.5 inch drive , and a smaller battery . I ’ ll link these stuff below , but I did n ’ t know my older XPS 15 could have two storage drives . So other stuff that I like — the keyboard is pretty good . It has n ’ t changed There ’ s nothing I really dislike about it And it ’ s pretty easy to get used to , but it ’ s not a keyboard that you ’ ll fall in love with . It ’ s good It ’ s just not excellent The trackpad is unchanged . Glass surface performs really well because of the Windows precision drivers and the button mechanics are nice Now , if you ’ re coming from a Macbook , and you ’ ve never used anything other than Apple ’ s trackpads You ’ re probably not gonna love this But seriously , this is as good as it ’ s gonna get for Windows trackpads It ’ s really good , but Apple ’ s trackpads are better So those are some things that I really liked about the 9560 . But there are some things that I did n ’ t like in the previous generation that have n ’ t changed . So first , I know this is really petty , but the color of the device — I wish it came in more colors It has one of the best looking interiors with that carbon They ’ re underneath the keyboard Even though they kinda face the user , the audio is n ’ t as clear as I ’ d like it to be I wish these were repositioned , maybe up to the top or something . The third thing is a little more important It ’ s the ports . The port selection is decent . There ’ s a bunch of USB ports , audio jack , HDMI , and an SD Card slot I think it ’ s a better selection than some other pro laptops I do wish it So most users wo n ’ t be affected by this at all But because it has two lanes , you can only run a single 4k 60 Hertz display from the port and if you want to run an external GPU , the speeds will be about ten percent slower than it should be . The new Kaby Lake CPU gives a bit of a performance bump . This system feels snappier when opening apps and games , same with Adobe Premiere . Stuff is just a bit quicker Partially due to the faster clock , and partially due Fan noise under maximum load still is n ’ t that loud There ’ s a bit of thermal throttling during benchmarks , so when I ’ m playing games or if I ’ m editing video It does n ’ t happen . I ’ ve never noticed actual in - game throttling . but when i run benchmarks for long enough we do see clock speed reduction . Thermals on the surface look good There ’ s nothing uncomfortable to use . The carbon fiber deck really helps with keeping surface temperatures down . Alright , with the The 4K touchscreen is unchanged from last year , and it ’ s awesome It ’ s literally my favorite laptop screen right now The backlit keyboard is easy to get used to , and comfortable to type on . The glass trackpad is one of the best in the business On the inside , the Kaby Lake i7 and the GTX 1050 are nice upgrades from last year ’ s models . Cooling could be a little bit better The stock RAM and the SSD have good speeds But if you want , they ’ re easily replaced , No . I mean , there ’ s other machines that are really good in this price point , like the Razer Blade comes to mind That ’ s equally awesome in its own kind of realm But if you ’ re looking for a machine that has great build quality , like really really great build quality Fantastic screen , and you do n ’ t need like a super powerful video card , take a look at this one I think you ’ ll like it . That ’ s the end of this video , thumbs if July 31 , 2018 Recipe for Successful Gambling Online gambling gambling The primary factor for successful gambling is pre - selling . Whether you are gambling online or offline , it is important that you pre - sell your mind to the fact that you are going to leave the table with more money than you first started with . In my opinion , Your mind set should not be ridden with guilt of maybe having lost in the past . You are playing for now and trying to make money for the future . It is the future that matters and it is the future you can change . But , having said that , it is also essential to be realistic about money matters and your wants without being too greedy . Winning while gambling at Oncasinogames Canada should always be a want , a desire to do something you enjoy and never degenerate into a ‘ need ’ . If you are needy and greedy , you will lose objectivity and focus and ultimately fail . Positive thinking is a must while gambling . Believe in yourself and that you will win at the end of the day . Imagine the profits and the money you will make when its all over . Be focused on the game and the money will come to you . Most importantly , learn to relax and enjoy the game . Ultimately , whatever is meant for you will come your way if it has to . You have done the pre selling , got your mind set towards positive thinking and now you have to simply trust and believe in the powers above . The recipe for successful gambling is to pre - sell to your subconscious mind , an image you desire , with the help of your thoughts and emotions . Believe in yourself and think positively . And you will rarely ever fail . Bingo is primarily a game of chance and there is little you can do to predict the outcome in the game . Below is a compilation of bingo tips given by veteran bingo players to increase your chances of winning and having an enjoyable experience . Play only as many cards as you can watch and monitor . Use your dabber lightly ; do not bang it on the board as it may tend to leak . To win more coveralls , try to come in early and get the first set of paper cards issued . On busy nights managers stock the counter with plenty of cards . The top ones usually are the lowest free space number cards . Check the next coverall for yourself and look at the flashboard . July 31 , 2018 How to Play Blackjack – Doubling Down & Splitting blackjack Okay here we go with an example hand for you . Three boxes being played , let ’ s deal the cards . 2 , 10 , 8 , 4 for the house , oh a matching pair there . Right , in this scenario , we ’ ve got the chance to split . You can split any matching pair , it ’ s not compulsory , it ’ s up to you if you wish to or not . Let ’ s do it in this case . We ’ ve got a pair of 2 ’ s , we will put another stake down here and play them as two separate hands , doubling the chance to win . Let ’ s see what cards we get here , 7 and 9 . Now we ’ ve spoken also about the opportunity in the game of Blackjack of Doubling Down . Now if your first two cards are worth a total of 11 or less you have the chance , if you wish to , to buy a card or to double down . In this case , you would double your initial bet here double down . In this case you would double your initial bet here for one card only if you wish to . Let ’ s have a little look at the situation . You ’ ve got 9 here , I ’ m going to say we do n ’ t double down at this stage , we ’ ll just take a card . So it ’ s a card here , your total goes to 19 , that ’ s very very good . Here on 11 , I think that ’ s slightly better odds , it ’ s good strategy perhaps to take a card on 11 , as a double down . So you ’ d have to again , put your bet down there , 4 chips in this case . One card only , doubling down . And your total is 20 . Moving across , 17 , that ’ s a good hand to stand on . 11 is another opportunity , should you wish to , to double down . Let ’ s double down one more time and make this a very expansive hand . There you go , you ’ ve doubled down in this scenario again one card only when you double , 19 is the total . At this stage , you finish your decision making , we come over to the house , the house will draw cards until 17 . When the house reaches 17 , there will be no more cards drawn . 8 , 14 , a perfect scenario , the dealer has bust . Fantastic ! We go over 21 , you get paid . Every single one of these bets is a winner . A lovely scenario for you players . You ’ ve had splits , you ’ ve had doubles , every single bet is getting paid . That ’ s the perfect hand for you . July 15 , 2018 How To Count Cards with the Blackjack Apprenticeship Training Course blackjack card counters Hi and welcome to our instructional video that is designed to make you a smarter gambler . My name is Steve Bourie and on the author of the American casino guide , number one bestselling book in the US on the subject of casino gambling and travel and the only book that comes with over one thousand dollars in casino coupons . If you want to know more about our book , be sure to visit our website at Americancasinoguide . com and if you have a smartphone or tablet be sure to download our free app just go to Matt is a novice player who attended the course to learn about card counting from former professional blackjack players and to see if they wanted to pursue it further Matt explains what the course was like and his thoughts on what he learnt . Following that , there is an interview with American casino guide : author , Steve Bourie and Colin Jones , who is a cofounder at the blackjack apprenticeship training course hi . I ’ M Matt Bourie associate editor of the American casino guide and in January 2015 I had the chance to attend the Blackjack The movie was called Holy Rollers , the true story of card counting christians and it ’ s currently available on Netflix , as well as DVD after several years . The success they decided to disband the team but they ’ re both still active in the training of new players and teaching them how to become better at the game of blackjack with their website blackjack apprenticeship , dot com several times a year . They all sold the workshop for players to help them hone their card counting skills to gain an advantage over the casino . I was invited to take the beginner ’ s course and I was eager to attend because I was familiar with the concept of counting cards , but I do n I know several professional card counters and I always wondered what their jobs and tailed . So what follows is a video showing a bit of what I learned at the blackjack apprenticeship training program and my thoughts about the course following . That is an interview that my dad Steve maury did with Colin Jones about the course and his goals for the students to start off . They handed out booklets that included notes of what would be discussed during the class , as well as basic strategy , charts and also index numbers . Occasionally , when account gets very high or very low , you need to deviate from basic strategy and the index numbers tell you when and if you need to do this . After that , we had to introduce ourselves , we had to say our name where we ’ re from and why we are taking the course . A lot of the people taking a course said that they The next thing we did was go over the agenda for the day , which was very full the course lasted a full eight hours . They then went on to explain EV , which is also known as expected value , and that is how card counters determine how much money they should be making throughout the day . Another thing they discussed was that there ’ s two types : blackjack players , those that play for fun and those that play to make money and we have to decide which of those we are gon na , be they said that professional players got their fun out of making money , whereas Most people in a casino just play for fun . Another What I thought was the most important thing every day that you should never gamble with money that you can not afford to lose financially or mentally . The next part of the course was the first dealing session is when we all sat down on an actual blackjack table and they dealt out . Cards gave us chips and we tested out what we knew . The first then call went over this dealing session was how to calculate the running count in the true count , and this is a process that that we will do it every I selected a running count as sex and divisor . That means having Dexter left of 85 . So what future count if you ’ re , a music supervisors , 5 % , want next he explained . I we should change our bets based on the true count . So if you have a true one , he should bat two chips get richer to shabad . What three tips truth read that poor chips : 34 . So true for you that a I ’ ve chips and then sure if I ’ ve been above in bed , 6 chips , so this would be your the highest you need about . You need to keep going up forget about the trip 5 K , so whatever that you can issue get out one more unit than the trick out . This is n ’ t really what you might use while playing in a casino . This will be a good way to find out how your trigger you know what you think the true counties before I took this course . One thing I did n ’ t know is when you should actually start counting cards . I always thought that you should start as soon as the dealer deals the first card , but what they explain to me was it ’ s much easier said . Wait until the dealer has given everyone their first card and once he deals the first person their second card . That is when you should start counting after that was explained to me . It made it so much easier to be able to keep track of what the running count was , and the divisor and getting the true ca n ’ t . The part that I found the most difficult actually was estimating how many decks were in the discard ray . I think I was wrong pretty much every time they told us to guess What are some things that affect the casinos edge penetration ? Good ? What else the rules he asked ? The Standard Heating saw seventeen . Yet if you can tell us where we split all those things number DAX , the most important thing they went over to maximize your EV is penetration or how far back to dealer puts the cut card . It ’ S better to go further back , because the further back to cut card is the more you know about . The remaining cards in the deck most interesting part of the day was only got a visit from tommy hyland , one of the most successful blackjack players of all time . Is that , but he did answer any questions that anyone had , and I told us some very interesting stories . For instance , he had been kicked out of the casinos in atlantic city so many times that he went during Christmas , dressed as Santa Claus to try and count cards to disguise himself , but he ended up getting kicked out anyways after that they went over a few more Things such as how to build a blackjack team and how to camouflage yourself while you ’ re in a casino , but we had to I honestly think that they could do that with all the information that we learned in this course me . On the other hand , I just thought that I could play blackjack on the side and count cards and make a little bit extra money , but after realizing how much time and effort I would have to put into it to do it correctly , I ’ m just not sure it Was worth it for me for those who are interested make sure you stay tuned for an interview between my dad , Steve , maury and Colin Jones about some goals colin has for his students in the course at more information for anyone interested in You obviously you what you were successful . Did you have a lot of people under Kim yeah ? I would say probably forty or fifty people cycle through , but it was really kind of work or about I five to 10 people that their kinda make much money and we ’ re on . You know for most the time I ’ m well today we ’ re here in Las Vegas wan na hear black jacket , blue captives and my son matt is taking your your boot camp to learn to be a better blackjack player Is you do n ’ t know you do n ’ t ? So we thought we were good at blackjack anyway , we actually were that was involved with another marketing team on and they Kenneth knows . The back is , you know today this kid ’ s pretty good by that they , you know said he would you be able to do XOM some trips with us , and so he had to go through triggers chain process . He failed their initial test outs in . He thought he was good , but it was n ’ t as good as it could be . That ’ S So up to camp is our opportunity to do that , and you know we ’ ve had it quite a number people come through that are now playing professionally or or as a hobby or just for fun . Now is the boot camp director that the novice player or sit directly to a more advanced by we ’ re much more excited about someone once said : do this to make money it ’ ll , there ’ s always a big scare people that show up I and that the information is valuable , whether Or not Think differently about how they approach the game . That ’ S the first hurdle as advanced play it . He is all you know , and it ’ s not a you know . If of so it it differently , any you got ta get out , see that seeing United life fires , he all are K , it ’ s more like a and Jeff . So for most people . Yes , here , usually whole your head out holiday and Jesse fired . The second is just that the actual skills and it takes people a lot more time in Pakistan . They expect and people think they ’ re pretty good at that . You know they ’ re really , not all that good and that you But it ’ s not something that you can just practice for a couple hours . They are at the ready to go pee . The casino . Are you actually really up to have to masters skills , so I think the boot camp really help people realize okay , I put some work in , but I still have this . You know this far to go with you . Would you say that all of the students second day take your class are going to go on to be successful card ? Counter that I by then I could ? Maybe you can explain . Yeah problems are involved that they do n ’ t do that yeah . Well , a one thing to talk about is why people are getting into it and a lot of people , I ’ m they like playing blackjack and they wan na you know play it better . I would say that person will , you know , maybe the A you know yet takes takes a unique person . That ’ S really what you put in the amount of time : training it takes . Provoke people wan na , learn more about your your blackjack boot camp as well as your other programs . Are you have for people to become better blackjack players ? Where would they do that ? You could put all that stuff on our website and you really have a growing community car carriers every every step . We have Unohana for me plenty of professionals as well as people they ’ re learning . That ’ S that ’ s free , find out everything we have that weekly newsletter for free that people can get on the email list and we share . You know stories , it casino news . It recent back hurt and development all that stuff , alright column , Colin Jones , thanks very much for spending time with us . Yet . Thank you . Do n ’ T forget that you can see more of our educational gaming videos on our YouTube channel just go to YouTube dot com , slash American casino guide ; June 14 , 2018 How to Play Roulette – Outside Bets & Column Bets Hi , I ’ m Martin from lucky nugget casino nz . This time , I ’ m gonna run you through how to play Roulette at lucky nugget casino nz , some strategies , some basic principles of the game and a little bit of history as well along the way . The game of Roulette then . What we have here ; Roulette wheel with 37 , 37 different numbers , the 0 and all the numbers through to 36 . And what we ’ re gonna be doing , is teaching you and showing you all the different betting scenarios in the game of Roulette . Now Roulette is a game of chance , it ’ s also , what I always say , it ’ s a game of risk and reward and I will teach you the risky bets , I ’ ll teach you the in - between bets and I ’ ll teach you the very very safe bets as well . In the game of Roulette , you can play riskily , or you can play a little bit more aggressive , let ’ s look at the very safe bets first , these are the outside chances . Outside chances mean , that by placing a chip on maybe 1 - 18 , or maybe red , or maybe odd numbers , you ’ re If you look here , low numbers , 1 to 18 , if the number , it ’ s in the wheel at the moment it ’ s 15 , You bet four chips , you win four chips . it ’ s as simple as that . If you bet again , if it ’ s a black number , if you bet 3 chips on black , black comes in , you double it up . It ’ s as simple as that . The only thing to watch out for when you do these outside bets , they ’ re very safe bets , but the 0 is not a winning bet on the outside chances . Lower risk , lower return , a nice way to start playing the game of Roulette at is the low risk bets . The outside chances we call them , 18 numbers in your favour , you get paid even money and double your winnings if you have a winning return on the wheel . Following on then from those outside chances where you bet 18 numbers with one chip , The next least risky way of playing , fairly safe , is to do something like this ; it ’ s called a dozen , or the cousin of the dozen , which is the column bets that run up the table . Now , by doing these bets , what you ’ re doing is you ’ re giving yourself 12 of the different numbers on the wheel in your favour . In this case , there it is , first 12 , very much self - explanatory . You ’ re betting all the numbers here 1 to 12 , If you ’ re gonna do the column bets , the column bets here run all up the table , the twelve numbers that run up the table there . If you have a winning chip , a little bit more risky than betting 18 numbers on the outside , you ’ re only betting on 12 this time , so we ’ re gonna pay you a little bit more , rather than being payed once , when you bet a dozen you get a triple return if you ’ re a winner . Again , on the column there , each one you bet , you win two more . Betting the columns , betting the dozens , 12 numbers in your favor . If you win you get payed at 2 / 1 odds . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . | [
"Betting Service",
"Online",
"Casinoslots South Africa"
] |
http://cen.xraycrystals.org/dna.html | Xray diffraction from fibrous DNA tipped off Watson Crick to double helix Watson left and Crick in 1953 with their model of part of a DNA molecule A Barrington BrownScience Source It is one of the most famous molecular structures ever determined the now iconic DNA double helix Although Xray diffraction played a role in its solution by James D Watson and Francis H C Crick in 1953 it was not an Xray crystal structure That wouldnt come for another 20 years from the laboratory of Alexander Rich at Masschusetts Institute of Technology The data that inspired Watson and Cricks breakthrough wasnt from a crystal Rosalind Franklin and her student R G Gosling produced diffraction patterns from fibrous DNA Franklin a serious crystallographer didnt even know that Watson and Crick had access to her Xray diffraction data on two distinct forms of DNA dubbed A and B The data had come to them in a somewhat roundabout way through the agency of Max F Perutz who directed the University of Cambridge lab in which they both worked of atoms 77 to 10 9 The data clearly indicated to them that B DNA was a double helix and provided key information about its dimensions They also knew from the work of Erwin Chargaff that regardless of the provenance of the DNA adenine and thymine bases and guanine and cytosine bases were always present in approximately equal amounts That information was enough for them to build their model which suggested immediately how DNA encoded genetic information and how it could replicate Nature 1953 DOI 101038171737a0 It eventually earned them the 1963 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology which they shared with Maurice Wilkins a colleague of Franklins Franklin had died in 1958 at the age of 37 from ovarian cancer Wilkins and Franklin and Watson and Crick werent the only scientists chasing the structure of DNA Looming over them was the towering figure of Linus C Pauling who only three years earlier had used Xray diffraction data and model building to correctly deduce the αhelix and βsheet secondary structures of proteins Xray diffraction image of B DNA OmikronScience Source Many people have suggested that had Pauling had access to Franklins Xray data he would have very likely deduced the correct structure of DNA Pauling however didnt have access to Franklins data Because of Paulings political activism the US State Department denied him a passport in 1952 and prevented him from making a planned trip to London In the 20 years that followed Watson and Cricks Nature publication Xray crystal structures of simple DNA structures had called into question their hypothesis In May 1973 however Rich and coworkers reported they had solved the Xray crystal structure of the dinucleoside phosphate adenosyl35uridine phosphate noting that it crystallizes in the form of a right handed antiparallel double helix with WatsonCrick hydrogen bonding between uracil and adenine Nature DOI 101038243150a0 Other DNA Xray crystal structures would follow but Richs team had settled the question once and for all Rudy Baum Whats Your Favorite Crystal Structure Upload it here View all reader favorites | [
"DNA"
] |
http://centa.com/article.php/AlienCommutersUsResidenceStatus | Alien Commuters : U.S. Resident Status Without U.S. Residence Greg Boos J.D . An earlier version of this article appeared in the 1993 - 1994 Immigration & Nationality Law Handbook , American Immigration Lawyers Association , Washington , DC , 1993 . Aliens admitted to the United States as lawful permanent residents ( LPRs ) or as special agricultural workers ( SAWs ) with temporary residence may reside in either Canada or Mexico and commute to places of employment in the United Sates without loss of immigration status . Such " alien commuter " status may be obtained either at the time of original entry as a resident of the United States , or thereafter , if the alien has LPR or SAW status . This article reviews the basics of alien commuter status as well as some of its associated benefits and drawbacks . Practitioners can use the alien commuter category to add creativity and flexibility to immigration options available to their clients who reside in Canada and Mexico ( particularly those whose employment is relatively close to the border ) . Alien commuter status allows such clients to retain their foreign residences and proximity to relatives and loved ones , benefit from tax laws on concurrent business concerns in both the United Sates and the home country , and for Canadians , maintain Status by Tradition Alien commuters enter the United Sates as special immigrants ( INA 101 ( a ) ( 27 ) ) - a privilege that does not require actual residence in the United States if LPR status has not previously been surrendered or otherwise lost . INA 101 ( a ) ( 20 ) . The ability to live in a contiguous country and commute to work into the United States is available to both daily and seasonal commuters . Although there is no specific statutory authority for alien commuter status , the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and predecessor agencies have traditionally permitted resident aliens who reside in contiguous countries to commute to work in the United States . ( Note : Contiguous territory is any country sharing a common boundary with the United States ; because the nations and territories of the Caribbean are considered " adjacent islands " their citizens are not eligible for commuter status . ) In 1985 , the last year for which the INS collected statistics , there were almost 50,000 The administrative practice underlying alien commuter status dates from 1927 , when the Bureau of Immigration , then a division of the Department of Labor , ruled that commuters who became immigrants could cross the border without the usual residence restrictions . According to Vol . IV , No . 13 of Interpreter Releases ( May 2 , 1927 ) , prior to this ruling , non U.S. citizens who habitually crossed the border could obtain identification cards that assured them easy entry and exit , and were not required to conform with quota or other immigration restrictions then in Saxbe v . Bustos , 419 U.S. 65 , 74 , ( 1974 ) , upheld the administrative grant of " alien commuter " status based on longstanding tradition and on Congressional acquiescence to the practice . Current administrative practice regarding alien commuters is set out in the form of regulations and operations instructions ( OIs ) , primarily 8 C.F.R. 211.5 and OI 211.3 and 211.4 , which cover how alien commuter status may be gained and lost as well as required documentation . These rules incorporate several administrative court rulings that form the parameters of alien commuter status . Key Considerations All alien commuters must have employment in the United States that is " regular and stable . " The INS interprets this to mean that the commuter is not required to have full - time employment , but may have part - time or even intermittent work if it is regular and stable . An alien commuter who has been unemployed in the United Sates continuously for more than six months may lose LPR status , despite any entries made into the United States within that six - month period ; however , if the unemployment results from a reason Potential Benefits In addition to enjoying unrestricted employment authorization , some alien commuters residing in Canada may avoid paying thousands of dollars in U.S. social security taxes by seeking coverage under the Canadian Pension Plan . Both Canada and the United States have social security systems that are supported through taxation and afford benefits to their respective residents . The U.S. - Canada Totalization Agreement rescues many people who are covered by the Canada Pension Plan from paying U.S. social security tax for work performed in the United States , although there is debate about whether the U.S. Medicare contribution must still Under the rules of the U.S. - Canada Totalization Agreement , self - employed persons are taxed according to their place of residence , while those who are employed by others are normally taxed based on place of employment . Alien commuters resident in Canada may be employed by others are normally taxed based on place of employment . Alien commuters resident in Canada may be employed in both Canada and the United States . Additionally , when employees are transferred from one country to the other on a temporary assignment of five years or less , they may be Please continue reading on the next page : First | Previous | 1 2 | Next | Last | [
"Aliens"
] |
http://center.babygaga.com/t-2027268/will-medicaid-pay-for-my-wisdom-teeth-surgery.html | Home Community Free for All Will medicaid pay for my wisdom teeth surgery Will medicaid pay for my wisdom teeth surgery 1 2 Will medicaid pay for my wisdom teeth surgery _paraparaparadise 16 kids 1 angel baby Center Texas 875 posts Dec 14th 11 Im needing to see an oral surgeon for my wisdom teeth to be removed and was Wondering if medicaid will pay for it Also how bad is the surgery and how long will i look like a chipmunk Lol Add Friend Ignore shell mama 2 kids Virginia 90 posts Dec 14th 11 i have medicaid and i dont believe they will only anything that is pregnancy related if its pregnancy medicaid unless its some kind of emergency thats affecting your pregnancy i think it only covers pregnacy and emergency room stuff Add Friend Ignore _paraparaparadise 16 kids 1 angel baby Center Texas 875 posts Dec 14th 11 No its not pregnancy medicaid i just have regular medicaid for me and my son Add Friend Ignore KellyCoralie 1 child Rochester NY United States 56012 posts Dec 14th 11 regular medicaid will cover it but only the basics no gas or being put to sleep pregnancy medicaid will not cover any dental Add Friend Ignore KellyCoralie 1 child Rochester NY United States 56012 posts Dec 14th 11 Quoting KellyCoralie regular medicaid will cover it but only the basics no gas or being put to sleep pregnancy medicaid will not cover any dental just to add it might cover being knocked out IF MEDICALLY NEEDED to do the surgery Not just cause you want it Add Friend Ignore _paraparaparadise 16 kids 1 angel baby Center Texas 875 posts Dec 14th 11 blockquotebQuoting KellyCoralieb regular medicaid will cover it but only the basics no gas or being put to sleep pregnancy medicaid will not cover any dentalblockquote What the hell So i wont be able to be put to sleep if need to be Add Friend Ignore marib Due March 18 boy 3 kids Dallas TX United States 15194 posts Dec 14th 11 Quoting shell mama i have medicaid and i dont believe they will only anything that is pregnancy related if its pregnancy snip unless its some kind of emergency thats affecting your pregnancy i think it only covers pregnacy and emergency room stuff I have pregnancy medicaid and they said it covers wisdom teeth removal but only after i give birth I will have medicaid for about 2 months after birth Add Friend Ignore shell mama 2 kids Virginia 90 posts Dec 14th 11 ohh yeah reg medicaid covers a good majority of stuff i had it til i turned 21 due to some kind of social security i got from my dad bc he was disabled but it got cut off when i turned wither 18 or 21 i cant remember Add Friend Ignore _paraparaparadise 16 kids 1 angel baby Center Texas 875 posts Dec 14th 11 blockquotebQuoting KellyCoralieb just to add it might cover being knocked out IF MEDICALLY NEEDED to do the surgery Not just cause you want itblockquote Oh ok I was about to say Add Friend Ignore KellyCoralie 1 child Rochester NY United States 56012 posts Dec 14th 11 Quoting Noone ever pays me in gum blockquotebQuoting KellyCoralieb regular medicaid will cover it but only snip medicaid will not cover any dentalblockquote What the hell So i wont be able to be put to sleep if need to be read my other post Add Friend Ignore Raych 19 kids Roanoke Virginia 5348 posts Dec 14th 11 I literally just got off the phone with my case worker about having a root canal done and medicaid covering it just yesterday She told me that if I was in pain and had an abscessinfection and went to the ER that I would be covered considering Im 8 months and putting the surgery off could potentially become harmful However I am opting to wait because I only have a few weeks left and Tylenol helps with the pain in the meantime and I dont want to look like a sap using my coverage for something outside of my pregnancy I am looking for an alternative in the mean time until it becomes too unbearable Its case by case where I live and Id suggest you speak to your case worker about it you never know As far as the surgery goes and looking like a chipmunk I wouldnt worry When I had my 2 top ones removed there was very little pain that Tylenol couldnt relieve and no swelling at all Aside from having to keep a cotton ball in the hole until the bleeding stopped there was no discomfort Good luck Add Friend Ignore Raych 19 kids Roanoke Virginia 5348 posts Dec 14th 11 Well then again Im on pregnant Medicaid Just got around to reading these other posts Add Friend Ignore SunDropBootyPop 1 child New Windsor New York 34173 posts Dec 14th 11 Yes Medicaid covered my wisdom teeth getting pulled Anesthesia and all user banned Minneapolis Minnesota 612 posts Jan 6th 12 Oh no wouldnt it be awful to have pay for something They should have to pay for plastic surgery to Everything should be free You are getting something for free and you all these people do is complain and complainI would love for all you to have my insurance with premiums and deductibles and co pay I should be complaining Add Friend Ignore KellyCoralie 1 child Rochester NY United States 56012 posts Jan 6th 12 blockquotebQuoting Susan Schultzb Oh no wouldnt it be awful to have pay for something They should have to pay for plastic surgery to snip and complainI would love for all you to have my insurance with premiums and deductibles and co pay I should be complainingblockquote Who pissed in your cheerios 1 2 Get Our Facebook APP The Biggest Facebook Pregnancy Tracker Get Our Facebook APP Share Your Updates With Family And Friends Every Week Latest Topics INVOcell by None ya 2 days ago See anything by SMK3 3 days ago Do u see the 2nd line by SMK3 5 days ago My christmas miricle by Ovaryacting 6 days ago SIL crazy af Need advice by Jess081316 6 days ago Boy or girl by Bunni35 Dec 26th by ExpectingOurThird2018 Dec 25th Implantation bleeding or slow starting period by shawna9010 Dec 24th Bee sting by Chamorrita momma Dec 19th Ortho Cyclen Birth Control by laura Dec 16th BG Buzz 13 Spring Activities Guaranteed to Get the Entire Family Outside 12 Reasons Women Report Feelings of Sadness After Giving Birth Why Pelvic Floor Muscles Matter | [
"teeth surgery",
"my wisdom",
"medicaid pay"
] |
http://center.babygaga.com/t-2138747/middle-name-for-katherine.html | Home Community Baby Names Middle name for Katherine Middle name for Katherine 1 2 Middle name for Katherine wiccan_momma 19 kids Salem Arkansas 1136 posts Mar 18th 12 We tend to lean towards more unique names but not too crazy but we just CAN NOT come up with a good middle name for Katherine I like KATHERINE PERSEPHONE but my hubby says its too long Help anyone Add Friend Ignore ℓiℓ j 3 kids Ukraine 1459 posts Mar 18th 12 Joesphina Liberty Elizabeth Add Friend Ignore Hasa Diga Eebowai 2 kids Massachusetts 2427 posts Mar 18th 12 Katherine Pearl Add Friend Ignore sara elizabeth 1 child Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 3710 posts Mar 18th 12 Elizabeth My great grams name is Katherine Elizabeth I wanted to name DD that originally but SO didnt like Katherine Add Friend Ignore KH Due November 11 1 child Texas 4969 posts Mar 18th 12 Elena lol I love Vampire Diaries Add Friend Ignore 212Oh my Due September 27 twins 1 child Bellingham Washington 685 posts Mar 18th 12 Katherine Damaris Add Friend Ignore Snotface 1 child Storybrooke ME United States 34026 posts Mar 18th 12 I think the Gods and Goddesses names should be left alone but thats just me I like Rose Anne Pearl Elizabeth Olivia Add Friend Ignore The Insanity Continues Due August 19 20 kids Kansas City Missouri 4221 posts Mar 18th 12 Quoting wiccan_momma We tend to lean towards more unique names but not too crazy but we just CAN NOT come up with a good snip CAN NOT come up with a good middle name for Katherine I like KATHERINE PERSEPHONE but my hubby says its too long Help anyone Katherine Evangeline Add Friend Ignore glowinthedark 2 kids Norway 29301 posts Mar 18th 12 Quoting Hasa Diga Eebowai Katherine Pearl Pearl is my daughters name D Add Friend Ignore 3 of a Kind 3 kids Webster Texas 4321 posts Mar 18th 12 Hmmm Amya which is my DDs middle Kristalyn Amya lol Lee Elizabeth Marie Rose Add Friend Ignore glowinthedark 2 kids Norway 29301 posts Mar 18th 12 Do you have any family names you like Katherine Ida Katherine Eliza Katherine Louise OMFG wicked cute I wouldnt but a yooniq middle name with Katherine keep it classic Add Friend Ignore wiccan_momma 19 kids Salem Arkansas 1136 posts Mar 18th 12 Thank you ladies Lots of really nice suggestions here that I will go over with my hubby I really like Katherine Evangeline And to whoever said something about leaving the gods and goddesses alone not to be rude but we are wiccan and see it as more of a respect thing Our daughter is Lilian Nyx so yeah But anyways thanks again everyone Add Friend Ignore LolaMcKitten Due May 30 girl 27 kids Beverly Hills California 15496 posts Mar 18th 12 Quoting wiccan_momma Thank you ladies Lots of really nice suggestions here that I will go over with my hubby I really like snip we are wiccan and see it as more of a respect thing Our daughter is Lilian Nyx so yeah But anyways thanks again everyone Lillian Nyx is freakin adorable I like your first name choices classic and sophisticated and you keep the more unusual names in the middle I had Persephone on my list if my son has been a girl but my SO vetoed it Rhiannon was one of our final two though and he liked Guinevere I do too it just didnt sound right with the last name Lets see Katherine Penelope Katherine Rhea Katherine Phoebe Katherine Evadne Katherine Sofia Katherine Maia Katherine Eris Katherine Althea Katherine Eulalia Katherine Alcyone Katherine Aurora Katherine Beatrix Katherine Helena Add Friend Ignore The Insanity Continues Due August 19 20 kids Kansas City Missouri 4221 posts Mar 18th 12 Quoting wiccan_momma Thank you ladies Lots of really nice suggestions here that I will go over with my hubby I really like snip we are wiccan and see it as more of a respect thing Our daughter is Lilian Nyx so yeah But anyways thanks again everyone Glad you liked it 1 2 Get Our Facebook APP The Biggest Facebook Pregnancy Tracker Get Our Facebook APP Share Your Updates With Family And Friends Every Week Latest Topics Bee sting by Chamorrita momma yesterday Ortho Cyclen Birth Control by laura 5 days ago Due August by Jai 5 days ago Bloody show by Drew90 5 days ago BFP by B R E Dec 11th Angel tree help 9 yo girl by Ax3 Dec 8th What do you ladies think BFP or evap by ARDAFamily Dec 8th by ExpectingOurThird2018 Dec 7th Wisdom tooth by EG Dec 4th Easy free card maker by Chamorrita momma Dec 2nd BG Buzz 13 Spring Activities Guaranteed to Get the Entire Family Outside 12 Reasons Women Report Feelings of Sadness After Giving Birth Why Pelvic Floor Muscles Matter | [
"Katherine"
] |
http://center.babygaga.com/t-643347/how-long-is-mac-and-cheese-good-for-in-the-fridge.html | Home Community Free for All / how long is mac and cheese good for in the fridge ? how long is mac and cheese good for in the fridge ? Reply how long is mac and cheese good for in the fridge ? Renay Bockes 1 child ; Lincoln , Missouri 3874 posts Jun 3rd ' 09 if i make a box of mac and cheese , how long is it good for in a tupperware dish in the fridge ? say I take a cup or two out of it every day to warm up for my daughter ? Add Friend Ignore Courtney : ) 1 child ; Santa Rosa , California 8869 posts Jun 3rd ' 09 Until it looks bad ? I dunno , usually I eat it pretty quick and if I dont , it gets gross after about a week . Add Friend Ignore jvnfskjlgadfueaklnczkl 2 kids ; Virginia 53835 posts I wouldnt do it for more than a few days . You could make the noodles and then freeze them and then you can just throw a cheese slice on top and put it in the microwave . Healthier too . Renay Bockes 1 child ; Lincoln , Missouri 3874 posts Quoting Sammie Jay HisDiva3 TTC since Sep 2012 ; 5 kids ; Twinsburg , Ohio 1844 posts Quoting Renay Bockes : ~ Loving Mommyhood ~ 17 kids ; South Dakota 386 posts Growing up my mom always threw away left overs after 2 - 3 days due to the risk of bateria growing on the food . That is the rule I go by . nutmeg . California 22281 posts A couple of days . It may get dry when you heat it back up though after a day . Courtney : ) 1 child ; Santa Rosa , California 8869 posts Quoting Meg . : Reply | [
"mac",
"cheese",
"fridge"
] |
http://center.babygaga.com/t-699484/do-dog-s-have-armpits.html | Home Community Free for All Do dogs have armpits Do dogs have armpits 1 2 Do dogs have armpits Kellymh Tennessee 10216 posts Jul 16th 09 My stupid brother wont stop trying to tell me our dog has armpits Ive been trying to tell him dogs DO NOT have armpits Isnt that why they pant when theyre hot because they dont have any other way to sweat Or am i wrong Add Friend Ignore Zigeunerleben 2 kids Washington 12801 posts Jul 16th 09 Youre right dogs dont sweat they pant Add Friend Ignore CharlieCompany 1 child Peoria Illinois 10209 posts Jul 16th 09 They still HAVE armpits though lol Add Friend Ignore Uber Boober Due May 2 girl 2 kids Idaho 5164 posts Jul 16th 09 isnt it techinically leg pits P Add Friend Ignore mommywood2011 3 kids Wichita Kansas 658 posts Jul 16th 09 lmfao okay dogs dont sweat that why they pant but humans dont just sweat in their armpits user banned California 29193 posts Jul 16th 09 Quoting Kellbina CLD Add Friend Ignore Kadence N Traces mommy 50 kids Denton Texas 3597 posts Jul 16th 09 Quoting Kellbina CLD Add Friend Ignore Miss Electronica 49 kids Belleair Florida 13371 posts Jul 16th 09 Quoting CharlieCompany Add Friend Ignore MikaPoo 2 kids Harare Zimbabwe 19292 posts Jul 16th 09 I believe they still have arm pitsJust the area between the arm and bodyThey just dont have the glands that we do Add Friend Ignore Utah 27220 posts Jul 16th 09 They have armpits Well technically legpits But they dont sweat They pant user banned 2 kids Brooklyn New York 19 posts Jul 16th 09 Quoting mommyof2BOSM user banned 2 kids Hamilton Ontario 19220 posts Jul 16th 09 dogs sweat from the pads of thier feet Smell and you can tell they even have doggy deodorant that you put on thier paw pads to control the odor Physically they have arm pits as in the joint but their sweat glands are in their paw pads user banned 2 kids Brooklyn New York 19 posts Jul 16th 09 no dogs dont have armpits they have flanks and they sweat threw their paws user banned 2 kids Brooklyn New York 19 posts Jul 16th 09 Quoting Shannonsfirst Add Friend Ignore Alyssa Team Blue 1 child Beaverton Oregon 5724 posts Jul 16th 09 They have armpits But they dont have sweat glands throughout their bodies Thats why they pant and I think they perspire through their paws too 1 2 Get Our Facebook APP The Biggest Facebook Pregnancy Tracker Get Our Facebook APP Share Your Updates With Family And Friends Every Week Latest Topics Bee sting by Chamorrita momma yesterday Ortho Cyclen Birth Control by laura 4 days ago Due August by Jai 4 days ago Bloody show by Drew90 5 days ago BFP by B R E Dec 11th Angel tree help 9 yo girl by Ax3 Dec 8th What do you ladies think BFP or evap by ARDAFamily Dec 8th by ExpectingOurThird2018 Dec 7th Wisdom tooth by EG Dec 4th Easy free card maker by Chamorrita momma Dec 2nd BG Buzz 13 Spring Activities Guaranteed to Get the Entire Family Outside 12 Reasons Women Report Feelings of Sadness After Giving Birth Why Pelvic Floor Muscles Matter | [
"armpits"
] |
http://centerofthewest.org/ | Learn about our museums Click here for the latest posts from the Center of the West Big and exciting changes coming in Cody Firearms Museum renovation Posted on February 6 2018 by Nancy McClure Our Cody Firearms Museum is undergoing a full renovation The Cody Firearms Museum is undergoing an exciting museumwide renovation between now and summer 2019 The Read More Ultraviolet Vision in the Avian World Posted on December 27 2018 by Anne Hay Did you know that many birds can see in ultraviolet light The capability of UV vision was first documented in pigeons in the early 1970s Read More Museum Minute A High Schools Taxidermy Collection Becomes a Museums Posted on January 3 2019 by Kamila Kudelska The Draper Natural History Museum was founded in 1998 The founding curator Dr Charles Preston had a surprise collection waiting Read More Calendar of Events Jan 10 Cody Culture Club Yellowstone Stories of Survival Yellowstone Stories of Survival January 10 530730 pm Cody Culture Club if you love Cody youre part of the Club Join us one Thursday a Read More View Full Calendar Jan 18 Family Fun Day WinterFest WinterFest Family Fun Day January 18 2019 3 7 pm Join us for our January Family Fun Day Winterfest where families enjoy activities handson Read More View Full Calendar Feb 07 Cody Culture Club By Western Hands By Western Hands February 7 530730 pm Cody Culture Club if you love Cody youre part of the Club Join us one Thursday a month Read More View Full Calendar Our Blogs View all the blogs from the Center of the West Follow Us on Twitter Subscribe to us on Youtube View our photos on flickr Subscribe to us on Google Plus Check out our Instagram feed location Buffalo Bill Center of the West 720 Sheridan Avenue Cody Wyoming 82414 1 3075874771 Exhibitions Current Exhibitions Upcoming Exhibitions Past Exhibitions Beyond Our Walls Calendar of Events Buffalo Bills Birthday Powwow Shootout Patrons Ball Holiday Open House Online Collections Photographs Buffalo Bill Firearms Plains Indians Western Art Natural History Support Membership Give Today Planned Giving Disclosure Statement About Us Our Mission Newsroom Employment Annual Reports Terms and Policies | [
"Center of the West",
"Center of the West"
] |
http://centipedegrass.com/seeding/seeding-existing.html | Seeding Exisitng Centipede Lawns Your lawn & garden specialists ! NOTE : You have reached an information page . To view product prices visit our store at Seedland . com ORDER ONLINE | PHONE ORDERS : PHONE Phone Business hours - Mon - Fri . 9 - 5 EST ONLY - Contact via Email CentipedeGrass . com Overseeding an Existing Centipedegrass Lawn ( To make the existing centipede lawns thicker ) When To Plant Centi - Seed can be planted almost any time of the year ( even winter ) however , warm soil temperatures ( 70 degrees F . ) are necessary for satisfactory germination . Winter seedings will not germinate until spring soil temperatures warm up into the 70 ' s . It is important that seeding be done early enough in the year to get the planting established well enough to endure the first winter . We do not recommend planting after mid - summer ( July ) . How Much Seed To Plant To calculate the area to be planted , multiply the length of the lot in feet by the width in feet to arrive at the number of square feet . Deduct a reasonable amount for buildings , paved drives and walks . Plant no less than one - fourth ( 1 / 4 ) pound per 1,000 square . One pound covers 2,000 to 4,000 square feet and often produces a good lawn in two to three months of summer growth . Using the correct amont of seed is the least expensive part of establishing a good lawn . " Saving " on the cost of seed results in spending more on watering and cutting weeds . - We recommend planting 1 / 2 lb . per 1000 sq . feet for best results . Existing Lawn - Seedbed Preparation : Due to existing grass it is harder to " plant " the extra centipede seeds . These MUST make contact with the existing soil and then ideally need to be covered very lightly by soil ( 1 / 8 inch ideal ) . To do this you can mow the existing lawn down fairly low ( 1 inch / 1.25 inches ) and rake / vacuum the debris . The key then is to expose some soil that your new seeds can be planted into . One way of doing this is to spike aerate several times across the PREP & PLANTING First mow or scalp the lawn as indicated above . Before broadcasting seeds . . . . Rake , spike aerate , core aerate or scratch up ( or vertical mow ) the surface of the lawn to bring some soil to the surface . Rake out any cores before seeding . Distribute ( broadcast ) seed over the area . Use a Cyclone type broadcast seeder . Divide seed in half and go over the area twice , sowing from east to west and then north to south to insure uniformity . You can mix the seeds with clean / dry building sand ( play sand ) to make broadcasting easier . Once the seeds are spread lightly rake the seeds ( using lighter metal rake or leaf rake ) so as to ensure good seed / soil contact . An ideal coverage would be to have the seeds making soil contact and become covered 1 / 8 to 1 / 4 inch . NOTE : Do not cover deeper than 1 / 4 inch as this can result in no germination ( planted too deep ) Information provided courtesy of Patten Seed . Centipede . com Growing a beautiful tomorrow ! ® © 1999 Seedland ® , Inc . - All rights reserved . USA Sales | Worldwide Sales | About us Contact Seedland Questions ? Guarantees Seed tests | Quality Issues Advertising Exports Commercial Wholesale Payment FAQ ' s Privacy & Security Accounting Questions Lawns : Choices | States | Diseases Fertilizers Irrigation Mowing Pests Weeds HAVE LAWN QUESTIONS YOU NEED ANSWERED ? VISIT Turfhelp . com | [
"Centi-Seed",
"Plant"
] |
http://central-market.com/mill-creek/ | 4253573240 6 am11 pm 15605 Main St Mill Creek WA 98012 Market Director Mike Pedersen Mike Pedersen named director of Central Market Mill Creek in 2018 is a thirdgeneration grocery guy He grew up in Ferndale and his grandfather owned a small grocery in Bellingham Among my earliest memories are my grandpas hands and his pants those green pants like gas station attendants wear Hed always have candy in his pockets Youd stare at his hands to see if he was going to Market Fresh Party Platters are beautiful arrangements of our best food choose from Specialty Cheeses pictured Antipasto Charcuterie Tasting Roasted Vegetables Sandwich Makings Fresh Salads Mediterranean Snacking Prawns and Bakery platters of cookies sweets pastries and rolls See them all Were smackdab in the center of Town Center Amela in the Deli Open 6 am11 pm Closing at 10 pm on 1231 The 56500squarefoot Central Market Mill Creek opened in 2004 in Mill Creek Town Center a vibrant center of restaurants services and shops This market offers the best of the two previous Central Markets Shoreline and Poulsbo and turns it up a notch The giant Produce Market where local is emphasized feels like a farmers market complete with mountains of fresh conventional and organic fruits and vegetables The Seafood Market includes tanks full of live crabs oysters fish clams and lobsters Near all those the Culinary Resource Center kiosk is the scene of cooking demonstrations recipes developed by the culinary staff and product samplings The Deli is something special Staffed from 7 am to 8 pm it offers a vast selection of specialty foods and plenty of selfserve bars antipasto vegetarian entrées soup salad cold entrées and a large hot case and a long cheese wall to ensure there is plenty to choose from andor discover no matter your tastes The Delis highlights include | [
"Central Market Mill Creek"
] |
http://centralgardensnorthiowa.com/ | Central Gardens Annual Events Plant Sale Fresh On Fridays Garden Party Picnics & Performances We Grow Together It is the mission of Central Gardens of North Iowa , Inc . to provide a public , inter - generational garden environment that is welcoming , beautiful , calm , educational , recreational , and fun . Become A Member Memberships are vital so we can sustain and enhance the beauty of Central Gardens and offer our many events . Purchasing quality shrubs , trees , plants , and all of the accessories needed to plant them takes resources . So does purchasing equipment , gardening tools , outdoor furniture , and things like mowing , utilities , and other “ hidden ” costs that make Central Gardens of North Iowa a visitor destination . LEARN MORE Become A Volunteer Central Gardens depends upon volunteers to keep the grounds beautiful , welcome our over 15,000 annual visitors , help with our many events , assist with office tasks , and do a myriad of other jobs . Whether you have a green thumb or not , we could use your help ! LEARN MORE | [
"Central Gardens"
] |
http://centralmontana.com/communities/harlem.htm | Harlem Montana Overview Events See And Do Places To Stay Like many of the Montana towns that seem to have been named by spinning a globe , Harlem , Montana , sits on the railroad . In this case , it is the Hi - Line , the BNSF railroad line that parallels US Highway 2 across northern Montana . Harlem sits across the Milk River from Fort Belknap , just outside of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation . The Milk River provides water for irrigating crops in the valley including wheat , oats , barley , sweet peas and more . Harlem makes a great place to begin guided | [
"harlem montana",
"BNSF",
"Native American culture"
] |
http://cepr.net/blogs/cepr-blog/cbo-s-estimates-of-output-gap-natural-rate-of-unemployment-show-discrepancy | Home Blogs CEPR Blog CBO ’ s Estimates of Output Gap , Natural Rate of Unemployment Show Discrepancy CBO ’ s Estimates of Output Gap , Natural Rate of Unemployment Show Discrepancy Written by Nicholas Buffie Published : 21 July 2015 0 Comments Last quarter the civilian unemployment rate fell to 5.41 percent , the lowest rate since the second quarter of 2008 . This represented a drop of 0.16 percentage points from the first quarter , when unemployment was 5.57 percent . According to the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) , this also meant that the economy nearly achieved full employment . The CBO estimates that the natural rate of unemployment , an estimate of the unemployment rate that excludes cyclical effects , was 5.38 percent in the second quarter . ( The CBO publishes a short - term as well as a long - term rate ; both were 5.38 percent in the second quarter . The two rates are expected to be the same going forward . ) The CBO ’ s estimates of the natural rate of unemployment are inconsistent with its estimates of the output gap . The output gap measures the difference between GDP and what GDP could be if there were no cyclical weakness in the economy . There should therefore be no output gap when the economy has hit its natural rate of unemployment . In the first quarter of 2015 , CBO pegged the natural rate at 5.39 percent . Okun ’ s Law — an empirical regularity which associates a 2 percent increase in output with a 1 percentage point drop in the unemployment rate — tells us that the 0.18 percentage point gap between the unemployment rate and the natural rate of unemployment implies lost output of 0.36 percent of GDP . Given that GDP in the first quarter was $ 17.7 trillion , * this would imply an output gap of $ 63.7 billion . However , CBO ’ s own The GDP data for the second quarter have n ’ t been released yet ( they come out on July 30 ) , but it ’ s hard to imagine that the newest figures will resolve this discrepancy . With the unemployment rate falling to 5.41 percent and the natural rate falling to 5.38 percent , the difference between the two rates was just 0.03 percentage points in the second quarter . Okun ’ s Law tells us that this represents an output gap of 0.06 percent of GDP . In order for the output gap to fall to just The CBO ’ s estimates of the output gap and the natural rate of unemployment appear inconsistent . Notably , the discrepancy disappears when we examine other measures of employment . For example , the prime - age employment rate , which I ’ ve previously argued is the single best measure of labor market slack , appears highly consistent with the CBO ’ s estimated output gap . The first - quarter output gap of $ 605 billion is compatible with a prime - age employment rate of 79.8 percent . * * CBO estimates that the last time did n ’ t have an output gap was the second quarter of 2006 , when the prime - age employment rate was 79.7 percent ( and unemployment was 4.7 percent ) . This implies that the prime - age employment rate , unlike the unemployment rate , is a consistent predictor of the output gap . Instead of being quite close to full employment — as CBO ’ s 5.38 percent natural rate of unemployment implies — both the output gap and the prime - age employment rate suggest that we are quite far from full employment . We are n ’ t likely to achieve full employment any time this year . At the rate that prime - age employment has been increasing , we are likely years away from a healthy labor market . * Note that this is an annualized figure . All figures for both quarterly GDP and the output gap represent annualized levels . * * This was estimated through the following set of equations : First quarter GDP ( $ 17.7 trillion ) / First quarter workforce ( 148.3 million workers ) = $ 119,327 per worker First quarter output gap ( $ 604.7 billion ) / $ 119,327 per worker = 5.1 million non - employed workers First quarter prime - age workforce ( 96.5 million workers ) / Total workforce ( 148.3 million workers ) = Prime - age workers are 65.1 % of the workforce 65.1 % of the 5.1 million non - employed employed workers is 3.3 million , implying that if 5.1 million Americans were to gain employment , 3.3 million would be prime - age workers 3.3 million non - employed prime - age workers / 125.0 million prime - age Americans = 2.6 % of prime - age population 77.2 % prime - age employment rate + 2.6 % of population not employed due to output gap = 79.8 % prime - age employment rate with no output gap Go | [
"CBO",
"Natural Rate",
"Unemployment Show Discrepancy"
] |
http://certifications.bcs.org/content/ConTab/41 | IT Service and Asset Management - VeriSM ™ SIAM and ITAM BCS offers a range of certifications across the primary disciplines within IT Service Management including VeriSM ™ , Service Management Specialisms , Service Integration and Management ( SIAM ) and IT Asset Management VeriSM ™ - Service Management for the digital age VeriSM ™ is a service management approach from the organisational level , looking at the end to end view rather than focusing on a single department . Based around the VeriSM ™ model , it shows organisations how they can adopt a range of management practices in a flexible way to deliver the right product or service at the right time to their consumers . VeriSM ™ allows a tailored approach for the business you are in , the size of your organization , your business priorities , your organisational culture – and even the nature of the individual project or service you are working on . Rather than being prescriptive , VeriSM ™ helps organisations to respond to consumers and deliver value with integrated service management practices . Our latest BCS Professional Certificate in VeriSM ™ builds on valuable VeriSM ™ expertise for holders of VeriSM ™ Foundation or more experienced senior managers looking to cement their VeriSM ™ understanding and processes . Service Management Specialist certificates Our portfolio enables IT professionals to learn how to deliver , support and manage IT services in an effective and efficient way , embracing best practice frameworks . Service Integration and Management ( SIAM ) BCS EXIN Foundation Certificate in SIAM ™ recognises that SIAM is becoming ever more embedded in the industry . It will enable IT Professionals to up - skill in areas of governance , control and predictability of suppliers , services and costs , as well as helping you to improve your organisations business and IT efficiency . Our latest BCS EXIN Professional Certificate in SIAM ™ builds on valuable SIAM expertise for holders of SIAM Foundation or more experienced senior managers looking to cement their SIAM understanding and processes . IT and Software Asset Management ( ITAM ) Certifications in IT and Software Asset Management give IT professionals and organisations the skills to effectively manage their IT assets . Asset Management is an emerging discipline with significant benefits to organisations in vendor compliance , risk management and improved asset efficiency . Our range of certifications is evolving , to recognise the growth in this important area . | [
"VeriSM",
"service management",
"Asset Management"
] |
http://certifiedalarms.com/ | Want an Instant Quote Try the Certified Alarms Online Security Advisor Home Security Security and prevention solutions from Certified Alarms are affordable and help you protect the things you cant replace Home Automation Certified Alarms has the latest technologies that let you manage your home and security anytime any place Camera Systems Video surveillance solutions from Certified Alarms allow you to keep an eye on your home family and pets Cant be there See there A Smart Home is a Smart Choice With Certified Alarms you get the latest security technology backed by local service and support Find out why Certified Alarms is the smart choice for your smart home solution Free Home Security Review Why People Choose Certified Alarms When you want to protect the things you love most trust Certified Alarms to develop a comprehensive plan to provide you and your family continuous protection 247 The Best People Our staff is highly trained experienced and cares about your security needs Latest Technology From remote access to video surveillance Certified Alarms has you covered Local Service Support Were neighbors literally Youll never be routed across the country for help | [
"Certified Alarms",
"Online Security Advisor"
] |
http://certifiedorganic.bc.ca/aboutorganic/whatis.php | About Organic What is Organic Farming ? Organic farming promotes the sustainable health and productivity of the ecosystem – soil , plants , animals and people . Organic foods are farmed in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible way , focusing on soil regeneration , water conservation and animal welfare . What it ’ s not … Most people think of organic farming in terms of what is NOT allowed : Produce and grains are grown without synthetic pesticides , herbicides , fertilizers or GMOs ( genetically modified organisms ) Animals are never fed the by - products of other animals , and are not kept constantly caged indoors , without access to fresh air , or opportunities to socialize with other animals Processed organic foods do not contain chemical preservatives or synthetic additives like colourings and waxes There are more “ do ’ s ” than “ don ’ ts ” . But the fact is , simply removing agri - chemicals is not enough to turn a conventional farm into an organic farm . Organic farming is an active , labour - intensive process . For example , organic farmers use quality compost , cover crops ( such as nitrogen - rich alfalfa ) and crop rotation to nourish soil naturally , and to allow it to rest and regenerate . Plants grown in healthy soil are better able to feed and protect themselves from pests and disease , which means they wo n ’ t require heavy applications of fertilizers and pesticides . The expression , “ Feed the soil , not the plant ” is a familiar refrain among organic farmers . Organic farmers are also careful about how they store and compost animal wastes , in order to safeguard air and water systems . They tailor their crops according to climate and soil , to optimise the natural growth cycle . Organic farmers also promote biodiversity , by growing a variety of crops , rather than one single crop . Through all of these methods , organic farmers prevent soil erosion , conserve energy , and help protect local wildlife , stream banks and watersheds . They help protect the global environment , as well : organic farming can greatly reduce Click here to read a global report on The Role of Organic Agriculture in Mitigating Climate Change . Organic farming helps prevent topsoil erosion , improves soil fertility , protects groundwater and conserves energy . Animal - friendly farming . Organic farming promotes the humane treatment of animals . Organically - raised poultry , cattle and other animals are fed a certified organic diet , free of hormones , GMOs ( genetically modified organisms ) or animal by - products . Rather than relying on antibiotics to reduce disease , organic farmers prevent disease by ensuring that animals have a healthy lifestyle , with lots of pasture , comfortable and spacious shelter , and opportunity for natural socialization . The result ? Some certified organic milk cows have a life expectancy three or four times that of their commercial counterparts Organic Farming in BC BC has emerged as a leader in organic farming in Canada , with the greatest number of organic farms growing both fruit and vegetables . As of 2003 , 21,735 acres of land in BC were being managed organically , with another 5,686 acres in transition . Women are particularly drawn to organic farming , with 40 % of organic operators being female ( compared to 36 % of conventional farm operators ) . And over half of BC consumers are buying organic . A 2003 opinion survey commissioned from Synovate Research for the COABC showed that 53 % of British Columbians now purchase organic food at least occasionally . The majority of organic shoppers purchase their organic foods at mainstream grocery stores , although farmer ’ s markets and other direct - to - consumer sales continue to be important sources for regular , frequent organic consumers . The History of Organic Farming There is nothing ‘ trendy ’ or new about organic farming : it is the way we produced our food for thousands of years , until the very recent arrival of synthetic fertilizers and agri - chemicals in the last century . During World War II , in fact , two chemicals used in warfare – DDT and ammonium nitrate – were found to have agricultural uses , and became widely used as sources of cheap pesticides and fertilizer , respectively . At that time , farms became increasingly dependent on hybrid plants , mono - culture crops , large But as industrial - scaled , chemically - dependent farming grew , so did its critics . In fact , as early as 1920 , critics of large - scale industrial farming emerged in England , and later in the US and Japan . The term “ organic ” began to be used more widely in the US in the 1950s by the founder of Rodale Press , J.I. Rodale . In Canada , the Canadian Organic Soil Association ( later re - named the Land Fellowship ) was formed in 1953 , by filmmaker and popular educator Christopher Chapman The popularity of organic farming principles surged in the late 1960s and 1970s , particularly with the 1962 release of scientist Rachel Carson ’ s ground - breaking book , Silent Spring , in the US . Soon afterward , the US government banned the use of DDT . Organic principles gained renewed focus within the alternative lifestyles movement , as people sought to reconnect with the land , and promote a more harmonious relationship to nature . Several more organic organizations formed around the world , including in several regions of Canada . By 1972 , the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements ( IFOAM ) , was established . The late 1970s and 80s saw the formalization of relationships among organics farmers in countries such as England , France and the US . By the 1990s strong consumer demand for organic produce created the necessary impetus to establish standards for certifying organic foods . Global Trends Today Today , organic farming is practiced in almost every country in the world . According to the 2004 report of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements , more than 24 million hectares of agricultural land are now managed organically across the globe , particularly in Europe , Australia and North America . In 2002 , the global market was estimated to be worth $ 23 billion USD . Recently , growth in the organic food sector has been highest in North America , and particularly in Canada . Agriculture Canada estimates that sales of organic products in Canada will continue to rise 20 % a year until 2005 . Currently , up to 80 % of organic goods sold in Canada are imported . | [
"Organic Farming",
"ecosystem",
"synthetic fertilizers"
] |
http://cesareattolini.com/ | FALL WINTER 2018 2019 STYLE FRAMES FALL WINTER 2018 2019 STYLE FRAMES NEW OPENING MILANO Via Bagutta 1416 Attolini is a synonym of Naples tailoring tradition all around the world In the past as nowadays three generations since 1930 it forges exclusive elegance and craftsmanship Uncompromised expression of an absolute quality unique culture based on knowhow untimely personalisation and charm STORIES A HISTORY OF TIMEless ELEGANCE STORIES Supercars inspired by the dreams of a young boy with Italian origin Stories A charming relais in the Piantador farm of the master Giuseppe Verdi | [
"tradition",
"elegance",
"craftsmanship"
] |
http://cesonoma.ucanr.edu/SpecialtyCrops/OLIVES/ | Olives The Organic Olive Production Manual addresses all aspects of olive production in an organic context . An overview of site selection , olive cultivars and the economics of olives as a commodity provides background . There are chapters devoted to all the important elements of olive orchard culture that are specific to organic production : nutrition , weed control , disease prevention and insect pest management including olive fruit fly . Composting and olive waste management are detailed as part of the sustainable system . Agroecological principles for making the conversion to organic olive production and information about organic certification complete the manual . Available ANR publications website Monitoring and Control of Olive Fruit Fly ( OLF ) for Oil Production in California , Dec 2014 , CAPCA Adviser . This article culminates more than five years of research and observation on control of OLF and outlines the techniques to achieve adequate control and to produce high quality ( defect - free ) olive oil in the face of this new pest . Olive Fruit Fly adult OLIVE OIL STANDARDS USDA Standards USDA Standards for Grades of Olive Oil and Olive - Pomace Oil ( October 24 , 2010 ) USDA Olive Oil Grades Register Explanation Meeting USDA Standards IOC / USDA Laboratory Standards Table and Laboratory Tests Description Testing Laboratories Sensory Panels Sensory Methods Understanding USDA Olive Oil Standards California Standards CDFA Grading & Labeling Standards for Olive Oil , Sept 2014 Incorporating Amendments through February 16 , 2015 SEMINARS and PUBLICATIONS Table Olives Safe Home Pickling Olive Pest Management Controlling Olive Fly at Home Monitoring and Control of Olive Fruit Fly ( OLF ) for Oil Production in California CAPCA Article Published 12 - 2014 New Olive Disease ( Neofabrea ) in California Olive Fly Handout for Growers Olive Fruit Fly Update Nov . 6 , 2013 Peacock Spot & Cercospora Foliar Diseases Sources of Products for Olive Fruit Fly control Spanish " OLIPE " Trap for Olive Fly Verticillium Wilt of Olives UC Pest Management Guidelines for Olives Olive Oil Processing Olive Oil Cultivars , Including Several California Table Varieties for Comparison . Processing Techniques Influence on Quality Olive Oil Production References Olive Oil Yield Olive Maturity Index Olive Maturity Index Calculator ( MS Excel is necessary to use the calculator ) Olive Oil Evaluation UC Cooperative Extension sensory analysis panel enhances the quality of California olive oil - California Agriculture Article 2011 Slide Presentation : The Growers Perspective on Olive Oil Quality Olive Variety and Maturity Influences on Quality . Olive Oil Quality Top Ten Factors Sensory Attributes International Olive Council & CA Trade Standard for Olive Oil What is " Extra Virgin " and How to Read a Label Comparison of Olive Oil Ratings - Trained Tasters vs . Magazine Staff Annual UC Sensory Evaluation Course California Health and Safety Code for Olive Oil International Olive Oil Council list of Recognized Taste Panels IOC / USDA Laboratory Standards Table and Laboratory Tests Description Testing Laboratories Sensory Panels Sensory Methods Growing Olives Olive Cultivar Comparisons from Around the World , Pages 8 - 37 in Proceedings of Olivebioteq - Tunisia 2009 Planting an Olive Tree Fertilizing Olives Weed Control Super High Density Olive Orchard Organic Olive Manual Pruning Tall or Neglected Olives Source of Olive Trees Olive Harvesting Equipment Grafting Olives : Patch Budding Technique Got the right climate for growing olives ? Video : Pruning a Medium Density Olive Tree Olive Oil Industry Olive Oil Production Cost Study , North and Central CA Coast , 2011 Olive Oil Production Cost Study - 2001 Olive Oil Production in France - 1995 Olive Oil Production in Italy , 2000 Olive Oil Production in Spain 1997 Olive Oil Production in Greece 1999 Super - high - Density Olive Oil Production Cost Study - 2004 North Coast Olive Oil Production Cost Study 1999 California Olive Oil Industry Statistics 2004 Current Opportunities in the California Olive Oil Industry Olive Oil Production Cost Study Sacramento Valley 2007 Olive Oil Production Cost Study San Joaquin Valley 2007 Interview : Growing Production of Olives & Olive Oil in CA , Feb 2014 Olive Oil Times UC Davis Olive Center First Press Archive | [
"Olive",
"organic production",
"olive fruit fly"
] |
http://cessna.txtav.com/en/citation/latitude | Citation Latitude Overview Exterior Interior Avionics Specifications 4 Passenger Range 2,700 nm Maximum Cruise Speed 446 ktas Maximum Passengers 9 Useful Load 12,394 lb Takeoff Field Length 3,580 ft Comfort and Efficiency Perfected Feel it as you step into the Citation Latitude ® . The first business jet to combine a wide , flat - floor , stand - up cabin with a midsize price . Contact A Sales Rep Call 1 . 844 . 44 . TXTAV OR 1 . 316 . 517 . 8270 Pre - Owned View Range Map Latitude Brochure Latitude Product Card An unanticipated problem was encountered , check back soon and try again Error Code : MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWN Session ID : 2019 - 04 - 09 : 5d0a8a25bebcd26bc5c00689 Player ID : vjs_video_3 OK Download Exterior Turning Heads in the Sky Powered by twin Pratt & Whitney PW306D1 FADEC - controlled turbofan engines deliver the Citation Latitude ’ s impressive performance . REFINED SPACE REQUIRES AUTOMATIC ENTRY With a push of a button , operate an electronic , 31 - inch entry door . FLY FARTHER Advanced airframe design incorporates lightweight composite materials for the nose radome and fairings . REFINED SPACE REQUIRES AUTOMATIC ENTRY With a push of a button , operate an electronic , 31 - inch entry door . FLY FARTHER Advanced airframe design incorporates lightweight composite materials for the nose radome and fairings . Previous Next 1 2 Move your mouse over the image to pause . Interior Fly farther in the widest Citation in the sky Standard Optional Side - facing seat Make It Your Aircraft An unanticipated problem was encountered , check back soon and try again Error Code : MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWN Session ID : 2019 - 04 - 09 : bf9e14178cca220d278a1147 Player ID : vjs_video_508 OK Download ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES Cabin comfort is managed by a touch of your finger A NEW WAY TO TRAVEL Stay connected and productive with standard Wi - Fi STRETCH YOUR LEGS Plenty of legroom for long trips with your whole team STORAGE WHERE YOU NEED IT Available storage throughout the cabin space ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES Cabin comfort is managed by a touch of your finger A NEW WAY TO TRAVEL Stay connected and productive with standard Wi - Fi Previous Next 1 2 3 4 Interior 360 ° Explore the large , spacious cabin of the Citation Latitude . Click and drag to move the camera . Cockpit 360 ° Galley 360 ° Middle Cabin 360 ° Lavatory 360 ° Select Your Personal Touches Bisque Mirroring craftsmanship from worlds past , subtle fabric textures and classic neutrals replicate the details in hand thrown pottery . French Roast Hyde Park Jet Black Silver Mirage Toffee Avionics THE HEART OF A REVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM The Citation Latitude flight deck , centered around Garmin ™ G5000 ™ avionics , is designed to provide pilots with the comfort and information they need for a reliable and efficient flight . Pilots can take command of the aircraft ’ s robust navigation , traffic , surveillance and communications systems with ease . In addition , the integrated flight management system provides extensive navigation and flight - planning as well as en route , takeoff and landing performance information . VISUALLY INTUITIVE FLIGHT The three 14 - inch landscape flight displays , can function independently as a primary flight display or multifunction display . The displays also function in multi - pane mode , the center pedestal for MFD control and two additional panels control each PFD . Pilots can customize displays via the touch screen control panels , organizing and prioritizing the flight data presented . SMARTER SYSTEMS The Garmin ™ Synthetic Vision Technology ™ ( SVT ) system offers a virtual - reality view of terrain , obstacles , traffic and runways - everything beyond the windshield . Using the terrain - altering database , pilots get a realistic picture of what lies beyond the nose of the Citation Latitude . Garmin SVT enhances pilots ’ situational awareness by creating a virtual depiction of group and water features , obstacles and traffic , even in a solid IFR or nighttime VFR conditions . Real - time Diagnostics . Real - time answers . The Citation Latitude is equipped to use LinxUs ® . LinxUs and LinxUs Air work with the Central Diagnostics Maintenance system ( CDMS ) and function as a fault - isolation system that monitors the aircraft 100 percent of the time . In the event of an onboard issue , actionable answers are provided in real time , resulting in faster turnaround to get the aircraft back in the air . LinxUs – reports issues upon landing with a Wifi connection . LinxUs Air – reports issues in flight via satellite ( For aircraft equipped with GSR56 ) . golinxus . com Standard Features Fully integrated autothrottles Garmin SVT Touch - screen control panels Flight Management systems ( FMS ) Transponders with ADS - B Out capability Specifications Length Height Wingspan Length 62 ft 3 in ( 18.97 m ) Dimensions 62 ft 3 in ( 18.97 m ) Height 20 ft 11 in ( 6.38 m ) Wingspan 72 ft 4 in ( 22.05 m ) Wing Area 543 sq ft ( 50.4 sq m ) Wing Sweep 16.3 degrees Wheelbase 27 ft ( 8.23 m ) Tread 10 ft ( 3.05 m ) Cabin Interior 72 in ( 1.83 m ) Width 77 in ( 1.96 m ) 21 ft 9 in ( 6.63 m ) Maximum Passengers 9 Baggage Capacity Weight 1,245 lb ( 564.7 kg ) Volume 127 cu ft ( 3.6 cu m ) Weights Maximum Ramp Weight 31,050 lb ( 14,084 kg ) Maximum Takeoff Weight 30,800 lb ( 13,971 kg ) Maximum Landing Weight 27,575 lb ( 12,508 kg ) Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 21,430 lb ( 9,720 kg ) Usable Fuel Weight 11,394 lb ( 5,168 kg ) Usable Fuel Volume 1,700 gal ( 6,435 l ) Basic Operating Weight 18,656 lb ( 8,462 kg ) Useful Load 12,394 lb ( 5,622 kg ) Maximum Payload 2,774 lb ( 1,258 kg ) Full Fuel Payload 1,000 lb ( 454 kg ) Performance Maximum Cruise Speed 446 ktas ( 826 km / h ) 4 Passenger Range 2,700 nm ( 5,000 km ) Takeoff Field Length 3,580 ft ( 1,091 m ) Landing Distance 2,480 ft ( 756 m ) Maximum Operating Altitude 45,000 ft ( 13,716 m ) Maximum Climb Rate N / A Maximum Limit Speed 0.80 Mach ( 0.80 Mach ) Powerplant Manufacturer Pratt & Whitney Model PW306D1 Thrust 5,907 lb ( 26.28 kN ) Go to Citation Sovereign+ Go to Citation XLS+ | [
"Citation Latitude",
"Textron Aviation Inc"
] |
http://cfb.unh.edu/cfbkey/html/ | An ImageBased Key To The Zooplankton Of North America Version 50 Special Features of Version 50 Maria A Aliberti Elisha Allan Stephanie Allard Darren J Bauer Wendy Beagen Shane R Bradt Brady Carlson Sonya C Carlson Uyen Mai Doan Jon Dufresne W Travis Godkin Sara Greene James F Haney Amy Kaplan Erin Maroni Shawn Melillo Amanda L Murby Juliette L Smith Nowak Brian Ortman Judith E Quist Shayle Reed Tiffany Rowin Monika Schmuck Richard S Stemberger Breanna Travers Multimedia Requirements If you dont see the large shifting images of zooplankton above download a free Flash plugin at wwwmacromediacom Video portions of the key require plugins for Quicktime Player files MOV Download a free plugin at wwwapplecom Our key will be continually enlarged updated and improved We welcome others to contribute comments and images as well as additional taxa Those interested should contact James Haney at jfhaneyunhedu To Reference the Key Haney JF et al AnImagebased Key to the Zooplankton of North America version 50 released 2013 University of New Hampshire Center for Freshwater Biology cfbunhedu 29 Dec 2018 20032013 Center for Freshwater Biology Department of Biologcal Sciences University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 USA | [
"Zooplankton Of North America",
"Multimedia Requirements"
] |
http://cfcsyndrome.org/ | [ layerslider id = " 1 " ] About Us CFC International is a non - profit organization founded in 1999 by parents of children with CFC syndrome . We are the leading International organization dedicated to provide support for persons and families dealing with CFC syndrome . Family Support Welcome to the Cardio - Facio - Cutaneous ( CFC ) International website . If you are a newly diagnosed family , you are no longer alone in coping with CFC syndrome . We are here for you ! CFC Conference Every other year CFC International holds a biennial conference to gather families , care providers , therapists , teachers , scientists , researchers and doctors under one roof to learn and discuss the latest information on CFC syndrome . Make a Donation CFC International relies on the support of individuals , corporations and foundations to fund its programs and research initiatives . Your tax deductible contribution is incredibly meaningful to the patient community and our organization supporting them . | [
"CFC International",
"Family Support",
"CFC Conference"
] |
http://cgiwindows.com/view-our-collections/sentinel-by-cgi/ | Sentinel by CGI With Sentinel by CGI customers benefit from exceptional quality , craftsmanship , energy efficiency and durability at an affordable price . Sentinel ’ s complete line of windows and doors are custom manufactured to enhance the aesthetics of your home while delivering protection from the most extreme coastal weather conditions . Whether considering hurricane impact - resistant windows and doors for a home or business , the Sentinel Collection is the best of all worlds – aesthetically appealing , functionally proven and uniquely affordable . Sliding Series 150 Doors Sentinel By CGI Learn More French ( Swing ) Series 160 Doors Sentinel By CGI Learn More Casement Window Series 238SN Project - Out / Awning Window Series 238 Fixed Window Series 130 Designer Fixed Window Series 130 Single Hung Window Series 110 Horizontal Rolling Window Series 120 | [
"CGI",
"Sentinel",
"craftsmanship"
] |
http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/chemEQ/ab-theory/selector.php?name=spectator-ions | Spectator Ions What are these ions ? Well you can simply look at the lists of strong acids and strong bases and pick the conjugates . For example , the conjugate base for HCl would be Cl . As such , in aqueous solution the chloride ion is often a spectator ion ( when is this not the case , when it is part of a solubility equilibrium . As far as acid / base chemistry it is always a spectator ) . Other examples include Na + . It is the partner for OH in the strong base NaOH . Since this dissociates 100 % , we can assume it will not react at all with any OH . Other examples are Nitrate , NO 3 , which is the conjugate base of nitric acid . K + , Ba 2 + , . . . Look at the list of strong acids and bases for all of them . Concept Question Which of the following will not be a spectator ion in an acid / base reaction ? ( touch choices to toggle feedback on / off ) Cl ClO 4 F NO 3 © 2013 mccord / vandenbout / labrake scroll to top | [
"Spectator Ions",
"conjugate pairs",
"HCl"
] |
http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/nuclear/nuclear-change/selector.php?name=nuclear-rxns | Nuclear Reactions The four main reaction types that will be covered in this unit are : Fission Fusion Nuclear Decay Transmutation Fission We can classify a number of nuclear reactions . The first important reactions are fission reactions . In fission reactions , a heavy nucleus is " split " into two ( or more ) smaller nuclei . Generally , we discuss reactions which are downhill in energy ( exothermic ) . Fission reactions are exothermic that start with nuclei that are heavier than iron . An example of an important fission reaction is \ [ { \ rm { 235 } _ { \ ; 92 } U \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 1_0n \ ; \ ; \ rightarrow { 137 } _ { \ ; 56 } Ba \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; { 97 } _ { 36 } Kr \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 2 1_0n } \ ] This is the fission of uranium - 235 to make barium - 137 and krypton - 97 plus a couple of neutrons . Note : there are neutrons on both sides of this reaction . It is important to show them both in the reaction since the neutron instigates the reaction . The fission is actually a uranium - 236 nucleus that is created from the collision of a neutron and a uranium - 235 . Fission reactions are widely used to generate electrical power using uranium as a fuel and generating a wide array of fission products . Fusion Fusion reactions is when two ( or more ) lighter nuclei come together to make a heavy nucleus . For example \ [ { \ rm 2_1H \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 3_1H \ ; \ ; \ rightarrow \ ; \ ; 4_2He \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 1_0n } \ ] The fusion of four hydrogen atoms and two electrons into a single helium atom is the primary reaction in the sun ( although it happens in a number of steps ) . Fusion reactions are exothermic for nuclei smaller than iron . Fusion reactions of light elements can be extremely exothermic . And per mass generate by far the most energy . Research is on going to maintain stable fusion reactions on earth . Currently , reactions can be maintained for infinitesimally short times ( or in uncontrolled reactions such as the hydrogen bomb ) . Nuclear Decay Nuclear decay is perhaps the most important process to understand in nuclear chemistry . This is the origin of " radioactivity " and is the basis of most applications of nuclear chemistry outside of the nuclear power industry . Nuclear decay is the process by which an unstable isotope of a particular element spontaneously transforms into a new element by emission of ionizing radiation . Later the details of the types of such decays as well as the types of radiation will be covered . In many ways , nuclear decay is similar to fission . The product elements are \ [ { \ rm { 103 } _ { \ ; 46 } Pd \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; { \ phantom { - } 0 } _ { - 1 } e \ ; \ ; \ rightarrow \ ; \ ; { 103 } _ { \ ; 45 } Rh \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; \ gamma } \ ] Transmutation Transmutation is essentially the reverse of nuclear decay . It is a non - spontaneous process where by one element is converted to another by the bombarding it with high energy radiation ( or neutrons ) . This is generally an artificial process that allows the creation of radioactive isotopes . For example , the Pd - 103 that is uses in the treatment of prostate cancer is made in laboratory is made by bombarding Pd - 102 with high energy neutrons . \ [ { \ rm { 102 } _ { \ ; 46 } Pd \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 1_0n \ ; \ ; \ rightarrow \ ; \ ; { 103 } _ { \ ; 46 } Pd } \ ] Transmutation involves increasing the mass of nuclei . Concept Question The following is what type of reaction ? \ [ { \ rm { 252 } _ { \ ; 98 } Cf \ ; \ ; \ rightarrow \ ; \ ; { 140 } _ { \ ; 54 } Xe + \ ; \ ; { 108 } _ { \ ; 44 } Ru \ ; \ ; + \ ; \ ; 4 1_0n } \ ] nuclear decay transmutation fission fusion © 2013 mccord / vandenbout / labrake scroll to top | [
"Nuclear Reactions",
"Fission",
"Transmutation"
] |
http://chadnorwood.com/2008/04/25/weight-obesity-and-bmi/ | Chad Things Weight , Obesity , and BMI April 25th , 2008 Exercise Health Did you know 1 out of 3 Americans is obese ? 2 out of 3 are overweight ? Yep , according to a 2007 CDC study . And according to a 2007 worldwide study , 40 % of adults are overweight , with 25 % being obese . Holy crap . More people are obese than underweight worldwide ( WHO 2000 ) . And do n ’ t forget the childrens – 15 % of those ages 6 - 19 are overweight according to 2000 CDC data , triple what it was in 1980 ( more stats ) . But how much do you have to weigh to be considered obese ? Well , you are considered obese if you have a BMI greater than 30 , and overweight if its greater than 25 . What is BMI ? Body Mass Index . It ’ s the most popular , accurate way ( heh , way , pun ) to measure obesity ( sort of ) . It ’ s a simple formula based on your weight ( lbs or kg ) and height ( inches or meters ) . According to CDC , the BMI formula is 703 x ( lbs ) / ( inches 2 ) , or if you are from metric land , its just weight ( kg ) / [ height ( m ) ] 2 . For me , I have a 23.7 BMI , thats 703 x 175 lbs / ( 72 inches ) 2 = 23.7 , or 79.4 kg / ( 1.83 meters ) 2 = 23.7 in metric talk . Heres my BMI results from this BMI Calculator , which gives you a nice chart like this : BMI Weight Range ( 6 ′ tall ) Weight Status 18.4 and Below 135.7 lbs and Below Underweight 18.5 – 24.9 136.4 – 183.6 lbs Normal 25.0 – 29.9 184.4 – 220.5 lbs Overweight 30.0 – 34.9 221.2 – 257.4 lbs Obese ( moderate ) 35.0 – 39.9 258.1 – 294.2 lbs Obese ( severe ) 40.0 and Above 295.0 lbs and Above Obese ( very severe ) If you ’ re 20 years or older , its the same for men and women . Here ’ s a BMI Calculator for those under 20 . If you ai n ’ t feeling this math or the BMI thing , do n ’ t worry – I crunched the numbers and made this reference chart Weight Chart , Over 20 years old Height Normal Weight Range Obese 5 ft , 0 inches 94.7 – 127.7 lbs 153.3 or more 5 ft , 1 inches 97.9 – 132.0 lbs 158.5 or more 5 ft , 2 inches 101.1 – 136.4 lbs 163.7 or more 5 ft , 3 inches 104.4 – 140.8 lbs 169.0 or more 5 ft , 4 inches 107.7 – 145.3 lbs 174.5 or more 5 ft , 5 inches 111.1 – 149.9 lbs 179.9 or more 5 ft , 6 inches 114.6 – 154.5 lbs 185.5 or more 5 ft , 7 inches 118.1 – 159.3 lbs 191.2 or more 5 ft , 8 inches 121.6 – 164.1 lbs 196.9 or more 5 ft , 9 inches 125.2 – 168.9 lbs 202.8 or more 5 ft , 10 inches 128.9 – 173.8 lbs 208.7 or more 5 ft , 11 inches 132.6 – 178.9 lbs 214.7 or more 6 ft , 0 inches 136.4 – 183.9 lbs 220.8 or more 6 ft , 1 inches 140.2 – 189.1 lbs 227.0 or more 6 ft , 2 inches 144.1 – 194.3 lbs 233.2 or more 6 ft , 3 inches 148.0 – 199.6 lbs 239.6 or more 6 ft , 4 inches 152.0 – 204.9 lbs 246.0 or more 6 ft , 5 inches 156.0 – 210.4 lbs 252.5 or more 6 ft , 6 inches 160.1 – 215.9 lbs 259.1 or more 6 ft , 7 inches 164.2 – 221.4 lbs 265.8 or more 6 ft , 8 inches 168.4 – 227.1 lbs 272.6 or more Notes : I ’ m not sure I trust CDC entirely . This 2006 CDC study said no change in American obesity since 2003 - 2004 . But by their own numbers , obesity went up 2 % overall , almost a 7 % increase ( males up 7.1 % from 31.1 % to 33.3 % , females up 6.3 % from 33.2 % to 35.3 % ) . At that rate the number of obese people will more than double in 11 years . Yes , no - increase means double in 11 years . Hello ? Is this the new Bush - Era Science ? | [
"Weight",
"Obesity",
"BMI"
] |
http://chainranch.com/turkey/turkeyhunt.html | Turkey Hunt Overview | Turkey Hunt Gallery Hunting | Articles Booking Contracts Maps Donation Request Kansas and Oklahoma Turkey Hunts Chain Ranch Outfitters offers several different turkey hunting opportunities in Oklahoma and Kansas . Rio , Eastern , and Merriams are all present on the different ranches we have . Our ranches offer a varied terrain in which to chase the elusive gobbler . From the volcanic plato ' s of the Oklahoma Panhandle to the pine hardwoods of Southeastern OK to the bottomlands of South Central KS , your sure to find the experience you desire . You are welcome as a solo hunter or we can accommodate your group hunt up to 10 hunters . 2016 Spring Turkey Hunt $ 500.00 This package includes one full day of guided hunting , one tom turkey , breakfast and lunch the day of the hunt , lodging the night before the hunt , transportation on the ranch , and field care of game . Packages do not include transportation to the ranch , licenses , tags , meat processing , taxidermy , or gratuity . Packages available for multiple bird and multiple day hunts . Additional nights lodging are $ 100 per night . Spring Cast and Blast $ 1,750.00 Two days of hunting with two turkey bag limit and two days of bass fishing . Hunt in the mornings and fish all afternoon . Includes two nights lodging and six meals . Oklahoma and Kansas hunts available . Packages do not include transportation to the ranch , licenses , tags , meat processing , taxidermy , or gratuity . Additional birds available . SOONER SLAM $ 4,000.00 per person ( four person min / max ) In 2004 we decided to offer something a little different , specifically tailored to the avid turkey hunter . We call it the " Sooner Slam " . 4 hunters are picked up on Monday from the Oklahoma City airport mid - morning and head for Southeastern Oklahoma . After a 5 hour drive in a fully furnished RV , we hit the ground running in pursuit of the Eastern . We overnight in the lodge at the ranch and spend Tuesday filling the Eastern tags . At sundown we shower at the bunkhouse have supper and settle in the For more information , please contact : Jerick Henley 405 - 820 - 4056 jerick @ chainranch . com Newley Hutchison 405 - 669 - 1435 newley @ chainranch . com | [
"Chain Ranch Outfitters",
"Kansas",
"Oklahoma"
] |
http://championshipsportsrings.com/page.php?groupingID=gallery&page=3&thumbnails=TRUE&album_num=1 | Championship Sports Rings Ring Photos Rings For Sale 1 | 2 | 3 4 Click on images to enlarge Back to Ring Photos 1987 Washington Redskins World Championship Players Diamond 10K Ring . Made by Tiffany and Co . $ $ $ Make Offer $ $ $ 2002 Ohio State National Championship Players 10K . Size 12 . 51.9 Grams of 10K Gold . Owned by Starter Ivan Douglas . Made by Jostens . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ Nick Nolte s North Dallas Forty World Championship Ring $ SOLD $ 4 Arkansas National Championship Rings 1995 - 1998 Make Offer 1991 Miami Hurricanes National Championship 10K Ring . Size 14 3 / 4 . 53.1 Grams of 10K Gold . Belonged to NFL Star and NFL First Round Draft Choice Leon Searcy . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 1985 CHICAGO BEARS SUPER BOWL CHAMPIONSHIP 10K Ring . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 1988 SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS SUPER BOWL CHAMPIONSHIP 10K RING . Make Offer ! ! ! ! 2004 USC BCS National Championship Players 10k Ring . Size 13 1 / 2 . 41.8 Grams of 10k Gold . Made by Jostens . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 2003 LSU Tigers National Champions Players 10K Ring . Size 11 . 42.7 grams of 10K Gold . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 1993 Nebraska Big 8 Champions 10K Gold Pendant . Made by Jostens . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 1996 Nebraska N.I.T. Champions 10K Gold Pendant with chain . Made by Jostens $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 2005 Texas Longhorns BCS Championship Trophy . $ $ $ SOLD OUT $ $ $ 2006 Florida Gators BCS National Championship Trophy . $ $ $ SOLD OUT $ $ $ 1973 Notre Dame National Championship Players 10K Ring from a Notre Dame All - American Player ! ! ! Make Offer ! ! ! ! 1982 North Carolina National Championship Ring . $ $ $ SOLD $ $ $ 1976 Indiana National Championship Player 10K Ring . Size 12 1 / 2 . Last Perfect Season . Super Rare Players Ring ! ! Make Offer ! ! ! ! 1978 USC National Championship Player 10K Ring . Size 9 1 / 2 Pending Sale 1 2 3 4 | [
"Ring"
] |
http://championvbc.championvolleyballclub.com/clubs/3085/pages/85056 | Champion Volleyball Club Tryout Information Tryout Registration for the 201819 Junior Olympic Season is now available Tryout dates are posted below You can Register for Tryouts by clicking here Returning players must use their password from last year to register for tryouts New players to Champion must create a new online account to register for tryouts Please confirm your correct age division There is a chart at the bottom of this page Check your players birthdate with the chart to make sure that you register for the correct tryouts Players are eligible to tryout for teams at their age bracket and above Be very careful not to register for the incorrect age bracket Players are required to participate in at least one of the scheduled tryout dates to be eligible for the team It of course is more beneficial if the player can attend both tryouts There is a onetime 25 tryout fee This fee can be paid during the online registration All players must be registered with USA volleyball prior to tryouts Players must have a copy of their registration card before they will be admitted to tryouts Players can register at Carolina Region Volleyball Registration page Players can arrive up to 30 minutes prior to the start of tryouts to complete registration Champion Volleyball will be forming teams in WinstonSalem Davie County and Stokes County Be sure to attend the tryout that corresponds with the region that you wish to participate Teams will be posted on our website within 24 hours of the conclusion of the final day of tryouts Players will have until the following times to commit to the program 12u 14u Friday October 26th at 6pm 15u 18u Friday November 9th at 6pm If players have not committed by the above deadline their spot will be given to the next person on the waiting list There will be a signing event for each age group where players will be fitted for uniforms fees will be paid and you will get to meet the team and coaches 12u 14u Signing Night will be on Sunday October 28th at the Salem College Gymnasium from 230pm 400pm 15u 18u Signing Night will be on Sunday November 11th at the Salem College Gymnasium 230pm 400pm Champion Volleyball will abide by the Carolina Region Junior Club Player Bill of Rights Click here to access a copy of the Bill of Rights 201819 MAIN CHAMPION TRYOUTS 11U and 12U Tryout Dates and Times Saturday October 20th 9am 11am Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Sunday October 21st 200pm 400pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown 13U Tryouts Dates and Times Saturday October 20th 9am 11am Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Sunday October 21st 200pm 400pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown 14U Tryout Dates and Times Saturday October 20th 1130am 130pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Monday October 22nd 600pm 800pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown 15U Tryout Dates and Times Sunday November 4th 100pm 300pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Monday November 5th 730pm 900pm Summit School 2100 Reynolda Road WinstonSalem 16U Team Tryouts Dates and Times Sunday November 4th 330p 530pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Tuesday November 6th 730pm 900pm Summit School 2100 Reynolda Road WinstonSalem 17U Team Tryout Dates and Times Sunday November 4th 600pm 800pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Wednesday November 7th 730 900pm Summit School 2100 Reynolda Road WinstonSalem 18U Team Tryout Dates and Times Sunday November 4th 600pm 800pm Reagan High School 3750 Transou Road Pfafftown Wednesday November 7 th 730 900pm Summit School 2100 Reynolda Road WinstonSalem 201819 STOKES DIVISION CHAMPION VOLLEYBALL TRYOUTS Stokes County 12U 14U Tryout Dates and Times Sunday October 21st 500pm 700pm West Stokes High School Stokes County 15U 16U Tryout Dates and Times Sunday November 4th 430pm 630pm pm West Stokes High School 201819 DAVIE COUNTY DIVISION CHAMPION VOLLEYBALL TRYOUTS Davie County 12U 14u Tryout Dates and Times Sunday October 21st 500pm 700pm South Davie Middle School Davie County 15U 16u Tryout Dates and Times Wednesday November 7th 730PM 900 Summit School 2100 Reynolda Road DO TO THE LACK OF REGISTRATION PLAYERS INTERESTED IN THIS TEAM SHOULD COME TO THE TRYOUTS HELD AT SUMMIT SCHOOL ON WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 7TH FROM 730 900 IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THIS TEAM WILL FORM BASED ON THE CURRENT INTEREST PLAYERS WHO ATTEND THE SUMMIT SCHOOL TRYOUT CAN BE CONSIDERED FOR A WINSTON BASED TEAM 2017 Age Groups 18 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2000 or Players who were born on or after September 1 1999 AND a high school student in the twelfth 12th grade or below during some part of the current academic year 17 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2001 16 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2002 15 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2003 14 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2004 13 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2005 12 and under Players who were born on or after Sept 1 2006 To see the information in a chart form please click below USA VOLLEYBALL 201819 Age Definition Chart Equal Opportunity Tryouts Each athlete whether they are new to Champion or a return player are required to attend tryouts each year in order to secure a place on a team All players will be given an equal opportunity to prove themselves during the tryout process Players should never assume because they were on a team one year that they will automatically be on the exact same team the next year Tryout fees are used for gym rentals and tryout equipment so all tryout fees are nonrefundable | [
"Champion Volleyball Club"
] |
http://chandan.co.in/ | From the Desk of Chairman Dr Amar Singh Chairman Managing Director It gives me immense pleasure to share the highlights of the Chandan group which is crossing new boundaries and scaling greater heights I am pleased to introduce ourselves as one of the most diversified healthcare group in the field of Diagnostic Retail Pharmacy and Hospital Chandan is proud to serve over 2 million patients every year Chandan has already served more than 15 Million patients since inception Chandan group is consisting of Chandan Healthcare Limited The flagship company of Chandan group deals with the chain of Diagnostic Centres in the name of Chandan Diagnostic Centre and Indra Diagnostic Centre in Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand and Delhi Chandan Healthcare Ltd The diagnostic centres work round the clock and provide world class diagnostic services Chandan Pharmacy Ltd Chandan Pharmacy is one of the most trusted retail chains of pharmacy in India Chandan Hospital Ltd Chandan has redefined the Healthcare Services in Lucknow through its 200 bedded Multi and SuperSpeciality Hospital at Lucknow News Coming Soon | [
"Chandan Healthcare",
"diagnostic",
"Pharmacy"
] |
http://chandoo.org/wp/2010/02/09/subtotal-formula-excel/ | What is Excel SUBTOTAL formula and 5 reasons why you should use it Learn Excel - 69 comments Today we will learn Excel SUBTOTAL formula and 5 beautiful reasons why you should give it a try . SUBTOTAL formula is used to find out subtotal of a given range of cells . You give SUBTOTAL two things – ( 1 ) a range of data ( 2 ) type of subtotal . In return , SUBTOTAL will give you the subtotal for that data . Unlike SUM , AVERAGE , COUNT etc . which do one thing and only one thing , SUBTOTAL is versatile . You can use it to sum up , average , count a bunch of cells . Here is the SUBTOTAL syntax : = SUBTOTAL ( TYPE OF TOTAL , RANGE OF CELLS ) So , for example , = SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A1 : A10 ) will give us the sum of all values in A1 : A10 , provided none are filtered ( more on this filtering thing below ) . That is because “ 9 ” stands for SUM in SUBTOTAL lingo . If you want a count of values , you can use “ 2 ” . Hmm , that sounds like any other formula , what is so special about it ? Well , SUBTOTAL is not just any other formula , it is a special one . We do n ’ t need to be Jedi masters to tell that force is with SUBTOTAL . Here I have listed 5 reasons why this is such a special formula . 1 ) You can use SUBTOTAL to find sum of filtered values I think the title says it all . See this example to know more . 2 ) You can use SUBTOTAL to ignore values in hidden rows Often , we use hide rows feature in excel to remove irrelevant items from view . You can use SUBTOTAL with special type codes so that values in hidden rows are neglected . For eg . SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A1 : A10 ) finds the sum of values in cells A1 : A10 where as SUBTOTAL ( 109 , A1 : A10 ) will find sum of values in visible rows only . 3 ) You can use SUBTOTAL to dynamically summarize data Since the “ type of total ” is a parameter to SUBTOTAL , we can use that to make a dynamic summary like this : This is very handy in dashboards or when you do n ’ t have space for everything . 4 ) If there are subtotals in SUBTOTAL range , they will be neglected This is a killer feature of SUBTOTAL . If you have any SUBTOTAL formulas in the input range of another SUBTOTAL formula , these values are neglected so that double counting is avoided . Need I say more ? 5 ) You can automatically create SUBTOTALs using Excel Data Tools While SUBTOTAL formula looks kind of neat , writing them when you have tabular data can be a drag . But you do n ’ t have to worry about that . In Excel ’ s Data menu / ribbon , there is an option on called “ Subtotals ” that automates the whole process for you . To generate automatic SUBTOTALS , just select your table of data , go to Data ribbon ( or menu ) and click on “ Subtotals ” . This will launch a Subtotal dialog where you can easily specify the type of total grouping you want . That simple ! Related Excel Formulas : SUMPRODUCT | VLOOKUP | SUMIF & COUNTIF Have you used SUBTOTAL formula ? I have never really bothered to test SUBTOTAL formula until few days ago . Now that I found some really cool uses for it , I am itching to implement some of them in future . What about you ? Have you used SUBTOTAL formula before ? Do you got any tips to share ? Please use comments to discuss . Hello Awesome . . . My name is Chandoo . Thanks for dropping by . My mission is to make you awesome in Excel & your work . I live in Wellington , New Zealand . When I am not F9ing my formulas , I cycle , cook or play lego with my kids . Know more about me I hope you enjoyed this article . Visit Excel for Beginner or Advanced Excel pages to learn more or join my online video class to master Excel Thank you and see you around . Written by Chandoo Tags : data filters group ungroup hide Learn Excel list posts Microsoft Excel Formulas screencasts spreadsheets SUBTOTAL sum ( ) vlookup Home : Chandoo . org Main Page ? Doubt : Ask an Excel Question 69 Responses to “ What is Excel SUBTOTAL formula and 5 reasons why you should use it ” Gregor Erbach says : February 9 , 2010 at 12 : 10 pm I use SUBTOTAL all the time , could not live without it . Another neat feature about SUBTOTAL is that you will be able to collapse / expand sections of your data set with the + / - buttons that magically appear to the left of the rows containing a subtotal which was created with the Data menu ( Excel 2003 ) . Reply Dan Murray says : February 9 , 2010 at 1 : 01 pm I have been using the subtotal formula for years . It ' s especially useful when you have very large lists . Instead of putting your SUBTOTAL function at the bottom of each row , place it at the top of the columns that you want totals , counts , averages , etc . If you frequently extract data from transaction systems , for example , billing records - the subtotal function placed at the top of you data ( above the headings ) is a particularly useful way to summarize data in conjunction with filtering . The only problem with SUBTOTAL is its inability to perform a SQL COUNTD ( Count Distinct ) function . This can be a big problem if you want to summarize ( for example ) billing records that include invoice line - item details . Using Excel ' s AVERAGE subtotal function will not result in the correct answer . It will compute the average of all of the rows in the list . In SQL , COUNTD effectively deals with this problem . I ' ve read about some exotic methods that address this problem . All of them are a bit of a pain to implement . Reply Patricia February 9 , 2010 at 2 : 52 pm A nice feature of using the Subtotal is that you can nest subtotals . Simply remove the check from the checkmark out of Replace Current Subtotals . Annie February 9 , 2010 at 3 : 13 pm I LOVE subtotals ! ! ! When I discovered them , really sped up a lot of my accounting work in a second . Thanks for this blog I share it with everyone I work with Glen Feechan February 9 , 2010 at 5 : 17 pm Great post . I ' ve never used SUBTOTAL much myself as I tend to jump straight to Pivot Tables , however your post has ensured I will be exploring it a bit more ! campingshadow February 9 , 2010 at 5 : 54 pm I love your posts and have learned so much from them . I am always eager to get the next one . My only suggestion is that you slow down the animation on the examples . They go so fast it is hard to quickly understand what you are trying to show us . Other than that . . .great job . I have used subtotals in the past , but never dreamed they were so versatile . I never could figure out how to add subtotals while ignoring other subtotals in the range . Wow ! This is great . Steve February 9 , 2010 at 6 : 25 pm Great work on this XL stuff . I ' ve been using SUBTOTAL for years , and especially together with Filters , they add powerful productivity to a spreadsheet full of too many numbers . I think a clarification is needed for this line : " So , for example , = SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A1 : A10 ) will give us the sum of all values in A1 : A10 , provided none are filtered ( more on this filtering thing below ) . " Actually , while it is true if nothing is filtered , = SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A1 : A10 ) is terrific in a filtering situation : as you add filtering , it does indeed change to reflect the filtered values . That is its strength . And as Dan said , put those SUBTOTALS at the top of the tables , above the Headers for example ( with at least one blank row between them ! ) , and they are then obvious to the reader , and already labelled . As to using the " 109 " function , to ignore " hidden " row data , I stay away from it , for two reasons : one , I do n ' t like a " Total " , or " SUBTOTAL " , showing that the reader can not check on their own - if they find it does n ' t add up , their confidence in the entire spreadsheet is broken ; two , I think sometimes when setting and resetting filters that these hidden rows become unhidden . hth Steve R.M . February 9 , 2010 at 6 : 38 pm I really like to use it to create reports for teachers ' testing data because it also will create a page break ( when using the menu ) . I can download an entire school ' s data , subtotal and print for each teacher in a matter of minutes . . . . Don Scott February 9 , 2010 at 8 : 18 pm COL A COL B a 100 a 50 SUBTOTAL 150 NOT A SUBTOTAL 1000 b 125 b 25 SUBTOTAL 150 c 145 c 5 GRAND TOTAL 1450 ADDS EACH SUBTOTAL FORMULA PLUS THE " NOT A SUBTOTAL " ROW . USE WITH CAUTION ; THE " GRAND TOTAL " IS A SUBTOTAL FORMUA FOR ALL OF THE ROWS . THE RESULT OF 1,450 IS CLEARLY MISLEADING . Justin B February 10 , 2010 at 1 : 00 am Controlling the ' Type of Total ' variable with option buttons is a great way of saving real estate on Dashboards & adding a small wow - factor to end user functionality . jack February 20 , 2013 at 8 : 57 am could you explain a little more about how to create the SUBTOTAL to dynamically summarize data ? i mean how the formula vary according to the selection from the drop down of the otions button . Thanking you in anticipation . regards Chandoo February 11 , 2010 at 9 : 35 am @ Dan . . . I have no idea about the COUNTD and other database functions . Never had the opportunity to use them either . @ Patricia : That is a good one , thanks for sharing it . @ Annie . . . Thanks for the love @ Glen . . yeah Subtotals are very robust . I have realized that only last week while doing something else . @ Campingshadow . . . thanks for your feedback . I will slow down the animations in later posts @ Steve . . good points . Yes , I know that subtotals work with filters amazingly well . I have mentioned that in the post further down . Also , I have used totals at bottom so that it is easy to read in the post . But one can easily override that by un - checking " totals at bottom " box . @ Don . . If the value " 1000 " doesnt contribute to SUBTOTALs , why is it part of the report ? @ Justin : thanks . . . sachin gohel February 12 , 2010 at 10 : 42 am “ type of total ” is a parameter to SUBTOTAL this working i cant do it pls . teach me bill mcnair February 12 , 2010 at 4 : 07 pm Thank you for this article . I use COUNTIFS and SUMIFS for most of my work as you can have tons of them and it wo n ' t slow down the calculations like the DBSUM and DBCOUNT , etc always seem to do . Have not really explored SUBTOTAL but like what has been brought to our attention . I would be really , really be pleased to see the COUNTIFS and the SUMIFS idea extended to MIN , MAX , AVERAGE , STDEV , PRODUCT , and VAR . ( filters in the formula , not because the Nimesh February 12 , 2010 at 11 : 52 pm I too did not used it before . But as you have highlighted these good points about SubTotals I intend to use it more and more . Thanks . lavkesh bhatia February 13 , 2010 at 7 : 16 am Tables such as shown in 5 with nested subtotals are frequently used to summarize data For a small data set , one quick way of generating this is the use of ' alt + = ' keyboard shortcut . instead of manually typing formulas or using the wizard nested sum can be generated The best part is when ' alt + = ' is used for the grand total it adds up only the subtotals and not all the figures . kev23f February 17 , 2010 at 4 : 41 pm Hi , great post , but can you explain in a bit more detail how number 3 works ? Or else provide a sample file ? Thanks in advance . Chandoo February 18 , 2010 at 12 : 37 pm @ Sachin & Kev23f : good question . Here is a bit more detail . If you are not able to reproduce it , I can post the file online . In a bunch of cells define types of totals you want . For eg . say cells D1 : D3 have , Sum Average Max Now , let us use the cell A1 to control what type of total you want . Go to A1 , select data validation > list and then specify D1 : D3 as the source range ( this will ensure that only one these three values can be typed in the cell and also shows an in - cell drop down to select the values - here is a tutorial : http : / / chandoo . org / wp / 2008 / 08 / 07 / excel - add - drop - down - list / Now , write a formula in another cell ( where will show the result based on selected summary type ) like this , = CHOOSE ( MATCH ( A1 , D1 : D3 , 0 ) , SUBTOTAL ( for sum ) , SUBTOTAL ( for avg ) , SUBTOTAL ( for max ) ) Help on MATCH formula is here : http : / / chandoo . org / wp / 2008 / 11 / 19 / vlookup - match - and - offset - explained - in - plain - english - spreadcheats / How to Check whether a Table is Filtered or not using Formulas | Pointy Haired Dilbert : Learn Excel Online - Chandoo . org March 29 , 2010 at 9 : 35 am [ . . . ] Then we are asking excel to tell how many values are there after filter in the same range using SUBTOTAL ( ) formula [ introduction to excel SUBTOTAL formula ] . [ . . . ] Goodwyn July 28 , 2010 at 1 : 54 pm Would anyone have excel template to form a baseline towards loan depreciation using VaR . Would you have a monte carlo simulation to represent your answer ? Brgds . Stewart Giel Verbeeck September 29 , 2010 at 11 : 34 am Thanks , I ' d like to know if subtotals can be used for calculation of a weighted average using in addition to the current column data from another column in the same table . Any suggestions ? John September 29 , 2010 at 3 : 20 pm Quick query , , , this has been bugging me for a couple of hours and I probably know the answer , but having stared at this I think I am going numbers blind . . . . . . I am building a Dashboard and have various table and charts with data , but I want to add a tracker that shows a Target volume , Order volume and a History view . . . . . across 13 wks ( so I guess 13 columns , albeit each column would be about 13 pixels each ) , , Hui . . . September 30 , 2010 at 3 : 09 am @ Giel Subtotal can do Sums and Products but not of 2 or more columns For a weighted Avberage you need to sum the products of each row so you have 2 options 1 . Add another column to do the products and then use Sub Totals to Sum up the Products 2 Use Sumproduct , which can do the SubTotals and Weighted Averages in one formula and is n ' t reliant on having a sorted data set . You can read about Sumproduct here : http : / / chandoo . org / wp / 2009 / 11 / 10 / excel - sumproduct - formula / September 30 , 2010 at 5 : 15 am @ John . . I think you are trying to add an incell chart . See the examples here : http : / / chandoo . org / wp / tag / in - cell - charting / naveed January 13 , 2011 at 12 : 51 pm Im not able to function Subtotal as in my data i have qty and its subtotal . when im functioning subtotal it actually calculating subtotal and also qty which gives me double total in my final figure . Plz suggest what to do Hui . . . January 13 , 2011 at 2 : 08 pm @ Naveed Replace your sub - totals with a Subtotal function That way it will automatically update as you add data , and automatically total to a Grand Total ignoring previous sub - totals Jeff Jones January 18 , 2011 at 4 : 25 pm Excellent discussions of subtotals . I have just discovered this to help analyze old 15 minute rainfall data and summarize it by day ; great way to simplify 35000 + lines of data ! My only disappointment is I ca n ' t find a way to export my results to a usable table ; I need 365 day values to organize for further analysis , and do n ' t want to copy and paste them all out . Any ideas ? 220 Excel Tips , Tutorials , Templates & Resources for You | Chandoo . org - Learn Microsoft Excel Online January 20 , 2011 at 9 : 23 am [ . . . ] 5 Tips on SUBTOTAL Formula [ . . . ] BWAMBALE March 2 , 2011 at 5 : 22 pm thanks Paul B March 4 , 2011 at 5 : 35 pm @ Dan Murray makes a good point . I ' m having the same issue trying to find the average or sum of the top ten values but only the subtotaled rows . SUM functions can grab the top ten values but I want to be able to auto filter rows out and only average or sum the rows that have n ' t been filtered . Any thoughts ? David March 22 , 2011 at 7 : 42 pm This is a great post . However , please explain how to accomplish # 3 : to dynamically summarize data . How do you create the dropdown window ? How does the formula in the results cell know what has been selected in the cell to its left . Please provide detail explanation . Thanks , David akarin June 2 , 2011 at 3 : 34 am Excellent tips here . It was easy to find help on the syntax of subtotal , but this rare gem told me why and where it was a good idea to use it . This should be incorporated into Excel ' s local and online Help Walt H July 12 , 2011 at 12 : 36 pm I am in the process of testing 2010 before our company converts . I am finding that subtotals is taking much longer in 2010 then in 2003 or 97 . Any suggestions as to why ? Thanks Walt Laurie October 3 , 2011 at 4 : 47 pm Is it possible to create a formula that looks for the subtotal and uses it ? Example worksheet : COL A1 : 4 COL B1 : 4 : a code1 a code1 a code 7 a code 7 b 125 b 25 SUBTOTAL code 1 150 b 50 b 75 SUBTOTAL code 7 125 This is what I want to do in column C1 : C4 c 125 / 150 * .25 ( i.e. value in b1 / subtotal of code 1 * x ) c 25 / 150 * .25 c 50 / 125 * .25 c 75 / 125 * .25 I know I could set this up manually by looking for the rows with the subtotals , but the data in column a ( i.e. code 1 could have 4 rows one time and 7 rows the next time I need to do the calculation ) Piramu November 19 , 2011 at 5 : 28 am The post is so good . MOHAN December 30 , 2011 at 8 : 39 pm POINT NO 5 - You can automatically create SUBTOTALs using Excel Data Tools Kindly refer to the table with sub totals in the above point . Can we transfer / shift each set of data with its sub total to a different sheet in the same workbook or another workbook . For example 2007 data is to move to a sheet , 2008 data to another sheet and so on . . . . . . need minor Excel help - NamePros . com January 2 , 2012 at 10 : 01 pm [ . . . ] want to subtotal in the subtotal options . There ' s an issue with it entering subtotals in the row ? http : / / chandoo . org / wp / 2010 / 02 / 09 / sub . . .formula - excel / You can use the outliner on the left ( Plus / Minus buttons . . . or click 1 , 2 , 3 - to collapse to show [ . . . ] Excel Chimp February 28 , 2012 at 4 : 38 pm Regarding point 4 : " 4 ) If there are subtotals in SUBTOTAL range , they will be neglected This is a killer feature of SUBTOTAL . If you have any SUBTOTAL formulas in the input range of another SUBTOTAL formula , these values are neglected so that double counting is avoided . Need I say more ? " I wonder what the differences would be in processing speed between using SUM or SUBTOTAL in a situation with a large model with lots of financial subtotals . Would using SUM or SUBTOTAL be faster for processing ? I would think SUM would be faster due to referencing less cells , but I may be wrong . Just curious . Ninad March 13 , 2012 at 6 : 11 am Can median be calculated using sub totals ? How Brenda March 17 , 2012 at 3 : 54 am I have trouble sometimes getting the subtotal to work when using tables . The option is greyed out and I ca n ' t seem to find any info on the reason for this . Any ideas ? Thank you , Brenda Harshit July 23 , 2012 at 7 : 00 am Hello , After using subtotal formula there appears 1 2 3 in square box on the Left hand side of the sheet so that we may collapse the fields or expand them as per our requirements . Can someone please tell me how to control those buttons with keyboard ? Thank you July 23 , 2012 at 9 : 53 am @ Harshit The small squares with numbers are part of the Group / Ungroup functionality of Excel It allows you to hide / Display various levels of Grouped Data Have a quick look here : http : / / chandoo . org / wp / 2010 / 01 / 12 / collapse - excel - charts / Mark January 29 , 2013 at 11 : 31 pm Anyone ever try to use = subtotal ( 4 , range ) to pull the top 5 values . I ca n ' t seem to pull the 5 largest items from the entire column ignoring the imbedded subtotals . I ' ve tried the Large function but that does not ignore the subtotal lines . Any help is greatly appreciated . Thanks ! February 1 , 2013 at 4 : 08 am Interesting question Mark . . . You can use a helper column in your original table along with an array formula to do this . See this file : http : / / img . chandoo . org / playground / top5 - ignoring - subtotals . xlsx AJIT SINGH February 4 , 2013 at 11 : 12 am Dear all , I have a question that how can i do sub total of subtotal rows for ex . if we have 3 floor and every floor has 5 shops from evry shop we get 3 type of income then how can i put subtotal formula so i can get total of every shop Jacqueline March 6 , 2013 at 10 : 23 pm Can you please give an example of # 3 : Using SUBTOTAL to dynamically summarize data ? Thanks ! amanda July 7 , 2014 at 10 : 06 pm yes , I would very much like to recreate point 3 . Please elaborate . Count if with filters May 5 , 2013 at 10 : 08 pm [ . . . ] you can do a subtotal on the count of filtered records but countif will not work ( as a subtotal ) that is . see here for seperate subtotal numbers What is Excel SUBTOTAL formula and 5 reasons why you should use it | Chandoo . org - Learn Microsoft E . . . [ . . . ] Angela May 22 , 2013 at 1 : 23 am I love the subtotal but I am having a problem being able to ask the subtotal if the value is greater than 0 then to return that info or delete any subtotals that equal 0 . I am sure this is a simple question to most on this site but I have tried everything I know and can not get it to work . Roopali November 8 , 2013 at 6 : 40 pm HI , I am trying to use the subtotal function to sum a bunch of different account in balance sheet but I am not getting the result right since all the account have different names . How can I use the subtotal function in this case ? What should I use in the " At Each Change In " section ? Thanks ! Noori November 9 , 2013 at 3 : 10 pm HI , I have applied the subtotals formula to get total of filtered data but the formula do not sum the filtered data automatically . i have to select the cell containing formula , press enter button so that i get the new total . it is quite irritating . i would be thankful to one with a solution Payal January 14 , 2014 at 11 : 34 am I want to create my own functions that are as wise as subtotal - do you have actual code of subtotal function ? Aamir April 25 , 2014 at 2 : 04 pm Nice Krishanaprasad May 17 , 2014 at 5 : 34 am It is very useful and interesting . sandy June 6 , 2014 at 11 : 50 am Do anyone know shortkey for subtotal " Formula ) i.e = subtotal ( 9 , criteria ) Erin July 22 , 2014 at 5 : 12 pm I am using Excel 2010 . When I use the subtotal formula , function 102 , to count non blanks in a column , I get the same value as if I use the regualar count formula , when I hide rows . Should n ' t this disregard hidden rows and adjust the output ? Please help ! July 22 , 2014 at 11 : 44 pm @ Erin Try 103 instead of 102 Patrick August 7 , 2014 at 3 : 40 pm Well came here seeing if there was a solution this issue . The problem appears to be subtotal does not treat collapsed columns ( rows it does ) as hidden in Excel 2010 . August 8 , 2014 at 3 : 30 am @ Patrick can you post the file , email me or ask the question in the forums http : / / chandoo . org / forum / hELEN October 26 , 2014 at 8 : 19 pm Thank you . Very helpful ! I only use it for small personal spreadsheets but this was very helpful . Mozz January 14 , 2015 at 1 : 21 am appears to be a little confusion esp Steve re subtotals . . . The subtotal ( 9 , . . . . ) will add up all cells including hidden ones UNLESS the data is filtered . .in that case it adds up what you can see is visible . . . .I would not use this if there are hidden cells The subtotal ( 109 , . . . . ) will add visible cells only . . . good for reports . .and is the opposite to what Steve said . chakras - energie . com March 13 , 2015 at 9 : 09 pm Soumis aux aléas de santé de l ' individu , ils présenteraient des symptômes de rigidité ou d ' affaissement , d ' encombrement ou de perte de vitalité . lauren March 16 , 2015 at 6 : 23 pm Can someone please provide the formula for # 4 ? I already have subtotals in my range and I either need to only sum those subtotals or the individual rows that are rolling into those subtotals . Not both , because it is double - counting . Thank you in advance for your help ! Heather June 8 , 2015 at 7 : 17 am Hi , someone up above mentioned Excel 2010 having subtotals being extremely slow . . . can anyone recommend a solution ? I have tried : turning Calculation off , removing conditional formatting , changing to an .xls file , paste special values only . I have used subtotals extensively in the past and only just in the last few months having a problem . . . is there an update that anyone knows of that fixes the issue ? Thanks vikash yadav August 4 , 2016 at 2 : 05 pm nice sub total 12 of my Favourite Excel Features – Muskblog September 11 , 2016 at 6 : 51 am [ … ] = subtotal can produced the same sum of a column as the more well known sum formula but it works with filtering , = subtotal has a lot of tricks actually . [ … ] Carlos November 26 , 2016 at 9 : 02 pm Thank you so much for this ! ! ! ! I never understood what the Subtotal function meant . . this saved me with my huge statistics assignment where we have to handle big amount of data and apply filters . Thank you also for including gifs and showing how the subtotal action does its wonders ! This made things sooo much more convenient . I even appreciate Excel more now . Aditya November 6 , 2017 at 5 : 44 pm I have a major question here : I have a data set where column A has close to data in 55000 rows for which subtotal comes around : D = 66058988.62 ( = SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A : A ) ) If I would go ahead and apply filter to column A and un - select the value 0.00 the subtotal in row D where the formula ( = SUBTOTAL ( 9 , A : A ) ) was applied will change to 41463493.75 . I fail to understand here that how will 0.00 bring a difference to sub total . ( Apologies for my ignorance but I am not really from accounts background so I might be missing something here ) Please help me understand here . JessC June 15 , 2018 at 11 : 48 am I use subtotal daily . I copy paste just the information needed to another tab ( i always wonder if thats necessary ) then i subtotal i then only need the subtotal amount to do a Vlook up later so then copy and paste values of subtotal amount column then filter by total copy paste values on another tab then i have to text to columns the info to remove the word total i then have info to be able to vlook up the subtotal amt later i wish there were an easier way lol . Excel School is Open for Admissions Preparing Profit / Loss Pivot Reports [ Part 2 of 6 ] | [
"SUBTOTAL formula",
"Excel"
] |
http://changingears.com/rv-sec-learn-glossary_c.shtml | See Also Getting Started RV Checklists Buy an RV Understanding RV Weights Weight Calculators Glossary of RV Terms The RV community is just like any other — it has its own set of words , abbreviations , and slang terms . In this glossary we define the common terms and some of the more unusual slang . Did we miss some definitions ? If you are aware of terms that should be included here , please feel free to let us know using the Contact Us link above . Tip : To quickly find terms on this page , use your browser ' s Find function by pressing Ctrl + F Show : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W all Cabover This term can refer to one of two things : 1 ) a Class C motor home , or 2 ) the sleeping area which is over the cab in Class C motor homes and truck campers . For an example of each , see Class C Motor Home and Truck Camper Camper Another term for an RV , especially smaller RV � s that are towed behind or carried on top of light trucks . Truckers generally refer to all RV � s as � campers � in their CB conversations . Camper Trailer See Folding Trailer Camper Van See Class B Cargo Weight Cargo Weight is the actual weight of all items added to the Curb Weight of the vehicle or trailer . This includes personal cargo , optional equipment , and Tongue or King Pin Weight . For additional details see Understanding RV Weights CB CB Radio CB Radio Citizens Band radio is a general use , short distance , two - way radio primarily used by truckers . CB ' s are also helpful to RV drivers to call for help in an emergency and listen for driving conditions . Many CB ' s on the market today also have weather channels with alerting features . CDL Commercial Drivers License Chassis The frame of a vehicle or motor home including the engine , transmission , drive train , axles , and wheels . When referring to a van or truck , the chassis also includes the cab . Chassis Battery Battery in motor homes and tow trucks for operating the engine and vehicle components . Gas engine vehicles generally have one chassis battery and diesels two . Also referred to as the starting battery Class A Photo courtesy of National RV A motor home built on a stripped truck chassis where the driving compartment is an integral part of the RV interior . Class A motor homes look like busses . For additional details see Class A Motor Home - An Introduction Class B Photo courtesy of Gulf Stream Coach A motor home created from a mini van . Most models have raised roofs , but otherwise the living space is constrained by the dimensions of the van . For additional details see Class B Motor Home - An Introduction Class C Photo courtesy of Gulf Stream Coach A motor home built on a cut - away van or truck chassis , including the cab . It differs from the class A motor home in that the class C uses the cab designed for the chassis . For additional details see Class C Motor Home - An Introduction CMV Commercial Motor Vehicle Coach A vehicle with enclosed passenger accommodations . In the broadest sense of the term , coach can be applied to most recreational vehicles . When used by itself , it usually refers to a motor home , most likely a Class A . Commercial Drivers License License issued by states to drivers of commercial motor vehicles ( CMV ) . Some states require special licensing or endorsements for large RV ' s , but a commercial driver ' s license ( CDL ) is rarely required for non - commercial RV ' s . For additional details see RV Driver ' s License Requirements Commercial Motor Vehicle Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration definition : A commercial motor vehicle is any self - propelled or towed motor vehicle used on a highway in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property when the vehicle : ( 1 ) has a gross vehicle weight rating ( GVWR ) or gross combination weight rating ( GCWR ) � or a gross vehicle weight ( GVW ) or gross combination weight ( GCW ) � of 4,536 kilograms ( 10,001 pounds ) or more , whichever is greater ; or ( 2 ) is designed or used to transport more than 8 Conventional Trailer Travel Trailer Conversion Van Class B Converter A device that converts alternating current ( AC ) to direct current ( DC ) used to charge the RV batteries and to operate 12 volt DC devices while plugged into an AC source . Curb Weight Curb Weight is the actual weight of a vehicle or trailer , including all standard equipment , full fuel tanks , full fresh water tanks , full propane bottles , and all other equipment fluids , but before taking on any persons or personal cargo . For additional details see Show : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W all | [
"RV Terms",
"Cabover",
"Camper"
] |
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/communication/color_effect.htm | The Meaning of Colors Disciplines > Communication > The Meaning of Colors Meanings of color | Use in retail and business | Gender effects | Cultural effects | So what ? Meanings of color Here is a table of colors and many of the meanings they tend to evoke , particularly in Western cultures . Notice how colors can mean very different things - it is not that the colors themselves have meaning , it is that we have culturally assigned meanings to them . For example , red means warmth because of the color of fire . Likewise , it means anger because of the increased redness of the face when it flushes with blood . Purple symbolizes royalty only because the only purple dye that was available for many centuries was very expensive . Color Western meaning RED : warmth , love , anger , danger , boldness , excitement , speed , strength , energy , determination , desire , passion , courage , socialism , republicans , chaos PINK feminine love , caring , nurture ORANGE : cheerfulness , low cost , affordability , enthusiasm , stimulation , creativity , aggression , food , halloween , liberal ( politics ) YELLOW : attention - grabbing , comfort , liveliness , cowardice , hunger , optimism , overwhelm , Summer , comfort , liveliness , intellect , happiness , energy , conflict GREEN : durability , reliability , environmental , luxurious , optimism , healing , well - being , nature , calm , relaxation , Spring , safety , honesty , optimism , harmony , freshness BLUE : peace , professionalism , loyalty , reliability , honor , trust , melancholia , boredom , coldness , Winter , depth , stability , professionalism , conservatism , democrats PURPLE : power , royalty , nobility , elegance , sophistication , artificial , luxury , mystery , royalty , elegance , magic GRAY : conservatism , traditionalism , intelligence , serious , dull , uninteresting BROWN : relaxing , confident , casual , reassuring , nature , earthy , solid , reliable , genuine , Autumn , endurance BLACK : Elegance , sophistication , formality , power , strength , illegality , depression , morbidity , night , death WHITE : Cleanliness , purity , newness , virginity , peace , innocence , simplicity , sterility , snow , ice , cold Also : Temperature The more towards the red end of spectrum you go , the hotter it gets . The more towards the blue / purple end of the spectrum you go , the colder it gets . Weight : Darker and more intense colors seem heavier . Lighter colors seem , unsurprisingly , lighter . Money : Darker colors , such as burgundy red , tend to show opulence ( they are often called ' rich ' colors ) . Dull shades , such as gray and dark browns indicate poverty . Seasons : Pastel and light shades are delicate , feminine , springtime . Bright shades of primary colors indicate summer . Earthy shades of brown , yellow and orange speak of nature and the fall . Cool shades of white , black and blue represent winter . Use in retail and business Here are some ways in which colors are used in retail and business : Red : Creates urgency - often used in sales and impulse sales Green : Easy , calm - used to relax people Blue : Creates trust - used by financial institutions such as banks Navy blue : Cheaper - selling to price - sensitive Royal blue : Urgency - selling to impulse buyers Pink : Romantic - selling to women and girls Yellow : Grabbing attention - used in displays and windows Orange : Energizing - used to push for action , as in impulse buying Purple : Calm - used in anti - aging products Black : Power - selling luxury , aggressive products , or to impulse buyers Color can even change what you taste . Customers who bought 7 - Up cans that had their color changed to yellow reported that the drink tasted more lemony . Gender effects Men and women see colors differently . Men are generally less sensitive to color , so a subtle shade of orangey - red will just appear red . Men also see green things as more yellow than women . Women are less sensitive to color in the detail of objects and also in things which are moving quickly . Red has been associated with romance and an American experiment offering dates with identical pictures of the same woman in different colored dresses found that a red dress was most effective in stimulating male desire . Cultural effects Remember that color can be culturally dependent . For example , although Black is the color of death in many countries , in China the color associated with death is White . Color Non - Western meaning RED : Eastern : luck , prosperity , happiness , long life , fertility , power Some Africa : mourning PINK Belgium : boys ( rest of Europe is girls ) ORANGE : Eastern : happiness , spiritual YELLOW : Eastern : sacred , imperial , wisdom , male Some Middle - East : mourning Africa : high rank France : jealousy Greece : sadness GREEN : Eastern : birth , hope , new beginnings , youth , immortality , fertility Middle East : Islam , strength , luck , fertility , prestige Africa : corruption South America : death BLUE : Eastern : immortality , life , feminine Middle East : protection Mexico : mourning PURPLE : Eastern : wealth , privilege , sorrow , mourning Brazil : death , mourning BROWN : Eastern : earth , mourning BLACK : Eastern : wealth , health , boys , mystery , evil WHITE : Eastern : death , mourning , funerals , sadness , purity , age , misfortune Middle East : purity , mourning So what ? So use the color in situations where you are trying to persuade . Use shades of brown and green to relax people and say you are environmentally friendly . Use red to kick people into action . And so on . McDonald ' s , apparently , use red and yellow because red = fast and yellow = hunger ( hence fast food ! ) . Remember also that meaning is what we create . It does not exist in the color itself and individual meanings may or may not exist in different cultures and individuals . See also Meaning Color Schemes | [
"Colors",
"color of fire .",
"anger"
] |
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/hr/selection/biodata.htm | Biodata Disciplines > Human Resources > Selection > Biodata Description | Development | Discussion | See also Description Biodata methods collect biographical information about a person that has been proven to correlate with good job performance . The correlations can be quite strange : all you need is to know that if a person has a certain item in their history that they are more likely to be good at the target job . For example , in World War 2 , the US Air Force discovered that men who had built and flown model aircraft when they were boys were more likely to make good fighter pilots . In 1952 , Mosel ' s detailed study of department store sales staff found that the most successful people were widowed , female , 35 - 54 years old , between 4 foot 11 inches and 5 foot 2 inches , weighed at least 160 pounds , lived in a boarding house , had dependants , had a high - school education , had at More recent and understandable events can also be used , for example working on government projects might correlate with effective use of project management methodologies . Biodata can include aspects of personal information , childhood , education , employment , external experiences , skills , socioeconomic status , social activities , hobbies and personal traits and characteristics . Biodata is collected using a written form , structured to discover the key information that is required . The target people complete the form and hand it in , where it is studied for the key characteristics being sought . Development Define ' performance ' First start off by defining the performance that you are seeking . This should be in a form that will help you with the next step , for example using standard descriptions of ' leadership ' or ' technical ability ' . Find high performers Find a significant population from which you can extract sufficient numbers of high performers in the job you are analyzing . Thus a large company may study international managers who have proven successful at managing virtual teams , whilst an army may seek individual soldiers who have shown exemplary battlefield bravery ( perhaps via those who have been awarded medals ) . Collect biographical data Design a structured and repeatable data collection method to extract as much biographical information as you can handle . This may include investigation of childhood events , education , jobs performed and self - reported significant ' life events ' . Approaches such as Critical Incident Technique Interview and Structured questionnaires may be used to collect information . Each method used will typically expose different information , allowing different facets of the person to be examined . Correlate performance and biographical data This step is largely statistical , as the biographical data is coded and correlated with job performance . Scoring is done with ‘ item responses level keying ’ . Empirical approach : look at proportion of variance accounted for between item and outcome criteria . Rational approach : job experts devise weightings based on theoretical a priori links . Draft a questionnaire for each hypothesized scale and apply to a large sample ( 450 ) . Each question is tested and results are factor analyzed to find ( desirable ) clustering . Design biodata form When collecting biodata information , it can be a good idea to hide the key characteristics you are seeking within other irrelevant information ( which also may be found in your researches ) . Where possible , collect hard , verifiable items ( such as examinations passed ) . Where this is not possible , the potential for faking must be taken into account . Biodata may be collected in scripted format : Please describe a time when you were faced with a difficult customer . What was said ? What did you do ? What has the result ? ( Please answer in no more than 200 words ) . It is very often , however , collected in more structured formats that allow for rigorous analysis : Which of the following have you done in the past five years ? Please tick all that apply : [ ] Climbed a high mountain [ ] Been on holiday to at least three different countries [ ] Run a marathon Raced a car Test and use Finally , try it out , for example on the people who supplied the data in the first place . Discussion Biodata is little known but is widely used ( the first recorded use was in Chicago in 1894 ) . It has nothing to do with biological aspects of the person , but has much to do with their biography ( biodata is short for ' biographical data ' , not ' biological data ' ) . Done well it has a high level of reliability and validity . Unlike many other tools , biodata has a solely empirical root . There is no psychological theory behind it . It simply finds what works and does not question why . The founding hypothesis is that statistics holds true , and that correlations found in some people will also be found in other people . Developing biodata tests is very time - consuming and hence costly . This goes some way to explain its use in particular areas , for example the military , where there is a large population available for study and a consistent need in terms of job performance . Biodata is different from personality tests in that it has a broader content and is more specific . It can also be re - scored for different roles and can be done both by candidate and also by someone they know . Once developed , it is then quick to process lots of applicants , particularly if multiple - choice tick - boxes are used . Biodata has face validity and is clearly fair as it is same for all . It is also easier to monitor for discrimination . Unless demonstrated to be job - dependent , items about race , gender , marital status , number of dependents , birth order and spousal occupation are likely to be illegal . Other issues of concern include accuracy , faking , invasion of privacy and adverse impact on perceptions of the applicant . Faking may be minimized when the correlations are not clear ( as in the WW2 pilot example ) . This can be improved further by hiding the real question amongst other less critical items . Over time , a standard biodata test could lead to less diverse recruiting . It is also constrained by time and context . It can become dated as jobs change , which may reduce reasons for using it as it takes a lot of effort to set up in the first place . Same test may not be useful across the world – problem for global companies . See also Interview | [
"Biodata",
"biographical information",
"key characteristics"
] |
http://changingminds.org/explanations/brain/parts_brain/forebrain.htm | Forebrain Explanations > Brains > Parts > Forebrain Telencephalon | Diencephalon | See also The brain is made up of three elements : the forebrain , the midbrain , and the hindbrain . The forebrain , also called the prosencephalon , is the upper ' thinking ' brain and has two main parts : the telencephalon and the diencephalon Telencephalon The telencephalon includes the two cerebral hemispheres that make up the cerebral cortex . It also includes the basal ganglia and most of the limbic system Basal forebrain This is a set of structures at the bottom front of the cortex and in front of the striatum This system is important in the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which is important in memory and learning . Degenerative diseases such as Parkinson ' s and Alzheimer ' s typically affect this area . Diencephalon The diencephalon simply includes the thalamus and the Hypothalamus See also Midbrain Hindbrain Site Menu | Home | Top | Quick Links Settings | Main sections : Disciplines Techniques Principles Explanations Theories | Other sections : Blog ! Quotes Guest articles Analysis Books Help More pages : Contact Caveat About Students Webmasters Awards Guestbook Feedback Sitemap Changes Settings : | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font Translate And the big paperback book Look inside Please help and share : Quick links Disciplines Argument Brand management Change Management Coaching Communication Counseling Game Design Human Resources Job - finding Leadership Marketing Politics Propaganda Rhetoric Negotiation Psychoanalysis Sales Sociology Storytelling Teaching Warfare Workplace design Techniques Assertiveness Body language Change techniques Closing techniques Conversation Confidence tricks Conversion Creative techniques General techniques Happiness Hypnotism Interrogation Language Listening Negotiation tactics Objection handling Propaganda Problem - solving Public speaking Questioning Using repetition Resisting persuasion Self - development Sequential requests Storytelling Stress Management Tipping Using humor Willpower Principles Behaviors Beliefs Brain stuff Conditioning Coping Mechanisms Critical Theory Culture Decisions Emotions Evolution Gender Games Groups Habit Identity Learning Meaning Memory Motivation Models Needs Personality Power Preferences Research Relationships SIFT Model Social Research Stress Trust Values Theories Alphabetic list Theory types And About Guest Articles Blog ! Books Changes Contact Guestbook Quotes Students Webmasters | [
"Forebrain",
"telencephalon",
"Basal forebrain"
] |
http://changingminds.org/explanations/motivation/three_arousal.htm | To help keep this site going , please allow adverts or donate Three Types of Arousal Explanations > Motivation > Three Types of Arousal Cognitive | Affective | Physical Brain and body Interaction So what When we are aroused we are energized and ' feel alive ' . There are three ways that arousal can be achieved : mentally , emotionally and physically , as described below . Cognitive arousal Cognitive , or intellectual , arousal is about thinking and mental stimulation . This is the state where we are exploring , learning and discovering interesting things . We are driven into this cognitively aroused state by curiosity novelty and general interest . Some people are more easily stimulated by cognitive arousal than others . When aroused , some are more focused on learning whilst others ( often ' experts ' ) are more likely to act to display and defend their pre - existing ideas and knowledge . Affective arousal Affective , or emotional , arousal happens when we are emotionally charged up and feel passionate about something . We may be angry , excited , scared , joyful or feeling the stimulation of any other emotion . Some people fall easily into affective arousal and may be considered to have a volatile temperament . Affective arousal is , in some ways , most central to arousal in that cognitive and physical arousal are more likely to be accompanied with some degree of emotional sensation . There is a less frequent direct connection between cognitive and physical arousal . Physical arousal Physical arousal occur where our bodies are in a heightened sense of arousal , typically with adrenaline coursing through our system and activating our muscles . Physical arousal includes both sexual arousal and the bodily activation we feel when we are engaged in sports and other physical exertions . There are deeply programmed responses to physical threats which create arousal and action without cognitive intervention , for example when we jump out of the way of a falling branch or block a punch thrown at us . Although we generally seek positive emotions , there is also an attraction to negative emotion , as evidenced in the many stories and movies that engender fear , sadness , anxiety and so on . Likewise many physical sports engender anger , fear and so on . What often happens in these situation is that , by some curious process , the negative emotion gets converted into pleasurable excitement . Brain and body Physical arousal is managed in the brain by the brainstem , the oldest ' reptilian ' part of the brain that manages wakefulness and basic bodily action . Emotional arousal is driven by the limbic system , particularly the amygdala . Emotional arousal also engages the physical arousal system . The thinking cortex has the greatest involvement in cognitive arousal . This mental arousal may also involve emotional and physical components . Arousal interaction At any time we may have any combination of arousal states , and they interact in different ways . For example : Affective arousal can trigger physical arousal , such as in the Fight - or - Flight reaction Cognitive arousal can lead to affective arousal , such as when we get excited about a new discovery . Affective arousal can suppress cognitive arousal , such as when anger or lust leads to unwise decisions . So what ? People have preferences for being aroused in different ways and seek these ways in life , for example in the way the intellectual enjoys reading and why others play football . So play to these in your persuasion , offering them different types of arousal as rewards or invoking the language of different arousals in your conversation . See also Emotional Arousal Identity The Need for Arousal Hot and Cold Emotions Stimulation | [
"Arousal",
"Cognitive arousal",
"Affective arousal"
] |
http://changingminds.org/explanations/relationships/four_models.htm | Quick To help keep this site going please allow adverts or donate Four Models of Relating Explanations Relationships Four Models of Relating Communal sharing Authority ranking Equality matching Market pricing So what Fiske 1993 identifies four common patterns of relating Each model is distinct in the rules and values of how the people interact Communal sharing Some relationship are defined by how people live together in a trusting relationship whereby they share many things considering them as ours rather than mine Fairness is important in such groups and appealing to values may be the best way to persuade Conflict may be dealt with through mediation and others methods that seek agreement from all Example Romantic couples Kin groups Authority ranking The social groups and organizations in which we live are often arranged with a hierarchy of power It starts with parent and child and then progresses to schools workplaces and other groupings Whilst communal sharing groups are based on trust and fair play authority relationships are based on command and control where the inferior person has little option but to obey the superior person Example Teacher and pupil Officer and soldier Equality matching In equality relationships there is no authority between people nor is there the deeper responsibility towards one another as in the communal sharing model Equality matched relationships generally collaborate around shared goals and help one another on the basis appeals and a of a loose exchange of favors Example Work peers Sports team mates Market pricing In the market pricing model the relationship is based around a transaction where the parties exchange substantive items often with money being a part of the transaction Such relationships may be shorter than others and more formal even with an explicit or implied contract to formalize the exchange Example Buyer and seller landlord and tenant So what This implies three modes of persuasion in relationships authority exchange and appeal Identify the relationship model that the other person is using and beware of using another model unless you deliberately want to cause confusion Otherwise use the rules and values of the model that the other person is using See also Authority principle Exchange principle Appeal principle Fiske AP 1992 The four elementary forms of sociality Framework for a unified theory of social relations Psychological Review 99 689723 Fiske AP 1993 Structures of Social Life The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations Free Press Fiske AP and Haslam N 1996 Social Cognition Is Thinking About Relationships Current Directions in Psychological Science 5 143148 | [
"Models of Relating",
"Communal sharing",
"Authority ranking"
] |
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/schema.htm | To help keep this site going , please allow adverts or donate Schema Explanations > Theories > Schema Description | Research | Example | So What ? | See also References Description A schema is a mental structure we use to organize and simplify our knowledge of the world around us . We have schemas about ourselves , other people , mechanical devices , food , and in fact almost everything . Schemas can be related to one another , sometimes in a hierarchy ( so a salesman is a man is a human ) . Schemas affect what we notice , how we interpret things and how we make decisions and act . They act like filters , accentuating and downplaying various elements . We use them to classify things , such as when we ‘ pigeon - hole ’ people . They also help us forecast , predicting what will happen . We even remember and recall things via schemas , using them to ‘ encode ’ memories . Schemas help us fill in the gaps . When we classify something we have observed , the schema will tell us much about its meaning and how it will behave , hence enabling threat assessment and other forecasting . Schemas appear very often in the attribution of cause . The multiple necessary cause schema is one where we require at least two causes before a ‘ fit ’ to the schema is declared . Once we have created or accepted a schema , we will fight hard to sustain it , for example by ignoring or force - fitting observations that do not comply with the schema . It is only after sustained contrary evidence that many of us will admit the need to change the schema . Schemas are often shared within cultures , allowing short - cut communications . Every word is , in effect , a schema , as when you read it you receive a package of additional inferred information . We tend to have favorite schema which we use often . When interpreting the world , we will try to use these first , going on to others if they do not sufficiently fit . Schemas are also self - sustaining , and will persist even in the face of disconfirming evidence . This is because if something does not match the schema , such as evidence against it , it is ignored . Some schema are easier to change than others , and some people are more open about changing any of their schemas than other people . Other types of schema include : Social schemas are about general social knowledge . Person schemas are about individual people . Idealized person schemas are called prototypes . The word is also used for any generalized schema . Self - schemas are about oneself . We also hold idealized or projected selves , or possible selves Role schemas are about proper behaviors in given situations . Trait schemas about the innate characteristics people have . Event schemas ( or scripts ) are about what happens in specific situations . Object schemas about inanimate things and how they work . The plural of Schema is Schemas ( USA ) or Schemata ( UK ) . Schemas are also known as mental models , concepts , mental representations and knowledge structures ( although definitions do vary - - for example some define mental models as modeling cause - effect only ) . Research Cohen showed people a videotape of a scene including a librarian drinking . The people recalled ( reconstructed ) it with the librarian drinking wine , because their schemas for librarians classified them as being more likely to drink wine . Example Some people dislike police because they have a schema of police as people who perceive everyone as guilty until proven innocent . Other people feel safe around police as their schemas are more about police as brave protectors . So what ? Using it Find people ' s schemas around the area of interest , then either create trust by utilizing their schema or reframe to change their schema . Defending Become more self - aware , knowing your own schemas and why there are useful for you . When people try to change them , you can then more rationally understand whether your or their schemas are better . See also Attribution Theory Framing Stereotypes Personal Construct Theory References Cohen ( 1981 ) Kelley ( 1972 ) Weiner ( 1979 , 1986 ) Markus ( 1977 ) | zk | awa | dp | | [
"Schema",
"Description"
] |
http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/modifying_meaning/modulation.htm | To help keep this site going , please allow adverts or donate Modulation Techniques > Use of language > Modulation Pitch change | Repetition | Make it interesting | See also Modulating your voice means moving the pitch up and down . The alternative is to keep an even pitch throughout the sentence , which at best will sound odd and at worst dull , boring or confusing . Pitch change A change in frequency in speaking tone provides the listener with a signal that something is happening . Modulation can thus be used to enhance emphasis in words , with rising and lowering tones adding subtle meaning . Going down for authority A downwards pitch adds authority to a sentence . It gives imperative that seeks unquestioning acceptance . To go down , you need to be up , so gradually increase the pitch of your voice beforehand to give yourself the ability to suddenly drop the pitch on an important point . The pitch of the sentence may thus go up and down several times as key words are emphasized . You know , it has now become important that you work harder so you can support your family Looking back at this sentence , the emphasized , low - pitched words stand out and combine together to form the key message that you want to get across . Going up for engagement An upwards pitch adds interest to a sentence . It questions and provokes engagement and response . Going up starts from a medium or low pitch . You thus can not stay at this involving level for long . Sometimes when people want to invite the other person they will use a fragmented sentence that contains several rising - pitch words to repeated the invitation . I was just wondering . . .whether you would like . . .maybe to come today Repetition A regular up and down modulation creates a pattern of repetition that is not initially recognized and can thus be used to ' creep up on ' the other person . Pounding home a point When someone is making a point about something , their pitch will go up and down as they repeatedly pound the point of authority . This may well be done in a rhythmic way , accompanied with pounding of a finger or fist to exaggerate further . The repetition may also emphasized further by repeating a single word or phrase . I was never there , I would never do a thing like that and I have been so insulted in my entire life . Hypnotic suggestion Repetition and modulation is a common element of hypnotic speech . The modulation pulls people in with the impression of something worth listening to , then the repetition sends them into a trance . This can be a deliberate method for public speakers that can be used to lull a whole audience into a suggestible state before the real message is slipped past the weakened cognitive defenses . Making it interesting Listen to a beginner actor or salesperson : as they concentrate on the words , the modulation goes out of the window and they sound odd and wooden . Modulation makes meaning . Listen to the TV presenter introducing a program or reading the news . Notice how their voice goes up and down very deliberately . They know very well what they are doing . Notice also how the TV presenter moves their head and their in time with the modulation . Their body is often obscured by a table or even off - camera . They must thus use just their voice and their head to convey meaning . See also Using emphasis | [
"Modulation",
"Hypnotic suggestion"
] |
http://changingminds.org/techniques/questioning/open_closed_questions.htm | Open and Closed Questions Techniques > Questioning > Open and Closed Questions Closed questions | Open questions These are two types of questions you can use that are very different in character and usage . Closed questions Definition There are two definitions that are used to describe closed questions . A common definition is : A closed question can be answered with either a single word or a short phrase . Thus ' How old are you ? ' and ' Where do you live ? ' are closed questions . A more limiting definition that is sometimes used is : A closed question can be answered with either ' yes ' or ' no ' . By this definition ' Are you happy ? ' and ' Is that a knife I see before me ? ' are closed questions , whilst ' What time is it ? ' and ' How old are you ? ' are not . This causes a problem of how to classify the short - answer non - yes - or - no questions , which do not fit well with the definition for open questions . A way of handling this is to define ' yes - no ' as a sub - class of the short - answer Using closed questions Closed questions have the following characteristics : They give you facts They are easy to answer . They are quick to answer . They keep control of the conversation with the questioner This makes closed questions useful in the following situations : Usage Example As opening questions in a conversation , as it makes it easy for the other person to answer , and does n ' t force them to reveal too much about themselves . It ' s great weather , is n ' t it ? Where do you live ? What time is it ? For testing their understanding ( asking yes / no questions ) . This is also a great way to break into a long ramble . So , you want to move into our apartment , with your own bedroom and bathroom - - true ? For setting up a desired positive or negative frame of mind in them ( asking successive questions with obvious answers either yes or no ) . Are you happy with your current supplier ? Do they give you all that you need ? Would you like to find a better supplier ? For achieving closure of a persuasion ( seeking yes to the big question ) . If I can deliver this tomorrow , will you sign for it now ? Note how you can turn any opinion into a closed question that forces a yes or no by adding tag questions , such as " is n ' t it ? " , " do n ' t you ? " or " ca n ' t they ? " , to any statement . The first word of a question sets up the dynamic of the closed question and signals the easy answer ahead . Note how these are words like : do , would , are , will , if Open questions Definition An open question can be defined thus : An open question is likely to receive a long answer . Although any question can receive a long answer , open questions deliberately seek longer answers , and are the opposite of closed questions . Using open questions Open questions have the following characteristics : They ask the respondent to think and reflect . They will give you opinions and feelings They hand control of the conversation to the respondent This makes open questions useful in the following situations : Usage Example As a follow - on from closed questions , to develop a conversation and open up someone who is rather quiet . What did you do on you holidays ? How do you keep focused on your work ? To find out more about a person , their wants , needs , problems , and so on . What ' s keeping you awake these days ? Why is that so important to you ? To get people to realize the extend of their problems ( to which , of course , you have the solution ) . I wonder what would happen if your customers complained even more ? Rob Jones used to go out late . What happened to him ? To get them to feel good about you by asking after their health or otherwise demonstrating human concern about them . How have you been after your operation ? You ' re looking down . What ' s up ? Open questions begin with such as : what , why , how , describe Using open questions can be scary , as they seem to hand the baton of control over to the other person . However , well - placed questions do leave you in control as you steer their interest and engage them where you want them . When opening conversations , a good balance is around three closed questions to one open question . The closed questions start the conversation and summarize progress , whilst the open question gets the other person thinking and continuing to give you useful information about them . A neat trick is to get them to ask you open questions . This then gives you the floor to talk about what you want . The way to achieve this is to intrigue them with an incomplete story or benefit . | [
"Closed Questions",
"Open questions"
] |
http://channelislands.noaa.gov/marineres/welcome.html | In 2002 the California Fish and Game Commission established a network of Marine Protected Areas ( MPAs ) within the nearshore waters of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary ( sanctuary ) . NOAA expanded the MPA network into the sanctuary ' s deeper waters in 2006 and 2007 . The entire MPA network consists of 11 marine reserves where all take and harvest is prohibited , and two marine conservation areas that allow limited take of lobster and pelagic fish ( see map ) Marine Reserves Network Map Click here for Individual MPA maps and descriptions Click the map above for a closer look at Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas including individual island maps , critical species and habitat information , photos and videos . This MPA network encompass 241 square nautical miles ( or 318 square miles ) making it the largest network off of the continental United States . The Channel Islands MPA network is designed to : Protect and restore habitats and ecosystems . Provide a refuge for all sea life . Provide reference areas for research and educational opportunities . Protect our nation ' s marine natural heritage for future generations . Network Effectiveness – the First Five Years ( 2003 to 2008 ) The Sanctuary , California Department of Fish and Game , Channel Islands National Park and the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans ( PISCO ) at the University of California , Santa Barbara sponsored a public symposium on the first five years of monitoring , enforcement and education programs for the Channel Islands Marine Protected Area Network . For the report visit : https : / / nrm . dfg . ca . gov / FileHandler . ashx ? DocumentID = 31325 California ’ s Marine Life Protection Act ( MLPA ) Initiative For information on the State of California ’ s MLPA Initiative to reevaluate and redesign California ’ s system of marine protected areas , please visit : https : / / www . wildlife . ca . gov / Conservation / Marine / MPAs # 40713403 - mlpa Additional Information More information about Channel Islands MPAs , including educational materials , can be found on these web sites : http : / / www . californiampas . org / mpa - regions / south - coast - region http : / / www . mpacollaborative . org / santabarbara . html http : / / www . sbck . org / current - issues / marine - conservation / marine - protected - areas / For more information , contact : Sean Hastings , NOAA Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 805 - 893 - 6424 Sean . Hastings @ noaa . gov | [
"Marine Reserves",
"California"
] |
http://channelpinoy.com/ | Latest Pinoy Channel Tv Shows ABSCBN Halik November 30 2018 HD Episode November 30 2018 ABSCBN Ngayon At Kailanman November 30 2018 November 30 2018 ABSCBN Ang Probinsyano November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 ABSCBN Tonight With Boy Abunda November 30 November 30 2018 GMA SHOWS Pamilya Roces November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 Pinoy Big Brother Pinoy Big Brother November 30 2018 November 30 2018 GMA SHOWS Onanay November 30 2018 HD Episode November 30 2018 Cain at Abel Cain at Abel November 30 2018 November 30 2018 ABSCBN Tv Patrol November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 ABSCBN Meteor Garden November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 ABSCBN Los Bastardos November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 GMA SHOWS My Special Tatay November 30 2018 November 30 2018 ABSCBN Kadenang Ginto November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 GMA SHOWS Ika5 Utos November 30 2018 November 30 2018 Asawa Ko Karibal Ko Asawa Ko Karibal Ko November 30 November 30 2018 Eat Bulaga Eat Bulaga November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 ABSCBN Its Showtime November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 Pinoy Channel Woman of Dignity November 30 2018 November 30 2018 ABSCBN Playhouse November 30 2018 HD Episode November 30 2018 ABSCBN Magandang Buhay November 30 2018 HD November 30 2018 ABSCBN Tonight With Boy Abunda November 29 November 29 2018 GMA SHOWS Pamilya Roces November 29 2018 HD November 29 2018 Pinoy Big Brother Pinoy Big Brother November 29 2018 November 29 2018 ABSCBN Halik November 29 2018 HD Episode November 29 2018 1 2 3 4 102 | [
"Latest Pinoy"
] |
http://chao.hippotank.com/sadx/life-cycle | The Chao Life - Cycle GameCube and PC . PS3 and Xbox 360 . Chao go through several stages in their lives , as illustrated in the image above and detailed below : Egg . All Chao begin their lives in eggs . This stage usually lasts just a few minutes , and ends when the Chao hatches . Child . After hatching from their eggs , Chao are considered to be children . This stage usually lasts one Chao year or three to five hours . Throughout this stage the Chao undergoes a gradual transformation , where its shape and colour changes depending on its interaction with fruit and animals . This stage ends with a metamorphosis in a blue - green cocoon ( or a white cocoon or PS3 / 360 ) ; this is called the first evolution Adult . The Chao is an adult after emerging from its first evolution cocoon . This stage usually lasts four Chao years or twelve to twenty hours . Similar to the child stage , an adult Chao undergoes a gradual transformation , where its shape and colour changes depending on its interaction with animals ; this is called second evolution . This stage ends with a second cocoon as the Chao dies . Death . Depending on how happy the Chao had become by the point of its death , it will either enter a white cocoon or a pink cocoon . A pink cocoon indicates that the Chao has enjoyed life and is reincarnating ; after a Chao reincarnates , an egg will be left so that it can enjoy life another time . A white cocoon indicates that the Chao is dying forever ; no egg will be left , and this is the end of its life cycle . On PS3 and Xbox 360 , cocoons are always white and do not | [
"Chao Life-Cycle",
"cocoons",
"Dreamcast games"
] |
http://chapalahealth.com/?p=342 | Post navigation ← Previous Next → Free Your Body of Sludge , Waste and toxins : Cleansing Cures for Better Health Posted on October 17 , 2013 by Barbara Rotthaler Leave a reply Cleansing cures , also called detoxification cures , remain a basic part of classic traditional natural medicine and has been practiced for thousands of years in most cultures . Unfortunately , it is not acknowledged by conventional medicine even though the evidence is clear that people improve their health within a short period of time when they undergo the detox procedure . It is especially valuable in cases of metabolic syndrome and chronic illnesses . The cure costs almost nothing ; only fruit and vegetables , a few teas and herbal remedies . That ’ s it ! How do sludge substances build up in the body ? The biggest factor is unhealthy diet , insufficient chewing , medications , preservatives , amalgam of teeth fillings , unnatural food , mold , environmental and household chemicals and chemicals evaporating from carpets , furniture , insecticides . Also alcohol and nicotine , lack of physical activity and stress are considerable factors . How do we know , if there is too much waste substance in our body ? Typical signs are general tiredness , lack of energy , lack of joyfulness and enthusiasm , low immunity with recurrent infections , body feels heavy , moving becomes difficult and everything is an effort . Watch for edema in feet and legs , pain in various parts of the body , insomnia and constipation . Natural Medicine states that “ a sick body is mostly a “ toxic ” body ’ . Measures to get rid of these waste accumulations : The focus in cleansing cures is directed to the organs of elimination : Kidneys , liver , skin , intestines and the lymph system . The goal is first to dissolve and then to flush out toxic substances from the body . Nature provides many medicinal herbs for this process along with the use of water and clay for therapeutic measures . Kidneys To flush out the toxins and the waste from the body the kidneys need a lot of liquid in form of natural water ( not mineral water ) . The formula for how much water we need is : body weight ( in kilograms ) x 35 / 1000 or .035 liters per kilogram . For example , 70 kg ( 154 lbs ) needs 2.45 liters of water a day . To support the kidneys , nature provided us with wonderful medicinal herbs . They can be taken as teas , tinctures or as supplements , i.g. stinging nettle Liver The liver is the most important organ for detoxification . The liver prepares the wastes for the kidneys to dispose of . When we have too much toxins accumulated in the body , then the liver is overworked . Constant tiredness is often the warning sign . To detoxify the liver , natural medicine uses bitter herbs and food such as moringa , rucola , chicory , radicchio or artichokes . Medicinal herbs for the liver are milk thistle , quassia , boldo , vermouth . Swedish Bitter is an excellent combination of digestive aid and detoxifying herbs . Especially milk thistle has a protective , detoxifying and supportive property for the liver . Skin The skin is our biggest organ for elimination . The best support for the skin is to drink sufficient amounts of water . It is highly recommended in the morning to brush firmly the whole body and if available have a steam bath and hot spring visits . Intestines About 70 % of the immune cells are located in the intestines . Sludge accumulation inhibits the defense mechanism and causes allergies and food intolerances . Therefore intestinal cleansing procedures with saline salts , enemas or colonics are a crucial part of the detoxification . Internal use of medicinal clay binds toxins , so that they can easy be expelled from the intestines . Lymph System During cleansing cures , intercellular fluid with dissolved substances from the tissue is taken to the lymph nodes which work like a “ washing machine ” in the body . Herbs like dandelion , marigold , sarsaparilla , moringa , tumeric are supportive for the lymph system . Cleansing cures can be done in various ways and last from a few days to several weeks . For more information contact Barbara Rotthaler , German certified Naturopath , Tel . 376 – 10 80 444 , email . barbararotthaler @ gmail . com , www . ChapalaHealth . com This entry was posted in Alternative Medicine by Barbara Rotthaler . Bookmark the permalink | [
"Cleansing Cures",
"Better Health"
] |
http://chapman2014.weebly.com/leading-to-world-war-ii.html | How it Leads to WWII War Guilt Clause : The significance of this clause in the path to WWII is mainly that Germany took on paying damages , but there is also the fact that this clause infuriated many Germans . When the time came for a second World War , many people remembered the humiliation that the Allies had put upon them . This made it easier for Hitler to convince the German people that there was a need for more war . When World War I was coming to a close there were antiwar rallies taking place in Germany , but by the time World War II Damages : This is arguably the largest cause of World War II . The Allies demanded 33 billion in damages from the Germans . The 33 billion dollars demanded then amounts to 2.3 trillion dollars . If the 33 billion did n ' t seem ridiculous to you then 2.3 trillion should . The United States current national debt amounts to somewhere around 14 trillion dollars if that puts things in scale for you . The damages are exactly as they are named , damaging . The damages owed by Germany drove their economy into the ground . At one point the exchange rate between a German mark and a US dollar was 1 trillion marks per 1 US dollar . The economic devastation drove Germany ' s government into the ground and that This German woman is burning German marks as fuel because they are less expensive than buying wood or coal . Territorial Losses : The loss of almost all of Germany ' s colonies angered many Germans . As stated above , the damages paid out by Germany had destroyed the German Economy . Many Germans realized that losing their territories had contributed to the crash of the German economy and they resented the Allies for Causing the collapse of the economy . Like the War Guilt Clause , the territorial losses inflicted by the Allies made many in Germany resentful of the Allies . Military : The military restrictions placed upon Germany caused unrest in Germany . Almost all of Germany feared for its safety after much of their military was disbanded . Towards the end of World War I and during the signing of the treaty Russia ' s government was overthrown . Russia had suffered heavy casualties during its time in World War I and because of that their government was easily overthrown by a group of Bolshevists ( MacMillan ) . After signing away all of their navy and most of their army , Germany feared that Bolshevism would occur . People in Wrapping Up : The economy collapsed , the government lost power , the military was weak , and the Germans were angry . All of these factors together combined to make a perfect storm in Germany . The horrendous economy led to a weak government , the weak military led to fear in Germany , the weak government and German fear made it possible for Adolf Hitler to be elected , and finally the German anger and Hitler ' s mindset led to World War II . | [
"Leads to WWII",
"War Guilt Clause"
] |
http://characters.wikia.com/wiki/Scooby-Doo | in : Pets Male TV characters and 71 more Scooby - Doo Edit Comments ( 1 ) Share Scooby - Doo . Scoobert " Scooby " Doo is the eponymous character and the protagonist in the Scooby - Doo animated television series created by the popular American animation company Hanna - Barbera . Scooby - Doo is the pet and life long companion of Shaggy Rogers and in many iterations , including the original series , is regarded as a unique Great Dane dog who is able to speak in broken English , unlike most other dogs in his reality , and usually puts the letter R in front of words spoken . Other incarnations , such as A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , present talking dogs like Scooby as quite common . Most importantly , he is also Pinkie Pie ' s best friend . The head of children ' s programming at CBS Fred Silverman came up with the character ' s name from the syllables " doo - be - doo - be - doo " in Frank Sinatra ' s hit song " Strangers in the Night " . Contents show Personality Different iterations of the character have been developed and expanded in the various series featuring the characters , many of them contradicting , such as the original series and recent live - action movies where Shaggy and Scooby - Doo first meet as older teenagers for the first time , contradicting the " Pup Named Scooby - Doo " animated series where they know each other from almost infancy . In all versions of the character , Scooby - Doo and Shaggy share several personality traits , mostly being cowardly and perpetually hungry . But their friends ( Velma Daphne and Fred ) encourage them to go after the costumed villains , usually with " Scooby Snacks " , a biscuit - like dog treat or cookie snack ( usually shaped like a bone or , in later versions of the cartoons , Scooby ' s dog tag ) , though Scooby ' s inherent loyalty and courage does often force him to take a more heroic stance . Scooby has a speech impediment and tends to pronounce most words as if they begin with an " R " , though most characters are able to understand him perfectly . In most iterations , he keeps his sentences relatively short , usually using charades for anything longer than three or four words . His catch phrase , usually howled at the end of every episode , is " Scooby - Dooby - Doo ! " or " Rooby - Rooby - Roo " . He also usually says , at least once per episode , " Ruh - roh , Raggy " ( " Uh - oh , Shaggy " ) . His quirky chuckle is often also in an episode , but it changed slightly when Frank Welker took over the voice of Scooby . Scooby ' s voice is similar to that of the earlier character Astro from The Jetsons Appearance and anatomy Scooby is brown from head to toe with several distinctive black spots on his upper body and does n ' t seem to have a melanistic mask . He is generally a quadruped , but displays bipedal ' human ' characteristics occasionally . Scooby also has opposible thumbs and can use his front paws like hands . He has a black nose and wears an off - yellow , diamond shaped - tagged blue collar with an " SD " ( his initials ) and has four toes on each foot and unlike other dogs , Scooby only has one pad on the sole of each of his feet ( so that it was easier to draw in the Scooby - Doo Annuals ) . Scooby has a fully prehensile tail he can use to swing from or press buttons . Both his head and tail are malleable and useful as a communication aid or creating a distraction . Creator Iwao Takamoto later explained that before he designed the character , he first spoke to a Great Dane breeder , who described to him the desirable characteristics of a pedigree dog . Takamoto then drew Scooby as the opposite of this . He said " I decided to go the opposite [ way ] and gave him a hump back , bowed legs , small chin and such . Even his colour is wrong . " According to the official magazine that accompanied the 2002 movie , Scooby is seven years old ( forty - nine in stereotypical dog years ) . Shaggy and Scooby Doo as heroes to the Gang In the following films listed below , it showed that Shaggy and Scooby both had the ability to come to the rescue and act as " superheroes " when the rest of the gang are in trouble ( Such as being captured ) or needed some help : Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island Scooby - Doo And The Alien Invaders Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Scooby - Doo ! And The Goblin King Scooby - Doo ! And The Samurai Sword Batman : The Brave and the Bold Voice cast Don Messick originated the character ' s voice patterns , and provided Scooby - Doo ' s voice in every production from 1969 until 1996 , when Messick retired . Scott Innes ( also the then - voice of Shaggy ) voiced Scooby - Doo in four late 1990s / early 2000s direct - to - video films , and Frank Welker ( also the voice of Fred ) took over beginning with What ' s New , Scooby - Doo ? in 2002 and other spin - offs including the live - action prequel Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins . Neil Fanning provided the voice of the computer - generated Scooby - Doo in the first two Warner Bros . live - action feature films . Luke Youngblood is the stand in for the computer - generated Scooby - Doo in the live - action Scooby - Doo ! Curse Of The Lake Monster while Frank Welker voices him . Don Messick ( 1969 – 1996 ) Hadley Kay Johnny Bravo Scott Innes ( 1998 – 2001 ) ( 2002 – present plus Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins & Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ) Neil Fanning ( 2002 and 2004 live - action films ) In Brazil , the actor Orlando Drummond has been the voice of Scooby Doo for 30 years . In Denmark , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Lars Thiesgaard . Japan , Scooby - Doo ' s previously voices is Kazuo Kumakura and Naomi Kusumi Scooby - Doo is possibly voiced by Masaya Onosaka Relatives Over the course of Scooby - Doo ' s various spin - offs , various relatives of Scooby were introduced : Scrappy - Doo : Scooby ' s young nephew ( and son of Scooby ' s sister Ruby - Doo ) , Scrappy is the bravest of Scooby ' s relatives . Scrappy became a recurring character in the series beginning in 1979 , and was noted for being quite headstrong and always wanting to face off in a fight against the various villains ( unlike his uncle ) . Scooby and Shaggy were present at Scrappy ' s birth . Yabba - Doo : According to Scrappy and Yabba - Doo Yabba is Scooby ' s brother , a white dog owned by Deputy Dusty in the American southwest . Unlike Scooby , Yabba is brave . Unlike Scooby ' s and Scrappy ' s , his typical custom catch - phrase at the end is " Yippity - Yabbity - Doooo ! ! ! " ( and not " Yabba - Dabba - Doo ! " , presumably due to another Hanna - Barbera character ' s usage of that phrase ) . Scooby - Dum : Scooby ' s cousin ( according to Shaggy in " Headless Horeseman of Halloween ) , a blue - grey dog . A Mortimer Snerd - esque dog who longed to be a detective . Was rather dimwitted ( he ' d keep looking for clues even after the mystery was solved ) . Scooby - Dee : Scooby ' s distant cousin , a white dog . Spoke with a Southern accent , and was an actress . Dooby - Doo : Scooby ' s cousin , a singer . He is one of Scooby ' s few relatives to have hair on his head . Only appeared in " The ' Dooby Dooby Doo ' Ado " . Momsy and Dada Doo : Scooby ' s parents . Whoopsy - Doo : Scooby ' s cousin , a clown . Owned by Shaggy ( Norville ) ' s uncle , Gaggy Rogers . Ruby - Doo : Scooby ' s sister , and mother of Scrappy - Doo . Skippy - Doo : Scooby ' s brother . Highly intelligent ; he wears glasses . Howdy - Doo : Scooby ' s brother . Enjoyed reading Supermarket tabloid newspapers . He appears to become a redhead Horton - Doo : Scooby ' s uncle . Was interested in monsters and science . Dixie - Doo : Scooby ' s cousin and the pet of Betty Lou , Shaggy ' s Southern cousin . Grandpa Scooby : Scooby ' s grandfather . Great - Grandpa Scooby : Scooby ' s great - grandfather . Yankee - Doodle - Doo : Scooby ' s ancestor . Not much is known about him . He appears to be a pilgrim . Love Interests Amber : In Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders , Shaggy and Scooby are abducted by the " aliens " and abandoned in the desert . There they meet a wild life photographer , Crystal and her dog Amber . Scooby was heart broken when it is revealed that Amber and Crystal are actually aliens from another planet and must go home , though he and Shaggy quickly forget about them when they found out there was one more Scooby Snack box left . Amber and Crystal did seem to have actual feelings for Shaggy and Scooby but do n ' t pursue them due to ' long distance Golden Retriever wearing a red bandanna while her true form is a large , blue reptilian creature with a beak - like mouth . Like Scooby , she is capable of speech but only shows so at the end of the movie and unlike Scooby , she speaks like a normal human . Dusk : In the episode " The Vampire Strikes Back " , Scooby was caught in a costume and Dusk kisses him . Scooby then giggles . Chiquita : In Scooby - Doo and the Monster of Mexico , Scooby meets up with Chiquita , Alejo ' s son ' s pet Chihuahua , when the gang arrives at Alejo ' s family hotel . Googy Scooby - Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf , he received a kiss from her , then later at the monster race , he tried to get another kiss , but was pulled off by Shaggy . Sandy Duncan The New Scooby - Doo Movies episode : Sandy Duncan ' s Dr . Jekyll and Mr . Hyde , Scooby fell for Sandy Duncan at a studio . Sled dog : In the Scooby Doo Show episode , A Scary Night With a Snow Beast Fright , Scooby falls in love with a sled dog . At the end , she kisses him . Miyumi Scooby - Doo and the Samurai Sword , the gang meets up with Daphne ' s foreign friend , Miyumi , in Japan . Miyumi ' s affection for Scooby was evident in a few scenes in the movie , such as petting him at the beginning , offering him ten Scooby Snacks inside of a cave while trying to lure him out of a jet , and even kissing him on the nose at the end of the movie . On another side note , Scooby enjoyed watching a battle between Daphne and Miyumi , which Shaggy referred to as a " kung - fu catfight " and Scooby agreeing . Also , Scooby hinted an interest for Miyumi at the end of the movie by asking her to sit next to him in the Mystery Machine during the gang ' s future mysteries before she declined . Chrissie : Mr . B ' s prize dog , and mother of the Secret Six ( Maize , Flax , Jingle , Knox , 14 - Carat , and Bling - Bling ) appeared in the What ' s New series , where Scooby said he ' ll find the Six that were dog - napped . In episodes where she appears , Chrissie and Scooby might adventure with Shaggy Roxannne : An old girlfriend that Scooby meets again in What ' s New episode , A Scooby - Doo Valentine Nova Scooby Doo : Mystery Incorperated series 2 ! , Scooby and the gang meet Fred ' s long lost parents Brad and Judy , along with their dog , Nova . Scooby and Nova fall in love , until Nova dies and begins to aid Scooby through the hard times . Weakness One of Scooby ' s big weaknesses is that he ' s ticklish which can be seen in both the series and some movies too . Scooby - Doo And The Alien Invaders : When one of the aliens attaches a wire to Scooby ' s side it tickles and he laughs until the alien says , " Co - operate and you wiill not be harmed . " Scooby Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf : Gingas Kong grabs Scooby from Shaggy ' s car and tickles his tummy saying , " Cootchi coo . " Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins : During the song You and I Shaggy tickles Scooby ' s tummy . Shags to Riches : In the first episode of Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Shaggy tickles Scooby ' s tummy after it rumbles with hunger . San Franpsycho : In this episode Scooby is tickled by a security guard while entering the skate park . Gold Paw : In this episode Scooby is tickled by 2 security guards during entry into Fort Knox . Scooby Doo and the Ghoul School : In the movie Scooby is tickled from behind by a monster impersonator of Shaggy . Reception Casey Kasem , the previous voice actor for Shaggy Rogers , said that Scooby is " the star of the show - - the Shaquille O ' Neal of the show . " Kasem explained " People love animals more than they love people . Am I right or wrong ? They give more love to their pets than they give to people . Scooby is vulnerable and lovable and not brave , and very much like the kids who watch . But like kids , he likes to think that he ' s brave . " Trivia Template : Trivia The " dog - treat / Scooby Snacks " gag had been used before in several Hanna - Barbera cartoons , including Quick Draw McGraw and Dastardly and Muttley Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! , Scooby , as well as Shaggy , are not as cowardly as they were in previous series , although in the episode Lightning Strikes Twice , Scooby is shown with a severe case of astraphobia , something he rarely had in the other shows . Scooby - Doo also has the ability to gain awesome powers by eating certain Scooby Snacks ( bone shaped dog treats ) . The name Scooby - Doo comes from the last line of the Frank Sinatra song " Strangers In The Night " , although other singers have used the phrase before Sinatra ' s song was released . Scooby Doo is ticklish which is proven in 4 movies and 3 episodes from 2 different series . Scooby - Doo was once impersonated by former N ' Sync star J.C. Chasez in A Scooby - Doo Valentine and by David Beckham in an animated Scooby - Doo promo from the United Kingdom . Scooby was also imitated by a few other people as well ( most notably the Ape Man ) . French names of the characters are different ; Velma became Vera and Shaggy Sammy . As for Scooby - Doo , his name was first written " Scoubidou " but lately , the original spelling has been used for the series and direct - to - video movies . In an episode of Robotboy when Robotboy and his ' mother ' escape from police with a big speaker , a dog which looks like Scooby hangs on to the speaker and follows them home . Scooby - Doo also appears in an episode of Drawn Together . In an episode of Yin Yang Yo ! called Slumber Party of Doom Scooby and Shaggy make two cameos . The first being Shaggy complaining about Yin and Yang stealing their montages and Scooby saying , " It sucks ! " Scooby - Doo and Shaggy made a cameo appearance in Looney Tunes : Back in Action complaining to Matthew Lillard ( who played Shaggy ) about his performance in the live - action Scooby - Doo movies . Scooby - Doo appears as a guest in a 1996 video called Kids for Character Scooby and Shaggy ' s cameo in Looney Tunes : Back in Action Starting with the Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated series , Scooby would start talking in full sentences . Instead of just saying a couple of lines like the older Scooby Doo series ' did . In the Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy episode , Keeper of the Reaper , Scooby - Doo appears as a witness that testifies against Mandy . In the Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episode " Mystery Solvers Club State Finals " the episode is almost entirely animated in the same visual style as Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! . All the " sidekicks " featured are from Hanna - Barbera productions that copied the basic mystery - solving / sidekick formula that Scooby - Doo pioneered . And the episode also uses most of the same sound effects as well . Gallery References ↑ Scooby Doo : Scooby History Cinema . com ↑ Template : Cite news Sigesmund , B.J . " The Inside Dope . " Newsweek . June 14 , 2002 . Available at Lexis - Nexis http : / / www . toonopedia . com / scooby . htm Categories Pets Male TV characters Heroes Laff - A - Lympics characters Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island characters Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated characters The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo characters Scooby - Doo and the Curse of the Speed Demon characters Titular characters Scooby - Doo Characters Mischievous characters Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon characters Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold characters Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery characters Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Characters Characters voiced by Frank Welker Characters voiced by Don Messick Characters voiced by Scott Innes Scooby - Doo ! First Frights characters Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare characters Supernatural Characters Detectives Cowards Weaklings Sidekick Sidekick characters Cartoon characters Anthropomorphic Characters Nurturer Living characters Male Damsels Brutes Protectors Protector of Innocence Video game characters Live Action Characters Film characters Famous characters Classic characters Characters with Evil Counterparts Siblings Successful characters Comedic characters TV Show Heroes TV Show Characters Dimwits Possessed / Brainwashed Paranoid characters Fighters Genius Martial artist Swordsmen Samurai Characters who are biologically related to the villain Related to Villain Athletic Characters Secret Agents From Zero to Hero Characters who had a secret past Characters who have lost family members Determinators Comic book characters Heartbroken Pure of Heart Pure Good Obsessed Arrogant characters Tragic characters Crossover characters Leaders Pacifists Animals Dogs | [
"Scooby-Doo",
"animated television series",
"Hanna-Barbera"
] |
http://chargesure.com/c/pivotshare-online-videos-949-ca | What is pivotshare - online videos 949 - ca ? The credit card charge PIVOTSHARE - ONLINE VIDEOS 949 - CA has been submitted by a user looking for information . Have you seen this charge on your debit card statement ? If you have any information regarding the credit card charge PIVOTSHARE - ONLINE VIDEOS 949 - CA please share below ! If you think you have been the victim of credit card fraud or a scam you should reach out to your financial institution immediately . Report this transaction ! Merchant Information Merchant / Company Click to Add ( edit ) Website Click to Add ( edit ) Phone Number Category Description Comments Sammi on July 09 , 2016 A credit card charge of $ 19.99 came up on my statement which seemed suspicious and have since reported it to my financial institution . A number of others have also reported this . If you see it , report it to your financial institution immediately ! Do you know what the source of this charge is ? Name ( shown publicly ) Comment | [
"PIVOTSHARE-ONLINE VIDEOS 949-CA",
"credit card statement"
] |
http://charitynetusa.com/services/501c3-irs-tax-exempt/ | 501c3 Tax Exemption What Is A 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) ? The recognition of your organization as 501c3 tax exempt entity by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) offers many advantages in helping your organization receive donations . Primarily , having an active 501c3 status allows donors to receive a tax deduction , provides grant funding eligibility for the nonprofit , lower postage rates , and increased credibility within the community . Here at CharityNet USA we can help you gain an active exempt status with the IRS , guaranteed , as we are one of the nation ’ s top 501c3 service providers helping thousands of nonprofits move forward successfully . We help you obtain 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) status with the IRS . At CharityNet USA we offer 501c3 document preparation for nonprofit organizations at a fair price . Understanding the requirements to start a nonprofit , our professional team of consultants can prepare all of the necessary documentation to secure your organizations ’ tax exempt status from the Internal Revenue Service . Our services include : Form 1023 , Form 1023 - EZ , Financials , Articles of Incorporation , EIN or Tax ID # , Bylaws , State Tax Exemption , Charity Registration , Corporate Book & Seal , Conflict of Interest Policy , Foreign Registration , Group Exemption , Fictitious Names ( DBA Why choose us to prepare your Form 1023 documents ? The 501c3 tax exemption process can be very convoluted , tedious and complex . You do not want your organization to be at risk due to inexperienced volunteers or companies processing your IRS Form 1023 & IRS 1023 EZ . If done improperly , the processing of your status can be delayed for months . Here at we work with clients nationwide , having filing expertise in all 50 states and U.S. territories . Moreover , we guarantee approval of the 501c3 status and work fast to get a quick approval for your nonprofit organization . In some cases , we have assisted nonprofits in receiving their status in less than 30 days . Allow our skilled consultants to complete the necessary documents for your nonprofit . We understand that this process can be difficult and you may need assistance starting a nonprofit , especially with limited funding . Accordingly , we offer affordable solutions to help you get started and move forward . Please note that our document preparation fees do not include state or federal government filing fees . Moving forward with services at CharityNet USA entails more than just document or product completion . We do not define our customers simply by product or treat our clients as “ just another number ” as our competitors . Our company has successfully served thousands nationwide with solutions to help advance their mission , vision , and aims . Moreover , we have assisted these individuals and organization as if they were our own family , providing Fanatical Customer Service and peace - of - mind regarding the future of their organization . Even after we have completed your product Let us help you grow your nonprofit ! 407 - 857 - 9002 At , our qualified consultants have extensive experience in document preparation for nonprofit organizations . We can complete both state and federal documents for your organization and guarantee their approval . Best of all , our rates are very competitive and we offer flexible payment methods as well as annual plans . Some key benefits of using us : Affordable Pricing : Our services are priced to accommodate your nonprofit ’ s budget while still including all necessary items for your organization . Professional Quality : We pride ourselves on the professional - grade quality work completed by our consultants , and guarantee 100 % satisfaction . Full - Service Options : We do our document preparation services in house , providing our customers with consistent professional service , quality , and quick turnaround . Streamlined Process : We prepare your documents in a timely manner , allowing you to receive your nonprofit services within 10 - 15 days after receiving all necessary documents . Complementing Services : We offer a variety of nonprofit services , including payroll , bookkeeping , tax preparation and more all for an affordable price ! Experienced Staff : We have gained an exceptional amount of experience in document preparation due to our low - prices , allowing you to be prepared for audits , annual reporting , fund - leveraging and financial planning . We are experts when it comes to filing for nonprofits . Long - Term Relationship : Because we offer many services , our goal is to WIN our clients with great pricing and fanatical customer service to enable a long - term relationship . Other Nonprofit Solutions We Provide 501c3 Tax Exemption Accounting & Bookkeeping Capacity Building Corporate Sponsorship Form 990 Tax Preparation Fundraising Grant Writing Graphic Design Incorporation Marketing Solutions Nonprofit Start - up Strategic Plan Web Design Ready to start a nonprofit ? If you have any questions on starting a nonprofit including state incorporation documents , federal requirements and annual compliance , please feel free to review our Product Video or Contact Us and one of our representatives will be happy to assist . As Seen in | [
"501c3 Tax Exemption",
"Internal Revenue Service",
"nonprofit organizations"
] |
http://charlestonfoodtours.com/ | Why Choose Us ? Voted Charleston ’ s “ Best Tour ” Company For 8 Years ! Charleston Food Tours will take you on a culinary adventure through Charleston , SC . You ’ ll walk , talk , and taste your way through history , learning how Lowcountry cuisine has evolved over the past 300 years . Each food tour visits downtown Charleston culinary staples , where you can sample sweet tea , stone - ground grits , benne wafers , southern pralines , collard greens , BBQ , chicken & dumplings , fried green tomatoes , house - made bruschetta , and much more . Go behind the scenes of some of the city ’ s most talked about restaurants , meet the chefs , and learn about the restaurant ’ s rich history . These informative Charleston food tours are ideal for both casual fans of the culinary arts and the hardcore foodie . Savor the Flavors of Charleston Tour Walk , talk and taste your way through Charleston . This 2½ hour tour will immerse you in the history and culture of the Lowcountry . $ 65 per person Book now ! More ▸ Taste of the Lowcountry Tour Join us on the Taste of the Lowcountry food tour as we take an exclusive look at a local culinary institution in Charleston . $ 65 per person Book now ! More ▸ Charleston Dessert Tour Join us as we visit the finest dessert places frequented by Charleston locals and indulge in samples of one - of - a - kind delectable treats . Savor the Flavors of Upper King Tour Experience our tasting tour in the famous Upper King Street area , and sample mouth - watering dishes from popular culinary innovators . | [
"Best Tour"
] |
http://charmed-halliwell-generation.wikia.com/wiki/Pippa_Halliwell | Pippa Halliwell Comments Penelope Julie Halliwell Biological Information Nicknames Pippa Ladybug Born April 22 2007 Titles Charmed One Physical Description Species Cherubwitch Family Information Siblings PJ Halliwell Sister Parker Halliwell Sister Parents Phoebe Halliwell Coop the Cupid Affiliation Occupation Middle School student Character Information Portrayed By Nina Dobrev Trust is earned I cant just magically hand it over Pippa to whitelighter Luke Penelope Julie Pippa Halliwell is the firstborn daughter of the next generation of Charmed witches as well as the firstborn daughter and child of Charmed One Phoebe Halliwell and Coop the Cupid She is the older sister of PJ and Parker Halliwell and the oldest niece of Prue and Piper Halliwell and Paige Matthews Destined to hold the next Power of Three Pippa is seen as being a pretty powerful young witch Like her cousins she is seen to have a multitude of powers and much more than her mother and Aunts before her with her being the witch able to manipulate molecules such as blowing things up and freezing time and as a result of her cupid side also holds more of her mothers abilities Additionally Pippa possesses the basic powers of a witch the ability to cast spells brew potions and scry for lost objects or people She is also able to Pippa at aged twelve is currently in the Seventh Grade of Roosevelt Middle school and is involved more in the science division of extra curricular actives as well as the debate team and wants to one day be a marine biologist or work to become a school teacher Pippa is part of the Warren family line of witches dating back to the 16th century and beginning with Melinda Warren Contents show PreBirth In 2005 during the battle against the Avatars Phoebe was given a premonition by Kyra the seer and in the vision she saw herself going to a school to pick up Wyatt Chris and a little girl her little girl Since having the vision Phoebe has had multiple other visions of her little girl In 2006 Phoebe was desperate to have her little girl so much so that she considered finding a donor as well as marrying Dex Lawson and had soon lost faith in love as well as having her little girl it was then that she had another vision of her little girl and also saw herself talking to the little girl Phoebe spoke to her future self telling her not to give up on love and that she would have her daughter She again managed to meet her daughter through a spell created by Billie and Christy that made her even more determined to have her little girl During the final battle Phoebe discovered through Wyatt and Chris that the Elders had sent Coop down to her for her to fall in love with In late 2006 during her honeymoon to Coop Phoebe fell pregnant with the little girl she had long ago foresaw She struggled a lot throughout her pregnancy as it seemed to effect her powers giving her a lot of visions about nothing and then badly effecting her empathy powers as well Yet through the pregnancy Phoebe also managed to find out that Paige was pregnant with Phoebes nephew Hal Early Life Pippa Halliwell named after her Grams was born on April 22 2007 to Warren witch and Charmed One Phoebe Halliwell and Coop the cupid who was now going by the name Coop Halliwell at San Francisco Memorial Hospital After being brought home from the hospital her cousins Wyatt and Chris both adored her especially with her being the only female born of the next generation so far and within ten days of her birth she became the older cousin of her Paiges son Henry Hal Mitchell Junior After Hal was born Paige and Phoebe had a joint Wiccaning to celebrate the new Warren witches and blessed them by their Ancestors Appearance Pippa is a perfect mix of both of her parents though she dramatically changed her style after her parents died Hair Pippa has long waist length dark brown hair which she seems to prefer to wear down and straight though during parties she tends to curl her hair After her parents died she made a huge change to her hair as she cuts it and adds red streaks through stylish new waves as a statement though she always wears it up to go to bed or when she has been doing some type of sport Appearance In terms of appearance Pippa is a very beautiful and attractive young woman with an oval face light olive complexion and almond shaped eyes which are sometimes described as doe eyes all of which she inherited from her mother She is tall at 56 though the smallest of her sisters with a slim slightly athletic physique Pippa is also looking into getting a couple of tattoos though is yet to get them Wardrobe Pippa has a fairly casual sporty and girl next door look to her unless forced to dress up the part tending to favor dark jeans with tshirts of various colors and converse sneakers Though since the death of her parents she has become slightly more sophisticated in her looks changing to dresses and boots or even going with the skinny jeans leather jackets and blouses combo with her ever faithful leather jacket as well as wearing more jewelry though she always wears her Wicca Charm bracelet and a cupid necklace given to her by both her parents Personality Pippa is described as a star student She is popular sporty smart compassionate caring and friendly yet she can also be a bit selfish and pry into other peoples lives such as her sister PJ Like her mother she has a love for writing though a love of science soon takes over also like her mother Pippa believes in family honor and loyalty and has shown to be calm and composed through prone to anxiety and panic After the death of her parents she pulls in on herself though lets go when with her family or Lucas with them being the only people she feels safe being herself with However since the death of her parents she has become stronger and often shows a tender side to herself yet still dedicated to her family as well as being slightly judgmental though like most of her family firmly believes in the concepts of family honor loyalty and community with her willing to get involved in anything Pippa is brave and selfsacrificing though much of her willingness to save others seems to come from the fact that shes is a big sister and loves her family She has a strong back bone and never displays a sense of inferiority She tends Being the oldest of her sisters Pippa has a heightened sense of responsibility and protectiveness over them and all her close friends and family members She also has a bossy streak in her that she often portrays when around her younger sisters or cousins Despite most of her personality Pippa is very much similar her Aunt Piper which includes her love of cooking her mix of potions and has also inherited the Halliwell stubbornness as well as the sarcasm and protective nature She also spends a lot of her time guiding her sisters and spending time with and helping her best friend and cousin Hal Powers and Abilities Active Powers Molecular Immobilization The ability to slow down molecules to the point that they freeze This is Pippas Charmed ability as well as the ability she inherited from her Aunt Piper Other than most of her abilities this is the one that Pippa has complete control over although she had struggled massively with in the beginning but learned quickly due to having gotten the power when she was five years old Molecular Combustion The ability to speed up molecules to the point that they explode This is an ability that Pippa had inherited from her Aunt Piper and like with her freezing ability is one of her strongest abilities with her using this ability fairly often and has taken to using it against her whitelighter similar to that of Piper Though she has struggled to control it since the deaths of her parents Molecular Manipulation The ability to manipulate matter on a molecular level Through this ability Pippa can control the speed of molecules as well as causing them to be destroyed or crystallized She has had a fair amount of troubles with this ability with her being one of the few witches to have this ability This is also the ability that is unique to Pippa and one that she has learned to have a fair bit of control over more so than her Empathy or her Phasing Phasing The ability to render ones body intangible allowing them to pass through solid objects This is the ability that Pippa uses the least with her being a slight bit worried about being stuck between a wall however when faced up against a demon Pippa has been shown to use the ability in order to make a fireball or energy ball phase through her though it has taken a lot of time to obtain Force Blast The ability to generate blasts of force that send the target flying through the air This is an ability that she had received through her Aunt Pipers term as the Goddess of Earth and has a kick that has caused Pippa a lot of trouble and yet tends to save her life When Pippa first received this ability she had accidentally hurt her cousin Hal by slamming him into a wall however he was soon healed Geokinesis The ability to manipulate the earth itself This is another ability that she had inherited from from her Aunts Pipers term as the Goddess of Earth and is one of her most amazing and terrifying ability with her being able to create as well as destroy however when her parents were killed Pippa found herself struggling with the ability causing earthquakes and tremors all of which Wyatt is trying to help Pippa control and for which he has had some help in Empathy The ability to feel sense and understand other peoples feelings and emotions This is the only ability that she had inherited from her mother Phoebe and is also the ability that Pippa has the least amount of control over to the point where she has begged her mother to bind the ability due to the amount of distress the ability causes her however since then her mother has been teaching her to use block and hone her ability despite Pippas desperation Cupid Powers Beaming The ability to teleport oneself from one place to another Upon her powers starting up this was the first ability that Pippa started to use with her having used it when she was three months to go to her mother after she was put to bed and has been using it well ever since Remote Beaming The ability to teleport other beings from one location to another without physical contact This is an ability that she has had a lot of use of with her being the one to usually transport her mother from place to place though she first used it to transport her sister PJ Sensing The ability to locate magical beings and mortals Although Pippa is fairly good at sensing others she does seem to struggle with her ability to sense the most when they are cloaking themselves Cloaking The ability to hide yourself or someone magically from others Out of all the Halliwells this is one of the abilities that Pippa struggles with the most and although she can cloak herself from demons and the forces of evil she cant fully cloak herself from her family nor her whitelighter Basic Powers Spell Casting The ability to cast spells and preform rituals Although Pippa is not the best when it comes to spell casting she has shown to be quite proficient in the art though she does struggle especially with the rhyming thing though when in need she usually always goes to PJ or Parker Potion Making The ability to brew potions Pippa is seen as being the most proficient and amazing potion maker in the entire family and is said to be even better at potions than even her Aunt Piper whom had originally taught Pippa how to mix potions and she has even managed to make potions taste better as part of a school project for some classes she was taking at middle school Scrying The ability to locate a person or object by the use of a scrying crystal map and other tools Mediumship The ability to see and commune with the dead Other Powers The Power of Three The collective power of the Charmed Ones that enhances their powers This is the collective power that she shares with her two sisters PJ and Parker which is said to be just as powerful as their mother and Aunts Charmed powers before Bond The ability to connect with someone on an impressive scale being able to sense thoughts emotions pain and all other things Pippa has this special connection with both her sisters with them being the only three sisters to share this ability though she feels it is a struggle to maintain the ability with her younger sister PJ due to the their relationship Power of Twelve As the son of a Charmed One Pippa has inherited some Charmed abilities with her having a unique connection with her cousins making her able to sense them hear their thoughts and even some of their emotions Through their shared bond as cousins the power of twelve are able to talk and communicate with one another on a different level such as the power of the Charmed Ones High Resistance The ability to be more resilient to powers that could be potentially lethal Advanced Combat As a witch Pippa has been taught hand to hand combat with him having been trained in fighting by her mother Phoebe and Uncle Henry Temporary Powers Over the course of her life Pippa has temporarily gained many abilities after being transformed or having had his powers swapped with other beings Professional Life School Student Pippa is in the Seventh grade at Roosevelt Middle school in San Francisco California and in the same class as her cousin Hal As a student she is shown to have quite an academic history with her managing to maintain straight As and shudders at the thought of getting anything less Though she struggles with the creative side She is part of the schools science program as well as the debate team and also apart of the school cheerleading group With Pippas impressive grades her teachers have considered moving her up a grade through with her not wanting to be parted from Hal she knows that would never happen and has even became a tutor to Hal in order to help him Relationships Hal Mitchell Hal is Pippas maternal cousin through their mothers and despite being cousins have always been raised together and as best friends especially due to the sixteen day difference between the two After the Charmed Ones were killed they stuck even closer with one another and were even closer during supernatural activities with the pair working had to keep each other and their loved ones safe Although they were sometimes led apart they still retained their closeness bordering on sibling hood with the pair willing to risk almost anything to save one another with a bond that no one could break The pair share a lot of similarities other than being in the same grade and age especially after the deaths with both their mothers being dead as well as being the older sibling of two younger sisters and are now even in the same class in school in which Pippa helps to tutor the younger Though that doesnt mean that Hal and Pippa dont fight with them both disagreeing on the ways of getting through to Pippas sister PJ as well as Pippas overprotectiveness for him while at school while Hal was being bullied Etymology Penelope Name of the faithful wife in the Odyssey from Gk Penelopeia probably related to pene thread on the bobbin Used in English as the type of the virtuous wife 1580 as it was in Latin Halliwell Derived from any of the several places named with the Old English pre 7th Century elements halig meaning holy plus wella a well or spring These places include Halliwell in Lancashire recorded as Haliwell circa 1200 Holwell in Dorset and Oxfordshire appearing respectively as Halegewelle and Haliwelle in the Domesday Book of 1086 Halwell and Halwill in Devonshire recorded as Halgewilla in 1086 and Holywell in Northumberland Kent Cambridgeshire and Cornwall Trivia Pippa is the firstborn daughter but third cousin to be born into the next Generation Pippa was named after Grams for her influence on Phoebes life as well as being named after Phoebes alias Julie Bennett in order for Phoebe to never forget the importance of being oneself Pippa is the first of three known cherubwitches in the world with her first ability being beaming which she first used when she was three months old Categories Recent Wiki Activity | [
"Pippa Halliwell",
"Charmed witches"
] |
http://chartitnow.com/Work-Instructions-Template.html | Work Instructions Template What is it : A Work Instruction provides a detailed breakdown of instructions required to carry out one or more steps or tasks in a procedure . Work Instructions are usually the accomplishment of best practises by a team and are retained in the department or unit where the work is performed . A Work Instruction contains much more detail than a procedure and is created if very detailed instructions are needed . Why use it : A Work Instruction is a tool that enables operators to observe a production process with an understanding of how assembly tasks are to be performed . It ensures the quality level is understood and serves as an excellent training aid , enabling replacement or temporary individuals to easily adapt and perform the assembly operation . The benefits of using a work instruction are as follows : To convey very detailed instructions To standardise a process , by ensuring operators are consistently performing the same tasks and procedures which leads to reduced variation within a process To reduce waste Training is simplified and consistent , the visual work instructions reminds the operator of the correct sequence and alerts the operator to any safety concerns Where to use it : Work Instructions are usually positioned and displayed near tasks that require attention and precision to detail . Name Format Preview ( Click to enlarge ) One Page Work Instruction Sheet Template Microsoft Excel Format One Page Work Instruction Sheet Template Example Microsoft Excel Work Instruction Sheet Template Work Instruction Sheet Template Example Picture Step Work Instruction Template Microsoft Word Work Instruction Template Microsoft Word USD $ 19.95 I have read and agree to the Terms and Conditions . | [
"Work Instructions Template"
] |
http://chartsbin.com/view/6kx | Report an error Systems of Government by Country Do you like this chart ? ✔ Yes ✖ ✚ Share References and Data Table HTML Embed code $ Buy Now 487,906 views This map shows Systems of Government in the World . A systems of government or form of state governance , refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized in order to exert its powers over a house in the congress body politic . The map represent de jure ( concerning law ) form of government , not the de facto ( concerning fact ) degree of democracy . Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows . ( Note that for some countries more than one definition applies . ) : Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered , i.e. , without any laws , constitution , or legally organized opposition . Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens ' lives . Commonwealth - a nation , state , or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good . Communist - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power ; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people ( i.e. , a classless society ) . Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document ( constitution ) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature , functions , and limits of that government . Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution . Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his / her rights , duties , and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom . Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people , but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed . Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them . Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power ( not restricted by a constitution or laws ) . Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church . Federal ( Federation ) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions ( states , colonies , or provinces ) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs ; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units . Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts ( states , colonies , or provinces ) retain a degree of self - government ; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives . Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states ; although such a state is , in theory , a theocracy , it remains a republic , but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam . Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory , usually for life and by hereditary right ; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king , queen , or prince - with constitutionally limited authority . Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature ( parliament ) selects the government - a prime minister , premier , or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections ; by this system , the government acquires a dual responsibility : to the people as well as to the parliament . Parliamentary government ( Cabinet - Parliamentary government ) - a government in which members of an executive branch ( the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister , premier , or chancellor ) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament , and are directly responsible to it ; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament ( legislature ) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function . Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation ( i.e. , the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity ) ; true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister , premier , or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature ( parliament ) . Presidential - a system of government where the executive branch exists separately from a legislature ( to which it is generally not accountable ) . Republic - a representative democracy in which the people ' s elected deputies ( representatives ) , not the people themselves , vote on legislation . Sultanate - similar to a monarchy , but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan ( the head of a Muslim state ) ; the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority . Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler , but the Deity ' s laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities ( bishops , mullahs , etc . ) ; a government subject to religious authority . Last updated : 9 years ago Category : Country Info Tags : world system government type political Country name Goverment type Note Afghanistan Islamic republic Albania republic Algeria republic Semi - presidential systems American Samoa NA Andorra parliamentary democracy ( since March 1993 ) that retains as its chiefs of state a coprincipality the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seu d ' Urgell , Spain , who are represented in Andorra by the coprinces ' representatives Angola multiparty presidential regime Anguilla NA Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic Treaty , signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961 , establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica ; the 32nd Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Baltimore , MD , USA in April 2009 ; at these periodic meetings , decisions are made by consensus ( not by vote ) of all consultative member nations ; by May 2009 , there were 47 treaty member nations : 28 consultative and 19 non - consultative ; consultative ( decision - making ) members include the seven Antigua and Barbuda constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and a Commonwealth realm Argentina Armenia Semi - presidential systems Aruba parliamentary democracy Australia federal parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Austria federal republic federal parliamentary representative democratic republic Azerbaijan Bahamas , The constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Bahrain constitutional monarchy Bangladesh parliamentary democracy Barbados parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Belarus republic in name , although in fact a dictatorship Belgium federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy Belize parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Benin Bermuda parliamentary self - governing territory Bhutan constitutional monarchy Bolivia note - the new constitution defines Bolivia as a " Social Unitarian State " Bosnia and Herzegovina emerging federal democratic republic Botswana parliamentary republic Presidential republics with the role of the president and prime minister combined . Brazil federal republic federal presidential representative democratic republic British Virgin Islands Brunei constitutional sultanate ( locally known as Malay Islamic Monarchy ) Bulgaria Burkina Faso parliamentary republic Burma military regime Burundi Cambodia multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy Cameroon multiparty presidential regime Canada a parliamentary democracy , a federation , and a constitutional monarchy Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Presidential systems with a prime minister Chad Presidential systems with a prime minister Chile China Communist state Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Colombia executive branch dominates government structure Comoros Congo , Democratic Republic of the Semi - presidential system Congo , Republic of the Cook Islands self - governing parliamentary democracy Costa Rica democratic republic Côte d ' Ivoire multiparty presidential regime established 1960 - note : the government is currently operating under a power - sharing agreement mandated by international mediators Croatia presidential / parliamentary democracy Cuba Communist state Cyprus note : a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963 ; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974 that followed a Greek military - junta - supported coup attempt gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north ; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government ; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot " President " Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a " Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus " ( " TRNC " ) , which is recognized only Czech Republic parliamentary representative democratic republic Denmark Djibouti Semi - presidential system Dominica Dominican Republic democratic republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea transitional government note : following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23 - 25 April 1993 , a National Assembly , composed entirely of the People ' s Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ , was established as a transitional legislature ; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution ; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature ; the constitution , ratified in May 1997 , did not enter into effect , pending parliamentary and presidential elections ; parliamentary elections were scheduled in December 2001 , but were postponed indefinitely Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands ( Islas Malvinas ) Faroe Islands Fiji military junta Finland semi - presidential representative democratic republic France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia , The Georgia Germany federal parliamentary republic Ghana constitutional democracy Gibraltar Greece Greenland parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy Grenada Guam Guatemala constitutional democratic republic Guernsey Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See ( Vatican City ) ecclesiastical Honduras democratic constitutional republic Hong Kong limited democracy Hungary Iceland constitutional republic India Indonesia Iran theocratic republic Iraq Ireland republic , parliamentary democracy Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Japan a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchy Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan authoritarian presidential rule , with little power outside the executive branch Kenya Kiribati Presidential republics with the role of the president and prime minister combined . Korea , North Communist state one - man dictatorship Korea , South Kosovo Kuwait constitutional emirate Kyrgyzstan Provisional government Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho parliamentary constitutional monarchy Liberia Libya Jamahiriya ( a state of the masses ) in theory , governed by the populace through local councils in practice , an authoritarian state Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau limited democracy Macedonia [ FYROM ] Madagascar Malawi multiparty democracy Malaysia note : nominally headed by paramount ruler ( commonly referred to as the King ) and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house ; all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers ( commonly referred to as sultans ) except Melaka and Pulau Pinang ( Penang ) ; those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government ; powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution ; under terms of federation , Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives ( e.g. , right to maintain their Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands constitutional government in free association with the US the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force in May 2004 Mauritania military junta Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia , Federated States of constitutional government in free association with the US the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force May 2004 Moldova Monaco Mongolia parliamentary Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal federal democratic republic Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue self - governing parliamentary democracy Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands commonwealth self - governing with locally elected governor , lieutenant governor , and legislature Norway Oman monarchy Pakistan Palau the Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994 Panama constitutional democracy Papua New Guinea Paraguay constitutional republic Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland parliamentary representative democratic republic Portugal parliamentary democracy Puerto Rico commonwealth Qatar emirate Romania Russia federation federal semi - presidential republic Rwanda presidential , multiparty system Saint Helena , Ascension , and Tristan da Cunha Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia monarchy Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia no permanent national government transitional , parliamentary federal government South Africa Spain parliamentary monarchy Sri Lanka Sudan Government of National Unity ( GNU ) - the National Congress Party ( NCP ) and Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement ( SPLM ) formed a power - sharing government under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement ( CPA ) the NCP , which came to power by military coup in 1989 , is the majority partner Suriname Svalbard Swaziland Sweden Switzerland formally a confederation but similar in structure to a federal republic multi - party federal parliamentary democratic republic Syria republic under an authoritarian military - dominated regime Taiwan multiparty democracy Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor - Leste Togo republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey republican parliamentary democracy Turkmenistan defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule , with power concentrated within the executive branch Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federal government and other powers reserved to member emirates United Kingdom constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm United States Constitution - based federal republic strong democratic tradition Uruguay Uzbekistan authoritarian presidential rule , with little power outside the executive branch Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front ( Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro ) , which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government - in - exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) , near Tindouf , Algeria , led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976 when Spain withdrew , with Morocco acquiring northern two - thirds ; Mauritania , under pressure from Polisario guerrillas , abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979 ; Morocco moved to occupy Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe parliamentary democracy Filter : References Embed or download Source Central Intelligence Agency 2010 , The World Factbook 2010 , Field Listing : : Government type , Central Intelligence Agency , Washington , DC , viewed 11th May , 2010 , < https : / / www . cia . gov / library / publications / the - world - factbook / fields / 2128 . html > . Citation ChartsBin statistics collector team 2010 , Systems of Government by Country , ChartsBin . com , viewed 17th April , 2019 , < http : / / chartsbin . com / view / 6kx > . View all comments ( 59 ) Respond to this visualizations . . . You Might Also Like Our Friends ' Posts Copyright 2011 ChartsBin . com . All rights reserved . About | Chat | Contact Sign Up Privacy Legal Feedback | [
"Systems of Government",
"Absolute monarchy",
"Islamic republic"
] |
http://chathamlodgingtrust.com/management/ | Management Jeffrey H Fisher Chairman of the Board CEO President Mr Fisher is our chairman of the board chief executive officer and president Mr Fisher is also the chairman president and majority shareholder of IHM a firm he founded in 2007 that currently manages 77 hotels for unaffiliated hotel owners From 1994 to 2007 Mr Fisher was chairman chief executive officer and president of Innkeepers USA Trust a lodging REIT he founded and took public in 1994 and was also chairman and majority shareholder of Innkeepers Hospitality a privately owned hotel management company Mr Fisher grew Innkeepers portfolio from seven hotels at the time of its initial public offering to Mr Fisher received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from Syracuse University in 1977 a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from Nova Southeastern University in 1980 and a Masters of Law in Taxation from the University of Miami in 1981 He is a licensed attorney and practiced at Jones Foster PA and Jeffrey H Fisher PA for a total of five years prior to starting his career in the hospitality industry Additionally Mr Fisher currently serves as a Board Member of Marriotts The Residence Inn Association TRIA Dennis M Craven Executive Vice President COO Mr Craven is our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Mr Craven previously served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of Innkeepers USA Trust a NYSElisted hotel REIT from March 2006 until the acquisition of Innkeepers by an affiliate of Apollo Investment Corporation in June 2007 Following the acquisition he continued to serve as chief financial officer of Innkeepers until August 2010 Prior to joining Innkeepers in 2006 Craven was a partner in Addison Capital Advisors a venture capital firm based in Memphis Tenn and served as senior vice president and chief accounting officer of Independent Bank in Memphis Prior to that he served as vice president and controller and later vice president and chief accounting officer of RFS Hotel Investors Inc a NYSElisted hotel REIT Prior to joining RFS he was a senior manager with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in Memphis and London Mr Craven received his Bachelor of Accountancy from the University of Mississippi He is a licensed Certified Public Accountant in the State of Mississippi Peter Willis Executive Vice President Chief Investment Officer Mr Willis is our Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer Mr Willis has over 20 years of hotel acquisition experience From 2001 to 2006 he served as Vice President of Acquisitions and Business Development for Innkeepers and oversaw over 500 million of investments in 18 hotels From June 2006 to January 2009 Mr Willis served as Senior Vice President at The Kor Group a privately held fully integrated real estate investment firm with a portfolio of over 2 billion in upscale hotel and resort investments where he focused on US and Caribbean acquisitions and thirdparty management contracts While evaluating Mr Willis also held positions with an industryleading firm supporting the opening of luxury hotels Establishing the organizations first international operation in the AsiaPacific region in 1994 he directed the repositioning and opening of properties throughout the region and in the United States By 2001 Mr Willis led overall strategic planning business development and investor relations as well as integrating acquisitions among the firms operating entities Mr Willis began as an analyst and asset manager of hotel residential and commercial properties for Japanese investment firm JDC America in Tokyo and in the United States Mr Willis received a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of Florida in 1989 and has completed professional programs at Cornell Universitys Hotel School and Obirin University in Tokyo Jeremy Wegner Mr Wegner has a significant track record of involvement in more than 50 billion of mergers acquisitions and equity and debt financings Prior to joining Chatham he served as vice president of mergers and acquisitions for Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide where he was responsible for identifying and executing merger acquisition and divestiture opportunities At Starwood Mr Wegner played a significant role in evaluating strategic alternatives for its timeshare business and executing the announced spinoff Prior to that he was a senior vice president in the real estate investment banking groups at Barclays Capital Inc and Lehman Brothers where he covered the lodging sector for over ten years Mr Wegner began his career as an analyst in the investment banking group at Credit Suisse in 1998 Mr Wegner received a BA in Economics from Brown University Eric Kentoff Vice President General Counsel Secretary Mr Kentoff is our Vice President General Counsel and Secretary and joined the company in January 2011 Mr Kentoff serves as the legal advisor to the senior management team and the board of trustees and has primary oversight and management responsibility for all legal affairs of the company Prior to joining Chatham Mr Kentoff previously served as Counsel at Innkeepers USA Trust from 2005 through 2010 Mr Kentoff earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Northwestern University and his Juris Doctorate from Emory University School of Law He is a member of the Florida Bar Rick Fenton Vice President of Financial Analysis Mr Fenton is our Vice President of Financial Analysis and joined the company in April 2011 Mr Fenton supports the analysis of capital transactions acquisitions and divestitures and corporate planning Prior to joining Chatham Mr Fenton previously served in the same capacity at Innkeepers USA Trust since 1996 Mr Fenton received a Bachelor of Science in Finance from Auburn University and a MBA in Finance from Florida Atlantic University He is a Chartered Financial Analyst CFA | [
"Peter Willis"
] |
http://chatterbox.otru.org/physical-elements/cigarette-size/ | Cigarette Size Denotative Meanings The cigarette size refers to the length and diameter of the cigarette . Regular sized cigarettes are normally 70 mm long , whereas King Sized cigarettes are typically 84 mm , 100s are approximately 100 mm , and 120s are 120 mm . Slims and Superslims are thinner in diameter than regular cigarettes . Connotations Overarching Theme Sub - Theme Connotative Chains Lifestyle Glamour / Luxury Long and slim – > Graceful – > Glamourous “ Typical of the comments made by those to whom the 100mm cigarette appealed at first sight was this statement by a clerk in her 30 ’ s : “ I like that . It looks like my dream cigarette . It ’ s dainty and graceful and very feminine . That ’ s the longest filter I ever saw . May I smoke it ? ” 1 Lifestyle Gender Slim and Superslim – > Elongated , slender , thin – > Idealized female form “ The concept of Slim cigarettes has its appeal in an association with sophistication & feminity , as well as a sense of being fashionable . ” 2 Supermodel and chainsmoker Kate Moss , who famously stated “ Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels . Healthfulness Strength Longer , thinner cigarette shape – > Elegance , perception of less tar – > Lighter , healthier “ Preliminary consumer research indicated that some consumers perceive Capri cigarettes to be healthier ( less tobacco , less tar ) . Using the Merit trademark or a flavor brand , the marketing strategy is to position this product with a much stronger perceived health proposition than Capri . ” 3 Regarding the proposed production of a customized book of recipes and menu suggestions for the customers of Carlton Slims : ” Elegance in entertaining is important to the women who choose Carlton Slims . So are lighter , healthier meals . To help meet those needs , Light and Elegant Entertaining will feature a variety of light recipes in a format that is packed with elegant party ideas . ” 4 Notes : A Motivational Research Study On The Potentials Of A 100mm Cigarette . Institute For Motivational Research Inc . 1962 . http : / / legacy . library . ucsf . edu / tid / dwu60a00 / pdf . Accessed March 30 , 2012 . BAT . Roubicek , H . Project Polaris Product Brief – Revised August 1987 . Available at : http : / / legacy . library . ucsf . edu / tid / wnm76b00 / pdf . Accessed February 1 , 2012 . Surwarna , L . Ultra Slims ( Capri ) Development Strategies . 1987 . http : / / legacy . library . ucsf . edu / tid / wgy01b00 / pdf / . Accessed March 30 , 2012 . Meredith Publishing Services . A customized book of recipes and menu suggestions for the customers of Carlton Slims , presented to American Tobacco . 1984 . Available at http : / / legacy . library . ucsf . edu / tid / jcl80f00 | [
"Cigarette Size",
"Regular size",
"King Size"
] |
http://chatterbusy.blogspot.com/2012/03/inside-john-travoltas-plane.html | Sunday , March 18 , 2012 Inside John Travolta ' s Plane John Travolta , apart from being a great actor , is a pilot with a life long passion for aviation . Since earning his wings in 1974 , he has logged close to an astounding 5,000 flying hours . Literally every cent of his first paychecks went to flying lessons . He achieved qualification as a captain in the Gulfstream II , Learjet 24 , Hawker 1A , Citation 1 and 2 , Tebuan and Vampire Jet . He owns the type rating for the Boeing 707 and is certified for SIC privileges ( Second In Command ) . Travolta keeps his But what is the history behind John Travolta ' s Boeing 707 ? Take a look below . . . His 707 - 138B was built in 1964 , constructed at Boeing Seattle and has Boeing Construction Number 18740 Line 388 . 1964 John Travolta was 10 years old . Travolta first became enamored of aviation as a child . He observed the flight paths of the nearest airports , read books on aviation , and took special interest in Constellations , DC - 6s and DC - 7s . Attesting to his early charisma , he persuaded the girls in his neighborhood to donate their Brownie uniforms to play flight attendants as he " captained " his backyard airliner . On September 10 , 1964 first owner became Qantas . It ’ s registration number became VH - EBM " City of Launceston " .It was primary used for routes from Sydney to Asia and North / South America . Since November 1 , 1968 it was withdrawn from use and stored engineless at Sydney Airport . The same year in June it was already cancelled from the Australian Aircraft Register . On June 7 , 1969 new owner became Braniff International Airways . It ’ s registration number changed to N108BN . From February 24 , 1972 till 1975 it was owned by Frank Sinatra . During this time , on October 20 , 1973 , it was again withdrawn from use and stored . In June 1975 it was sold to Boeing . In September 1975 it was again sold , this time to Kirk Kerkorian / Tracy Investments Corp ( Tracinda / TIC ) . Since September 26 , 1977 it was owned by TAG Aviation , a holding company based in Luxembourg . During this time it was also leased to Saudi Arabian Sheikh Akram , for short time . On August 25 , 1981 the 707 was again withdrawn from use , stored at Newark and ferried to Le Bourget for further storage in August 1983 . In December 1983 our 707 returned to service . In November 1987 it has been sold to Trans Oceanic Aviation . 1988 - 1989 it was out of service again . During this time VIP interior was installed and it was modified with hush kits which converted it to a 707 - 138B ( Q ) . In July 1990 , with a changed registration number to N707XX it returned to service . In 1995 the ownage changed again to " Aviation Methods " and was ferried to Istanbul for storage on 29 October 1995 . In September 1996 , with only 27,682 of total flying hours , it was offered for sale . On May 20 , 1998 it was finally registered to Jet Clipper Johnny LLC ( John Travolta ) , sold on May 25 and changed registration on December 13 , 1998 to N707JT " 707 Jett Clipper Ella " . Named after his children " Jett " and " Ella " , Clipper in homage to legendary airline Pan Am , which used / uses " Clipper " in all their aircraft names . In June 2002 , the 707 finally returned home to Qantas , since Travolta participated in the Qantas " Spirit of Friendship " tour , because it was always his dream to be involved with a major airline in some way . He was piloting his own Boeing 707 on a thirteen city , 35,000 mile tour . He continues as Ambassador - at - Large for the Australia based Qantas Airways . For this campaign the plane was repainted in full classical Qantas " V - Jet " livery . The same livery that was used for the 707 On the other hand , his serious aviation habit means he is hardly the most appropriate person to lecture others on the environment . But John Travolta went ahead and did it anyway . Travolta , encouraged his fans to " do their bit " to tackle global warming . But although he readily admitted : " I fly jets " , he failed to mention he actually owns five , along with his own private runway . Clocking up at least 30,000 flying miles in the past 12 months means he has produced an estimated 800 tons of carbon emissions – nearly 100 times the average Briton ' s tally . It has to be mentioned that Travolta made his comments at the British premiere of his movie , " Wild Hogs " . He spoke of the importance of helping the environment by using " alternative methods of fuel " , after driving down the red carpet on a Harley Davidson . Travolta , a Scientologist , claimed the solution to global warming could be found in outer space and blamed his hefty flying mileage on the nature of the movie business . But his appointment as a " serving ambassador " for the Australian airline Qantas does n ' t seem to have much to do with the movies . Nor does a recent , two - month round - the - world flying trip . " It [ global warming ] is a very valid issue , " Travolta declared . " I ' m wondering if we need to think about other planets and dome cities . " Everyone can do their bit . But I do n ' t know if it ' s not too late already . We have to think about alternative methods of fuel . " I ' m probably not the best candidate to ask about global warming because I fly jets . " I use them as a business tool though , as others do . I think it ' s part of this industry , otherwise I could n ' t be here doing this and I would n ' t be here now . " Travolta ' s five private planes – a customised £ 2million Boeing 707 , three Gulfstream jets and a Lear jet – are kept at the bottom of his garden in the US next to a private runway . Indeed , such is his enthusiasm for flying , he persuaded his wife , actress Kelly Preston , to name their son Jett when he was born 16 years ago . Five years ago he piloted his own Boeing 707 on a 13 - city " Spirit of Friendship Tour " for Qantas , taking in Los Angeles , Auckland , Sydney , Singapore , Tokyo , London , Paris and New York and amassing over 35,000 flying miles . More recently , a gruelling promotional schedule for his two latest projects , " Hairspray " and " Wild Hogs " , has seen him fly extensively over the past year . This includes a country - wide tour of the US and a visit to Canada as well as this week ' s appearance in Leicester Square . Such prolific mileage means that , over the past 12 months , he has accumulated around 800 tonnes of carbon emissions . According to a recent study by the government - funded Carbon Trust , this means he boasts a carbon " footprint " nearly 100 times that of the average Briton , who is responsible for 10.92 tons of Co2 , from his flights alone . One of the world ' s leading climate change businesses , the Carbon Neutral Company , has written to Travolta , suggesting ways he could reduce these alarming levels . He has yet to respond to their advice . Environmental groups were quick to criticise Travolta for " discrediting the cause " . John Buckley , managing director - of CarbonFootprint . com , stated : " John Travolta has such a high - profile celebrity status , so what he says carries an extraordinary amount of weight " So it is such a shame when someone of his standing is so outspoken about green issues , yet fails to practise what he preaches . " Unfortunately someone of his standing ends up discrediting the cause itself , because he is saying people should protect the environment on one hand , yet travelling on a private plane on the other . " Green issues are serious and should be treated as such . " It is vital for celebrities to toe the line when they speak out in support of it . " John Travolta ' s home near Ocala , Florida is part house and part airport terminal . Naturally , he likes to be close to his airplanes which is why he ' s configured his home to provide easy access to the planes . . . and a nearby runway . John Travolta recently purchased ( in 2011 ) a Bombardier Challenger 601 jet that he and his family will use to travel around the globe , much to the pleasure of his wife and kids . " My family fortunately loves traveling , " the newly announced Bombardier brand ambassador told PEOPLE . " Whenever I say , " I have to go to Australia or Paris , " they say , " When are we going ? I ' m there . " " But Travolta admits that his wife Kelly Preston and their daughter Ella consider the new purchase to be a " whole new era for us . " The Challenger is the latest – and largest – in a line of aircrafts purchased by Travolta , who started taking lessons when he was just 15 years old . He had his license by 23 . " I love [ flying ] so much that I built my house next to a [ runway ] so I could fly my jet to my front door , " he told reporters . And while the avid aviator ' s baby boy Benjamin , 9 months , may be too young to earn his wings , Ella , 11 , has already exhibited a fondness towards aircrafts . " I was flying these little sports planes that I have and she showed interest in that , " Travolta says . " I just love being in the air . It has been my family time . I ' ve enjoyed that . " What do you think of John Travolta ' s plane collection and life long aviation passion ? Feel free to comment and share this blog post if you find it interesting ! Photos taken from people . com , radaronline . com , movies . ndtv . com , superst4r . com , nigeldickinson . photoshelter . com , prasetio30 . hubpages . com , travel . co . uk Posted by Katerina Wilhelmina at 11 : 10 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Celebrities Gossip Lifestyle 1 comment : Highlander April 10 , 2012 at 4 : 17 PM Mr . Travolta is an inspiration to many young minds . I find his aviation endeavors thrilling ! Many may not be able to follow in his foot steps but if you put your mind to it , flying can be a part of your future ! Aim high as the saying goes . Reply Note : Only a member of this blog may post a comment . Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"John Travolta",
"actor",
"pilot"
] |
http://chazmatazz.com/ | FITTING CUSTOMERS FOR OVER 27 YEARS EXPERIENCE THE SERVICE EXPERIENCE MATTERS Mercer Countys LARGEST OWNER OPERATED PREMIERE BOUTIQUE TUXEDO STORE 6094520921 LocationDirections 6094520921 | [
"FITTING CUSTOMERS",
"EXPERIENCE THE SERVICE"
] |
http://chc.tbe.taleo.net/chc01/ats/careers/jobSearch.jsp?org=CONSERVATION&cws=1 | Career Opportunities At Conservation International we are constantly growing and expanding into areas new and old . With each step , we need more and more hands . Apply your passion , skills , and talents to helping us protect the most important places around the world . You can also check out CI ' s Benefits Conservation International is an Affirmative Action / Equal Opportunity Employer of minorities , females , protected veterans , and individuals with disabilities . It is the policy of CI to afford equal employment opportunity to all employees and applicants for employment . If you would like more information on your rights , please click the following link to “ EEO is the Law . ” CI offers reasonable accommodation in the employment process for individuals with disabilities . If you need assistance in the application or hiring process to accommodate a disability , you may request an accommodation at any time . If you require an application accommodation due to a disability , please e - mail your request to applyhelp @ conservation . org and include " accommodation " in the subject line . Search Openings Search our positions by selecting a location below . To see all openings sorted by location select " Any " . Each job description includes a link for applying and submitting your resume to us online . This is the fastest and most reliable way to be considered for any of our positions . There are currently a total of 42 open job ( s ) . Location : Keywords : Previous Applicants If you have previously applied to a position on our website , input your e - mail address and password below to login . Just want to send us your resume ? To fill out a general application form click here | [
"Career Opportunities"
] |
http://chcat.org/about-ch-cats/ | About CH Cats CH Kitty Informational Tri - fold What is Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? Cerebellar Hypoplasia ( cer · e · bel · lar hy · po · pla · sia ) is a disorder found in cats and dogs which causes jerky movements , tremors , and generally uncoordinated motion , just like ataxic cerebral palsy in humans . A cat with CH often falls down and has trouble walking or can not seem to walk at all . CH in cats is non - progressive , meaning it does not get worse with age . Cerebellar Hypoplasia occurs when the cerebellum , the part of the brain which controls fine motor skills and coordination , is not completely mature at birth . Symptoms of CH can usually be seen immediately at birth . Cerebellar Hypoplasia is most commonly caused by the kitten ’ s mother contracting the Panleukopenia virus while pregnant . If the mother passes on the virus during the end of pregnancy , the kittens can be born with CH . Kittens with CH are not infected with or carriers of the Panleukopenia virus , it has only stunted their cerebellum ’ s growth while in the womb . Cerebellar Hypoplasia can also occur if a trauma , including malnutrition , occurs to the kittens while in the womb . Cats with Cerebellar Hypoplasia are often euthanized , as people misunderstand the condition as being painful and / or contagious . However , they have a normal life expectancy and are very affectionate , sweet , and loving . They return the extra care they need with an intense love for and bond with their adoptive families . The Truth About CH Cats At this time , many veterinary and rescue professionals are still unaware of CH . Many CH cats are needlessly euthanized before given a chance at a proper diagnosis and life , making it harder for awareness about the condition to grow . Cats with CH : Are not in any pain Are not contagious Have a normal life expectancy Live happy , healthy lives Learn to adapt their abilities and compensate over time Can be spayed / neutered safely Need to be indoor - only & should never be declawed May require no extra care , or a great deal of extra care , depending on their severity Can be more prone to accident - related injuries , like chipped teeth or broken nails Severity Levels of CH Cats Mild Cats with mild CH are very capable and require little to no extra care . Symptoms : Unusual gait ( high step or waddle ) Occasional balance loss May have subtle head tremors when excited or stressed Abilities : Walk Run Jump Stairs Special Care : Can not live outdoors May prefer a modified litter box with high sides Prefer carpet or rugs , but not a necessity Moderate Cats with moderate CH can get around on their own , but one end of their body may appear to be doing something else than the other end . Symptoms : Walk with legs splayed in a wide stance Frequent balance loss , falls Noticeable head tremors , especially when excited or stressed Abilities : Walk short distances Expert climbers Special Care : Can not live outdoors Prefer a modified litter box with high sides to support themselves against ; can be messier than non - CH cats Have an easier time balancing on carpet or rugs Raised food & water dishes Modified furniture to protect them from getting hurt when they fall ( e.g. adding bumpers ) Severe Cats with severe CH can not walk on their own and require a great deal of special care . Can not walk or stand Flip and Flop to get around Constant head tremors Expert climbers May need help using the litter box ; prefer a modified litter box with high sides or pee - pee pads Prefer carpet to help grip and propel themselves forward May need help getting set up at their food dish Modified furniture to protect them from getting hurt when they fall ( e.g. adding bumpers ) Are ideal candidates for wheelchairs , which can help improve mobility and coordination Resources To learn more , or get assistance with a CH cat , please visit the following resources : Cerebellar Hypoplasia Cats and Kittens Facebook Group https : / / www . facebook . com / 181495576436 Life with CH Cats Blog http : / / lifewithchcats . com Wesley the Wobbly Kitten https : / / www . facebook . com / # ! / fuzzy . butt . foster . pets View / Print : Cerebellar Hypoplasia Handout View / Print : Tri - fold Cerebellar Hypoplasia Brochure 140 thoughts on “ About CH Cats Jennifer Dutand on April 23 , 2014 at 9 : 28 am said : My 2 year old cat , Tequila has a moderate case of cerrabellum . She usually is extremely active and wanting to play at any given time . I have a two floor apartment and she taught herself to walk up and down the stairs , jump on and off the couch and my bed after seconds of planning the distance of her landing spot so she wo n ’ t bump into anything . She runs very fast with a push from her back legs which looks like she ’ s half rabbit . My daughter named her Tequila , it certainly is a befitting name . I fell in love with her the minute we met . It saddens me to know that she could have been euthanized had she fallen into the wrong hands . I have spent over $ 2,000.00 in veterinarian bills two years ago when she ate a small ball of yarn . This wiped out my savings but she is worth more than any dollar amount to me . Two years since the last episode I think that I might be in the same situation yet again . The past two days She has n ’ t been usual happy self . I fear that this is happening again but this time I do n ’ t have the resources to get her help and I ’ m afraid that if I ca n ’ t afford a veterinarian visit with whatever else included that they are going to tell me that the only other option is to euthanize her . I ca n ’ t bear the thought If anyone has any information on how I can get her some help with this , Please email me . It would be greatly appreciated . Thank you in advance , Jennifer and Tequila Reply ↓ Elise on April 23 , 2014 at 7 : 52 pm said : Hi Jennifer , are you worried that your kitty ate yarn again or there is something else wrong ? Many vets offer payment plans or payments via CareCredit or Chase ’ s medical payment card . These allow you to have no - interest payments over the course of 6 + months for the vet bill . Reply ↓ Stephanie October 29 , 2014 at 2 : 06 am Update on Tequila ? Is she ok ? You can also send up a GoFundMe for her vet aid and try to solicit donations to help her on the Facebook sites devoted to Cats and Cat care . Kathleen Morris October 12 , 2016 at 8 : 03 am ( Sorry if this is the wrong place to pose a question ) . I found a possibly CH kitten running out into traffic near my house , about 6 - 8 weeks old ( male , gorgeous calico ) . He has not been formally diagnosed , but shows many of the symptoms described here . A video taken of him running shows the swaying , unbalanced gait , and at times small tremors along his neck area and hindquarters . Do shelters accept CH cats ( not euthanize them ) ? We are limited by our lease to our current 2 kitties , but are working on finding a loving home for him . He compensates very well if it is CH , is highly intelligent and playful , runs and climbs ( falling does n ’ t seem to bother him ) . I agree with Elise that trying to avoid him climbing is probably useless . I even think it may help him develop better coordination over time . But , since his little bones are still developing , is there a risk of fractures or injuries ? A lot of flopping along with typical kitten behavior . He seems very aware of his physical surroundings and limitations , compensates well , Elise October 12 , 2016 at 8 : 08 pm Hi Kathleen , many shelters will accept CH kitties , others ( due to space constraints ) may euthanize them . I will reach out to you for more info and to see if we can help find a place for the kitten to go ! Rebecca Duffeck August 10 , 2017 at 3 : 27 pm Hi Elise , I recently found a CH cat living outside and am unable to keep her myself due to having my limit of cats of my own . I saw your email to Kathleen and am hoping that you may be able to help me find a place for her to her to go also . My email address is : rhduffeck @ yahoo . com Thanks , Becca Karen Tuerk October 15 , 2016 at 6 : 49 am 99.9 % chance this cat is female , btw . Young kittens are sometimes hard to sex but nearly all calicos are female . samantha Island Cat Rescue November 18 , 2016 at 10 : 21 pm CH kitties live a very happy life . There is no reason to euthanize . but some shelters will due to space constraints . I would not take him to a shelter ! Please , please try to find a special needs or CH kitty rescue in your area or better yet keep her if you can and give this sweet baby a wonderful loving home . God bless you . Andrew February 25 , 2017 at 12 : 48 pm Do u still have the cat with ch , my wife and i are lloking for 1 . Nancy Zilinsky May 30 , 2017 at 8 : 18 pm I believe i have a 3wk old kitten with CH . .Not sure if you are still looking for one . My daughter wants him but may change her mind after he get a definate diagnosis . He wont be ready for adoption until 8 wks old . We live in Port Orange , Fl . Near Daytona . My facebook has ton of pics . He is solid gray . Rebecca Duffeck July 25 , 2017 at 9 : 31 am Hi Andrew , I have a CH kitty with mild CH . The owners are planing to take her to Animal Control , however I am trying to discourage that since I ’ m sure they will euthanize her . She recently had 5 kittens and at present only has one left . They were all killed by cars . They are not in a safe place . She is the cutest most endearing little kitty , and I ca n ’ t bear the thought of her being killed because she is a little different . She loves to run and play July 25 , 2017 at 11 : 55 am Hello , Andrew , I have access to a Ch kitty that is around 1 year old . Her CH is very mild . She loves to run and play with her one 5 week old kitten . The owners are planning to take her to Animal Control where I ’ m sure they will euthanize her . If you would want to take her , I will try to get her to you . She is adorable and her little wobbly run is so endearing . I ca n ’ t take her because I have my limit in fosters . My heart Thanks , Becca August 10 , 2017 at 3 : 30 pm My email address is : rhduffeck @ yahoo . com Thanks , Becca Shanna M Wieser February 15 , 2018 at 7 : 59 am Are you looking for a ch cat ? I have a boy about 1 year old . He belong to my brother who just passed away . He is a cute baby . Shanna M Wieser February 15 , 2018 at 8 : 04 am Are you looking for a ch cat ? I have a boy about 1 year old . He belong to my brother who just passed away . He is a cute baby . I am in Northern California . smwieser @ gmail . com Alexis Winslow February 27 , 2017 at 10 : 46 am I was wondering where you live because I may be able to adopt hin . i have ch cat named Angel . her case is moderate but I am Used to the unusual cats July 25 , 2017 at 12 : 00 pm I live in Gaston County , North Carolina . Where do you live ? My Ph Number : ( 704 ) 922 - 5004 I do n ’ t have texting . Penny August 8 , 2017 at 6 : 38 pm I was wondering get where you live as I ’ d be more than interested in adopting her . I already havemailed a “ normal ” calico cat so she ’ d fit in well . August 10 , 2017 at 3 : 35 pm Hi Penny , I live in Gaston County , North Carolina Perhaps I can get her to you . My Ph # : ( 704 ) 922 - 5004 email : August 10 , 2017 at 3 : 47 pm I would also like to add that the little CH cat is about 1 year old and has no problems using the litter box . No accidents whatsoever . She has a very mild CH . Only wobbles a little when she runs and her head bobs a little . I guess that ’ s the reason she was able to make it living outside on her own . alicia October 30 , 2017 at 12 : 12 pm http : / / www . fofrescue . org / This organization keeps CH cats long term and cares for them Kathleen January 20 , 2018 at 10 : 40 pm My boy with CH is named Cuervo . I thought it humurous we both went the same direction . I hope Tequila feels better soon ! cblough June 5 , 2014 at 6 : 41 am We have a 4yr old little boy cat with cerebellar hypoplasia , I would guess after reading the info above is moderate to severe , his name is Evan Alexander and my husband and I love him dearly . We rescued him after seeing he was being starved , mother either wasnt nursing him or he could not drink , the other two kittens the mother had were doing fine ; so my husband and I started taking kitten milk over to the barn across the meadow from our home , to the little guy , at first he did So a little info from the wonderful vet , I started this search and here I am . Thank you for putting this info out there , so now I see where my little guy is . his development has been slow , his head is two small for his body his little paws ( front ) give out on him and his hind end goes every which way , he can not climb or jump up or down , and his disposition can be nasty at times , ( but we absolutley love this little cat . my husband and I lift him up into our bed every night and in the morning we lift him down , when he wants to go up stairs we carry him and bring him down as he tried to elizabeth wilson October 3 , 2014 at 6 : 14 am thank god for u ! my husband and I have a ch kitty . He is our world . We love him and have spent 2,000 $ on different vets trying to find out what was wrong with Zippy do da . then someone posted a video on facebook . It opened our eyes ! We have found a vet who is familiar with the disorder . He tried to jump off my bed last night and has hurt his rear left hip . as no vets were open he has had to wait til morning to see our vet October 5 , 2014 at 5 : 49 pm It is safe for CH kitties to be x - rayed . I hope your kitty gets better soon ! Sandy October 7 , 2014 at 1 : 40 pm Your story made my day ! You are an awesome person ! Violet January 27 , 2017 at 2 : 54 am I know this was years ago , but thank you for being such a kind , loving , and understanding parent . If only everyone was like you . I was hit by a drunk driver 10 years ago and am now disabled and developed CRPS from the injuries along with Lupus inherited from my mother that came on quicker due to the trauma and life changing injuries . I have been through hell and back at least 7 times since , almost being homeless many times . But the thing that is most upsetting is that now I ca Carlotta August 15 , 2017 at 2 : 42 pm You are truly wonderful people ❤ ❤ Marcie June 19 , 2014 at 10 : 11 am Hey ! I have a cat that has moderate CH . She is , about a year and a half old . In the beginning she had a normal time using the litter box . As she has gotten bigger , she has gone right outside of the litter box , like she thinks she is all the way in there but her back legs are not . The past few days though she has urinated everywhere else in the house . .many feet away from the litter box . She poops in the litter box but for some reason September 17 , 2014 at 7 : 11 pm Hi Marcie , I hope her situation has improved ? With urinary issues it is always important to be sure they see a vet to ensure they do n ’ t have an infection or other health condition causing the behavior . If her health check goes well , then you may need to experiment with different sizes and types of litter boxes , litter , and maybe try pee pee pads . Check out more suggestions on our FAQ page . Angel October 22 , 2016 at 7 : 29 pm I have a CH male , Weeble . He ’ s 4 years old this past September . Anyway , he ’ s on special food to prevent urinary crystals because he ’ s had a couple of vet stays because of not being able to urinate due to crystals in his urinary tract . jude mignacca April 17 , 2017 at 11 : 08 am Peeing everywhere is a cat telling you something is wrong ! ! ! To the vet , immediately ! ! ! Stephanie October 29 , 2014 at 2 : 09 am I would try a few different litter boxes around the house if she is cleared for a UTI at the vet . Perhaps the litter is bothering her – you could try alternate litter choices ( corn - based , etc … ) and also try boxes with lower sides , higher sides , or even one modified to have a “ walk - in ” area like a beach , if it ’ s hard for her to get in ? Also , be sure to get a cleaner with enzymes to clean up the areas she ’ s went around the house , so that she ’ s not attracted to previously urinated areas because of the smell . Dena July 18 , 2014 at 8 : 52 pm I was just asked to take a 6 week old kitten . Yes . She ’ s been cared for well for a month now , apparently alone when found at approximately two weeks old . Her symptoms are pointing toward ch , according to the vet she has seen . She is quite off - balance at this young stage . I am wondering , when and if I need to try some type of wheelchair / cart for her , who can I turn to for a donation of one ? I am hoping she will settle in September 17 , 2014 at 7 : 09 pm Hi Dena , hope everything is working out well with your little CH kitten ! For help with a wheelchair cart , you should definitely check out this easy and cheap homemade cart : http : / / lifewithchcats . com / 2012 / 02 / 06 / how - to - build - your - own - ch - cat - walker - for - 20 / You can also look around on various disabled pet websites for people donating ones their pets can no longer or do not use Margie August 19 , 2014 at 11 : 49 am I had a cat , Teddy , born with cerebellar hypoplasia and he was totally blind . I took him to a vet when he was 8 weeks old expecting to be told I “ should ” euthanize him , and will always be grateful the vet said that was not necessary . A neighbor worked for a store that sold stove supplies and she brought me two 4 ′ stove pipe boxes . I taped them into a long tunnel . The sides were just wide enough to keep Teddy from falling sideways . That became his “ early Kriss November 27 , 2015 at 3 : 51 pm I ’ m making something similar to your “ rehab ” equipment tomorrow for my newly adopted CH kitten . What a great idea ! I hope I ’ m blessed many years with my cat as you were with yours . Thanks Margie ! * high five * Abigail Mendoza April 26 , 2016 at 10 : 09 am Could you please send a picture of your rehab equipment ? My cat gave birth to 5 kittens . The four are normal but unfortunately , one has severe CH . I ’ m researching now about my kitten ’ s condition . The kitten is just 2wks old . Please e - mail me when you can or for anybody here who can help me take care of my kitten . abigail_mendoza1013 @ yahoo . com . ph Thank you ! Chris Plant April 29 , 2016 at 5 : 49 pm This confuses me as my daughter has adopted a CH junior cat aged 9 months and was advised it was a problem with the mum during her pregnancy but I do n ’ t understand why it would not affect all of the kittens ? April 29 , 2016 at 6 : 04 pm Hi Chris , Unfortunately there has n ’ t been enough research about CH on why it might impact only part of a litter of kittens … it could be because even though the kittens are the same age , their bodies develop at slightly different paces ( the runt might have mild CH , but the other kittens are unaffected ) … though that is just my speculation . - Elise Violet January 27 , 2017 at 3 : 01 am I love this story ! Thank God for that vet . Why ca n ’ t they all be like that ? They ’ re like Nazis here . They have no problem murdering anyone who is not their definition of normal . Thanks for being such a good parent to Teddy . Cynthia Victor September 16 , 2014 at 10 : 25 pm I have been given a cat with ch and am having a heck of a time with the cat box any hints other than tall walls . Will she get better at walking as she gets older . September 17 , 2014 at 7 : 04 pm Hi Cynthia – cats with CH will often seem to improve as they grow and get more practice and control of their ( in ) coordination . There are many things you can do to help with the litter box , most CH cats have a preference of what they like to use . Try different sizes of boxes , different heights of litterbox walls , a fully enclosed litterbox ( such as a rubbermaid bin with a hole cut in the side ) , as well as different types of litter . Depending on her severity , she may Rachel September 18 , 2014 at 9 : 57 pm Hi All , We have a 7 month boy with moderate CH . He is hands down the sweetest cat I have ever had . His main issues are his head tremors when he gets excited , I have also noticed that is he always very interested in observing what is going on around him . He will just sit with his head cocked to one side watching me do my daily things for hours ! He is also quite the eater ! You would think he ’ s starving ! But nope , just very intense about his meals lol . The I must say , our little Bobs is quite the inspiration . He radiates joy and happiness . He never denies cuddles , and he is always there giving you his “ curious look ” which never fails to put a smile on my face . I was always so worried about him when he was a baby , but it is such a relief to know how happy of a kitten he truly is . September 27 , 2014 at 1 : 04 pm Thanks for sharing your story Many CH kitties have litter box ‘ issues ’ … the trick is just finding the right solution for them . Just keep trying different litters , sizes / styles of boxes and you ’ ll find something that works for him . If all else fails , most will use peepee pads or towels too ! As for his wheezing , hopefully the vet could help you figure it out ? Jo January 24 , 2015 at 1 : 57 pm My little CH furbaby will only use shredded paper in his litter box , We have also added an extra litterbox underneath and put drainage holes in the top box to allow for the urine to drain into the bottom tray ( bottom tray has a layer of kitty litter to absorb liquid ) , this means it is less smelly and my Hogan does n ’ t have to get his paws wet . Just an idea if all else fails . mercades March 17 , 2015 at 3 : 34 pm Hi You did n ’ t say what breed your CH kitty is but mine is a burmese and due to their short snouts they tend to snore or wheeze when relaxing / sleeping . Gayle Cooper September 27 , 2014 at 4 : 55 pm Very glad to have the information provided on these pages . Our sanctuary , which is primarily equines , also is home to other animals . Someone brought us a kitten approximately 4 weeks of age that was “ flopping around on a neighbor ’ s lawn ” . No mama or siblings anywhere in sight . He was thin and frightened . Started him on good cat formula with a bottle and he is now eating – I do provide elevated dishes , but sometimes hold and support his head . He is an ardent player , finding joy Destiny Overla January 25 , 2015 at 7 : 04 am I looked up this page because my friend ’ s cat just had a litter and one of her kittens has this . Gizmo is the most adorable little ball of fuzz I have ever seen , and I wanted to comment that he is unusually smart . He ’ s about 7 months old now , and can give high fives when we ask , ( although sometimes he does it with his nose ) and he ( tries to ) sit when you ask him to . It ’ s sad to watch him try to go outside mariam January 29 , 2015 at 1 : 46 am My CH cat just died today : ' ( I just ca n ’ t stop crying . .my little kitty was 3 year old . He had a severe case of CH , could n ’ t walk on his own not at all . We adopted the little one when his mother abandoned him . He was the cutest little pet one could ever imagine . I ca n ’ t stop my tears right now . Thanks for sharing awareness about the CH cats . It can really help alot of people . And I must say Abigail Mendoza April 26 , 2016 at 10 : 11 am I ’ m now taking care of a 2wk old kitten with severe CH . Please e - mail me on how you took care of your cat . I ’ m sorry to hear about your loss . I would be very grateful to receive and e - mail from you . Thank you . abigail_mendoza1013 @ yahoo . com . ph Kathleen Morris October 12 , 2016 at 7 : 41 am So sorry to hear of the loss of your dear one , Mariam . There is a wonderful website called “ The Rainbow Bridge ” . If you have not heard of it , it ’ s a wonderful source of comfort for grieving kitty owners . Full of peaceful , happy thoughts , prayers , and memories to help you and your baby feel still connected . Try it , you ’ ll love it . Karen Cooper March 3 , 2015 at 11 : 52 am I am so sorry for your loss . I agree that these are the most precious cats in the world . I have a CH cat named Sparky . I actually came to the site for the first time today looking for information about geriatric CH cats . Sparky will soon be 17 . I adopted him when he was a tiny kitten . He is an orange tabby and I have been told that they ( even without CH ) are quite vocal , but Sparky has become much more so in his old age and I worry that Kathleen March 16 , 2015 at 7 : 11 pm Wow ! I have n ’ t been on this website in over ten years . I ’ m pleased to see how far it ’ s come . My cat Sally will be turning 15 this year . She is such a joy ! Her gait is the same as ever , which can be really funny as her back feet try to pass up her front feet at times . She can do everything most cats cat except climb onto the furniture . However , she does not see this as a needed skill as she is surrounded We did have a few months recently when she was not dealing well with her seizure medication . ( She is legitimately epileptic . ) That caused her to stay in her bed and need to be carried to the litter box . We have done water physical therapy in the bathtub , which she absolutely hated ! However , now she ’ s walking and playing again . Tough love wins ! I would be interested to know how old everyone else ’ s CH kitties are . We hope to have Sally around for many more years . Katy March 23 , 2015 at 6 : 23 am Hi all ! I ’ ve just brought home a 9 month old female kitten with CH and it appears to be mild . I was surprised to see that she is able to jump on and off my bed . I ’ m aware that her disability makes her more accident prone , so I try to keep an eye on her when she attempts to jump on and off . My question is , is she causing any internal damage to herself if she ’ s able to land fine ? Or should I discourage her from jumping Katy March 23 , 2015 at 6 : 27 am By the way , she is such a sweet and loving kitten , and it saddens me to think that I almost overlooked her because of her condition . March 23 , 2015 at 9 : 27 pm Unless she is taking big tumbles and falls , she most likely is n ’ t causing any damage internally . Some CH kitties want to be as independent as possible and trying to keep them from jumping on / off furniture can be worse than just letting them do it . If you are concerned , you can create a landing area of blankets / dog pillows next to the bed and cover any surrounding furniture corners with some fabric to help soften any uncoordinated falls . Michelle March 28 , 2015 at 5 : 29 pm Hi , I have a 6 month old kitty ( Martini ) that I adopted after her mother abandoned her in the yard . I believe she is a CH kitty since she ca n ’ t stand and gets around by launching herself forward and flopping from side to side until she manages to get near her goal . She uses potty pads … sort of lol … she ’ s pretty good for a while then she seems to forget to go to them . She recently started having severe behavior swings where she seems to get extremely scared or tense or irritated … i ’ m not sure . She will growl , scream , hiss and lash out when I talk to her or touch her . She seems to be very sensitive to touching of her tail or back legs as well . I ca n ’ t tell if she ’ s in pain or if this is just a symptom of CH . I ’ m scratched and bleeding all the time due to her tantrums and the fact that There has been a change in the household as well and I think part of the problem may be related to that . We have 2 new kittens in the house that I picked up from the local Wal - mart where they had been abandoned in the parking lot . Some times she seems to be interested in them as they run around and has even made her way over to where they were playing , but once close , she just starts hissing and growling and is unapproachable for some time afterward . Does anyone know if this is usual CH cat behavior ? And if so , what can I do to help her not stress out like she does ? Is there medication she should be on ? I hate seeing her get so freaked out like that and she has severely bitten and scratched me when I ’ ve tried to comfort / calm her . Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated . I love her to death but I ’ m having a hard time dealing with the violent behavior . March 29 , 2015 at 6 : 21 pm Hi Michelle , That is not behavior related to CH . Can you try separating her from the other kittens to see how she does in a room of her own ? Additionally , if it is stress related , have you tried Feliway plugins ? You may also wish to look into feline hyperesthesia , which is a sensitivity to touch . http : / / www . vet . cornell . edu / FHC / health_resources / HyperesthesiaSyndrome . cfm Good luck – please keep us posted ! If you are on facebook , please also post your concerns there as there are tons of active members who can help https : / / www . facebook . com / groups / CHcat / - Elise Michelle April 11 , 2015 at 12 : 15 am Thanks so much Elise ! Martini is actually doing better recently . I did keep her separated from the kittens for several days and let her initiate any contact with them after that . She still has her moments but I feel that some of her behavior issues were possibly related to the fact that she was entering her first heat cycle . I plan to have her spayed but I was hesitant due to the way she gets around , fearing she would open her incision . She uses her abdominal muscles for every effort at getting around so I just needed to speak Regarding the Feliway … I actually have some of the spray and I did spritz that around her “ area ” to try to help relax her . I think it works but it ’ s very short term . I do wonder if there is a better alternative for her litter … since she does like to “ dig ” and “ cover ” , she often will pull the potty pads up from the litter pad holder or move them around so that she ends up urinating on the floor or holder and then ends up wet and smelly with urine . I hate to subject her to full baths but she gets far more than she appreciates . Is there a specialty litter pan that would work better ? Or should I try using a box of Again , thanks for the information and suggestions ! April 13 , 2015 at 8 : 59 am Glad to hear she is doing better ! I find the Feliway diffuser works much better / more consistently than the spray . Maybe a custom litter box like this might help her ? Pam Sertich April 25 , 2016 at 6 : 09 am I found a 4 wk old male kitten that had fallen out of the attic where the feral mother had her litter of three . We go up there regularly to feed the cats and the ladder is broken . He sees the fall . He had crawled under a bookcase ( this is a law office ) . He was screaming his head off . I thought he was upstairs . When I found him my heart just broke . His eyes were “ glued ” shut with green drainage . He raised his face to me as I When I took him to the vet the next day the vet diagnosed him with CH . I think he is moderately affected . His head shakes and his balance is poor . He only weighed 269 grams ( 1 / 2 lb ) when I found him . I had to syringe feed him for over a week he could n ’ t suck on a bottle . I finally got him to eat AD Scuence Diet food but he would face plant right in it . It was hysterical . Of course I had to keep him clean He refuses to eat kibble ( is that normal ? ) . I realize most cats prefer wet food but when I have to work I would like to leave kibble out He was n ’ t drinking any water at first but I got a fountain and that solved that problem . I also use an elevated bowl . That is much better for him . Should I bathe him ? Get him used to it now . I use Feliway for the Burmese bonding thing . Cat Fairies is a great place for flower drops etc . They have the best catnip spray and toys when the spray is in stock . If not for the vet educating me on this disability I would have put him down . He is ver affectionate and loving . I named him Simon . He has a small kink at the end of his tail so he probably had development problems in utero . Thanks for this great site . It was difficult posting this because he has been trying to “ help ” me . I will post a picture if I get accepted to the FB site . Again , sorry for the long post but it ’ s nice to talk about him to people that understand . April 25 , 2016 at 7 : 21 pm Thanks for saving Simon and giving him a loving home ! You can bathe him if he gets messy in the litterbox , that is pretty common for CH kitties He may not like eating kibble if he feels like his nose keeps bonking the ground . Perhaps try a softer , silicone bowl to see if he prefers that ? Something like http : / / www . ezpzfun . com / happy - bowl - in - coral / Kathy December 29 , 2017 at 12 : 33 pm There are some YouTube videos that can teach you how to make your cat relieve herself on the pee pad . Just search for “ CH cat potty time ” . Although you might have to start this when they ’ re young , as this is how the mother cat makes them go as babies . It has saved our severe CH kitten , since the hubby said we could n ’ t keep him if he was going to be living in his own waste , and we could n ’ t find a home for him . Nikki May 17 , 2015 at 1 : 59 pm My boyfriend rescued 4 kittens that were abandoned by their mother . we have to boys and 2 girls and are between 3.5 to 4 weeks old . The boys seem to be doing just fine but one of the girls , the little grey one , started not being able to walk very well if at all . It started Friday afternoon , she became very lathargic and not really moving or taking the bottle when we tried to feed her . they said her glucose was between 70 and 76 so they gave her something to try to The other girl started having the same symptoms Friday night , however she started not even be able to scoot around . We took them to the vet Saturday and the vet said she also had a neurological problem but her glucose was 40 so they gave her something to boost her glucose . When we brought her home , it was feeding time and all of the others ate but the other girl , the little black one , refused the bottle . She would n ’ t even hold her head up , seemed to be breathing very The two boys seem perfectly fine . They are able to walk around , eat on their own , and poop after a little bit of stimulation . They are able to play with each other and they are very good brothers to their sister ( and other sister when she was still here ) . They are all able to groom themselves though the little grey girl has a little bit of trouble now . All of the girls ’ symptoms seemed to come on very quickly ( they were both walking around the first 2 days we rescued them then they suddenly started not being able to keep themselves up ) but the three remaining are all doing very good . Does anyone know how to get it checked if the remaining girl actually does have CH without having to get a CT scan or an MRI done ? I really want to be able to keep the little girl ( I would love to keep them all but I know the boys will AARON FELINE May 31 , 2015 at 2 : 59 pm MY NAME IS AARON IM 8 WEEKS OLD MY FOSTER MOM BELIEVES I HAVE CH BUT SHE DOESNT HAVE THE FUNDS FOR THE MRI TO CONFIRM I SHOW ALL THE RIGHT SIGNS … MOM SAID SHE IS GOING TO SET UP A FACEBOOK ACCOUNT AND GOFUNDME PAGE JUST FOR ME … PLEASE FOLLOW ME ON FACEBOOK prayersforaaronkittywithch @ gmail . com . MOM HOPES TO RAISE AWARNESS SO CH DOESNT HAVE TO BE A DEATH SENTENCE Leanne June 29 , 2015 at 6 : 18 am We just adopted a CH kitten a few days ago from the animal shelter and love him so much already . He is a very mobile CH kitten and loves running through the house , but he has very bad depth perception . He keeps running full force into the wall and table leg , we ’ re afraid he ’ s going to hurt himself really bad one of these times . He also keeps jumping up and flipping himself in the air ( batting at imaginary objects ) , and landing on his head . Any ideas on June 29 , 2015 at 9 : 57 pm Hi Leanne , I would try padding his play area up as much as possible . Hopefully as he grows and gains more coordination , he ’ ll stop running into the walls and furniture so much . He probably just has so much pent up kitten energy . As far as toys go , have you tried a tail - like want toy , since he likes to play with your dogs tail ? Something large enough for him to focus on and go after / grip : http : / / www . amazon . com / SmartyKat - Swishy - Tail - Interactive - Feather / dp / B00EZTC5VO He sounds like an adorable boy ! Good luck ! - Elise Carly July 22 , 2015 at 5 : 12 pm Hi Everyone , I ’ m on the hunt for insight regarding cat / cat aggression in CH cats . I bring CH cats into the rescue I work for whenever I can , and usually have a relatively easy time finding them homes . One of my current shelter cats has moderate - severe CH , and she ’ s just the sweetest , loveliest thing ( to people ) on the planet . She was adopted by a volunteer who fell in love with her , but after several months made the painful decision to return her after accepting that she Has anybody experienced anything like this ? Can a part of the brain that affects social behavior be affected by CH ? Is it a reasonable hypothesis that increased competition with littermates etc for resources can occasionally cause some CH cats to have a negative association with other cats ? Is it just a coincidence that the two cats I ’ ve come across with these issues both have moderate - severe CH ? I want to make clear that any information I can find wo n ’ t ever be used to discourage anybody from adopting a CH cat , and realize that in general they can be expected to peacefully live in multi - cat households . I just want to do anything I can to understand this one who is in my care so I can do best by her . I would also love if I could give the volunteer who adopted her any insight I can as to why this happened with his cat despite our best efforts . Thanks in advance for any insight you have to share ! Carly Dominique September 10 , 2015 at 10 : 55 pm I ’ d like to share this website with others , is there a way to without copy – and – pasting the URL ? Thanks Dominique Lisa November 24 , 2015 at 5 : 12 pm You can type it . http : / / www . chcat . org Rochelle October 30 , 2015 at 11 : 22 am My cat , formally named Twitch because of her tremors and such . We took her to the vet at 6 months old to make sure she for sure had cerebellar hypoplasia and she does ! Moderate . She now lives with her brother , step sister and cousin in an chicken coop that no longer has chickens . I ’ ve now been questioning if she can not see , or is starting to show the signs of blindness . Might I add that it ’ s quite dark inside the coop and I ’ ve been thinking of Any suggestions ? Rhonda Fredricks November 20 , 2015 at 3 : 01 pm Can CH accompany other medical conditions ? I have a tiny 5wks old make kitten that the vet has confirmed as having albino qualities , has a form of dwarfism , and the best way to describe his head and face is that it looks like he has a nose that is nearly two separate noses and his eyes are very widely spaced . He ’ s eating well and growing every so slightly . His symptoms of CH are extreme . November 21 , 2015 at 12 : 25 pm Yes , CH can accompany other conditions , though it ’ s also possible his other issues are causing symptoms that mimic CH . 5 weeks is pretty young to gauge what his mobility will be like as he grows and gains more muscle tone and coordination . From what you are describing , I am envisioning his face may look like Monty ’ s ( https : / / www . facebook . com / Montyboycat / ? fref = ts ) ? Thank you for rescuing him ! Maxine langtree December 14 , 2015 at 12 : 32 am Just found this site which is a mine of information about CH cats . I volunteer at the local cat sanctuary and Henry was just three months old when I fetched him home . I would say his CH is moderate but I do n ’ t really treat him any different to my two other cats . One of them gas taken a real liking to Henry and plays with him a lot . My cats are indoor cats and Henry has a very big pen which I put him in at night and at meal times but most Anna December 14 , 2015 at 2 : 47 pm “ Kittens with CH are not infected with or carriers of the Panleukopenia virus , it has only stunted their cerebellum ’ s growth while in the womb . ” – This can not be true and should be corrected on this website . I picked up two kittens ( Wobbles and Boots ) from MDAS at about 4 weeks old . They were likely brothers – as they were dropped off together and looked the same age . Wobbles showed all signs of CH when I picked them up , but I was not familiar with this condition or any viruses at the time . About one week later , Boots did n ’ t have much of an apetite , so I took them both to the shelter to get tested . They both tested positive for FPV ( Panleukopenia virus ) It is imperative to separate all cats that show signs of CH from other kittens in the litter that might have not caught the virus in the womb and are still susceptible to catching the virus ( especially when they are taken away from the mom ) . A cat that catches FPV in the womb will likely survive as the mother ’ s milk and antibodies will protect the kitten . However , a kitten that is away from the mom and catches CH has very little to almost no chances to survive the virus at such a young I still have Boots and Wobbles and they are both doing great , and are about 1.5 years old . Wobbles has a moderate case of CH , and Boots fully recovered . December 17 , 2015 at 7 : 03 pm Hi Anna , Panleuk is not the same thing as CH . Panleuk is very contagious , I agree , and kittens should be separated to avoid it spreading . However , not all cats with panleuk develop neurological symptoms like CH . CH itself is a neurological condition that results from the cerebellum being underdeveloped , most commonly from the mother cat having panleuk or getting vaccinated while pregnant . CH itself is not contagious , it is a congenital disorder . I hope this helps clarify your concern . danylle January 3 , 2016 at 8 : 25 am Hi , yesterday me and my son went to the humane society to adopt a kitty we had seen online . When we got there yhey told us that kitty had been adopted so we walked around looking at the other kitties they had . We found a kitty that looked a little different named Tucker after just a few seconds of petting the little guy we were in love even though we knew something was different about the little guy . So we went in and told one of the ladies working there that we wanted to adopt Tucker danylle225 @ yahoo . com Thank you Beverly R January 9 , 2016 at 11 : 19 am Hi all , I ’ m fostering a 5 month old moderate - severe CH kitten and have absolutely fallen in love with her . It ’ s just inspiring to see how this disability does n ’ t stop her from doing or at least trying to do everything the other cats do . I would love to be able to keep her but … my 2 older boys , Pip and Domino , who are 4 1 / 2 years old , do n ’ t approve of her . I ’ m not sure they even realize Eleasha January 26 , 2016 at 8 : 31 am Hi , I have a kitten that is about 6 months old now with moderate to severe ch , we got him when he was 3 weeks old because my boyfriends dad found him outside trying to get to his chicken feed , he asked if we wanted him and we took him . Right away we noticed his head would wobble and he could n ’ t walk straight and would fall often . We took him to the vet and they told us about ch . Smokie is a very special kitty and we love him so much carmela January 27 , 2016 at 10 : 24 am I have a 8month kitten with moderate CH . In few days he stopped seeing , now he is blind . For my VET this is the result of CH condition and its n ’ t possible to do anything . Did you experience something similar , please help me . Thanks and Your pardon for my english January 27 , 2016 at 8 : 50 pm Hi Carmela – that is NOT normal for a CH cat . CH occurs when the cerebellum is underdeveloped at birth and causes the cat to be wobbly and uncoordinated . Any additional health issues ( such as blindness ) is either unrelated to the CH or possibly the kitten does n ’ t have CH at all and instead has another neurological condition with some of the same symptoms . Check out this Q&A for some other ideas : http : / / chcat . org / wp_super_faq / i - think - my - cat - might - have - ch - but - 2 / Carmela January 30 , 2016 at 11 : 48 am Elise , I really appreciate your response , unlike suggested by VET , I ’ ll investigate more hoping this can help my little Tricche , thanks a lot January 30 , 2016 at 6 : 47 pm Good luck . If you ’ re on facebook , there are a couple of great communities you can join with tons of members with lots of weird neurological experience https : / / www . facebook . com / groups / CHcat / https : / / www . facebook . com / groups / CatsWithParalysis / beks February 3 , 2016 at 10 : 12 am Several years ago the most awesome cat showed up at my apartment building . My sweetie and I noticed he had a funny walk and we assumed it was from an old injury as he showed no signs of pain or distress . We petted the super flirty little cat every time we passed him , but noticed after a week he was declawed and did n ’ t seen to be leaving our building . Assuming he was lost ( who lets a declawed cat roam ? ! ) we searched the local lost / found ads , checked Camille February 23 , 2016 at 1 : 36 am Good Day ! I have a newborn 5 kitten yesterday . They ’ re all healthy but there ’ s 1 kitten I ’ m not sure . He has a soft Lump on the top of his head and I ’ m not sure if he trully have an CH . well I ’ m worried because he wants have space from his siblings and I nurse him today to drink milk from her mother but he ’ s not feeding . it ’ s like his big head making him weak . I ’ m afraid because this February 23 , 2016 at 7 : 40 am Hello , can you get the kitten in to see a vet ? I would suggest continuing to encourage the kitten to nurse every hour to 2 hours and if she ’ s not then you ’ ll need to syringe or bottle feed . She ’ s probably too young to make a diagnosis of CH and I ’ ve never heard of a CH cat born with a soft head . You may also want to look into Hydrocephalus ( check out SHAHS rescue if you need more info on hydro ! ) Bruce February 27 , 2016 at 4 : 54 pm We just lost our sweet little “ Frippie ” this last Wednesday we had to put her down after she was diagnosed with large cell lymphoma . It was frightningly aggressive . She fought hard for a month , recovered well from the surgery to remove the tumor and ruptured bowel . But the cancer was just too aggressive . She would have been 17 in June . We never knew about CH cats until very recently . We were under the impression / diagnosis that she went too long without air during the birthing process . I ca n Rachael April 29 , 2016 at 11 : 52 pm I have recently ( 2 weeks ago ) adopted a 9 month kitten with CH . He ’ s beautiful , very vocal ( especially at meals times or if he ca n ’ t see but knows I ’ m around ) . He started showing some difficult behaviours , throwing himself at me and wanting to claw or chew me , lately I tried diverting his attention by looking into his eyes & distracting him from jumping at me , it has worked well so far . .Are there any other ideas to support CH kittens with behaviours like these ? On the plus side he knocked his treats off the table and ran away with them in his mouth . .Now that ’ s a skill for my little bobble head if ever I saw one ! Andrea Malarkey May 30 , 2016 at 10 : 11 am I know of a CH cat who does live outside . He was tossed out at a barn a friend owns . He has been hit by a car because he ca n ’ t get out of the way fast enough . My friend being the animal lover she is feeds all the strays , let ’ s then sleep in the barn and if necessary will take them to the vet … as she did for him when he got hit . I wish I could bring him home , he is such a love , but my mom would kill me if I brought another animal home . Melissa Mayes June 16 , 2016 at 1 : 37 pm I had a cat with this disorder , he was the best cat I ever had , he passed away 2 years ago and I am just getting over it and ready for another cat like Roy so they do n ’ t get put down . I received Roy as a kitten from someone who was going to do just that because he could n ’ t walk . I got to walk run , and walk up and down stairs and play , he enjoyed life more than anything . He had a stroke and died and I I am 62 and retired so I have plenty of time . Thank - you Melissa Mages . Michaela Hoyt July 21 , 2016 at 4 : 50 pm My cat Tye is right around 9 years old . We were fostering her mother for my Aunt and Uncle , as they would n ’ t have been able to keep track of her . She had 4 surviving kittens , the runt passed on a few days after birth , and all 4 were normal . They walked and played and behaved like normal kittens . All but Tye found loving homes , that were n ’ t our own . When she was old enough we took her to the vet to have her spayed , and July 31 , 2016 at 12 : 15 pm True CH would be present since birth . Some anesthesia can be very hard on little bodies and it ’ s possible that she had some brain trauma from the anesthesia / oxygen deficiency that caused permanent neurological symptoms . Lots of conditions can mimic symptoms of CH : http : / / chcat . org / wp_super_faq / i - think - my - cat - might - have - ch - but - 2 / bob July 31 , 2016 at 7 : 14 am my vet has a rescue kitten who they say has CH . she is about 4 weeks and was found at the local tax office , very thin and dehydrated . She does have tremors but when calm and hold her she just purrs away . I am considering fostering her with possible adoption , she is the cutest thing and my heart goes out to her . it will all hinge on my cat whether she will accept another kitty in the house . Tookie is kinda passive aggressive toward other kittens I ’ ve fostered , she will I would hope Tookie would sense something different about the CH kitten and her mother instincts would take over . Jesse August 6 , 2016 at 12 : 53 pm Hi everyone ! One of my in laws cat gave birth to 7 kittens 2 weeks ago . Unfortunately 5 have went to the big cat nip forest in the sky . Their is one kitten that has gotten our attention . My IN laws think the cat might not be able to walk and be in pain . The cat is not showing in pain . He has a wide stance with his back legs and wobbles I think it ’ s CH . August 9 , 2016 at 2 : 09 am I lost my severe CH kitty hours ago . She was 7 . I had a cart made for her but she preferred to be carried around . I had her trained to use the toilet since she was a baby and she traveled with me everywhere . I am so used to caring for her I am in shock . . I know I did the best for her , she was so special . I have to face the world today without her and it will be wierd . These cats are beautiful . PJ Wallace August 12 , 2016 at 1 : 55 am In May my 11 year old Maine Coon suddenly died . He yowled and collapsed . I rushed him to the vet and 38 minutes after he collapsed he died from a blood clot to his heart . My house was much more lonely without him and my 6 year old cat named Kitten was clearly missing his friend that had been there all of his life . So after months of contemplation I decided I needed to get another kitten . About 4 weeks ago I adopted a 12 week old CH kitten from a local rescue . His name is Gizmo . I looked at hundreds of photos on craigslist knowing that I would know the right one when I saw him . The picture of Gizmo sucked me in from the start . The CH was a bonus . As a mother of a 21 year old daughter with cerebral palsy and autism a kitten with CH was right up my alley . The family that fostered him told me that they bathed him several times a week due to litter in his fur from falling into his messes in his box . Gizmo is a long haired cat so moisture plus clay plus long fur does not make a good combo . They told me they had been using a mixture of clumping litter and non clumping litter . However when I was at Petco I decided to try the odor free ( pink ) crystals to see how he did . I also gave him a box of regular clumping litter * * Note - I have found that a flea comb ( no he does n ’ t have fleas ) works great for combing out stray pieces of litter . I tried fancy double sided brushes and whatnot but a good old metal flea comb works great . I just use a paper towel to clean the tines of any fur / litter and comb on . It keeps him soft and clean and gives me some great bonding time every day . One other point – when I brought Gizmo home my adult cat ( Kitten ) was not very happy . I was surprised because I thought they would get along but neither cat seemed to like each other . For the first week I kept them separated unless I was in the room and able to strictly supervise them . I did site swapping with them where Kitten would be locked in the bedroom with Gizmo in the living room then when I was at work I would switch them . Over the course of the week things slowly got Lastly about safety . Gizmo is a climber and has stopped my heart a couple of times when I have seen him in some pretty high places that he really should not be in . He tends to do this boneless slithering thing to get down from high surfaces like the couch or the bed . I watched him for patterns and found that he usually dismounts in the same spots so I have placed some inexpensive pet beds at the base of those locations . That way when he lands he has a soft surface to hit . I I am happy to pass on any ideas I come up with . After 21 years with my daughter I have gotten pretty good at creative problem solving ! Cyoung619 August 21 , 2016 at 1 : 04 am I have a 6 year old cat with cerebellar hypoplasia . His name is Jett . I call him my little Clydesdale because of his walk . He has trouble jumping and judging distances , but other than that he leads a relatively normal life . When he was a kitten he required some extra care to learn to live with his disorder , but that extra care only created an amazing bond between us . Now he sleeps in my bed every night , and he always tries to be right beside me whenever possible when I ’ m Sam September 5 , 2016 at 9 : 59 pm I recently inherited a 9 - yr old cat with ch and she is really sweet and generally very capable . She is veeeeeerrrry vocal and I ’ m wondering if that ’ s something other folks have experienced with their cats with ch ? Thoughts ? September 5 , 2016 at 10 : 23 pm I would suggest visiting a vet to have her thyroid checked out . Many older cats develop hyperthyroidism , which can be easily treated and allow them to live full , healthy lives . Erin September 27 , 2016 at 9 : 19 pm Hi . I got a little kitty from one of the parents at my child ’ s school . She was the runt of the litter and I did n ’ t know it until I brought her home . I noticed she was very wobbly and could not go up or down the stairs or climb up on anything . So we took her to the vet and she also has vision problems as well but has only mild CH . she is by far the best cat I have ever had . She is 2 years old now Karen Sheldon - Allen October 2 , 2016 at 2 : 04 am Hi . I have a CH cat called Gizmo who is 6 now . She has had urinary tract infections on and off but these last four months it ’ s been a constant trip back and forth to vets for injections , syrup and tablets but still not cleared it up . Is this common in CH cats ? Any advice would be grateful . Many thanks . Stephanie Denton October 12 , 2016 at 9 : 20 pm We adopted a kitten about 2 months ago – Liam Andrew . When we got him , he was malnourished and had both an upper respiratory infection and eye infections in both eyes . We quarantined him in one of our bathrooms , where he slept most of the time ( he had no energy to play and barely purred when petted and loved on ) . We did notice he was a little unsteady on his feet but assumed it was due to all the mitigating circumstances . After the URI and eye infections had cleared up , we October 12 , 2016 at 10 : 00 pm Hi Stephanie , would you be able to pass along the video ? Either via a youtube / vimeo link or email to adoptachcat ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com PJ Wallace October 31 , 2016 at 12 : 32 am My kitten Gizmo does something that looks like a seizure but in reality I think it is due to his CH . When he concentrates on something he “ vibrates ” for lack of a better word . It is almost like his brain has to focus so much on movement that when he is really focused on something he loses a little bit of control of everything else . It does n ’ t seem to impair him in anyway . Once his focus moves elsewhere the movement goes away . I have a daughter with a seizure condition Natalia October 14 , 2016 at 8 : 19 am We recently found a CH kitten on the street . Unfortunately he has a severe form and can not walk by himself ans also needs help going to the bathroom and eating . We already have 2 other cats and a dog , so we tried to take him to a local no kill shelter . They told us from the get - go they will put him down … what horrible people they turned out to be ! Anyways , next stop was the vet down the street for a first check - up ( not the one we October 14 , 2016 at 4 : 07 pm Hi , I ’ ll email you tonight with some more info and rescue assistance ! Margie October 14 , 2016 at 10 : 24 am Can someone please let me know if there is an organization that is doing research into CH . We lost a “ community ” kitty , and I would like to make a donation in his name . Thank you ! Hollie October 26 , 2016 at 8 : 06 am Hi , Really hope someone can help , we are really struggling with our 27 week old ragdoll Cookie , In and out of the vets for 6 - 7 weeks now – Cookie has been to the vets again for more bloods and a chat with our Vet ( never a great sign , when they invite you in for a ‘ chat ’ ) suspected FIP … but signs of severe CH We have 3 options … . . 1 . Do nothing and accept the fact she has severe CH and the incontinence and diarrhea 2 . Take steroids to see if it perks her up and stops the incontinence etc then she can deal with having no balance and learn 3 . Have the spinal tap , ( removal of fluid from back of spine ) at a very high risk , she could die under anaesthetic or as she comes around , and you will only be testing to confirm whether she has or has n ’ t got FIP diseases which in incurable and terminal anyway … . Jon the vet has suggested we try number 2 … I just do n ’ t know what to do ? Her CH is so severe – but she ’ s happy ! eating , purring , drinking , playing … its just heart breaking – struggling to cope with bathing her every day , putting a diaper on her and keeping her locked away just in case her nappy comes off and we have a big mess ( I have another cat and soon a child ) – so that ’ s not ideal and if she does have FIP , well that ’ s another story ! It all comes down to her quality of life and also ours , I guess We have tried all the test , her bloods have gone to Bristol uni for testing … I obviously will be happy to continue all the love and support for cookie having severe CH , but as she is incontinent both ends … is it any life to be had ? Please help … . . Hollie x Kerry November 12 , 2016 at 1 : 34 am Hi ! I have been scanning the internet to find a group I can ask advice about my CH kitty , Thomas . Feeling so desperate because seeing him struggle makes me very sad . He is the most adorable , loving little boy . I just love him so much . He is a rescue so I do n ’ t know his birth history . When I adopted him , he was probably 12 weeks old , he was a normal , very energetic kitten . He fitted in with my other cats and became best of friends November 12 , 2016 at 6 : 00 pm Hi Kerry – I do not think Thomas has CH … if he did , it would be present from birth . I know of some cats who have developed incurable CH - like symptoms from flea treatments ( see : http : / / tinytimmy . org / timm / and http : / / tinytimmy . org / fleas / toxic - flea - treatments / Info on other conditions that can cause symptoms like CH are listed here : Cindy December 30 , 2016 at 1 : 39 am I just want to encourage all you people out there … I have two CH kitties ( brother and sister ) . Carmy is moderate - severe and Gigi is moderate . They make a Godawful - mess with the litter box , but other than that they are pretty normal . I use a corn - based litter which clumps less than clay ( so it does n ’ t stick to them so much ) but still does the job . They love to play with super balls , which is their favorite toy , and Christmas decorations which Gigi gets out of the tree and then passes on to her brother ! This is my first experience with CH kitties . They are absolutely adorable and I hope they will be with me for a VERY long time . . Raina Townsend January 4 , 2017 at 12 : 17 am We have a 4 year old ( named Zazzie ) with mild CH . Her CH was more moderate when we first got her as a kitten . She was much clumsier . We had no idea she had CH . We just thought she was a clumsy cat . Now that she is an adult , her CH has gotten kess noticable . She walks a little funny ( bow - legged in her hind legs , so she kinda waddles ) but other than that , you would never even know she had CH . She was born to a mother who had panleukemia but was asymptomatic . And her mother passed the disease to all her kittens including Zazzie . The symptoms did not show up until 2 weeks after we adopted her . We got her to the vet just in time . And she of course tested positive for panleukemia . Our vet was so nice and agreed ro take her home with her to keep her quarantined and give her around the clock care . She had to stay at the vet ’ s house for nearly 2 months but she Zazzie ’ s 5 other littermates that were adopted by other families did n ’ t get treated in time and they all died : ' ( Lily January 16 , 2017 at 6 : 15 pm Hello all ! I had a few questions that you guys would hopefully be able to answer . I work at a vet office and in October we had three kittens come in ( I believe around 6 wks of age ) . They came in with severe upper respiratory infections . At the time they were living as outdoor kittens amoung other strays at a barn . We spoke to their owner and asked if we could keep them in our care . We then kept them for a few more months treating them with different eye meds and antibiotics . The January 16 , 2017 at 6 : 20 pm Hi Lily , sorry to hear the kitten isnt doing well . CH is always present from birth , it does n ’ t come up later in life , even with trauma . Our FAQ page has a list of conditions that present similar symptoms . Hope you can identify the cause and get him healed up soon ! Angie February 5 , 2017 at 4 : 59 pm My kitty I adopted ended up having this . She is n ’ t even one yet but today she seems worse then yesterda . She does n ’ t really want to move at all but all the days before it Was n ’ t an issue . Its just so sad February 6 , 2017 at 2 : 02 pm Hi Angie , I strongly recommend getting your kitty in to see a vet . CH is not progressive and would be present from birth . There are other conditions which can mimic the ataxic symptoms of CH that are progressive and need veterinary care . Hope your kitty feels better soon ! Andrea Vann Powell February 13 , 2017 at 12 : 23 pm My cat has a mild case of CH but , does n ’ t play at all . It ’ s like he does n ’ t know how to . He is now a year old and I ’ ve only seen him play twice and even then , it was only for a second and with a cat half his age . He has also recently not been able to keep his food down well . Is he getting dizzy from the wobbles and throwing up or could there be something more serious going on ? February 13 , 2017 at 9 : 23 pm Hi Andrea – Have you taken your kitty to the vet recently ? Dizziness and throwing up in a mild CH cat are not normal . Andrew Smith March 26 , 2017 at 2 : 41 pm Hi . I have a Moderate CH cat who is 4 yrs old now , and who also deals with a form of FHS which causes him seizures . My question is not about his health . He is healthy and well fed gets around but can not use a litter box . My question is that do you have recommendations or pages to read , on what can be used to provide stimulation for the cat . He can not climb or see outside , but I am wanting to provide stimulation for him so as he is comfortable and enjoys his life to his fullest extent . March 28 , 2017 at 8 : 03 pm Hi Andrew , Thanks for being so wonderful to thing of keeping your CH kitty stimulated . I ’ d recommend checking out some toy ideas from this site : https : / / lifewithchcats . com / tag / exercise - playtime / Nastya March 31 , 2017 at 2 : 31 am Hello . Thanks a lot for this website ! it helped me to understand and assured me in my actions . I ’ m from Eastern Europe and we took from street such CH kitten when it was 2 month . it was quite difficult to understand and diagnose his problems . Now he is 8 month old , and he has moderate CH . He ’ s very active and tries to climb everywhere , but he has problem jumping off … He just fall down when trying to jump off . His health is stable now . But I ’ m really afraid of that he may have serious a head tremor one day . Maybe owners CH cats have experience that some such cats may learn how to jump off in safer way … Thanks a lot ! Nastya April 3 , 2017 at 12 : 02 am i meant “ But I ’ m really afraid of that he may have serious head injury one day ( ( “ Thomas April 18 , 2017 at 4 : 22 am Hey guys , I was wondering if anyone has any tips / resources for finding a good home for a severe CH cat in the Boston , MA area ? He belongs to my mother , but she has brain cancer and wo n ’ t be able to take care of him any longer nor can I : ( . Thanks Jeff bulman April 29 , 2017 at 11 : 14 am Hi from the uk . We got a kitten last year and when we picked her up the owners didnjot show us the mother , which we thought was wierd but decided to get the kitten and leave . A day later the kitten ( tinky ) was walking around and running around like any normal little kitten but she would not rest one of her hind legs . Regardles what she was doing she always kept her left hind leg up . I obviously checked the leg to see what wrong but it looked fine . I gave it a few days an she April 29 , 2017 at 7 : 13 pm Hi Jeff – Thanks for rescuing and caring for Tinky ! Cats are born with CH and all symptoms should be noticeable at birth , CH is n ’ t a condition that comes and goes or progresses as it ’ s due to underdevelopment of a structural part of the brain . There are a number of conditions that can present similar symptoms as CH – you can get some more information here : StephanieLBlonshine May 15 , 2017 at 7 : 13 am I had a cat who was on the severe side of this I ’ ll I ness . . She was born premature . . Had no hair at all . . When she was only 3 months old she stopped growing . . our baby girl was extremely tough . . And I loved her so much … She was very special . . Because we were afraid to leave her alone we took her EVERYWHERE we went . . Every person who met her loved her . . We had two cat sitters just in case we could Gabby was unable to walk without falling , she had to be helped going potty . . If we did n ’ t help her she would have it all over her , she was unable to climb or jump … However she was a pro at running . . That ’ s the only way she would be able to stay on her feet . . When she ran . . She always ran sideways . . She could n ’ t run straight . . She also could n ’ t make meow noises . . Gabby was very strong and she taught us a lesson to never give up and never cry over your situation because someone else could be a lot worse off … She was our hero . . We had her for 5 years . . And during that tine she stole our hearts . . Sadly we did put her too sleep . . But it was pur last decision . . We woke up one day and she had a huge seizure . . That las test for about 2 min . . So we tool her to the vet . . They did testing and found that she has developed a tumor . . The doctor informed us that it was probably cancer and even if it was n ’ t cancer that it was Gabby ’ s vet had been with her since the day she was born . . Everyone in his office loved her and knew that she was a special little girl . . I had a few offers through out her lifetime for adoption if I no longer could care for her . . That day there was n ’ t a dry eye in the vets office . . Our vet was even upset . . But knew what was best even though it was heartbreaking . .we with her from her first breath to her last . . Gabby is now in our yard under her favorite tree . . Her head stone has her full name and the date she was born and the day she passed away . . It says to our little angel thank you for showing us how to live life . . You will never be forgotten and will always be loved . . Rest in peace baby girl . . You are now free Diane Gatdula May 15 , 2017 at 2 : 09 pm Hi there , I have been raising a kitten since he was about 5 days old . He is now about 4 1 / 2 weeks old and I think he may have CH . Luckily , I work for a vet but he is not convinced this is CH at this point . The kitten , “ Muffin Man ” , is fairly ataxic and tends to knuckle on his left front foot and trip fairly often . He has definitive head tremors . I started becoming suspicious when he was n ’ t progressing as a normal kitten would . He Diane Missy May 24 , 2017 at 10 : 44 am In September I adopted twin CH babies . Seth has mild CH . Seth does wobble some when he walks and can lose his balance if I pet him too hard . Seth also is not very good at burying in the litter box . However he can jump up and gets down really well . Marshall is closer to moderate . He tends to wobble over alot and can not jump up . He also doesnt come down well . However Marshall is good at burying and can climb well with his claws . Both of my boys do Just needed to get this out with those who have ch cats that can shed some light hopefully . Thanks ! Bellatrix June 2 , 2017 at 12 : 40 am What are the complications or a CH kitty getting pregnant ? If so , does her disability effect the babies ? Are there more benefits to getting her fixed aside from population management ? June 2 , 2017 at 11 : 13 am Depending on the severity of CH the cat has , they may not be able to properly birth or care for kittens . I ca n ’ t emphasize strongly enough that you should never allow a CH cat to get pregnant . Besides population management , spaying also lessens hormones , making kitty have less desire to roam or to be territorial around other cats . The biggest benefits are medically , spaying and neutering is proven to help cats live longer , healthier lives as the risk of mammary gland tumors , ovarian and / or uterine cancer Norma Witter June 13 , 2017 at 9 : 03 pm My girl passed away in 2014 , and she may have had a mild case of CH , she would crack us up when I ’ d play with her and she ’ d get so worked up about that darn feather that would n ’ t stay still … and her head and eyes would go crazy for a few seconds , then she ’ d get back to focusing … .then again the head wobble would hit , made the hubs and I laugh so hard ! I miss her , she was a rescue from the life If she did have CH … .I would n ’ t change a thing about her ! Kaila June 30 , 2017 at 3 : 34 am Hello ! I work as a vet tech . Someone dropped off a little kitten to us yesterday that they could not care for . Estimating about 4 to 6 weeks old , definitely malnourished , and he only has one eye . Given your scale here I would say he is definitely a severe case of CH . My question to you guys is have any of you had any luck getting these guys to walk on their own or anything like that ? He ’ s sweet as can be and definitely a little warrior , he wants Baha November 13 , 2017 at 11 : 49 pm My cat Missy is has mild ch . She is pregnant now . Will her litter develop ch ? Connie Bush January 11 , 2018 at 5 : 43 pm Hi , We adopted Cecil , a 14 week old moderate CH kitty on Thanksgiving . He was able to use the litter box no problem . That next week he went in to get neutered ( part of the adoption process ) and he has n ’ t been the same since . That week after , he lost all function of his bowls and bladder . While it slowly got better , it is still heartbreaking . He never makes it to the litter box . He poops anywhere , while he walking , while he is laying down . Kathy January 23 , 2018 at 7 : 43 am We have a cat that from the very beginning knew she was special . I named her Timi I after Tiny Tim from the Christmas Carol . She never gives up and has so much spunk and determination . Even though she has a moderate form of CH she gives our other cats a work out . Nothing slows her down and she keeps trying until she suceeds on whatever she wants to do . Cindy Palmer February 20 , 2018 at 2 : 14 pm I caught a ferrel kitten and at 4 months had it neutered and got its shots . I noticed that it had some indication that it was C.H. ( bull legged , ran heavily , and a very slight shaking of the head occasionally . He was very playful and ran around without any trouble . Now 5 months later , he has gotten a lot worse . ( legs buckle , wo n ’ t use the litter box , shakes a lot , does n ’ t play much ) . I had caught 3 ferrel kittens 3 Audrey Jados March 7 , 2018 at 10 : 42 am I have a kitten named Gidget , she ’ s a torteshell , and I thing she had moderate - severe CH . She is the only kitten in the litter that has CH , and none of the others do . I saw in the text that it says all kittens in the litter would get CH , but I feel like I read it wrong … : / Could someone please explain that to me so I get a better understanding of that ? Lil March 14 , 2018 at 8 : 19 pm So they have a name for her conditiion , but what about treatment ? Teresa Buchholz March 27 , 2018 at 9 : 50 am I have a 8 1 \ 2 year old cat with CH . He was born with very severe . I was told that his way so severe he would not survive . But his eyes said he was n ’ t ready to go . I refused to put him down . 4 months of bottle feeding and lots of physical therapy my baby boy actually went from very severe to almost moderate . He has several other side effects that have almost killed him such as allergic to hic cat shots and the meds used to put him | [
"CH Cats",
"Cerebellar Hypoplasia"
] |
http://chealth.canoe.com/drug/getdrug/sandoz-donepezil | Agree Our website uses cookies to make your browsing experience better . By using our site you agree to the use of cookies . More info Home Drugs and Medications A - Z S Sandoz Donepezil Sandoz Donepezil ( donepezil ) DIN ( Drug Identification Number ) 02328666 Sandoz Donepezil 5 mg Tablet 02328682 Sandoz Donepezil 10 mg Tablet 02367688 Sandoz Donepezil ODT 5 mg Tablet ( orally - disintegrating ) 02367696 Sandoz Donepezil ODT 10 mg Tablet ( orally - disintegrating ) How does this medication work ? What will it do for me ? Donepezil belongs to the class of medications called cholinesterase inhibitors . It works to increase the level of the chemical messenger acetylcholine in the brain , which may help relieve the symptoms of Alzheimer ' s disease . This medication is used for the treatment of symptoms for people with mild - to - severe Alzheimer ' s disease . Donepezil does not cure Alzheimer ' s disease . It works in the brain to improve thinking , memory , attention , and the ability to do simple tasks . This medication may be available under multiple brand names and / or in several different forms . Any specific brand name of this medication may not be available in all of the forms or approved for all of the conditions discussed here . As well , some forms of this medication may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here . Your doctor may have suggested this medication for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles . If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are taking this medication , speak to your doctor . Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor . Do not give this medication to anyone else , even if they have the same symptoms as you do . It can be harmful for people to take this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it . What form ( s ) does this medication come in ? 5 mg Each white , film - coated tablet with the embossment " SZ 135 " on one side contains 5 mg of donepezil hydrochloride , equivalent to 4.56 mg of donepezil free base . Nonmedicinal ingredients : lactose monohydrate , corn starch , microcrystalline cellulose , and magnesium stearate . Film coating : polyvinyl alcohol , talc , titanium dioxide , polyethylene glycol , and lecithin . 10 mg Each yellow , film - coated tablet with the embossment " SZ136 " on one side contains 10 mg of donepezil hydrochloride , equivalent to 9.12 mg of donepezil free base . Nonmedicinal ingredients : lactose monohydrate , corn starch , microcrystalline cellulose , and magnesium stearate . Film coating : polyvinyl alcohol , talc , titanium dioxide , polyethylene glycol , lecithin , and iron oxide yellow . Orally disintegrating tablets 5 mg Each white tablet embossed with " SZ 265 " on one side contains 5 mg of donepezil hydrochloride , equivalent to 4.56 mg of donepezil free base . Nonmedicinal ingredients : aspartame , colloidal silicon dioxide , croscarmellose sodium , mannitol , magnesium stearate , microcrystalline cellulose , peppermint flavour , and zinc sulfate monohydrate . 10 mg Each yellow tablet embossed with " SZ 266 " on one side contains 10 mg of donepezil hydrochloride , equivalent to 9.12 mg of donepezil free base . Nonmedicinal ingredients : aspartame , colloidal silicon dioxide , croscarmellose sodium , mannitol , magnesium stearate , microcrystalline cellulose , peppermint flavour , zinc sulfate monohydrate , and iron oxide yellow . How should I use this medication ? The recommended initial dose of donepezil is 5 mg once daily . If the response is not adequate after 4 to 6 weeks , your doctor may increase the dose to 10 mg daily , which is the recommended maximum daily dose . For senior women with a low body weight , it is recommended that the dose of donepezil not exceed 5 mg daily . Donepezil can be taken with or without food at the same time every day , in the morning or evening . The tablet should be swallowed whole with water . The rapidly disintegrating tablet should be placed on the tongue and allowed to dissolve before swallowing with water . Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs , such as body weight , other medical conditions , and other medications . If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here , do not change the way that you are taking the medication without consulting your doctor . It is important that this medication be taken on a regular schedule as prescribed by your doctor . If you miss a dose , take it as soon as possible and continue with your regular schedule . If it is almost time for your next dose , skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule . Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one . If you are not sure what to do after missing a dose , contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice . Store this medication at room temperature , protect it from light and moisture , and keep it out of the reach of children . Do not dispose of medications in wastewater ( e.g. down the sink or in the toilet ) or in household garbage . Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired . Who should NOT take this medication ? Do not take donepezil if you : are allergic to donepezil or any ingredients of the medication are allergic to piperidine - type medications ( e.g. , rifabutin , methylphenidate , bupivacaine , paroxetine ) What side effects are possible with this medication ? Many medications can cause side effects . A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses . Side effects can be mild or severe , temporary or permanent . The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication . If you are concerned about side effects , discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor . The following side effects have been reported by at least 1 % of people taking this medication . Many of these side effects can be managed , and some may go away on their own over time . Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome . Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects . diarrhea loss of appetite muscle cramps nausea trouble sleeping unusual bleeding or bruising unusual tiredness or weakness vomiting Although most of the side effects listed below do n ' t happen very often , they could lead to serious problems if you do not check with your doctor or seek medical attention . Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur : fainting mood or mental changes , including abnormal crying , aggression , agitation , delusions , irritability , nervousness , or restlessness signs of muscle damage ( e.g. , muscle pain , tenderness or weakness , or brown or discoloured urine ) , especially if you also have a fever or a general feeling of being unwell Stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur : signs of bleeding in the stomach ( e.g. , bloody , black , or tarry stools , spitting up of blood , vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds ) symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( e.g. , muscle pain , tenderness or weakness , or joint pain accompanied by a fever or very dark urine ) Some people may experience side effects other than those listed . Check with your doctor if you notice any symptom that worries you while you are taking this medication . Are there any other precautions or warnings for this medication ? Before you begin using a medication , be sure to inform your doctor of any medical conditions or allergies you may have , any medications you are taking , whether you are pregnant or breast - feeding , and any other significant facts about your health . These factors may affect how you should use this medication . HEALTH CANADA ADVISORY January 21 , 2015 Health Canada has issued new restrictions concerning the use of Aricept ( donepezil ) . To read the full Health Canada Advisory , visit Health Canada ' s web site at www . hc - sc . gc . ca Asthma and lung conditions : If you have lung conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition , and whether any special monitoring is needed . Donepezil could cause symptoms of these conditions to worsen . Chronic illness : In general , people with chronic medical conditions should be cautious when taking donepezil because of the increased risk of side effects . The benefits of taking the medication must be carefully weighed against the risks . Epilepsy : There is a possibility that donepezil may increase the risk of seizures for susceptible people . If you have a history of seizure disorder , speak to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking donepezil . Heart disease : If you have heart disease such as active coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure , discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition , how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication , and whether any special monitoring is needed . Donepezil has the potential to slow the heart rate . People with cardiac conduction abnormalities ( e.g. , heart rhythm problems such as sick sinus syndrome ) should not take donepezil . Liver function : Liver disease or reduced liver function may cause this medication to build up in the body , causing side effects . If you have liver problems , discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition , how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication , and whether any special monitoring is needed . Muscle effects : In rare cases , serious muscle damage has been associated with the use of donepezil . Report any unexplained muscle pain , tenderness , weakness or cramps , or any brown or discoloured urine to your doctor immediately , particularly if you are also experiencing malaise ( a general feeling of being unwell ) or fever . Neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( NMS ) : Donepezil , can rarely cause a potentially fatal syndrome known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( NMS ) . If you notice the symptoms of NMS , get immediate medical attention . Symptoms include high fever , muscle stiffness , confusion or loss of consciousness , sweating , racing or irregular heartbeat , and fainting . Stomach problems : Donepezil has the potential to cause an increase in the amount of acid that the stomach produces . If you have a history of ulcers or are at increased risk of developing stomach ulcers , discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition , how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication , and whether any special monitoring is needed . Pregnancy : The safety of donepezil for use during pregnancy has not been established . This medication should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks . If you become pregnant while taking this medication , contact your doctor immediately . Breast - feeding : It is not known if donepezil passes into breast milk . If you are a breast - feeding mother and are taking this medication , it may affect your baby . Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast - feeding . Children : The safety and effectiveness of using this medication have not been established for children . What other drugs could interact with this medication ? There may be an interaction between donepezil and any of the following : aclidinium amiodarone antihistamines ( e.g. , cetirizine , doxylamine , diphenhydramine , hydroxyzine , loratadine ) antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , clozapine , haloperidol , olanzapine , quetiapine , risperidone ) atropine azelastine barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) belladonna benztropine beta - adrenergic blockers ( e.g. , atenolol , propranolol , sotalol ) bethanechol corticosteroids ( e.g. , budesonide , dexamethasone , hydrocortisone , fluticasone , prednisone ) cyclobenzaprine digoxin dipyridamole disopyramide flavoxate glycopyrrolate ipratropium ketotifen octreotide orphenadrine oxybutynin peginterferon Alfa - 2b pilocarpine scopolamine tiotropium tolterodine tranylcypromine tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline , clomipramine , desipramine , trimipramine ) verapamil If you are taking any of these medications , speak with your doctor or pharmacist . Depending on your specific circumstances , your doctor may want you to : stop taking one of the medications , change one of the medications to another , change how you are taking one or both of the medications , or leave everything as is . An interaction between two medications does not always mean that you must stop taking one of them . Speak to your doctor about how any drug interactions are being managed or should be managed . Medications other than those listed above may interact with this medication . Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription , over - the - counter ( non - prescription ) , and herbal medications you are taking . Also tell them about any supplements you take . Since caffeine , alcohol , the nicotine from cigarettes , or street drugs can affect the action of many medications , you should let your prescriber know if you use them . All material copyright MediResource Inc . 1996 – 2019 . Terms and conditions of use . The contents herein are for informational purposes only . Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition . Source : www . medbroadcast . com / drug / getdrug / Sandoz - Donepezil | [
"Sandoz Donepezil",
"cholinesterase inhibitors",
"acetylcholine"
] |
http://cheapcolonoscopy.com/Domestic_Colonoscopy.html | Home > Program Details > Nationwide Colonoscopy Program Nationwide Colonoscopy Program The ColonoscopyAssist program provides colonoscopy procedures at select facilities at an affordable all - inclusive rate . The cost of the colonoscopy is dependent on the facility selected and is priced at either $ 1075 , $ 1175 or $ 1275 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions Who is eligible to receive a discounted Colonoscopy ? To receive the discounted rate for a colonoscopy you must be : 1 ) indicated for a colonoscopy 2 ) paying for the entire procedure out of pocket The program does not have any residency , income or immigration limitations at this time . Certain income and immigration limitations do apply if you intend to apply for financial assistance Where can I have the colonoscopy procedure done ? ColonoscopyAssist offers the procedure at select participating healthcare facilities across the nation . At this time , colonoscopies are available for the fixed all - inclusive rates in most metropolitan cities in the country . You can look up the closest participating provider using the links below . » Search for the closest facility by Zip Code ( Recommended ) » List of cities where colonoscopy program is available What does our colonoscopy flat rate include ? The $ 1075 , $ 1175 or $ 1275 flat rate is an all - inclusive rate . It includes all costs related to the procedure and there are no hidden charges . The price includes : 1 ) Physician fees 2 ) Facility or Hospital fees 3 ) Sedation or Anesthesia costs 4 ) Removal of polyps and taking of biopsies 5 ) Pathology Cost ( Lab fees ) 6 ) Reports from physician and pathology lab Note : Our fee includes the removal and pathology lab fees for an unlimited number of polyps and biopsies . This is important , as normally colonoscopy costs stated do not include pathology lab fees . Pathology costs often exceed the cost of the procedure . What does our colonoscopy flat rate not include ? Consultations : Consultations are usually not needed for healthy patients going through the program . Patients can request a consult if they prefer for a discounted rate of approx $ 125 . Prep Medicine : The cost of bowel prep medicine is not included in the flat rate . Individuals may apply for financial assistance for help with this cost . Follow Up Care : Our rate only covers the colonoscopy procedure and does not cover any treatment before or after the colonoscopy . Reference Pathology and Genetic Testing : When a cancerous mass is found , a second round of specialzied lab testing is performed where additional stains , immunochemistry and genetic testing are completed to determine a treatment plan . This additional testing is not part of the colonoscopy and is not covered in our flat rate even if the specimen is collected during the colonoscopy . Does the rate change if I have polyps or biopsies ? No it does not . Finding polyps is integral to preventing cancer and we support the philosophy of finding , removing and testing as many polyps as possible . All polyps are sent to a lab for testing and our all - inclusive flat rate includes polyp removal and pathology for any number of polyps or biopsies without restriction . This means that 2 , 3 or even 12 polyps could be found and you would not be responsible for any extra cost . Usually , the cost of pathology is significant . Pathology from just 4 specimens could cost more than the price of the procedure . Does the program schedule screening and diagnostic colonoscopy ? The program schedules both screening and diagnostic colonoscopy . There is no difference in cost . How do I schedule a colonoscopy ? You can schedule an appointment using our Schedule Appointment page . How long does it take to be scheduled ? When can I expect my appointment ? Scheduling through the program is quicker than scheduling at most gastroenterologist offices . Most patients are able to complete their procedure within 2 weeks of submitting their scheduling forms . What are the payment terms ? Payments are due after an appointment is scheduled and can be made with credit card , check , money order or HSA card . Patients can apply for financial assistance if they need help with paying for their procedure . » See complete terms & conditions Do you schedule Upper Endoscopy procedures ? Yes . An Upper Endoscopy can be scheduled at a subsidized rate at the same time as a colonoscopy . The cost of an Upper GI Endoscopy is between $ 820 and $ 1175 . Just select the procedure in your scheduling forms . Will I get my procedure reports and results ? Yes . Just like any other medical service , you will receive a detailed report from the physician office after your colonoscopy . A copy of your report can be sent to your primary physician if requested . Can I use my Health Savings Account ( HSA ) or Flexible Spending Account ( FSA ) to pay for my colonoscopy ? Yes . You will receive a receipt from our program that should be used when filing Form 8889 with your taxes . We recommend using your HSA or FSA accounts to pay for your colonoscopy . How much does a colonoscopy cost on average ? Prices for colonoscopies vary greatly depending on your location and provider . Typically , a colonoscopy will result in the patient being billed by 4 different entities . A patient should expect bills from the physician office , surgery center or hospital , anesthesia group and pathology group . Without insurance , a patient should on average expect to pay over $ 2500 for a colonoscopy . This amount greatly increases if multiple polyps are found . A considerable savings can be achieved through ColonoscopyAssist . Nationwide Colonoscopy Program for the Uninsured ( For Patients without Insurance ) More Information Schedule an Appointment Colonoscopy Program Details List of cities where program is offered | [
"Colonoscopy Program",
"immigration limitations",
"healthcare facilities"
] |
http://cheaplasvegas.cc/distance_from_flamingo_to_mirage/ | CHEAP LAS VEGAS HOME > Distance From Flamingo to Mirage Distance From Flamingo to Mirage Mirage Distance in Straight Line The distance from Flamingo to Mirage is 0.35 miles ( 0.56 kilometers ) in straight line . Walking at a normal rate of 3 miles per hour in a straight line , it would take 7 minutes between Flamingo and Mirage . See below for the estimated time ( more realistic ) if you walked along a street route . The walking route may vary , as you may have to turn on streets and weave through casinos . Las Vegas casinos are huge too - so it depends on what part of Flamingo you ' ll be walking from and what part of Mirage you wish to walk to . You might also get distracted by a street performer or a scantily clad cocktail waitress that diverts your route . The makers of this website are not liable for any rerouting or time delays you experience during your walk . : ) Walking map between Flamingo and Mirage in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA Flamingo 3555 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 733 - 3111 The Flamingo Las Vegas is a hotel casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada and is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corp . . The property offers a 77,000 sq ft casino along with 3,626 hotel rooms . The 15 acres site ' s architectural theme is reminiscent of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne style of Miami and South Beach , with the central outdoor area housing an exhibit of flamingos as part of a wildlife habitat . It was the home of penguins , but they have since been moved to the Dallas Coordinates for Flamingo Latitude : 36.116869 Longitude : - 115.171137 Mirage 3400 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 791 - 7111 The Mirage is a 3,044 room hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . . Unique features of the Mirage hotel : Volano show , Secret Garden Coordinates for Mirage Latitude : 36.121237 Longitude : - 115.174345 Distance from Flamingo to major Las Vegas hotels ( distance in a straight line as the crow flies , not necessarily walking or driving distance ) Aliante Station Distance from Flamingo to Aliante Station is 12.2 miles ( 19.6 km ) Aria Distance from Flamingo to Aria is 0.6 miles ( 1 km ) Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur Distance from Flamingo to Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur is 3.8 miles ( 6.1 km ) Bally ' s Distance from Flamingo to Bally ' s is 0.2 miles ( 0.4 km ) Bellagio Distance from Flamingo to Bellagio is 0.4 miles ( 0.7 km ) Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall Distance from Flamingo to Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall is 0.1 miles ( 0.2 km ) Boulder Station Distance from Flamingo to Boulder Station is 4.9 miles ( 7.9 km ) Caesars Palace Distance from Flamingo to Caesars Palace is 0.2 miles ( 0.4 km ) California Distance from Flamingo to California is 4.1 miles ( 6.7 km ) Casino Royale Distance from Flamingo to Casino Royale is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) Circus Circus Distance from Flamingo to Circus Circus is 1.5 miles ( 2.3 km ) Cosmopolitan Distance from Flamingo to Cosmopolitan is 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) El Cortez Distance from Flamingo to El Cortez is 4 miles ( 6.5 km ) Encore Distance from Flamingo to Encore is 0.9 miles ( 1.5 km ) Excalibur Distance from Flamingo to Excalibur is 1.3 miles ( 2 km ) Fiesta Rancho Distance from Flamingo to Fiesta Rancho is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) Fitzgerald ' s Distance from Flamingo to Fitzgerald ' s is 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) Flamingo Distance from Flamingo to Flamingo is 0 miles ( 0 km ) Four Queens Distance from Flamingo to Four Queens is 4 miles ( 6.5 km ) Four Seasons Distance from Flamingo to Four Seasons is 1.9 miles ( 3 km ) Fremont Distance from Flamingo to Fremont is 4.1 miles ( 6.5 km ) Gold Coast Distance from Flamingo to Gold Coast is 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) Gold Spike Distance from Flamingo to Gold Spike is 4.1 miles ( 6.6 km ) Golden Gate Distance from Flamingo to Golden Gate Golden Nugget Distance from Flamingo to Golden Nugget is 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) Hard Rock Distance from Flamingo to Hard Rock is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) Harrah ' s Distance from Flamingo to Harrah ' s is 0.2 miles ( 0.3 km ) Hilton Distance from Flamingo to Hilton is 1.7 miles ( 2.7 km ) Hooters Distance from Flamingo to Hooters is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) Imperial Palace Distance from Flamingo to Imperial Palace is 0.1 miles ( 0.2 km ) J W Marriott Distance from Flamingo to J W Marriott is 7.8 miles ( 12.5 km ) Luxor Distance from Flamingo to Luxor is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) M Resort Distance from Flamingo to M Resort is 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) Main Street Station Distance from Flamingo to Main Street Station is 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) Mandalay Bay Distance from Flamingo to Mandalay Bay is 1.7 miles ( 2.8 km ) Mandarin Oriental Distance from Flamingo to Mandarin Oriental is 0.8 miles ( 1.2 km ) Marriott ' s Grand Chateau Distance from Flamingo to Marriott ' s Grand Chateau is 0.7 miles ( 1.1 km ) MGM Grand Distance from Flamingo to MGM Grand is 1 miles ( 1.6 km ) Mirage Distance from Flamingo to Mirage is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) Monte Carlo Distance from Flamingo to Monte Carlo is 0.9 miles ( 1.4 km ) New York New York Distance from Flamingo to New York New York is 1 miles ( 1.6 km ) Orleans Distance from Flamingo to Orleans is 2 miles ( 3.3 km ) Palace Station Distance from Flamingo to Palace Station is 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) Palazzo Distance from Flamingo to Palazzo is 0.6 miles ( 0.9 km ) Palms Distance from Flamingo to Palms is 1.4 miles ( 2.2 km ) Paris Distance from Flamingo to Paris is 0.3 miles ( 0.5 km ) Planet Hollywood Distance from Flamingo to Planet Hollywood is 0.5 miles ( 0.9 km ) Plaza Distance from Flamingo to Plaza Red Rock Resort Distance from Flamingo to Red Rock Resort is 9.5 miles ( 15.3 km ) Renaissance Distance from Flamingo to Renaissance is 1.1 miles ( 1.9 km ) Rio Distance from Flamingo to Rio is 0.9 miles ( 1.4 km ) Riviera Distance from Flamingo to Riviera is 1.4 miles ( 2.2 km ) Sam ' s Town Distance from Flamingo to Sam ' s Town is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) Santa Fe Station Distance from Flamingo to Santa Fe Station is 10 miles ( 16.1 km ) Silverton Distance from Flamingo to Silverton is 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) South Point Distance from Flamingo to South Point is 7.2 miles ( 11.7 km ) Stratosphere Distance from Flamingo to Stratosphere is 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) Suncoast Distance from Flamingo to Suncoast is 7.7 miles ( 12.4 km ) Sunset Station Distance from Flamingo to Sunset Station is 8.3 miles ( 13.3 km ) Terrible ' s Distance from Flamingo to Terrible ' s is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) Texas Station Distance from Flamingo to Texas Station is 5.7 miles ( 9.1 km ) THEHotel Distance from Flamingo to THEHotel is 1.7 miles ( 2.7 km ) Treasure Island ( TI ) Distance from Flamingo to Treasure Island ( TI ) is 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) Tropicana Distance from Flamingo to Tropicana is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) Trump Las Vegas Distance from Flamingo to Trump Las Vegas Vdara Distance from Flamingo to Vdara is 0.7 miles ( 1 km ) Venetian Distance from Flamingo to Venetian is 0.3 miles ( 0.5 km ) Westin Casuarina Distance from Flamingo to Westin Casuarina Wild Wild West Distance from Flamingo to Wild Wild West is 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) Wynn Distance from Flamingo to Wynn is 0.7 miles ( 1.1 km ) | [
"Flamingo to Mirage",
"Distance"
] |
http://cheaplasvegas.cc/distance_from_mirage_to_excalibur/ | CHEAP LAS VEGAS HOME > Distance From Mirage to Excalibur Distance From Mirage to Excalibur Excalibur Distance in Straight Line The distance from Mirage to Excalibur is 1.55 miles ( 2.49 kilometers ) in straight line . Walking at a normal rate of 3 miles per hour in a straight line , it would take 31 minutes between Mirage and Excalibur . Driving or taking a bus or cab to Excalibur might be a better use of your limited time in Las Vegas , unless you have certain things you want to see or do along the way . See below for the estimated time ( more realistic ) if you walked along a street route . The walking route may vary , as you may have to turn on streets and weave through casinos . Las Vegas casinos are huge too - so it depends on what part of Mirage you ' ll be walking from and what part of Excalibur you wish to walk to . You might also get distracted by a street performer or a scantily clad cocktail waitress that diverts your route . The makers of this website are not liable for any rerouting or time delays you experience during your walk . : ) Walking map between Mirage and Excalibur in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA Mirage 3400 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 791 - 7111 The Mirage is a 3,044 room hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . Coordinates for Mirage Latitude : 36.121237 Longitude : - 115.174345 Excalibur 3850 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 597 - 7777 The Excalibur is a Hotel and Casino with a medieval theme in a prime location on the Las Vegas Strip , adjacent to New York , New York , Tropicana , Luxor , and MGM Grand . is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , in the United States . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . . Unique features of the Excalibur hotel : Tournament of Kings dinner show Coordinates for Excalibur Latitude : 36.098909 Longitude : - 115.176051 Distance from Mirage to major Las Vegas hotels ( distance in a straight line as the crow flies , not necessarily walking or driving distance ) Aliante Station Distance from Mirage to Aliante Station is 11.9 miles ( 19.1 km ) Aria Distance from Mirage to Aria is 0.9 miles ( 1.4 km ) Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur Distance from Mirage to Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur is 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) Bally ' s Distance from Mirage to Bally ' s is 0.6 miles ( 0.9 km ) Bellagio Distance from Mirage to Bellagio is 0.6 miles ( 1 km ) Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall Distance from Mirage to Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall is 0.5 miles ( 0.7 km ) Boulder Station Distance from Mirage to Boulder Station is 5.1 miles ( 8.1 km ) Caesars Palace Distance from Mirage to Caesars Palace is 0.3 miles ( 0.4 km ) California Distance from Mirage to California is 3.9 miles ( 6.3 km ) Casino Royale Distance from Mirage to Casino Royale is 0.2 miles ( 0.3 km ) Circus Circus Distance from Mirage to Circus Circus is 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) Cosmopolitan Distance from Mirage to Cosmopolitan is 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) El Cortez Distance from Mirage to El Cortez is 3.9 miles ( 6.2 km ) Encore Distance from Mirage to Encore is 0.7 miles ( 1.2 km ) Excalibur Distance from Mirage to Excalibur is 1.5 miles ( 2.5 km ) Fiesta Rancho Distance from Mirage to Fiesta Rancho is 5.7 miles ( 9.2 km ) Fitzgerald ' s Distance from Mirage to Fitzgerald ' s is 3.8 miles ( 6.1 km ) Flamingo Distance from Mirage to Flamingo is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) Four Queens Distance from Mirage to Four Queens is 3.8 miles ( 6.2 km ) Four Seasons Distance from Mirage to Four Seasons is 2.1 miles ( 3.5 km ) Fremont Distance from Mirage to Fremont is 3.9 miles ( 6.2 km ) Gold Coast Distance from Mirage to Gold Coast is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) Gold Spike Distance from Mirage to Gold Spike is 3.9 miles ( 6.3 km ) Golden Gate Distance from Mirage to Golden Gate is 3.8 miles ( 6.1 km ) Golden Nugget Distance from Mirage to Golden Nugget Hard Rock Distance from Mirage to Hard Rock is 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) Harrah ' s Distance from Mirage to Harrah ' s is 0.2 miles ( 0.4 km ) Hilton Distance from Mirage to Hilton is 1.6 miles ( 2.5 km ) Hooters Distance from Mirage to Hooters is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) Imperial Palace Distance from Mirage to Imperial Palace is 0.3 miles ( 0.5 km ) J W Marriott Distance from Mirage to J W Marriott is 7.5 miles ( 12 km ) Luxor Distance from Mirage to Luxor is 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) M Resort Distance from Mirage to M Resort is 10.8 miles ( 17.4 km ) Main Street Station Distance from Mirage to Main Street Station is 4 miles ( 6.5 km ) Mandalay Bay Distance from Mirage to Mandalay Bay is 2 miles ( 3.3 km ) Mandarin Oriental Distance from Mirage to Mandarin Oriental is 1 miles ( 1.7 km ) Marriott ' s Grand Chateau Distance from Mirage to Marriott ' s Grand Chateau is 1 miles ( 1.6 km ) MGM Grand Distance from Mirage to MGM Grand is 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) Mirage Distance from Mirage to Mirage is 0 miles ( 0 km ) Monte Carlo Distance from Mirage to Monte Carlo is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) New York New York Distance from Mirage to New York New York is 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) Orleans Distance from Mirage to Orleans is 2.1 miles ( 3.3 km ) Palace Station Distance from Mirage to Palace Station is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) Palazzo Distance from Mirage to Palazzo is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) Palms Distance from Mirage to Palms Paris Distance from Mirage to Paris is 0.6 miles ( 1 km ) Planet Hollywood Distance from Mirage to Planet Hollywood is 0.9 miles ( 1.4 km ) Plaza Distance from Mirage to Plaza Red Rock Resort Distance from Mirage to Red Rock Resort is 9.3 miles ( 14.9 km ) Renaissance Distance from Mirage to Renaissance Rio Distance from Mirage to Rio is 0.8 miles ( 1.2 km ) Riviera Distance from Mirage to Riviera is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) Sam ' s Town Distance from Mirage to Sam ' s Town is 6.2 miles ( 10 km ) Santa Fe Station Distance from Mirage to Santa Fe Station is 9.7 miles ( 15.5 km ) Silverton Distance from Mirage to Silverton is 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) South Point Distance from Mirage to South Point is 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) Stratosphere Distance from Mirage to Stratosphere is 2.1 miles ( 3.4 km ) Suncoast Distance from Mirage to Suncoast is 7.4 miles ( 11.9 km ) Sunset Station Distance from Mirage to Sunset Station is 8.6 miles ( 13.8 km ) Terrible ' s Distance from Mirage to Terrible ' s is 1.4 miles ( 2.2 km ) Texas Station Distance from Mirage to Texas Station is 5.4 miles ( 8.6 km ) THEHotel Distance from Mirage to THEHotel is 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) Treasure Island ( TI ) Distance from Mirage to Treasure Island ( TI ) is 0.3 miles ( 0.4 km ) Tropicana Distance from Mirage to Tropicana Trump Las Vegas Distance from Mirage to Trump Las Vegas is 0.6 miles ( 0.9 km ) Vdara Distance from Mirage to Vdara is 0.8 miles ( 1.4 km ) Venetian Distance from Mirage to Venetian is 0.2 miles ( 0.4 km ) Westin Casuarina Distance from Mirage to Westin Casuarina Wild Wild West Distance from Mirage to Wild Wild West Wynn Distance from Mirage to Wynn is 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) | [
"Mirage",
"Excalibur",
"Distance"
] |
http://cheaplasvegas.cc/distance_from_venetian_to_caesars-palace/ | CHEAP LAS VEGAS HOME > Distance From Venetian to Caesars Palace Distance From Venetian to Caesars Palace Caesars Palace Distance in Straight Line The distance from Venetian to Caesars Palace is 0.38 miles ( 0.61 kilometers ) in straight line . Walking at a normal rate of 3 miles per hour in a straight line , it would take 8 minutes between Venetian and Caesars Palace . See below for the estimated time ( more realistic ) if you walked along a street route . The walking route may vary , as you may have to turn on streets and weave through casinos . Las Vegas casinos are huge too - so it depends on what part of Venetian you ' ll be walking from and what part of Caesars Palace you wish to walk to . You might also get distracted by a street performer or a scantily clad cocktail waitress that diverts your route . The makers of this website are not liable for any rerouting or time delays you experience during your walk . : ) Walking map between Venetian and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA Venetian 3355 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 414 - 1000 The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino is a luxury hotel and casino resort situated between Harrah ' s and The Palazzo on the east side of the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , NV , United States , on the site of the old Sands Hotel . The hotel tower contains 40 stories and rises 475 feet . The Venetian is owned and operated by the Las Vegas Sands Corporation . The Venetian also serves as the seat of the corporate headquarters for its parent company . This hotel features a life - like replica tower of St Mark ' s Coordinates for Venetian Latitude : 36.120968 Longitude : - 115.169882 Caesars Palace 3570 Las Vegas Boulevard South Las Vegas , Nevada , USA 702 - 731 - 7110 Caesars Palace is a luxury hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , an unincorporated township in Clark County , Nevada , United States in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . Caesars Palace is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corp . . Caesars is located on the west side of the Strip , between the Bellagio and the Mirage . . Coordinates for Caesars Palace Latitude : 36.117632 Longitude : - 115.1753 Distance from Venetian to major Las Vegas hotels ( distance in a straight line as the crow flies , not necessarily walking or driving distance ) Aliante Station Distance from Venetian to Aliante Station is 11.9 miles ( 19.1 km ) Aria Distance from Venetian to Aria is 0.9 miles ( 1.5 km ) Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur Distance from Venetian to Arizona Charlie ' s Decatur is 3.6 miles ( 5.8 km ) Bally ' s Distance from Venetian to Bally ' s is 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) Bellagio Distance from Venetian to Bellagio is 0.7 miles ( 1.1 km ) Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall Distance from Venetian to Bill ' s Gamblin ' Hall is 0.4 miles ( 0.7 km ) Boulder Station Distance from Venetian to Boulder Station is 4.8 miles ( 7.7 km ) Caesars Palace Distance from Venetian to Caesars Palace is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) California Distance from Venetian to California is 3.9 miles ( 6.2 km ) Casino Royale Distance from Venetian to Casino Royale is 0.1 miles ( 0.2 km ) Circus Circus Distance from Venetian to Circus Circus is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) Cosmopolitan Distance from Venetian to Cosmopolitan is 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) El Cortez Distance from Venetian to El Cortez is 3.8 miles ( 6 km ) Encore Distance from Venetian to Encore is 0.6 miles ( 1 km ) Excalibur Distance from Venetian to Excalibur is 1.6 miles ( 2.5 km ) Fiesta Rancho Distance from Venetian to Fiesta Rancho is 5.8 miles ( 9.3 km ) Fitzgerald ' s Distance from Venetian to Fitzgerald ' s is 3.7 miles ( 6 km ) Flamingo Distance from Venetian to Flamingo is 0.3 miles ( 0.5 km ) Four Queens Distance from Venetian to Four Queens is 3.7 miles ( 6 km ) Four Seasons Distance from Venetian to Four Seasons is 2.1 miles ( 3.4 km ) Fremont Distance from Venetian to Fremont is 3.8 miles ( 6.1 km ) Gold Coast Distance from Venetian to Gold Coast is 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) Gold Spike Distance from Venetian to Gold Spike is 3.8 miles ( 6.1 km ) Golden Gate Distance from Venetian to Golden Gate Golden Nugget Distance from Venetian to Golden Nugget is 3.7 miles ( 5.9 km ) Hard Rock Distance from Venetian to Hard Rock is 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) Harrah ' s Distance from Venetian to Harrah ' s is 0.1 miles ( 0.2 km ) Hilton Distance from Venetian to Hilton is 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) Hooters Distance from Venetian to Hooters is 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) Imperial Palace Distance from Venetian to Imperial Palace is 0.2 miles ( 0.3 km ) J W Marriott Distance from Venetian to J W Marriott is 7.7 miles ( 12.4 km ) Luxor Distance from Venetian to Luxor is 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) M Resort Distance from Venetian to M Resort is 10.8 miles ( 17.3 km ) Main Street Station Distance from Venetian to Main Street Station is 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) Mandalay Bay Distance from Venetian to Mandalay Bay is 2 miles ( 3.3 km ) Mandarin Oriental Distance from Venetian to Mandarin Oriental is 1 miles ( 1.7 km ) Marriott ' s Grand Chateau Distance from Venetian to Marriott ' s Grand Chateau is 0.9 miles ( 1.5 km ) MGM Grand Distance from Venetian to MGM Grand is 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) Mirage Distance from Venetian to Mirage is 0.2 miles ( 0.4 km ) Monte Carlo Distance from Venetian to Monte Carlo is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) New York New York Distance from Venetian to New York New York Orleans Distance from Venetian to Orleans is 2.2 miles ( 3.6 km ) Palace Station Distance from Venetian to Palace Station is 1.5 miles ( 2.5 km ) Palazzo Distance from Venetian to Palazzo is 0.3 miles ( 0.4 km ) Palms Distance from Venetian to Palms is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) Paris Distance from Venetian to Paris is 0.6 miles ( 1 km ) Planet Hollywood Distance from Venetian to Planet Hollywood is 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) Plaza Distance from Venetian to Plaza Red Rock Resort Distance from Venetian to Red Rock Resort is 9.5 miles ( 15.3 km ) Renaissance Distance from Venetian to Renaissance Rio Distance from Venetian to Rio is 1 miles ( 1.6 km ) Riviera Distance from Venetian to Riviera is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) Sam ' s Town Distance from Venetian to Sam ' s Town is 6 miles ( 9.6 km ) Santa Fe Station Distance from Venetian to Santa Fe Station is 9.8 miles ( 15.7 km ) Silverton Distance from Venetian to Silverton is 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) South Point Distance from Venetian to South Point is 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) Stratosphere Distance from Venetian to Stratosphere is 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) Suncoast Distance from Venetian to Suncoast is 7.7 miles ( 12.3 km ) Sunset Station Distance from Venetian to Sunset Station is 8.4 miles ( 13.4 km ) Terrible ' s Distance from Venetian to Terrible ' s is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) Texas Station Distance from Venetian to Texas Station is 5.4 miles ( 8.7 km ) THEHotel Distance from Venetian to THEHotel is 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) Treasure Island ( TI ) Distance from Venetian to Treasure Island ( TI ) is 0.3 miles ( 0.4 km ) Tropicana Distance from Venetian to Tropicana is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) Trump Las Vegas Distance from Venetian to Trump Las Vegas Vdara Distance from Venetian to Vdara Venetian Distance from Venetian to Venetian is 0 miles ( 0 km ) Westin Casuarina Distance from Venetian to Westin Casuarina is 0.4 miles ( 0.7 km ) Wild Wild West Distance from Venetian to Wild Wild West is 1.6 miles ( 2.5 km ) Wynn Distance from Venetian to Wynn is 0.4 miles ( 0.6 km ) | [
"Venetian",
"Caesars Palace",
"0.38 miles"
] |
http://cheerleading.about.com/library/weekly/aa0802300a.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Sports Tips and Hints to Help You Become a Cheerleader What You Need to Know and How to Prepare by Valerie Ninemire Updated April 01 , 2018 So , you want be a cheerleader ? Where do you begin ? Cheerleading is more than just trying out and being picked for the squad . It ' s about seeing yourself in a certain way , building physical skills , and presenting yourself in a positive light . It ' s also about teamwork , memorization , and training . Cheerleading Is a Way of Life Cheerleading is as much about who you are as what you are . A cheerleader is a leader , a role model , a friend , and an athlete . At times they are a teacher and at other times a student . They can be considered a sports participant or a spectator , depending on where they are and what they are doing . They are looked up to by many and put down by others . It ' s not always easy being a cheerleader , but the rewards are many . The skills you learn will not Cheerleading Qualities Cheerleaders are , by definition , positive people . They are also : physically strong and energetic ( it takes a lot of hard physical work to become a cheerleader ) confident ( cheerleaders are out in front of crowds all the time , and need to project positive confidence in themselves and their team ) good team players ( cheerleading is all about working together ) disciplined ( you ' ll be learning and practicing routines that you must learn by heart ) hard - working ( you ' ll be practicing long , hard hours ) willing to play by the rules ( cheerleading competitions are all about following very specific rules to the letter ) able to take constructive criticism ( you can only improve if you ' re able to respond positively to criticism from coaches ) eager to learn new things ( you ' ll be learning new moves and cheers all the time ) In addition , a good cheerleader must have : a good strong voice for cheering a healthy lifestyle ( eating and sleeping right and avoiding drugs and alcohol are key to being a strong athlete ) the ability to manage multiple demands at the same time ( cheerleading takes a lot of time and energy , but you must also be able to complete your schoolwork and handle other responsibilities ) Learn What It Takes to Become a Cheerleader The road to becoming a cheerleader starts with education . Learn all you can about every part of cheerleading and you ' ll be off to a good start . Here are some tips for collecting the information you need : Talk to the coach or adviser of the squad you ' re trying out for and find out the requirements . If possible , talk to current cheerleaders . Attend a performance of the squad you ' re interested in . Watch them closely and observe their skills and abilities . Get to know the cheerleaders in your school . If you can become friendly with some of the girls , you ' ll learn more about what it takes to join the squad ; at the same time , you ' ll also have friends eager to support you during tryouts . Watch tryouts . If you ' re allowed , go to tryouts the year before you plan to try out yourself . Watch to see what the coach is asking for and take notes . If you do n ' t know something , do n ' t be afraid to ask questions . If you ' ll be cheering for a sport , learn about that sport . Know when to cheer and when not to . Get in Shape Cheerleading is physically demanding ; in fact , it can be tougher than some varsity sports . That ' s because cheerleaders must be as strong and flexible as gymnasts , as graceful as dancers , and have the lung capacity of runners . What ' s more , while athletes can grimace and sweat , cheerleaders must always have a smile on their faces and look their best . To get in shape , enroll in some classes , or attend a camp or clinic ( this might not always be possible as a lot of camps / clinics are for squads only ) . Check local gyms , recreation departments , and colleges for cheerleading , gymnastics / tumbling , and dance classes to take . Learn as much as you can from sources like books , videos , friends , cheerleaders , and the internet . Take some time every day to practice moves until you feel you ' re ready . Below are some areas to concentrate on : Cheers Motions Jumps Pyramids / stunts Facials Gymnastics / tumbling Dance Tryout tips Aerobics ( dance classes , running , or similar activities ) Continue Reading | [
"Cheerleader",
"role model",
"physically strong"
] |
http://cheesaholics.blogs.com/cheesaholics_anonymous/2006/02/cheesaholics_an_3.html | « The Ansteys of Worcester | Main | Fruit and Cheese » Can vegetarians eat cheese ? Most cheeses contain a coagulant ( technical term is rennet ) that is added to the milk to separate the curds from the whey . Traditional rennet is made from an enzyme found in the stomach lining of suckling calves and lambs . This was likely discovered in the transport of milk in calf stomachs , or when the animals were slaughtered and curds were discovered in their stomachs . In early cheese making , the stomach linings were dried out , ground up , and added directly to the milk . These days animal rennet comes in powder or liquid form , and is highly controlled and sanitary . Thankfully vegetarians need not rule out all cheeses — vegetarian rennet does exist . The ancient cheese makers of the Iberian Peninsula for example , discovered the coagulant properties of the Cardoon Thistle . And in the wake of mad cow disease , many English cheese makers switched to vegetable rennet , and have yet to switch back . Plant sources of vegetable rennet include Lady ’ s Bedstraw , Stinging Nettle and Safflower . Microbial ( genetically engineered ) rennet is also widely available , and is vegetarian - friendly . Some examples of cheeses made from different rennet : Animal Rennet : Parmigiano Reggiano , Montgomery ’ s Cheddar , Gruyère . Vegetable / Microbial Rennet : Humboldt Fog , Spenwood , Torta del Casar . No Rennet : Cottage cheese , Mozzarella ( most ) , Queso Blanco . February 28 , 2006 in Cheese FAQ ' s | Permalink Comments Well that ' s good to know . To be honest , I did n ' t know that some vegetarians do n ' t eat cheeses since it ' s mostly milk and fat and other things . Posted by : Aliante Las Vegas | December 14 , 2011 at 08 : 15 PM Do I let him live the dream or the reality ? What to do , what to do ? ! ? Posted by : oakley frogskins | July 20 , 2011 at 09 : 27 AM I am a vegetarian and enjoy Parmigiano Reggiano . However , I am concerned about the rennet . Are you aware of any veggie rennet alternatives for this prince of cheeses ? oakley frogskins July 20 , 2011 at 09 : 26 AM Hello there ! This post could not be written any better ! Reading this post reminds me of my good old room mate ! He always kept chatting about this . I will forward this article to him . Fairly certain he will have a good read . Thank you for sharing ! Vibram June 15 , 2011 at 11 : 05 PM Thinking about vegetarianism and cheese . . . If you ' re a vegetarian eating cheese for reasons of animal cruelty , or are concerned with rennet not being vegetarian , remember that even if you are eating veg / micro rennet , female and male calves are both born , but male calves are virtually useless to the dairy industry . Except for breeding purposes male cows end up on plates all around the world . So is cheese ever really vegetarian because there ARE in fact animals dying for it ? Posted by : Jane | June 23 , 2010 at 08 : 57 PM I recently stopped eating cheese , only this weekend , but i ' m finding it hard already because I love cheese . . i know that there are some vegetarian cheeses but like . . on pizzas and stuff . . you know . . it ' s hard . . do you think someone is NOT a veggie if they eat cheese . . ? Posted by : Lou | September 29 , 2009 at 10 : 06 AM where can i find what lacto vegitarians can and ca n ' t eat ? Posted by : raelyn | September 09 , 2008 at 10 : 21 PM I am a lacto - vegetarian ( can eat milk and eggs ) . Can i eat foodstuff ( such as ice - cream , biscuits , chocolates , horlick ) that contains whey ? Posted by : Chantal Quek | August 20 , 2008 at 02 : 08 AM hey i was just yesterday in a website and pledge not to eat meat no more but my family only eats meat what can i do i just broke it cause i ate cheese . i feel really bad ! ? do i continue this pledge or quit ! ! ! ! Posted by : ana | December 29 , 2007 at 04 : 04 PM Hi Nadia I am a vegetarian and enjoy Parmigiano Reggiano . However , I am concerned about the rennet . Are you aware of any veggie rennet alternatives for this prince of cheeses ? Ian Posted by : Ian DIbbens | November 13 , 2007 at 09 : 14 AM i ' m turning vege and i do n ' t kno what i ca n ' t eat besides meat . Can you give me a hand ? chaz xx Posted by : chaz | August 20 , 2007 at 02 : 35 PM Now that this suspicion of mine has been confirmed , the question is : do I tell my vegetarian fiancé , who is the biggest cheese fanatic I know , that his favourite cheeses use animal products ? He loves cheese so much , in fact he practically exists on the stuff . If I tell him , and I suspect he secretly already knows but is living in self - induced denial , am I a horrible big baddie or am I saving him from committing the animal - eating sin he wants to avoid ? Do I let Anna June 22 , 2006 at 12 : 08 AM The comments to this entry are closed . | [
"Nadia",
"coagulant",
"calves"
] |
http://chefbrianduffy.com/chef.html | THE CHEF Born and raised in Philadelphia , PA , Chef Brian Duffy had his first experiences in the kitchen as a young child with his big Irish - Italian Family . Those experiences introduced him to culinary life and led him to study at Philadelphia ’ s The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College . Culinary school may have taught him technique , but it was those Sunday nights cooking with his family where he developed his passion . After graduation , Chef Duffy worked under James Beard Award winning Chef Jean Marie LaCroix at The Four Seasons in Philadelphia . From there , he partnered in opening Kristopher ’ s , a BYOB concept that received widespread critical acclaim . It was through opening his own brick and mortar that Duffy began to realize his flair for refined , modernized pub fare and coined the term “ New Celtic ” cuisine . Duffy brought his “ New Celtic ” point of view to the Dave Magrogan Group as their Corporate Executive Chef for their brands . Following his successful tenure with DMG , Duffy joined forces with Seafood America as a consultant and Executive Chef , where he developed fresh and frozen products for grocery chains across the world . Duffy formed " Duffified Experience Group " in 2012 , a consulting firm with the realization that most of the smaller restaurant & bar operators that are out there needed someone who spoke their language & worked the way that they do . Through this firm Duffy has been able to work & oversee restaurants , bars & nightclubs around the globe . The motto of “ Redefining the economics of foodservice ” has given Duffy & all of his clients a new lease on their business and their lives . On and off camera , Chef Duffy works with restaurants across the country updating their menus and coaching them through much needed facelifts . His proven success has made him one of the most in demand restaurant and hospitality consultants across North America and overseas . Duffy is perhaps most recognized from his abundant television appearances on the wildly popular Spike TV series Bar Rescue , where he tours the country ( sometimes on his Harley Davidson ) reforming failing bars and restaurants with his “ tell it like it is ” style . He made his on - camera debut on the Food Network series Date Plate and has appeared on countless segments on the DIY Network , HGTV , NBC , and Fine Living Network . Chef Duffy is also a regular to judge the Food Network series Beat Bobby Flay and has appeared on The Today Show since 2006 for the St . Patrick ’ s Day Irish cook - off . “ Duffified Spice ” as well as a line of T - Shirts , Kitchen aprons , Hats & chef driven Hand soaps which are all available on his website www . duffified . com Currently Duffy has collaborated with Rock Hard Media Group and created " Duffified Live " a travel show with an over the top approach to eating , drinking & traveling has taken off due to his attitude & stories from the road , the industry & his personal life & stories . When he is n ’ t with clients , taping or traveling he is working on his soon - to - be - released modern gastropub cookbook or hanging out with his family in the suburbs of Philadelphia . CHEF DUFFY IN THE PRESS Phila . Healthy Restaurant Chain Fuel Adds Facial Recognition Kiosks to Spark Growth Kick Off Your Super Bowl Party with Wings , Sloppy Joes , and Deviled Eggs Turn Up The Heat on Game Day with Spicy Hot Dogs , Smoky Ribs and Zesty Fries For Sunday Night Football Brothers Revive Pub at Historic Seipsville Inn Just a TASTE ! : Food , Wine , Spirits Fill Festival This Weekend Lancaster County Convention Center Two TV Chefs Headline Atlantic City Food Truck Festival Chef - Focused Roots 2017 Continues Today , Live Audio Streaming ( Photos ) Pawtucket Featured in First Episode of New Series ‘ Bar Crashers ’ Crave Chef Spotlight : Philadelphia ’ s Brian Duffy has Surf - and - Turf Planned for Spokane Valley Game Day Recipes for Pulled Pork Grilled Cheese , Spicy Chicken and Cheesy Grits Flying Fish ’ s New Crafthouse in Brewerytown Will Open on Monday , December 5 Flying Fish Crafthouse brings brews to Brewerytown Chef Brian Duffy and Award - winning Local Brewer Open Casual Urban Eatery in Historic Brewerytown Cheers Online : Chef Brian Duffy on Food Trends , Bar Business Plans and Horrible Bosses . 19 CELEBRITY CHEFS & FOOD BLOGGERS GIVE THEIR TOP COOKING TIPS Pittsburgh Tribune ( 05.12.15 ) : Fan of Bacon ? The America Loves Bacon Festival is Perfect for You The Food Department on Philly . com ( 04.29.15 ) : EATS 2015 : 10 Chefs , 9 Trucks , 1 Night VH1 Big Morning Buzz Live Hosted by Nick Lachey : Chef Brian Duffy Crowns The Winner Of The Big Morning Buzz Breakfast Sandwich Showdown Orangespoken . com : I Scream , You Scream , We All Scream For … Bacon ! WLTX - TV ( 03.27.15 ) : America Loves Bacon Festival is Saturday Carlos Hernandez ’ s article on CarlosEats . com ( 04.04.15 ) : America Loves Bacon Festival Coming 4 / 11 The Daily Gamecock ( 03.29.15 ) : Bacon Lovers Unite at Touring Festival NJ . com ( 03.19.15 ) : Polar Plunge etiquette ? Tips for Saturday ' s event in Point Pleasant Beach The Today Show ( 03.17.15 ) : St . Patrick ’ s Day Cook - Off ! Beef - and - Stout Pie , Celtic Stew and More Bianca Unanchored ( 03.17.15 ) : Grilled Whiskey & Honey Glazed Shrimp with Herby Marie Rose News - Press . com , City Tavern appearance ( 03.17.15 ) : Where To Celebrate St . Patrick ’ s Day in SWFL East Tennessee ’ s The Daily Times online edition ( 03.14.15 ) : America Loves Bacon Festival features famous chef and local bands AZCentral . com ( 03.02.15 ) : America Loves Bacon Festival Was a Huge Hit ABC6 , Wate . com ( 03.03.15 ) : World ’ s Fair Park Hosts Knoxville Bacon Festival on St . Patrick ’ s Day Weekend AZbigmedia . com ( 02.24.15 ) : Things to do this week : Bacon Festival , Cold War Kids Citizens Voice ( 01.31.15 ) Chef Brian Duffy ' stoked ' to walk in Pittston parade CTNow ( 01.07.15 ) : Mohegan Sun Winefest returns Jan . 23 People Magazine , Great Ideas column ( 01.05.15 ) : Look Inside Nick and Drew Lachey ’ s New Sports Bar City Beat ( 12.22.14 ) : Lachey ' s Bar to Open Jan . 1 Nation ’ s Restaurant News ( 12.19.14 ) : The hottest trend in fries . Rockford Register Star ( 12.23.15 ) : Celebrity chef - inspired menu at aeRo Ale House in Loves Park steals show Both Those Diner and Motorcycle Guys and Blog Talk Radio ( 11.30.14 ) : Chef Brian Duffy Cooks Up Conversation with Garrison The Savory , Obsev ( 11.26.14 ) : Thanksgiving Tips Celebrity Chefs Live By Philly . com ( 10.06.14 ) : Thousands turn out in South Phila . for bacon ! The Morning Call ( 09.30.14 ) : Easton Garlic Fest : Honoring foods that stink NJ . com ( 09.14.14 ) : reality TV chef cooks up awareness for children ' s hunger in Princeton Ohio Beverage Monthly on ISSUU . com ( 05.13 ) : Summer is Here ! Take Advantage of the Fresh Produce Ohio Beverage Monthly on ISSUU . com ( 04.13 ) : A Trip To Greece , Greek Wine and More Ohio Beverage Monthly on ISSUU . com ( 03.13 ) : Bar Food , Are You Meeting Expectations ? Article " Mt . Adams Pavilion getting new look , menu " on Cincinnati . com * * Read here . | [
"Chef Brian Duffy",
"Philadelphia , PA",
"Walnut Hill College"
] |
http://chefsimon.com/gourmets/passion-patisserie/recettes/buche-royal-au-chocolat | Recettes Pâques Fêtes Desserts de noël Gâteau au chocolat Bûche Bûche royal au chocolat Passion Pâtisserie Aimer la recette 1 coup de coeur Voir la recette sur le blog du gourmet Bûche royal au chocolat réveillon chocolat noël bûche trianon bûche de noël bûche au chocolat Quelques mots sur la recette Pour vos fêtes voici une bûche de Noël au chocolat façon Trianon une très jolie bûche qui est aussi belle à regarder que bonne à manger Une recette qui peut être assez longue à réaliser mais qui vaut le coup quand on voit le résultat Cette recette et dautres du même sujet dans La bûche de noël LE dessert des réveillons Traditionnelle ou revisitée la bûche a toujours une place de choix à Noël Des recettes selon Christophe Felder A la demande de M Christophe Felder cette sélection ne présente plus un choix de pâtisseries réalisées par les Gourmets daprès ses recettes Voici pour les fêtes quelques recettes de bûches qui devraient vous plaire Voir aussi épiphanie Galette des rois à la framboise galette des rois à la framboise épiphanie Galette des rois à la clémentine corse Mettez un peu de peps dans votre galette de lépiphanie avec cette délicieuse saveur clémentine c vidéo Tablage du chocolat au lait au mycryo Une technique simple pour des chocolats bien brillants vidéo Foie gras poêlé aux cerises Une très belle entrée pour les fêtes pratique Comment tenir les plats au chaud Principes de la liaison froide et de la liaison chaude bibliothèque Desserts de fêtes sans gluten De Frédérique Barral aux éditions Terre vivante technique Rochers au chocolat praliné technique Foie Gras cuit en bocal Foie gras en conserve vidéo Ouvrir les huîtres facilement Louverture des huîtres cest encore mieux quand cest simple et quon ne se mutile pas la main recette Napolitain praliné Une jolie variante du napolitain classique un bon goût de praliné recette Gâteau marbré au yaourt de brebis La touche acidulée du fromage de brebis nest pas pour déplaire recette Fondant au chocolat café et cardamome Aujourdhui on vous propose lun de ces desserts complètement | [
"Bûche royal au chocolat"
] |
http://chelseawinter.co.nz/crispy-roast-potatoes/ | Perfect crispy roast potatoes November 28 2012 by Chelsea Winter crispy roast potatoes crunchy baked potatoes crunchy roast potatoes roast potatoes 73 Comments Click here to print Crispy roast potatoes Golden and crunchy on the outside and light and fluffy on the inside Its not difficult to achieve but there are a few little tricks to get it right I created this recipe using healthy oil so people could serve them all the time without feeling guilty An important thing to note with roasting potatoes is that they crisp up best without anything else in the oven like a roast creating moisture so I do these potatoes while the meat is resting You also need to start with the right potato Agria is my favourite but you can also use Prep time 10 minutes Cooking time 30 minutes Serves 46 Ingredients 115kg floury potatoes such as Agria chopped into evenish pieces 45cm cup extra virgin olive oil cup oil grapeseed rice bran or light olive oil salt Method Preheat the oven to 220c fan bake Scrub the potatoes or peel them I like the skin on Add to a large saucepan of salted water over a high heat Bring to to a gentle simmer for about 15 minutes or until the potatoes are about threequarters cooked the outsides should be soft Drain in a colander then add back to the saucepan and place over a low heat for a few minutes to dry out excess moisture Shake the pan a few times youll see the steam evaporating Dont forget about them and burn them Put the lid on and give the pan a good strong shake for 5 seconds What you want to happen is for the outsides of the potatoes to get nice and roughed up If some of them look mushy and fall to pieces dont worry this is a good thing Add the oils and toss briefly less roughly just to coat the potatoes Tip the potatoes and oil and all the mushy stuff at the bottom on to a large roasting tray or dish and separate them so they arent touching one another Season generously with salt salt helps them crisp up too Bake in the centre of the oven for about 30 minutes or until golden brown on the bottom and crunchy Heres the important part Dont be tempted to turn them over or shake the tray during cooking just leave them as they are for the whole time Have a taste and if they need more salt hit them Serve with a lovely roast meal or just with a bowl of homemade aïoli or tomato sauce and get stuck in Have fun fighting over the little crunchy bits | [
"Perfect crispy roast potatoes"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/debroglie.html | Louis - Victor de Broglie Wave Particle Duality ( Louis - Victor de Broglie ) The theory of wave - - particle duality developed by Louis - Victor de Broglie eventually explained why the Bohr model was successful with atoms or ions that contained one electron . It also provided a basis for understanding why this model failed for more complex systems . De Broglie started with the fact that light acts as both a particle and a wave . In many ways light acts as a wave , with a characteristic frequency , wavelength , and amplitude . Einstein argued , however , that light carries energy as if it contains discrete photons or packets of energy . In his doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne in 1924 , de Broglie looked at the consequences of assuming that light simultaneously has the properties of both a particle and a wave . He then extended this idea to other objects , such as an electron . When an object behaves as a particle in motion , it has an energy proportional to its mass ( m ) and speed with which it moves through space ( s ) . When it behaves as a wave , however , it has an energy that is proportional to its frequency . By simultaneously assuming that an object can be both a particle and a wave , de Broglie set up the following equation . By rearranging this equation , he derived a relationship between one of the wave - like properties of matter and one of its properties as a particle . As noted in the previous section , the product of the mass of an object times the speed with which it moves is the momentum p ) of the particle . Thus , the de Broglie equation suggests that the wavelength ( ) of any object in motion is inversely proportional to its momentum . De Broglie concluded that most particles are too heavy to observe their wave properties . When the mass of an object is very small , however , the wave properties can be detected experimentally . De Broglie predicted that the mass of an electron was small enough to exhibit the properties of both particles and waves . In 1927 this prediction was confirmed when the diffraction of electrons was observed experimentally by C . J . Davisson De Broglie applied his theory of wave - - particle duality to the Bohr model to explain why only certain orbits are allowed for the electron . He argued that only certain orbits allow the electron to satisfy both its particle and wave properties at the same time because only certain orbits have a circumference that is an integral multiple of the wavelength of the electron , as shown below . The fact that only certain orbits are allowed in the Bohr model of the atom can be eplained by assuming that the circumference of the orbit must be an integral ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . . . ) multiple of the wavelength of the electron . When it is not , the electron can not simultaneously satisfy its wave and particle behavior . History of Chemistry Experiments Index Scientists Index | [
"Louis-Victor de Broglie"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/function.html | Functional Groups Functional Groups Bromine reacts with 2 - butene to form 2 , 3 - dibromobutane . It also reacts with 3 - methyl - 2 - pentene to form 2 , 3 - dibromopentane . Instead of trying to memorize both equations , we can build a general rule that bromine reacts with compounds that contain a C = C double bond to give the product expected from addition across the double bond . This approach to understanding the chemistry of organic compounds presumes that certain atoms or groups of atoms known as functional groups give these compounds their characteristic properties . Functional groups focus attention on the important aspects of the structure of a molecule . We do n ' t have to worry about the differences between the structures of 1 - butene and 2 - methyl - 2 - hexene , for example , when these compounds react with hydrogen bromide . We can focus on the fact that both compounds are alkenes that add HBr across the C = C double bond in the direction predicted by Markovnikov ' s rule Some common functional groups are given in the table below . Common Functional Groups Functional Group Name Example Alkane CH 3 CH 2 3 ( propane ) Alkene CH = CH 2 ( propene ) Alkyne C CH ( propyne ) F , Cl , Br , or I Alkyl halide Br ( methyl bromide ) Alcohol OH ( ethanol ) Ether OCH ( dimethyl ether ) Amine NH ( methyl amine ) The C = O group plays a particularly important role in organic chemistry . This group is called a carbonyl and some of the functional groups based on a carbonyl are shown in the table below . Functional Groups That Contain a Carbonyl Functional Group Name Example Aldehyde CHO ( acetaldehyde ) Ketone COCH ( acetone ) Acyl chloride COCl ( acetyl chloride ) Carboxylic acid CO2H ( acetic acid ) Ester CO ( methyl acetate ) Amide NH ( acetamide ) Practice Problem 1 : Root beer has n ' t tasted the same since the use of sassafras oil as a food additive was outlawed because sassafras oil is 80 % safrole , which has been shown to cause cancer in rats and mice . Identify the functional groups in the structure of safrole . Click here to check your answer to practice problem 1 Practice Problem 2 : The following compounds are the active ingredients in over - the - counter drugs used as analgesics ( to relieve pain without decreasing sensibility or consciousness ) , antipyretics ( to reduce the body temperature when it is elevated ) , and / or anti - inflammatory agents ( to counteract swelling or inflammation of the joints , skin , and eyes ) . Identify the functional groups in each molecule . Click here to check your answer to practice problem 2 Practice Problem 3 : The discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the beginning of what has been called the " golden age of chemotherapy , " in which previously life - threatening bacterial infections were transformed into little more than a source of discomfort . For those who are allergic to penicillin , a variety of antibiotics , including tetracycline , are available . Identify the numerous functional groups in the tetracycline molecule . Click here to check your answer to practice problem 3 Oxidation - Reduction Reactions Focusing on the functional groups in a molecule allows us to recognize patterns in the behavior of related compounds . Consider what we know about the reaction between sodium metal and water , for example . 2 Na ( s ) + 2 H O ( l H g ) + 2 Na + aq ) + 2 OH aq We can divide this reaction into two half - reactions . One involves the oxidation of sodium metal to form sodium ions . Oxidation : Na Na + + e The other involves the reduction of an H ion in water to form a neutral hydrogen atom that combines with another hydrogen atom to form an H molecule . Reduction : Once we recognize that water contains an OH functional group , we can predict what might happen when sodium metal reacts with an alcohol that contains the same functional group . Sodium metal should react with methanol ( CH OH ) , for example , to give H gas and a solution of the Na and CH O ions dissolved in this alcohol . 2 Na ( s ) + 2 CH OH ( l H g ) + 2 Na alc ) + 2 CH O alc Because they involve the transfer of electrons , the reaction between sodium metal and either water or an alcohol are examples of oxidation - reduction reactions . But what about the following reaction , in which hydrogen gas reacts with an alkene in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to form an alkane ? There is no change in the number of valence electrons on any of the atoms in this reaction . Both before and after the reaction , each carbon atom shares a total of eight valence electrons and each hydrogen atom shares two electrons . Instead of electrons , this reaction involves the transfer of atoms in this case , hydrogen atoms . There are so many atom - transfer reactions that chemists developed the concept of oxidation number to extend the idea of oxidation and reduction to reactions in which electrons are n ' t necessarily gained or lost . Oxidation involves an increase in the oxidation number of an atom . Reduction occurs when the oxidation number of an atom decreases During the transformation of ethene into ethane , there is a decrease in the oxidation number of the carbon atom . This reaction therefore involves the reduction of ethene to ethane . Reactions in which none of the atoms undergo a change in oxidation number are called metathesis reactions . Consider the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine , for example . Or the reaction between an alcohol and hydrogen bromide . These are metathesis reactions because there is no change in the oxidation number of any atom in either reaction . The oxidation numbers of the carbon atoms in a variety of compounds are given in the table below Typical Oxidation Numbers of Carbon Functional Group Oxidation Number of Carbon in the Example Alkane 4 - 4 Alkyllithium Li - 4 Alkene H C = CH - 2 Alcohol OH - 2 Ether OCH Alkyl halide Cl Amine Alkyne HC CH - 1 Aldehyde H CO 0 Carboxylic acid HCO CO 4 These oxidation numbers can be used to classify organic reactions as either oxidation - reduction reactions or metathesis reactions . Practice Problem 4 : Classify the following as either oxidation - reduction or metathesis reactions . Click here to check your answer to practice problem 4 Because electrons are neither created nor destroyed , oxidation ca n ' t occur in the absence of reduction , or vice versa . It is often useful , however , to focus attention on one component of the reaction and ask : Is that substance oxidized or reduced ? Practice Problem 5 : Determine whether the following transformations involve the oxidation or the reduction of the carbon atom . Click here to check your answer to practice problem 5 Assigning oxidation numbers to the individual carbon atoms in a complex molecule can be difficult . Fortunately , there is another way to recognize oxidation - reduction reactions in organic chemistry : Oxidation occurs when hydrogen atoms are removed from a carbon atom or when an oxygen atom is added to a carbon atom Reduction occurs when hydrogen atoms are added to a carbon atom or when an oxygen atom is removed from a carbon atom . The first reaction in practice problem 5 involves oxidation of the carbon atom because a pair of hydrogen atoms are removed from that atom when the alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde . The second reaction in practice problem 5 is an example of oxidation because an oxygen atom is added to the carbon atom when an aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid . Reduction , on the other hand , occurs when hydrogen atoms are added to a carbon atom or when an oxygen atom is removed from a carbon atom . An alkene is reduced , for example , when it reacts with H to form the corresponding alkane . The figure below provides a useful guide to the oxidation - reduction reactions of organic compounds . Each of the arrows in this figure involves a two - electron oxidation of a carbon atom along the path toward carbon dioxide . A line is drawn through the first arrow because it is impossible to achieve this transformation in a single step . Organic Chemistry : Functional Groups Functional Groups | Alkyl Halides | Alcohols and Ethers | Aldehydes and Ketones | The Carbonyl Group | Amines , Alkaloids , and Amides | Grignard Reagents Research in the 1990 ' s : The Chemistry of Garlic Periodic Table Glossary | Cool Applets Gen Chem Topic Review | General Chemistry Help Homepage | Search : The general chemistry web site . | [
"Functional Groups",
"Bromine reacts",
"carbonyl"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/3organic/acids.html | Acids and Bases Acids and Bases For more than 300 years , substances that behaved like vinegar have been classified as acids , while those that have properties like the ash from a wood fire have been called alkalies or bases . The name " acid " comes from the Latin acidus , which means " sour , " and refers to the sharp odor and sour taste of many acids . Vinegar tastes sour because it is a dilute solution of acetic acid in water ; lemon juice is sour because it contains citric acid ; milk turns sour when it spoils because of the formation of lactic acid ; and the sour odor of rotten meat can be attributed to carboxylic acids such as butyric acid formed when fat spoils . Today , when chemists use the words " acid " or " base " they refer to a model developed independently by Br � nsted , Lowry , and Bjerrum . Since the most explicit statement of this theory was contained in the writings of Br � nsted , it is most commonly known as the " Br � nsted acid - base " theory . Br � nsted Acid - Base Theory Br � nsted argued that all acid - base reactions involve the transfer of an H + ion , or proton . Water reacts with itself , for example , by transferring an H + ion from one molecule to another to form an H 3 O ion and an OH ion . According to this theory , an acid is a " proton donor " and a base is a " proton acceptor . " Acid - Dissociation Equilibrium Constant Acids are often divided into categories such as " strong " and " weak . " One measure of the strength of an acid is the acid - dissociation equilibrium constant K a , for that acid . When K a is relatively large , we have a strong acid . HCl : = 1 x 10 3 When it is small , we have a weak acid . CH CO 2 H : = 1.8 x 10 - 5 When it is very small , we have a very weak acid . H 2 O : = 1.8 x 10 - 16 pH , pOH , and pK In 1909 , S . P . L . S � renson suggested that the enormous range of concentrations of the H O and OH ions in aqueous solutions could be compressed into a more manageable set of data by taking advantage of logarithmic mathematics and calculating the pH or pOH of the solution . pH = - log [ H pOH = - log [ OH The " p " in pH and pOH is an operator that indicates that the negative of the logarithm should be calculated for any quantity to which it is attached . Thus , pK is the negative of the logarithm of the acid - dissociation equilibrium constant . pK - log The only disadvantage of using pK as a measure of the relative strengths of acids is the fact that large numbers now describe weak acids , and small ( negative ) numbers describe strong acids . HCl : pK = - 3 CH CO H : = 4.7 H O : = 15.7 An important features of the Br � nsted theory is the relationship it creates between acids and bases . Every Br � nsted acid has a conjugate base , and vice versa . Just as the magnitude of is a measure of the strength of an acid , the value of b reflects the strength of its conjugate base . Consider what happens when we multiply the expression for a generic acid ( HA ) by the b expression for its conjugate base ( A ) . If we now replace each term in this equation by the appropriate equilibrium constant , we get the following equation . = w = 1 x 10 - 14 Because the product of times is a relatively small number , either the acid or its conjugate base can be " strong . " But if one is strong , the other must be weak . Thus , a strong acid must have a weak conjugate base . A strong base , on the other hand , must have a weak conjugate acid . Br � nsted Acids and Bases in Nonaqueous Solutions Water has a limiting effect on the strength of acids and bases . All strong acids behave the same in water 1 M solutions of the strong acids all behave as 1 M solutions of the H ion and very weak acids can not act as acids in water . Acid - base reactions do n ' t have to occur in water , however . When other solvents are used , the full range of acid - base strength shown in the table below can be observed . Typical Br � nsted Acids and Their Conjugate Bases Compound Conjugate Base HI 3 x 10 9 - 9.5 I 3 x 10 - 24 23.5 HCl 1 x 10 6 - 6 Cl 1 x 10 - 20 20 SO 4 - 3 HSO 4 - 17 17 55 - 1.7 O 1.8 x 10 - 16 15.7 HNO 28 - 1.4 NO 3.6 x 10 - 16 15.4 PO 7.1 x 10 - 3 2.1 PO 1.4 x 10 - 12 11.9 H 1.8 x 10 - 5 4.7 5.6 x 10 - 10 9.3 S 1.0 x 10 - 7 7.0 HS - 7 7.0 O - 16 15.7 OH 55 - 1.7 OH - 18 18 4 - 4 HC CH - 25 25 HC C 11 - 11 NH - 33 33 NH 19 - 19 - 35 35 21 - 21 = CH - 44 44 = CH 30 - 30 - 49 49 35 - 35 The strongest acids are in the upper - left corner of this table ; the strongest bases in the bottom - right corner . Each base is strong enough to deprotonate the acid in any line above it . The hydride ion ( H ) , for example , can convert an alcohol into its conjugate base and the amide ( NH ) ion can deprotonate an alkyne . Lewis Acid - Base Theory In 1923 , G . N . Lewis introduced a theory of acids and bases that is even more powerful than the Br � nsted theory . As a result , it is important to differentiate between the terms " acid " and " base " as they have been used so far and the terms " Lewis acid " and " Lewis base . " Lewis noted that the Br � nsted theory was limited because it focused exclusively on the transfer of a proton ( H ) . He argued that a more general definition of acid - base reactions could be obtained by looking at what happens when an H ion combines with an OH ion to form water . Lewis argued that the H ion picks up ( or accepts ) a pair of electrons from the OH ion to form a new covalent bond . As a result , any substance that can act as an electron - pair acceptor is a Lewis acid . Lewis acid : An electron - pair acceptor , such as the H ion The pair of electrons that went into the new covalent bond were donated by the OH ion . Lewis therefore argued that any substance that can act as an electron - pair donor is a Lewis base Lewis base : An electron - pair donor , such as the OH The Lewis acid - base theory does n ' t affect the category of compounds we have called " bases " because any Br � nsted base must have a pair of nonbonding electrons in order to accept a proton . This theory , however , vastly expanded the family of compounds that can be called " acids . " Anything that has one or more empty valence - shell orbitals can now act as an acid This theory explains why BF reacts instantaneously with NH . The nonbonding electrons on the nitrogen in ammonia are donated into an empty orbital on the boron to form a new covalent bond , as shown in the figure below . It also explains why Cu 2 + ions pick up ammonia to form the four - coordinate Cu ( NH 2 + ion . Cu aq ) + 4 NH aq Cu ( NH In this case , a pair of nonbonding electrons from each of the four NH molecules is donated into an empty orbital on the Cu ion to form a covalent Cu N bond . Curved Arrow Symbolism The flow of electrons from a Lewis base to a Lewis acid is often indicated with a curved arrow . The arrow starts on a pair of nonbonding electrons on the Lewis base and points toward the Lewis acid with which it reacts . Because adding a pair of electrons to one point on a molecule often displaces electrons in the molecule , combinations of curved arrows are often used to describe even simple chemical reactions . Consider the following example , in which a pair of electrons on an NH ion are donated to the H ion formed when the electrons in one of the C H bonds in acetylene are given to the carbon atom instead of being shared by the C and H atoms in this bond . Using Acids and Bases to Understand Grignard Reagents The discussion of acids and bases in the previous section helps us understand the chemistry of the Grignard reagents . Grignard reagents are made by reacting an alkyl bromide with magnesium metal in diethyl ether . An analogous reagent , known as an alkyllithium , can be prepared by reacting the alkyl bromide with lithium metal in diethyl ether . In the course of these reactions the carbon atom is reduced from the - 2 to the - 4 oxidation state . Whereas the starting material contains a carbon atom with a partial positive charge , the carbon atom in the products of these reactions carries a partial negative charge . Li and CH MgBr can therefore be thought of as a source of the CH ion . The CH ion is the conjugate base of methane , which is the weakest Br � nsted acid in the table of Br � nsted acids and their conjugate bases The CH ion is therefore the strongest Br � nsted base in this table Practice Problem 1 : A graduate student once tried to run the following reaction to prepare a Grignard reagent . Explain what he did wrong , why the yield of the desired product was zero , and predict the product he obtained . Mg Br MgBr OH Click here to check your answer to practice problem 1 Carbanion Attack at a Carbonyl Group A subtle , but important , point must be made before we can extend our understanding of acid - base chemistry to the reaction between a Grignard or alkyllithium reagent and a carbonyl group . The data in the table of Br � nsted acids and their conjugate bases reflect the strengths of common acids and bases when they act as Br � nsted acids or bases . These data predict that methyllithium should react with acetylene to form methane and an acetylide ion , for example . This reaction should occur because it converts the stronger of a pair of Br � nsted acids and the stronger of a pair of Br � nsted bases into a weaker acid and a weaker base . The reaction between a carbonyl and CH Li or CH MgBr , on the other hand , involves attack by a CH ion acting as a Lewis base or nucleophile at the positive end of the carbonyl group . This raises an interesting question : Is the stronger of a pair of Br � nsted bases always the stronger of a pair of Lewis bases ? Unfortunately , the answer is no , it is n ' t . At times , the stronger of a pair of Br � nsted bases is the weaker Lewis base or nucleophile . As a rule , however , strong Br � nsted bases are strong nucleophiles , and weak Br � nsted bases are weak nucleophiles . Despite the enormous utility of the Grignard reagent in organic chemistry , the exact mechanism of the reaction between these reagents and a carbonyl is not known . There is reason to believe that two molecules of the Grignard reagent are involved in this reaction . The magnesium atom of one molecule of this reagent acts as a Lewis acid that interacts with the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group . The alkyl group of the other reagent then acts as a Lewis base , attacking the positive end of the carbonyl . In essence , this reaction involves the attack by a negatively charged CH ion at the positively charged end of the carbonyl group . When this happens , the pair of nonbonding electrons on the CH ion are used to from a C C bond . This , in turn , displaces the pair of electrons in the bond onto the other end of the carbonyl group . The second molecule of the Grignard reagent , which binds at the oxygen end of the carbonyl , is n ' t consumed in the reaction . Its function is simple . When it acts as a Lewis acid , binding to the oxygen atom in the C = O double , it increases the polarity of this bond . By making the bond more polar , it increases the rate at which the CH ion attacks the positive end of the C = O bond . | [
"Acids",
"alkalies"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch13/unitcell.php | Unit Cells The Simplest Repeating Unit in a Crystal A Three - Dimensional Graph NaCl and ZnS Measuring the Distance Between Particles Determining the Unit Cell of a Crystal Calculating Metallic or Ionic Radii Unit Cells : The Simplest Repeating Unit in a Crystal The structure of solids can be described as if they were three - dimensional analogs of a piece of wallpaper . Wallpaper has a regular repeating design that extends from one edge to the other . Crystals have a similar repeating design , but in this case the design extends in three dimensions from one edge of the solid to the other . We can unambiguously describe a piece of wallpaper by specifying the size , shape , and contents of the simplest repeating unit in the design . We can describe a three - dimensional crystal by specifying the size , shape , and contents of the simplest repeating unit and the way these repeating units stack to form the crystal . The simplest repeating unit in a crystal is called a unit cell . Each unit cell is defined in terms of lattice points the points in space about which the particles are free to vibrate in a crystal . The structures of the unit cell for a variety of salts are shown below . In 1850 , Auguste Bravais showed that crystals could be divided into 14 unit cells , which meet the following criteria . The unit cell is the simplest repeating unit in the crystal . Opposite faces of a unit cell are parallel . The edge of the unit cell connects equivalent points . The 14 Bravais unit cells are shown in the figure below . These unit cells fall into seven categories , which differ in the three unit - cell edge lengths ( a b , and c ) and three internal angles ( a , � and g ) , as shown in the table below . The Seven Categories of Bravais Unit Cells Category Edge Lengths Internal Angles Cubic a = b = c � / i > = g = 90 o Tetragonal � / i > = g = 90 o Monoclinic � / i > = 90 g ) Orthorhombic Rhombohedral � / i > = g 90 Hexagonal � / i > = 90 , g = 120 Triclinic � / i > g 90 We will focus on the cubic category , which includes the three types of unit cells simple cubic , body - centered cubic , and face - centered cubic shown in the figure below . These unit cells are important for two reasons . First , a number of metals , ionic solids , and intermetallic compounds crystallize in cubic unit cells . Second , it is relatively easy to do calculations with these unit cells because the cell - edge lengths are all the same and the cell angles are all 90 . The simple cubic unit cell is the simplest repeating unit in a simple cubic structure . Each corner of the unit cell is defined by a lattice point at which an atom , ion , or molecule can be found in the crystal . By convention , the edge of a unit cell always connects equivalent points . Each of the eight corners of the unit cell therefore must contain an identical particle . Other particles can be present on the edges or faces of the unit cell , or within the body of the unit cell . But the minimum that must be present The body - centered cubic unit cell is the simplest repeating unit in a body - centered cubic structure . Once again , there are eight identical particles on the eight corners of the unit cell . However , this time there is a ninth identical particle in the center of the body of the unit cell . face - centered cubic unit cell also starts with identical particles on the eight corners of the cube . But this structure also contains the same particles in the centers of the six faces of the unit cell , for a total of 14 identical lattice points . The face - centered cubic unit cell is the simplest repeating unit in a cubic closest - packed structure . In fact , the presence of face - centered cubic unit cells in this structure explains why the structure is known as cubic closest - packed . Face Centered - Cubic Structure Learning Activity Unit Cells : A Three - Dimensional Graph The lattice points in a cubic unit cell can be described in terms of a three - dimensional graph . Because all three cell - edge lengths are the same in a cubic unit cell , it does n ' t matter what orientation is used for the , and axes . For the sake of argument , we ' ll define the axis as the vertical axis of our coordinate system , as shown in the figure below . axis will then describe movement across the front of the unit cell , and the axis will represent movement toward the back of the unit cell . Furthermore , we ' ll arbitrarily define the bottom left corner of the unit cell as the origin ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) . The coordinates 1 , 0 , 0 indicate a lattice point that is one cell - edge length away from the origin along the axis . Similarly , 0 , 1 , 0 and 0 , 0 , 1 represent lattice points that are displaced by one cell - edge length from the origin along the and axes , respectively . Thinking about the unit cell as a three - dimensional graph allows us to describe the structure of a crystal with a remarkably small amount of information . We can specify the structure of cesium chloride , for example , with only four pieces of information . CsCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell . The length of the unit cell edge is 0.4123 nm . There is a Cl ion at the coordinates 0 , 0 , 0 . There is a Cs + ion at the coordinates 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 . Because the cell edge must connect equivalent lattice points , the presence of a Cl ion at one corner of the unit cell ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) implies the presence of a Cl ion at every corner of the cell . The coordinates 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 describe a lattice point at the center of the cell . Because there is no other point in the unit cell that is one cell - edge length away from these coordinates , this is the only Cs + ion in the cell . CsCl is therefore a simple cubic unit cell of Cl ions with a Cs in the center of the body of the cell . Unit Cells : NaCl and ZnS NaCl should crystallize in a cubic closest - packed array of Cl ions with Na ions in the octahedral holes between planes of Cl ions . We can translate this information into a unit - cell model for NaCl by remembering that the face - centered cubic unit cell is the simplest repeating unit in a cubic closest - packed structure . There are four unique positions in a face - centered cubic unit cell . These positions are defined by the coordinates : 0 , 0 , 0 ; 0 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ; 1 / 2 , 0 , 1 / 2 ; and 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0 . The presence of an particle at one corner of the unit cell ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) requires the presence of an equivalent particle on each of the eight corners of the unit cell . Because the unit - The figure below shows that there is an octahedral hole in the center of a face - centered cubic unit cell , at the coordinates 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 . Any particle at this point touches the particles in the centers of the six faces of the unit cell . The other octahedral holes in a face - centered cubic unit cell are on the edges of the cell , as shown in the figure below . If Cl ions occupy the lattice points of a face - centered cubic unit cell and all of the octahedral holes are filled with Na ions , we get the unit cell shown in the figure below . We can therefore describe the structure of NaCl in terms of the following information . NaCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell . The cell - edge length is 0.5641 nm . There are Cl ions at the positions 0 , 0 , 0 ; 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0 ; 1 / 2 , 0 , 1 / 2 ; and 0 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 . There are Na ions at the positions 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ; 1 / 2 , 0 , 0 ; 0 , 1 / 2 , 0 ; and 0 , 0 , 1 / 2 . Placing a Cl ion at these four positions implies the presence of a Cl ion on each of the 14 lattice points that define a face - centered cubic unit . Placing a Na ion in the center of the unit cell ( 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ) and on the three unique edges of the unit cell ( 1 / 2 , 0 , 0 ; 0 , 1 / 2 , 0 ; and 0 , 0 , 1 / 2 ) requires an equivalent Na ion in every octahedral hole in the unit cell . ZnS crystallizes as cubic closest - packed array of S 2 - ions with Zn 2 + ions in tetrahedral holes . The S 2 - ions in this crystal occupy the same positions as the Cl ions in NaCl . The only difference between these crystals is the location of the positive ions . The figure below shows that the tetrahedral holes in a face - centered cubic unit cell are in the corners of the unit cell , at coordinates such as 1 / 4 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 4 . An atom with these coordinates would touch the atom at this corner as well as the atoms in the centers of the three faces that form this corner . Although it is difficult to see without a three - dimensional model Because the corners of a cubic unit cell are identical , there must be a tetrahedral hole in each of the eight corners of the face - centered cubic unit cell . If S ions occupy the lattice points of a face - centered cubic unit cell and Zn 2 + ions are packed into every other tetrahedral hole , we get the unit cell of ZnS shown in the figure below . The structure of ZnS can therefore be described as follows . ZnS crystallizes in a cubic unit cell . The cell - edge length is 0.5411 nm . There are S ions at the positions 0 , 0 , 0 ; 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , 0 ; 1 / 2 , 0 , 1 / 2 ; and 0 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 . There are Zn ions at the positions 1 / 4 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 4 ; 1 / 4 , 3 / 4 , 3 / 4 ; 3 / 4 , 1 / 4 , 3 / 4 ; and 3 / 4 , 3 / 4 , 1 / 4 . Note that only half of the tetrahedral holes are occupied in this crystal because there are two tetrahedral holes for every S ion in a closest - packed array of these ions . Unit Cells : Measuring the Distance Between Particles Nickel is one of the metals that crystallize in a cubic closest - packed structure . When you consider that a nickel atom has a mass of only 9.75 x 10 - 23 g and an ionic radius of only 1.24 x 10 - 10 m , it is a remarkable achievement to be able to describe the structure of this metal . The obvious question is : How do we know that nickel packs in a cubic closest - packed structure ? The only way to determine the structure of matter on an atomic scale is to use a probe that is even smaller . One of the most useful probes for studying matter on this scale is electromagnetic radiation . In 1912 , Max van Laue found that x - rays that struck the surface of a crystal were diffracted into patterns that resembled the patterns produced when light passes through a very narrow slit . Shortly thereafter , William Lawrence Bragg , who was just completing his undergraduate degree in physics at Cambridge , explained van Laue ' s resultswith an equation known as the Bragg equation , which allows us to calculate the distance between planes of atoms in a crystal from the pattern of diffraction of x - rays of known wavelength . n = 2 d sin T The pattern by which x - rays are diffracted by nickel metal suggests that this metal packs in a cubic unit cell with a distance between planes of atoms of 0.3524 nm . Thus , the cell - edge length in this crystal must be 0.3524 nm . Knowing that nickel crystallizes in a cubic unit cell is not enough . We still have to decide whether it is a simple cubic , body - centered cubic , or face - centered cubic unit cell . This can be done by measuring the density of the metal . Unit Cells : Determining the Unit Cell of a Crystal Atoms on the corners , edges , and faces of a unit cell are shared by more than one unit cell , as shown in the figure below . An atom on a face is shared by two unit cells , so only half of the atom belongs to each of these cells . An atom on an edge is shared by four unit cells , and an atom on a corner is shared by eight unit cells . Thus , only one - quarter of an atom on an edge and one - eighth of an atom on a If nickel crystallized in a simple cubic unit cell , there would be a nickel atom on each of the eight corners of the cell . Because only one - eighth of these atoms can be assigned to a given unit cell , each unit cell in a simple cubic structure would have one net nickel atom . Simple cubic structure : 8 corners x 1 / 8 = 1 atom If nickel formed a body - centered cubic structure , there would be two atoms per unit cell , because the nickel atom in the center of the body would n ' t be shared with any other unit cells . Body - centered cubic structure : ( 8 corners x 1 / 8 ) + 1 body = 2 atoms If nickel crystallized in a face - centered cubic structure , the six atoms on the faces of the unit cell would contribute three net nickel atoms , for a total of four atoms per unit cell . Face - centered cubic structure : ( 8 corners x 1 / 8 ) + ( 6 faces x 1 / 2 ) = 4 atoms Because they have different numbers of atoms in a unit cell , each of these structures would have a different density . Let ' s therefore calculate the density for nickel based on each of these structures and the unit cell edge length for nickel given in the previous section : 0.3524 nm . In order to do this , we need to know the volume of the unit cell in cubic centimeters and the mass of a single nickel atom . The volume ( V ) of the unit cell is equal to the cell - edge length ( ) cubed . V 3 ( 0.3524 nm ) 3 = 0.04376 nm Since there are 10 9 nm in a meter and 100 cm in a meter , there must be 10 7 nm in a cm . We can therefore convert the volume of the unit cell to cm as follows . The mass of a nickel atom can be calculated from the atomic weight of this metal and Avogadro ' s number . The density of nickel , if it crystallized in a simple cubic structure , would therefore be 2.23 g / cm , to three significant figures . Simple cubic structure : Because there would be twice as many atoms per unit cell if nickel crystallized in a body - centered cubic structure , the density of nickel in this structure would be twice as large . Body - centered cubic structure : There would be four atoms per unit cell in a face - centered cubic structure and the density of nickel in this structure would be four times as large . Face - centered cubic structure : The experimental value for the density of nickel is 8.90 g / cm . The obvious conclusion is that nickel crystallizes in a face - centered cubic unit cell and therefore has a cubic closest - packed structure . Unit Cells : Calculating Metallic or Ionic Radii Estimates of the radii of most metal atoms can be found . Where do these data come from ? How do we know , for example , that the radius of a nickel atom is 0.1246 nm ? Nickel crystallizes in a face - centered cubic unit cell with a cell - edge length of 0.3524 nm to calculate the radius of a nickel atom . One of the faces of a face - centered cubic unit cell is shown in the figure below . According to this figure , the diagonal across the face of this unit cell is equal to four times the radius of a nickel atom . The Pythagorean theorem states that the diagonal across a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other sides . The diagonal across the face of the unit cell is therefore related to the unit - cell edge length by the following equation . Taking the square root of both sides gives the following result . We now substitute into this equation the relationship between the diagonal across the face of this unit cell and the radius of a nickel atom : Solving for the radius of a nickel atom gives a value of 0.1246 nm : A similar approach can be taken to estimating the size of an ion . Let ' s start by using the fact that the cell - edge length in cesium chloride is 0.4123 nm to calculate the distance between the centers of the Cs and Cl ions in CsCl . CsCl crystallizes in a simple cubic unit cell of Cl ions with a Cs ion in the center of the body of the cell , as shown in the figure below . Before we can calculate the distance between the centers of the Cs and Cl ions in this crystal , however , we have to recognize the validity of one of the simplest assumptions about ionic solids : The positive and negative ions that form these crystals touch . We can therefore assume that the diagonal across the body of the CsCl unit cell is equivalent to the sum of the radii of two Cl ions and two Cs ions . The three - dimensional equivalent of the Pythagorean theorem suggests that the square of the diagonal across the body of a cube is the sum of the squares of the three sides . Taking the square root of both sides of this equation gives the following result . If the cell - edge length in CsCl is 0.4123 nm , the diagonal across the body in this unit cell is 0.7141 nm . The sum of the ionic radii of Cs ions is half this distance , or 0.3571 nm . If we had an estimate of the size of either the Cs or Cl ion , we could use the results to calculate the radius of the other ion . The ionic radius of the Cl ion is 0.181 nm . Substituting this value into the last equation gives a value of 0.176 nm for the radius of the Cs ion . The results of this calculation are in reasonable agreement with the value of 0.169 nm known for the radius of the Cs ion . The discrepancy between these values reflects the fact that ionic radii vary from one crystal to another . The tabulated values are averages of the results of a number of calculations of this type . | [
"Unit Cells",
"equivalent points",
"Rhombohedral"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/react.html | Chemical Reactions and Kinetics The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions What happens when the first step in a multi - step reaction is not the rate - limiting step ? Consider the reaction between NO and O 2 to form NO 2 , for example . 2 NO ( g ) + O g 2 NO This reaction involves a two - step mechanism . The first step is a relatively fast reaction in which a pair of NO molecules combine to form a dimer , N O . The product of this step then undergoes a much slower reaction in which it combines with O to form a pair of NO molecules . Step 1 2 NO N O ( fast step ) Step 2 N + O 2 NO ( slow step ) The net effect of these reactions is the transformation of two NO molecules and one O molecule into a pair of NO molecules . 2 NO N + O 2 NO 2 NO + O 2 NO In this reaction , the second step is the rate - limiting step . No matter how fast the first step takes place , the overall reaction can not proceed any faster than the second step in the reaction . As we have seen , the rate of any step in a reaction is directly proportional to the concentrations of the reactants consumed in that step . The rate law for the second step in this reaction is therefore proportional to the concentrations of both N and O Step 2 : Rate 2nd = k ( N ) ( O Because the first step in the reaction is much faster , the overall rate of reaction is more or less equal to the rate of this rate - limiting step . Rate k ( N ) ( O This rate law is not very useful because it is difficult to measure the concentrations of intermediates , such as N , that are simultaneously formed and consumed in the reaction . It would be better to have an equation that related the overall rate of reaction to the concentrations of the original reactants . Let ' s take advantage of the fact that the first step in this reaction is reversible . Step 1 N The rate of the forward reaction in this step depends on the concentration of NO raised to the second power . Rate forward = f ( NO ) The rate of the reverse reaction depends only on the concentrations of N reverse r Because the first step in this reaction is very much faster than the second , the first step should come to equilibrium . When that happens , the rate of the forward and reverse reactions for the first step are the same . f ( NO ) r Let ' s rearrange this equation to solve for one of the terms that appears in the rate law for the second step in the reaction . ) = ( f / k ) ( NO ) Substituting this equation into the rate law for the second step gives the following result . 2nd f / k ) ( NO ) ( O Since , and are all constants , they can be replaced by a single constant , k ' , to give the experimental rate law for this reaction described in Exercise 22.6 . overall Rate ' ( NO ) ( O The Relationship Between the Rate Constants and the Equilibrium Constant for a Reaction There is a simple relationship between the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction and the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions if the mechanism for the reaction involves only a single step . To understand this relationship , let ' s turn once more to a reversible reaction that we know occurs by a one - step mechanism . ClNO ) + NO ( NO ) + ClNO ( The rate of the forward reaction is equal to a rate constant for this reaction , , times the concentrations of the reactants , ClNO and NO . forward ( ClNO ) ( NO ) The rate of the reverse reaction is equal to a second rate constant , , times the concentrations of the products , NO and ClNO . reverse ( NO ) ( ClNO ) This system will reach equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction . = Rate Substituting the rate laws for the forward and reverse reactions when the system is at equilibrium into this equation gives the following result . [ NO ] [ ClNO ] = [ ClNO ] [ NO This equation can be rearranged to give the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction . Thus , the equilibrium constant for a one - step reaction is equal to the forward rate constant divided by the reverse rate constant . Practice Problem 7 : The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions in the following equilibrium have been measured . At 25 � C , is 7.3 x 10 3 liters per mole - second and k is 0.55 liters per mole - second . Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction : ClNO ( g ) + NO ( g ) NO ) + ClNO ( Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 7 . Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 7 . Determining the Order of a Reaction from Rate of Reaction Data The rate law for a reaction can be determined by studying what happens to the initial instantaneous rate of reaction when we start with different initial concentrations of the reactants . To show how this is done , let ' s determine the rate law for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of the iodide ion . 2 H aq 2 H O ( aq ) + O Data on initial instantaneous rates of reaction for five experiments run at different initial concentrations of H and the I ion are given in the table below . Rate of Reaction Data for the Decomposition of H in the Presence of the I Ion Initial ( H ) ( M ) Initial ( I ) ( M ) Initial Instantaneous Rate of Reaction ( M / s ) Trial 1 : 1.0 x 10 - 2 2.0 x 10 - 3 2.3 x 10 7 Trial 2 : 2.0 x 10 - 2 - 3 4.6 x 10 7 Trial 3 : 3.0 x 10 6.9 x 10 Trial 4 : 1.0 x 10 4.0 x 10 4.6 x 10 Trial 5 : 6.0 x 10 6.9 x 10 The only difference between the first three trials is the initial concentration of H . The difference between Trial 1 and Trial 2 is a two - fold increase in the initial H concentration , which leads to a two - fold increase in the initial rate of reaction . The difference between Trial 1 and Trial 3 is a three - fold increase in the initial H concentration , which produces a three - fold increase in the initial rate of reaction . The only possible conclusion is that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the H concentration . Experiments 1 , 4 , and 5 were run at the same initial concentration of H but different initial concentrations of the I ion . When we compare Trials 1 and 4 we see that doubling the initial I concentration leads to a twofold increase in the rate of reaction . Trials 1 and 5 show that tripling the initial I concentration leads to a three - fold increase in the initial rate of reaction . We therefore conclude that the rate of the reaction is also directly proportional to the concentration of the I ion . The results of these experiments are consistent with a rate law for this reaction that is first - order in both H and I ( H ) ( I Practice Problem 8 : Hydrogen iodide decomposes to give a mixture of hydrogen and iodine : 2 HI ( H ) + I Use the following data to determine whether the decomposition of HI in the gas phase is first order or second order in hydrogen iodide . Initial ( HI ) ( M ) Initial Instantaneous Rate of Reaction ( M / s ) Trial 1 : 1.0 x 10 - 2 4.0 x 10 - 6 Trial 2 : 2.0 x 10 - 2 1.6 x 10 - 5 Trial 3 : 3.0 x 10 3.6 x 10 - 5 Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 8 . Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 8 . The Integrated Form of First - Order and Second - Order Rate Laws The rate law for a reaction is a useful way of probing the mechanism of a chemical reaction but it is n ' t very useful for predicting how much reactant remains in solution or how much product has been formed in a given amount of time . For these calculations , we use the integrated form of the rate law . Let ' s start with the rate law for a reaction that is first - order in the disappearance of a single reactant , X When this equation is rearranged and both sides are integrated we get the following result . Integrated form of the first - order rate law : In this equation , ( X ) is the concentration of at any moment in time , ( 0 is the initial concentration of this reagent , is the rate constant for the reaction , and t is the time since the reaction started . To illustrate the power of the integrated form of the rate law for a reaction , let ' s use this equation to calculate how long it would take for the 14 C in a piece of charcoal to decay to half of its original concentration . We will start by noting that 14 C decays by first - order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.21 x 10 - 4 yr - 1 The integrated form of this rate law would be written as follows . We are interested in the moment when the concentration of C in the charcoal is half of its initial value . Substituting this relationship into the integrated form of the rate law gives the following equation . We now simplify this equation and then solve for t It therefore takes 5730 years for half of the C in the sample to decay . This is called the half - life of C . In general , the half - life for a first - order kinetic process can be calculated from the rate constant as follows . Let ' s now turn to the rate law for a reaction that is second - order in a single reactant , The integrated form of the rate law for this reaction is written as follows . Integrated form of the second - order rate law : Once again , ( ) is the concentration of at any moment in time , ( 0 is the initial concentration of is the rate constant for the reactio n , and is the time since the reaction started . Practice Problem 9 : Acetaldehyde , CH 3 CHO , decomposes by second - order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.334 - 1 s at 500 � C . Calculate the amount of time it would take for 80 % of the acetaldehyde to decompose in a sample that has an initial concentration of 0.00750 Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 9 . Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 9 . The half - life of a second - order reaction can be calculated from the integrated form of the second - order rate law . We start by asking : " How long it would take for the concentration of to decay from its initial value , ( , to a value half as large ? " The first step in simplifying this equation involves multiplying the top and bottom halves of the first term by 2 . Subtracting one term on the left side of this equation from the other gives the following result . We can now solve this equation for the half - life of the reaction . There is an important difference between the equations for calculating the half - life of first order and second - order reactions . The half - life of a first - order reaction is a constant , which is proportional to the rate constant for the reaction . first - order reaction : The half - life for a second - order reaction is inversely proportional to both the rate constant for the reaction and the initial concentration of the reactant that is consumed in the reaction . second - order reaction : Discussions of the half - life of a reaction are therefore usually confined to first - order processes . Determining the Order of a Reaction with the Integrated form of Rate Laws The integrated form of the rate laws for first - and second - order reactions provides another way of determining the order of a reaction . We can start by assuming , for the sake of argument , that the reaction is first - order in reactant Rate = We then test this assumption by checking concentration versus time data for the reaction to see whether they fit the first - order rate law . To see how this is done , let ' s start by rearranging the integrated form of the first - order rate law as follows . ln ( ) - ln ( = - kt We then solve this equation for the natural logarithm of the concentration of at any moment in time . ln ( ) = ln ( kt This equation contains two variables ) and and two constants and . It can therefore be set up in terms of the equation for a straight line . y mx + b ) = - + ln ( If the reaction is first - order in , a plot of the natural logarithm of the concentration of versus time will be a straight line with a slope equal to - , as shown in the figure below . If the plot of ln ( ) versus time is not a straight line , the reaction ca n ' t be first - order in . We therefore assume , for the sake of argument , that it is second - order in Rate = We then test this assumption by checking whether the experimental data fit the integrated form of the second - order rate law . This equation contains two variables ) and and two constants and . Thus , it also can be set up in terms of the equation for a straight line . y mx + b If the reaction is second - order in , a plot of the reciprocal of the concentration of X versus time will be a straight line with a slope equal to , as shown in the figure below . Practice Problem 10 : Use the experimental data found in the table at the beginning of this lesson to determine whether the reaction between phenolphthalein ( PHTH ) and the OH ion is a first - order or a second - order reaction . Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 10 . Reactions That are First - Order in Two Reactants What about reactions that are first - order in two reactants , X and Y , and therefore second - order overall ? ) ( Y A plot of 1 / ( ) versus time wo n ' t give a straight line because the reaction is not second - order in . Unfortunately , neither will a plot of ln ( ) versus time , because the reaction is not strictly first - order in . It is first - order in both Y One way around this problem is to turn the reaction into one that is pseudofirst - order by making the concentration of one of the reactants so large that it is effectively constant . The rate law for the reaction is still first - order in both reactants . But the initial concentration of one reactant is so much larger than the other that the rate of reaction seems to be sensitive only to changes in the concentration of the reagent present in limited quantities . Assume , for the moment , that the reaction is studied under conditions for which there is a large excess of . If this is true , the concentration of will remain essentially constant during the reaction . As a result , the rate of the reaction will not depend on the concentration of the excess reagent . Instead , it will appear to be first order in the other reactant , . A plot of ln ( ) versus time will therefore give a straight line . ' ( If there is a large excess of , the reaction will appear to be first - order in . Under these conditions , a plot of log ( ) versus time will be linear . ' ( The value of the rate constant obtained from either of these equations k ' wo n ' t be the actual rate constant for the reaction . It will be the product of the rate constant for the reaction times the concentration of the reagent that is present in excess . In our discussion of acid - base equilibria , we argued that the concentration of water is so much larger than any other component of these solutions that we can build it into the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction . We now understand why this is done . Because the concentration of water is so large , the reaction between an acid or a base and water is a pseudo - first - order reaction that only depends on the concentration of the acid or base . | [
"Chemical Reactions",
"Mechanisms"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/fission.php | Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission The graph of binding energy per nucleon suggests that nuclides with a mass larger than about 130 amu should spontaneously split apart to form lighter , more stable , nuclides . Experimentally , we find that spontaneous fission reactions occur for only the very heaviest nuclides those with mass numbers of 230 or more . Even when they do occur , these reactions are often very slow . The half - life for the spontaneous fission of 238 U , for example , is 10 16 years , or about two million times longer than the age of our planet ! We do n ' t have to wait , however , for slow spontaneous fission reactions to occur . By irradiating samples of heavy nuclides with slow - moving thermal neutrons it is possible to induce fission reactions . When 235 U absorbs a thermal neutron , for example , it splits into two particles of uneven mass and releases an average of 2.5 neutrons , as shown in the figure below . The absorption of a neutron by 238 U induces oscillations in the nucleus that deform it until it splits into fragments the way a drop of liquid might break into smaller droplets More than 370 daughter nuclides with atomic masses between 72 and 161 amu are formed in the thermal - neutron - induced fission of 235 U , including the two products shown below . Several isotopes of uranium undergo induced fission . But the only naturally occurring isotope in which we can induce fission with thermal neutrons is U , which is present at an abundance of only 0.72 % . The induced fission of this isotope releases an average of 200 MeV per atom , or 80 million kilojoules per gram of U . The attraction of nuclear fission as a source of power can be understood by comparing this value with the 50 kJ / g released when natural gas is burned . The first artificial nuclear reactor was built by Enrico Fermi and co - workers beneath the University of Chicago ' s football stadium and brought on line on December 2 , 1942 . This reactor , which produced several kilowatts of power , consisted of a pile of graphite blocks weighing 385 tons stacked in layers around a cubical array of 40 tons of uranium metal and uranium oxide . Spontaneous fission of U or U in this reactor produced a very small number of neutrons . But enough uranium was present so that one of these neutrons induced the fission of a U nucleus , thereby releasing an average of 2.5 neutrons , which catalyzed the fission of additional U nuclei in a chain reaction , as shown in the figure below . The amount of fissionable material necessary for the chain reaction to sustain itself is called the critical mass The Fermi reactor at Chicago served as a prototype for larger reactors constructed in 1943 at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , and Hanford , Washington , to produce 239 Pu for one of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan at the end of World War II . As we have seen , some of the neutrons released in the chain reaction are absorbed by U to form 239 U , which undergoes decay by the successive loss of two � / i > - particles to form Pu . U is an example of a fertile nuclide It does n ' t undergo fission with thermal neutrons , but it can be converted to Pu , which does undergo thermal - neutron - induced fission . Fission reactors can be designed to handle naturally abundant U , as well as fuels described as slightly enriched ( 2 - 5 % U ) , highly enriched ( 20 - 30 % U ) , or fully enriched ( > 90 % U ) . Heat generated in the reactor core is transferred to a cooling agent in a closed system . The cooling agent is then passed through a series of heat exchangers in which water is heated to steam . The steam produced in these exchangers then drives a turbine that generates electrical power . There are two ways of specifying the power of such a plant : the thermal energy produced by the reactor or the electrical energy generated by the turbines . The electrical capacity of the plant is usually about one - third of the thermal power It takes 10 11 fissions per second to produce one watt of electrical power . As a result , about one gram of fuel is consumed per day per megawatt of electrical energy produced . This means that one gram of waste products is produced per megawatt per day , which includes 0.5 grams of Pu . These waste products must be either reprocessed to generate more fuel or stored for the tens of thousands of years it takes for the level of radiation to reach a safe limit . If we could design a reactor in which the ratio of the Pu or 233 U produced to the U consumed was greater than 1 , the reactor would generate more fuel than it consumed . Such reactors are known as breeders , and commercial breeder reactors are now operating in France . The key to an efficient breeder reactor is a fuel that gives the largest possible number of neutrons released per neutron absorbed . The breeder reactors being built today use a mixture of PuO 2 and UO 2 as the fuel and fast neutrons to activate fission . Fast neutrons carry an energy of at least several KeV and therefore travel 10,000 or more times faster than thermal neutrons . Pu in the fuel assembly absorbs one of these fast neutrons and undergoes fission with the release of three neutrons . U in the fuel then captures one of these neutrons to produce additional Pu . The advantage of breeder reactors is obvious they mean a limitless supply of fuel for nuclear reactors . There are significant disadvantages , however . Breeder reactors are more expensive to build . They are also useless without a subsidiary industry to collect the fuel , process it , and ship the Pu to new reactors . It is the reprocessing of Pu that concerns most of the critics of breeder reactors . Pu is so dangerous as a carcinogen that the nuclear industry places a limit on exposure to this material that assumes workers inhale no more than 0.2 micrograms of plutonium over their lifetimes . There is also concern that the Pu produced by these reactors might be stolen and assembled into bombs by terrorist organizations . The fate of breeder reactors in the United States is linked to economic considerations . Because of the costs of building these reactors and safely reprocessing the Pu produced , the breeder reactor becomes economical only when the scarcity of uranium drives its price so high that the breeder reactor becomes cost effective by comparison . If nuclear energy is to play a dominant role in the generation of electrical energy in the 21st century , breeder reactors eventually may be essential . Although the " pile " Fermi constructed at the University of Chicago in 1942 was the first artificial nuclear reactor , it was not the first fission reactor to exist on Earth . In 1972 , a group of French scientists discovered that uranium ore from a deposit in the Oklo mine in Gabon , West Africa , contained 0.4 % U instead of the 0.72 % abundance found in all other sources of this ore . Analysis of the trace elements in the ore suggested that the amount of U in this ore was unusually small because natural fission reactors operated in this deposit for a period of 600,000 to 800,000 years about 2 billion years ago . Nuclear Fusion The graph of binding energy per nucleon suggests another way of obtaining useful energy from nuclear reactions . Fusing two light nuclei can liberate as much energy as the fission of U or Pu . The fusion of four protons to form a helium nucleus , two positrons ( and two neutrinos ) , for example , generates 24.7 MeV of energy . Most of the energy radiated from the surface of the sun is produced by the fusion of protons to form helium atoms within its core . Fusion reactions have been duplicated in man - made devices . The enormous destructive power of the U - fueled atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6 , 1945 , which killed 75,000 people , and the Pu - fueled bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later touched off a violent debate after World War II about the building of the next superweapon a fusion , or " hydrogen , " bomb . Alumni of the Manhattan project , who had developed the atomic bomb , were divided on the issue . Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller fought for the construction of the fusion device . J . Robert Oppenheimer and Enrico Fermi argued against it . The decision was made to develop the weapon , and the first artificial fusion reaction occurred when the hydrogen bomb was tested in November 1952 . The history of fusion research is therefore the opposite of fission research . With fission , the reactor came first , and then the bomb was built . With fusion , the bomb was built long before any progress was made toward the construction of a controlled fusion reactor . More than 40 years after the first hydrogen bomb was exploded , the feasibility of controlled fusion reactions is still open to debate . The reaction that is most likely to fuel the first fusion reactor is the thermonuclear d - t , or deuterium - tritium , reaction . This reaction fuses two isotopes of hydrogen , deuterium ( H ) and tritium ( 3 H ) , to form helium and a neutron . If we consider the implications of this reaction we can begin to understand why it is called a thermonuclear reaction and why it is so difficult to produce in a controlled manner . The d - t reaction requires that we fuse two positively charged particles . This means that we must provide enough energy to overcome the force of repulsion between these particles before fusion can occur . To produce a self - sustaining reaction , we have to provide the particles with enough thermal energy so that they can fuse when they collide . Each fusion reaction is characterized by a specific ignition temperature , which must be surpassed before the reaction can occur . The reaction has an ignition temperature above 10 8 K . In a hydrogen bomb , a fission reaction produced by a small atomic bomb is used to heat the contents to the temperature required to initiate fusion . Obtaining the same result in a controlled reaction is much more challenging . Any substance at temperatures approaching 10 8 K will exist as a completely ionized gas , or plasma . The goals of fusion research at present include the following . To achieve the required temperature to ignite the fusion reaction . To keep the plasma together at this temperature long enough to get useful amounts of energy out of the thermonuclear fusion reactions . To obtain more energy from the thermonuclear reactions than is used to heat the plasma to the ignition temperature . These are not trivial goals . The only reasonable container for a plasma at 10 K is a magnetic field . Both doughnut - shaped ( toroidal ) and linear magnetic bottles have been proposed as fusion reactors . But reactors that produce high enough temperatures for ignition are not the same as the reactors that have produced long enough confinement times for the plasma to provide useful amounts of energy . A second approach to a controlled fusion reactor involves hitting fuel pellets containing the proper reagents for the thermonuclear reaction with pulsed beams of laser power . If enough power was delivered , the fuel pellets would collapse upon themselves , or implode , to reach densities several orders of magnitude greater than normal . This could produce a plasma both hot enough and dense enough to initiate fusion reactions . | [
"Nuclear Fission",
"Nuclear Fusion"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/problems/ex23_1a.html | Practice Problem 1 Determine the number of protons , neutrons , and electrons in a 210 Pb 2 + ion . Answer The atomic number of lead is 82 , which means this ion contains 82 protons . Since it has a charge of + 2 , this ion must contain 80 electrons . Because neutrons and protons both have a mass of about 1 amu , the difference between the mass number ( 210 ) and the atomic number ( 82 ) is equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom . The ion therefore contains 128 neutrons . | [
"210Pb2 + ion .",
"protons",
"electrons"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/properties2.html | The Properties of Gases Gases have three characteristic properties : ( 1 ) they are easy to compress , ( 2 ) they expand to fill their containers , and ( 3 ) they occupy far more space than the liquids or solids from which they form . Compressibility An internal combustion engine provides a good example of the ease with which gases can be compressed . In a typical four - stroke engine , the piston is first pulled out of the cylinder to create a partial vacuum , which draws a mixture of gasoline vapor and air into the cylinder ( see figure below ) . The piston is then pushed into the cylinder , compressing the gasoline / air mixture to a fraction of its original volume . The operation of a four - stroke engine can be divided into four cycles : intake , compression , power , and exhaust stages . The ratio of the volume of the gas in the cylinder after the first stroke to its volume after the second stroke is the compression ratio of the engine . Modern cars run at compression ratios of about 9 : 1 , which means the gasoline - air mixture in the cylinder is compressed by a factor of nine in the second stroke . After the gasoline / air mixture is compressed , the spark plug at the top of the cylinder fires and the resulting explosion pushes the piston out of the cylinder in the third stroke . Finally , the piston is pushed back into the cylinder in the fourth stroke , clearing out the exhaust gases . Liquids are much harder to compress than gases . They are so hard to compress that the hydraulic brake systems used in most cars operate on the principle that there is essentially no change in the volume of the brake fluid when pressure is applied to this liquid . Most solids are even harder to compress . The only exceptions belong to a rare class of compounds that includes natural and synthetic rubber . Most rubber balls that seem easy to compress , such as a racquetball , are filled with air , which is compressed when the ball is Expandability Anyone who has walked into a kitchen where bread was baking has experienced the fact that gases expand to fill their containers , as the air in the kitchen becomes filled with wonderful odors . Unfortunately the same thing happens when someone breaks open a rotten egg and the characteristic odor of hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) rapidly diffuses through the room . Because gases expand to fill their containers , it is safe to assume that the volume of a gas is equal to the volume of its container . Volumes of Gases Versus Volumes of Liquids or Solids The difference between the volume of a gas and the volume of the liquid or solid from which it forms can be illustrated with the following examples . One gram of liquid oxygen at its boiling point ( - 183 o C ) has a volume of 0.894 mL . The same amount of O 2 gas at 0 o C and atmospheric pressure has a volume of 700 mL , which is almost 800 times larger . Similar results are obtained when the volumes of solids and gases are compared . One gram of solid CO has a volume of 0.641 mL . At 0 C and atmospheric pressure , the same amount of CO gas has a volume of 556 mL , which is more than 850 times as large . As a general rule , the volume of a liquid or solid increases by a factor of about 800 when it forms a gas . The consequences of this enormous change in volume is frequently used to do work . The steam engine , which brought about the industrial revolution , is based on the fact that water boils to form a gas ( steam ) that has a much larger volume . The gas therefore escapes from the container in which it was generated and the escaping steam can be made to do work . The same principle is at work when dynamite is used to blast rocks . In 1867 , the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel discovered that the highly dangerous liquid explosive , H O , N , and O gases . 4 C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 l 12 CO g + 10 H O ( g + 6 N + O Because 29 moles of gas are produced for every four moles of liquid that decompose , and each mole of gas occupies a volume roughly 800 times larger than a mole of liquid , this reaction produces a shock wave that destroys anything in its vicinity . The same phenomenon occurs on a much smaller scale when we pop popcorn . When kernels of popcorn are heated in oil , the liquids inside the kernel turn into gases . The pressure that builds up inside the kernel is enormous and the kernel eventually explodes . Pressure versus Force The volume of a gas is one of its characteristic properties . Another characteristic property is the pressure the gas exerts on its surroundings . Many of us got our first exposure to the pressure of a gas when we rode to the neighborhood gas station to check the pressure of our bicycle tires . Depending on the kind of bicycle we had , we added air to the tires until the pressure gauge read between 30 and 70 pounds per square inch ( lb / in or psi ) . Two important properties of pressure can be obtained from this example . 1 . The pressure of a gas becomes larger as more gas is added to the container . 2 . Pressure is measured in units ( such as lb / in ) that describe the force exerted by the gas divided by the area over which this force is distributed . The first conclusion can be summarized in the following relationship , where P is the pressure of the gas and n is the amount of gas in the container . P n Because the pressure increases as gas is added to the container , is directly proportional to The second conclusion describes the relationship between pressure and force . Pressure is defined as the force exerted on an object divided by the area over which the force is distributed . The difference between pressure and force can be illustrated with an analogy based on a 10 - penny nail , a hammer , and a piece of wood shown in the figure below . By resting the nail on its point , and hitting the head with the hammer , we can drive the nail into the wood . But what happens if we turn the nail over and rest the head of the nail against the wood ? If we hit the nail with the same force , we ca n ' t get the nail to stick into When we hit the nail on the head , the force of this blow is applied to the very small area of the wood in contact with the sharp point of the nail , and the nail slips easily into the wood . But when we turn the nail over , and hit it on the point , the force is distributed over a much larger area . The force is now distributed over the surface of the wood that touches any part of the nail head . As a result , the pressure applied to the wood is much smaller Practice Problem 1 : ( a ) Calculate the pressure exerted by a 200 - lb man wearing size 10 shoes , if the area of each shoe in contact with the floor is 20 square inches . ( b ) Calculate the pressure exerted by the heels of a 100 - lb woman in high heels , if the area beneath the heel of each shoe is 0.25 square inch . Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 1 . Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 1 . Atmospheric Pressure What would happen if we bent a long piece of glass tubing into the shape of the letter U and then carefully filled one arm of this U - tube with water and the other arm with ethyl alcohol ? Most people expect the height of the columns of liquid in the two arms of the tube to be the same . Experimentally , we find the results shown in the figure below . A 100 - cm column of water balances a 127 - cm column of ethyl alcohol , regardless of the diameter of the glass tubing . We can explain this observation by comparing the densities of water ( 1.00 g / cm ) and ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g / cm ) . A column of water 100 cm tall exerts a pressure of 100 grams per square centimeter . A column of ethyl alcohol 127 cm tall exerts the same pressure . Because the pressure of the water pushing down on one arm of the U - tube is equal to the pressure of the alcohol pushing down on the other arm of the tube , the system is in balance . This demonstration provides the basis for understanding how a mercury barometer can be used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere . The Discovery of the Barometer In the early 1600s , Galileo argued that suction pumps were able to draw water from a well because of the " force of vacuum " inside the pump . After Galileo ' s death , the Italian mathematician and physicist Evangelista Torricelli ( 1608 - 1647 ) proposed another explanation . He suggested that the air in our atmosphere has weight and that the force of the atmosphere pushing down on the surface of the water drives the water into the suction pump when it is evacuated . In 1646 Torricelli described an experiment in which a glass tube about a meter long was sealed at one end , filled with mercury , and then inverted into a dish filled with mercury , as shown in the figure below . Some , but not all , of the mercury drained out of the glass tube into the dish . Torricelli explained this by assuming that mercury drains from the glass tube until the force of the column of mercury pushing down on the inside of the tube exactly balances the force of the atmosphere pushing down on the surface of the liquid outside the tube . Torricelli predicted that the height of the mercury column would change from day to day as the pressure of the atmosphere changed . Today , his apparatus is known as a barometer , from the Greek baros , meaning " weight , " because it literally measures the weight of the atmosphere . Repeated experiments showed that the average pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is equal to the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm tall . Thus , a standard unit of pressure known as the atmosphere was defined as follows . 1 atm = 760 mmHg To recognize Torricelli ' s contributions , some scientists describe pressure in units of " torr , " which are defined as follows . 1 torr = 1 mmHg Practice Problem 2 : On the day this problem was written , atmospheric pressure was 745.8 mm Hg . Calculate the pressure in units of atmospheres . Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 2 . Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 2 . Although chemists still work with pressures in units of atm or mmHg , neither unit is accepted in the SI system . The SI unit of pressure is the pascal ( Pa ) . The relationship between one standard atmosphere pressure and the pascal is given by the following equalities . 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa The pressure of the atmosphere can be demonstrated by connecting a 1 - gallon can to a vacuum pump . Normally the pressure of the gas inside the can balances the pressure of the atmosphere pushing on the outside of the can . When the vacuum pump is turned on , however , the can rapidly collapses as it is evacuated . The surface area of a 1 - gallon can is about 250 in . At 14.7 lb / in , this corresponds to a total force over the surface of the can of about 3700 lb . For the sake of comparison , it might be noted that each of the 18 wheels of a 70,000 - lb truck carries only about 3900 lb . We do n ' t feel the pressure of the atmosphere because the pressure within our bodies counterbalances the pressure of the gas in the atmosphere . The consequences of this inner pressure have been shown quite graphically in several movies . The puncture of a space suit in the vacuum of outer space immediately leads to the rupture of the body because there is nothing outside to balance the body ' s inner pressure . The Difference Between Pressure of a Gas and Pressure Due to Weight There is an important difference between the pressure of a gas and the other examples of pressure discussed in this section . The pressure exerted by a woman in high heels or a 70,000 - pound truck is directional . A truck , for example , exerts all of its pressure on the surface beneath its wheels . In contrast , gas pressure is the same in all directions . To demonstrate this , we can fill a glass cylinder with water and rest a glass plate on top of the cylinder . When we turn the cylinder over , | [
"Gases",
"properties",
"compress"
] |
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/vsepr.html | Valence - Shell Electron - Pair Repulsion Theory ( VSEPR ) Predicting the Shapes of Molecules There is no direct relationship between the formula of a compound and the shape of its molecules . The shapes of these molecules can be predicted from their Lewis structures , however , with a model developed about 30 years ago , known as the valence - shell electron - pair repulsion ( VSEPR ) theory The VSEPR theory assumes that each atom in a molecule will achieve a geometry that minimizes the repulsion between electrons in the valence shell of that atom . The five compounds shown in the figure below can be used to demonstrate how the VSEPR theory can be applied to simple molecules . There are only two places in the valence shell of the central atom in BeF 2 where electrons can be found . Repulsion between these pairs of electrons can be minimized by arranging them so that they point in opposite directions . Thus , the VSEPR theory predicts that BeF 2 should be a linear molecule , with a 180 o angle between the two Be - F bonds . There are three places on the central atom in boron trifluoride ( BF 3 ) where valence electrons can be found . Repulsion between these electrons can be minimized by arranging them toward the corners of an equilateral triangle . The VSEPR theory therefore predicts a trigonal planar geometry for the BF 3 molecule , with a F - B - F bond angle of 120 o BeF and BF are both two - dimensional molecules , in which the atoms lie in the same plane . If we place the same restriction on methane ( CH 4 ) , we would get a square - planar geometry in which the H - C - H bond angle is 90 . If we let this system expand into three dimensions , however , we end up with a tetrahedral molecule in which the H - C - H bond angle is 109 28 ' . Repulsion between the five pairs of valence electrons on the phosphorus atom in PF 5 can be minimized by distributing these electrons toward the corners of a trigonal bipyramid . Three of the positions in a trigonal bipyramid are labeled equatorial because they lie along the equator of the molecule . The other two are axial because they lie along an axis perpendicular to the equatorial plane . The angle between the three equatorial positions is 120 , while the angle between an axial and an equatorial position is 90 There are six places on the central atom in SF 6 where valence electrons can be found . The repulsion between these electrons can be minimized by distributing them toward the corners of an octahedron . The term octahedron literally means " eight sides , " but it is the six corners , or vertices , that interest us . To imagine the geometry of an SF 6 molecule , locate fluorine atoms on opposite sides of the sulfur atom along the X Y , and Z axes of an XYZ coordinate system . Interactive tutorial on VSEPR theory by John Nash Interactive tutorial on chemical bonds , molecular shapes , and molecular models by Dr . Anna Cavinato and Dr . David Camp , Eastern Oregon University , Incorporating Double and Triple Bonds Into the VSEPR Theory Compounds that contain double and triple bonds raise an important point : The geometry around an atom is determined by the number of places in the valence shell of an atom where electrons can be found , not the number of pairs of valence electrons . Consider the Lewis structures of carbon dioxide ( CO ) and the carbonate ( CO 2 - ) ion , for example . There are four pairs of bonding electrons on the carbon atom in CO , but only two places where these electrons can be found . ( There are electrons in the C = O double bond on the left and electrons in the double bond on the right . ) The force of repulsion between these electrons is minimized when the two C = O double bonds are placed on opposite sides of the carbon atom . The VSEPR theory therefore predicts that CO will be a linear molecule , just like BeF , with a bond angle of 180 The Lewis structure of the carbonate ion also suggests a total of four pairs of valence electrons on the central atom . But these electrons are concentrated in three places : The two C - O single bonds and the C = O double bond . Repulsions between these electrons are minimized when the three oxygen atoms are arranged toward the corners of an equilateral triangle . The CO 2 - ion should therefore have a trigonal - planar geometry , just like BF , with a 120 bond angle . The Role of Nonbonding Electrons in the VSEPR Theory The valence electrons on the central atom in both NH and H O should be distributed toward the corners of a tetrahedron , as shown in the figure below . Our goal , however , is n ' t predicting the distribution of valence electrons . It is to use this distribution of electrons to predict the shape of the molecule . Until now , the two have been the same . Once we include nonbonding electrons , that is no longer true . The VSEPR theory predicts that the valence electrons on the central atoms in ammonia and water will point toward the corners of a tetrahedron . Because we ca n ' t locate the nonbonding electrons with any precision , this prediction ca n ' t be tested directly . But the results of the VSEPR theory can be used to predict the positions of the nuclei in these molecules , which can be tested experimentally . If we focus on the positions of the nuclei in ammonia , we predict that the NH molecule should have a shape best described as trigonal pyramidal , with the nitrogen at the top of the pyramid . Water , on the other hand , should have a shape that can be described as bent , or angular . Both of these predictions have been shown to be correct , which reinforces our faith in the VSEPR theory . Practive Problem 6 : Use the Lewis structure of the ICl + ion shown in the figure below to predict the shape of this ion . Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 6 Practice Problem 7 : Use the Lewis structure of the NO molecule shown in the figure below to predict the shape of this molecule . Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 7 When we extend the VSEPR theory to molecules in which the electrons are distributed toward the corners of a trigonal bipyramid , we run into the question of whether nonbonding electrons should be placed in equatorial or axial positions . Experimentally we find that nonbonding electrons usually occupy equatorial positions in a trigonal bipyramid . To understand why , we have to recognize that nonbonding electrons take up more space than bonding electrons . Nonbonding electrons need to be close to only one nucleus , and there is a considerable amount of space in which nonbonding electrons can reside and still be near the nucleus of the atom . Bonding electrons , however , must be simultaneously close to two nuclei , and only a small region of space between the nuclei satisfies this restriction . Because they occupy more space , the force of repulsion between pairs of nonbonding electrons is relatively large . The force of repulsion between a pair of nonbonding electrons and a pair of bonding electrons is somewhat smaller , and the repulsion between pairs of bonding electrons is even smaller . The figure below can help us understand why nonbonding electrons are placed in equatorial positions in a trigonal bipyramid . If the nonbonding electrons in SF 4 are placed in an axial position , they will be relatively close ( 90 ) to three pairs of bonding electrons . But if the nonbonding electrons are placed in an equatorial position , they will be 90 away from only two pairs of bonding electrons . As a result , the repulsion between nonbonding and bonding electrons is minimized if the nonbonding electrons are placed in an equatorial position in SF The results of applying the VSEPR theory to SF , ClF , and the I ion are shown in the figure below . When the nonbonding pair of electrons on the sulfur atom in SF is placed in an equatorial position , the molecule can be best described as having a see - saw or teeter - totter shape . Repulsion between valence electrons on the chlorine atom in ClF can be minimized by placing both pairs of nonbonding electrons in equatorial positions in a trigonal bipyramid . When this is done , we get a geometry that can be described as T - shaped . The Lewis structure of the triiodide ( I ) ion suggests a trigonal bipyramidal distribution of valence electrons on the central atom . When the three pairs of nonbonding electrons on this atom are placed in equatorial positions , we get a linear molecule . Molecular geometries based on an octahedral distribution of valence electrons are easier to predict because the corners of an octahedron are all identical . To view a table summarizing VSEPR theory , click here . | [
"Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory",
"molecules",
"Lewis structures"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html | THE BEER - LAMBERT LAW This page takes a brief look at the Beer - Lambert Law and explains the use of the terms absorbance and molar absorptivity relating to UV - visible absorption spectrometry . Absorbance Measuring the absorbance of a solution If you have read the page about how an absorption spectrometer works , you will know that it passes a whole series of wavelengths of light through a solution of a substance ( the sample cell ) and also through an identical container ( the reference cell ) which only has solvent in it . Note : It is n ' t essential to read about how the spectrometer works , but you could follow this link if you are interested or if it is on your syllabus . Everything you need from that page to understand the present topic is repeated below . For each wavelength of light passing through the spectrometer , the intensity of the light passing through the reference cell is measured . This is usually referred to as I o - that ' s I for Intensity . The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that wavelength - given the symbol , I . If I is less than I o , then obviously the sample has absorbed some of the light . A simple bit of maths is then done in the computer to convert this into something called the absorbance of the sample - given the symbol , A For reasons to do with the form of the Beer - Lambert Law ( below ) , the relationship between A ( the absorbance ) and the two intensities is given by : On most of the diagrams you will come across , the absorbance ranges from 0 to 1 , but it can go higher than that . An absorbance of 0 at some wavelength means that no light of that particular wavelength has been absorbed . The intensities of the sample and reference beam are both the same , so the ratio I / I is 1 . Log 10 of 1 is zero . An absorbance of 1 happens when 90 % of the light at that wavelength has been absorbed - which means that the intensity is 10 % of what it would otherwise be . In that case , I / I is 100 / I0 ( = 10 ) and log 10 of 10 is 1 . Note : If you do n ' t feel comfortable with logarithms , do n ' t worry about it . Just accept that an absorbance scale often runs from zero to 1 , but could go higher than that in extreme cases ( in other words where more than 90 % of a wavelength of light is absorbed ) . Absorbance is n ' t very good for making comparisons The importance of concentration The proportion of the light absorbed will depend on how many molecules it interacts with . Suppose you have got a strongly coloured organic dye . If it is in a reasonably concentrated solution , it will have a very high absorbance because there are lots of molecules to interact with the light . However , in an incredibly dilute solution , it may be very difficult to see that it is coloured at all . The absorbance is going to be very low . Suppose then that you wanted to compare this dye with a different compound . Unless you took care to make allowance for the concentration , you could n ' t make any sensible comparisons about which one absorbed the most light . The importance of the container shape Suppose this time that you had a very dilute solution of the dye in a cube - shaped container so that the light travelled 1 cm through it . The absorbance is n ' t likely to be very high . On the other hand , suppose you passed the light through a tube 100 cm long containing the same solution . More light would be absorbed because it interacts with more molecules . Again , if you want to draw sensible comparisons between solutions , you have to allow for the length of the solution the light is passing through . Both concentration and solution length are allowed for in the Beer - Lambert Law . The Beer - Lambert Law What the Law looks like You will find that various different symbols are given for some of the terms in the equation - particularly for the concentration and the solution length . I ' m going to use the obvious form where the concentration of the solution is " c " and the length is " l " . That ' s obviously " l " for length . The font I ' m using wo n ' t distinguish between " l " for length and a capital letter " I " ( for Intensity ) . That problem disappears in the equation below - where it is obvious which is which . You should recognise the expression on the left of this equation as what we have just defined as the absorbance , A . You might also find the equation written in terms of A : That ' s obviously easier to remember than the first one , but you would still have to learn the equation for absorbance . It might be useful to learn it in the form : The Greek letter epsilon in these equations is called the molar absorptivity - or sometimes the molar absorption coefficient . Molar absorptivity If you rearrange the simplest of the equations above to give an expression for epsilon ( the molar absorptivity ) , you get : Remember that the absorbance of a solution will vary as the concentration or the size of the container varies . Molar absorptivity compensates for this by dividing by both the concentration and the length of the solution that the light passes through . Essentially , it works out a value for what the absorbance would be under a standard set of conditions - the light travelling 1 cm through a solution of 1 mol dm - 3 That means that you can then make comparisons between one compound and another without having to worry about the concentration or solution length . Values for molar absorptivity can vary hugely . For example , ethanal has two absorption peaks in its UV - visible spectrum - both in the ultra - violet . One of these corresponds to an electron being promoted from a lone pair on the oxygen into a pi anti - bonding orbital ; the other from a pi bonding orbital into a pi anti - bonding orbital . These jumps are described in detail on the page explaining the theory of UV - visible spectrometry . Depending on your background knowledge , you may have to read another page first , but there is a link to that on the theory page . Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page later if you choose to follow this link . The table gives values for the molar absorptivity of a solution of ethanal in hexane . Notice that there are no units given for absorptivity . That ' s quite common . If you want them , and assuming the length is in cm and the concentration is mol dm - 3 , the units are mol - 1 dm 3 cm - 1 electron jump wavelength of maximum absorption ( nm ) molar absorptivity lone pair to pi anti - bonding orbital 290 15 pi bonding to pi anti - bonding orbital 180 10000 The ethanal obviously absorbs much more strongly at 180 nm than it does at 290 nm . ( Although , in fact , the 180 nm absorption peak is outside the range of most spectrometers . ) You may come across diagrams of absorption spectra plotting absorptivity on the vertical axis rather than absorbance . However , if you look at the figures above and the scales that are going to be involved , you are n ' t really going to be able to spot the absorption at 290 nm . It will be a tiny little peak compared to the one at 180 nm . To get around this , you may also come across diagrams in which the vertical axis is plotted as log ( molar absorptivity ) . If you take the logs of the two numbers in the table , 15 becomes 1.18 , while 10000 becomes 4 . That makes it possible to plot both values easily , but produces strangely squashed - looking spectra ! Do n ' t worry too much about this for the purposes of UK A level or its equivalents . What you are going to be mainly concerned with is what wavelengths the absorptions peak at . Exactly how you plot the vertical scale does n ' t affect this in any way . Whether you are looking at a plot involving absorbance , molar absorptivity or log ( molar absorptivity ) , it does n ' t affect the wavelengths absorbed . The peaks and troughs of the spectrum just look a bit different ( vertically stretched out or squashed ) , and the vertical scale will have different units - but the peaks will occur at exactly the same wavelengths . Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done , please read the introductory page before you start . You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards . questions on the Beer - Lambert Law answers Where would you like to go now ? To the UV - visible spectroscopy menu . . . To the analysis menu . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2007 ( modified May 2016 ) | [
"THE BEER-LAMBERT LAW"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/bonding/eneg.html | ELECTRONEGATIVITY This page deals with electronegativity in an organic chemistry context . If you want a wider view of electronegativity , there is a link at the bottom of the page . What is electronegativity ? Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons . The Pauling scale is the most commonly used . Fluorine ( the most electronegative element ) is given a value of 4.0 , and values range down to caesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7 . What happens if two atoms of equal electronegativity bond together ? The most obvious example of this is the bond between two carbon atoms . Both atoms will attract the bonding pair to exactly the same extent . That means that on average the electron pair will be found half way between the two nuclei , and you could draw a picture of the bond like this : It is important to realise that this is an average picture . The electrons are actually in a sigma orbital , and are moving constantly within that orbital . Help ! A sigma orbital is a molecular orbital formed by end - to - end overlap between two atomic orbitals . If you are n ' t happy about this , read the articles on orbitals and the bonding in methane and ethane . The carbon - fluorine bond Fluorine is much more electronegative than carbon . The actual values on the Pauling scale are carbon 2.5 fluorine 4.0 That means that fluorine attracts the bonding pair much more strongly than carbon does . The bond - on average - will look like this : Why is fluorine more electronegative than carbon ? A simple dots - and - crosses diagram of a C - F bond is perfectly adequate to explain it . The bonding pair is in the second energy level of both carbon and fluorine , so in the absence of any other effect , the distance of the pair from both nuclei would be the same . The electron pair is shielded from the full force of both nuclei by the 1s electrons - again there is nothing to pull it closer to one atom than the other . BUT , the fluorine nucleus has 9 protons whereas the carbon nucleus has only 6 . Allowing for the shielding effect of the 1s electrons , the bonding pair feels a net pull of about 4 + from the carbon , but about 7 + from the fluorine . It is this extra nuclear charge which pulls the bonding pair ( on average ) closer to the fluorine than the carbon . Help ! You have to imagine what the bonding pair " sees " if it looks in towards the nucleus . In the carbon case , it sees 6 positive protons , and 2 negative electrons . That means that there will be a net pull from the carbon of about 4 + . The shielding would n ' t actually be quite as high as 2 - , because the 1s electrons spend some of their time on the far side of the carbon nucleus - and so are n ' t always between the bonding pair and the nucleus . Incidentally , thinking about electrons looking towards the nucleus may be helpful in picturing what is going on , but avoid using terms like this in exams . The carbon - chlorine bond The electronegativities are : carbon 2.5 chlorine 3.0 The bonding pair of electrons will be dragged towards the chlorine but not as much as in the fluorine case . Chlorine is n ' t as electronegative as fluorine . Why is n ' t chlorine as electronegative as fluorine ? Chlorine is a bigger atom than fluorine . fluorine : 1s 2 2s 2 2p x 2p y z 1 chlorine : 1s 2s x y z 3s 3p 3p 1 If you are n ' t happy about this , read the article on orbitals . Use the BACK button on your browser to get back to here again . In the chlorine case , the bonding pair will be shielded by all the 1 - level and 2 - level electrons . The 17 protons on the nucleus will be shielded by a total of 10 electrons , giving a net pull from the chlorine of about 7 + . That is the same as the pull from the fluorine , but with chlorine the bonding pair starts off further away from the nucleus because it is in the 3 - level . Since it is further away , it feels the pull from the nucleus less strongly . Bond polarity and inductive effects Polar bonds Think about the carbon - fluorine bond again . Because the bonding pair is pulled towards the fluorine end of the bond , that end is left rather more negative than it would otherwise be . The carbon end is left rather short of electrons and so becomes slightly positive . The symbols + and - mean " slightly positive " and " slightly negative " . You read + as " delta plus " or " delta positive " . We describe a bond having one end slightly positive and the other end slightly negative as being polar . Inductive effects An atom like fluorine which can pull the bonding pair away from the atom it is attached to is said to have a negative inductive effect . Most atoms that you will come across have a negative inductive effect when they are attached to a carbon atom , because they are mostly more electronegative than carbon . You will come across some groups of atoms which have a slight positive inductive effect - they " push " electrons towards the carbon they are attached to , making it slightly negative . Inductive effects are sometimes given symbols : - I ( a negative inductive effect ) and + I ( a positive inductive effect ) . Note : You should be aware of terms like " negative inductive effect " , but do n ' t get bogged down in them . Provided that you understand what happens when electronegative atoms like fluorine or chlorine are attached to carbon atoms in terms of the polarity of the bonds , that ' s really all you need for most purposes . Some important examples of polar bonds Hydrogen bromide ( and other hydrogen halides ) Bromine ( and the other halogens ) are all more electronegative than hydrogen , and so all the hydrogen halides have polar bonds with the hydrogen end slightly positive and the halogen end slightly negative . Halogen : a member of group VII of the Periodic Table - fluorine , chlorine , bromine and iodine . Halide : a compound of one of these - e.g. hydrogen chloride , hydrogen bromide , etc . The polarity of these molecules is important in their reactions with alkenes . Note : These reactions are explored in the section dealing with the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes . The carbon - bromine bond in halogenoalkanes You may come across halogenoalkanes under the names " haloalkanes " or " alkyl halides " . Bromine is more electronegative than carbon and so the bond is polarised in the way that we have already described with C - F and C - Cl . The polarity of the carbon - halogen bonds is important in the reactions of the halogenoalkanes . This link will take you to the nucleophilic substitution reactions of the halogenoalkanes in which this polarity is important . The carbon - oxygen double bond An orbital model of the C = O bond in methanal , HCHO , looks like this : If you are n ' t sure about this , read the article on bonding in the carbonyl group ( C = O ) . The very electronegative oxygen atom pulls both bonding pairs towards itself - in the sigma bond and the pi bond . That leaves the oxygen fairly negative and the carbon fairly positive . You can read about addition reactions or addition - elimination reactions of compounds containing carbon - oxygen double bonds elswhere on this site . Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done , please read the introductory page before you start . You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards . questions on electronegativity in organic chemistry answers Where would you like to go now ? To look at electronegativity in a wider context . . . To the organic bonding menu . . . To menu of basic organic chemistry . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2000 ( modified March 2013 ) | [
"electronegativity",
"Pauling scale",
"organic chemistry"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/elsub/fcacyl.html | THE FRIEDEL - CRAFTS ACYLATION OF BENZENE This page gives you the facts and a simple , uncluttered mechanism for the electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and ethanoyl chloride in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst . If you want the Friedel - Crafts acylation mechanism explained to you in detail , there is a link at the bottom of the page . The electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and ethanoyl chloride What is acylation An acyl group is an alkyl group attached to a carbon - oxygen double bond . If " R " represents any alkyl group , then an acyl group has the formula RCO - . Acylation means substituting an acyl group into something - in this case , into a benzene ring . The most commonly used acyl group is CH 3 CO - . This is called the ethanoyl group . In the example which follows we are substituting a CH 3 CO - group into the ring , but you could equally well use any other alkyl group instead of the CH The facts The most reactive substance containing an acyl group is an acyl chloride ( also known as an acid chloride ) . These have the general formula RCOCl . Benzene is treated with a mixture of ethanoyl chloride , CH COCl , and aluminium chloride as the catalyst . A ketone called phenylethanone is formed . Note : Ketones : A family of compounds containing a carbon - oxygen double bond with a hydrocarbon group either side of it . In this case there is a methyl group on one side and a benzene ring on the other . Do n ' t worry too much about the name " phenylethanone " - all that matters is that you can draw the structure . or better : The aluminium chloride is n ' t written into these equations because it is acting as a catalyst . If you wanted to include it , you could write AlCl over the top of the arrow . The formation of the electrophile The electrophile is CH CO + . It is formed by reaction between the ethanoyl chloride and the aluminium chloride catalyst . The electrophilic substitution mechanism Stage one Stage two The hydrogen is removed by the AlCl 4 ion which was formed at the same time as the CH CO + electrophile . The aluminium chloride catalyst is re - generated in this second stage . Where would you like to go now ? Help ! Talk me through this mechanism . . . To menu of electrophilic substitution reactions . . . To menu of other types of mechanism . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2000 | [
"FRIEDEL",
"ACYLATION"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/dehydration.html | THE DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS This page ( a simple duplicate of a page in the section on alkenes ! ) looks at the dehydration of alcohols in the lab to make alkenes - for example , dehydrating ethanol to make ethene . Dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide as catalyst The dehydration of ethanol to give ethene This is a simple way of making gaseous alkenes like ethene . If ethanol vapour is passed over heated aluminium oxide powder , the ethanol is essentially cracked to give ethene and water vapour . To make a few test tubes of ethene , you can use this apparatus : It would n ' t be too difficult to imagine scaling this up by boiling some ethanol in a flask and passing the vapour over aluminium oxide heated in a long tube . Dehydration of alcohols using an acid catalyst The acid catalysts normally used are either concentrated sulphuric acid or concentrated phosphoric ( V ) acid , H 3 PO 4 Concentrated sulphuric acid produces messy results . Not only is it an acid , but it is also a strong oxidising agent . It oxidises some of the alcohol to carbon dioxide and at the same time is reduced itself to sulphur dioxide . Both of these gases have to be removed from the alkene . It also reacts with the alcohol to produce a mass of carbon . There are other side reactions as well , but these are n ' t required by any current UK A level ( or equivalent ) syllabus . The dehydration of ethanol to give ethene Ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of 170 ° C . The gases produced are passed through sodium hydroxide solution to remove the carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced from side reactions . The ethene is collected over water . WARNING ! This is potentially an extremely dangerous preparation because of the close proximity of the very hot concentrated sulphuric acid and the sodium hydroxide solution . I knew of one chemistry teacher who put several students into hospital by getting it wrong ! That was many years ago before safety was taken quite so seriously as it is now . The concentrated sulphuric acid is a catalyst . Write it over the arrow rather than in the equation . The dehydration of cyclohexanol to give cyclohexene This is a preparation commonly used at this level to illustrate the formation and purification of a liquid product . The fact that the carbon atoms happen to be joined in a ring makes no difference whatever to the chemistry of the reaction . Cyclohexanol is heated with concentrated phosphoric ( V ) acid and the liquid cyclohexene distils off and can be collected and purified . Phosphoric ( V ) acid tends to be used in place of sulphuric acid because it is safer and produces a less messy reaction . Phosphoric ( V ) acid is n ' t a strong oxidising agent . The dehydration of more complicated alcohols You have to be wary with more complicated alcohols in case there is the possibility of more than one alkene being formed . Butan - 2 - ol is a good example of this , with no less than three different alkenes being formed when it is dehydrated . Butan - 2 - ol is just an example to illustrate the problems . It is important that you understand it so that you can work out what will happen in similar cases . It would be quite impossible for you to learn what happens with every single alcohol you might be presented with . When you dehydrate an alcohol , you remove the - OH group , and a hydrogen atom from the next carbon atom in the chain . With molecules like butan - 2 - ol , there are two possibilities when that happens . That leads to these products : The products are but - 1 - ene , CH 2 = CHCH 2 CH 3 , and but - 2 - ene , CH CH = CHCH In fact the situation is even more complicated than it looks , because but - 2 - ene exhibits geometric isomerism . You get a mixture of two isomers formed - cis - but - 2 - ene and trans - but - 2 - ene . Cis - but - 2 - ene is also known as ( Z ) - but - 2 - ene ; trans - but - 2 - ene is also known as ( E ) - but - 2 - ene . For an explanation of the two ways of naming these two compounds , follow the link in the box below . Which isomer gets formed is just a matter of chance . Geometric isomerism : Isomerism is where you can draw more than one arrangement of the atoms for a given molecular formula . Geometric isomerism is a special case of this involving molecules which have restricted rotation around one of the bonds - in this case , a carbon - carbon double bond . The C = C bond could only rotate if enough energy is put in to break the pi bond . Effectively , except at high temperatures , the C = C bond is " locked " . In the case of but - 2 - ene , the two CH groups will either both be locked on one side of the C = C ( to give the cis or ( Z ) isomer ) , or on opposite sides ( to give the trans or ( E ) one ) . For a full discussion of geometric isomerism follow this link . Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page . Beware ! It is easy to miss geometric isomers in an exam . Always draw alkenes with the correct 120 ° bond angles around the C = C bond as shown in the diagrams for the cis and trans isomers above . If you take a short cut and write but - 2 - ene as CH CH = CHCH , you will almost certainly miss the fact that cis and trans forms are possible . This is a rich source of questions in an exam . You could easily throw away marks if you miss these possibilities . The overall result Dehydration of butan - 2 - ol leads to a mixture containing : but - 1 - ene cis - but - 2 - ene ( also known as ( Z ) - but - 2 - ene ) trans - but - 2 - ene ( also known as ( E ) - but - 2 - ene ) Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done , please read the introductory page before you start . You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards . questions on the dehydration of alcohols answers Where would you like to go now ? To the alcohols menu . . . To the menu of other organic compounds . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2003 ( last October 2015 ) | [
"Dehydration"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/oxidation.html | OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS This page looks at the oxidation of alcohols using acidified sodium or potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution . This reaction is used to make aldehydes , ketones and carboxylic acids , and as a way of distinguishing between primary , secondary and tertiary alcohols . Important ! It is pointless reading this page unless you are confident you know what primary , secondary and tertiary alcohols are . If you are n ' t sure , you must read the introduction to alcohols before you go on . This page will also refer constantly to aldehydes and ketones . Follow this link if you have n ' t come across these compounds before . Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page . Oxidising the different types of alcohols The oxidising agent used in these reactions is normally a solution of sodium or potassium dichromate ( VI ) acidified with dilute sulphuric acid . If oxidation occurs , the orange solution containing the dichromate ( VI ) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium ( III ) ions . The electron - half - equation for this reaction is Note : If you do n ' t yet know about electron - half - equations just ignore this reference for now . If you should already know about them , but are n ' t very good at handling them , you might like to have a look at this link . It is n ' t particularly important for the purposes of the current page . If you choose to follow this link , use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page . Primary alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidised to either aldehydes or carboxylic acids depending on the reaction conditions . In the case of the formation of carboxylic acids , the alcohol is first oxidised to an aldehyde which is then oxidised further to the acid . Partial oxidation to aldehydes You get an aldehyde if you use an excess of the alcohol , and distil off the aldehyde as soon as it forms . The excess of the alcohol means that there is n ' t enough oxidising agent present to carry out the second stage . Removing the aldehyde as soon as it is formed means that it does n ' t hang around waiting to be oxidised anyway ! If you used ethanol as a typical primary alcohol , you would produce the aldehyde ethanal , CH 3 CHO . The full equation for this reaction is fairly complicated , and you need to understand about electron - half - equations in order to work it out . In organic chemistry , simplified versions are often used which concentrate on what is happening to the organic substances . To do that , oxygen from an oxidising agent is represented as [ O ] . That would produce the much simpler equation : It also helps in remembering what happens . You can draw simple structures to show the relationship between the primary alcohol and the aldehyde formed . Important ! This is not intended to suggest any sort of mechanism for the reaction - it is just a way of helping you to remember what happens . If you are in the UK A level system ( or its equivalent ) , it is highly likely that your examiners will accept equations involving [ O ] . To be sure , consult your syllabus , past papers and mark schemes . If you are studying a UK - based syllabus and have n ' t got any of these things , follow this link to find out how to get them . Full oxidation to carboxylic acids You need to use an excess of the oxidising agent and make sure that the aldehyde formed as the half - way product stays in the mixture . The alcohol is heated under reflux with an excess of the oxidising agent . When the reaction is complete , the carboxylic acid is distilled off . The full equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid is : Note : This equation is worked out in detail on the page about electron - half - equations mentioned above , if you are interested . If you choose to follow this link , use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page . The more usual simplified version looks like this : Alternatively , you could write separate equations for the two stages of the reaction - the formation of ethanal and then its subsequent oxidation . This is what is happening in the second stage : Secondary alcohols Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones - and that ' s it . For example , if you heat the secondary alcohol propan - 2 - ol with sodium or potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution acidified with dilute sulphuric acid , you get propanone formed . Playing around with the reaction conditions makes no difference whatsoever to the product . Using the simple version of the equation and showing the relationship between the structures : If you look back at the second stage of the primary alcohol reaction , you will see that an oxygen " slotted in " between the carbon and the hydrogen in the aldehyde group to produce the carboxylic acid . In this case , there is no such hydrogen - and the reaction has nowhere further to go . Tertiary alcohols Tertiary alcohols are n ' t oxidised by acidified sodium or potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution . There is no reaction whatsoever . If you look at what is happening with primary and secondary alcohols , you will see that the oxidising agent is removing the hydrogen from the - OH group , and a hydrogen from the carbon atom attached to the - OH . Tertiary alcohols do n ' t have a hydrogen atom attached to that carbon . You need to be able to remove those two particular hydrogen atoms in order to set up the carbon - oxygen double bond . Using these reactions as a test for the different types of alcohol Doing the test First you have to be sure that you have actually got an alcohol by testing for the - OH group . You would need to show that it was a neutral liquid , free of water and that it reacted with solid phosphorus ( V ) chloride to produce a burst of acidic steamy hydrogen chloride fumes . You will find the chemistry of the phosphorus ( V ) chloride test by following this link . Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page . You would then add a few drops of the alcohol to a test tube containing potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution acidified with dilute sulphuric acid . The tube would be warmed in a hot water bath . Results for the various kinds of alcohol Picking out the tertiary alcohol In the case of a primary or secondary alcohol , the orange solution turns green . With a tertiary alcohol there is no colour change . After heating : Distinguishing between the primary and secondary alcohols You need to produce enough of the aldehyde ( from oxidation of a primary alcohol ) or ketone ( from a secondary alcohol ) to be able to test them . There are various things which aldehydes do which ketones do n ' t . These include the reactions with Tollens ' reagent , Fehling ' s solution and Benedict ' s solution , and are covered on a separate page . You will find these tests for aldehydes by following this link . In my experience , these tests can be a bit of a bother to carry out and the results are n ' t always as clear - cut as the books say . A much simpler but fairly reliable test is to use Schiff ' s reagent . Schiff ' s reagent is n ' t specifically mentioned by any of the UK - based syllabuses , but I have always used it . Schiff ' s reagent is a fuchsin dye decolourised by passing sulphur dioxide through it . In the presence of even small amounts of an aldehyde , it turns bright magenta . It must , however , be used absolutely cold , because ketones react with it very slowly to give the same colour . If you heat it , obviously the change is faster - and potentially confusing . While you are warming the reaction mixture in the hot water bath , you can pass any vapours produced through some Schiff ' s reagent . If the Schiff ' s reagent quickly becomes magenta , then you are producing an aldehyde from a primary alcohol . If there is no colour change in the Schiff ' s reagent , or only a trace of pink colour within a minute or so , then you are n ' t producing an aldehyde , and so have n ' t got a primary alcohol . Because of the colour change to the acidified potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution , you must therefore have a secondary alcohol . You should check the result as soon as the potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution turns green - if you leave it too long , the Schiff ' s reagent might start to change colour in the secondary alcohol case as well . Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done , please read the introductory page before you start . You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards . questions on the oxidation of alcohols answers Where would you like to go now ? To the alcohols menu . . . To the menu of other organic compounds . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2003 ( modified October 2015 ) | [
"OXIDATION",
"potassium dichromate ( VI ) solution",
"tertiary alcohols"
] |
http://chemguide.co.uk/physical/kt/basic.html | AN INTRODUCTION TO KINETIC THEORY This page takes a simple look at solids , liquids and gases , and changes of state such as melting and boiling , in terms of the behaviour of the particles present . The arrangements of particles in solids , liquids and gases A simple view of the arrangement of the particles in solids , liquids and gases looks like this : Solids In the solid , the particles are touching , and the only motion allowed to them is vibration . The particles may be arranged regularly ( in which case , the solid is crystalline ) , or at random ( giving waxy solids like candles or some forms of polythene , for example ) . The particles are held in the solid by forces which depend on the actual substance - ionic bonds , covalent bonds , metallic bonds , hydrogen bonds or van der Waals attractions . Liquids In a liquid , the particles are mainly touching , but some gaps have appeared in the structure . These gaps allow the particles to move , and so the particles are arranged randomly . The forces that held the solid particles together are also present in the liquid ( unless melting has broken up a substance consisting only of covalent bonds - a giant covalent structure ) . However , the particles in the liquid have enough energy to prevent the forces holding them in a fixed arrangement . For most liquids , the density of the liquid is slightly less than that of the solid , but there is n ' t much difference . That means that the particles in the liquid are almost as close together as they are in a solid . If you draw diagrams of liquids , make sure that most of the particles are touching , but at random , with a few gaps . Note : Water is an exception to this . Ice floats on water , and so the liquid must be denser than the solid . You will find an explanation of this on a page about molecular structures . If you choose to follow this link , use the BACK button on your browser to come back here afterwards . Gases In a gas , the particles are entirely free to move . At ordinary pressures , the distance between individual particles is of the order of ten times the diameter of the particles . At that distance , any attractions between the particles are fairly negligible at ordinary temperatures and pressures . Changes of state Melting and freezing If energy is supplied by heating a solid , the heat energy causes stronger vibrations until the particles eventually have enough energy to break away from the solid arrangement to form a liquid . The heat energy required to convert 1 mole of solid into a liquid at its melting point is called the enthalpy of fusion . When a liquid freezes , the reverse happens . At some temperature , the motion of the particles is slow enough for the forces of attraction to be able to hold the particles as a solid . As the new bonds are formed , heat energy is evolved . Boiling and condensing If more heat energy is supplied , the particles eventually move fast enough to break all the attractions between them , and the liquid boils . The heat energy required to convert 1 mole of liquid into a gas at its boiling point is called the enthalpy of vaporisation . If the gas is cooled , at some temperature the gas particles will slow down enough for the attractions to become effective enough to condense it back into a liquid . Again , as those forces are re - established , heat energy is released . Remember : Breaking bonds needs energy ; making bonds releases it . The evaporation of a liquid The average energy of the particles in a liquid is governed by the temperature . The higher the temperature , the higher the average energy . But within that average , some particles have energies higher than the average , and others have energies lower than the average . Some of the more energetic particles on the surface of the liquid can be moving fast enough to escape from the attractive forces holding the liquid together . They evaporate . The diagram shows a small region of a liquid near its surface . Notice that evaporation only takes place on the surface of the liquid . That ' s quite different from boiling which happens when there is enough energy to disrupt the attractive forces throughout the liquid . That ' s why , if you look at boiling water , you see bubbles of gas being formed all the way through the liquid . If you look at water which is just evaporating in the sun , you do n ' t see any bubbles . Water molecules are simply breaking away from the surface layer . Eventually , the water will all evaporate in this way . The energy which is lost as the particles evaporate is replaced from the surroundings . As the molecules in the water jostle with each other , new molecules will gain enough energy to escape from the surface . The evaporation of a liquid in a closed container Now imagine what happens if the liquid is in a closed container . Common sense tells you that water in a sealed bottle does n ' t seem to evaporate - or at least , it does n ' t disappear over time . But there is constant evaporation from the surface . Particles continue to break away from the surface of the liquid - but this time they are trapped in the space above the liquid . As the gaseous particles bounce around , some of them will hit the surface of the liquid again , and be trapped there . There will rapidly be an equilibrium set up in which the number of particles leaving the surface is exactly balanced by the number rejoining it . In this equilibrium , there will be a fixed number of the gaseous particles in the space above the liquid . When these particles hit the walls of the container , they exert a pressure . This pressure is called the saturated vapour pressure ( also known as saturation vapour pressure ) of the liquid . Sublimation Solids can also lose particles from their surface to form a vapour , except that in this case we call the effect sublimation rather than evaporation . Sublimation is the direct change from solid to vapour ( or vice versa ) without going through the liquid stage . In most cases , at ordinary temperatures , the saturated vapour pressures of solids range from low to very , very , very low . The forces of attraction in many solids are too high to allow much loss of particles from the surface . However , there are some which do easily form vapours . For example , naphthalene ( used in old - fashioned " moth balls " to deter clothes moths ) has quite a strong smell . Molecules must be breaking away from the surface as a vapour , because otherwise you would n ' t be able to smell it . Another fairly common example ( discussed in detail elsewhere on the site ) is solid carbon dioxide - " dry ice " . This never forms a liquid at atmospheric pressure and always converts directly from solid to vapour . That ' s why it is known as dry ice . Note : This link will take you straight to the page about phase diagrams where this is discussed in detail . Be aware that this is a much more advanced topic than the page you are on at the moment , and may not be on many syllabuses . Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done , please read the introductory page before you start . You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards . questions on simple kinetic theory answers Where would you like to go now ? To the kinetic theory menu . . . To the Physical Chemistry menu . . . To Main Menu . . . © Jim Clark 2010 ( modified October 2013 ) | [
"KINETIC THEORY",
"metallic bonds",
"covalent structure"
] |
http://chemicaloftheday.squarespace.com/most-controversial/2010/1/27/the-truth-about-grapefruit-seed-extract.html | « Exposing More Truths About Alum | Main | Aluminum in Crystal Deodorant Stones » The Truth About Grapefruit Seed Extract Wed , January 27 , 2010 at 10 : 15 PM Since my original post on Grapefruit Seed Extract , I ' ve stumbled upon some new eye - opening information , so I thought I ' d expand the subject here . The big controversy that ' s been going on for years with Grapefruit Seed Extract lies in its potential to be contaminated with benzalkonium chloride , parabens , and triclosan . Numerous studies have tested samples of commercially produced GSE and found these contaminants to be present . ( See here here and . ) The biggest contaminant found is benzalkonium chloride , a chemical that rates a 7 in the cosmetics database that ' s a known immune system toxin , skin toxin , and possible cancer risk . Some studies have shown that without these contaminants , a truly natural extract of grapefruit seed and pulp in ethanol or glycerin , had no antibacterial properties . However , GSE apologists claim that GSE can be effective without these contaminants . So , what is the truth ? Is there such thing as a " pure " GSE , and if so , is it effective ? Grapefruit Seed Extract was first developed in 1972 by a man by the name of Dr . Jacob Harich . Today , there is one main manufacturer of GSE that defenders claim is pure . It is sold under the name Citricidal . This website describes how it is made : Grapefruit pulp and seed is dried and ground into a fine powder . The powder is dissolved in purified water and distilled to remove the fiber and pectin . The distilled slurry is spray dried at low temperatures forming a concentrated flavonoid powder . This concentrated powder is dissolved in vegetable glycerine and heated . Food grade ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid are added , and this mixture is heated under pressure . The amount of ammonium chloride remaining in finished Citricidal is 15 - 19 % ; the amount of ascorbic acid remaining is 2.5 - 3.0 % . The ammoniated mixture undergoes catalytic conversion using natural catalysts , including hydrochloric acid and natural enzymes . There is no residue of hydrochloric acid after the reaction . The slurry is cooled , filtered , and treated with ultraviolet light . As you can see , this is n ' t a truly natural process , it being treated with hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride . After all the chemical reactions occur , the final composition of the extract is made up of about 60 % diphenol hydroxybenzene , a chemical classified as a quaternary ammonium chloride - - the same as benzethonium chloride . In fact , it is nearly chemically identical to benzethonium chloride . This is one possible reason that lab tests have shown GSE to be " contaminated " with benzethonium chloride - - the equipment possibly Typically , when a truly natural extract is made , plant matter is let to steep in a solvent such as water ( as in making tea ) , in alcohol ( like the vanilla extract you ' d use in baking ) , or in glycerin ( like with many herbal supplements you ' d find at the health food stores ) to extract the plant ' s beneficial or desirable compounds , whether it be a flavor , smell , or antioxidant . It ' s a one or two step process that does n ' t involve Mountain Rose Herbs , one of the most respected and trusted suppliers of organic herbs , extracts , and essential oils lists the composition of the pure GSE they sell ( which is most likely Citricidal brand ) : Ascorbic Acid - 3 % Glycerol - 36 % Diphenol Hydroxybenzene ( Quaternary compound from Grapefruit Bioflavinoid ) - 58.5 % Heavy Metals - None detected Benzethonium Chloride - None Detected Methyl Hydroxybenzoate - None Detected Propyl Hydroxybenzoate - None Detected Triclosan - None Detected So , while it is pure from other contaminants , it is primarily diphenol hydroxybenzene . One fallacy I ' ve found on discussion boards online have been that since it comes from Mountain Rose Herbs , it must be safe and organic . You ' ll notice that this ingredient is not classified as certified organic on their website . When I first posted my Chemical of the Day on GSE , there were some comments written on the post . I have to now revise my original replies with this new information in mind . Sally Leachko founder Meaodwlake Farm wrote : I applaud your efforts Stepahnie . However , you are only exposing your readers to a fraction of the information available about GSE and controversy that surrounds this ingredient . Is some GSE contaminated ? It appears so . Is all ? Absolutely not . Meadowlake Farm Honeybee Products uses organic GSE from one source and we ' ve had it tested by an independent lab multiple times . Contrary to what you indicate it has some anti - microbial properties , that is why we use it as a part of our proprietary 100 % natural preservation system . I originally commended her efforts to make sure that her extract was pure . However , even though her extract is n ' t contaminated with other chemicals , knowing that " pure " GSE is composed of mainly diphenyl hydroxybenzene , I am forced to rescind my comments . And while I ' m sure that her motives are good ( their company seems to work a lot towards sustainability and organic causes ) , I think that the industry is rife with misinformation , even from suppliers of chemicals to companies . Another reader of my original post wrote : If the ingredient is listed as Extracts of Organic Grapefruit Seed ( certified organic by Soil Association Certification Limited ) in a product would it be okay ? I originally thought , sure , it ' s certified organic , it ' s fine . However , now I have more information and have to change my reply . Right now , Citricidal is actually made from organic grapefruit . But , whether it ' s organic grapefruit or not , the extract is still going to contain diphenol hydroxybenzene . But how did this company get a GSE that was certified organic , it being a synthetic chemical ? Well , notice that the certifying body is n ' t the USDA , by the Soil Association . The Soil Association is the European organic standard , and the requirements are much less strict than that of the USDA . They will allow and certify a synthetic chemical phenoxyethanol as a preservative ingredient . The USDA will not certify GSE , or allow it in a certified organic product . If you see a USDA certified organic product with GSE , it is illegally labelled . GSE is not on the USDA ' s list of approved non - organic substances ( they allow a few non - organic ingredients like vitamin E in to their products ) . So , let ' s take a look at diphenol hydroxybenzone . Why exactly do we want to avoid it ? The makers of GSE states that it ' s been extensively tested for toxicity and health effects and claim that it is safe . However , all of these studies only tested the effects when it was taken internally . When taken internally , chemicals have a chance to be metabolized and broken down by the body . However , when applied topically , they can be absorbed in the skin and enter the bloodstream in their whole form . The problem that I see with diphenol hydroxybenzene is the fact that on a molecular level , it ' s full of benzene rings . The name " diphenol " means that there are two phenol groups . Phenol is a benzene ring with one hydrogen and one oxygen molecule . Chemicals with benzene rings are particularly worrisome in personal care products because once they enter the bloodstream they can mimic the hormone estrogen . [ For a detailed explanation of this , check out my article on Japanese Honeysuckle Extract . ] Estrogen is primarily made up of benzene rings , and our estrogen receptors are made to " fit " benzene rings . So , when a chemical with a benzene ring enters the body , it has the potential to lock up in the estrogen receptor and can stimulate it . Estrogen mimickers also have the potential to raise levels of estrogen by inhibiting the function of an enzyme called SULT1E1 , that helps to remove estrogen from the body . [ For more on this , read my article , scrolling down to " where my discussion begins . " ] The strange thing with diphenol hydroxybenzene is that there are no chemical diagrams provided by the manufacturer ( or anywhere , even in organic chemistry guides ) , and the name of the chemical does n ' t help ( as it should ) in finding its chemical structure . Hydroxybenzene is just another name for phenol , so the name means " 2 phenol phenol , " which is weird . My guess is that it ' s a simplified name for the chemical . The manufacturer does say that hydroxybenzene is nearly identical to bezenthonium chloride , which The two hexagonal rings you see in the structure are the problematic benzene rings that I was talking about . And indeed , this chemical has been shown to be an endocrine / reproductive disruptor by a 1995 RTEC study . It also carries the risk of being a strong skin irritant , and it showed tumor formation at moderate doses . ( see the Cosmetics Database report ) However , in its defense , according to National Toxicology Program studies , it exhibited no evidence of carcinogenity or endocrine disruption in a two - year rat and mouse study . This study did , however , show that the animals treated with benzethonium chloride did have increased inflammation in the body and a slightly lower survival rate than the control group . The bottom line is that while there is conflicting evidence of the other negative health effects of benzethonium chloride ( and the diphenol hydroxybenzene present in GSE ) , at the very least it ' s a skin irritant that increases inflammation in the body . My personal opinion on it is that it is safer than other preservatives . However , if you prescribe to an organic mindset and lifestyle , you will want to avoid Grapefruit Seed Extract , for it is nothing other than a synthetic chemical . Note : Grapefruit essential oil is natural , and not the same thing as Grapefruit Seed Extract . [ Stephanie Greenwood ] | 76 Comments | 3 References Share Article References ( 3 ) References allow you to track sources for this article , as well as articles that were written in response to this article . Source : Mountain Rose Herbs Source : Landofvos Nutriteam Post a New Comment Enter your information below to add a new comment . Author : Author Email ( optional ) : Author URL ( optional ) : Post : ↓ | ↑ Some HTML allowed : < a href = " " title = " " > < abbr title = " " > < acronym title = " " > < b > < blockquote cite = " " > < code > < em > < i > < strike > < strong > | [
"Grapefruit Seed",
"benzalkonium chloride",
"parabens"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.